ACADEM ACADEMIC IC WRIT WRITING ING LDB 1042 1042 2 credit hours (2-hour lecture per week)
ASSESSMENT
Students’ assessment assessment will be based on the following components: co mponents:
COUS!"O# 'est 'est (n-te*t citation+ S ummari,ing .araphrasing) 'est 'est 2 (S/nthesi,ing)
2%&
0cademic .aper
1%&
304 !50630'O3
COURSE SYNOPSIS
and and facts+ facts+ also also be paraphrasing+ te*ts8 te*ts8 n of grammar and will also be emphasi,ed8 emphasi,ed8 introd introduced uced to parts parts of produced b/ students at
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($%&)
:
%&
(7%&)
'his course emphasi,es on the theor/ and practice of academic writing8 Students will be introduced to the writing process writ writin ing g suppo support rtin ing g deta detail ilss usin using g 9uotations 9uotations and citations8 citations8 'he/ will e*pos e*posed ed to summ summar ari, i,in ing+ g+ s/nthesi,ing and anal/,ing addition+ addition+ accurate accurate use mechanics of !nglish Students Students will also be report reportss common commonl/ l/ tertiar/ leel8
LEARNING OUTCOMES
:
;/ the end of this course+ students should be able to: •
• •
appl/ the process of writing when producing written te*ts8 produce coherent and cohesie written te*ts8 use !nglish accuratel/ and effectiel/ in producing written texts
ATTENDANCE:
Please take nte t!at "n#e$ Un%&e$s%t' $e("lat%ns) '" a$e $e*"%$e# t atten# +0, - t!e ."$se t *"al%-' -$ t!e /%nal Ea%nat%n /a%l"$e t eet t!%s $e*"%$eent 3%ll $es"lt %n a$$%n(
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ACADEMIC WRITING WEEK WEEK 1 18/5-22/5
WEEK 2 25/5-2/5
TOPIC INTRODCTION TO ACADE!IC WRITIN" DOC!ENTIN" 3ORCE3 WIT4IN T4E TET In-text $itati(n
ACTIVITY C#ass A$ti%it&' F(r)a# an* In+(r)a# arti$#es (n !(,arts ).si$ - Assign)ent +(r)a# 0 in+(r)a# #etters
C#ass A$ti%it&' I*enti+&ing err(rs6 A.t7(r in s.9e$t :(siti(n an* In+(r)ati(n (r Resear$7 gi%en :r()inen$e6
WEEK ; 1/< = 5/<
RE>ERENCIN"
C#ass A$ti%it&' Re+eren$ing exer$ise
WEEK ? 8/5 = 12/5
3!!ARI@IN" AND PARAP4RA3IN"
C#ass A$ti%it&' R.ra# T(.ris)
WEEK 5 15/<-1/<
3YNT4E3I@IN"
TEST 1 (20%)
WEEK < 22/< -2
3YNT4E3I@IN" Intr(*.$e Resear$7 t7e)e
-IN-TEXT CITATION/REFERENCING -SUMMARIZING -PARAPHRASING
C#ass A$ti%it&' ((Bs 0 Nan(te$7n(#(g&
4()ew(rB Assign)ent !a#aria C#ass A$ti%it&' Dis$.ss (n Assign)ent - !a#aria
WEEK 2/< -;/
3YNT4E3I@IN"
WEEK 8
INTRODCTION TO RE3EARC4 DI3C33ION ON 3TDENT3 PROPO3ED TOPIC AND IDENTI>IED ARTICE3
WEEK 1;/-1/
3YNT4E3I@IN" TET3 ;-5 Arti$#es 2 F(.rna# Arti$#es an* Ot7er A$a*e)i$ Arti$#es' Tit#eG Intr(*.$ti(nG it Re%iewG Dis$.ssi(nG C(n$#.si(n
C(n$e:t !atrix
WEEK 1 2/-2?/
PRE3ENTATION O> CONCEPT !ATRI
Ea$7 :resentati(n 5 )ins
3 | Page
WEEK 11 2/-;1/
PRE3ENTATION O> CONCEPT !ATRI
Ea$7 :resentati(n 5 )ins
WEEK 12 ;/8-/8
WRITIN" ACADE!IC PAPER - Dra+t 1
TEST 2(10%) 3YNT4E3I@IN"
WEEK 1; 1/8-1?/8
WRITIN" ACADE!IC PAPER- Dra+t 2
WEEK 1? 1/8-21/8
>INAI3IN" DRA>T AND 3!I33ION O> ACADE!IC PAPER
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ACADEMIC PAPER (30%)
/ORMAL AND IN/ORMAL LETTERS Take home assignment 1
ecide which sentences go with which letter+ and put them in the right order8
a8 b8 c8 d8 e8
would like a single room with a shower8 ’m writing to ask /ou a faor8 don’t mind where /ou put me8 ’ll sleep an/where? hae a further re9uest8 would like to make a reseration for the nights of 22 nd+ 21rd+ and 27 th @anuar/8 f8 hope the aboe is conenient8 g8 "rite soon and let me know8 h8 ’m coming down to 4ondon at the end of the month to go to a conference8 i8 Could hae a bite to eat when arrieA =8 hope /ou are all well+ and that /ou’e recoered from the bus/ Christmas period8 k8 would be e*tremel/ grateful8 l8 Could possibl/ hae a room at the back+ as find front rooms rather nois/A m8 Could /ou put me up for a few da/sA n8 @ust a sandwich will do8 o8 look forward to /our repl/8 p8 t’s the 22nd-27th @anuar/8 98 0s will be arriing 9uite late+ could /ou possibl/ put a cold buffet in m/ room on the 22 ndA r8 hope that’s all right8 s8 'here’s something else ’d like to ask /ou8 5 | Page
