AP World History: Summer Assignment 2015-1026 Part 1: A History of the World in 6 Glasses
Terms: 1. ertile ertile !res"ent: !res"ent: #Pg. 11$ 11$ 1%$ &'( )egion )egion that stret"hes stret"hes from modern modern day day *gy+t$ u+ to the ,editerranean "oast to the southeast "orner of urey and do/n to the order et/een ra and ran. 3eer /as dis"o4ered and its "onsum+tion had e"ome so"ially and ritually im+ortant during the eolithi" +eriod from the sur+lus of grain. he ertile !res"ent is signi"ant e"ause sin"e it had the est "limati" "onditions from grain "ulti4ations$ "ulti4ations$ that /as /here farming egin$ /here the earliest "i4ili7ation arose$ /here /riting rst emerge$ and /here eer /as most aundant. 2. !hi"ha: #Pg.1'( #Pg.1'( An n"a eer o8ered o8ered to the rising sun sun in a golden "u+ "u+ as an o8ering to the gods of the *arth. 3eer /as a gift from the gods or a logi"al thing to +resent as a religious o8ering so it /as used in religious "eremonies$ agri"ultural agri"ultural fertility rites$ and funerals y Sumerians and *gy+tians. he !hi"ha /as signi"ant e"ause it ser4ed as an e9am+le of a religious "ommon eer-drining "ulture /hether in the Ameri"as$ Afri"a$ or *urasia. &. Storehouses: Storehouses: #Pg.22$2&$&1( #Pg.22$2&$&1( *laorated and "ommunal "ommunal tem+le or 7iggurats$ uilt on raised$ ste++ed +latforms /here 4aluale items /ere e+t in"luding sa"red oe"ts and stores of sur+lus food. 3a++ir or read eer /as used y ,eso+otamian re/ers re/ers to "ontrol the taste and "olor of the eer as for the unlea4ened read "ould e store for years. Storehouses /ere signi"ant e"ause as it ser4ed as a /ay to store ra/ material for maing eer and as for food as ritual and religious a"ti4ity in /hi"h the gods /ere "alled to ensure good har4est. ;.
,eso+otamia>s s large large "ity-states "ity-states ruled ruled y Gilgamesh /ith a +o+ulation of around fty thousand. 3read and 3eer "onsum+tion /as one of the things that the ,eso+otamians elie4ed distinguished distinguished them from sa4ages and made them fully human. s asso"iation /ith a settle$ orderly lifestyle "om+ared to the ha+ha7ard e9isten"e of hunter-gatherers. 5. Sumer: #Pg.26( #Pg.26( )egion )egion in southern ,eso+otamia /here /here /riting /riting rst rst egan to emerge around &;00 3.!.*. 3eer history /as re"orded and made it seen as a hallmar of "i4ili7ation y the ,eso+otamians +arti"ularly +arti"ularly in a +assage from the *+i" of Gilgamesh. Sumer /as signi"ant e"ause it /as the rst ,eso+otamian "i4ili7ation and /as res+onsile for /riting system and starting the late 3ron7e Age. 6. *+i" of Gilgamesh: Gilgamesh: #Pg.26( #Pg.26( World>s World>s rst rst great literary /or /or aout Gilgamesh Gilgamesh life story /hi"h /as elaorated into a myth y the Sumerians and their regional su""essors the Aadians and 3aylonians. 3eer and read "onsum+tion of *nidu>s or Gilgamesh friend made ,eso+otamians thin that
