Han älskar älskar henne. henne. Hon älskar älskar honom. honom. He loves her. She loves him.
The most common Swedish modal auxiliaries with their inflection are listed below: A legáltalánosabb svéd segédigék alakjai Infinitive Present
Past
Supine
Meaning
skola
ska (skall) skulle
(skolat)
lesz, fog, válik, jv! id! "shall, will#
kunna
kan
kunde
kunnat
tud, k$%es, lehet!s$g "be able#
vilja
vill
ville
velat
akar, k&ván "will, want to#
få
får
fick
fått
szabad, 'hat, 'het "ma(, be allowed to, must, have to#
-
måste
måste
-
kell "must, have to#
böra
bör
borde
bort
kell "should, ought to)
-
tör
torde
-
is %robabl(
-
må
måtte
-
lehet, lehets$ges "ma( " ma(,, must#
-
lär
-
-
fog *ni "f!ige jv! ideje# "is said to#
låta
låter
lät
låtit
let
….behöva
..sz+ks$ges, kell
3. 4. 4.Tense General
The grammatical categor( tense has to do with time'relations ex%ressed b( s(stematic grammatical contrasts. n the -ermanic languages, the ex%ressions for tense are either an inflectional ending on the verb " John opened opened the the door # or a tense auxiliar( in combination with a %articular non'tensed "non'finite# verb form " John will open open the door # # a small grou% of verbs "strong verbs# do not use endings but ex%ress tense with differnt forms of the verb "e " e sing ever! ever! da!, da!, e sang ever! ever! da! da! he is happ! is happ!,, he was happ! was happ!#. #. /ll -ermanic languages ex%ress a cotrast between 0%resent1 "he "he is here is here#, #, 0%ast1 "he "he was here was here#, #, and 0future1 "he will be here#, usuall( also the 0%erfect2%lu%erfect1 meaning is ex%ressed "he "he has been has been here, here, he had been been here#. here#. Swedish
Present tense The %resent tense ends in 'r ' r : han öppnar öppna r dörren, dörren, vi sjun" er er varje varje da" . Past tense
3
4ike the other -ermanic languages, Swedish forms the %ast tense with a dental suffix "weak conjugation# or a change in the stem vowel "strong conjugation#: han öppnade dörren 0he o%ened door.the1, vi sjöng varje da" 0we sang ever( da(1. Future tense Swedish has three main wa(s to ex%ress the future: a. with the %resent tense form "mainl( verbs referring to a change of state#: han öppnar dörren om en timme 0he o%ens door.the within an hour1 "5 he will o%en ...# b. with the auxiliar( kommer 6 att 6 infinitive, han kommer att öppna dörren om en timme 0he comes to o%en door.the ... "5 he will o%en...# or c. with the modal skall 6 infinitive, han ska öppna dörren om en timme 0he shall o%en door.the ... "5 he will o%en ...#.
Perfect/pluperfect The %erfect2%lu%erfect auxiliar( is alwa(s ha 0have1, followed b( a s%ecific uninflected verb form called the supine, which alwa(s ends in 't : han har öppnat dörren 0he has o%ened door.the1, vi hade sjun" it 0we had sung1.
3. 4. 5.Theconj ugat i ons The man( different %atterns of inflection and stem variation in Swedish verbs can be reduced and sim%lified to four main grou%s, the four conjugations: three weak "%ast tense with a dental suffix# and one strong "%ast tense with stem variation#. n the %resentations below the forms given are im%erative, %resent tense, %ast tense, su%ine and %ast %artici%le "in common gender singular#. "3# a. First conjugation sparka ' sparkar - sparkade - sparkat - sparkad 0kick1, r7g, elbocsát b. Second conjugation köp - köper - köpte - köpt - köpt 0bu(1, vesz, vásárol c. !hird conjugation: s! - s!r - s!dde - s!tt - s!dd 0sew1, lt, varr d. Fourth conjugation: finn - finner - fann - funnit - funnen 0find1, talál, tart, tekint, v$l vminek