(Soars and Soars 1987:53)
A$t%.le A T5E MO6ART E//ECT: 5OW MUSIC MA7ES YOU SMARTER
r8 auscher and her colleague <8 4i+ a geneticist+ hae discoered that rats+ like humans+ perform better on learning and memor/ tests after listening to a specific 6o,art’s Sonata8 ecentl/+ a new book called 'he 6o,ard !ffect b/ >on Campbell+ has condensed the world’s research on all the beneficial effects of certain t/pes of music8 Some of the hundreds of benefits are: • • • • • • • •
mproes test scores Cuts learning time Calms h/peractie children and adults educes errors mproes creatiit/ and clarit/
n EE$+ the College !ntrance !*am ;oard Serice conducted a stud/ on all students taking their S0' e*ams8 Students who sang or pla/ed a musical instrument scored F points higher on the erbal portion of the test and an aerage of 1E points higher on math8 6a=or corporations such as Shell+ ;6+ and >upont+ along with hundreds of schools and uniersities use music+ such as certain ;aro9ue pieces+ to cut learning time in half and increase retention of the new materials8
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n m/ teacher and parent training seminars+ hae been using music for /ears as a strateg/ to reduce learning time and increase students’ memor/ of the material8 6usic actiates the whole brain and makes /ou feel more energetic8 4isten to these tapes when /ou stud/+ work or drie in the car to receie the tremendous benefits8 'his is the music of such composers as 6o,art+ Gialdi+ .achabel+ or tape has speciall/ selected music to enhance learning+ spatial intelligence+ creatiit/ and bod/ awareness8 C(:&rig7t H 211 T7e Center >(r New Dis$(%eries in earningG In$6
A$t%.le B T!e %n-l"en.e - M8a$t9s "s%. n $a%n a.t%&%t' %n t!e $.ess - lea$n%n( @ausoec 38+ @ausoec #+ and Herlic 8 >epartment of !ducation+ Uniers,a 6ariboru8 .edagoska fakulteta+ #oroska $%+ 2%%% 6aribor+ Sloenia8 3orbert8=ausoecIuni-mb8siJnorbert8=ausoecIuni-mb8siK
OB;ECTI
'he stud/ inestigated the influence 6o,art’s music has on brain actiit/ in the process of learning8 0 second ob=ectie was to test priming e*planation of the 6o,art effect8 MET5ODS
n !*periment indiiduals were first trained in how to sole spatial rotation tasks and then soled similar tasks8 ift/-si* students were diided into 7 groups: a control oneLCH who prior to and after taining rela*ed+ and three e*perimental groups8 66Lwho prior to and after training listened to musicM 6SLwho prior to training listened to music and subse9uentl/ rela*edM and S6Lwho prior to training rela*ed and afterward listened to music8 'he music used was the first moement of 6o,art’s sonata (#877N)8 n !*periment 2+ thirt/-si* respondents were diided into three groups: CH+ 66 (same procedure as in !*periment )+ and ;6Lwho prior to and after training listened to ;rahms’ !S) and appro*imated entrop/ (0p!n)8 RESULTS
n the first e*periment the respondents of the 66+ 6S+ and S6 groups showed a better task performance than did the respondents of the CH group8 ndiiduals of the 66 group displa/ed less comple* !!H patterns and more alpha band s/nchroni,ation than did respondents of the other three groups8 n !*periment 2+ indiiduals who listened to 6o,art showed a better task performance than did the respondents of the CH and ;6 groups8 'he/ displa/ed less comple*
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!!H patterns and more lower- alpha and gamma band s/nchroni,ation than did the respondents of the ;6 group8 CONCLUSIONS
6o,art’s music+ b/ actiating task-releant brain areas+ enhances the learning of spatio-temporal rotation tasks8 SIGNI/ICANCE
'he results support priming e*planation of the 6o,art effect8 /ORMALITY AND IN/ORMALITY: DI//ERENCES IN ARTICLES Rea* t7e tw( arti$#es (n !(,arts ).si$ an* *es$rie t7e +eat.res +(r ea$7 in t7e ta#e e#(w'
0'C4! 0 0udience
'one
Gocabular/
St/le
4anguage
8 | Page
0'C4! ;
Content
Organi,ation
