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A Complete Note of
ENGLISH for All Competitive Compet itive Exams Ex ams
All information are olleted from vario!s so!re on Internet .E"DN .E"DN is is not the writer of an# ontent of this note . $hese info are olleted to !tilise for ed!ation p!rpose onl# and this %DF file is not for &!siness p!rpose its ompletel# free.E"DN free. E"DN is is not takin' an# redits of the writin' ontent of this note . (est of L!k for #o!r f!t!re )
%!&lished (#
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Lesson * + ,sa'e of Artiles Artiles Artiles Articles are of $- types. They are 1. Indefinite artile ---2. Definite artile ----
A / An The
-hat/s the differene0 If you want to say about ANY item, you should use the articles A / An. If you want to say about a !"#I$I# item, you should use the article T%".
#onfused& 'ets see an e(ample. Assume Assume that you)*e selected for a +an "(am. You You ha*e a stupid friend lie me. o ob*iously he will as you a party. uppose if he says •
'ets o to a estaurant, that means he doesn)t ha*e any specific restaurant in %er mind. o you can
•
i*e her party in ANY cheap cheap restaurant. +ut, If she says 'ets o to T%" restaurant, that means he has some !"#I$I#ATIN. I mean she ha*e a specific restaurant in her mind. o you cant escape 0
ell, this is the basic difference between A/An and The. There are so many differences and usaes of these articles. e shall discuss them later. , lets discuss about the Indefinite articles first. Indefinite Artiles + A + The indefinite article )a) is used before sinular countable nouns that start with a #onsonant sound. An + The indefinite article )an3 is used before sinular countable nouns that start with a 4owel 4owel sound.
ow, Nice definitions. No& %a*e a loo at some e(amples, A+ •
A +at
•
A #at
•
A at
•
A 5u
An + •
An Apple
•
An "
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AN In-+ottle
•
An rane
•
An 6mbrella
7reat, Now tell me, what should I use before the words "uropean, ne-"yed +ear, +ear, 6ni*ersity, 6seful ebsite& ebsite& #an I say, 7uide8+an"(ams 7uide8+an"(ams is an 6seful site to now about +anin "(ams& N
why & !lease e-ead the definitions. %ere we are talin about 4owel and #onsonant S,NDS. Not the 'etters. !eople often confuse with this. They blindly put A before a word, if it starts with a 4owel 4owel letter 9A, ", I, , 6 and put An before the word which starts with the consonant letter. #onsider the 6N:, not the '"TT". #onfusin& 'ets see a short cut cut for this. •
If a word starts with a A A 9Any of the Indian 'anuae sound, then we should use An before it.
•
If a word starts with a 4yan;an 9An of the Indian 'anuae sound, then we should use A before it.
%a*e a loo at this picture,
so, now see these e(amples, A<
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A "uropean
•
A ne-"yed bear
•
A 6ni*ersity
•
A 6seful ebsite
•
An hour
•
An %onest =an
•
An honourable person
An<
Thats it. Now lets see some more TI#>Y e(amples e(amples in "nlish. uppose , if you want to say about the =ember of !arliament, you can say a =ember of !arliament, +ut if you use shorter form as =.!, Then you should say, %e is an =.! 'ets see another e(ample, %e is an NI but %e is a Non esident Indian
Artiles 1 $he
Ok, now we shall discuss where we should use the article "The". Some of these statements are really make you confuse and seems they are opposing each other. Please try to read this for two or three times. so that you can understand THE concept easily. •
Before superlatie forms •
•
•
The Tallest
•
The Best
•
The most eautiful
Before doule comparaties •
•
Ex !
Ex! Ex! •
✔
The higher you go, the colder you gets
•
✔
The harder you work, the etter rank you get in Bank E#ams
•
✔The
more you earn, the more you want
$hen the comparison is etween the two two and either of the su%ects is Highlighted Highlighted •
Ex! Ex! •
✔
Sachin is the greater of the two cricketers
•
✔
Of the two cricketers sachin is the greater
•
&ote !
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☓
Sachin is the greater than lara
&ow whats whats the differ differenc encee etwee etween n the first first statem statement ent and the third' third' why the first one is correct and third one is wrong' ecause in the (rd statement, we hae mentioned the Person)s name. But in the first statement we didnt. Before positie form in apposition •
•
•
EX!! EX • •
•
•
•
*le#ander, the great +anmohan Singh, the prime minister etc
Before musical instruments •
The uitar
•
The Tala
•
The oilin etc
Before a Proper noun when noun when used as a Common noun •
&elson mandela is The Gandhi of South *frica
•
-alidasa is The Shakespeare of Shakespeare of ndia
Before some adjectives to make them nouns •
Ex: •
The Blind
•
The /ead
•
The 0ich
•
The Poor
•
Usage :
•
The doctor restored sight to the lind 1Here there is no need to mention "The Blind Person" ecause, the term Blind itself represents the Blind person, so its the ad%ectie which is used as the noun.2 The rich should not mock at the poor
•
✔
3esus rose from the /ead
•
☓
3esus rose from /ead
•
•
•
•
Before some 4anguages, to make them PEOP4E. •
☓
English ruled oer ndia for many 5ears
•
✔
The English 0uled oer ndia for +any 5ears
•
☓
6rench are good at heart
•
✔
The 6rench are good at heart
$hen a noun)s 7uality 7uality is ST0ESSE/ •
☓ $e
cannot remoe warrior in him
•
✔ $e
cannot remoe the warrior in him
•
☓
+other in her aroused when she saw a 8rying Bay
•
✔
The mother in her aroused when she saw a 8rying Bay
Before Ordinal numers •
The 6irst
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The Third
•
The Tenth, etc
•
Ex: •
The first and the second posts of this log •
Note Note : 4itt 4ittle le clar clarif ific icat atio ion n for for thos thosee peop people le who who hae hae no idea idea aou aoutt Ordinal numers One, Two, Three, 6our
• • •
6irst, Second, Third
→
→
8ardinal &umers
Ordinal &umers
Before the names of Oceans, Seas, 0iers, 8anals, /eserts, roups of +ountains and roups of slands •
Note : /ont use "The" for single mountain or single sland 1Thats the reason why we)e underlined these two statements2
•
Ex : •
✔
The Pacific
•
✔
The 0ed Sea
•
✔
The Sahara
•
✔
The Himalayas
•
Usage : •
✔
-olkata is on the anks of the Hoogli
•
☓
-olkata is on the anks of the 0ier Hoogli
•
✔
-olkata is on the anks of rier Hoogli
•
✔
-olkata is on the anks of the Hoogli rier •
Dont Dont e con on!!ued" ued" p#ea #ease read ead th the e a aov ove e sen sentenc tence es proper#$ and understand them
•
Before Holy Books •
The 0amayana
•
The 9uran
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•
The Bile •
Usage: •
•
•
+y father reads the Bile eeryday
Before the names of the Things, which are uni%ue in nature •
The Sun
•
The moon
•
The Sky
•
The :::::::: 15ou can add your name here !P kidding2
Before the names of Planets and atellites • The =ars •
The "arth •
Note + 'ittle clarification for those people who confuses between the words !lanet and
atellites • !lanets rotates around the un • •
In apposition, when name precedes the position 9 Important2 •
=anmohan sinh, the prime minister is on a two day tour to srilana
•
In correction of sentences, they)*e i*en this model for a number of times. The abo*e sentence
•
means, =anmohan sinh, who is the prime minister is on a two day tour to srilana. ome time they will i*e lie this •
The ?, the Y is on a two day tour to srilana •
•
•
atellites rotates around !lanets
hats wron with this sentence& You can remo*e T%" at the beinin or, ;ust
put A" in the place of I, so that the sentence tells about T different persons one is ? and the second one is Y +efore the names of News !apers •
The Indian "(press
•
The %indu etc
+efore the names of some countries •
The 6..A
•
The 6A"
•
The Netherlands
•
The #ono etc
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mission of Artiles Artiles Till now we ha*e learnt where should we use A , An and where should we use T%". Now we shall learn where shouldn)t we use these articles. $ollowin are the conditions where we shouldn)t use any article.
•
Before the common nouns man, woman, god, heaen, hell, when used in general sence •
+an is mortal ut od is immortal
•
+an proposes ut god disposes
•
Eeryody wants to go to heaen ut noody wants to die
•
Note : But : But when particulari;ed )the) definite article is used. •
•
$hen it means one, the indefinite indefinite article is used. •
•
•
Honesty is the est policy
•
Beauty should lie in one)s heart
•
Braery is the sign of man
•
Note : But when these are particulari;ed, THE is used
• •
•
The honesty the auto
Before material nouns when enerali;ed •
•
There is a man at the door
Before astract nouns, when generali;ed
• •
The man who is standing at the door is my uncle
$ater is essential for all Sugar is sweet $ood is used for making furniture
•
old is a precious metal
•
But when particulari;ed, THE definite article is used •
The water in this pond is pure
•
The gold used for making this chain was == carat
Before places like 8hurch, Temple, +os7ue, School, 8ollege, >niersity, Hostel, 4irary, 8lass, Hospital, 3ail 1Prison2 etc. $hen etc. $hen they are isited for their primary purpose • ☓ He was an atheist, ut now a days he is going to the church • ✔ He was an atheist, ut now a days he is going to church • ☓ 5ou should go to the school regularly in
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went to the hospital to see and console a patient But when it means one, the indefinite article is used • There is a school at the end of the street Before Breakfast, Brunch, 4unch, /inner etc, when used in general sense • we usually take lunch at ? • Breakfast is sered etween @ and A But when these are particulari;ed, y an ad%ectie, the indefinite article is used. • $e had a delicious lunch yesterday 1here the lunch is particulari;ed, so we used an indefinite article "a"2 • $e are going to hae a healthy reakfast Before plural nouns, when generali;ed • Tigers are ferocious animals • 8ows are domestic animals • 8hildren like chocolates • Note : Here if we represent singular instead of plural, then we should use articles • The tiger is a ferocious animal • * tiger is a ferocious animal • Tigers are ferocious animals n e#pressions like o to ed, Take heart, 4ose heart, Send word, Set fire • Please switch off all the lights efore going to ed 1not going to the ed2 • /ont lose heart when you are on the erge of danger 1not lose the heart2 • The house was set on fire 1not on the fire2 •
• •
•
•
•
Lesson 3 + ,sa'e of No!ns
No!n and N!m&er All of us now what is noun and what is number. number. +ut there are some issues in Noun and Number which maes us confused often. 'ets discuss them •
Some nouns always singular singular in numer, so they they take the singular singular er •
Scene Scenery ry,, 4ugga 4uggage ge,, nfo nforma rmati tion on,, *di *dice ce,, +achi +achine nery ry,, Stat Statio iona nary ry,, Poet Poetry ry,, ssu ssuee 18hildren2, 0ice, Soap, Bread, Brick etc • &There are no p#ura# !orms !or the aove 'ords( •
Two cakes of Soap 1&ot Two Soaps2
•
Two Pieces of rick 1&ot Two Bricks2
The sceneries of -ashmir are eautiful • ✔ The scenery of -ashmir is eautiful Some nouns are always plural in numer. So, they take a plural er. •
•
•
☓
*lms, Thanks, oods, 0egards, $ishes, Proceeds, Premises, 8redentials, 0iches, Pants, Pantaloons, 3eans, Tights, Shorts, Pa%amas, Scissors, 6orceps, Spectacles, Binaculars ets • ☓ 8oney my regard and wishes to your parents
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8oney my regards and wishes to your parents • ☓ hae neer used such a scissors in my life • ✔ hae neer used such scissors in my life • ✔ hae neer used such a pair of scissors in my life Some nouns appear plural. But they are singular in numer. So we should take a singular er • $ages, Summons, allows, &ews, Politics, Electronics, Billoards, +easles, +athematics etc • ☓ The court has issued two summons to the minister, ut he hasn)t turned up yet • ✔ The court has issued two summonses to the minister, ut he hasn)t turned up yet • ☓ hae a good news to tell you &ews. )e shou#dn*t use artic#es !or these • Here there is no plural for &ews. )e t$pe o! 'ords+ • ✔ hae good news to tell you • ✔ +easles is a disease 1not are2 Some nouns appear singular ut they are plural in numer. So, they take a plural er. • 8attle, nfantry, Police, Poultry, Swine, *rtillery, Peasantry, entry etc • ☓ This cattle is mine • ✔ These cattle are mine Some nouns can e used either as singulars or as plurals without changing their form • Sheep, /eer, Offspring, Species, *ircraft, Space 8raft, Salmon, 5oke etc • ☓ These are many sheeps in the fields • ✔ There are many sheep in the fields •
•
•
•
✔
,ormation o! P#ura#s : •
Boy <<<<<<<<<<<<< Boys
•
+an <<<<<<<<<<<<< +en
•
Tooth <<<<<<<<<<<<< Teeth
•
/og <<<<<<<<<<<<< /ogs
•
O# <<<<<<<<<<<<< O#en
•
8hild <<<<<<<<<<<<< 8hildren
•
Belief <<<<<<<<<<<<< Beliefs
•
Sheaf <<<<<<<<<<<<< Sheaes
•
4eaf <<<<<<<<<<<<< 4eaes
•
/atum <<<<<<<<<<<<< /ata
•
Stratum <<<<<<<<<<<<< Strata
•
+atri# <<<<<<<<<<<<< +atrices
•
Brother <<<<<<<<<<<<< Brothers
•
Brother < n < 4aw
• •
Brothers < in < 4aw +an < Serant
<<<<<<<<<<<<< Brother < in < 4aws ✔
<<<<<<<<<<<<< +en < Serants
☓
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No!n and Case $he Case is of 4 t#pes5
1. &ominatie 8ase 1Su%ectie 8ase2 2. *ccusatie 8ase 1O%ectie 8ase2 @. Possessie 8ase
&ow hae a look at an e#ample for proper understanding, 1. Sachin is a 8ricket player 1&ominatie2 2. $e like Sachin 1*ccusatie2 @. This is Sachin)s Bat 1Possesie2
Possessive Case : •
)S 1apostrophe2 <<< This is used for for Human<eings 4iing Things
•
Of <<<<<<<< &on 4iing 4iing Things
Note : >sually we don)t use *S1apostrophe *S1apostrophe S2 for &on 4iing Things. • • •
This is 0ai)s Book ☓ The uilding)s roof needs to e repaired ✔ The roof of the uilding needs to e repaired ✔
Exceptions : •
There are some e#ceptions for the aoe mentioned case. $e can use *S1apostrophe *S1apostrophe S2 for Time, /istance, $eight etc • *n Hour)s Time •
* Ton)s weight
Note : $hen : $hen a singular noun, which doesn)t end in S &Hissing &Hissing sound2, The possessie case takes "S"S•
-amal)s Pen
•
-arthik)s $atch
•
0amu)s /ress
Note : $hen : $hen a singular noun, ends in S&Hissing S&Hissing Sound2, the possessie case takes only apostrophe 1 * 2 at the end 1no need to add S2 •
-eats) Poetry
•
4otus) Petals
) hen hen a plural noun doesn)t end in S, the possessie case takes apostrophe S 1*S 1 *S22 • • •
8hildren)s specialist $omen)s college +en)s single
) hen hen a plural noun ends in )S), the possessie case takes only apostrophe at the end.
