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CULTURE SHOCK - AUSTRALIA ! A SURVIVAL GUIDE TO IMMIGRATING AND LIVING IN AUSTRALIA!
SURVIVAL
GUIDE
DISK
1541
DRIVE
r::." :.
SKELTON
MINDY •...•
.....
"...
J-.-
••
.---/"
..
..
r;:==::::::;,;
..
".-
..
..
: _ - - - '
."."
..
AT-A-GLANCE REFERENCE means press
key
DISK:
FORMAT
type
RETURN
OPEN
1 5 , 8 ~ 1 5
P R I N T t I 5 ~ " N O : y o u r d i s k n a m e , 2
CLOSE 15
OPEN
15,8,15:PRINT#15,"NO:yourdiskname,id":CLOSE 15
(Wait
light
light
go out.)
FILE/PROGRAM:
SCRATCH
type
digit
OPEN
15,8,15
PRINTt15,"SO:name" CLOSE 15
or OPEN
15,B,15:PRINT'15,"SO:name":CLOSE 15
INITIALIZE
type
OPEN
YOUR
DRIVE:
15,8,15
PRINTt15,"I" CLOSE 15
OPEN
15,8, 15:PRINT'15,II":CLOSE 15
VALIDATE YOUR
type
OPEN
DISK:
15,8,15
disk with Random f i l e s )
PRINTl15,"V" CLOSE 15
OPEN
(RETURN> (RETURN>
15,8, 15:PRINT#15, "V":CLOSE 15
READ THE ERROR CHANEL:
type
type
10 OPEN 15,8,15 20 INPUTt15,A,AS,B,C 30 PRINT A,A$,B,C
RUN
TH
1541
DISK DRIVE
by Mindy
Copyright
Skelton
1984
by M.A.Skelton
ll r i g h t s reserved
Published by Stoneridge S o f t ~ a r N.Baltimore Ave. t. Holly Springs. PA 17065
F i r s t Steps Turning on . • . . . • . • • . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . it........... The Di and how Disk Disk . . . . • • • . • . . . • . . . • . . . . . directory • • • . • . . . . . . • . . . (a)LOADing (b)LOADing file file
(d)LISTing Your
O\'Jn
••.•...•.....•.•..
PR
file
..•.•.......•..•
PR
file
.•...•.......•..
Disk.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
(a FORMATting (D f i r s t time)
directory
(d)VERIFYing
(e)LISTing
(h)SAVE an
• • • • •
..........•.... ............•..
file file
.........•........
PR
file
PR
file
.....•...•......
PR f i l e . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . r e p l a c e (SAVE I ~ O ) • • • • • • • •
or ..
10 11
12 12 13
13
14 14
14
14
15 16 16
17 17 17 18
Steps
Chapter
Section
(a)SCRATCHing (erase) RENAME
file (c)COPY (d)MERGE tw S e t t i on 2:
file
more f i l e s
21 21 21
file
22 22
••.•••••••.•••.••• .•.......•.............
(a)VALIDATE
Sect i o (a)Reading
Error Channel
Printer
24
Section 4: (alWild Card P a t t e r n matching . . • . . (bl8ackup COPYing Disl:: Disk COpy • • • . . • • . . . • . . . • . . (clDisk (dlTape Disk COpy . . . . • . • . . . • . . . . . .
The
Wedge
an
How
(:hapter
Fi
Chapter 7:
Troubleshooting
Use
24
26
....•.•..•..•
27
•••..••••.••..•••.....••.
34
Additional Readings INDEX
25
.••••.•.•.••••.•.•••..••
•••...•.•••...•.•.•.•
I
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
37 41
INTRODUCTION
You now own Congratulations' great combination. Disk Drive. You've VIC-1541 U s e r ' s Unfortunately, you've a l s o Hanual tough may be finding Guide information you need. T h a t ' s what t h i s Survival here f o r . information you need, p l a i n English, most make system. e n t i r e Guide, You might want glance through just an idea of what's here ng g Don't feel t h a t once! learn e v e r y t h i n Th Gaide's broken down i n t o easy-to-swallow pieces. and your new load do You game disk Giant Spac Spac arsh arshma ma lows lows Rttack Harrisburg!? F i r s t Steps Fine. 'Ready-made d i s k s ' . Look save just You want nifty l i t t l e 'Your Ow Disk'. o f f ? T h a t ' s F i r s t Steps Th stupid d o n ' t have any light blinking little idea SecondSteps - ' T h e e r r o r channel That Stupid Re Light It's here.
Rela:{.
Another purpose mi s t a k e s
Guide was Us er 's
references USEr's Hanua] make comparisons. s e c t i o n here on There's I ' l l give with your disk d r i v e . yOU'll want list commands.
well
correct Manual. give I'll be able you'll reasons wh comprehensive
on f i l e s . a l s o find some You ma I ' v e included section on very general troubleshooting helpful bibliography articles. certainly at-a-glance least inside cover. You reference l i s t i n g s on l i s t i n g s found t h e r e your memory of j u s t Format, Initialize type what Read
Channel. Have fun!
'3ETTING
UP
your disk drive and you're ready Confident!? hook everything up you have no qualms, everything already hooked q u e 5 t i o n s ~ up and running p r o p e r l y ~ move r i g h t along next chapter. rest yau, here we go Turn power your system and make sure on-off switch on your drive back "off" p o s i t i o n . You should n e v e r plug anything i n t o Now look Fig. your drive when power cable i n t o Plug your doesn't which you s e r i a l bu inputs matter use). nter' anal addi you other serial into bus. Now plug ca plug other en input on your cable into back your computer user p o r t ) . thing t h a t Plug your power cable an e l e c t r i c a l plug on power i n p u t \'li11 only go into wall Now you plug other end i n t o your power s t r i p . grounded r e c e p t i c l e l move on You've done Now next chapter
oll-bFF
SWITCH POWER
INPUT
FIG.
i-DRIVE (REAR)
r-----------
...
t " - d n ~ ~
...
-
-
__
~
,--- ---'---,. ~
iJ41
.1
~ _ ~ l
.......... ll.-_lN_ c _ H _ r n l ~ i"o;~1
1.'.·0;".)
'To'
, - ~ ~ 6 ¥ ~ A T O R
(REO LED)
PuwE;
INDICATOR (GREEN LED) POWER
OM
ERROR
~ H E H
WHEN
KS'fRT SI
....
