CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Aseptic technique is a procedure used by medical staff to prevent the spread of infection. The goal of aseptic technique is to reach asepsis which means an environment that is free of harmful microorganisms (Berry, 2!". Brian and #hitney (2$" define aseptic technique technique as a method method designed designed to prevent prevent contaminatio contamination n from microorganism microorganisms. s. %t involves involves apply applying ing the stricte strictest st rules rules and utili&i utili&ing ng what what is 'nown 'nown about about infect infection ion preven preventio tion n to minimi minimi&e &e the ris' of eperie eperienci ncing ng an infecti infection. on. Accordi According ng to )endra )endra (2!" (2!",, aseptic aseptic technique is employed to maimise and maintain sepsis, the absence of pathogenic organisms in the clinical setting. The goals of aseptic technique are to protect the patient from infection and to preven preventt the spread spread of pathog pathogens ens.. Asept Aseptic ic techni technique que aims aims to preven preventt pathog pathogeni enicc organisms, in sufficient quantity from causing infection, from being introduced to susceptible body sites by the hands of staff, surfaces or equipments. equipments. *ach healthcare setting has its own set of practices for achieving asepsis. Aseptic techniques are important in preventing hospital acquired infection which will lead to morbidity and mortality as well as additional costs due to prolonged hospitali&ation. %n the last couple of decades, decades, refusal to practice aseptic technique technique has led to nosocomial nosocomial infection infection being reported reported as a serious public health threat in most hospital in Africa, it is therefore imperative to eamine the attitude of nurses towards adhering to basic safety precautions especially aseptic techni technique que.. +espit +espitee all the nurses nurses effort efforts, s, infecti infection on remain remainss an unwant unwanted ed side side effect effect of healthcare, often causing serious harm to patients. The statement of -ohan eter /ran', director director of the general general hospital hospital in 0ienna 0ienna around 1! an hospital hospital acquired infection is an evil that one acquires where one one hopes to lose ones ones own own disease the biggest problem is not not the lac' of effective techniques and evidenced based guidelines, but the fact that health care wor'ers practice these measures insufficiently. %mproving this negligent attitude of healthcare wor'ers is a main aspect of improving practice of aseptic technique needed for infection control in health care. /rom the patients perspective, being in the hospital can be physically ehausting ehausting and emotionally emotionally distressing, it is therefore epected that the patient patient will want to leave the hospital as soon as he gets better without any accompanying hospital acquired infection and this can be achieved if the nurse has the right attitude towards aseptic technique and practises it efficiently and effectively (Berry, 2!". %t is based on this the researcher 1
see's to investigate the attitude and practice of nurses towards aseptic techniques in state hospitals, 3gun state. 1.2 STATEMENT STATEMENT OF PROBLEM PR OBLEM
The operating room comple environment, including the nursing personnel, may play a role role in the transmi transmissio ssion n of nosoc nosocomi omial al infecti infections ons44 and therefo therefore re +e5aun +e5aunee and 5adner 5adner (2!" state that nosocomial infections may be transmitted to the patient by the nursing personnel who fail to practise or carry out the sterile technique principles. %t is necessary to give careful attention to the creation and maintenance of a safe and acceptable therapeutic operati operating ng room room comple comple enviro environm nment ent in order order to preven preventt the potent potential ial develo developme pment nt of nosocomial infections, because the integrity of the patients s'in is compromised during a surgical procedure. The bodys largest largest and most important organ is the s'in and its functional components are the cutaneous cutaneous layer that includes includes the epithelium epithelium and the connective connective tissue. The s'in also includes structures in the cutaneous layer, such as the sweat and the sebaceous glands, hair and nails. The cutaneous layer consists of two main layers which are 'nown as the epidermis and the dermis. #hen a wound occurs, the s'in and its components become involved in the healing process in other to restore the integrity of the s'in (6ulder, 212" The intact intact s'in s'in plays plays an importa important nt role role in the preventio prevention n of infecti infection on or disease disease because it is part of the bodys bodys first line of defence against infection, involves good health and entails natural biochemical, mechanical as well as anatomic protection (/ortunato, 2$". The source of pathogens for most wound infections is the endogenous flora of the patients s'in, s'in, mucou mucouss membra membranes nes or hollow hollow viscera. viscera. #hen #hen the s'in s'in or mucou mucouss membra membranes nes are incised, incised, the eposed eposed tissues are at ris' for contaminati contamination on with endogenou endogenouss flora (6angram, (6angram, 2$"". An aseptic technique must be used during any invasive procedure which breaches the bodys bodys natural defences, for eample e ample the s'in, mucous membranes, or when one is handling equipment which will enter a normally sterile area (7avier, 2$". %nfection may also occur from the normal colonisation of the patients s'in or it may enter the wound from dispersed bacteria in the air of the operating room, hence the rationale for for usin using g spec specia iali lised sed air8 air8co cond ndit itio ione ners rs to redu reduce ce pote potent ntial ial infe infecti ction on.. Bact Bacteri eriaa that that are are responsible for infections, such as wound infections, are introduced into the wound at the time of the surgical procedure and may only be noticed wee's after the surgical procedure (/ry and /ry, 29:!2". %n the practical situation, within the operating room, it is important 2
to classify the degree of contamination contamination of the surgical surgical wound wound in order to determine whether the nosocomial infection was introduced within the operating room comple, because a clean site may become contaminated depending on the type of wound, the pathological findings, the anatomical location or a brea' in the aseptic technique (/ortunato, 2$". atients have a right to be protected from preventable infection and nurses have a duty to safeguard the wellbeing of their patients ()ing 2!". An aseptic technique should be implemented during any invasive procedure procedure that bypasses the bodys bodys natural defences, e.g. the s'in and mucous mucous membranes, or when handling equipment such as intravenous cannula and urinary catheters that have been used during these procedures. #hilst it is difficult to maintain sterility, it is important to prevent contamination of sterile equipment. oor aseptic techniques can lead to cont contam amin inat atio ion. n. By havi having ng the the righ rightt attit attitud udee and and high high leve levell of pract practic icee aseps asepsis is can can be maintained. %t is observed that a nurses attitude towards hand washing compliance worsened when the demand for aseptic technique was high. There are two significant problems that are found to influence the level of practice of aseptic technique which include poor practice areas with high intravenous therapy wor'loads, such as theatres and intensive care units, often seemed to demonstrate the poorest aseptic practice. /or instance, hand washing is often found to be poor, intravenous ports are often not cleaned and syringes are often re8used after being placed on the patients bed linen. ;econdly, ;econdly, the wrong attitude, included being a chief nursing officer rather that a sister nurse, being male4 wor'ing in an intensive care unit (%<="4 wor'ing during wee'days rather than wee'ends4 wearing gowns and gloves4 performing activities with high ris' for cross infection4 and having many opportunities for hand hygiene per hour of patient care. All these affect the attitude nurses have towards aseptic technique. (+idier 21>" +espite nurses educational bac'ground and training and continuous efforts made in the promotion of the practice of aseptic techniques, many nurses seems not to be performing it. This may be probably due to wrong attitude, attitude, inadequate inadequate 'nowledge 'nowledge and so on. %ts based on this submission that the researcher intends to carry out a research on the attitude and practice of nurses towards aseptic techniques.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The ob?ective of this research is to: 3
1. 2. >. @.