eer /as one of the things that distinguished distinguished them from sa4ages and made them humans. he *+i" of Gilgamesh /as signi"ant e"ause %. ?iggurat: #Pg.&1( #Pg.&1( *laorated *laorated tem+les tem+les uilt uilt on raised and and stee+ed stee+ed +latforms. +latforms. 3e"ause of the in4ention of /riting to re"ord the "olle"tion of grain$ eer$ read$ and other goods this elaorated system ga4e the tem+le dire"t "ontrol o4er mu"h of the e"onomy. ?iggurats /ere signi"ant e"ause they /ere the ey of rising the un+redi"tale nature of the ,eso+otamian en4ironment. @. ,eso+otamian "ity-states: ,eso+otamia had many im+ortant im+ortant and large histori"ally "ities su"h as s "hara"ter. 1&. )oman )oman 4illas: A )oman "ountry house uilt for the u++er "lass during the )oman re+uli" and the )oman *m+ire. 1;. 3attle 3attle of ours #Pg.@6-@@( 3attle in "entral ran"e /here Ara troo+s /ar defeated y !harles ,artel. Wine "ulture remained reasonaly inta"t in !hristian *uro+e ut some drining +atterns "hange dramati"ally /hi"h made "aused the rise of slam$ /hi"h ,uhammad>s +ros"ri+tion of al"ohol follo/ed a ght et/een t/o of his dis"i+les. his "aused many to an al"ohol /ines
main role in the ri4al "reed of !hristianity also +redis+osed ,uslims against it. t /as signi"ant e"ause it /as one of the turning +oints in /orld history /hi"h mared the high-/ater mar of Aras inDuen"e in *uro+e. 15. !harles !harles ,artel #Pg.@@( ,ost !harismati" of the +rin"es of the ranish Bingdom /ho defeated the ,uslims in the 3attle of ours$ allo/ing !hristianity to sur4i4e e9"e+t of Ara. t /as signi"ant e"ause it hel+ the "ountry from eing inDuen"e to Aras "ulture and thining /hi"h made it /hat it is today. 16.!ordoa 16. !ordoa #Pg.'&-';( Fhe e/el of the /orld !a+ital of Ara Andalusia in /hat is no/ southern S+ain and /as one of the est "enters of learning /ithin the Ara /orld$ ran"e$ Asia and ndia. he S"holars from their /ith other oined for"es and among their a"hie4ements they +o+ulari7ed a te"hniue that rose the ne/ rage of drins "alled distillation. distillation. t /as signi"ant e"ause it e"ame one of the as+e"ts of the an"ient /isdom that /as +reser4ed and e9tended y Ara s"holars and translated from Arai" into Iatin hel+ed re4i4e the s+irit of learning in Western *uro+e. 1%.Aua 4itae #Pg.'@-101( Water of Iife - Aua 4itae seemed su+ernatural$ and in a sense it /as$ for distilled /ine has a far higher al"ohol "ontent than any drin that "an e +rodu"ed y natural fermentation. Also de"lared y Jan element ne/ly re4ealed to men ut hid from antiuity$ e"ause e"ause the human ra"e /as then too young to need this e4erage destined to re4i4e the energies of modern de"re+itude.J# elie4ed it "ould +reser4e youth im+ro4e memory treat diseases of the rain$ ner4es and oints re4i4e the heart "alm tootha"he "ure lindness$ s+ee"h defe"ts$ and +aralysis and e4en +rote"t against the +lague( [email protected]i7y 1@. CasheeKi7y #Pg.105( Al"ohol mostly used as a gift efore eginning negotiations /ith Afri"an traders. Afri"ans in di8erent regions dran al"oholi" drins lie +lain /ine or eer ut it im+orted from *uro+e /as in the /ord of one trader. CasheeKi7y /as signi"ant e"ause drining im+orted al"ohol e"ame a mar of distin"tion among Afri"an sla4es and the ey of negotiations /ith Afri"an traders. 1'.1%%& 1'. 1%%& ,olasses A"t #Pg.11%-11'( A"t of 3rittan that im+osed ta9 on im+orts of molasses from non-3ritish "olonies. What all started this /as rum e"ause it +lay a great role in relation /ith the Ameri"an )e4olution. A "ountries argued o4er the A"t +assed y 3ritain /hi"h made it diL"ult for other "ountries nan"ially to im+ort rum. 20.Sugar 20. Sugar A"t #Pg.( A"t +assed y 3ritain in 1%6; /hi"h allo/ed the im+orts of other "olonies molasses of si9 +en"e for gallon to three in order for +eo+le not to ring it illegally. Also /as related to rum after the ,olasses A"t this a"t /as signi"ant ust as many other a"ts /ere +assed /hi"h rought to the outrea of the )e4olutionary /ar. 21.Su slam #Pg.1&%( as /ith the legends asso"iated /ith the dis"o4ery of eer$ these tales may "ontain a grain of truth$ for the "ustom of drining "o8ee seems to ha4e rst e"ome +o+ular in Memen in the mid-fteenth "entury. While "o8ee erries may ha4e een "he/ed for their in4igorating e8e"ts