WHEN
fLASHIHG
f I 6 . 2 iJRIVE
KEy: A-PROTECTIVE COVER B-HUB
C-READ/WRITE SLOT
!)-IKOEX
HOLE
TE
FIG.2.i-THE
iHSK
PROTECT HOTCH f-PERMnXEHT LABEL
(OPT IlHH:L)
TECHNICAL JUNK
t h e o r i e s about programmers Intuitive division. structure freak care how t h e i r programs programmers often d o n ' t know S t r u c t u r e f r e a k s ~ on they j u s t do w o r k ~ exactly hand, love r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s Users of t h i s guide may how and why something works. extreme e n d ~ also f a l l into these c a t e g o r i e s . At you never want know how why your drive works, remember t h i s an IT'S AL now go on MAGIC memorize commands ne:
grasp comfortable without read on your computer what's going
Th
Drive
least
grasp
itself:
disk drive device storing magnetic form, on disk t h i s case, information, The information stored disk). read/write read/wr ite head. read/write Th head analogous tape p l a y e r . play/record head When you disk your drive and close d o o r ~ Fig. drive hub clamps down on (hub center c e n t ~ r hold 2.1) place an Th disk there centering some malformation perfect, disk. on reason disk with "hLlb rings" This reinforcement hubs desirable. ring helps p r o t e c t disk. pressure pad p r e s s e s insuring disk from above, r e a d / w r i t e head u n d ~ r n ~ a t h proper c o n t a c t with handling disk. Remember when you disk t h a t your underside. stored on head ma Th move back and mounted on track which permits forth disk approximately 300 RPM. When you read from d i s k ~
across
disk
proper
disk. l o c a t i o n on drive disk when by deposited clearance between
close o p e r a t i o n ~ t h a t even t h i c k e r than fingerprint disk. You may hear from people who s e l l head cleaning k i t s t h e i r product once t h a t you should Don't you b e l i e v e Using kind of cleaner which uses cleaning your r e a d / w r i t e head pads likened Imagine sandpaper. with weekly kits relying sandpapering session Cleaning soak on strong s o l v e n t s your p r e s s u r e pa with solvent and eventually d i s s o l v e p a r t s your d i s k . should once cleaning with alcohol Great! year suffice, wise.
Structure:
much f l e x i b l e magnetic t a p e ~ Your disk piece tape used tape recorder. like contained prevent damage. Th p r o t e c t i v e covering r e a d / w r i t e head your drive accesses disk through s l o t (see Fig. 2 . 1 ) . r ~ a d / ~ r i t e Th d e n s i t y of
"single disk whether "double density" ( t h i c k e r coating). Th magnetic strength signal determines whether double d e n s i t y . single Single should s u f f i c e coating Commodore. signal, data may be recorded properly, may divided into " t r a c k s " . Th disk Unlike record only on continuous t r a c k , many disk which individual tracks. Operating System (DOS) uses 35 t r a c k s . track, outermost while track 35 nearest Track 18 hub. Directory ( q . v . ) an hold Block Allocation Map Each track (BAM q . v . ) . f u r t h e r divided into s e c t o r s able or b l o c k s . he (one s t o r e 170K hundred and seventy thousand bytes) on s i n g l e density (q.v.) disk by varying number sectors each 17 hold 21 s e c t o r s each. track. Tracks Tracks 18 hold 24 hold 19 s e c t o r s each. Tracks 25 18 s e c t o r s each, while t r a c k s 31 35 hold 17 s e c t o r s magnetic c oa oa t n g d e r m n e coating)
each.
Th
BAM:
Th
letters
BAM
variously Allocation M a p
given "Blotk
" ~ representing "Block A v a i l a b i l i t y Map" and "Bit Access BAM list decide stands f o r ~ blocks/sectors disk (683 Each block all). yo multipy 683 holds 256 BAM keeps about 174,848 bytes a v a i l a b l e ~ track of whether by bits which correspond block storing bits By t u r n i n g a v a i l a b l e location on your d i s k . O-off/unavailable) BAM on (I-on/available BAM your a v a i l a b l e space. Th keeps track SAVEd updated each time file SCRATCHed, closed every time data (note d i f f e r e n c e d i r e c t o r y storage method). BAM Th DO s t o r e s memory and goes on still operating way. yo change d i s k s , DO write that s t o r e d BAM on yo BAM says new d i s k ~ a v a i l a b l e ~ , may blocks t h a t OS checks 10 numbers before Th writes yo have unique 10 numbers your d i s k ~ t h a t you worst thing t h a t will happen d i s k ~ an e r r o r . you same 10 number on h o w e v e r ~ many disks, DO assume will a l l ~ could end up everything overwriting alright (see your f i l e s . Unique ID numbers 'What happens when you FORMAT'). i t ' s always idea Even keeping t h i s m i n d ~ INITIALIZE your drive (q.v.) change disks.
Di
Th
c to to r
F ac a c ts ts :
stored directory disk. track 18 disk header (the disk Name and ID number) contains The r e s t track 18 contains block O. disk, on names files file each ( P R G ~ REL, U S R ) ~ designation number S E Q ~ of blocks used by each f i l e an free number You blocks on disk. 144 f i l e s t o r e UP
entries
your d i r e c t o r y .
Th
directory
SAVEd S C R A T C (note d i f f e r e n c e
every time opened data f i l e m.?thods, below).
updated
when
H e d ~ BAM
an
update
What happens when you FORMAT: When you FORMAT sometimes c a l l e d NEWing) disk, yo erase everything t h a t wa on disk ready wa previously used) and be w r i t t e n Name and read track stored block every and written uniqae 10 number disk. The d i r e c t o r y begun track block on Immediately a f t e r directory FORMATted, ID n u m b e r ~ Disk Name, ASCII c o n s i s t s of code 2A (the DO version an format type) and number blocks f r e e (664 19 blocks 18 track header an d i r e c t o r y ) .
What happens when you SCRATCH f i l e s / d i s k s : When yo SCRATCH which i n d i c a t e s
Th f i l e name l i s t i n g , and considered f r e e s t i l l t h e r e , and
file f i l e type
no
listed longer allocated that Th other use. relevant depending on appropriate number (1 file an restored.
directory (deleted). directory file
actually reset YPI?)
Resurrecting F i l e s / D i s k s :
Fi
"canned" "brought back" e i t h e r by program s p e c i a l l y designed file, "un-scratch" by gaining access your d i s k ' s BAM and r e s e t t i n g determined file t h a t designates whether "pr'esent". When file SCRATCHed t h i s Setting back file, '0'. unless you disk and overwritten p a r t s file
file.