IN=TE>T CITATIONS
'here are errors in the in-te*t citation in this ntroduction adapted from an article8 dentif/ the errors and rewrite the complete te*t with the correct in-te*t citations using the 0.0 format or 3umbering format: Student retention has attracted steady attention from scholars and practitioners in the higher education community (Austin 1993, ean 198!, "a#rera et al$ 1993 % ra&ton '!!!, into 1993)$ As such, the literature on college student retention is full ith scholarship ad*ancing our +noledge of hat contri#utes to a students a#ility or ina#ility to complete college$ -esearchers ha*e e*aluated retention from a student perspecti*e and shon that high school academic achie*ement, socioeconomic status, gender, commitment to earning a degree, and social academic in*ol*ement all influence degree completion (Austin 1993. "a#rera and /ora 1990. into 1993)$ n particular, e +no that students ho are socially disad*antaged, academically less prepared, and ho e&perience a lac+ of resources and support from significant others, are less li+ely to stay in college (Austin 1993. Seidman '!!5. ra&ton '!!!)$ 2e also +no that those ho feel isolated or lac+ a senseof#elonging during their early years of college are more li+ely to lea*e (4urtado and carter 1997. 4ausmann et al$, '!!7)$ 2e ha*e a ealth of research a*aila#le to e&plain college student retention from an indi*idual, student perspecti*e$ rom an institutional perspecti*e, according to (6seguera '!!5. So#erg 1999) hile there is information on institutional conte&t factors and their effect on degree completion, organiational
9 | Page
analyses are limited #y the fact that they mainly tend to e*aluate the influence of structural aspects of an institution and until recently, the organiational culture of an institution$ or e&le, sie, control, and interactions influence persistence #eha*ior #ut +no less a#out these groups collecti*e influence on persistence decisions$ 2hat is lac+ing then is institutional analyses of degree completion is an attendant emphasis on peer and faculty climates as suggested #y (erger '!!! % '!!1. ra&ton '!!! and uh '!!1)$ n other ords, hat affects do peer and faculty attitudes and #eha*iors in the aggregate (i$e$ institutional climates) ha*e on student degree completion
Source: B'he influence of institutional retention climates on student persistence to degree completion: 0 multileel approach b/ 4eticia Oseguera and ;/ung Shik hee in esearch in
.araphrase this information in 2 wa/s: a b
"here the researchers are gien prominence i8e8 sub=ect position "here the research or information is considered more important
Authors: ;alcolm Smith, /oorlaila
Authors: /iall 4ayes and =ucas "$ntrona Carroll (2%%2) has suggested that as most students are unsure what plagiarism is+ the/ do not plagiarise with the intent to deceie8
10 | P a g e
ear of failure generall/+ especiall/ when students are funded b/ their famil/+ their goernment+ or a particular compan/+ also places considerable pressure on the students to do well8 Ret there are some students who feel the/ cannot improe upon what is alread/ written and prefer to use the original te*t rather than their own8 6ost students from e*am-oriented learning cultures plagiari,e intentionall/ and unintentionall/ due to their lack of e*perience in essa/ writing as the/ are still used to rel/ing e*clusiel/ on e*ams8 'here is also a lack of clarit/ across the uniersit/ about what constitutes plagiarism and a discrepanc/ in the wa/ plagiarism is detected and enforced8
RE/ERENCING PRACTICE USING T5E APA /ORMAT AND NUMBERING /ORMAT
8 t was written b/ 0braham .ais+ it is called Subtle is the 4ord8+the Science and the life of 0lbert !instein8 t was published in 3ew Rork b/ O*ford Uniersit/ .ress in EN2
28 t was written b/ oer .ublishing in EN%