efore this date$ the +ra"ti"e of maing them into a drin seems to e a Memeni Memeni inno4ation$ inno4ation$ often attriuted attriuted to ,uhammad ,uhammad al-Chahani$ a s"holar and and a memer of the mysti"al Su order of slam$ /ho died around 1;%0. 22.Cut"h *ast ndia !o. #Pg.1;6-1;%( n the 16'0s "o8ee +lantations /ere estalished y Here at 3ata4ia in Na4a$ an island "olony in /hat is no/ ndonesia. Na4a "o8ee later /as ale to e shi++ed dire"tly to )otterdam and it granted the Cut"h "ontrol of the "o8ee maret. Araian "o8ee /as unale to "om+ete on +ri"e e4en though "onnoisseurs thought its Da4or /as su+erior. t /as signi"ant e"ause the Cut"h had demonstrated that "o8ee "an gro/ in a similar "limate of sugar /hi"h suggested sho/ed that it "an gro/ as /ell in the West ndies as it did in the *ast ndies 2&.Prin"i+ia #Pg.161( ,athemati"al +rin"i+les of natural +hiloso+hy. With this idea e/ton +ro4ided a ne/ foundation for the +hysi"al s"ien"es to re+la"e dis"redited theories of the Gree and for his dis"ussion he used "o8eehouses. 2;.Wealth of ations #Pg.165( inan"ial inan"ial eui4alent to Prin"i+ia /ritten y the S"ottish e"onomist Adam smith. t des"ried and "ham+ioned the emerging do"trine of laisse7-faire "a+italism a""ording to /hi"h the est /ay for go4ernment to en"ourage trade /as to lea4e +eo+le to their o/n "hoi"es. Iondon "o8eehouses /ere a ey to the s"ienti" and nan"ial re4olution that sha+ed the modern /orld. 25.Ooltaire #Pg.16616@( Philoso+her and satirist /ho e9tended the ne/ rationalism into so"ial and +oliti"al s+heres. =8ended a nole man and /ent to +rison and then /rote a oo /as anned e"ause he "om+ared ren"h system of go4ernment to the *nglish. He also had a fa4orite tale and "hair at the Pro"o+e and a re+utation for drining do7ens of "u+s of "o8ee. n "o8eehouses /ere lled /ith go4ernment s+ies so they had to e "areful to tal. 26.*n"y"lo+edi"Kdia : #Pg.165--16%( "ame to e seen as the deniti4e summary of *nlightenment thining. t +romoted a rational$ se"ular 4ie/ of the /orld founded on s"ienti" determinism$ determinism$ denoun"ed e""lesiasti"al and legal auses of +o/er$ and infuriated the religious authorities$ /ho su""essfully loied for it$ too$ to e anned. As in Iondon$ the "o8eehouses of Paris /ere meeting +la"es for intelle"tuals and e"ame "enters of *nlightenment thought. thought. Ciderot a"tually "om+iled the *n"y"lo+edi" in a Paris "o8eehouse$ the !afe de la )egen"e$ /hi"h he used as his oL"e. 2%.!hangan 2%. !hangan : #Pg.1%'( !a+ital of !hina #61@-'0% !*( modern Qian>s$ /as the greatest metro+olis on *arth and /as home to around t/o million +eo+le. t /as one of the +la"es /ere tea s+read in !hina and e"ame the national e4erage during ang Cynasty or the golden age in !hinese History. !ity /as a "ultural magnet and /as +arti"ularly o+en to outside inDuen"ed. 2@. Iu Iu Mu #Pg.1@0-1@1( !elerated aoist Poet /hi"h made teas +o+ularity in"rease due to his oo he !lassi" of ea. He des"ried the merits of the 4arious inds of lea4es$ sort of /ater to use and numered the oiling ste+s.