Disks: Forget
NEW
reFORMAT
gone. t h a t were on t h a t disk there bring them back, way way, you know about IBy yo reading t h i s book'?) files
disk, anyone
love do t h a t , why
THE
F:ST
STEPS
TURNING IT ON
F i r s t , make sure t h e r e
no disk should never turn your d r i v e on You could disk. Once
drive
your your
ready
concerning
turn
your d r i v e .
with you're
on
seems be on an dance on how many angels
disk sure
You
power.
turn
modern head
equivalent pin. On school (including Commodore) holds t.he computer should a l ~ a ~ ' s be turned on l a s t and another last; computer should be turned on f i r s t and school holds There first. other opinions which incorporate both. Check any s p e c i a l i n s t r u c t i o n s t h a t your printer i n t e r f a c e might have. you have your components plugged i n t o power s t r i p ressor, everything will go on and same time effort personally worrying. and saves lean toward school, on l a s t l a s t ~ ~ c o m p u t e r this ex-cathedra ca give su.bject. d r i v e , both green l i g h t and When yo turn on l i g h t will 'Technical [See Junk' Fig.2J Th on should go almost once. Th drive green l i g h t s t a y s on time Th NEVER only on while running. drive on light take motar on and disk make running. want your correction
Commodore 1541 Users Hanual, page In last cross of D i s k e t t e ~ , section of ~ I n s e r t i o green " 9 r e e n ~ and i n s e r t "red". you wait light very long wait. ( l J o n ' t go out, you may unles s read light blinking disk some reason.) to re_ove H ~ V E
Actually, i t ' s drive while light blinking NO running, you
idea
take
disk
light on i n d i c a t e an e r r o r , and take
10
motor
.....
TH
DISK
AN
HOW
TO
USE IT
Your U s e r ' s
single Manual s p e c i f i e s s i n g l e - s i d e d , density d i ~ 5 k ! 5 . Most disk manuf.:lcturers recommencl You ca s i n g l e - s i d e d , double density. [See either. section 'Technical Junk' more on density.] Disks d o n ' t very high low temperatures. you're rule As of t h u m b ~ comfortable, When your d i s k . you t r a n s p o r t disk, buy d i s k ~ mail, i t ' s disk disk chance good idea "rest" give disk room temperature before you may work p e ra r a t p ro ro p t h a t won't o pe when i t ' s cold, j u s t f i n e a f t e r i t ' s more comfortable. Never leave d i r e c t su glove compartment of your disks c,:lr. You should also avoid taking literally. magnetic disk Tr bend this cause coating come spots. (such fields Also those s o r t i n g devices and MONITORS and generated send disk through TVs). mark mail, disk on your hand c a n c e l l i n g . Never s t o r e s t o r e them c l o s e r monitor, an fact two f e e t away. disk with anything other than Never write on felt pen. magnetic leave marks on Anything e l s e ..
surface
gently from have your d i s k , remove corner p r o t e c t i v e sleeve, holding upper l e f t you look i t ) . [See 'Technical Junk' Fig. right side. notch more i n f o . ] There This notch. tape over t h i s there disk. notch you cannot w r i t e (save) anything on small digression: You should never a c t u a l l y write anything on your disk. pens Us f e l t corner, upper l e f t your l a b e l . Now, s t i l l holding disk, up label gently i n s e r t with
front i n s e r t i o n s l o t on a l r e i i d y turned on). disk. NEVER force Once
disk 'Technical disk
11
drive Junk'
Fig.2J
disk drive by pulling down on latch u n t i l clicks shut, newer models, turning latch. go ready Fine, now In word f i l e will be used following s e c t i o n s expect because word progra». This kind of f i l e . program
3-
READY-MADE DISK.
used d i s k ' , By 'ready-made disk t h a t yo have purchased like)--
something on
on
that
pre-packaged mean game data base already formatted and
LOADing directory. into your computer's This means t h a t f i l e s available on disk. listing memory decide what f i l e directory, memory. n o ti t ic c e t h a t each of file three-letter names f r o n t of code following number codes indicate file, and up by what kind of f i l e The codes PRG(program identical f i l e ) , SEQlsequential f i l e ) , USRluser f i l e SEQ f i l e ) , and RELlrelative f i l e ) . Programs(PRG) loaded d i r e c t l y , only f i l e s when you it's file, following s e c t i o n s , think p r D g r a ~ . Th other types of probably a l r i g h t data f i l e s (they hold f i l e s (SEQ, REL, and USR) data, ua al only be loaded an a c t u through file. We'll talk more about t h i s l a t e r . PR disk kss have loading i n s t r u c t i o n s Some pre-packaged di necessary directory. that i t ' s you even protected t h a t you c a n ' t Some disks and can, d i r e c t o r y . But assuming both t h a t how Type: h ~ r e ' s L O A D " $ " ~ 8
(RETURN>
Your computer will respond with: SEAF:CHING FO LOADING
R E A D ~
you (See
something d i f f e r e n t , TROUBLESHOOTING s e c t i o n ) . Once "LIST", "RETURN", type "READY" d i r e c t o r y will be printed on your screen.
problem.
yo
Sl?e
file. LOADing This means entering f i l e i n t o your machine's memory that First This yo choose which f i l e load (hereafter type "name your f i l e " referred f i l e ! ) . Then type: name of
LOAD"name
your f i l e " , B
Your computer will respond with: SEARCHING FOR "name cif your f i l e " LOADING F:EADY
you (See
something d i f f e r e n t ,
problem.
Once yo TROUBLESHOOTING s e c t i o n ) . "READY" you do three t h i n g s ( a c t u a l l y you philosophical): many more, let's RU VERIFY f i l e , LIST file
do
file.
c) Verifying file. you've j u s t loaded, When you v e r i f y you file compare on your disk. memory file file VERIFY ERROR and i d e n t i c a l , you will yo will know something wrong. To verify load, type:
VERIFY"name
Th
your f i l e " , B
computer will respond with: your f i l e SEARCHING FOR name
VERIFYING OK
READY
PRG f i l e .
IdlLISTing f i l e will
ready-made
may not)
LIST
PR
f i l e ~
and
reasons
command:
type
Th
lines We'll screen. section.
(e
l i s t i n g of
RUNning
f i l e will now s c r o l l p a s t you on t a l k more about LIST next
PRG f i l e .
ready gone well up you everything now, When you give file! plunge. computer looks t h i s command whatever your f i l e there) and memory (and you've j u s t follDws f i l e . So you type: cDmmands Df
RU
(YDU a r e ,
running.
YOUR
No
OW
a r e n ' t you?)
DISK.
we're t a l k i n g about your very
i t ' s right and bo Maybe i t ' s Let's what we ca do with (a). I t ' s r e a l l y important!)
own
disk.
Maybe
been used. never precious f i l e s (Please read s e c t i o n
(a
Formatting Th F i r s t Time). disk FORMATTING A dd d d i i on o n a i nf n f or o r ma m a ti t i o on process of itself section and 'Technical J u n k ' . ] When yD take t h a t nice new disk Df b D X ~ it's used, disk be used. Before yo When you FORMAT disk you give must FORMRT
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n number. identification Th characters and should be unique (You might want each disk. 10 numbers t h a t r e f l e c t what on You could s t a r t
name
and
14
u t i l i t y disks with G, game disks with he I d e n t i f i c a t i o n 'written' U, e t c . ) Th on each sector FORMATTING process disk. directory your disk. Once there also s e t s up directory an each sector been i d e n t i f i e d , your disk use. ready To format your disk type:
OPEN 15,8,15
PRINT#15,"NO:OISK NAME,ID#" CLOSE 15
l i g h t will go on dr driv ve e will s t a r t he The READY prompt will appear on your make noises. disk l i g h t will stay Th screen, formatted u n t i l l i g h t goes out. Your disk Yo only need use. should now be ready format disk f i r s t time you you re-format di disk k,, everything t h a t as on be l o s t , disk unless erase never reformat Th you do with your formatted disk? do LORD f i r s t thing directory alright. make sure everything directory. into directory means t h a t you ID naDp. an computer's memory your disk files list disk. Whether any) on this disk, f i l l e d with on t h a t loading files, process directory same. You type LOADing
LOAD"$",8
Your computer will respond with: SEARCHING LOADING
FO
READY
you (See
"READY"
problem. something d i f f e r e n t , TROUBLESHOOTING s e c t i o n ) . Once yo your and type you ilL 1ST", "RETURN",
15
d i r e c t o r y will be printed on your screen. PR f i l e from directory You ca now choose load i n t o memory.