18 'he book is called ntroducing !instein’s elatiit/ and was written b/ 808 >’nerno8 t was published b/ O*ford Uniersit/ .ress in 3ew Rork+ 38R8+ in EE2 78 'he article was called !instein in 4oe and written b/ >ennis Oerb/e8 t was published in 'ime maga,ine on 0pril 1%+EE% on page %N F8 'he article was written b/ 6artin C8 Hut,willer called B!instein and published in Scientific 0merican+ olume 2$$ number on pages QN to NF in EE2
$8 'he article+ called 0 BChallenge to !instein was written b/ '8 ;ethell8 t was published in 3ational eiew on 3oember Fth EE% on pages $E-Q Q8 t was written b/ onald "8 Clark and called B!instein:'he 4ife and 'imes t was published in EQ b/ 0on ;ooks in 3ew Rork
11 | P a g e
N8 !ntitled Closing in on !instein’s Special elatiit/ 'heor/+ the paper was written b/ obert .ool and published in Science in EE%8 t can be found in olume 2F%+ edition number 7ENF pp 2%Q-2%E
SUMMARISING AND PARAP5RASING
S"a$%8e an# a$a!$ase t!e -ll3%n( s!$t a$t%.le
Selling a product successfull/ in another countr/ often re9uires changes in the original product8 >omino’s .i,,a offers ma/onnaise and potato pi,,a in 'ok/o and pickled ginger pi,,a in ndia8 a,s sered up one of its most popular 0merican flaors+ Chocolate Chip Cookie >ough+ to ;ritish customers+ the/ left it sitting in supermarket free,ers8 "hat the premium ice-cream maker learned is that chocolate chip cookies are not popular in Hreat ;ritain+ and children do not hae a histor/ of snatching raw dough from the bowl8 or this reason+ the compan/ had to deelop flaours that would sell in Hreat ;ritain8 ;ecause dair/ products are not part of Chinese diets+ rito- la/ took the cheese out of Chee-tos in China8 nstead+ the compan/ sells Seafood Chee-tos8 "ithout a doubt+ these products were so successful in these foreign lands onl/ because the compan/ reali,ed that it was wise to do market research and make the fundamental changes in the products8
Source:
;4U!.3'S T CO6.OS'O3 S#44S O 0C0>!6C "'3H
0uthors:
#eith S olse+ 6 #athleen 6ahnke+ !lena Gestri Solomon+ 4orraine "illiams
Rear of publication:
2%%1
12 | P a g e
.ublisher:
'homson
.age:
2%N-2%E
GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE SUMMARISING AND PARAPHRASING
Good Summary (31 word! Companies must adapt their products if they want to do well in foreign markets. Many well-known companies, including Domino’s Heinz, Haagen-Daz, and Frito-ay, ha!e altered their products and pro!ed this point.
Comm"#$
". $. &.
#t co!ers the main ideas. #t is a true summary, not an e%act repetition of the specific e%amples. #t includes some new grammar, for e%ample'
Original text ' often re(uires changes Summary ' modal is used' )companies mu$ adapt’
*. #t includes some new !oca+ulary, for e%ample' Original text ' pecific country names
Summary ' )many well-known companies’
Poor Summary (1%& word!
Changes in a product are important if a company wants to sell it successfully in another country. For e%ample, Domino’s izza offers mayonnaise and potato pizza in okyo and pickled ginger pizza in #ndia. #n addition, Heinz has changed its ketchup recipe to satisfy the needs of specific markets. #n /elgium and Holland the
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Comm"#$
". $.
#t is almost as long as the original and, therefore, not really a summary. #t includes almost the same !oca+ulary, for e%ample'
ketchup is less sweet. 0hen Haagen- Dazs ser!ed up one of its most popular Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough, to /ritish customers, the /ritish customers left it sitting in supermarket freezers. he lu%ury ice-cream maker learned that chocolate chip cookies are not popular in 1reat /ritain, and children do not take uncooked dough from the +owl. For this reason, the company de!eloped flo!ors to sell in 1reat /ritain. ince dairy products are not usually eaten in China, Frito-ay remo!ed the cheese from Chee-tos in China. #n its place, the company has eafood Chee-tos. Certainly, these items were so successful in these countries only +ecause the company was smart enough to do market research and implement fundamental changes in the products.