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Boys) Hostel
•
irls) 8ollege
$hen two persons and one possession in the sentence, the possessie case should e added to the latter • •
went to 0a%u)s and 0ani)s house ut i found the couple asent ✔ went to 0a%u and 0ani)s house, ut i found the couple asent 1$hats the difference' here 0a%u and 0ani are couple. So oiously they lie in the same house !2 so two persons and one possession, so we should use *S to the latter 10ani2 ☓
$hen two different things are referred to, the the possessie case should e added to oth • •
ndia and 8hina)s prolems are different ✔ ndia)s and 8hina)s prolems are different 1ecause, here india and china are different countries and cant e same2 ☓
The comparison should e made etween the same cases •
☓
•
✔
ndia)s prolems are the same as Pakistan ndia)s prolems are the same as Pakistan)s
n apposition, apposition, the possessie case should e added to the latter •
☓
•
✔
This is Prime minister)s manmohan singh)s speech This is Prime minister manmohan singh)s speech
Both o! and and apostrophe cannot usually e used i none sentence • •
This is the house of andhi)s ✔ This is the house of andhi ☓
Note : But the following e#pression is an e#ception • • • • • •
.ts .ts <<<<
Note : Dont use apostrophe !or pronouns • • • • • •
He is my friend He is a friend of mine He is her friend He is a friend of hers He is a friend of my rother ✔ He is a friend of my rother)s ☓
8are should e taken while using a relatie pronoun
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hae seen many of amitah)s moies who is considered a great actor hae seen many moies of amitah, who is considered a great actor
☓ ✔
hae read Shakespeare)s four great tragedies who is the greatest writer in English ☓ hae read four great tragedies of Shakespeare who is considered the greatest writer in English ✔ hae read the four great tragedies of Shakespeare which are worth reading ☓ hae read Shakespeare)s four great tragedies which are worth reading ✔
n compound nouns the possessie case should e added to the last word • •
He is my rother)s
n the sentences with "One of These" the possessie should e used carefully • •
met, the minister minister at one of my friends friends house 1this means, means, hae numer numer of friends, friends, and i met the minister in one of those friend)s house2 met the minister at one of my friend)s friend)s house 1this means, my friend hae numer of houses and i met the minister in one of those houses2
No!n and 6er& 6er& 7 %rono!n A'reement No!n and 6er& A'reement + No' we No' we shall discuss aout the &oun and er agreement of the sentences. Hae a look at the following points. These points will help you to use correct ers while writing sentences.
•
n the the sent senten ences ces,, with with - 1ne o! The- The- and a relatie clause, the er should e Plural. 8onfused''' see the e#ample. students 'ho has paid has paid the fee ☓ • *amir is one of the students 'ho students 'ho have paid have paid the fee ✔ • *amir is one of the students 'ho
•
n the sentence sentencess with the -1n# -1n#$ $ on one e o! TheThe- and a relatie clause, the er should e Singular. students 'ho 'ho have paid have paid the fee. ☓ :P • *amir is the only one of the students students 'ho 'ho has paid has paid the fee. • *amir is the only one of the students
ot the difference''' •
$hen two nouns %oined y -and- hae their own articles, it is plural in numer. is on the leae. ☓ • The lecturer and the Principal is on • The lecturer and the principal are on the leae. ✔
$hat is the difference' $e are saying THE lecturer and THE principal. principal. So they are T$O people. So we should use 23E use 23E instead of .S .S.. Hae a look at another 0ule. So that you can get the rule in detail. •
But, when two nouns %oined y -and- with -and- with an article efore the first are are treated as Singular. • The lecturer and principal are on leae. ☓
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The lecturer and principal is on leae.
✔
Here, we are %oining %oining T$O nouns with and and using using a Sing article article 1THE2 efore efore them. Simply, we are using one THE for two nouns. So, we are talking aout a single person. So we should use S instead of *0E. 8heck the following e#amples • • •
hae a lack and a white dogs. 1Two dogs2 hae a lack and white dog. 1One dog2
$hen two nouns are %oined y -and- refers -and- refers to one thing, singular er can e used. • Bread and utter is a healthy food. • The horse F carriage is at the door.
Noun and Pronoun Agreement Agreement : •
$hen a collectie noun is unanimous, unanimous, it takes a singular er. •
•
The committee has taken its decision unanimously.
But when a collectie noun is &OT unanimous, it usually takes a plural er F plural pronoun 1ad%2 •
•
The committee are diided in their opinion.
The e#pression "many a" takes eerything in singular, ut it e#press a plural meaning. • •
+any students have passed have passed their test ✔ +any a students has passed has passed this test ✔
Lesson 4 + Some Common Errors of En'lish Some Common Errors in En'lish All
of
us
know
English.
We
can
chat
with
our
friends
in
English,
read English books
and ofcourse watch English movies and understands them. But we cant get more marks in English paper of bank exams. Some times we feel disappointed by seeing our English English marks lesser than our expectations. Whats the problem Well the problem is !we "eglect "eglect some basic things### things### we know everything, everything, but we don$t mind forgetting them. %ets have a look at some common errors in English. &ust read these point twice or thrice so that you can get ' marks at least for sure ()
-ron' -ron'
Corret
The Titanic drowned in the sea %iher we o, cooler we feel he uicly did the ;ob. %e is my older +rother =ost uniue opportunity It is much hot today
The Titanic san in the sea The hiher we o, the cooler we feel he did the ;ob uicly. %e is my elder +rother 6niue opportunity It is *ery hot today
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ich should be ind to poor /%e is my #ousin brother/sister he uicly did the ;ob ne must do his duty :o you now to :ance& %a*e you bouht some apples& No less than CD persons >illed The cl clima imate of of 7o 7oa is is be better th than Na Napur =any a man were here =y state of health I donBt now the "nlish alphabets =ay I tae your lea*e "(cuse me bein late %e rarely oes out, doesnBt he& %e admitted that he was in wron The number of people are small =y little si sister o oes to the school by by bus The series of lectures were borin "nlish teacher %e li*es in a boardin You are wiser than old A ood play of football %e beha*es as if he was a in #hennai is further than :elhi They we were countin on on me helpin them This This drawi drawin n is is more more perf perfect ect than than the the othe otherr one one ord by word word tra transla nslati tion on is not not nec neces essa sary ry Two third of the boo No space in this compartment
The rich should be ind to the poor /%e is my #ousin he did the ;ob uicly. ne must do oneBs duty :o you now how to :ance& %a*e you bouht any apples& No fewer than CD persons >illed The cl clima imate of of 7o 7oa is is be better ter th than th that of of Na Napur =any a man was here The state of my health I donBt now the "nlish alphabet =ay I tae lea*e of you "(cuse my bein late %e rarely oes out, does he& %e admitted that he was in the wron The number of people is small =y little sister o oes to school by by bu bus The series of lectures was borin Teacher of "nlish %e li*es in a boardin house You are more wise than old A ood ame of football %e beha*es as if he were a in #hennai is farther than :elhi They were countin on on my helpin th them This This draw drawin in is perf perfec ectt than than the the other other one one ord for for wo word tra transla nslati tion on is not not ne neces cessary Two thirds of the boo No room in this compartment
Lesson 8 + Important Short!t r!les of En'lish for Competitive Competitive Exams No!ns 9 Short!t :!les Here we shall discuss some important Shortcut 0ules aout &ouns which comes in handy for your upcoming competitie e#ams.
Shortcut 3u#e 4 : The !o##o'ing 'ords are uncounta#e and are norma##$ used in the singu#ar !orm on#$+ The inde!inite artic#e -2 or 2n- Shou#d not e used 'ith them+ The$ have no p#ura# !orms+ *252n* not used e!ore them+ Ex : 6uggage 5 7aggage 5 7reakage 5 2dvice 5 ,urniture 5 .n!ormation 5 Scener$ 5 Poetr$ 5 )ork 5 Soap 5 ,ood 5 7read 5 ,ish 5 Paper 5 8achiner$ etc+ • • • •
The Sceneries of -ashmir is ery eautiful. ☓ The Scenery of -ashmir is ery eautiful. ✔ know that he has many informations. ☓ know that he has much information infor mation a lot of informatio in formation. n.
✔
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They gae me a good adice. ☓ The gae me a piece of good adice. ✔ want a SoapBread. ☓ want a piece of SoapBread. ✔
Shortcut 3u#e 9 : The 'ords such as -Ne's 5 8aths 5 Ethics 5 Po#itics 5 Pho Phoneti netic cs 5 Eco Econo nom mics ics 5 Stati tatis stic tics 5 8ea 8eas#es s#es 5 8umps umps 5 3icke ickets ts 5 7i##iards 5 .nnings- #ook #ike p#ura# nouns ut give singu#ar meaning+ So" the$ take singu#ar !orm o! vers+ • •
• • • •
+athematics is a difficult su%ect. ✔ But say "His +athematics are ery weak". ✔ • 0ule ! $hen Preceded y a possessie ad%ectie, the noun takes a plural er Billiards are an interesting game. ☓ Billiards is an interesting game. ✔ The news are not reliale. ☓ The news is not reliale. ✔
Shortcut 3u#e : Some Nouns have the same !orm 'hether singu#ar or p#ura#+ Ex : Sheep 5 Deer 5 Service 5 Series 5 Series 5 Species 5,ish 5 2pparatus
• • • •
He saw two sheeps in the ;oo. ☓ He saw two sheep in the ;oo ✔ * series of lectures are to e deliered tomorrow. ☓ * series of lectures is to e deliered tomorrow. ✔
Shortcut 3u#e ; : The !o##o'ing nouns are a#'a$s used in the p#ura# !orm on#$ Catt#e 5 Peop#e 5 Po#ice 5 E#ectorate 5 Pou#tr$ 5 Trousers 5 Scissors 5 Spectac#es 5 7inocu#ars 5 Crackers 5 S'ine 5 Gentr$ 5 C#erg$+ 2## these are used 'ith p#ura# !orm o! vers+ • • • •
The police is coming towards us now. ☓ The police are coming towards us now. ✔ The scissor is ery sharp. ☓ The scissors are ery sharp.
✔
Shortcut 3u#e < : 2dd *S* to the main 'ord in compound noun to make it p#ura#+ •
Sister
•
Brother
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Shortcut 3u#e = : The possessive case o! a compound noun is !ormed $ adding *S* to the #ast 'ord+ •
6ather
•
Sister
Shortcut 3u#e > : 2!ter the phrases 1ne o! 5 Some o!5 Each o! 5 Either o! 5Neither o! 5 2n$ o! 5 None o!" a p#ura# !orm o! a noun is used+ •
One of my est friends 1not One of my est friend2
•
One of the iggest cities 1not One of the iggest city2
•
ach of the oys is 1not Each of the oys are2
•
Either Either of the teachers teachers is 1not Eithe Eitherr of the teachers teachers are2 Shortcut Shortcut 0ule G ! &ouns indicating numerals should e used in singular form "* /o;en eggs Two /o;en Oranges". But say Hundreds of eggs Houses * hundred rupees Two hundred rupees.