ransfor ransformed med tea from a mere thirst-uen"hing thirst-uen"hing drin to a symol symol of "ulture "ulture and so+histi"ation. 2'. !elestial !elestial *m+ire #+g.1@;1@%( Way !hinese regarded their "ountry as and /as assumed to e lo"ated at the "enter of the uni4erse. o one "ould "om+ete /ith its "ultural and intelle"tual a"hie4ements until later in 16&0>s tea rea"hed ran"e$ and *ngland in 1650>s .his inDuen"e other *uro+ean "ountries to lie the tea /hi"h ultimately 3ritain /as the one to emerge as the most tea-lo4ing *uro+ean *uro+ean nation /ith momentous histori"al "onseuen"es. &0.)i"hard Ar/right #Pg.( A 3ritish in4entor that egan the "onstru"tion of a large uilding at !romford in Ceryshire. n 1%6% he egan de4elo+ing a s+inning frame and y 1%6@ his rst s+inning mill. ts su""ess made him a +i4otal gure in the re4olution that turned 3ritain into the /orldEs rst industriali7ed industriali7ed nation. he +o+ularity of tea also stimulated "ommer"e y oosting the demand for "ro"ery and ringing into eing a Dourishing ne/ industry. =/nershi+ of a ne tea ser4i"e /as of great so"ial im+ortan"e for ri"h and +oor alie. &1. ea ea A"t of 1%%& #Pg.12020;( Passed y 3ritain that ga4e them "ontrol on tea sales on the Ameri"an "olonies and ta9es. ta9es. As said on the name tea /as the ey of this a"t e"ause it /as asso"iated /ith the start of the re4olution. An im+ortant e4ent a""ording to the start /ould e the three shi+load of tea that /ere dum+ed into the 3oston Haror to +rotest to the ne/ ta9 rules. &2.Iin &2. Iin 7e-Su #Pg.210-211( !ommissioned that /as send y the !hinese em+eror to sto+ the trade of im+orts of tea and other on"e and for all ut sin"e he /as ignored he de"ided to tae a"tion. Son Iins men set re to the sto"s of o+ium$ urning an entire year of su++ly. He /as treated so he arrested !hinese and 3ritish and after a 3ritish murder a !hinese and many other e4ents ha++ened /ar /as de"lared. he =+ium War #1@&'-;2(. &&.ndian ,utiny #Pg.21'( a /ides+read u+rising against "om+any rule that /as triggered y the re4olt of the 3engal army in 1@5% /hi"h +rom+ted the 3ritish go4ernment to tae dire"t "ontrol of ndia. he rise of ndian>s tea industry ga4e a de4astating im+a"t at sho/ed elo/ /hi"h des"ended into a "haoti" +eriod of reellions and resolutions.
Reading Questions: Beer: 1. Ho/ is the the dis"o4ery of eer lined to the gro/th gro/th of the the rst "i4ili7ationsR "i4ili7ationsR #Pg. 10 21( =n"e eer /as dis"o4ered it e"ame so"ially and ritually im+ortant to hunter-gatherers e"ause in order to ensure the aility of grains and another resour"e so they "hanged into farming. 3eer /as the maeu+ of the food that /as de"reasing or not a4ailale$ also /as a form of safe liuid food$ and e"ame "entral to so"ial$ religious$ and nomadi" life and /as the sta+le
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e4erage. he drin that rst hel+ed humanity along the +ath to the modern /orld. What is the "onne"tion "onne"tion et/een et/een the dis"o4ery of eer and the eolithi" )e4olution #eginnings of agri"ulture(R #Pg.21( 3eer drining /ould ha4e assisted the transition to farming in a more sutle /ay. 3e"ause long-term storage of eer /as diL"ult and "om+lete fermentation too too long most eer /ould ha4e een drun mu"h more /hile still fermenting. fermenting. Ho/ did ,eso+otamian geogra+hy sha+e its its +eo+le +eo+le 4ie/ of the godsR #Pg.1@#Pg.1@1'( o eolithi" driner>s eerEs aility to into9i"ate and indu"e a state of altered "ons"iousness seemed magi"al. Also did the mysterious +ro"ess of fermentation$ /hi"h transformed ordinary gruel into eer. he o4ious "on"lusion /as that eer /as a gift from the gods a""ordingly$ many "ultures ha4e myths that e9+lain ho/ the gods in4ented eer and then sho/ed humanind ho/ to mae it. Ho/ did eer "i4ili7e "i4ili7e man$ a""ording a""ording to StandageR #3eginning( He thought thought that it really did "hange the /orld$ he had the gra"e to tae oth the title and the story in a ne/ dire"tion and "i4ili7ed man y "hanging into the farming mode. 3eer also started a di8erent ne/ style of life to men and their en4ironment. Ho/ did the *gy+tian *gy+tian attitude attitude to/ard to/ard eer di8er from from that of ,eso+otamiaR ,eso+otamiaR #Pg.2@-2'( *gy+t "redits eer /ith sa4ing humanind from destru"tion. )a the god of the sun +re+ared a 4ast of amount of eer so that +eo+le /ould ee+ on /orshi+ him. =n the "ontra"ts ,eso+otamia rela9ed attitude to/ards into9i"ation ho/e4er a strong disa++ro4al of drunenness /as e9+ressed in the +ra"ti"e te9ts. Who uilt uilt the an"ient +yramids of *gy+t and ho/ /ere they +aidR +aidR What enet did the +yramids and their "onstru"tion ring to *gy+tian so"ietyR #Pg.&6-&%( Pyramids /ere uilt y state em+loyees and army sla4es /ho /ere +aid in eer that /as a ration for a laor /as three or four loa4es of read and t/o ugs "ontaining "ontaining aout four four liters. he he enet of the +yramids +yramids and their their "onstru"tion e"ause it uilt a sense of national unity$ demonstrated /ealth and +o/er of the state and +ro4ided a usti"ation for ta9ation also religious usage.