(c
LOADing file. f i l e means g e t t i n g storage file LOADing and t r a n s f e r r i n g disk) t h i s case t h a t you ns uc on n t your machine's memory You have already chosen Here your f i l e (see s e c t i o n 3 - b ) . Hereafter we will r e f e r actual f i l e " although you type your f i l e . Then type: name LOAD"name
your f i l e " , a
Your computer will respond with: SEARCHING FOR "name LOADING
your f i l e
READY
you (Gee
problem. have yo TROUBLESHOOTING s e c t i o n ) . file VERIFY choices: yo file. you file RU Let's mean. something d i f f e r e n t ,
"READY"
what
(d) Verifying file. f i l e you've j u s t loaded, When you v e r i f y disk. file file they memory i d e n t i c a l , you will VERIFY ERROR load type: will know something wrong. To v e r i f y VERIFY"name
Th
your f i l e " , 8
computer will respond with:
SEARCHING FOR name VERIFYING
your f i l e
OK
READY
16
(e)LISTing
file.
listing
type
LIST
command:
PR
file
c.urrently
Th
lines your f i l e will now s c r o l l past you on screen. To slow down t h i s s c r o l l i n g ~ press control (That's key. request s e c t i o n s only p a r t l i n e s 10-50 program be l i s t e d . (for example) type:
LIST 10-50 lines
example) type:
up
line
10
(for
LIST -100 an
l i n e s a f t e r 10
example) type: LIST 100You
yo
then make wish.
(f)RUNning
c o r r e c t i o n 5 ~
PR
check syntax
whatever
file.
ready gone well up now you When you give t h i s Run your ~ i l e ! command compuer looks memory whatever (and you've j u s t your f i l e t h e r e ) and follows commands f i l e . So you type:
everything
RU
begins!
There,
file.
wasn't t h a t
e a s y ~ ?
from you have entered program, e i t h e r by hand some other storage source ( e . g . , disk tape) your d r i v e , you on disk now 17
SAVE command. This command program your machine's memory onto call drive. You decide "your f i l e name" example w e ' l l actual then type: SAVE "your
disk
you
your file
name",8
Your 64 will respond with: SAVING your f i l e name READY
same You c a n ' t save two programs with same disk. save multiple copies d i f f e r e n t names give files same program, (eg. PROGRAM1, PROGRAM2 e t c . ) . You save j u s t VERIFY load by i n s t r u c t i o n s given before. following In t h i s case program been saved v e r i f y checks written. (hlSAVE and r e p l a c e (SAVE @O). Th
command
new version new f i l e , (with and then SCRATCHing Your Commodore file. command User's Manual says you 'SAVE@O:' save and r e p l a c e an already e x i s t i n g f i l e with same
There
SAVE@O
replaces
f i l e with
an ongoing communti communti concerning t h i s command. ne school holds t h a t you risk losing both f i l e s , extreme you There e n t i r e disk SAVE@O. t h i s command risky reputedly, replaces and sometimes causes wrong file. follow t h i s school, s c r a t c h your Look f i l e and resave next chapter under "SCRATCHing file" Other Commodore e x p e r t s swear SAVE@O that completely safe, and t h a t problems a l l e g e d l y stemming from ca always be traced other causes. Even t h i s school admits t h a t SAVE@O cannot safely
used
there o r i g i n a l and
disk
both
replacement exist same time (which f i r s t version what happens before erased). That you only have 10 blocks f r e e , SAVE@O with 20 blocks don't file that long. When you feel comfortable with commands this next chapter look Second s e c t i o n , give Steps.
SECOND STEPS
No t h a t about some of your disk drive
basic
think
adva advanc nced ed things t h a t t h i s chapter we will look ways p r i n t e r , erase last f i l e , read your e r r o r channel As name "your f i l e name" will chapter, actual type file name. examples, how F i r s t l e t ' s look remove an unwanted f i l e . Section 1:
(a)SCRATCHing (erase) file. file file, SCRATCHing e f f e c t , erases name disk, although erase f a c t what does d i r e c t o r y . [See 'Technical Junk' of file d i r e c t o r y works.) When more on how SCRATCHed, blocks free increased by blocks t h a t were file. When you In order RETURN. scratch
file,
type:
OPEN 15,8,15
PRINT#15,"SO:your 15
file
name"
Th drive will make some noises and l i g h t will Be careful erased. come on while program name when you s c r a t c h file, VERY DIFFICULT (often restore scratched f i l e . impossible) file save and replace an already existing f i l e with SCRATCH on file your disk using procedure then save problem with new f i l e . This will avoid SAVE"Ii!O:" command ( q . v . ) .
In change make
following s e c t i o n s we will look ways name of an already e x i s t i n g f i l e (RENAME) an alrea.dy e x i s t i n g f i l e (COPY) (MERGE). four
20
(b)RENAME
file.
change
name f i l e on your you. One word
command this command does work on you c l o s e your f i l e rename terms "oldname" will stand give
tion,
will stand Now, taking file. this how you RENAME
wait
file,
In new that file.
example
copied.
Type:
file
drive
into
Type:
CLOSE 15
will using drive).
on
dual drive (such 4040 "newfile" will be
OPEN15,8,15
PRINT#15,"CO:newfile=O:01dfile" CLOSE 15
considera-
another
"oldfile" name You w i l l , course, enter
name
file
OPEN15,B,15 PRINTi15,"RO:newname=O:0Idname" file. (c)COPY This command will make
disk, This until
your
unless
disk.
MSD
name file
you
dual
be names.