Shortcut 3u#e ? : 2!ter co##ective nouns either a singu#ar or p#ura# !orm o! ver is used+ • •
The team is strong 1here, we are treating the TE*+ as an >&T2 ✔ The team are fighting among themseles 1Here, we are saying aout the players of the team2 ✔
Shortcut 3u#e 4@ : 2n " 2postrophe- and *S* shou#d e used 'ith #iving eings on#$ on#$ to sho' possesion+ possesion+ •
•
The tale)s legs were roken. ☓ 1This is wrong, ecause the tale is a non liing thing2 • $e can say "The legs of the tale were roken"
✔
Shortcut 3u#e 44 : Sa$" -2 !ive rupee note-" - 2 t'o mi#e 'a#kShortcut 3u#e 49 : Don*t sa$ -!ami#$ memers 5 cousin rother or cousin sister- ut sa$ -The memers o! the !ami#$ 5 he or she is m$ cousin-+ Shortcut 3u#e 3u#e 4 : )h )hen en t'o t'o no noun uns s are are conn connec ecte ted d $ -and -and-" -" an and d are are c#ose#$ re#ated" add an apostrophe and S to the #ast noun+ • • •
-areena)s and Saif)s house ☓ 1if you think they they are wife and husand then this sentence sentence is wrong2 -areena and Saif)s house 1as they lie in a S&4E house2 ✔ But you can say "ndia)s and Pakistan)s population"
%rono!ns 9 Short!t :!les
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&ow we shall discuss some important shortcut rules aout Pronouns which comes in handy while soling Banking and other 8ompetitie e#am papers.
Shortcut 3u#e 4 : )e shou#d use the persona# pronouns in the order o! 94 94 !or !or good good resu# resu#ts ts & . mean mean"" Second Person" Third Person" ,irst Person (+ /ave a #ook at the !o##o'ing Examp#es+ • •
, He and 5ou are to finish it. ☓ 5ou, He and are to finish it. it. ✔ The e order order 49 &,irst Person" Second Person and Third Person( Person ( is a#so • Th •
possi#e 'hen 'e admit gui#t+ , 5ou and He hae committed the Sin. ✔
Shortcut 3u#e 9 : 2 Pronoun in the nominative !orm shou#d e compared 'ith the same !orm !orm o! the pronoun+ pronoun+ • •
He is etter than than 1am2 1Two &ominaties are compared2 ✔ respect you more than him 1Two o%ecties are compared2 ✔
Shortcut 3u#e : 2 Pronoun in the ojective case is used a!ter -6et 5 7et'een 5 2n$ Preposition• •
4et you and me play 15ou and me are o%ects2 ✔ There is no dispute etween you and me. ✔
Shortcut 3u#e ; : )hen a pronoun stands !or a co##ective noun" it shou#d e used in the singu#ar singu#ar !orm+ !orm+ • •
The army has left its Head 9uarters 1*s a $hole2 ✔ The committee were diided in their opinion 1Separate ndiiduals2 ✔
Shortcut 3u#e < : )hen t'o singu#ar nouns are joined $ -and-" re!er to to to the same person" the pronoun used in their p#ace shou#d e singu#ar in !orm+ • •
The 8ollector and +agistrate has done his est. ✔ But the collector and the +agistrate hae done their est.
✔
Shortcut 3u#e = : 2 singu#ar pronoun shou#d e used 'hen t'o singu#ar nouns are joined $ either or 5 neither nor •
Either 0ai or opal should do his duty ✔
Shortcut 3u#e > : 2 pronoun in the p#ura# !orm shou#d e used 'hen t'o nouns o! di!!erent memers are joined $ -or- or -nor-+ •
Either the Principal or his teachers hae attended their duty. ✔
Shortcut 3u#e A : The distriutive distriutive pronouns -Either 5 Neither 5 None 5 2n$ 5 No one- are used 'ith singu#ar vers+ •
Either &eigher ........................ ........................>sed >sed for two Person Things
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&one &o one *ny ................ >sed for more than two person things. *ny ....................... ............................>sed .....>sed for more than two persons things.
Hae a look at some
e#amples. • Either of the two girls is diligent. ✔ • &either of the rothers is 7uarrelsome. ✔ • &one of the four sisters is intelligent. ✔ • *ny of the four men can do it. ✔
Shortcut 3u#e ? : The 3eciproca# pronouns -Each other 5 1ne another•
Each other < 6or two persons
•
One another < 6or more than two persons. •
The two sister hate each other.
•
The fie rother loe one another.
Shortc Shor tcut ut 3u#e 3u#e 4@ : Th The e in inde de!i !ini nite te pron pronou oun n -1ne -1ne- shou shou#d #d e used used as -1ne*s- !or its possessive possessive case+ •
One should loe one)s country. ✔
Shortcut 3u#e 44 : The vers such as -/urt 5 Cheat 5 Prostrate 5 .ntroduce 5 Present 5 2sent 5 Satis!$ 5 Prepare 5 Enjo$ 5 2vai# o!- are !o## !o##o' o'ed ed $ eith either er -an-an- o oje ject ct or -a-a- re!# re!#ex exiv ive e pron pronou oun+ n+ &8$s &8$se# e#!! 5 1urse#ves 5 0ourse#! 5 0ourse#ves( &/imse#! 5 /erse#! 5 .tse#! 5 Themse#ves( • • • •
introduced her to the Principal 1Her.........o%ect2 ✔ introduced myself to the Principal 1+yself.........0efle#ie pronoun2 ✔ He en%oyed the party 1Party............O%ect2 1Party............O%ect2 ✔ He en%oyed himself at the Party 1Himself........ 1H imself.................0efle#i .........0efle#ie e Pronoun2 ✔
Shortcut 3u#e 49 : The use o! 3e#ative Pronouns : •
$ho................. $ho................. for Persons •
•
This is the oy who is diligent.
$hich .................for .................for Things. •
The ook which is in the shelf is mine.
•
That ................. ................. is used oth for persons and things.
•
One oy who stole my purse was a student ✔ The oy that stole my purse was a student. ✔
• •
*s a relatie pronoun "That" is used with superlatie *d%ectie Only *ny &othing Some *ll &one" • *ll that glitters is not gold •
This is the est thing that can do.
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Shortcut 3u#e 4 : The 'ord -)ho- as a re#ative pronoun is used in the nominative case" takes a ver+ •
The Principal who came here was 0a%u)s Brother. •
The 'ord -)hom-as a re#ative pronoun is used in the ojective case &takes no ver(
•
The doctor whom met yesterday was -rishna)s 6ather
Shortcut 3u#e 4; : 2greement o! the ver 'ith its antecedent in numer and person • • • •
who is your rother must trust you ☓ who am your rother must trust you. ✔ 5ou who is my friend ☓ 5ou who are my friend ✔
Shortcut 3u#e 4< : .! a pronoun is to e p#aced a!ter -to e-" the pronoun in the sujective case is used+ • •
t is Him ☓ t is He ✔
6er&s 9 Short!t :!les 9 %art * Now we shall discuss some important shortcuts ules about 4erbs which comes in handy while sol*in +anin and ther #ompetiti*e "(ams papers.
Short!t :!le * + If the s!&;et is of the third person5 sin'!lar n!m&er
he plays the *iolin e*ery day.
•
%e lo*es his parents
•
The do bars at the people.
•
The bird flies in the y.
•
%e does his duty.
Short!t :!le 3 + $he followin' ver&s are not !s!all# !sed in the ontin!o!s form. See 7 Smell 7 Feel 7 Hear 7 Notie 7 :eo'ni=e 7 See 7 $hink 7 A'ree 7 (elieve 7 Consider 7 :emem&er 7 Hope 7 ,nderstand 7 >ind 7 S!ppose 7 Hate 7 Love 7 "now 7 Have 7 -ant 7 For'ive 7 "eep 7 %revent et. (!t the# ma# &e !sed in ontin!o!s forms in a parti!lar ases. • • • •
%e is ha*in a telephone connection. connection. %e has a telephone connection ✔
☓
The flower is smellin sweet ☓ The flower smells sweet 9you can say I am smellin this flower
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The manaer is seein your application 9eein - "(aminin
✔
1in particular situation2
Short!t :!le 4 + $he present perfet tense sho!ld not &e !sed with adver&s indiatin' past time. Instead the simple past tense sho!ld &e !sed. • • • •
I ha*e seen a film last niht I saw a film last niht. ✔
☓
%e has left for %yderabad last wee. %e left for %yderabad last wee. ✔
☓
Short!t :!le 8 + $he present perfet tense with ?For or Sine? is !sed to express an ation &e'an at some time in the past and is still ontin!in' !pto the time of speakin' or ;!st finished. •
$or ..............................period ..............................period of time 9for 2 days / for 1D days / for a lon time
•
ince ..............................point ..............................point of time. 9ince 1EEF, ince mornin, since yesterday, yesterday, since last wee
•
I now him since 1EGF ☓ I ha*e now him since 1EGF
• • •
✔
ur teacher is sic for the last two days ☓ ur teacher has been sic for the last two days.
✔
Short!t :!le @ + +$he present perfet ontin!o!s $ense? $ense? is also !sed for ations &e'an in the past and are still ontin!in'. • • • •
I am readin this no*el since mornin. ☓ I ha*e been readin this no*el since mornin.
✔
They are oin to "nlish classes for the last one month. ☓ They ha*e been oin to "nlish classes for the last one month.
✔
Short!t :!le + -hen the first ation led to the seond ation immediatel# $he simple %ast $ense B Simple %ast $ense are !sed. •
hen he opened the ate, they came in.
✔
Short!t :!le + -hen the first ation ompleted &efore the seond one started5 the %ast %erfet %erfet $ense $ense for the first finished ation and the Simple %ast $ense $ense for the Seond are !sed. •
The patient had died before the doctor arri*ed.
✔
Short!t :!le + After ne'ative sentenes5 the !estion ta' !sed sho!ld &e in an ordinar# interro'ative form. • • • •
he didn)t lie that boo, didn)t she& ☓ he did not lie that boo, did she& ✔ They ha*e not told him the news, %a*en)t they& ☓ They ha*e not told him the news, %a*e they& ✔
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Short!t :!le + After After %ositive Statements5 we !se the ne'ative interro'ative. •
I am a student, Am I& ☓ I am a student, Aren)t Aren)t I& ✔
•
'et)s play for some Time, hall e&
•
%e wors hard, :oes %e&
•
✔
☓
Short!t :!le * + -hen the ver& in the prinipal la!se is in a past tense5 the ver&s in the s!&ordinate la!ses are normall# in the %ast $ense. $ense. • • • •
%e said that %e will pass the e(amination. ☓ %e said that he would pass the e(amination. ✔ They told me that they ha*e paid the fees. ☓ They told me that they had paid the fees. ✔
Ad;etives 9 Short!t :!les 9 %art * $riends, in our "nlish 7rammar hortcut rules series now we shall discuss the ules of Ad;ecti*es. +efore oin into details lets start with the basic definition of Ad;ecti*es followed by some e(amples. Ad;ecti*es are words (asi Definition of Ad;etive + imply we can say that Ad;ecti*es are describin words. Ad;ecti*es that describe or modify nouns. Examples +
•
Si=es + bi, small, lare, thin, thic
•
Shapes + trianular, round, suare, circular
•
Colors + blac, blue, white, reen, red
•
%ersonalit# + happy, sad, anry, depressed
•
$ime + Yearly , monthly, annually
•
A'es + new, youn, old, brand-new, second-hand
•
So!nds + 'oud, noisy, uiet, silent
•
;uicy, sweet $astes + ;uicy,
•
!alities + ood, bad, mediocre
now lets ha*e a loo at the :!les on Ad;etives + Short!t :!le * + In a comparision, the con;unction ) than ) should be followed by ) an# other) If a person / thin is compared with any other person / thin amon some / many. • •
=umbai is reater than any city in India. ☓ =umbai is reater than any other city in India.
✔
Short!t :!le 3 + In comparisons, the monos#lla&le words lie 3hot 7 eas# 7 tall 7 small 3 should not be used with more 7 most .
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This uestion is more easier than that. This uestion is easier than that. ✔ %e is more taller than >umar. >umar. %e is taller than >umar. ✔
✔
☓
Short!t :!le 4 + •
"lder / "ldest should be used with the members of the same family.
•
lder/ ldest these comparati*e ad;ecti*e denote the ae of person / thin.
"( < •
%e is elder to me. 9%e and me belon to one family.
•
onald eaan was the oldest person elected to the !residency in 6 history 9Not specifyin a family
•
This is the eldest tree in the arden ☓ This is the oldest tree in the arden. ✔
•
Short!t Short!t :!le 8 + hile comparin the ob;ects, we should see that a noun is compared with another but not with some other word. • • • • •
The population of %yderabad is reater than Napur ☓ The population of %yderabad is reater than that of Napur 9 ✔ The population of %yderabad is reater than the population of Napur. The climate of oty is better than #hennai. ☓ The climate of oty is better than that of #hennai.
✔
✔
Artiles 9 Short!t :!les before the word )%alf) when it follows a whole number. number. :!le * + The indefinite article )A) should be used before • • • •
I stayed in =adras for one and half years. ☓ I stayed in =adras for one and a half years. ✔ %e spent one and half a half rupee. %e spent one and a half rupees. ✔
☓
:!le 3 + The definite article )T%") should be used with a comparati*e ad;ecti*e if the phrase )of the two) is used.