Original text ' the premium ice-cream maker Summary ' the lu%ury ice-cream maker 2this is plagiarism3
&.
#t includes almost the same grammar, for e%ample'
Original text ' For this reason, the company had to de!elop fla!ours that would sell in 1reat /ritain. Summary ' For this reason, the company de!eloped fla!ours to sell in 1reat /ritain. 2this is plagiarism3
SUMMARISING AND PARAP5RASING Rea# t!e assa(e el3 n R"$al T"$%s) t!en s"a$%8e ? a$a!$ase t!e a#&anta(es an# #%sa#&anta(es %n t3 senten.es
R"$al T"$%s: /$ an# A(a%nst @ohnson (EQ) has listed two ma=or adantages of tourism in rural areas8 'he first is economic: tourism creates emplo/ment8 'he =obs are mainl/ in the trael industr/+ hotels+ guest houses+ restaurants and cafes8
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0uthor:
88@ordan
Source:
0cademic "riting Coursed: Stud/ Skills in !nglish (1 rd !dition)
Rear:
EEE
.ublisher:
4ongman+ 4ondon
SYNT5ESISING 1
0nna-6arie 3asrallah B6ake 'ime for eading .erseus ;ooks+ Cambridge 60
2%%Q
.eople sae their books to use them as reference materials8 .eople whose =ob training includes stud/ing a lot of te*tbook material ma/ sae some of these books for future reference8 0 doctor+ for instance+ ma/ keep his Hra/’s 0natom/ and his pharmacolog/ books: an !nglish teacher will hold on to 'he 3orton 0ntholog/ of !nglish 4iterature and other anthologies and noels for reference: a law/er usuall/ keeps her case books8 ;ut it isn’t onl/ the professionals who sae their books8 'hose interested in electronic e9uipment hold onto their books about stereo+ computers+ ideotape machines+ and the like8 6an/ families keep enc/clopedias and almanacs hand/ for their children to use for school8 onald Giking .ress+ !dinburgh 2%%1
B4ibraries
Some people sae books to make a good impression8 Some think that a librar/ full of the literar/ classics+ dictionaries+ and books about art+ science+ and histor/ makes them look well read and therefore+ sophisticated8 Of course+ this impression ma/ be inaccurate8 Some hae neer bothered to read the ma=orit/ of those books at all? n fact+ a few people een hae libraries with fake books8 0lso+ some people like to reeal to isitors their wide range of tastes and interests8 'he/ can subtl/ reeal their interests in economics+ art+ politics+ philosoph/+ or animals without sa/ing a word8 6uhammad 0hmed 0l-#hour/ B'he !nchantment of the 4iterar/ "orld 4ondon 2%%N
15 | P a g e
.enguin ;ooks+
.eople who en=o/ reading hae discoered the magic of books8 !ach book has transported the reader to another place8 'herefore+ each book reall/ represents an e*perience from which the reader ma/ hae grown or learned something8 "hen sit in m/ stud/+ am surrounded b/ m/ whole adult life8 'he Standard irst 0id and .ersonal Safet/ manual+ in addition to proiding information+ reminds me of the first-aid course took and how more assured felt as a result8 ;ullfinch’s 6/tholog/ brings the oral histor/ of "estern ciili,ation to m/ fingertips+ reminding me of m/ link with other times and people8 Of course+ all of the noels hae become part of the mosaic of m/ life8 n short+ saing books makes me feel secure as hold on to what the/ hae gien me8
SYNT5ESISING 2
;elow are T5REE @ articles about nanotechnolog/8 "rite an informatie balanced report of at least /I
•
•
a title+
•
a thesis statement and supporting information from the articles+
•
/I
an 0.0 reference list for the information /ou hae cited at the end of the reiew8
"osmetics companies are ta+ing insufficient steps to ensure face creams and other products that contain nanoparticles are safe, according to a report #y leading consumer magaine 2hich he report, responding to ad*ice from nanotechnology e&perts, arns that untested particles, hich can #e 1,!!! times smaller than the idth of a human hair, are #eing used in products ithout sufficient safety testing$ /anoparticles are used in sun screens to #loc+ ultra*iolet radiation, in emulsions to contain *itamins in face creams, and in other moisturiers to +ill off #acteria$ 4oe*er, of the 07 firms approached #y 2hich only eight su#mitted information on the use of nanotechnology in their products$
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/anotechnology, the science of manipulating matter on the molecular le*el, generally raises no ne safety issues, #ut the tiny particles can #eha*e in unusual ays, in some instances #ecoming to&ic$ >&isting safety rules do not ta+e into account materials posing ris+s at the nano scale$ A common use of nanotechnology is the addition of titanium o&ide or inc o&ide particles to sun screens, and >uropean e&perts ha*e demanded more safety tests to in*estigate the effects of these lotions on damaged s+in$ Source:
'he Huardian
>ate of .ublication:
F 3oember 2%%N
0uthor:
an Sample+ Science Correspondent
'itle:
Use of nanoparticles in cosmetics 9uestioned
.age:
$
2hile there are some pu#lished studies that suggest that solid lipid nanoparticles penetrate the s+in #etter than con*entional creams, o*erall it is difficult to find studies shoing nano engineered products are more effecti*e than regular ones or that they are effecti*e at all$ he highly competiti*e orld of cosmetics may ha*e something to do ith the lac+ of pu#lished studies$ ?u#lishing the results of scientific tests re@uires full disclosure of the method #y hich the formulation #eing tested as produced, therefore companies ishing to protect nanotechnology rights are understanda#ly not an&ious to do so$ he #ottom line is that nano engineered cosmetics may or+ ell, #ut e do not ha*e easily a*aila#le proof that they do #ecause largescale studies of them ha*e not yet #een made pu#lic$
Some e&perts ha*e *oiced concerns a#out the safety of nanotechnology$ or instance, some sunscreens use nanoparticles of titanium dio&ide, and there are e&perts ho ha*e raised the @uestion of hether these su#stances remaining in the s+in can age it prematurely$ According to the $S$ ood and Brug Administration, CAt the present time, the BA does not ha*e any e*idence that ingredients manufactured using nanotechnology, as used in cosmetics, pose a safety ris+$D 4oe*er, the BA and other go*ernment agencies are still studying nanotechnology to see if the products produced ith it E including cosmetics E pose health ris+s$ So as of yet, there seem to #e no definiti*e ansers$
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Source:
3anowerk 3ews http:www8scrippsnews8comnode2FFN$
>ate of publication:
27 @ul/ 2%%Q
0uthor:
.aige
'itle:
3anotechnolog/ Skin >eep
/anotechnology is the general term for a large num#er of different scientific disciplines dealing ith the characterisation and de*elopment of materials on the nanometer scale E 1 nanometre is 1 #illionth of a metre$ he nanos used in cosmetics differ from nanos used in other industrial sectors in structure. use and en*ironmental interaction$ hey are nanoemulsions and nanopigments$
/anoemulsions are idespread in nature, such as mil+$ n cosmetics, they are macroscopic preparations containing oil and ater droplets reduced to nanometric sie to increase nutritious oil content hile preser*ing the transparency and lightness of the formulas$ Sometimes fragile acti*e ingredients e$g$ *itamins are protected from air inside nanometersied #u##les hich release the ingredient upon contact ith the s+in$ /anoemulsions therefore do not cross the s+in #arrier and pu#lic health agencies orldide ac+noledge that they are safe$ /anopigments i$e$ titanium o&ide and inc o&ide, are minerals already present in our en*ironment$ hey are used in sunscreens for their a#ility to reflect and scatter F light, thus protecting the s+in against negati*e effects of F radiation, including s+in cancer$
/umerous studies, including those underta+en ithin /A/6B>-;, the >uropean nion research programme, concluded that nanoparticles do not cross the s+in #arrier, e*en hen the
18 | P a g e
s+in is damaged$ urthermore, recent studies carried out #y the S BA and in >urope, ha*e demonstrated that no ad*erse effects are o#ser*ed, e*en here titanium dio&ide nanopigments are inected into the #loodstream$ Source:
ood and Chemical
'o*icolog/ Gol 7F+ ssue
>ate of .ublication:
3oember 2%%Q
0uthor:
;8uchemin+ C86c3amara and 68Hibne/
'itle:
!uropean consumer e*posure to cosmetic products+ a framework for conducting population e*posure assessments (abridged)
.ages:
pp 2%EQ-2%N
a+e home assignment ':
". /elow a re FOUR (&! articles a+out Malaria pre!ention. 0rite an informati!e +alanced report of at least FIVE ('! paragraphs, stating the issues raised for someone with little knowledge of the su+4ect. For your essay' •
•
•
•
compose a title, pro!ide a thesis statement and gi!e supporting information from the articles, pro!ide FIVE ('! proper in-te%t references for information o+tained from the articles using the 55 method of documentation and, at the end of the essay pro!ide an 55 reference list for the information you ha!e cited.