< f ~ E T U R N >
(d) MERGE two more f i l e s . four Th COpy procedure used f i l e s into on t h i s procedure, new f i l e . When you f i l e s you going make sure t h a t merge d o n ' t this have overlapping l i n e numbers, r e a l l y make you. you find t h a t t h e r e life difficult programs i d e n t i c a l l i n e numbers programs using more VIC Tree either such programmer's Simon's Public Domain renumbering u t i l i t i e s user group. Once line checked MERGE files. Again oLlr e:
21
Type:
OPENI5,B,15
PRINT#15,"CO:newfile=O:oldfilel,0Idfile2, oldfile3,0Idfile4" CLOSE 15
Section 2:
Th
we will examine d o n ' t do anything instead they enable yo "clean return
next
particular file;
up
condition ( I n i t i a l i z e ) . VALIDATE
disk.
number t h i s command.
reasons
There
time
erased
using files,
disk fol'" you will
long have
and there r e a l use. Th VALIDATE command will small disk by causing drive "clean seal'"ch disk these unused blocks available increase "blocks you. You may be able available" by considerable VALIDATING. VALIDATE when Another time
will improperly closed f i l e directo appeal'" with an a s t e r i s k front f i l e type (PRG,SEQ,USR,REL). Improperly closed f i l e s ca information cause problems with disk. stored on You cannot SCRATCH such file disk will VALIDATING without r i s k , remove To VALIDATE disk, type: OPENI5,B,15 PRINT#15,"VALIDATE" (instead VALIDATE, PRINT#15,"V") CLOSE 15 improperly closed.
....
This command r e t u r n s your drive same condition when yo turned clears error on channel ( t h i s wa error besides reading on stop channel [ q . v . ] t h a t stupid I'"ed l i g h t used you switch d i s k s , f l a s h i n g ! ) , and :.::L
an p o s s i b l e confusion caused by d i f f e r e n t BANs (block a l l o c a t i o n maps q . v . ) on your d i f f e r e n t disks. To
you d r i v e , type: OPENI5,8,15 PRINT#15,"INITIALIZE" (instead CLOSE 15
PRINTI15,"I")
Section
some No l e t ' s look involve opening channels your d r i v e your p r i n t e r .
things other
do
components,
which either
(a Reading ERROR CHANNEL, Or "That stupid f l a s h i n g again!" light example, an er r or c o n d i t i o n , When t h e r e read f i l e you trying access open error, 43-46 an problems (see pp l i g h t on your drive will s t a r t User's Guide), no immediate r a p i d l y . Unfortunately, t h e r e way error light. know why you What getting This "read e r r o r channel". do now opening up 15 reserved computer "asking" and e r r o r messages) channel error. You open information regarding number, command OPEN followed file using device number ( ' 8 ' your disk d r i v e , your printer) channel number. Usually channel O,l,and 15 reserved) same file sample this structure You will (look l i n e 10). (q.v.) this using your Wedge you you will information you need.
14
number. program
10 OPEN 15,8,15 INPU INPU #1 ,A,A ,A,AS, S,B, B, PRINT A,AS,B,C 40 CLOSE 15 Th
four p i e c e s
information you
(A)
error
pp.43-46 number [ r e f e r your U s e r ' s Guide e r r o r s ] , IA$)the e r r o r a d d i t i o n a l information about C) name, IB)the track number number [See 'Technical Junk' you further e x p lla a na nation n]] . sector, just d on o n'' t care about t r a ck information (A and A $ ) . f i r s t tw pieces request take You now know your problem appropriate light s t e ps co c o r rre ect Also off. As an example, suppose you t r i e d file save and l i g h t s t a r t e d b l i n k i n g , indicating suddenly look You have no idea what's wrong. You problem. ob us wrong. Here's Let's imaginary program s t a r t s with l i n e You then e n t er an abbreviated form f i r s t two v a r iia a b le l e s ) of program (entering only beginning your l i n e numbers with on rather than This numbering line#5 END. You also orevents overwriting rele ev v a nt nt program soon stops line been obtained. You RU program and information You information ,"63 would know name an already that trying existing file could and SAVE your program d i f f e r e n t name. again under light off, don't c a r e what d r iv i ve e. e r r o r message [See previous directions.] your p r i n t e r .
channel have
printed listing
tell
output your p r i n t e r r a t h e r following command will do incorrect i n s t r u c t i o n s on p . l l OPEN
4,4:CMD4:LIST
To return control
computer than your
your screen, type:
24
send
Th screen. (compare with your User's Guide):
PRINT#4:CLOSE4
your
There
no logical reason
PRINT#4 before
close
you
should have type channel, t r u s t me,
Section 4: last Th Wild-Card
s e c t i o n of explain this backup P a t t e r n matching, how make disk, and how copy f i l e s between d i s k s disk and t a p e .
P a t t e r n Matching. (alWild-Card There tw "wild card" symbols used matching and ' ? ' . By using save yourself some typing by having type only p a r t program. Fo LOAD example, f i r s t program on typing 'LOAD "P*",S' would load with ' P ' . disk Typing 'LOAD " 0 : * " , 8 ' will automatically LOAD disk. As f i r s t program on long unique, you give enough name make p a t t e r n matching. You ca also pattern caution matching with SCRATCH f i l e , t h a t you d o n ' t scratch more than Fo example, other night my husband typed 'SCRATCH What SCRATCH "t.DAT"'. designating f i l e s ending with .DAT ending (our way data f i l e s ) ; what as erase every f i l e i n s t e a d ~ disk, and LONG time on took wihin Th other "wild card" s y m b o l ~ f i l e name when you unsure e n t i r e name, list d i r e c t o r y of only c e r t a i n when files. 'LOAD "B?LL",8' could load f i l e s
"BILL", Typing 'LOAD "BULL", "BELL" e t c . . would load programs on " $ 0 : F ? L L " ~ 8 ' directory and with disk whose f o u r - l e t t e r ended with hand, 'LL'. 'LOAD On other would load programs " $ O : F ? L L * " ~ 8 ' directory with names any length whose f i r s t l e t t e r as and whose t h i r d and fourth l e t t e r s were ' L L ' .
called
Wh
backup.
indestructible.
make They 25
subject
disks t e a r ~
s p i l l e d cokes, c a t s and c h i l d r e n . There's valuable disk when make losing yourself. To copy an e n t i r e d i s k , several good ones a v a i l a b l e "copy program". There through public domain channels. most Some of popular [reliable takes up 30 minutes f u l l d i s k ] , "B 24 F i l e Copier" [ f a s t e r and gives yo files) copying individual and [just name implies, fast There also copyrighted scarey heat, d i r t , no excuse
programs such
The
J o l l y Roger archival purposes ONLY).
both
library.