•
he is better of the two sisters. ☓
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he is the better of the two sisters. ✔
•
This is the best of the two boos. ☓ This is the better of the two boos. ✔
•
:!le 4 + ith the names of meals such as +rea fast / 'unch / :inner / upper, no article should be used in a eneral way e(cept in particular causes. • •
I ha*e the breafast at G hrs in the mornin I ha*e breafast at G hrs in the mornin ✔
☓
:!le 8 + The H !ositi*e Ad;ecti*e represent the whole class, and tae a plural *erb. • •
The rich is responsible r esponsible for the lawlessness in the country. ☓ The rich are responsible for the lawlessness in the country. country. ✔
ay )The poor are / The youn are / The old are) etc.... :!le @ + After :i- Transiti*e 4erbs lie "lect / =ae / Appoint, articles should not be used e(cept when they are used as =ono transiti*e *erbs. • • • •
e appointed him a chairman. ☓ e appointed him chairman ✔ e made him a leader ☓ e made him leader. ✔
The 7o*t. has appointed a #ommittee 9mono transiti*e 9As a mono transiti*e *erb :!le + After type of / ind of / sort of / post of / title of / ran of / articles are not used. • • • •
%e is not that sort of a man. ☓ %e is not that soft of man. ✔ %e was promoted to the ran of a 7eneral manaer. manaer. ☓ %e was promoted to the ran of 7eneral manaer. ✔
Adver&s in En'lish 9 Short!t :!les -hat are Adver&s0 An ad*erb is a word that tells us more about a *erb. It 3ualifies3 or 3modifies3 a *erb. 'ets try to understand this with a small e(ample. Adver& Example+ unaina wals racefully 9The word )racefully) is an ad*erb. It modifies the *erb )to wal).
Now lets ha*e a loo at some important rules r ules of Ad*erbs. :!le * + The ad*erbs )too much) is used with nouns and )much too) is used with ad;ecti*es. •
Too much pain / Too much insincerity 9Nouns
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=uch too painful / much too careless 9Ad;ecti*es
"(amples < • • • •
%is failure is too much painful for me ☓ %is failure is much too painful for me ✔ %is wife)s rude beha*ior i*es him much too pain %is wife)s rude beha*ior i*es him too much pain
☓ ✔
) "nouh) an ad;ecti*e under positi*e form should be used. :!le 3 + +efore the word )"nouh) • • • •
%e is more intellient enouh to follow you. %e is intellient enouh to follow you. ✔
☓
he is enouh lucy to et the ;ob. ☓ he lucy enouh to et the ;ob. ✔
The ad*erb ad*erb uite uite 9)uit 9)uitee means means perfec perfectly tly// compl complete etely ly shoul should d not be used used with with the ad;ect ad;ecti*e i*e :!le 4 + The )%andsome). • •
%e is uite handsome. ☓ %e is *ery handsome. ✔
:!le 8 + 'ate / 'ately. The ad*erb )late) indicates time and lately means recently. • •
%e was punished for comin lately. ☓ %e was punished for comin late. ✔
)seldom / ne*er / hardly / rarely / scarcely / barely / neither / ne*er, :!le @ + hen we bein a sentence with )seldom the rule of in*ersion should be applied 9i.e., an au(iliary *erb is used before the sub;ect. • • • • • •
%ardly he oes to school. ☓ %ardly does he o to school. ✔ eldom I ot to films. ☓ eldom do I ot to films.
✔
No sooner the school bell rins than all the boys o to their class rooms. ☓ No sooner does the school bell rin, than all the boys o to their class rooms.
After nl# B adver&ial expression. • •
nly by worin hard, he ot success. ☓ nly by worin hard, did he et success.
✔
Not onl# &!t also • •
Not only she reads but also she writes. ☓ Not only does she read but also writes. ✔
:!le + The ad*erbial phrase )No less than) should be used with uncountable nouns whereas )No fewer than) is used with countable nouns. • •
There were no less than forty people who were illed in the accident. No fewer than forty people were illed in accident. ✔
☓
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consider. :!le + The ad*erb 9As is not used after call and consider. • • • •
%e called me as a fool ☓ %e called me a fool. ✔ I always consider him as my brother. ☓ I always consider him my brother. ✔
:!le + The deri*ed ad;ecti*es such as interested / pleased / satisfied / delihted are used with )much) but not )*ery). • •
I am *ery interested to play cricet. ☓ I am much interested to play cricet. ✔
:!le + The ad*erb )*ery) is used with positi*e ad;ecti*es and )much) with comparati*e ad;ecti*e forms. • •
%e is *ery cle*er to understand it. ✔ %e is much cle*er to understand it. ☓
:!le * + )4ery much) should be used with comparati*e forms. •
It is *ery much better to stay here toniht.
✔
Con;!ntions in En'lish 9 Short!t :!les :!le * + The co-relati*e con;unctions are used in pairs.
1. 2. @. 8. C. F.
Not only only - but but also also "ith "ither er - or or Neit Neithe herr - nor nor +oth +oth - and and Thou Thouh h - yet yet het hethe herr - or or
!lease see that the pair is properly used. • •
They will either do the wor else return the money. money. ☓ They will either do the wor or return the money.✔
•
+oth umar as well as a*i must finish it. +oth umar and a*i must finish it. ✔
•
Not only does he read but also writes. ✔
•
Thouh he is rich but he is economical. ☓ Thouh he is rich yet he is economical. ✔
•
•
☓
:!le 3 + After the ad*erbs 3%ardly / carcely3, the con;unction )when or before) should be used. • •
%ardly had he left the place than the +omb e(ploded. ☓ %ardly had he left the place when the +omb e(ploded. ✔
:!le 4 + After )ather / ther, the subordinatin con;unction )Than should be used. •
%e has no other ob;ect but to et a handsome ;ob.
☓
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%e has no other ob;ect than to et a handsome ;ob. ✔
•
I would rather buy a scooter but not a cycle. I would rather buy a scooter than a cycle. ✔
•
☓
:!le 8 + After the subordinatin con;unction )lest) the au(iliary )should) is used. 'est - for fear that / If it is not so. • •
or hard lest you fail. ☓ or hard lest you should fail. ✔
connectin tin word word )that) )that) is used used with with the ad;ect ad;ecti*e i*e phrase phrase )the )the same/ same/the the only/s only/supe uperla rlati* ti*ee :!le @ + The connec ad;ecti*es/all • •
This is the same boo which I wanted. This is the same boo that I wanted. ✔
☓
ne*er. :!le + The con;unction )or) is used with not / ne*er. • •
I ha*e ne*er spoen to him nor written to him. ☓ I ha*e ne*er spoen to him or written to him. ✔
:!le + ith the word )such) the connecti*e )that) may be used. • •
There was such a noise what we could not hear oursel*es. ☓ There was such a noise that we could not hear oursel*es. ✔
:!le + ,ntil 9 Denotes $ime ,nless 9 Denotes Condition • • • • • •
You will not succeed until you wor hard. ☓ You will not succeed unless you wor hard. ✔ I want to stay here unless she speas the truth. ☓ I want to stay here until she speas the truth. ✔ You cannot do well until you prepare yourself. ☓ You cannot do well unless you prepare yourself. ✔
:!le + After the connecti*e )because) the words ) so / therefore / as) are not used. • •
+ecause he came late so he failed to see her. +ecause he came late, he fail to see her. ✔
☓
)Till/unless/lest/until) in that clause. :!le * + The ad*erb )Not) should not be used with the connecti*e )Till/unless/lest/until) • • • •
6ntil he does not sol*e this problem, I will stay with him. 6ntil he sol*es this problem, I will stay with him. ✔ 6nless they do not wor sincere, they will not succeed. 6nless they wor sincerely, sincerely, they will not succeed. ✔
☓
☓
:!le ** + hen )since) is used as a con;unction should be preceded by present perfect tense and followed by a *erb in the past tense to denote point of time. • •
=any thins ha*e happened since I ha*e left the school. =any thins ha*e happened since I left the school. ✔
☓
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk :!le *3 + ith the con;unction )if) )then) should not be used. • •
If you wor for G hours a day, day, then you will et throuh the e(amination. If you wor for G hours a day, day, you will et throuh the e(amination. ✔
☓
:!le *4 + hen two ob;ects are ;oined by )as well/besides/alon with /toether with / in addition to / e(cept / includin with, the *erb arees with the first sub;ect in number. • •
%e as well as his students ha*e one there. ☓ %e as well as his students has one there. ✔
%repositions %reposit ions in En'lish :!le * + Aross •
Across - n the opposite side of
•
=y #ousin li*es across the ri*er. ✔ Across - $rom one side to another
•
The boy swam across the ri*er Across - both sides
•
%e threw the luae across his shoulders ✔ #ome Across - means meet accidentally / suddenly
•
•
✔
•
• • •
hen I was oin to maret, I came across an old friend. I suddenly came across him ☓ I came across him. ✔
✔
:!le 3 + •
•
(etween •
6sed for two persons / thins.
•
he is sittin between munni and sheela.
✔
Amon' •
6sed with more than two persons / thins
The principal distributed pries amon the winners Amid or Amidst •
•
•
6sed for more than two persons persons / thins 9roups • •
Amid his friends ✔ It was hard to hear amid all the cheerin.
✔
:!le 4 + •
D!rin' - denotes duration. • •
:urin the war, many people suffered hardship. ✔ e o to :ar;eelin durin summer e*ery year. ✔
:!le 8 + •
From - is used with past / future tenses. •
I stayed there from =onday to ednesday.
✔
✔
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I will start my preparation from =onday ne(t. ✔
:!le @ + •
f - denotes oriin / cause
•
he comes of a rich family 9oriin ✔ • %e died of =alaria 9cause but she died in an accident. ff - denotes )separation) •
• •
✔
A button has come off. ✔ %e is off duty today. ✔
:!le + After a preposition, a pronoun under ob;ecti*e case should be used. • •
%e depends on I. ☓ %e depends on me. ✔
:!le + hen two words are connected by )and / or) etc., the prepositions should be mentioned clearly to be used with them. • • •
%e was surprised at as well as pleased with her performance. he is conscious and enaed in her wor. ☓ he is conscious of and enaed in her wor ✔
✔
used with the noun )%ome) e(cept when it is followed by an ad;ecti*e in the :!le + No preposition should be used possessi*e case, case, say o to home / arri*e home / reach home / et home. • •
I went to his home / %e went home. ✔ %e decided to o to >rishna)s home. ✔
):iscuss/:escribe/reach/order/tell/demand/attach/resemble/ridicule ch/resemble/ridicule etc. :!le + After transiti*e *erbs such as ):iscuss/:escribe/reach/order/tell/demand/atta no preposition is used. The *erbs directly tae an ob;ect. • • • •
The poet describes about the beauty of nature. ☓ The poet describes the beauty of nature. ✔ %e ordered for two cups of tea. %e ordered two cups of tea. ✔
☓
:!le * + After the *erbs 3ay / suest / propose / spea / e(plain / reply / complain / tal / listen / write3 the proposition 3to3 should be used if any ob;ect is used. • • • • • •
%e did not reply me. ☓ %e did not reply to me. ✔ You ne*er wrote me. ☓ You ne*er wrote to me. ✔ %e suested her that she should eat less. ☓ %e suested to her that she should eat less. ✔
:!le ** + •
Sine - :enotes point of time
•
For - denotes period of time.
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They should be used with present tense or the present perfect continuous tense / past perfect tense / past perfect continuous tenses.
• • • •
I now her since 2D11. ☓ I ha*e nown her since 2D11.
✔
%e is worin in the ban for the past @ years. ☓ %e has been worin in the ban for the past @ years.
✔
:!le :!le *3 *3 + After the *erb 3"nter3 the preposition 3into3 should not be used e(cept when it is used with reference to areement or con*ersation. • • • •
%e entered into the premises without any permission. %e entered the premises without any permission. ✔
☓
They entered a hot discussion. ☓ They entered into a hot discussion. ✔
:!le *4 + •
-ait for - Await.
•
%e is awaitin for the reply. reply. ☓ • %e is awaitin the reply. ✔ Despite - inspite of. •
•
:espite of his hard wor, he failed in the th e e(amination. ☓ :espite his hard wor he fail@ed in the e(amination. ✔
•
This boo comprises of C chapters.
•
This boo comprises of C chapters. ✔ This boo consists of C chapters. ✔
•
•
:!le *8 + •
:ispose of - ell away. • •
%e disposed off his scooter. ☓ %e disposed of his scooter. ✔
%arts of Speeh 9 Identifiation The words in "nlish can be classified 9accordin to their functions in a sentence into !arts of peech as follows. •
&oun
•
Pronoun
•
*d%ectie
•
er
•
*der
•
Preposition
•
8on%unction
•
nter%ection
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Noun : Simply we can call it as the &aming $ord. * name of a Person, Place, *nimal, Thing, etc.. E#amples ! Shiani, Bangalore, Tiger, Tale, etc..,
Pronoun : * word used for or in the place of noun. E#amples ! She, t, They etc.,
2djective : * word that 7ualifies or descries a noun or a pronoun. pronoun. E#amples ! Our team played a good game ad%. noun Eery sentence that he spoke was listened to with great attention. ad%. noun *ll these proposals are good. ad%. Note : Some : Some words are used either as pronouns or as ad%ecties as in the following e#amples.