/ind out the the nurses nurses attitude attitude towards towards aseptic aseptic techni technique. que. Assess the level level of practice practice of aseptic aseptic technique technique among among nurses. nurses. /ind out if the the nurses nurses attitude attitude affect affect the practice practice of of aseptic aseptic technique technique /ind out out relationshi relationship p between between nurses level level of eperien eperience ce and their their practice practice of aseptic aseptic
technique . /ind /ind out relation relationshi ship p between between nurses nurses educa educatio tional nal bac'grou bac'ground nd and their their practic practicee of aseptic technique. 1.@ SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study will be useful in correcting nurses attitude towards aseptic techniques and also to improve the practice of aseptic technique among nurses. The information provided will help nursing administrators in 'nowing area to address as continued education and seminars are organi&ed for the nurses. The result of this study will assist in nursing education as it provides information to guide the development of nursing curriculum and training courses related to attitude and practice of aseptic techniques. This study will help the government to understand that practise of aseptic technique is of utmost importance hence the need to be involved in the provision of protective devices for all nurses The important of the study to the nation is that it will help to reduce the high rate of cross infection from resulting into increased mortality rate. The significance of the study is that it will serve as a basis for further study to include all the doctors, nursing personnel and nursing students. 1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. #hat is the attitude of nurses towards aseptic technique 2. #hat is the level of practice of aseptic technique among nurses >. #hat is the relationship between the nurses attitude and the practice of aseptic technique @. #hat is the relationship between nurses years of eperience and their practice of aseptic technique? . #hat is the relationship relationship between nurses nurses educati educational onal bac'ground bac'ground and their their practice of aseptic technique 4
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1. there is no significant significant relationship relationship between the nurses nurses attitude attitude and the practice practice of aseptic technique 2. there is no significant relationship between nurses years of eperience and their practice of aseptic technique? >. there is no significant relationship relationship between between nurses educational educational bac'groun bac'ground d and their practice of aseptic technique 1.7 SCOPE OF RESEARCH
This study is to be carried out among nurses at ;tate Cospitals, 3gun state. The nurses used were nurses from male surgical ward, female surgical ward, male medical ward, female medical ward, children ward, theatre and labour ward. 1.8 LIMITATIONS
This research would have covered a wider range of population but it was limited to state hospital hospital 3ta and state hospital %laro because of distance distance of the researcher to the hospital hospital and because of unavailability of the nurses as well as their changes in duty roster. 1. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
1. A!"#$%& $"&'(%)*"! : a set of specific practices and procedures performed in the ward with the goal of minimi&ing contamination by pathogens. 2. P+,&$%&" : is the act of an activity or s'ills so as to acquire or maintain proficiency in it >. N*+!"!: are peop people le who who prov provid idee servi service cess essen essenti tial al to or help helpfu full in the the prom promot otio ion, n, maintenance and restoration of health and well being. @. C+-!! %("&$%-( : is a type of infection that is normally transmitted between individuals who are infected with different microorganisms . A$$%$*/": is the disposition or state of mind, a settled way of thin'ing or feeling that affects an individuals behaviour.
5
CHAPTER T0O LITERATURE REVIE0 2.1 HISTORY OF ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
6
An ancient record shows that antiseptic techniques date far bac' into history. The ancient
". The modern concept concept of asepsis evolved in the 1$th century. %gna& semmelweis showed that washing the hands prior to delivery reduced puerperal fever in the ward of viennas lying8in hospital. After the suggestion 5ouis asteur, who proved that microoganism caused spoilage and could be transported via the air, placing booth in flas's with long shaped nec's, after boiling the booths, observed that no microorganisms grew in the flas', then -oseph 5ister began soa'ing his surgical dressings in carbolic acid a cid (phenol" because he heard that carbolic acid has been used to treat sewage in $ respectively. 2.2 0HAT IS ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES 7
6osby (2$" stated that aseptic technique is any health care procedure in which added precautions such as sterile gloves and instruments are used to prevent contamination of a perso person, n, ob?ec ob?ectt or area area by micr microo oorg rgan anism isms. s. %t help helpss to prev preven entt cont contam amin inati ation on from from microorganism by applying the strictest rules and utili&ing what is 'nown about infection prevention to minimi&e the ris' of eperiencing an infection. %t is also the application of preventative measures ta'en to reduce the li'elihood of introducing microorganisms. microorganisms. Eotter (212" eplains that there are two types of aseptic technique and they include: sterile techniques and surgical aseptic techniques. ;terile technique is a technique that aims to achieve total absence of microorganisms. ;ome cleaning and care procedure needs to be done in a sterile manner so that infection is not contacted. Eequirements for sterile technique include: Eunning water and soap, a sterile 'it or pad, gloves (sometimes in the 'it", a clean dry surface and a clean paper towel. %ts important that hand are thoroughly washed and dry at all times when handling supplies. There is need to wear mas' over the nose and mouth, and also to 'eep all supplies within reach so as not to drop when needed. ;u&anne et al (21" state stated d that that surg surgic ical al asep asepti ticc techn techniq ique uess are are the the use use of surg surgic ical al pract practic ices es that that restr restric ictt microorganisms in the environment and prevent contamination of surgical wounds. This type of techniques is commonly used in the operating room. Application of surgical asepsis is especially required during procedure that requires internal perforation of a client s'in, when s'in integrity is bro'en (surgical incisions or burns", during procedures that involves the insertion of catheters of surgical instrument into sterile body cavities, and it is also used in labour and delivery and in burns unit and diagnostic or special procedure areas in many settings. Achieving surgical asepsis requires donning a hair cover, mas' protective eye wear and shoe cover and performing a hand scrub, donning a sterile gown and sterile gloves. Any brea' in techniques while performing these steps can result in contamination and that increases the patients ris' for infection
2.3 IMPORTANCE OF ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
The importance importance of aseptic technique technique cannot be overemphasi overemphasi&ed. &ed. *very year, the rate of hospital acquired infections 'eep increasing, many of which are preventable. revention of these infections is the responsibility of all nurses4 it is not considered an unpredictable complic complicatio ation n but rather rather a potent potentiall ially y preven preventab table le adver adverse se event event.. Asept Aseptic ic techni technique que is carried carried out to preven preventt the users users clothi clothing ng from from becomi becoming ng contam contamina inated ted with with pathog pathogeni enicc 8
microo microorg rgani anisms sms which which may subseq subsequen uently tly be transfer transferred red to other other patien patients ts in their their care care (
2. PRINCIPLE OF ASPETIC TECHNIQUES
should should be adhere to in order to achieve asepsis asepsis this includes includes cleaning cleaning of the surface that sterile pac' is to be placed on and ensuring that all items in a sterile field are sterile. Cowever hand decontamination must be done prior prior to any procedure. in addition is decontamination of the setting with detergent and water and wipe and then dried before any procedure is carried out. *nsure all fluids and materials that will be used are sterile and chec' sterile pac' for evidence of damage or moisture penetration. %t is imperative to ensure non sterile items are not placed in the sterile field, single use items should not be re8used even on the same patient. +o not continue to use sterile item if they become contaminated during the procedure. Eeduce activity in the immediate vicinity of the the area area in whic which h the the proc proced edur uree is to be perf perfor orm med to redu reduce ce the the ris' ris' of air air born bornee contamination and when pouring fluids, only the lids and inner can of the pouring container is consid considered ered sterile sterile,, the pourin pouring g contai container ner should should not touch touch the receivi receiving ng contai container ner and splashing should be avoided. %n case of wounds, they should be eposed for the minimum time to avoid contamination contamination and maintain maintain temperature. temperature. ;oiled dressings should be removed removed carefully (a large amount of microorganisms can be shed into the air when dressing are removed". %f possible, >minutes should be left after bed ma'ing or domestic cleaning before eposing or dressing wounds, or performing any other aseptic procedures. Before any aseptic technique procedure, all pac'aged sterile items for the procedure should be assembled, the pac'aging should be confirmed to be intact and that epiry date has not eceeded. eceeded. The pac'aged pac'aged sterile items items such as needles needles and syringes syringes should be opened carefully by peeling bac' the pac'aging and not pushing it through through the bac'ing paper. paper. %t is important to 'now that the use of sterile gloves is essential when carrying out procedures 9