Wine: 1. Ho/ did the the de4elo+ment of large large states and and em+ires em+ires +romote +romote /ine as a drin of "hoi"eR#Pg.;&;;( With the great feast for the +o+ulated ne/ "a+ital
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Ashurnasinal$ the ne/ ing rought many food as /ell as /ine lie no one "ould ha4e imagine in ,eso+otamia. his is the "ause of a +romotion of /ine. What role role did the Gree Gree geogra+hy geogra+hy +lay in its e"onomi" de4elo+ment de4elo+ment and and tradeR#Pg.;%( 3e"ause Gree"e /as surrounded y odies of /ater it /as great for them for trading gods /ith other "ountries. he o"ean /as a great /ay of trans+ortation that in"reased their e"onomy. Ho/ /as /ine used y Grees Grees and ho/ ho/ did it de4elo+ into a symol of of statusR #Pg.;5;6( 3e"ause it /as more e9+ensi4e to trans+ort than eer meaning only the elite "ould a8ord to drin it and its main use /as religious its s"ar"ity and high +ri"e made it /orthy for "onsum+tion y the gods. What /as PlatoEs 4ie/ 4ie/ of demo"ra"yR Ho/ did PlatoEs sym+osium sym+osium di8er di8er from from othersR #Pg.62( Plato elie4ed that /ine +ro4ided a good /ay to test a man>s "hara"ter and a""ording to demo"ra"y he thought +eo+le /ere not "a+ale enough to mae their o/n de"isions. An e9am+le /ould e Plato>s sym+osium in /hi"h he dis"usses the sue"t of lo4e and drining /ine until falling aslee+. Ho/ /as /ine im+ortant im+ortant in the transmission of Gree Gree "ulture "ulture throughout throughout the ,editerranean ,editerranean and AsiaR #Pg.;@( n the eastern ,editerranean ,editerranean 4ines 4ines /ere "ulti4ated and /ere introdu"ed rather than al/ays een +resent and /as a"no/ledge later on Gree myths. !om+ !om+ar are e the the )om )oman an convivium to the Gree sym+osium. #Pg.%%-%@( he "aliration "aliration of /ine /ith /ith status that that driners driners at a )oman )oman anuet$ or "on4i4ium$ /ould e ser4ed di8erent /ines de+ending on their +ositions in so"iety. his /as ust one of the many /ays in /hi"h the "on4i4ium di8ered from its Gree +rototy+e$ the sym+osion. Where the sym+osion /as$ at least in theory$ a forum in /hi"h the +arti"i+ants dran as euals from a shared rater$ +ursuing +leasure and +erha+s +hiloso+hi"al enlightenment$ the "on4i4ium /as an o++ortunity to em+hasi7e so"ial di4isions$ not to set them aside in a tem+orary al"oholi" ha7e. !om+are the a""e+tan"e a""e+tan"e of /ine /ine in !hristianity !hristianity to the slami" 4ie/ of s+iritsR s+iritsR #Pg.@;-@@( Another fa"tor in maintaining the /ine-drining "ulture /as its "lose asso"iation /ith !hristianity$ !hristianity$ the rise of /hi"h during the rst millennium ele4ated /ine to a +osition of utmost symoli" signi"an"e. !hristian "hur"hEs need for "ommunion /ine +layed an im+ortant role in ee+ing /ine +rodu"tion going during the dar ages after the fall of )ome. With the rise of slam$ +o/er shifted a/ay from the +eo+les of the ,editerranean "oast and to/ard the desert tries of Araia. hese tries e9+ressed their su+eriority o4er the +re4ious elites y re+la"ing re+la"ing /heeled 4ehi"les /ith "amels$ "hairs and tales /ith "ushions$ and y anning the "onsum+tion of /ine$ that most +otent symol of so+histi"ation so+histi"ation
S+irits: 1. What is is the origin of distilled distilled s+iritsR #Pg. ';$'5( ';$'5( he distilled distilled s+irits /ere originally "reated y one of the a"hie4ements s"holars "reated and then it /as im+ro4ed y Ara s"ientist distilled /ine and other sustan"es for use in their e9+eriments or as medi"ine. 2. *9+lain the "onne"tion et/een s+irits$ s+irits$ sla4es$ sla4es$ and sugar sugar.. #Pg.101-10;( #Pg.101-10;( he emerge of the ne/ distilled drins ha++ened ust as *uro+ean e9+lores /ere rst o+ening u+ the /orlds sea routes and this +ro"ess "oloni7ation /as dis"o4ered .With Aras ne/ te"hnology or distilled s+irits e"ame useful e"ause it /as more "om+a"t and less liely to s+oil than other al"oholi" drins .Also many of the ne/ "olonies gre/ "ane sugars and /ith that it /ould also e ale to distilled it to mae al"ohol. And a""ording to sla4e Afri"an traders /ho sold sla4es /ere +aid y s+irits. &. Why did s+irits e"ome an im+ortant sta+le in "olonial Ameri"aR #Pg.112-115( #Pg.112-115( *nglish ho+ed that /hen the Ameri"an "olonies /ere estalished /ould e ale to su++ly ut it turn out that there /as no resour"e of al"ohol and the only thing left they had /as /ater. So e"ause the im+ort of eer of eer /as diL"ult the settlers tried to mae their o/n. After then the dis"o4ery of rum it them e"ame the fa4orite drin e"ause later e"ame "hea+. ;. What role role did rum +lay +lay in the Ameri"an Ameri"an )e4olutionR )e4olutionR #Pg.116-11'( e/ *ngland distillers started im+orting molasses from the ren"h sin"e it had anned the manufa"ture if rum and /as at a lo/ +ri"e ut the 3ritish /eren>t ha++y. hey "alled for go4ernment inter4ention and the ,olasses A"t /as +assed or the ta9 of molasses /hi"h rought rought u+ the "ost of rum and many /ere angry. his set an e9am+le for the reaing of 3ritish ta9 a"ts. 5. Why did /hisey /hisey su++lant rum in the the /estern /estern "olonial regions of Ameri"aR #Pg.121( =ne reason /as that many of the settlers /ere of S"ot"h-rish origin and e9+erien"ed grain distilling. And it "ould e made of almost any/here and did not de+end on im+orted ingredients that "ould e ta9ed or lo"aded. 6. What /ere /ere the "auses "auses and and e8e"ts e8e"ts of the Whis Whisey ey )eell )eellionR ionR
!o8ee: 1. Ho/ did Aras Aras "ome "ome to dominate dominate the "o8ee "o8ee industryR industryR #Pg.1;6 #Pg.1;6(( !o8ee /as /as shi++ed$ on o""asion$ dire"tly from ,o"ha y the Cut"h. 3ut as "o8eeEs +o+ularity gre/$ *uro+ean "ountries egan to /orry aout their de+enden"y on this foreign +rodu"t and set aout estalishing their o/n su++lies. he
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Aras understandaly understandaly did e4erything they "ould to +rote"t their "ontrol of "o8ee. !o8ee eans /ere treated efore eing shi++ed to ensure they /ere sterile and "ould not e used to seed ne/ "o8ee +lants foreigners /ere e9"luded from "o8ee +rodu"ing areas. Why did "o8ee "ome to e +referr +referred ed o4er o4er al"oholi" al"oholi" e4eragesR !o8ee maes maes the driner more alert and more +rodu"ti4e. t shar+ens the mind and fo"uses the driner and al"ohol does the o++osite. Why /as it im+ortant im+ortant to *uro+eEs *uro+eEs de4elo+ment that many *uro+eans *uro+eans "hose "hose "o8ee o4er al"ohol as their fa4ored e4erage of "onsum+tionR !o8ee s+read ui"ly throughout *uro+e and it +ro4ed to e mu"h "hea+er than the ingredients for al"ohol. Ho/ did "o8ee +lay +lay a +i4otal +i4otal role role in the s"ienti" s"ienti" re4olutionR re4olutionR #Pg.151-165( !o8ee houses e"ame a /ay of "ommuni"ating in an informal intelle"tual intelle"tual "on4ersation. At "o8ee houses s"ientists "ould dis"uss and re"ei4ed feeda" on ideas. Ie"tures /ere also sometimes held at "o8ee houses. Ho/ did "o8ee "o8ee +lay a +i4otal +i4otal role in the nan"ial nan"ial re4olu re4olution tionR R #Pg.165( #Pg.165( Starting rst /ith the sto"s that /ere traded in the royal e9"hange ut the go4ernment +assed la/s +la"ing limits on the trades. Some to +rotest /ent to neary "o8ee houses /hi"h led to the "reation of the Iondon Sto" *9"hange. Ho/ did "o8ee "o8ee +lay a +i4otal role role in the *nlightenment *nlightenment and the the ren"h ren"h )e4olutionR #Pg.1%0-1%1(
!o8ee houses e"ame meeting "enters for +eo+le to reunite. he ren"h go4ernment lo"ed the media and for"ed harsh restri"tions on the +eo+le. !o8ee houses /ere one of the fe/ +la"es /here +eo+le "ould freely dis"uss trends and to+i"s. As the nan"ial "risis /orsened many re4olutionary s+eaers started to s+ea at "o8ee houses to others. After a failed "on4ention a la/yer su""essfully gathered a "ro/d to arms$ and started the re4olution.