(c)Disk To another,
memory
your
(for protected d i s k s many more programs There your user group soon you can.
non-machine language progam simply LOAD
r e g u l a r wa insert (source), disk (destination) and i s s u e
into your (See LOAD), remove
command
(See
language program, you s p e c i f i c a l l y designed machine language programs specify f i l e s be copied.
will
There,
SAVE
done'
To
disk
machine first
disk
SAVE).
either transfer allows you
(d)Tape
To disk,
non-machine language
tape
machine your you normally would, i n s e r t memory disk formatted and issue (See SAVE). Reverse SAVE command save from disk tape. LOAD
26
tape
into
TH
Many r e fe f err r e d
WEDGE
AN
HOW
you will have come H ~ d g e ,
TO USE IT
contact with your
utility
p.14
DO support system, e i t h e r from your demo d i s k ~ your user group (You your Disk group a r e n ' t "':lbove" This u t i l i t y loads
"wedges" i t s e l f c l ev e ve er BASIC memory your disk d r i v e with g r e a t e r ease, l e t s you exchange small amount Wedge l e t s now f a mi you yo m i llii a r with: LOAD, SAVE, COPY, FORMAT, e t c . The Wedge gives new command RUN. LOAD an your d i r e c t o r y The Wedge a ls l s o l e t s you look program c u r r e n t l y without overwriting memory si sinc ce e n o n - d i s t r u c t i v e load, doesn't (called program memory). Another listing Wedge d i r e c t o r y t h a t you "freeze" pressing Press resume again space b a r . directory, your r e g u l a r listing. In a d d i t i o n you p a r t i a l l i s t i n g s using p a t t e r n matching. You particular file, files which particular condition. fulfill you e x a m p l e ~ listing f i l e s s t a r t i n g with A, e n t er @$:A. file To f i n d ~ called an example, you wanted "sample.dat", e n t e r @$:sample.dat. "sample", your disk c o n t a i n s , say, fiiles "sample1", and "sample2", e n t e r @$:sample*. their wedge Many people because, don't surprisingly maybe n o t ) , documentation using Yl1U d o n ' t l"lave p O O I ~ . t t H ~ public domain hold wedge, and copies. your copy, you may want transfer When you do t h i s yo convenience. will note t h a t Wedge program two p a r t s ; (which may have "boot" name) 13nd " B o o t ( ~ r " actual Wedge program. On these Disk resp pe ec cti programs ,3re c a l l e d , '1, "DDS 5 . 1 " "booter", program ".. C-64 Wedge written BASIC which your load and
~ ' J loads booter these l i n e s
e c l g e
LOAD
for" you.
d o n ' t wish activate Wedge by d i r e c t mode.
"DOS
yOLl
5.1",8,1
NEI.iJ
Sy'S
Th you
LIse entering
~ 5 2 2 2 4
machine language (which why and ~ 8 , 1 LOAD a c t i v a t e d by system (SYS) command t h i s case SYS 52224). you exit some reason, and l a t e r wish Wedge you reactivate e n t e r SYS 52224, . This Wedge unless you have turned will r e a c t i v a t e another machine language i n t e r f e r e d with Wedge. Th f a c t t h a t Wedge language program problem transfer you leads You cannot wedge another disk. an SAVEing language program simply by LOADing another disk yo You will need BASIC program. allows you copy individual f i l e s Such programs from disk. e ad ad i a va va i a b public domain sources. So now you Wedge and i t ' s ready run. your wi 11 now o f f e r conv conven en ence, r e f e r e n c e guide on using your wedge. two On next pages yo will find comparison between BASIC and will l i s t syntax of command will BASIC; give equivalent using Wedge. Wedge
written
2B
BASIC
WEDGE
COPY:
@C:newfile=oldfile
15,8,,15 PRINT#15, "CO:newfi le=oldfi OPEN
CLOSE 15
FORMAT:
@I\l:disk name,id
OPEN 15,8,15
PRIN PRINTI TI15 15," ,"NO NO:d :dis is CLOSE 15
INITIALIZE: @I
name,id" name,id"
OPEN 15,8,15
PRINH15, CLOSE 15
LOAD:
(non-machine language programs) /program name
LOAD
"pro "pro ra
name name", ",
LOAD
"program name",S,l
LOAD
"program name"
(machine language programs) I.program name LOAD
an
RU
"··program. name
RU READ
DIRECTORY:
@$
LOAD
LIST READ
ERROR CHANNEL:
"$",8
OPEN 15,8,15
INPUTJ15,A,B$,C,D PRINT#15,A,B$,C,D
CLOSE 15
29
RENAME:
@R:newname=oldname
SAVE: ~
p
r
D
g
r
OPEN 15,8,15
F'RINT#15,"RO:newname=oldname" CLOSE 15 SAVE "pro "progr gram am name name", ",
name
a
F:EPLACE: note below]
SAVE
@:program name
SAVE "@O:program name",8
SCRATCH:
@S:program name
OPEN 15,8,15
PRINT#15 PRINT#15,"S ,"S0:pro 0:program gram CLOSE 15
V I ~ L I D A T E :
OPEN 15,8,15 PRINHI5, "V CLOSE 15
@V
Also note: Th
@Q
will terminate
symbol>
~ J e d g e
commands.
Wedge program.
substituted
also a d j u s t ca accommodate e i t h e r following command:
Since t h i s guide your Disk Drive and information guide file programming, chapter will somewhat sketchy. Additional i n f o r mation sources on f i l e s and f i l e handling listed 'Additional Reading'. Chapter s t o r e s information on your disk either p r o 9 r a ~ files data files. Files Files files. i d e n t i f i e d by f i l e n a ~ e s of up 16 No two f i l e s on have characters. s i n g l e disk
i d e n t i c a l names. BASIC program
example
file
This disk. have SAVEd kind file be accessed by normal DO commands you have been studying. Data f i l e s hold information accessed e i t h e r s e q u e n t i a l l y which Sequential
files>
Random
r a n d o ~ l
Relative
Data f i l e s cannot be manipulated by normal r a t h e r have t h e i r own LOAD and SAVE commands, s p e c i a l syntax. often likened data f i l e f i l e c a b i n e t , where entries file itself records fields ~ h i c h information f o l d e r s , and hold folders. ma papers s t o r e d files).
SEQUENTIAL FILES
In
both read and written sequential f i l e , data written Information order, t h a t b u f f e r , on byte onto disk from RAM, through time, and read back reach order search through records example, record 1-6. opening sequential f i l e The general syntax
OPEN f i l e l , d e v i c e # , c h a n n e l # , " O : f i l e n a m e , t y p e , d i r e c t i o n "
Here's an English t r a n s l a t i o n :
file#
will r e f e r
file.
device#
disk d r i v e ; 31
tape
channell
14 (remember
n u m b e ~
15
r e s e r v e d ) . Often filel help p re r e ve v e n c on o n fu fu s o n unique name you assign filename file this c a s e ~ type file sequenti e i t h e r w r i t e (data disk direction read (data from disk breviated Wl be abbreviated Information sent sequential file This command just like operates PRIN PRINTI TI regular PRINT statement except send information drive. separated Information semi-colon terminator called c o m m a ~ delimator carriage return). Information retrieved sequential f i l e e i t h e r GET# commands. I N P U T ~ RANDOM
ACCESS FILES
he two random d i f f e r e n t l y from sequential f i l e s . possible go d i r e c t l y files
files
operate access desired
record without going through intervening r e c we could go d i r e c t l y e x a m p l e ~ record c o l l e c t $200) without bothering with records 1 - 6 .
o r d s ~
(and
RELATIVE FILES
Relative f i l e s sequential relative file up going (up up 72 records on s e t t i n g up relative OPEN
thought whose file files. When you i n i t i a l l y record specify how long 254 c h a r a c t e r s ) . You may place disk. Th general syntax file
f i l e # ~ d e v i c e # ~ c h a n n e l ~ ~ " f i l e n a m e ~ L ~ " + c h r ' ( x
Agai
English: file. disk drivej
device#
ch anne annel: l:1t 1t
will r e f e r
15
tape.