requiring high level of sterility together with the use maimal sterile barrier precautions including a sterile gown, sterile gloves and a large sterile drape. Dloves should be changed and hands decontaminated at any stage when contamination has occurred. 2. REASONS 0HY ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUES IS NOT PRACTISED PRACTISED
)o&ier et al (2$" identifies that there are some reasons why some nurses do not perform aseptic techniques. 3ne of the reasons includes lac' of adequate equipment. #hen nurses on the ward do not have enough equipment, there is the tendency to improvise or economise which is very instrumental in the increased rate of cross infection. Another reason is availability of time, not all nurses have the time to carry out aseptic technique, this is because in many hospital settings settings a nurse gets to ta'e care of more patients patients than she can handle during her shift, this gives no room to practice aseptic technique in the ward. %n addition, )o&ier eplains that it is difficult to practise aseptic technique because many nurses lac' the self confidence in the ability to perform the techniques properly, they feel that they cannot practice it well as a result of low self esteem which could come from the ran' or years of eperience in the wor'. ;till many nurses do not practice aseptic technique because they are short staffed. #hen a nurse handles one or two wards, it will be quite difficult for the nurse to implement aseptic techniques because she is under pressure to care for the patients to the best of her ability during her shift. )o&ier further eplains that a nurse might decide not to practice aseptic technique because she lac's the appropriate attitude about the procedure, this is often seen when a nurse feels that the ward manager or someone in higher authority is to practice aseptic technique or that it is to be practised at a certain time li'e in the mornings on wee'days and not on wee'ends. Hurses also decide not to practice aseptic technique due to a lac' of appropriate 'nowledge about the benefits of the procedure to the patients Hurses might as well have a wrong attitude towards aseptic technique, thin'ing it is a waste of time and resources and that their wor' would be faster, thereby accomplishing more if they cut aside the protocols of aseptic technique (Eowley, 2F". 6any health practitioners feel that practicing aseptic technique is not cost effective as some nurses would unnecessarily wear epensive sterile gloves for the simplest intravenous procedures and wound management. Also the idea that the practice of aseptic technique is labour labour intensive intensive discourages discourages nurses from practicing aseptic technique, technique, this is seen in cases 10
where two nurses carry out a simple procedure as in?ecting a drug into a burette. There is also the issue of poor practice itself which could be attributed to years of eperience in a particular field that requires constant a regular practice f aseptic technique, li'e areas with high high intr intrav aven enou ouss ther therap apy y wor' wor'lo load ad such such as inte intens nsiv ivee care care and and thea theatr tres es ofte often n seem seem t demonstrate the poorest aseptic practice. There could be issues li'e poor hand washing, not cleani cleaning ng intrav intraveno enous us ports, ports, and re8usin re8using g of syring syringes es after after placin placing g them them on bed linen linen (Eowley, 2F". 2.6 THEORETICAL FRAME0ORK
The theoretical framewor' that applies to this study is the 'nowledge, attitude and practice model. Eogers Eogers propo proposed sed +3% theory theory (diffu (diffusio sion n of innova innovatio tion" n" in 1$F2. 1$F2. This This theory theory tries tries to describe the process that new ideas spread over time. The theory studies are highly focused evaluations that measure changes in human 'nowledge, attitude and practice in response to a specific intervention. it consists of features such as, the spreading occurs because f the passing of time, and that most people will eperience the usage, not the adoption of an innovation. %n recent years the innovation diffusion theory has been integrated into three stages: 'nowledge, attitude and practice. )A model is a quantitative method to provide access access to quanti quantitati tative ve and qualit qualitativ ativee inform informatio ation. n. %t reveals reveals miscon misconcep ceptio tions ns that that may represent obstacles to the activities that we would li'e to implement or potential barriers to behaviour change. A )A can measure the etent of a 'nown situation, confirm or disprove a hypothesis4 provide new tangents of a situations reality. %t also suggests an intervention strategy that reflects specific local circumstances and the cultural factors that influence them and plan activities that are suited to the respective population involved (Cubbard and Cayashi 21>" E*5*0AH<* 3/ )A 63+*5 T3 TC* ;T=+I The learning 'nowledge 'nowledge of the nurse affects affects her learning attitude, while learning attitude affects, and is shown, through the learners behaviour. 3n the other hand, it also enhances the 'nowledge, attitude and practices of specific themes, and identifies what is 'nown and done about various health related sub?ects. )A model establishes the baseline for use in future assessm assessment entss and help help measur measuree the effect effective ivenes nesss of health health educat education ion activi activities ties ability ability to change health related behaviours. 11
%t has been employed in the nursing field from 1$Fs to teaching nurses how to improve their techniques in practice, the cognitive learning was focused on the 'nowledge and ability of reali&ation, the affective learning means to change sub?ects intention, attitude or norms to ad?ust themselves through hygiene education. sychomotor learning requires nurses to learn some s'ills compared which practice which required the changing of behaviour as target. " discovers in her research that if nurses have a higher level of 'nowledge, her learning attitude is relatively more positive. 3ther related studies find that 'nowledge will directly affect the attitude and practice, and that attitude will directly affect the practice or intentions, ecept that the degree of impacts that 'nowledge affects practice through attitude is better than that of 'nowledge affects practice directly. Therefore this wor' uses )A framewor' as a base to develop the required assessment tool. The researcher found that the )A model will help nurses to utilise their 'nowledge of aseptic technique. %n other to carry this out, their attitude towards aseptic technique has to be eamined. ;ince their attitude is being transformed into their behaviour, assessing nurses attitude will determine how effective and efficient they practice aseptic technique. 2.7
EMPIRICAL STUDIES
an'a? et al (21@", in his study Ga study to assess the attitude and practice of aseptic techni technique que applie applied d in nursin nursing g practi practice ce among among staff staff nurses nurses wor'in wor'ing g in selecte selected d hospi hospital tal,, revealed that the overall practices mean score for (I*;" was (1.! J @.!" that is 9.@K of the total score. This implies that the staff nurses maintain very good practices of aseptic techniques applied in nursing practice. Also the study shows that the nurses attitude towards aseptic technique was good as they were able to fill the correct answer to pertinent questions. There was significant association found between demographic variable li'e years of wor'ing eperience and the attitude towards aseptic technique applied in nursing practice among staff nurses variables li'e year of wor'ing eperience. This shows that high cadre nurses have the right attitude towards aseptic technique than low cadre nurses4 this is due to their years of eperience and effectiveness in the wor'. There was significant association found between the practices and the variables li'e se. Cence it was concluded that it is essential to raise awareness about aseptic technique on attitude and practices while providing nursing care to patients and its impact on health4 and develop health see'ing behaviours among the patients 12
and caregivers to provide better care and improve the quality of life. Cowever there was no relationship between level of education and practice of aseptic technique. As revealed by 3ffra in his study on G'nowledge, attitude and behaviour of %ndonesian nurses with respect to aseptic techniques. techniques. The highest mean score for 'nowledge 'nowledge of aseptic technique applied in nursing practice is F>.>>K f the total score indicates that staff nurses have very good level of 'nowledge. The mean score of the answers to all attitude questions that were in agreement with the preferred attitude was F9K. Agreement was unsatisfactory for use of personal protective equipment. The level of practice of aseptic technique is also rated at 9>.2K. The nurses attitude was significantly good, same as the practice. =nsworth (211" carried out a study at the clinic of school of health community and education studies, Horthumbria =niversity, Hewcastle8 upon8 Tyne, =), on the 'nowledge, attitude and practice of aseptic techniques among nurses. nurses. the results of the study shows that !.K of nurses were 'nowledgeable4 all most all nurses had the right attitude and practice towards aseptic technique. " (21>" in his study on attitu attitude de of nurses nurses toward towardss aseptic aseptic techniques in Hetherlands institute for health services in Hetherlands among the nurses in the institute, The mean score of the answers to all attitude questions that were in agreement with the preferred attitude was F9K showing that the nurses had a good attitude towards aseptic technique %n the study carried out by eterhams (21@" in an %ndonesian healthcare establishment on the attitude and practice of nurses towards aseptic techniques, of the @F nurses, 99K had the right right attitu attitude de toward towardss aseptic aseptic techni technique que and F>K effect effective ively ly practic practicee aseptic aseptic techni technique que regularly.