Ber : * er e#presses what the su%ect of a sentence sentence is or does, or has, or what is done to it. E# ! Shiani teaches +aths. er
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She has taught the su%ect for twenty
2dver : * word that modifies an ad%ectie or a er or another ader. E# ! am deeply grateful to you for your timely help. ad ad% This horse runs ery fast. ad ad%
Preposition : 4ook at the words underlined in these sentences. $ork in the college egins at ? a.m. He wrote the document with a pen. The professor gae a lecture on Superconductiity. The P.+. reaches Bangalore after the President does. The words underlined underlined are called called Prepositi Prepositions ons ecause ecause they normally take position position efore 1pre2 a noun. The preposition is said to )goern) the noun that follows it. The noun is said to e the )o%ect) of the preposition. Besides single
T$pes o! Prepositions : •
Single < word Prepositions ! •
•
n, On, *fter, *t, $ith, >nder, *oe, etc. 1These are Simple Prepositions2
Phrase Prepositions Prepositio ns 18omple# 18ompl e# Prepositions2 Preposi tions2 ! •
Some types of 8omple# Preposition structures with e#amples are gien elow. •
*der I Preposition ! •
•
with, >pto, Such as. er *d%ectie 8on%unction, 8on%unction, etc. I Preposition ! •
•
*long with, *part 6rom, *s for, *s to, *way from, Onto, Outof, Together
E#cept for, Owing to, /ue to, But for, Because of....
Preposition I &oun I Preposition ! •
By means of, On account of, n comparison with, n accordance with, n iew of, n spite of, nstead nstead of...
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C1NUNCT.1N : * 8on%unction is a word that %oins %oins words, phrases and sentences. E# ! /elhi and 8alcutta are densely populated cities. c ities. She must e either the President or the Secretary of Pakistan. The professor read the essay and was impressed y it. He is not only intelligent in his studies ut also industrious in his life.
.NTE3ECT.1N : $ord which e#presses a strong or sudden feeling. Surprise, Surprise, 3oy, 6ear, Sadness, Sadness, etc. etc. t is not grammatical grammatically ly connected connected with the rest of the the sentence. >sually, e#clamation mark is put after it. E#ample ! *h? HurrahJ $ellJ /earJ OhJ
Lesson @ + Important topis of En'lish Setion for Competitive Exams $enses in En'lish Grammar with Examples $ense is a form of a *erb which is used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speain. The oriin of the word Tense is the latin word Tempus, which means Time. In simple words we can say that the Tense is a method which is used to refer to time - past, present and future. Tense tells you when the action happens.
There are three main tenses < •
!resent Tense
•
!ast Tense and
•
$uture Tense
"ach main tense is di*ided into sub tenses lie •
Simple
•
Contin!o!s
•
%erfet
•
%erfet Contin!o!s tenses .
lets ha*e a loo at the followin table
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$enses $a&le +
Now lets discuss the usae of tenses. I mean when, where and how to use tenses.
,sa'e ,sa 'e of $enses $ense s + Present Simple : A present simple tense is used, •
to show a reular or habitual actions or a uni*ersal truth •
•
E' + •
The sun rises in the east
•
%e oes to school at E.A= e*eryday
in future clauses of time and condition •
E' + •
If it rains, I shall not come
•
I shall come as soon as I finish my homewor.
Present Continuous : A !resent continuous tense is used, •
to show an action which is now in proress •
•
•
The ser*ant is waterin the plants
•
The children are playin outside
to show a temporary action which is not actually in proress at that time. •
•
E' +
E' •
Now I am readin 7rGAmbitionJ.
•
%e is stayin with his uncle.
to show as already decided future action. •
E' + •
e are oin for a mo*ie today e*enin.
•
The !rime minister is *isitin the cities tomorrow.
Present Perfect : A present perfect tense is used, •
to show an action completed in the immediate past. •
E' < •
%e has ;ust left the class.
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to show a past action where the time of action is unnown or indefinite. •
•
e ha*e ;ust decided to o for a mo*ie.
E'+ •
%e has one to +ombay.
•
I ha*e seen you some where.
to tal of a past action e(tendin up to the present. •
E' + •
$orty years ha*e passed since India became Independent.
•
%e has been in hospital since =onday.
Present Perfect Continuous : •
A !resent !erfect #ontinuous tense is used to show an action already started and still oin on. •
E' •
%e has been waitin for you for two hours.
•
I ha*e been stayin here since 1EGC.
Past Simple : A !ast simple tense is used, •
to show an action completed in the past •
•
E' + •
I ot your letter last wee.
•
%e went to +ombay yesterday.
to show a discontinued past habitual action. •
E' + •
e met in my house on e*ery unday last year.
•
hile in +ombay I went for a mo*ie on e*ery unday.
Past Continuous : •
A past continuous continuous tense is used to show an action which was oin on at a particular tim e in the past. •
E' + •
hen I saw him he was readin a no*el.
•
%e ;umped out of the train while it was mo*in.
Past Perfect : •
A !ast !ast !erfect tense is used to show an action which was o*er at a past time. •
E' + •
The train had left before we reached the station.
•
I had finished my wor before the uests arri*ed.
Past Perfect Continuous : •
A past perfect continuous tense is used to show an action started earlier and was oin on up-to a particular time in the past.
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E' + •
hen I ;oined the collee =r. harma had been teachin there for three years.
•
hen I met him he had been paintin a picture for f or three days.
Future Simple : •
A $uture imple tense is used to show an action which is yet to happen. •
E' + •
The classes will commence on ne(t =onday.
•
I shall meet you ne(t wee.
Future Continuous Continuous : •
A $uture #ontinuous tense is used to show an action which will be o*er at a particular time in the future. •
E' + •
hen I reach home,. my friends will be waitin for me.
•
hen you come tomorrow I shall be writin the notes.
Future Perfect : •
A $uture !erfect !erfect tense is used to show an action which will be o*er at a particular time in the future. •
E' + •
+y the time we reach there, the classes will ha*e started.
•
Your uncle will ha*e left for office before you reach there.
Future Perfect Continuous Continuous : •
A $uture !erfect #ontinuous is used to show an already started action which will be oin on for a particular time in the future. • E'+ •
+y the end of this year, we will ha*e been studyin here for fi*e years.
$ips for Sentene :earran'ement 7 :eorderin' in En'lish Sentene :eorderin' 7 :earran'ement is one of the Important and easiest section of "nlish 'anuae. Now a days in almost all competiti*e e(ams they are asin uestions from this area. ith basic nowlede nowlede of "nlish and little concentration you can easily et full mars in this section. In sentence earranement / eorderin problems they will i*e you four or fi*e sentences which lac of coherence, connection and de*elo de*elopme pment. nt. There There will will be only only one way of rearra rearrani nin n them them to acui acuire re cohere coherenc nce, e, connec connectio tion n and de*elopment. You should choose the correct arranement from the i*en answers. +efore oin into details, lets ha*e a loo at some important tips.
Important tips for Sentene :earran'ement in En'lish
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entences that ha*e full names mentioned are either the startin or come in the first few sentences of
•
the pararaphs. imilarly, the sentences that ha*e )they), )him) or )her) or the short names would only come after the
•
proper introduction of the person. If there are pronouns lie 9it, this, that etc in the sentence , then it simply means that they ha*e already
•
discussed about the sub;ect. o in ma(imum cases it won)t be the first sentence 9I and You are e(ceptions for this rule. entences that bein with )And), )+ut) etc usually follow the central theme with an e(planation to the
•
same or i*e additional information. A central Theme around which the passae is framed. Identify the central theme, which is usually the
•
first sentence. A loical seuence seuence is present which usually describes the central theme.
•
In ma(imum cases 'ast sentence ends with some conclusion / statement.
Now lets have a look at an example with detailed explanation +
A. +. #. :. ". $. 1. 2. @. 8. C.
=iss ulli*an arri*ed at the >eller home when %elen was se*en. The deaf and blind %elen learned to communicate *erbally. *erbally. +ut, e*entually, e*entually, =iss ulli*an)s effort was rewarded. +efore %elen >eller was two years old, she lost her siht and her hearin. =iss ulli*an wored closely with %elen, her new student. At times the teacher became frustrated. frustr ated.
:"$ :"$A#+ A#+ :A"$ :A"$#+ #+ A#$: A#$:"+ "+ #$:A #$:A+" +" $:A# $:A#"+ "+
Explanation+ •
6pon readin the abo*e pararaph, we come to see that in A5 (5 E5 F, the names mentioned are short
•
while in D, the full name is mentioned. %ence D is the first sentene. Ne(t we see that =s. ulli*an comes into the picture when %elen is se*en years old and hence A is the
•
seond sentene . The pararaph re*ol*es around %elen)s learnin and hence E states what ;oins %elen and =s. ulli*an.
•
entence F states that the teacher became frustrated at times which is followed by C 9starts with )(!t)
•
which indicates that in spite of somethin =s. ulli*an)s efforts were rewarded. entence + follows statin how the teacher)s efforts were rewarded rewarded and is the conclusion to a set of e*ents.
Corretion of Sentenes in En'lish Now we shall discuss one of the *ery important topics of +I ! and other competiti*e e(ams) "nlish
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ectio ection n Corretio Corretion n of Sentene Senteness or Corret !sa'e of words in En'lish . In this type of uestions, each sentence is di*ided into four parts and each part is mared below as A, (, C, and D. There is a mistae in any one part of the sentence. The students are reuired to detect which part contains the mistae. If there is no mistae in any part of the sentence, it should be mared as No Error <ption E2 . As a number of our friends ha*e been sayin that they are unable to perform well in this area we ha*e decided to update detailed lessons on #orrection of entences in "nlish. This is the introductory lesson and this lesson followed by e(ercises on #orrection of entences with detailed e(planations. e hope these lessons and e(ercises will help you perform well in upcomin e(ams. All the best < Examples +
$he mistake lies in part
As there is no mistake in an# part of the sentene5 st!dents sho!ld mark ross
1. 2. @. 8. C. F. K. G.
=istae =istae in the use use of article article -- a, an, an, the. The sub;ect in the the sentence may may not be areein areein with the *erb in number number.. !ronoun may not not be areein with its antecedent in person, person, number of ender ender.. There There may be a mistae mistae in the use of preposi preposition. tion. There may be a wron wron use of a con;unction in the sentence. sentence. There may be mistaes in the use use of participles, erunds, erunds, infiniti*es and *erbal *erbal nouns. ome word in a sentence sentence may ha*e ha*e been wronly used. used. There There may be a mistae mistae in the use of an ad*erb ad*erb or ad;ecti* ad;ecti*e. e. :eree :eree of ad;ect ad;ecti*e i*e may ha*e ha*e been been wronly used. E. ules reardin *erbs, *erbs, their tenses, number, number, or moods may not not ha*e been correctly correctly followed. 1D.There may be miscellaneous mistaes which may not fit in the abo*e cateories.
En'lish Corretion of Sentenes Exerises with Explanations $riends, we)*e already duscussed short notes on #orrection of entences which is *ery important topic of "nlish ection for 6pcomin competiti*e e(ams. %ere are some practice problems on entence #orrections with with "(plan "(planati ations ons.. K!st :ead eah sentene to find o!t whether there is an# 'rammatial7idiomati7spellin' 'rammatial7idiomati7spellin' mistake7error mistake7error in it. $he error5 error5 if an#5 an#5 will &e in one part of the s.entene.
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk >ark the n!m&er of that part with error as #o!r answer. If there is no error5 mark <@2. And #o! an hek the answer &elow the !estions with explnations. o! an read more en'lish related st!ff and more pratie papers for S(I %s Here Here.. All $he (est J
•
* have citici+e citici+e -) the remarkable remarkable book /) because because * benefited benefited 0) from reading reading it. 1) "o
error ') o
2he error lies in part -) of the sentence. $* have critici+e$ should be replaced with $* did not
critici+e$. *t will make the sentence meaningful.
•
When he had been -) walked along the road /) a wild and ferocious dog 0) hit him hard and
knocked him down 1) "o error '). o
•
/) 2he structure of 3ast 3erfect 4ontinuous is ( Sub5ect 6 had been 6 verb 6ing
* am grateful to you -) and all your friends /) for showing sym7pathy 0) and kindness with
me 1) "o error '). o
•
1) 2he preposition $with$ should be replaced by $to$.
*t was clear from the way -) they were behaving /) that they had been 0) lost their senses
1) "o er8ror '). o
•
0) 3ast 3erfect 2ense will be used. 2he structure is ( Sub5ect 6 had 6 past participle
As Arundhati 9oy -) in her foreword write /) &ohn offers 0)un7told stories of people. 1)
"o error ') o
/) 2he word $write$ is in 3resent *ndefinite 2ense. *t should be replaced with $has written$ as 3resent 3erfect is used to express past action whose time is not given and not defi8nite.