14 (remember
r e s e r v e d ) . Often
file#
help prevent confusion. assign unique file. filename ,L, relative file being indicates omit created when accessing previously c r e a t e d f i l e . chr$ (;{) value of determines record length (up only s p e c i f i e d when i n i t i a l l y c r e a t i n g f i l e . syntax To access an already created f i l e OPEN filei,device#,channel#,"filename"
relative file To access then e r r o r channel
first open DO which record file
by
spec cii f in ing channel# OPEN s t a t em e n t ) , within record file begin. (Sigh!! Confused? told you t h i s would sketchy. detailed articles.) e i t h e r read have accessed f i l e , you from f i l e with PRINT#, INPUT# write access, given
RANDOM
FILES
either more complicated than Random f i l e s Sequential With Random f i l e s you Relative f i l e s . You information DOS. take control s p e c i f y which track and sector each piece of data will written be read from (block read command) (black which blocks write command). You keep track (black command). allocation allocated free You be used allocated blocks free command). disk d i r e c t o r y . included Random f i l e s generally advisable anything e l s e on Because disk which will be used random f i l e s . t h e i r complexity, strongly postpone using Random f i l e s l a t e r on c a re r ee er e v er e r)) .
TRlJUBLESHOOTING
how This chapter will o f f e r some suggestions on isn't "·ft:.:" somr:, meant into. may ru There those maintenance manual. be on d.t mad:et and " h a n d y " one. Repair costs a v e r a g e about advise you hour, bucks" you you do urr s el e l f . Now l i t t l e work y o u helpful h i n t s .
ALL-PURPOSE HINT#l when confronted by problem with your drive, total disaster assume i t ' s something fixable and panic l a t e r ) . This means ( t h e r e ' s plenty of time check your equipment before you s t a r t screaming. turned on that connec Be sure your system t i o n s an t i g h t , 100tC.. This may seem s i l l y , lOon? "devi gotten p r e s e n t error" turned on! mp dr driv ve e was after he n ne ne c o n you have checked you s t i l l everything problem, shut system an start again. drive S t i l l have problem? Don't send your with s t o r e yet. back Tr friend's problem may computer. works with t h e i r s , computer, drive. F i r s t ~
ALL-PURPOSE HINT#2
it's Generally, my philosophy life broken, d on o n'' t ft:.: i t . " SClmetimes with disk drives, be Your d r i v e and will t h i s may id idea a.. gradual process, often of know anything gradual t h a t yo may wrong. your own Disks prepared on drive may presents driv ve e becomes seriously problems you u n t i l your dr
sick.
starting have problems with d i s k s you disk kss prepared on your d r i v e pre-recorded di r ea e a llii g n i ng n g your own, friends d i 5 k ) ~ will maintenance" Dfte?n t h i s "preventive drive.
c o r r e c t your problem.
Se
DEVICE NO PRESENT ERROR ALL-PURPOSE HINT#l. LOAD ERRORS
you LOADing particular program a f t e r you sure t h a t everything several t h i n g s should be with your equpiment, t h e r e try. syntax. Make sure you LOAD another LOAD command properly. program. Try LOADs properly, problem may be drive. LOAD software r a t h e r than ry LOADs properly on program on f r i e n d ' s machine. backup another machine, make own drive it's protected d i s k ) . Sometimes i n t e r f e r e with differences speed between d r i v e s took LOADing. three copies p a r t i c u l a r game before solved my problems by own d r i v e . never could work on s t o r e copy t h a t program d r i v e ~ you You may also experience LOAD e r r o r s LOAD disk with an improperly closed of file this (q.v.). VALIDATE problem, disk ( q . v . ) and again. SAVE ERRORS
F i r s t check
make sure t h e r e
no "write
protect" corner notch covering upper right-hand you c a n ' t disk. When t h a t notch covered, SAVE anything t h a t disk. Make sure t h e r e already disk with same name trying you give your program. name you do t h i s by typing " 1 ~ $ " ; using program again with otherwise, j u s t SAVE "programnamel" instead name(e.g., different "programname"). Don't d i r e c t o r y unless you something l i k e Dr yo will using Wedge overwrite syntax. lose command properly. Check Be sure
full using Wedge, another disk.
(0 blocks f r e e ) . don't
load
Again,
directory,
you're just
VERIFY ERRORS
you
LOAD an e r r o r when you VERIFY program, type NEW and again. you s t i l l file LOAD properly. error, means section on LOAD e r r o r s . e r r o r when you VERIFY SAVE you make sure program, check program does any v i b l check your connections, and VERIFY r e f e r SAVE again. does section on SAVE e r r o r s .
FILE
NOT
an
Refer
have
FOUND
file This means e i t h e r you typed name f i l e by t h a t name on your i n c o r r e c t l y , you d o n ' t have disk you dual drive system, you may using using have requested wrong f i l e , yo multiple d r i v e s , wrong d r i v e .
ADDITIONAL READINGS
c u r r e n t (10/84) listing of a r t i c l e s from Gazette which COMPUTE! and COMPUTE! ay be interest disk also may be helpful. This included list c o n s t i t u t e an endorsement any magazine l i s t does guide, definitive listing.
This RUN, Rhoy!,
BOOKS
R. C a r t e r P r o g r a ~ ~ i n g
an
with
Eo
Huzan, Co
Stoughton, publisher: David McKay Co.,
Tead>
Compu.ter
You.rsel
64,
odore
19S:!.. American England, I n c . , New York, New York.
David
Millerer, Files, Publishing Co., I n c . , Reston, V i r g i n i a , 1984.
William Sanders, The Elementary most, I n c . , Chatsworth, C a l i f o r n i a Co., Inc., F:eston, V i r g i n i a , 1983.
Weber Systems, Inc. S t a f f , C o . ~ o d book, B a l l a n t i n e Books, ew york,
C o ~ . o d o r e
Reston
o r e
64
Reston
Data Publishing
User's
Hand-
Ne
MAGAZINE ARTICLES
Hhoy.'
Morton I(evelson, "The 1541 Disk Drive:A No.2, (February, 1984) , p p . ~ : : 4 ' - 3 8 Mi
chael Kl
nert
C-64 Mi
c:hael Files",
Barron, "Random 1984),pp.37-38,
ng
einert No.2,
on
(February,19134),pp.27-28,
eI
VI
Michael tial
Kleinert Files",
David B a r r o n , "Programming S e q u e n No.1, I J a n u a r - y , 1 9 8 4 ) , p p . 6 7 - 6 8 , 8 9 - 9 0 .