3.4.5.1. First conjugation /%%roximatel( 89 of the fre;uent Swedish verbs, and <9 of all Swedish verbs, belong to the first conjugation, which is the onl( trul( %roductive conjugation in Swedish. Its stem always ends in -a, its %resent tense ending in -r , its %ast tense ending in -de, its su%ine in -t and its %ast %artici%le in -d . The infinitive is identical to the stem. n s%oken Swedish, all endings exce%t the one in %ast %artici%le, tend to be omitted. Hence when an utterance contains the verb sparka 0kick1 it ma( be either im%erative, sparka henne 0kick her=1, %resent tense or %ast tense: han sparka1 >
henne 0he kicks2 kicked her1, su%ine, han hade sparka# henne 0he had kicked her1 or infinitive, han råkade sparka henne 0he ha%%ened to kick her1. The most common verbs "among the 899 most common words# of the first conjugation, according to /ll$n "3)?>#, are: "># acceptera 0acce%t1, elfogad, arbeta 0work1, dolgo"ik , behandla 0treat1, bánik, foglalkozik vkivel, berätta 0tell1, elmond, elmes$l, betala 0%a(1, fi"et, betrakta 0watch, observe1, n$z, bilda 0form1, alak&t, formál, bruka 0use to, használ, alkalmaz, börja 0begin1, ke"d# elke"d, diskutera 0discuss1, megbesz$l, fråga 0ask1, kérde", fun"era 0function1, m@kdik, förklara 0ex%lain1, $ag%ará"# kifejt, förlora 0lose1, vesz&t, handla 0bu(, act1, vásárol, hoppa 0jum%1, "fel#ugrik hävda 0u%hold, maintain, assert1, áll&t, kiemel, intressera 0interest, be of interest to1, érdekl&dik , kalla 0call1, h&v, szAl&t, klara 0manage1, int$z, konstatera 0establish, %rove, %oint out1, $egállap't, kosta 0cost1, ker(l vala$ibe, kAstál valamibe likna 0resemble, com%are1, hasonl&t, l!ckas 0succeed, manage1, siker+l, boldogul, lämna 0leave, retire, hand over1, átad, mena 0mean1, akar, omfatta 0gras%, encircle, com%rise1, átfog, kr+lvesz, presentera 0%resent1, be$utat, räkna 0count1, s"á$ol, sakna 0miss1, hián(zik, hián(ol, samla 0collect1, sszeg(@jt, skapa 0create1, alkot, csinál, l$trehoz, teremt, skildra 0describe, relate1, ábrázol, kr+l&r, stanna 0sta(, sto%1, $egáll, svara 0answer1, válas"ol, tala 0s%eak1, )el*$ond# bes"él, tvin"a 0force1, er!ltet, utn!ttja 0utilize, ex%loit, use1, hasznos&t, utveckla 0develo%1, fejleszt, verka 0seem1, látszik, t@nik "vhol vml(ennek# visa 0show1, $utat, vänta 0wait1, vár, ä"na 0devote1, ajánl, szán, szentel, odaad, öka 0increase1, g(ara%szik, nvekszik, öppna 0o%en1, kin%it, n%'lik , B
3.4.5.2. The second conjugation The second conjugation contains verbs with stems ending in consonants the stem is visible in the im%erative form: köp= 0bu(1, ställ 0%ut1. The infinitive is formed of the stem 6 'a. Chen the stem ends in a voiceless consonant, the %ast tense suffix is -te, when it ends in a voiced consonent, the %ast tense suffix is 'de: köp-te 0bought1 but ställ -de 0%ut1. Derbs of the second conjugation have the ending 'er in the %resent tense, köper$ ställer , exce%t when the stem ends in 'r , in which case the %resent form is identical to the stem: kör%$ han kör 0drive=, he drives1. Derbs with a stem in consonant 6 'd dro% this consonant in the %ast tense, in the su%ine and in the %ast %artici%le: vänd vände - vänt - vänd 0turn1. Some verbs in this conjugation has an umlaut'vowel in im%erative, infinitive and %resent tense, but the corres%onding non'umlaut vowel in %ast tense, su%ine and the %ast %artici%le: "B# a. välj ' väljer ' valde ' valt ' vald 0chose1, választ b. smörj - smörjer - smorde - smort - smord 0grease1, megver c. "ör - "ör - "jorde - "jort - "jord 0do, make1, csinál Some verbs conform broadl( to the inflexion of the second conjugation, but %ossess one or more irregular forms: "E# "läd - "läder - "ladde - "latt ' no %ast %artici%le 0give ... %leasure, %lease1 "ha# ' har - hade ' haft "no %ast %artici%le 0have1, birtokol, van vmije måste - måste - måst 0must1, kell sä" - sä"er - sa"de# - sa"t - sa"d 0sa(1, "el#mond "vet # ' vet - visste - vetat 0know1, tud The most common verbs "among the 899 most common words# of the second conjugation, according to /ll$n "3)?