•
9esponsibilities includes -) working with the editors /) on all. aspects 0) of the editorial
process. 1) "o error ') o
-) 2he word 9esponsibilities is a 3lural Sub5ect. *t will take plural verb.
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While grouping the words -) care have been taken /) to in7clude th$e role 0) grammar plays
•
in a language. 1) "o error ') o
/) 2he word 4are is Singular Singular and it will take Singular Singular :erb. ;ence, $care have been taken$ should be re8placed with $care has been taken$.
•
') o
0) 2he phrase $borne out of,$ should be replaced replaced with $born of$ which means coining from the speci8fied type of parents, background, ori8gin etc. =or example,
2hat boy possess -) three beautiful pens /) but he would not 0) show them to anyone 1)
•
"o error ') o
-) $2hat boy possesses$ is the correct usage, as the verb must agree with its sub5ect in number and person.
2hough * had been -) his friend for >uite a long time, /) * re8fused to help him 0) because
•
his ill nature 1) "o error '). o
1) $Because of$ is the correct idiomatic form.
En'lish Sentene Corretion %ratie %ro&lems for (ank % and Clerk Exams %ere are some pro&lems on En'lish Sentene Corretion 7 Error Corretion of hiher difficulty le*el for I+! ! and I+! + ! "(ams. hat you ha*e to do is, tae a paper and write these sentences on it. "*ery sentence has some rammatical error in it. o you ha*e to underline the part which is ha*in error and you should correct form of the sentence below the i*en sentence. The allotted time for it is 1C minutes. After 1C minutes we will upload the ey ey with detailed e(planations e(planations so that you can chec chec your answers. answers. hat are you waitin for & 5ust tae a piece of paper and start answerin these. All the +est. 1. 2. @. 8. C. F.
The thins thins I told told you you has been been done. done. I do not not now now why why I felt so rief. rief. The old old lady lady is poor poor strice stricen. n. I will drin drin mil mil today today mornin mornin.. %e said said he will will unable unable to help help me. Not only is 5a*ed handsome handsome but also he is *ery friendly. friendly.
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K. Thus I ha*e been been li*ed alone for the past past two years. years. G. This chapte chapterr comprises comprises of se*en se*en sections. sections. E. The man man was sweatin sweatin proficien proficiently tly.. 1D.I also ha*e been sic too.
"e# with Explanations for the Sentene Corretion %ro&lems of En'lish %ere is the ey with detailed e(planations to our pre*ious information on "nlish entence #orrection !ractice !roblems for +an ! "(ams. o we reuest you to read that post here and try to sol*e on your own before seein the solutions below. e e hope all of you are ready with your answers. Now lets ha*e a loo the the answers with e(planations. The underlined part is the error. *. $he thin's I told #o! has &een done. %ere we are talin about thins 9plural. o we should use ha*e been instead of has been. The correct sentence is The things I told you about have been done. 3. I do not know wh# I felt so 'rief. L %ere rief means :eep orrow There are two errors in this sentence, You shouldn)t use the word so. %ere is rief is noun. o you can)t feel rief 9rammatically incorrect.
o you can say I do not know why I feel so sad 9instead of rief 4. $he old lad# is poor striken. Lhere stricen means "affected by being poor (poverty)).
here poor is an ad;ecti*e, stricen is also a noun. e can)t put them toether. Its rammatically incorrect. o you can use the noun form of poor 9po*erty so the sentence will be The old lady is poverty stricken. 8. I will drink milk toda# mornin'. morning. The abo*e sentence is rammatically incorrect. You should say I will drink milk this morning.
ome important points to remember < Today mornin --M This mornin Yesterday mornin --M 'ast mornin Tomorrow mornin --M The comin mornin. @. He said he will !na&le to help me. You should use the be form after will. o the correct sentence is He said he will be unable to help me. me. . Not onl# is Kaved handsome &!t also he is ver# friendl#. The correct structure of the sentence will be Not only is aved aved handsome! but but he is also very very friendly. friendly.
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk . $h!s I have &een lived alone for the past two #ears. %a*e been is there. o, there should be an ing form. o the correct sentence is, Thus I have been living alone for the past two years.
Important Note < I)*e been obser*in that people often confuse about the usae of for and sine. for is used when you i*e the time duration. e( < for the past two years. for the last two wees etc. since is used when you i*e the startin point of the time. e( < since 1EGD, since 1st 5uly 2D1@ etc . $his hapter omprises of seven setions. #omprises of is rammatically incorrect. You should say consists of or ;ust comprises. o the correct form9s of the sentence will be, This chapter comprises se*en sections. This chapter consists of se*en sections. . $he man was sweatin' profiientl#. e use the proficiently when somebody is really ood at it. "( < proficient dri*er, proficient dancer, proficient in a forein lanuae etc. weatin is not a sill
You can use profusely here if you want to e(press #travagant #travagant $ %bundant. ne more important point to note + Now a days e*erybody usin 3sweatin3 while talin about humans. +ut rammatically its a blunder. e use sweatin only for animals. $or humans you should use the word perspire. Animals ---M weats / weatin %umanbeins --M !erspire / !erspirin
o you can write, The man is perspiring profusely *. I also have &een sik too. %ere also and too! represent the same meanin. o you shouldn)t use them both. Any one of them is enouh. o you can say, I have been sick sick too.
(ank Exam En'lish 9 Spottin' Errors 9 %ratie Exerises Exerises of Spottin' Errors Setion of the (ank Exams En'lish %aper. %appy %ere are some %ratie Exerises eadin. :ead Eah Sentene to find o!t whether there is an# 'rammatial mistake 7 error 7 in it. $he error if
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk an#5 will &e in one part of the sentene. >ark the n!m&er of the part with error as #o!r answer. If there is No Error5 >ark <@2.
1. e are yet startin 91 / offerin offerin this facility to 92 / our customers customers as we are are 9@ / awaitin appro*al appro*al from the +oard. 98 / No error 9C.
2. The #hairmen of all all lare 91 / public sector sector bans met met with 92 / senior +I officials officials to i*e its 9@ / suestions about implementin the new policy. policy. 98 / No error 9C.
@. They ha*e not not fully considered 91 / the the impact that rela(in 92 / these uidelines is liely 9@/ to ha*e with the economy 98 / No error 9C
8. %ad this notification 91 / been been amended earlier, 92 / we could ha*e stopped stopped 9@ / the transfer transfer of funds. 98 / No error 9C
C. There are many insurance 91 / disputes disputes nowadays because of 92 / most most people do not not fully 9@ / understand the terms and conditions of their policies 98 / No error 9C
F. demonstrates its supremacy supremacy 91 / in space space when it successfully successfully 92 / launched launched its third satellite 9@ / into orbit yesterday. yesterday. 98 / No error 9C
K. needs a *alue *alue education system system 91 / who will inculcate *alues 92 / amon amon the students and and 9@ / enrich their personalities. 98 / No error 9C
G. :ri*en by the desire desire to sa*e trees 91 / residents of locality 92 / has has started usin solar solar appliances 9@ / for their e*eryday needs. 98 / No error 9C
E. A lare number number of unmanned aircrafts aircrafts 91 / bein used by the military 92 / are suspected suspected of ha*in 9@ 9@ / unsafe radio lins. 98 / no error 9C 9 C 1D.ecent sur*ey shows that 91 / @C million children in the ae roup of 92 / F to 1D years ha*e ne*er 9@ / attended no primary school. 98 / No error 9C
11. #oal mines constitute 91 / a ma;or percentae of the 92 / sources which cause damae 9@ / on the en*ironment. 98 / No error 9C
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12.A man man who has been 91 / accused of fraud in 92 / an earlier ;ob he will ne*er be 9@/ welcome in any other oraniation. 98 / No error 9C
1@.orried 1@.orried about the continuin *iolence in the city 91/ much students are set to mirate 92 / to other cities 9@ / for hiher education 98/ No error 9C
18.=any oraniations oraniations ha*e been offerin 91 / attracti*e incenti*es to 92/ their employees in an attempt 9@/ to boostin employee retention. 98 / No error 9C
1C.ome enuine issues e(ist 91 / with the newly adopted 92 / system and needs to 9@ / be e(amined seriously. seriously. 98 / No error 9C
ANS-E:S+
1. "rror is in 91. eplace eplace we are #et startin' by we are #et to start . 2. "rror is in 9@. eplace eplace its by their. @. "rror is in 98. eplace eplace to have with the eonom# by to have on the eonom# . 8. No error C. "rror is in 92. eplace eplace disp!tes now a da#s &ea!se of by by disp!tes now a da#s &ea!se. It is superfluous to use preposition of as as subordinate clause follows. F. "rro "rrorr is in 91. 91. The The sent senten ence ce sho shows ws pas pastt e*en e*ent. t. o o simp simple le pas pastt shou should ld be use used. d. India demonstrated its s!prema# is correct. K. "rror is in 92. eplace relati*e relati*e pronoun pronoun who by whih because non-li*in thin has been used. G. "rror is in 91. eplace eplace Driven &# the desire to save trees by (ein' driven &# the desire to save trees. E. No error 1D. "rror is in 98. %ere ne*er ne*er is in neati*e. neati*e. o, attended an# primar# shool is correct. 11. "rro "rrorr is in in 98. 98. Dama'e tae taess prep prepos osit itio ion n to. o, o, repl replaace on the environ environment ment by to environment . 12. "rror is in 9@. %ere he
%assive 6oie for Competitive En'lish
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%ere we shall discuss about 4oice. There are two special forms for *erbs called *oice. Those are 1. Active voice 2. Passive voice voice is the "normal" voice. This is the voice that we use most of the time. You are probably The active voice is alre alread ady y fami famili liar ar with with the the acti active ve voic voice. e. In the the acti active ve voic voice, e, the the obje object ct rece receiv ives es the the acti action on of the the voice is less usual. In the passive voice, the subject receives subject receives the action of the verb. Have a verb. The passive voice is look at the following table of examples for better understand of the voices.
Now Lets see Where and When we should use Passive Voice : action. It is not important or not known, however, who or 1. Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. what is performing the action. • Example: "A letter was written." The focus, here, is on the fact that a letter was written. We don't know, however, who wrote it. 2. Some Sometim times es a statem statement ent in passi passive ve is more more polite than than acti active ve voic voice. e. Have Have a look look at the the foll follow owin ing g example.ExampleA vase was broken. Focus, here, is on the fact that a vase was broken, but we don't blame anyone. Compare this to: "You broke the vase." Form of the passive voice: Subject + the appropriate form of to be + Past Participle Note : The : The appropriate form of to be = To be is put in the the tense of the active voice main verb. When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following : • The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. • The form of the verb is the appropriate form of to be (the tense of the active voice main verb) + the past participle. • The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped.) Example:
Examples of the passive voice:
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Passive voice sentences with two Objects: Rewriting Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on. Have a look at the following Examples.
Impersonal Passive:
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Have a look at the following Examples : • •
They say that the planet is in danger. It is said that the planet is in danger.
This type of passive is called impersonal because we use the impersonal form "it is..." This is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know ...) Ex : • • • •
It is said that... It is thought that... It is believed that... It is known that...
It is also common that we start the passive form of these sentences with the subject of the that-clause: Ex : • •
They say that the planet is in danger.= The planet is said to be in danger. They think that women live longer than men. = Women are thought to live longer.
Irre'!lar Irre'! lar 6er&s 6er&s $riends, in today)s post we shall discuss about Irreular 4erbs. What are these Irregular Verbs ?
Before going into the details, first lets discuss What are the Regular Verbs ? Simple Past and Past Participle forms as Well, we can call the verbs which contain the ed at the end of the Simple the Regular Verbs. So the format of the regular verbs is Base Verb + ed
"ow lets have a look at some Examples of the regular verbs (
?k, you can take plenty of examples like this for f or 9egular verbs. "ow lets have a look at the *rregular @erbs. @erbs. *n contrast to the 9egular verbs, irregular verbs are those verbs for which t he above pattern of conjugation don't appl!
So, you cant predict the forms of the *regular verbs, so you should learn them by heart. ;ere are
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some techni>ues to make them remember.
se them in appropriate contexts in your writing or in your conversation) &ust write down examples in your exercise book. Always keep a list of irregular verbs at your disposal. eep in mind, that most language books include include a section section at at the end for irregular verbs.)
Wh to put this much stress stress on Irregul Irregular ar "ords? "ords? because these are very important in the sentence correction part of the competitive exams especially Bank Exams ofcourse).
#o" $ets have a loo% at some Irregular Verbs Verbs &
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Parallelism (nglish for )ompetitive (*ams %ere we shall discuss about !AA''"'I=. An important topic, which is helpful to you in sol*in "nlish 'anuae section in #ompetiti*e "(ams especially +an "(ams. Now ha*e a loo at the followin !oints. •
Item in a series m!st same Grammatial form. •
No!ns +
&e
parallel
+
I
mean5
the#
m!st
have
the
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Ger!nds + •
•
•
•
%e lies dancin, wimmin, and paintin. 94erb H In $orm
Ad;etives + •
%e is tall, cool, and handsome. 9Ad;
•
They wanted to paint, the li*in room, to lay a new carpet, and to buy a new sofa. 9Infin
%ast $ense + •
•
%e 'ies music, art, and science.