13
CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGNS
+escriptive study method was used in assessing the attitude and practice of nurses towards aseptic technique at state hospitals in 3gun ;tate. 3.2 RESEARCH SETTINGS
The research was conducted at conducted conducted at ;tate Cospitals Cospitals in 3gun state. 3gun is a state in south western Higeria. rd of /ebruary, 1$9F, it borders 5agos state to the south, 3yo and 3sun states to the north, 3ndo state to the east and the Eepublic of Benin to the west. Abeo'uta is the capital and the largest city in the state. The state consists of 2 local governments each with its own state hospital. The state hospitals in ogun state are funded and operated by the 3gun ;tate government with a mission stateme statement nt to ensure ensure the provis provision ion of safe, safe, quality quality,, afford affordabl able, e, adequ adequate, ate, equita equitable ble and accessible health services to all people in Higeria. They offer medical services on internal 14
medicine and gynaecology. The area of study comprises of health care wor'ers from state selected hospitals in the state. 3.3 TARGET POPULAT POPUL ATION ION
The research study population are nurses at state hospitals ogun state. 3. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Eesearcher first collected the data as regards total number of nurses at state hospital ogun state from appropriate appropriate authority authority.. This was used in calculating calculating the sample sample si&e using appropriat appropriatee formula. Eesearcher employed multi stage sampling technique. *ach senatorial district of the state serves as a cluster. Eesearcher selected a district using simple random technique. /ollowing this the researcher collected the list of state hospitals in the randomly selected district and l then selected a hospital hospital from this list using simple random technique. technique.
Iemane (1$F9" was used in calculating the sample si&e which states: nL1Mn (e2". #here HNsample si&e which is 1@, and e is the error of margin. Therefore 1@L1M1@(.>"2, 1@L1M1@(.2!" 1@L1.>$> N 1. 3. INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION.
The basic instrument instrument for this study was self constructed and validated questions questions that elicited information about the respondents attitude and practice of aseptic techniques. The questionnaire was the ma?or instrument used for this study. The questionnaires were made up of section A, B and <. this incl includ udes es quest questio ions ns 18! 18! and and deal dealss with with the the demo demogra graph phic ic data data of the the S"& S"&$%-( %-( A this respondents, which includes age, religion, se, marital status and educational bac'ground. Analysis will be presented according to the response of the respondents using tables. S"&$%-( B this includes questions $8 1@ and deals with information relating to the nurses
atti attitu tude de towa toward rdss asep asepti ticc tech techni niqu ques. es. %t will will be scored scored usin using g a poin pointt rati rating ng scale scale,, by 15
comparing comparing their mean values with a central central mean of >, this is achieved by using the average mean of strongly strongly agreed (", agreed (@", neutral(>"disag neutral(>"disagreed reed (2" and strongly disagreed disagreed (1" : ((M@ ((M@M> M>M2 M2M1 M1"L "L@" @"N> N>.. A mean mean of abov abovee > show showss perc percen enta tage ge of resp respon onde dent ntss with with righ rightt respon responses ses to the attitudin attitudinal al stateme statements nts while while a mean mean below below > shows shows the percen percentag tagee of respondents with wrong responses to the attitudinal statements S"&$ S"&$%%-( ( C this runs from question 1 O 29 and deals with information relating to their
practice towards aseptic techniques. Eespondents were as'ed $ practice question and every Ies was scored 1 and Ho was scored , every positive practice was also scored 1 and other practice scored , result was added and graded. Dood practices are for respondents that scored above 98$ Bad practices are for respondents that scored below 9.
3.6 VALIDITY4RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT
0alidity lidity:: The The instru instrumen mentt was valida validated ted throug through h conten contentt and facial facial validi validity ty by research research supervisor. Eeliability: /or reliability, the attitude and practice questions were tested with 2 nurses who have the same characteristics as sub?ects in the actual study but outside the study setting. This was conducted twice within two wee's interval and results were sub?ected to reliability test. The reliability test result was .F 3.7 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
5etter of permission was collected from the school4 the application was submitted to the selecte selected d hospi hospital tal for gainin gaining g permissi permission. on. /ollow /ollowing ing approv approval al the purpos purposee of study study was eplained to the nurses willing to participate in the study. The questionnaires were then distributed to nurses and they were encouraged to complete the questionnaire within two or three days after which the answered questionnaires retrieved bac'. 3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
The collected data was analysed using ;;; software version 2. for windows. The analysis includes descriptive statistics (frequency and percentages" to answer each research question. .
16
3. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
Before administering the questionnaire to the respondents, permission was obtained from the appropriate authority. authority. the confidentiality of the information given was ensured by 'eeping the identity of the respondents secret and not requesting for their names. Eesearcher was ensured that the participant voluntarily participates in filling the questionnaire after fully eplaining that they have a right to participate or not to participate and to withdraw at any stage of the process. articipants were assured that no harm will be inflicted during the course of carrying out the research wor'. Eesearcher ensured that personal biases and opinions do not get in the way of the research. 5astly, Eesearcher ensured that the results of the research are accurately represented.
CHAPTER FOUR ANALYSIS OF DATA .1 FREQUENCY TABLE
This chapter presents the analysis of data collected and discussion of the result obtained from the findings. Analysis was presented in tables according to the response of the respondents in each sections of the questionnaire. SECTION A TABLE TABLE 1 1 SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC DATA DATA
VARIABLES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGES
A5"
1!82@ years
12
12.F
28> years
@9
@$.