>#, are: "8# använda 0use1, has"nál, av"öra 0decide, settle1, behöva 0need1, s"(kséges, bestämma 0determine, settle, decide1, betyda 0mean1, jelent v$it, b!""a 0build1, böra 0ought to1, fortsätta 0continue1, följa 0follow1, föra 0bring, handle, trans%ort carr(1, försöka 0tr(1, "enomföra 0carr( ... through, realize1, "älla 0be valid, be intended for1, göra 0do1, csinál, heta 0be named1, neve", , hjälpa 0hel%1, seg't, hända 0ha%%en1, höra 0hear1, hallgat v$it, kräva 0demand1, köpa 0bu(1, ves"# vásárol, leda 0guide, conduct1, leva 0live1, lägga 0la(1, elad, lära 0learn, teach1, tanul# tan't, läsa 0read1, olvas, möta 0meet1, találko"ik , nämna 0mention1, resa 0go, travel1, uta"ik , råda 0advice1, röra 0touch, move1, skilja 0divide1, spela 0%la(1, játs"ik , ställa 0%ut1, sälja 0sell1, elad, särskilja 0se%arate, distginguish1, sätta (po 0%ut1 "0turn on1#, bekapcsol, söka 0search1, keres# f(rkés", tillhöra 0belong1, tycka 0think, be of the o%inion that1 kedvel# tets"ik neki, tänka 0think, meditate1, uppleva 0ex%erience1, utföra 0%erform1, ut"öra 0constitute, form1, veta "' visste ' vetat # 0know1, tud# is$er, välja 0elect1, chose1, vända 0turn1, vä&a 0grow1, ä"a 0own1. E
3.4.5.3. The third conjugation The third conjugation contains verbs with stems ending in a stressed vowel other than a. /s in the first conjugation, the infinitive is identical to the stem. Some exam%les with different vowels are given in "F#: "F# ske - sker - skedde - skett - skedd 0occur, ha%%en1, trt$nik bo - bo - bodde - bott - bodd 0live1, lakik fl! - fl!r - fl!dde - fl!tt - fl!dd 0flee1, megszkik nå - når - nådde - nått - nådd 0reach1, el$r"kezik# strö - strör - strödde - strött - strödd 0s%rinkle1, elhint, elszAr /s in the second conjugation, there are some irregular verbs of the third conjugation a handful of these are listed in "?# irregular forms are marked with G: "?# "dö# ' dör - ' do" - dött ' no %ast %artici%le "the adjective död 0dead1 is used# 0die1 " få# ' får - ' fick - fått ' no %ast %artici%le 0get1 "e - "er - ' "av - "ett ' "ivit - ' "iven 0give1 "å - "år - ' "ick - "ått ' no %ast %artici%le "'G "ån"en in com%ounds# 0walk, go1 se - ser - ' så" - sett - sedd 0se1 stå - står - ' stod - stått ' no %ast %artici%le "' stådd in com%ounds# 0stand1 The most common verbs "among the 899 most common words# of the third conjugation, according to /ll$n "3)?>#, are: "<# anse 0consider1, avse 0concern, aim at1, bero 0de%end1, bestå 0consist1, bo 0live1, dra 0draw, %ull1, få 0get1, föreslå 0suggest1, förstå 0understand1, "e 0give1, "å 0walk, go1, in"å 0enter, begin1, måste 0must1, nå 0reach1, på"å 0be going on, continue1, påstå 0claim1, se 0see1, ske 0ha%%en1, slå 0hit1, stå 0stand1, tro 0believe1.
3.4.5.4. The fourth conjugation The fourth conjugation contains strong verbs with stems ending in consonants t(%ical for the verbs of this class is that %ast tense is not formed b( adding a dental suffix, but "usuall(# b( changing the stem vowel "ablaut# another characteristics is that the su%ine alwa(s ends in 'it and the %ast %artici%le in 'en in common gender singular, 'et in neuter singular, and 'na in %lural: 8
")# bit - biter - bet - bitit - biten 0bite1 fl!" - fl!"er - flö" - flu"it - flu"en 0fl(1, re%+l finn - finner- fann - funnit - funnen 0find1 talál, tart, tekint, v$l vminek ta - tar - to" - ta"it - ta"en 0take1, fog, vesz, visz The infinitive is formed b( adding 'a to the stem fl!" =, fl!"a 0fl(= "to# fl(1. Strong verbs are divided into grou%s de%ending on the vowel alternation series. Thus, in ")# are illustrated the series i - e - i$ ! - ö - u$ i - a - u and a - o - a. The most common series together with some exam%le of each are given in "39# "to% of next %age# all the strong verbs among the to% 899 in /ll$n "3)?># are included in this list, exce%t some com%ounded ones.
F