ea: ea: 1. Ho/ did tea tea transform transform !hinese so"ietyR #Pg.1@0-1@@( #Pg.1@0-1@@( /ith /ith the hel+ of Iu Mu Mu teas +o+ularity /as ale to e9+and and mae other "ountries to trade /ith "hina. t ga4e them the aility to trade ut also to transform the tea drin to a symol of "ulture and so+histi"ation. Ied to the tradition of +resenting s+e"ial triute teas to the em+eror e4ery day. 2. What /ere /ere !hinaEs maor e9+orts during during the ang CynastyR #Pg.1%'( #Pg.1%'( !hina e9+orted sil$ tea$ +a+er$ and "erami"s in return. Amid this di4erse$ dynami"$ and "osmo+olitan atmos+here$ !hinese s"ul+ture$ +ainting$ and +oetry Dourished. he +ros+erity of the +eriod and the surge in +o+ulation /ere hel+ed along y the /ides+read ado+tion of the "ustom of drining tea
&. What t/o fa"tors made made tea a +o+ular +o+ular drin drin in *nglandR *nglandR ea /as mostly mostly "onsume y im+ortant men at tea +arties and gardens. Also as a ne/ +rodu"t from o4erseas rought rought my men gi4ing them the status. ;. Ho/ /as tea an integral integral +art +art of the ndustrial ndustrial )e4olutionR )e4olutionR #Pg.1'@-202( #Pg.1'@-202( ea /as the ideal drin for the fa"tory /or and it "ontained "a8eine$ /hi"h e+t the driner alert. Also it had antiioti" +ro+erties /hi"h redu"ed /aterorne disease and infant mortality. With the hel+ of )i"ard Ar/right for in4enting a s+inning mill and many other for tea +rodu"tions maing it easier to e9+ort. 5. What /as the "onne"tion "onne"tion et/een et/een tea and +oliti"sR +oliti"sR #Pg.1@%( #Pg.1@%( he 3ritish *ast ndia !om+any$ /hi"h /as a maor su++lier of tea$ used its /ealth and +o/er to loy for ne/ go4ernment +oli"y 6. What role role did the the 3ritish *ast ndia ndia !om+any +lay +lay in /orld /orld historyR historyR #Pg.1'2( When the "om+any estalished trading +ost in !hina in the early 1@ th "entury and egan dire"t im+orts of tea and 4olumes in"reased and +ri"es fall /hi"h made tea a4ailale to a /ider +uli". As result "ontrol of the tea trade from other *uro+ean "ountries /ere anned and at the end many "ountries illegally mo4ed it in the "ountry /hi"h turn into many /ars. At the end the Cut"h stood et/een 3ritain and too total dominan"e of the *ast ndies trade. %. Ho/ /as tea tea "onne"ted "onne"ted to the o+ium$ o+ium$ trade trade and the =+ium =+ium /ar of 1@&'1@&'1@;2R #Pg.211( o o +ay for the tea from !hina$ !hina$ the *ast ndia ndia !om+any gre/ gre/ o+ium in ndia ndia and sold it "hea+er in !hina. After a !hinese attem+t to sto+ this /ar /as de"lared y the 3ritish and !hinese that at the end the =+ium War roe out.