The omans conuered, colonied, and o*erned much of the world.
%ast %erfet $ense + •
%e had finished the ame, had taen a shower, and had eaten lunch by the time I went to
•
his house. Note < The au(iliary 3had3 may be omitted in the second and the third *erb phrases.
$he str!t!re ;oined &# and5 &!t5 as5 or then5 or altho!'h m!st have the same 'rammatial form. •
And + •
•
•
•
(!t + •
That *erb form is not acti*e, but passi*e 9Ad;
•
Tain the bus can be as costly as tain a plane 94 H In
As +
r + •
•
%e wanted to borrow a car or to rent one while while his car was bein bein repaired. 9Infin
$han + •
•
%e en;oyed en;oyed the music of spain and the sculpture sculpture of $rance $rance 9N !%A"
"atin in a restaurant is more fun than cooin at home
Altho!'h + •
Althouh he lied to eat eat ood food, he he did not lie to pay hih prices prices for it. 9Infin
Now lets see some Examples + •
bouht a car, found a ;ob, and choose a school for the children before she arri*ed. ✔ %er husband had bouht a car, found a ;ob, and chosen a school for the children before she arri*ed.
•
☓ That
•
☓ %er husband had
•
soup should not be ser*ed hot, but at a cold temperature. ✔ That soup should not be ser*ed hot, but cold.
•
☓ entin
•
and apartment can be as e(pensi*e as to buy a house. ✔ entin an apartment can be as e(pensi*e as buyin a house.
•
☓ %e
•
is youn, intellient, and has charm. ✔ %e is youn, intellient, and charmin.
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tr a*el ☓ he lies to read, to tra*el
and bloin. ✔ he lies to read, to tra*el, and to blo.
)onditionals (nglish for )ompetitive (*ams Now we shall discuss about #onditionals. Another writin #ompetiti*e "(ams. "specially +an "(ams. There are two inds of conditionals •
eal
•
6nreal
important
topic
which
is
useful
in
possible situations. situations. The present tense is used in the if - clause 9or conditional :eal conditions are used for possible clause, and the future tense is used in the result clause. If he comes to the library libr ary,, I will i*e him these boos. !res $ut 9it is possible that he will come M $his is an pen Condition. ,nreal conditions are used for impossible or unreal situations. •
The past tense is used in the 3If-clause3 and would, could, or mih, H the simple *erb is used in the main clause.
If she practiced practiced well, she could win the the ame That means he doesn)t practice well 9chec the difference between this e(ample and the abo*e mentioned e(ample If she came to my house, I would i*e her your messae. That means, he doesn)t come to my house. M $his is an !nlikel# ondition. hen the the past past perf perfec ectt is used used in in the 3If 3If-c -cla laus use3 e3,, and wou would ld,, coul could, d, or or miht miht H ha*e ha*e • hen
H the
past participle are used in the main clause. If she had come to my house, I would ha*e i*en her your messae. past perf. would H ha*e H !ast part 9she dint come to my house M $his is a losed ondition.
e can summarie the usae of the conditionals discussed abo*e as i*en below < If Cla!se If H !resent
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If H !ast If H !ast !erfect
Some points to :emem&er + •
In eneral, a*oid usin would in the if-clause
•
In present time unreal if - clauses, the correct form of the *erb to be for all persons is were
Have a look at some Examples + •
If he were rich, he would o the 6..A for hiher studies.
•
If i were a bird, I would fly to "nland without 4IA.
Conditionals in Sentene Sentene Corretion Corretion in Competitive Exams Exams + The The foll follow owin in e(am e(ampl ples es will will mae mae clea clearr some some of the the comm common on mist mista aes es comm commit itte ted d in the the usa usaee of conditionals. ☓ If I will win the contest, I will buy a new house. ✔ If I win the contest, I will buy a new house.
If I had been there, I would mae a speech ✔ If I were there, I would mae a speech. ✔ If I had been there, I would ha*e made a speech. ☓
If I would ha*e a deree from that 6ni*ersity, I would ha*e a deree from that 6ni*ersity, I would et a ood ;ob. 6ni*ersity, I would et a ood 5ob. ✔ If I had a deree from that 6ni*ersity, ☓
)omparatives and Superlatives In this article we shall discuss about #omparati*es and uperlati*es. $irst lets see what are these comparati*es and superlati*es and how to use them. Comparatives +
e use comparati*es to compare two thin's or two people. 9e. %e is shorter than his wife..
Superlatives &
Superlatives are used to compare more than t"o things or more than two people. e.g . Cumbai is the biggest city in *ndia). #ote ote & 2o form form comp compar arat ativ ives es and and supe superl rlat ativ ives es you you need need to know know the the numb number er of syllables of syllables in the ad5ective.Syllables ad5ective.Syllables are like !sound beats!. (*ample & • •
!find! contains one syllable, but !finding! contains two D find D find and ing .
;ope you have got the basic idea on 4omparatives, Superlatives and Sillables. "ow lets have a look at some rules to form 4omparatives and superlatives.
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-. ?ne syllable ad5ective ending in a silent $e$ D nice 4omparative D add $r$ D nicer Superlative D add $st$ D nicest • •
/. ?ne syllable ad5ective ending in one vowel and one consonnant D big bigger 4omparative D the consonant is doubled and $er$ is added D bigger biggest Superlative D the consonant is doubled and $est$ is addedD biggest • •
0. ?ne syllable ad5ective ending in more than one consonant or more than a vowel D high, cheap 4omparative D $er$ is added D higher, cheaper Superlative D $est is added D highest, cheapest • •
1. A two syllable ad5ective ending in $y$ D happ 4omparative D $y$ becomes $i$ and $er$ is added D happier Superlative D $y$ becomes $i$ and $est$ is added D happiest • •
'. 2ow syllable or more ad5ectives without $y$ at the end D e*citing 4omparative D more 6 the ad5ective 6 than D more e*citing than Superlative D more 6 the ad5ective 6 than D the most e*citing • •
(*amples( • • • •
2he "ile 9iver is longer and more famous than the 2hames. Egypt is much hotter than Sweden. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. 2his is one of the most e*citing films * have ever seen.
ere is a table of Irregular comparatives and superlatives
o" to use comparatives and superlatives ?
Similarities
2o expr expres esss similarities use the following structure(
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(*amples& 9aghav is as intelligent as 3rabhas. Aamir is as popular as Sharukh
(ither , or #either , nor Nowwe shall discuss about the 6sae of Either 7 r and Neither 7 Nor. ,sa'e of Either 7 or +
e can use either / or in a sentence in the affirmati*e sense when referrin to a choice between two possibilities e can either study now or after the dinner - it)s up to you. Ex + e
,sa'e of Neither 7 Nor +
e can use Neither / Nor in a sentence sentence in the neati*e neati*e sense when you want want to say that two or more thins are not true. Ex + Neither my mother nor my father went to uni*ersity. :!les #o! sho!ld keep in mind while !sin' Either 7 r
•
If both elements are sinular, sinular, then the *erb should also be sinular. sinular. %a*e a loo at an e(ample, •
"ither the father or the mother has to attend the meetin. •
•
•
9 %ere father and mother are sinular0 so the *erb has is also sinular
Neither >areena nor aif is oin to the function. 9>areena and aif are sinular0 so the *erb is
is also sinular %owe*er, %owe*er, if one of the elements is plural, then use a plural *erb. •
"ither 5asmine or the irls are oin to prepare dinner toniht. •
•
9the irls is plural0 so the *erb are is plural too
Neither the lecturer nor the students were in the classroom this mornin. •
9the students is plural0 so the *erb were is plural too
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- $ittle , - .e" $ittle , .e" %ere we shall discuss about the differences and usae of A little5 a few and ver# little5 ver# few . A little, a few, few, 9*ery little and 9*ery few are uantifiers. A Little / A Few : The expressions A Little / A Few mean some or enough. Ex : •
"I have got a little money" = I have got some money. It's enough for me to do what I want.
•
"I have got a few friends" = I have got some or enough friends. We meet every day.
(very) little and (very) few : The expressions (very) little and (very) few mean hardly any or not enough. Ex : •
I have got (very) little money = I have got hardly any. I haven't got enough. I'll borrow some from my friend.
•
I have got (very) few friends = I have got hardly any. I haven't got enough. I need to make new friends.
Have a look at the following example table for a clear understanding of a little / a few and very little and very few.
#o" "e shall discuss some rules & •
Affirmative sentences : •
A little, a few, (very) little and (very) few are generally used in affirmative statements, not negatives or questions.
•
Countable and uncountable nouns : •
A little and (very) little are little are used with uncountable nouns (money, bread, water...)
•
A few and (very) few are few are used with countable nouns (friends, tables, teachers..)
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/oo and (nough Now we shall discuss about the usae of Too and enough. •
2hese two indicate degree.
•
2hey are used with ad5ectives.
/oo /oo ( 2he meaning of 2oo is more than what is neededF. (nough ( 2he meaning of Enough is sufficientF. s ufficientF.
;ave a look at some examples so that you can understand the usage of /oo and (nough. •
;e is too old to dance with those students.
•
She is intelligent enough to get a good score in *B3S.
•
Gou$re not writing fast enough.
•
* don$t have enough money.
•
;e has too many girl friends .
•
ma has got too much patience
/oo "ow lets see some important points you should keep in mind while using /oo •
/oo /oo comes before ad5ectives and adverbs ( • *t$s too hot to wear that coat. • * was walking too fast .
•
/oo /oo may also come before nouns when it is used with the expressions too much and too man.
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/oo much is used before uncountable nouns. • 2here is too much salt in this food. • /oo man is used before countable nouns • 2here are too many students in this classroom.
"ow lets see some important points you should keep in mind while using (nough! •
(nough precedes ad5ectives and adverbs ( • ;e isn$t young enough enough to dance with those students. • We$re not walking quickly enough.
•
(nough may also precedes nouns ( • We have enough money . • * have not got enough money to pay the exam fees.
0uch1 0an and an d - $ot In this this articl articlee we shall shall discus discusss about about the usae usae of >!h, >an# an and A Lot. These three indicate a lare uantity of somethin, for e(ample 3I ha*e a lot of friends 3 means I ha*e a lare uantity of friends. These three are 9much, many and a lot are uantifiers. Now lets see some e(amples to demonstrate the usae of =uch, =any and A 'ot.
•
•
How much money have you got? •
I haven't got much money.
•
I have got a lot.
•
I have got a lot of money.
How many students are in the classroom? •
There aren't many.
•
There are a lot.
•
There are a lot of/lots of students.
In the interrogative forms we use : •
Much with uncountable nouns. (money, bread, water...) •
Ex : •
•
How much money / bread / water...is there?
Many with countable nouns. (students, desks, windows...) •
Ex : •
How many students / teachers / desks... are there?
In the negative forms we use : •
Much with uncountable nouns. (money, bread, water...) •
Ex : •
•
I haven't got much money/bread/water...
Many with countable nouns. (students, desks, windows...)
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Ex : •
There aren't many students / teachers / desks...
In the affirmative forms we use : •
A lot, A lot of, lots of with countable and uncountable nouns. •
Ex : •
"How many students are there in the classroom?"
•
"There are a lot."
•
"How many students are there in the classroom?"
•
"There are a lot of / lots of students"..
In formal written English : •
It is also possible (and preferable) to use many and much rather than a lot of, lots of and a lot in formal written English. •
Ex : •
There are many students.
•
Much time was spent on studying.
Remember friends, if you're speaking or writing to friends (informal), use a lot, a lot of, lots of. But if you want to be more formal, perhaps it is preferable to use much and many. Some more points to Remember : •
In affirmative sentences with so, as or too, we also use much / many. •
Ex : •
"Ramani has so many friends."
•
"She has as many friends as Mohana."
•
"Mohan has too much money."
Now lets see the detailed view of the points mentioned above :
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I "ish , if 2nl Now we shall discuss about the usae of I wish 7 If nl# in sentences. There are three types of I wish 7 if onl# sentences< -. /. 0.
Wish, wanting change for the present or future with the simple past. 9egret with the past perfect. 4omplaints with would 6 verb.
/o e*press a "ish & /he form of the sentence & If onl , I "ish + simple past (* &
*f only * %ne" how to speak Spanish. * donHt know how to speak Spanish and * would like to learn how to speak) 3sage & • •
2o express a wish in the present or in the future. 2he simple past here is an unreal past.
When you use the verb to be the form is wereF. Example( •
* wish * "ere a millionaire# /o e*press regret & /he form of the sentence & If onl , I "ish + past perfect (* &
*f only * had "o%en up early. * didnHt wake up early and * missed the train.) 3sage & • •
2o express express a regret. r egret. 2he action is past.
)omplaining & /he form of the sentence & I "ish , if onl + "ould + verb (* &
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk * wish you wouldn$t arrive so late all the time *$m annoyed because you always come late and * want you to arrive on time) 3sage &
2o complain complain about a behavior that you disapprove. Expressing impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action.
• •
3sed to1 be 3sed to1 get 3sed to By using Used to you can express : •
A particular thing always happened or was true in the past.
•
But it no longer happens or is no longer true now:
Have a look at some examples of the usage of Used to : •
Shivani used to live in Bangalore.