>18> years
1F
1F.!
17
>F and above years
2
21.1
Total
$
1.
6ale
29
2!.@
/emale
F!
91.F
Total
$
1.
9F
!.
%slam
1!
1!.$
1
1.1
$
1.
Ioruba
F$
92.F
Causa
1
1.!
%gbo
$
$.
3thers
2
2.1
$
1.
;ingle
2$
>.
6arried
F@
F9.@
+ivorced
1
1.1
#idow
1
1.1
$
1.
EH
1@
[email protected]
EH6
>
>1.F
BH;<
@$
1.F
3thers
2
2.1
G"(/"+
R"%5%-(
Traditional Total T+%"
Total M,+%$, !$,$*!
Total L"" - E/*&,$%-(
18
Total
$
1.
Below 1 years
>9
>!.$
18 2 years
>!
@.
218> years
1
1.!
.>
$
1.
Theartre
>!
@.
6ale surgical ward
>1
>2.F
female surgical ward
2
21.1
F
F.>
$
1.
Y",+! - "9#"+%"(&"
@1 years and above Total 0,+/
3thers Total
Table Table 1 of the analysis shows that most of the respondents (@$.K" falls within the age brac'et 28> years and 91.FK are females. Also Also most of the respondents (@.K" had 182 182 years eperience and had below 1 years eperience (>!.$K" and most of the respondents 1.FK are degree holders
SECTION B TABLE TABLE 2 ATTITUDE ATTITUDE TO0 TO0ARDS ARDS ASCEPTIC TECHNIQUES TECHN IQUES
The table below was analysed using the mean of responses. The agreement and disagreement of the respondents with the statements was determined by comparing their mean values with a central mean of >, this is achieved by using the average mean of strongly agreed (", agreed (@", neutral(>"disagreed (2" and strongly disagreed (1" :((M@M>M2M1"L@"N>.A mean of above > shows ma?ority of respondents agreeing with the attitude statements while a mean below > shows respondents disagreeing with the attitude statement 19
VARIABLES
Aseptic technique
SA :;
2:2.3=;
A:;
N:3;
>:2.6=;
should be practiced
1:1.1
D:2;
>=
=;
SD:1;
2>:21.1
MEA
REMA
N<
RK
3.6
,5+""/
1.8
/%!,5+"
=;
in all nursing procedures Aseptic technique
:.2=;
should only be
3:3.
2:2.1
:.7
3:3.8
2=;
=;
=;
=;
2:2.1
3:.8
37:38.
=;
=;
=;
>=
8:8.=
73:76.8
;
=;
"/
practiced at favorable times Aseptic technique
2:2.1=;
1:1.1=;
should only be
1.7
/%!,5+" "/
practiced by the chief nursing officer The manner sterile
1:1.7=;
>=
equipments or
1.6
/%!,5+" "/
materials is placed has nothing to do with spread of infections ;plashing of fluids
>:.7=;
:.3=;
>=
>=
>=
.
,5+""/
:6.3=
7:.=;
1:1.1
1:1.1=
2:2.1=;
.
,5+""/
=;
;
during procedure is one ma?or way contamination ta'es place 6aintenance of Aseptic technique determines duration of hospitali&ation
The table above shows the attitude of nurses towards aseptic technique4 Analysis shows that level of agreement of the students to the attitudinal questions. 6ean score is >, a mean of 20
above > indicates percentage of respondents with right responses to the attitudinal statements while a mean below > shows the percentage of respondents with wrong responses to the attitudinal statements. 6a?ority of the nurses responded favourably to the questions showing that they have a right attitude towards aseptic technique.
SECTION C TABLE TABLE 3 PRACTICES OF ASCEPTIC TECHNIQUES
VARIABLES
RESPONSES
I*; H3
D- ?-* #+,&$%&" ,!"#$%& $"&'(%)*"
T3TA5
F
=
95
100
-
-
$
H-@ -$"( /- ?-* #+,&$%&" ,!"#$%& $"&'(%)*"!
*very time *very month Anytime
Total D- ?-* ," *!" - #+-$"&$%" ")*%#"($ @'"(
YES NO
1
21
22.1
7
7.4
67
70.5
$
1.
93
97.9
2
2.1
#+,&$%&%(5 ,!"#$%& $"&'(%)*"
Total
$
D- ?-* "(!*+" #+%,&? @'"( #+,&$%&%(5 ,!"#$%&
YES NO
1.
92
96.8
3
3.2
$"&'(%)*"!
Total
$ YES
D- ?-* &",( !*+,&"! "-+" !$,+$%(5
1.
95
100
NO
-
-
YES
93
97.9
NO
2
2.1
#+-&"/*+"! D- ?-* @,!' ?-*+ ',(/! "-+" ,(? #+-&"/*+"
Total
$ 5iquid soap hand saniti&er antiseptic lotion 3thers
0'%&' $?#" - ,5"($ /- ?-* *!" -+ /"&-($,%(,$%-(
21
1.
43
45.3
38
40.0
9
9.5
5
5.3
Total
$
D- ?-* #"+-+ ,!"#$%& $"&'(%)*" /*+%(5
1.
YES
23
24.2
NO
72
75.8
@-*(/ /+"!!%(5 -(?
Total
$
0'%&' $?#" - ,5"($ /- ?-* *!" -+ !$"+%%,$%-(
6ethylated spirit Eadiation Ceat
78
82.1
3
3.2
6
6.3
8
8.4
Total
$
0',$ -$'"+ #+-&"/*+"! '," ?-* *!"/ $- "(!*+" !$"+%%,$%-(
1.
67
70.5
10
10.5
1
1.1
1
1.1
1
1.1
1
1.1
12
12.6
2
2.1
YES
78
82.1
NO
17
17.9
Boiling -i' solution
D- ?-* @",+ 5-@( 5-"! ,(/ ,! /*+%(5
1.
,!!%!$%(5 !*+5"+? -+ /"%"+?
Total
$ 1 seconds seconds 1 seconds
A !-&%, ',(/ @,!'%(5 !'-*/ $," ,$ ",!$
Total
!$ @ 2
1. $>.9 @.2 2.1
$
1.
Table Table > shows the practice of the nurses toward aseptic techniques, all the respondents(1K" practiced aseptic techniques, however 9.K practice aseptic techniques anytime, while 22.1K practice it every time. /urthermore !2.1K of the respondents indicated that the agent they use for sterili&ation is methylated spirit, ma?ority of the respondents indicated they mostly uses boiling technique for for sterili&ation.!2.1K of the respondents also said they wore wore gown, gloves, and mas' during assisting surgery or delivery.
TABLE SUMMARY OF LEVEL OF PRACTICE
22
PRACTICE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGES
GOOD PRACTICE
87
1.6=
BAD PRACTICE
8
8.=
TOTAL
1>>=
$1.FK of the respondents had good practice and !.@K had bad practice.