ource
' D66 Finally 6%posed as 7euroto%ic 2a+ridged3 http'88www.naturalnews.com
Date of pu+lication 5uthor
' 9uly : $;"; ' Da!id 1utierrez ' & 9une $;""
New research shows that the insect-repelling chemical DEET functions in the same way as deadly nerve gases and dangerous pesticides !y attacking the nervous systems of !oth insects and mammals" The chemical DEET or NNdiethyl-meta-toluamide is found in nearly every commonly used mos#uito repellent worldwide" Originally developed for $ungle warfare in 1%&' and made commercially availa!le in 1%() DEET is popular !ecause it effectively repels a variety of medically significant insects over longer periods of time than more natural repellents and can !e incorporated into lotions sprays and li#uids" *esearchers have long insisted that the chemical is safe however consumers should use the minimum amount necessary to cover exposed skin and not use on irritated or in$ured skin" *esearchers remain unsure exactly how DEET functions to repel mos#uitoes" +t has long !een !elieved to affect mos#uito !ehaviour pro!a!ly !y interfering with their sense of smell and their a!ility to find human prey" ,owever DEET also inhi!its a key central nervous system enyme acetylcholinesterase as researchers found in experiments performed on rats and cockroaches" This is the same mechanism that causes the toxic effects of organophosphate pesticides and chemical weapons e"g" sarin and ./ nerve gas" 0ike nerve gases organophosphates irreversi!ly inactivate acetylcholinesterase leading to excessive salivation and eye watering at low doses and muscle spasms or death at higher doses" +n other words repellents containing DEET are insecticides and could damage the central nervous system" ahie 2!ou-Donia of the Duke 3niversity 4edical 5entre said 6DEET is a good chemical for protection against insects !ut prolonged exposure results in neurological damage"7 The study maintains mos#uito repellents with DEET should not !e used !y pregnant women and children under six years and 2!ouDonia advocates warning la!els a!out DEET8s potential to cause neurological harm" The Environmental 9rotection 2gency has a review of DEET8s safety planned for :;1:"
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ource
' lant-+ased insect repellents' a re!iew of their efficacy, de!elopment and testing 2a+ridged3 Malaria 9ournal, =olume "; #ssue " pages "-":
Date of pu+lication 5uthors
' $;"" ' Marta Ferreira, arah 9. Moore
9lant-!ased repellents such as lemon eucalyptus and citronella have !een used for generations in traditional practice as personal protection against host-seeking mos#uitoes" 0emon eucalyptus extracted from the leaves of the tree was discovered in the 1%';s during mass screenings of plants used in 5hinese traditional medicine" +t was discovered that the waste distillate remaining after hydro-distillation of the essential oil was much more effective at repelling mos#uitoes than the essential oil itself" 5itronella used !y the +ndian 2rmy to repel mos#uitoes at the !eginning of the :;th 5entury is one of the most widely used natural repellents on the market today" +t is used at concentrations of (-1;< which is lower than most other commercial repellents !ecause higher concentrations can cause skin sensitivity"
4any plant extracts and oils repel mos#uitoes and are effective for several minutes to several hours after application" +nitially citronella is as effective dose for dose as DEET !ut the active ingredients are highly volatile and rapidly evaporate leaving the user unprotected" 5itronella-!ased repellents for example only provide protection for a!out two hours" +t is for this reason that the essential oil of lemon eucalyptus does not have E92 or Environmental 9rotection 2gency registration for use as an insect repellent"
*ecently the use of nanotechnology has allowed slower release rates of oils to !e achieved thus prolonging protection time" .olatile plant repellents can also !e continuously evaporated e"g" citronella candles are widely sold as outdoor 21 | P a g e
repellents although they do not provide significant protection against mos#uito !ites" =or the time !eing travellers to disease endemic areas should not use citronella-!ased repellents" ,owever for those communities in +ndia and 2frica where more effective chemical-!ased alternatives are unavaila!le or prohi!itively expensive the use of citronella to prevent mos#uito !ites may provide important protection from disease vectors" =urthermore as many of these plant extracts grow in developing countries local production would remove the high importation costs of other repellents"
ource
' 1enomes of the malaria mos(uito and parasite are se(uenced.2a+ridged3 tudent /ritish Medical 9ournal =olume ";
Date of pu+lication 5uthors ages
' 7o!em+er $;;$ ' hyllida /rown ' "">>-""?;