COMPUTEl
Rober
Vol.5,
E:
C o m m o d o r ' e " ~ 2 1 ~ 8 - : ' ~ 0 4 .
64",
"Advanced Disk Logging N o . 4 , ( A p r i l , 1 S 8 4 ) , p p . 157'-158.
Butterfield,
Vo1.6, J i ~ t
RI
"Comple:< Disk C o p i e s V01.6, N o . 4 , I A p r i l , 1 9 8 4 ) , p p . 159-160. B u t t e r f i e l d , "Commodore DOS l ~ e d g e s : A n V o l . 5 , No.10, I O c t . , 1 9 8 : 3 ) , p p . 2 6 6 - 2 7 0 .
"Commodore F i l e s Beginners, P a r t 2 " , V o 1 . 5 , N o . 1 2 , W e c . , 1 9 8 3 ) , p p . 236-240. Butterfield,
Beginners, "Commodore F i l e s Part 3",Vo1.6, No.1,(Jan.,1984l,pp. 192-194. Butterfield,
Butterf "Commodore F'ar-t 4 " , V o 1 . 6 , N o . 2 ~ ( F e b .
, 1 9 8 4 l ~ p p
"Relative File Commodore Part ( S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 8 3 ) , p p . 255-256 Butterfiled,
COHPUTEI'£
Begi n n e r s , 165-167.
VIC-20 V o l . 5 , No.9,
GR1ETTE
C h a r l e s Brannon, Vol. Part
"Getting No.5,
Started
Disk D r i v e , 198:3), 46-52.
with
( N o v e m b e l ~ ,
Disk D r i v e , C h a r l e s Brannon, " G e t t i n g S t a r t e d with Part V o l . l , No.6, (December-,. 1983) , p p . 60-67
C h a d e s Brannon, "(-jetting VlJl.2, No.1, F'ar-t
Started I J a n u a r y ~
Disk D r i v e , 1984), 66-7'1.
~ ' l i t h
C h a r l e s Brannon, " G e t t i n g S t a r t e d with Disk D r i v e , Part. V o l . 2 , No.2, ( F e b r u a r y , 1984), 44-52. "Getting Started with V o l . 2 , No.:3:, (March, 1 9 8 4 ) ,
C h a r l e s Brannon, Part 163-165 11
Disk D r i v e , 106-108
Vern B u i s , " V I C / 6 4 Program L i f e s a v e r " (Un-new), N o . 5 , (November, 1983), 132-134, 20:3:. P h i l i p D a l e , "Disk F i l e Manager", 130-132, (December, 1983),
Martin E n g e r t , 118.
"File
Larry Isaacs, Vol, Part 123-124.
No.6, Vol. 222-224.
Vo
(June,
No.6
Explorer:Single-Drive Di No.3, (September, 1983),
R i c h a r d M a n s f i e l d , "How V a L l , N o . 4 , (October,
se Tape
"Disk l'1enu", 113-114.
Vol,1.
No,2,
Gerald S a n d e r s , "Disk T r i c k s " , V o l . 2 , 126--132, 149-150. 1984), D a n i e l Weiner, "Disk P u r g e " , 110-111, 133-t:34.
Vol.
Bobby W i l l i a m s , "Power BASIC:Using Commodore
iB4),
96-100,
Disk F i l e s " , 118·-122.
1983),
Wayne Mathews,
Vol.1,
(Aug.,
No.9
No.8
19K;:),
(Sept.,
(Aug.,
1984),
Disk Drive
198:!-),
John Winn, "Appending S e q u e n t i a l Disk F i l e s " , V o l . 2 , No.6 ( J u n e , 1984), p p . 1 2 0 - 1 2 2 . RUN
R o b e r t W. B a k e r , " D i s k Master R e V i s i t e d " , No.2, ( F e b r u a r y , 1984) , p p . l 0 0 - l 0 8 .
Vol.l,
David
B r o o k s ~
Relative",
"It's
( A p r i l , 1 9 8 4 ) ~ p p .
V o l . l ~
100-107.
David B r o o k 5 ~ "I:;:elati'lely S p e a k i n g " , 9 8 4) 4) , p p 01ay, 1 98 138-140. Daviel
B r ' o o k 5 ~
No.4,
Relative",
"It's
V o l . l ~
Vol.l,
N o . 5 ~
N o . 6 ~
(June,1984),pp.
108-117.
Bruossard, O r d e r " , Vol.
" C a l l i n g Disk D i r e c t o r i e s 1984) , p p . 122-125. (Apri
Michael
Henry, 1984),
T h o m ~ \ s
VI)l.1,
" D i s k - ( ) ' - V I C " ~
No.l,(January,
102-118.
C h r i s t o p h e r Lampton, "Disk E d i t o r 6 4 " , V o l . l , CApril,1984),pp. 71-74. Overhulser, "Di5k-0-64", 1984), 54-56.
Vol.l,
No.6,(June,
" D a t a b a s e Deluxe", V o l . ! , ( F e b r u a r y , 1 9 8 4 ) , p p . 48-54.
John S t i l l w e l l ,
40
No.4,
No.2,
INDEX
BACKUP BAM
Access Map: See
B L O C ~ ( ~
BAM
•••••••••••••••
Block Allocation Map: Se BAM 8locl:: A v a i l a b i l i t y Map: Se BAM Bring back Files/Disk • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • CHANNEL Ho
open Reserved
•••••
23,24
COPY
BACKUP
Disk Disk Same Disk Disk Tape Tape Disk DIRECTORy . . • • • •
21
DISK
....
Cleaners Density
Handling ID Number
11 8,14
Structure DISK DRIVE
Dper
Setup
on . • • • •
DDS
ERASE
f i l e : s e e SCRATCH disk:see FORMAT ERROR
CHANNEL
.................................
FILE CODES:explaination General info • • . . Improper closing PR (program) Random Random access • • • • • RE
12
31
12,14,16,17
,',
12,22,32
41
SEQ (sequential) (user)
USR
FORMAT
TO:
HOW
..•.•.•..............•.•.
."""
12,22,31 1 2 ~ 2 2 , 3 1
""
..
..
..
..
..
""
..
""
""........
14
Se RENAME Change name ...• MERGE Combine tw programs: • . . . • . • . • . • • Se COpy Tape disk: Copy tape Disk Get printed Se OPEN Channel printer Ge of program: • . • • • • • • • • • . Se SCRATCH Look .•.....•..•.... copy o·f your disk: . . . . . . . . Make BACKUP Se COpy Make copy ••... See what's on your disk: . • . • • • • . • Se LOAD Directory Turn Se ERROR CHANNEL light: flashing use: • • • . Se FORMAT Prepare program on ...... Se LOAD Program RU Program