.2 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Cypotheses 1: there is no significant relationship between the nurses attitude and the practice of aseptic technique
TABLE R",$%-(!'%# "$@""( $'" (*+!"! ,$$%$*/" ,(/ $'" #+,&$%&" - ,!"#$%& $"&'(%)*"
. Do you make use of protective equipment when practicing aseptic technique * Aseptic technique should be practiced in all nursing procedures Cross tabulation Count Aseptic technique should be practiced practiced in all nursing procedures Strongly ag agreed Somewhat Neutral Strongly agreed Do you make use of protective equipment when
disagreed
Yes
!"
#
"
%$No
"
"
"
&
!"
#
"
$!
practicing aseptic technique Total
Chi-Square Tests 'alue Df
Asymp( Sig( )* sided+
,earson Chi*Square .ikelihood /atio .inear*by*.inear Association N of 'alid Cases
Total Total
a
-("&& !(-% #($&! $!
% % #
23
(#"$ (#%# (#-%
8value of .1$ is greater than PN., therefore there is no significant relationship between the attitude of respondents and practice of aseptic practice.
Cypotheses Cypotheses 2: there is no significant significant relationship relationship between nurses years years of eperience eperience and their practice of aseptic technique?
TAB5* TAB5* F: Eelationship between nurses years of eperience and their practice of aseptic technique
ears ears of e!perience * "ow often do you practice aseptic techniques techniques Crosstabulation Count
Years of e2perience
3elow #" years #"* " years #*%" years &# years and above
Total
0ow 0ow oft often en do you prac ractic tice as asepti eptic c tec techn hniq ique ues s 1very time 1very month Anytime #" & % 5 5 # # # " & # 4 -4
Chi-Square Tests 'alue Df
Total %4 %5 #! ! $!
Asymp( Sig( )* sided+
,earson Chi*Square .ikelihood /atio .inear*by*.inear Association N of 'alid Cases
a
(5%& %(#4 #(4!5 $!
#
(5$ (45# (#5!
As shown by the tables above, the higher the level of eperience, the fewer the practice of aseptic techniques. value N.!2$ which is greater than PN.with a df (degree of freedom" F, there is no significant relationship between years of eperience and aseptic technique. Hurses with more years of eperience tend to neglect the practice of aseptic techniques. 24
Cypotheses >: there is no significant relationship between nurses educational bac'ground and their practice of aseptic technique
Table Table 9: Eelationship between the nurses educational bac'ground and their practice of aseptic technique
#evel of $ducation * "ow often do you practice aseptic techniques Crosstabulation Count 0ow often ften do you prac practi tic ce as asepti eptic c tec techn hniq ique ues s Total tal 1very time 1very month Anytime /N # ## #& /N6 #" #5 %" .evel of 1ducation 3NSC 4 & %5 &$ 7thers " " Total # 4 -4 $!
Chi-Square Tests 'alue df
Asymp( Sig( )* sided+
,earson Chi*Square .ikelihood /atio .inear*by*.inear Association N of 'alid Cases
a
##(!"4 #"(!! ("# $!
#
("4& (#"& (55&
/rom the cross tabulation above, nurses generally, irrespective of level of education practice aseptic techniques anytime they li'e but there is no significant relationship between the educational status and practice of aseptic technique with 8value 8value N.9@ which is greater than PN.. .3 ANS0ERING OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
RESEARCH QUESTION 1 What is the staff nurse’s attitude towards aseptic technique? 25
The table above shows the attitude of nurses towards aseptic technique4 Analysis shows that level of agreement of the students to the attitudinal questions. 6ean score is >, a mean of above > indicates percentage of respondents with right responses to the attitudinal statements while a mean below > shows the percentage of respondents with wrong responses to the attitudinal statements. 6a?ority of the nurses responded favourably to the questions showing that they have a right attitude towards aseptic technique. RESEARCH QUESTION 2 What is their level of practice of aseptic technique?
Eesult shows that 3verall, $1.FK of the respondents had good practice and !.@K had bad practice.
RESEARCH QUESTION 3 What is the relationship between the nurses attitude and the practice of aseptic technique?
Analysis shows that there is no significant relationship between the attitude of respondents and practice of aseptic practice. RESEARCH QUESTION
#hat is the relationship between nurses years of eperience and their practice of aseptic technique? Above analysis reveals that there is no significant relationship between years of eperience and aseptic technique. RESEARCH QUESTION
#hat is the relationship between nurses educational bac'ground and their practice of aseptic technique Above analysis shows that there is no significant relationship between the educational status and practice of aseptic technique.
26
CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS .1 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The study sought to find out the attitude and practice of nurses towards aseptic techniques in prevention of cross infection in state hospitals, 3gun state. /rom table 1 analysis shows that [email protected] of nurses are registered nurses, >1.FK have midwifery training along with their registered nurse certificates, 1.FK have their degrees in nursing ma'ing them the highest percentage of respondents. res pondents. There is no significant relationship between the educational status and practice of aseptic technique as contrasted by an'a? et al (21@", in his study Ga study to assess the attitude and practice of aseptic technique applied in nursing practice among staff nurses wor'ing in selected hospital, revealed that the overall practices mean score for (I*;" was (1.! J @.!" that is 9.@K of the total score. This implies that the staff nurses maintain very good practices of aseptic techniques applied in nursing practice. Cowever there was no relationship between level of education and practice of aseptic technique. Table 2 shows the attitude of nurses towards aseptic technique4 6a?ority of the nurses responded favourably to the questions showing that they have a right attitude towards aseptic technique. This is in support of the study carried out by =nsworth (211" at the clinic of school school of health community community and education education studies, studies, Horthumbr Horthumbria ia =niversity =niversity,, Hewcastle8 Hewcastle8 upon8 Tyne, =), on the 'nowledge, attitude and practice of aseptic techniques among nurses. the results of the study shows that !.K of nurses were 'nowledgeable 'nowledgeable44 all most all nurses nurses had the right attitude and practice towards aseptic technique. 27
Table @ shows that all nurses $1.FK of the respondents had good practice of aseptic tech techni niqu que. e. The The resu result ltss of this this stud study y is in agre agreem emen entt with with the the stud study y carr carrie ied d out out by -enni -ennife fer(2 r(21 1" ",, whos whosee study study on the the prac practi tice ce of asep asepti ticc techn techniq ique ue by staff staff nurs nurses es in a university hospital, Hetherland revealed that $2K of the nurses effectively practice aseptic technique. Table shows that there is no relationship between the nurses attitude and practice of asept aseptic ic tech techni niqu quee this this is in line line with with the the study study carri carried ed out out by ete eterh rham amss (21 (21@" @" in an %ndonesian healthcare establishment on the attitude and practice of nurses towards aseptic techniques, of the @F nurses, 99K had the right attitude towards aseptic technique and F>K effectively practice aseptic technique regularly. /urthermore most of the respondents had 182years of eperience, while >!.$K of the respo respond nden ents ts had had less less than than 1 years ears of epe eperie rienc nce, e, only only .>K .>K had had abov abovee @1 years ears of eperie eperience nce.. Table able F reveal revealss that that there there is no signif significa icant nt relatio relationsh nship ip between between years of eperience and aseptic technique. This is in contrast with the wor' carried out by an'a? et al (21@", in his study Ga study to assess the attitude and practice of aseptic technique applied in nursing practice among staff nurses wor'ing in selected hospital, revealed that the overall practices mean score for (I*;" was (1.! J @.!" that is 9.@K of the total score. This implies that the staff nurses maintain very good practices of aseptic techniques applied in nursing practice. Also the study shows that the nurses attitude towards aseptic technique was good as they were able to fill the correct answer to pertinent questions. There was significant association found between demographic variable li'e years of wor'ing eperience and the attitude towards aseptic technique applied in nursing practice among staff nurses variables li'e year of wor'ing eperience. This shows that high cadre nurses have the right attitude towards towards aseptic technique technique than low cadre nurses4 this is due to their years of eperience eperience and effectiveness in the wor'.