+nternational teams of scientists have se#uenced the genomes of the principal malaria parasite 9lasmodium falciparum and its mos#uito host" ut the consensus emerging among researchers is that the greatest !arrier to overcoming malaria the killer of more than a million children a year is not a lack of knowledge !ut a severe lack of funding to develop new candidate vaccines and drugs"
9rofessor rian >reenwood a malaria expert at the 0ondon School of ,ygiene and Tropical 4edicine warned !etter knowledge of the parasite8s proteins will ena!le immunologists to identify more candidate molecules for vaccines !ut this 22 | P a g e
will not in itself !ring vaccines to the market more #uickly" 6+t is not a lack of candidates that is the pro!lem? it is pushing them through the whole system that is so costly and time consuming7 9rofessor >reenwood stated"
2!out (;; million people suffer from malaria each year" The disease is on the increase in su!-Saharan 2frica where resistance to existing drugs is spreading" =ew ma$or pharmaceutical companies currently invest money in malaria vaccines !ecause they dou!t that the poor countries worst affected could afford to !uy them" The cost of developing a vaccine has !een estimated as high as @(;;m" The Aorld ,ealth Organiation has estimated that funding for malaria control alone needs to increase to @B"1!n !y :;1( to achieve results" This only covers existing measures including !ed nets treated with insecticide and prompt treatment of sick people in endemic areas" +f new drugs and vaccines are added the !ill will !e higher" 5urrently the world8s spending on malaria research and control is only a!out @:;;m"
The se#uencing of the two genomes is in itself a huge technical feat" Dr art arrell at the Sanger +nstitute said 9"falciparum had !een 6dreadful7 to se#uence partly !ecause of its large repeated se#uences" The genome shows that the parasite8s capacity to vary its appearance to the immune system is even greater than previously !elieved emphasiing the difficulty of developing effective medicines"
ource
' Comparati!e 6fficacy of #nsect
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Date of pu+lication 5uthors ages
' 9uly * $;;$ ' Mark . Fradin and 9ohn F.Day ' "">>-""?:
4os#uitoes transmit disease to more than );; million people annually and malaria alone kills B million persons each year including one child every B; seconds" 5ommercially availa!le insect repellents to protect against mos#uito !ites can !e divided into two categoriesC synthetic and plant-derived" The !est known chemical insect repellent is DEET" Ae compared the efficacy of 1' readily availa!le repellents in a controlled la!oratory environment" These includedC ) !otanical repellents? ( DEET repellents of differing concentrations and the synthetic repellent +*B(B(? B wrist!ands impregnated with either DEET or citronella? and a moisturier !elieved to have repellent effects" The duration of protection provided !y each product was tested !y means of arm-in-cage studies in which 1( volunteers inserted their repellent-treated arms into a cage with 1; unfed disease-free la!oratory-reared 2edes aegypti female mos#uitoes" Of the products tested those containing DEET provided the longest-lasting protection with protection times correlating positively with the concentration of DEET in the repellent" +*B(B( fared !adly yielding a protection time that was one-#uarter that of the lowest-concentration DEET product tested" Of the nonDEET repellents only the soy!ean oil-!ased repellent was a!le to provide protection for a period similar to that of the lowest concentration DEET product" Other plant-!ased insect repellents gave very short protection ranging from a mean of a!out B-:; minutes" Ahile the moisturier provided a mere %"' minutes of protection against 2edes !ites not one of the wrist!ands provided any protection from !ites" Our study shows that certain plant-!ased repellents may provide short-lived efficacy !ut are not recommended for travel to areas with prevalent mos#uito24 | P a g e
!orne disease" Only products containing DEET offer long-lasting protection after a single application however it can !e washed off !y perspiration and rain" =urthermore its efficacy decreases with rising outdoor temperatures" DEET8s safety profile is remarka!le after &; years of use with fewer than (; cases of serious toxic effects documented many involving long-term heavy fre#uent or whole-!ody application of the repellent" +n 1%% The Environmental 9rotection 2gency concluded that 6normal use of DEET does not present a health concern to the general 3"S" population"7 Ahen applied with common sense DEET-!ased repellents can !e expected to provide a safe and long-lasting repellent effect"
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