.2 IMPLICATION FOR NURSING PRACTICE
The adverse health outcome of ignoring practice of aseptic technique is such that cannot be ignore ignored. d. Cealth Cealth caregiv caregiver er especi especially ally nurses nurses should should intensi intensify fy effort effortss in ensurin ensuring g regula regular r practice of aseptic technique to reduce mortality rates due to nosocomial infection. This study has brought into light that the best means to help in the elimination of this practice is through organising more seminars to encourage the nurses to continue the practice of aseptic 28
technique. This suggests need for nurses to collaborate with all sta'eholders involved in the care of patients in the ward.
.3 SUMMARY The study was aimed at determining the attitude and practice of aseptic techniques
among nurses at 3gun state hospitals. Aseptic technique is any health care procedure in which which adde added d prec precau auti tion onss such such as steri sterile le glov gloves es and and inst instru rume ment ntss are used used to prev preven entt cont contam amin inat atio ion n of a pers person on,, ob?e ob?ect ct or area area by micr microo oorg rgan anis isms ms.. %t help helpss to prev preven entt contamination from microorganism by applying the strictest rules and utili&ing what is 'nown about infection prevention to minimi&e the ris' of eperiencing an infection. %t is also the appl applic icati ation on of prev preven enta tativ tivee measu measure ress ta'e ta'en n to redu reduce ce the the li'e li'eli liho hood od of intr introd oduc ucin ing g microorganisms. +espite nurses educational bac'ground and training and continuous efforts made in the promotion of the practice of aseptic techniques, many nurses seems not to be performing it. This may be probably due to wrong attitude, attitude, inadequate inadequate 'nowledge 'nowledge and so on. %ts based on this submission that the researcher intends to carry out a research on the attitude and practice of nurses towards aseptic techniques. The research is a descriptive descriptive study method. 1staff nurses participated participated in the study, study, data collected were analysed using statistical pac'age for social science and were presented in frequency tables and charts. The research findings show that ma?ority of the respondents have a good attitude of aseptic technique. Also ma?ority of the respondents practice aseptic tech techni niqu quee effe effect ctiv ively ely and and effi effici cien ently tly.. Cowe Coweve verr findi finding ngss show show that that ther theree was was also also no relationship between attitude and practice of aseptic technique. Also there is no significant relatio relationsh nship ip betwee between n variab variables les li'e li'e level level of eperie eperience nce and years years of educat education ion and the practice of aseptic technique.
. CONCLUSSION The study was set to assess the attitude and level of practice of aseptic technique
among staff nurses. Although the study revealed a right attitude towards and good practice of aseptic technique among nurses, however there is still need for nurses to be more educated on this topic. This will go a long way in ensuring provision of quality healthcare.
. RECOMMENDATIONS 29
#ith references to the findings f indings of this study, the following recommendations were made: T- $'" (*+!"! 1. Hurses should should attend attend more more seminars seminars on aseptic aseptic technique technique to be be more acquaint acquainted ed with new ideas in practicing aseptic technique in a more better. 2. They They should should ma'e use of protect protective ive devices devices such as wearing wearing of hand gloves, gloves, apron apron,, goggle and ensure appropriate hand washing to minimise the transfer of infections from the nurse to the patients and from the patients to the nurses >. They should should ensure ensure regular regular practice practice of aseptic aseptic techni technique que T- $'" '",$' ,(,5""($ -,+/ 1. There should should be be regular regular supply of protective protective equipm equipment ent to all hospit hospitals als and nurses nurses 2. They should should organ organise ise seminar seminar for all nurses nurses on practice practice of aseptic aseptic techniques techniques T- $'" 5-"+("($ 1. Dovernment Dovernment should should employ employ more more nurses nurses to reduce reduce the wor'load wor'load as more more wor'load wor'load on
the nurses has been found to reduce the practice of aseptic technique 2. The govern governmen mentt should should ensure ensure that hospital hospitalss are well supplie supplied d with with equipm equipment entss and supplies that will aid the practice of aseptic technique.
. SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDY
The research study was carried out on a few representatives of the entire ;tate hospitals in Higeria. Cence, the researcher suggests that larger population should be studied s tudied so as to have a different view of nurses attitude and practice of aseptic technique and so as to help develop new approach that will help ma'e the practice of aseptic aseptic technique technique easy. easy. This will allow for generalisation of the study by the future researches
30
REFERENCES
Aaron, +. (21". Aseptic technique. ;urgery encyclopedia. 9, 1282. (marchLApril 21" retrieved from www .surgeryenc surgeryencycloped yclopedia ia.com 4A (-une 21" Eetrieved from http44www. www.medscape.comLviewarticleL92!> medscape.comLviewarticleL92!> Berry, #., #., Q )endra, B. (2!". rinciples of aseptic technique. Hursing technique. Hursing crib 1, 1>8> (/ebruary 2!" retrieved from @@@. nursin nur singcr gcrib ib.com 4nu nurs rsin ing g note no tess revie re viewe werr4 principles principles- as asep epti ticc techni tec hnique que 4 . Bree8#., Bree8#., Q #aterman, B. (2F". @Rarticle +o C. (2$". AHTT: AHTT: a standard approach to aseptic technique. Hursing times, ti mes, L1!82! Eetrieved from http:LLwww.nursingtimes.netLclinical8archiveLinfection8controlLantt8a8 standard8approach8to8aseptic8techniqueL>@991.fullarticle
31
*lana, E., Q ittet, #. (212". Aseptic techniques: principles and practice. Association of perioperative
registered
nurses
2L281F
(April
212"
Eetri etriev eved ed
fro from
www.aorn?ournal.orgLarticleL;182$2(1 www. aorn?ournal.orgLarticleL;182$2(11"@F$8!Lfulltet 1"@F$8!Lfulltet /au'ner, D. (21>". Aseptic technique . ;outh Australia health 1L81! Eetrieved from www.sahealth.sa.gov.auLwpsLwcmLconnectLpublicMcontentLsaMhealthMinternetLclinicalMr esourcesLclinicalMtopicsLhealthcareMassociatedMinfectionsLpreventionMandMmanagemen tMofMinfectionsMihealthcareMsettingsLasepticMtechnique Dwen, B., Q 5ois. D. (21>". safe in?ection, infusion, and medical vial practices in health care. ubpdf ?ournals 1!L1811 Eetrieved from http:LLwww.pubpdf.comLpubL2 http:LLwww. pubpdf.comLpubL291!@29LA%<8position8paper8safe8in?ection8infusion8 91!@29LA%<8position8paper8safe8in?ection8infusion8 and8medication8vial8practices8in8health8care.. and8medication8vial8practices8in8health8care Cubbard, ) Q Cayashi, /. (21>". /D/ signalling is required for lens regeneration in enopus laevis. -ournal storage digital library 12L181 Eetrieved from http:LLwww.?stor. http:LLwww. ?stor.orgLstableL2>@F$FseqN1SpageRscanR orgLstableL2>@F$FseqN1SpageRscanRtabRcontents tabRcontents -ennifer, ;. (212". applying aseptic technique in all clinical settings. %nfection % nfection control today, L>82 Eetrieved from http:LLwww. http:LLwww.infectioncontroltoday infectioncontroltoday.comLarticleL2FLFLapplying8 .comLarticleL2FLFLapplying8 aseptic8technique8in8all8clinical8settin.asp )endra, +. (2!". Cow to carry out as aseptic technique. The royal college of midwives 9L1812. Eetrieved from http:LLwww.rcm.org.u'Lnews8views8and8analysisLhow8to...8 carry8out8an8aseptic8technique )o&ier, *. et al (2$" ! th edition. /undamentals of nursing concept. =pper saddle, Hew -ersey: pearrson *ducation. 6o'horo, -(212". microbiological and fermentation characteris tics of togwa, a Tan&anian Tan&anian food. Eesearch gate FL282. Eetrieved from http:LLwww.researchgate.netLpublicationL!1$>@@RmicrobiologicalRandRfermentationRc haracteristicsRofRtogwaRaRtan&anianRfood 6osby /. (2$". +efinition of aseptic technique. medical dictionary !L> http:LLwww.medicaldictionary. http:LLwww. medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary. thefreedictionary.comLasepticMtechnique comLasepticMtechnique
32
an'a?, ., ., hillip, 5. Q #ilson, ;. (21@". Aseptic techniques trueLfalse questions. roprofs !L2!8>F. Eetrieved from www. www.proprofs.comLqui&8schoolLstory proprofs.comLqui&8schoolLstory.phptitleNaeptic8 .phptitleNaeptic8 technique8truefalse eterhams, #. (21@". Aseptic non8touch technique . Hursing times 1L181F Eetrieved from www.nursingtimes.netLclinical8sub?ectLinfection8controlLaseptic8non8touch8 techniqueL2F1>@.fullarticle ittet, +. (212". Cand hygiene and aseptic techniques during routine anaesthetic care8 observations in the operating room. Hational centre for biotechnology information >L28 $ Eetrieved from http:LLwww.ncbi.nm.nih.govLpmcLarticesL6<@>2!9L Eotter, -. (212". +efinition of aseptic technique. 6edical dictionary8the free dictionary FL2 Eetrieved from www. www.medicaldictionary. medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.comLasepticMtechnique thefreedictionary.comLasepticMtechnique Eowley -. (2F". Aseptic technique in theatre. Dreat 3rmond ;treet Cospital L1F81! Eetrieved from http:LLwww.gosh.nhs.u'Lhealth8professionalsLclinical8guidelinesLaseptic8 technique8theatre ;u&&anna <. et al. (21". (21" . Tetboo' Tetboo' of medical surgical nursing. 12 th edition *ast #ashington. 5ippincott company. =nsworth, -. (211". performing aseptic technique in a community setting: fact or fiction Hational centre for biotechnology information >L18> >L18> Eetrieved from http:LLwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govLm http:LLwww. ncbi.nlm.nih.govLmLpubmedL21@2FF1@L LpubmedL21@2FF1@L #orld #orld health organisation, information conference on prevention and infection control (%<%<" in geneva, ;wit&erland on -uly 1 st 211. http:LLwww.icpic.comLinde.phpLconferencesLicpic821 7ie, C. (21>". A3EHs A3EHs recommended practices for sterile technique. Eestoring sight @L18 2 Eetrieved from http:LLwww. http:LLwww.restoresight.orgLwp8contentLuploadsL212L1 restoresight.orgLwp8contentLuploadsL212L11LA3EH8 1LA3EH8 proposed8changes8sept8212.pdf
33
OGUN STATE SCHOOL OF NURSING ILARO. QUESTIONNAIRE ON ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES OF NURSES TO0ARDS ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES IN PREVENTION OF CROSS INFECTION
+ear Eespondents, % am a final year student of the above named institution carrying out a study on the attitude and practice of nurses towards aseptic techniques in prevention of cross infection in ;tate Cospital, 3gun ;tate. Iour Iour sincere response in this questionnaire will be needed to complete this study. study. All information provided will be strictly held in confidence and only be used for academic purposes, writing of names is not required, and you are only epected to tic' in the space provided below if you are willing to participate. Than's Iours faithfully Thomas *. %. (Hursing ;tudent" SECTION A SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
1. Age8 (a" 1!82@ years U(b" 28> years U (c" >Q above
US
2. Dender (a" male U (b" female U >. Eeligion (a"
(c" traditional tradition U (d" others U
@. Tribe (a" Ioruba oruba U (b" hausa U (c" igbo U (d" others (specify" RRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RR . 6arital status (a" single U (b" married U (c" divorced U (d" widow U F. 5evel of education (a" EH U (b" EH6 U (c" BH;< U (d" others (specify" RRRRRRRR 9. Iear Iear of eperience (a" below 1 years (b" 182 years (c" 28> years (d" ( d" > years and above
34
!. #ard (a" male medical ward (b" female medical ward (c" male surgical ward (d" female surgical ward SECTION B ATTITUDE ATTITUDE TO0ARDS TO0ARDS ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
Tic' the ones that apply ;LH $
S$+-(5?
S-"@',$ N"*$+,
S-"@',$ S$+-(5?
,5+""
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Aseptic te technique sh should be practised in all nursing
1
procedures Asep Asepti ticc tech techn niqu ique sho should uld only be practised at
11
favourable times Asep Asepti ticc tech techn niqu ique sho should uld only be practised by the
12
chief nursing officer The manner sterile equipments or materials is placed has nothing to do with spread of
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infections ;pla ;plash shin ing g of flu fluids ids durin uring g procedure is one ma?or way contamination ta'es
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place 6aintenance of of Asept eptic technique determines duration of hospitali&ation
SECTION C PRACTICES OF ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES
1. +o you practice aseptic technique Ies U no U 1F. Cow often do you practice aseptic techniques
35
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*very time U
every month U
*very year U
anytime U
19. %f no, why ;pecify reasons reas ons RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR 1!. +o you you ma'e use of protective equipment when practicing aseptic technique technique Ies Ies U no U 1$. +o you ensure privacy when practicing practicing aseptic techniques techniques Ies U
Ho U
2. +o you clean surfaces before starting procedures Ies U no U 21. +o you you wash your hands hands before any procedure Ies U no U 22. #hich type of agent do you use for decontamination (a" 5iquid soap (b" hand saniti&er (c" antiseptic lotion (d" alcohol rubs 2>. 2>. +o you perfo perform rm asep asepti ticc techn techniq ique ue durin during g woun wound d dres dressin sing g only only Ies U
Ho U
% dont 'now U 2@. #hich type of agent do you use for sterili&ation (a" 6ethylated spirit (b" radiation (c" heat (d" chemicals 2. #hat other procedures have you used to ensure sterili&ation sterili&at ion RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR 2F. +o you wear gown, gloves and mas' during assisting surgery or delivery (a" ( a" Ies Ies (b" no 29. A social hand washing should ta'e at least (a" 1seconds (b" seconds (c" 1seconds
36