•
She used to dance every evening, but since she had that terrible lung disorder she doesn't dance anymore.
•
Why don't you come and see me like you used to?
Now lets see the forms of used to : There are three forms for Used to. They are
•
Interrogative form : •
•
Affirmative form : •
•
Did you use to dance regularly ? Yes, I used to go jogging nearly every day.
Negative form : •
No, I didn't use to exercise on a regular basis.
Used to, be used to, get used to : •
Used to to tells us that a particular thing always happened or was true in the past (see the above examples)
•
Be used to used to is used to say that something is normal, not unusual. •
Examples : •
I'm used to living alone.
•
Don't worry, Mohan is used to driving for long hours. He has worked as a professional driver for 20 years.
•
Get used tells used tells us that something is in the process of becoming normal. •
Examples :
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•
•
He doesn't like that small town, but he'll get used to it.
•
She found the heels too high, but she got used to them.
•
Since the divorce, she has become very sad. But I think she'll get used to her new life.
•
I got used to living in Canada in spite of the cold weather.
gerund. Have a look at the following Get used to and be used to are followed by either a noun or a gerund. table.
Idioms - hot potato pea of an issue 9mostly current which many people are talin about and which is usually disputed
A penn# for #o!r tho!'hts A way of asin what someone is thinin Ations speak lo!der than words !eople)s intentions can be ;uded better by what they do than what they say. Add ins!lt to in;!r# To further a loss with mocery or indinity0 to worsen an unfa*orable situation. An arm and a le' 4ery e(pensi*e or costly. A lare amount of money. At the drop of a hat =eanin< without any hesitation0 instantly. instantly. (ak to the drawin' &oard hen an attempt fails and it)s time to start all o*er. (all is in #o!r o!rt It is up to you to mae the ne(t decision or step (arkin' !p the wron' tree 'ooin in the wron place. Accusin the wron person (e 'lad to see the &ak of +e happy when a person lea*es. (eat aro!nd the &!sh
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A*oidin the main topic. Not speain directly about the issue. (est of &oth worlds =eanin< All the ad*antaes. (est thin' sine slied &read A ood in*ention or inno*ation. A ood idea or plan. (ite off more than #o! an hew To tae on a tas that is way to bi. (lessin' in dis'!ise omethin ood that isn)t reconied at first. (!rn the midni'ht oil To wor late into the niht, alludin to the time before electric lihtin. Can/t ;!d'e a &ook &# its over #annot ;ude somethin primarily on appearance. Ca!'ht &etween two stools hen someone finds it difficult to choose between two alternati*es. Costs an arm and a le' This idiom is used when somethin is *ery e(pensi*e. Cross that &rid'e when #o! ome to it :eal with a problem if and when it becomes necessary necessary,, not before. Cr# over spilt milk hen you complain about a loss from the past. C!riosit# killed the at +ein Inuisiti*e can lead you into an unpleasant situation. C!t orners hen somethin is done badly to sa*e money. C!t the m!stard possi&l# derived from ?!t the m!ster?O To succeed0 to come up to e(pectations0 adeuate enouh to compete or participate Devil/s Advoate To present a counter arument Don/t o!nt #o!r hikens &efore the e''s have hathed This idiom is used to e(press 3:on)t mae plans for somethin that miht not happen3. Don/t 'ive !p the da# ;o& You are not *ery ood at somethin. You could definitely not do it professionally. Don/t p!t all #o!r e''s in one &asket :o not put all your resources in one possibility.
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk Drasti times all for drasti meas!res hen you are e(tremely desperate you need to tae drastic actions. Elvis has left the &!ildin' The show has come to an end. It)s all o*er. Ever# lo!d has a silver linin' +e optimistic, e*en difficult times will lead to better days. Far r# from 4ery different from. Feel a &it !nder the weather =eanin< $eelin slihtly ill. Give the &enefit of the do!&t +elie*e someone)s statement, without proof. Hear it on the 'rapevine This idiom means )to hear rumors) about somethin or someone. Hit the nail on the head :o or say somethin e(actly riht Hit the sak 7 sheets 7 ha# To o to bed. In the heat of the moment *erwhelmed by what is happenin in the moment. It takes two to tan'o Actions or communications need more than one person K!mp on the &andwa'on 5oin a popular trend or acti*ity. "eep somethin' at &a# >eep somethin away. "ill two &irds with one stone This idiom means, to accomplish two different thins at the same time. Last straw The final problem in a series of problems. Let sleepin' do's lie =eanin - do not disturb a situation as it is - since it would result r esult in trouble or complications. Let the at o!t of the &a' To share information that was pre*iously concealed >ake a lon' stor# short #ome to the point - lea*e out details
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>ethod to m# madness An assertion that, despite one)s approach seemin random, there actually is structure to it. >iss the &oat This idiom is used to say that someone missed his or her chance Not a spark of deen# =eanin< No manners Not pla#in' with a f!ll dek omeone who lacs intellience. ff one/s roker #ray, #ray, demented, out of one)s mind, in a confused or befuddled state of mind, senile. n the &all hen someone understands the situation well. ne in a &l!e moon =eanin< %appens *ery rarely. %it!re paints a tho!sand words A *isual presentation presentation is far more descripti*e than words. %iee of ake A ;ob, tas or other acti*ity that is easy or simple. %!t wool over other people/s e#es This means to decei*e someone into thinin well of them. See e#e to e#e This idiom is used to say that two 9or more people aree on somethin. Sit on the fene This is used when someone does not want to choose or mae a decision. Speak of the devil) This e(pression is used when the person you ha*e ;ust been talin about arri*es. Steal someone/s th!nder To tae the credit for somethin someone else did. $ake with a 'rain of salt This means not to tae what someone says too seriously. seriously. $aste of #o!r own mediine =eans that somethin happens to you, or is done to you, that you ha*e done to someone else $o hear somethin' strai'ht from the horse/s mo!th To hear somethin from the authoritati*e source. -hole nine #ards
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"*erythin. All of it. -o!ldn/t &e a!'ht dead ould ne*er lie to do somethin o!r '!ess is as 'ood as mine To ha*e no idea, do not now the answer to a uestion
List of one word s!&stit!tions 1. A!diene O a number of people listenin to a lecture 2. Altr!ist O one, who considers the happiness and well-bein of others first @. Atheist O a person who does not belie*e in 7od 8. Anthropolo'ist O one, who studies the e*olution of manind C. A!tora# O o*ernment by one person F. A!to&io'raph# O the life history of a person written by himself K. Amp!tate O to cut off a part of a person)s body which is infected G. Arsenal O a place for ammunition and weapons E. Arhives O a place where o*ernment or public records are ept 1D. Amate!r O a man who does a thin for pleasure and not as a profession 11. Aristora# O o*ernment by the nobles 12. A!ati O animals/plants ere which li*e in water 1@. Amphi&ian O animals which li*e both on land and sea 18. Am&idexter O one, who can use either hand with ease 1C. Alimon# O allowance paid to wife on leal separation 1F. Antholo'# O a collection of poems 1K. A&diation O *oluntary i*in up of throne in fa*our of someone 1G. Ar&itrator O a person, appointed by two parties to sol*e a dispute 1E. Astronomer O a person, who studies stars, planets and other hea*enly bodies 2D. Astrolo'er O a person who studies the influence of hea*enly bodies on human beins 21. Antholo'# O a collection of poems 22. Axiom O a statement which is accepted as true without proof 2@. A'enda O a list of headins of the business to be transacted at a meetin 28. Anarhist O one, who is out to destroy all o*ernance, law and order 2C. Almana O an annual calender with positions of stars 2F. (i'am# O the practice of ha*in two wi*es or husbands at a time 2K. (i&liophile O a lo*er and collector of boos 2G. (o!!et O a collection of flowers 2E. (!rea!ra# O o*ernment by the officials @D. (elli'erent O a person, nation that is in*ol*ed in war @1. (iennial O an e*ent which happens once in two years @2. (lasphem# O the act of speain disrespectfully about sacred thins @@. Crehe O a nursery where children are cared for while their parents are at wor @8. Cosmopolitan O a person who reards whole world as his country @C. Cha!ffe!r O one, who is employed to dri*e a motor car @F. C!rator O a person inchare of a museum @K. Carnivoro!s O one, who li*es on flesh @G. Canni&al O one, who feeds on human flesh @E. Contemporaries O belonin to or li*in at the same time
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8D. Cloak room O a place for luae at railway station 81. C#nos!re O centre of attraction 82. Connoisse!r O a critical ;ude of any art and craft 8@. Cr!sade O a reliious war 88. Choreo'rapher O one, who teaches dancin 8C. Cao'raphist O a person, who is bad in spellins 8F. Calli'raphist O a person, who writes beautiful handwritin 8K. C#ni O one, who sneers at the aims and beliefs of his fellow men 8G. Convalesent O one, who is reco*erin health 8E. Cavalr# O soldiers, who fiht on horse bac CD. Cardiolo'ist O a person, who is specialist in heart diseases C1. Carto'rapher O one, who draws maps C2. Dormitor# O the sleepin rooms with se*eral beds especially in a collee or institution C@. Drawn O a ame that results r esults neither in *ictory nor in defeat C8. Ele'# O a poem of lamentation CC. Epitaph O words which are inscribed on the ra*e or the tomb in the memory of the buried CF. Ephemeral O lastin one day CK. Effeminate O a person who is womanish CG. Emi'rant O a person who lea*es his own country and oes to li*e in another CE. Edi&le O fit to be eaten FD. E'otism O practice of talin too much about oneself F1. En#lopaedia O a boo that contains information on *arious sub;ects F2. Epi!re O one, who is de*oted to the pleasure of eatin and drinin F@. Florist O one, who deals-in flowers F8. Fastidio!s O one, who is *ery -selecti*e in one)s taste FC. Fanati or (i'ot O one, who is filled with e(cessi*e and mistaen enthusiasm enthusiasm in reliious matters FF. Fatal O causin death FK. Fatalist O one, who belie*es in fate FG. Fasimile O an e(act copy of handwritin, printin etc FE. Fa!na O the animals of a certain reion KD. Flora O the plants of a particular reion K1. Fratriide O murder of brother K2. F!'itive O one, who runs away from ;ustice or the law K@. Fra'ile O easily broen K8. Feminist O one, who wors for the welfare of the women KC. Granar# O a place for rains KF. Genoide O murder of race KK. Gre'ario!s O animals which li*e in flocs KG. Han'ar O a place for housin aeroplanes KE. Hive O a place for bees GD. Horti!lt!re O the art of culti*atin and manain ardens G1. Homiide O murder of man G2. Hearse O a *ehicle which is used to carry a dead body G@. Hedonist O one, who belie*es that pleasure is the chief ood 9sensual G8. Hori=on O a line at which the earth and the sy seem to meet GC. Honorar# O holdin office without any remuneration GF. Hereti O one, who acts aainst reliion GK. Her&ivoro!s O one, who li*es on herbs
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GG. Insolvent7(ankr!pt O a person who is unable to pay his debts GE. Ina!di&le O a sound that cannot be heard ED. Inaessi&le O that cannot be easily approached E1. Inorri'i&le O incapable of bein corrected E2. Irrepara&le O incapable of bein repaired E@. Ille'i&le O incapable of bein read E8. Inevita&le O incapable of bein a*oided EC. Impratia&le O incapable of bein practised EF. Immi'rant O a person who comes to one country from another in order to settle there EK. Invini&le O one, too stron to be o*ercome EG. Indeli&le O that cannot be erased EE. Ino'nito O tra*ellin under another name than one)s own 1DD. Indefati'a&le O one, who does not tire easily 1D1. Infalli&le O one, who is free from all mistaes and failures 1D2. Invi'ilator O one, who super*ises in the e(amination hall 1D@. Itinerant O one, who ;ourneys from place to place 1D8. Infirmar# O a home or room used for ill or in;ured people 1DC. Infantiide O murder of an infant 1DF. Infantr# O soldiers, who fiht on foot 1DK. Inflamma&le O liable to catch fire easily 1DG. Interre'n!m O a period of inter*al between two reins or o*ernments 1DE. "ennel O a place for dos 11D. L!nati as#l!m O a home for lunatics 111. Lexio'rapher O one, who compiles a dictionary 112. Lo!aio!s O one, who tals continuously 11@. Lin'!ist O one, who is silled in forein lanuaes 118. Lapidist O one, who cuts precious stones 11C. >isanthrope O a hater of manind 11F. >iso'amist O one, who hates marriae 11K. >ort!ar# O a place, where dead bodies are ept for post mortem 11G. >erener# O worin only for the sae of money 11E. >atriide O murder of mother 12D. >art#r O one, who dies for a noble cause 121. >aiden speeh O the first speech deli*ered by a person 122. >int O a place where coins are made 12@. >iso'#nist O a hater of womanind 128. >or'!e O a place, where dead bodies are ept for identification 12C. >ammals O animals which i*e mil 12F. >ono'am# O the practice of marryin one at a time 12K. >issionar# O a person, who is sent to propaate reliion 12G. N!mismatis O the study of coins 12E. Namesake O a person ha*in same name as another 1@D. Nostal'ia O a stron desire to return r eturn home, home sicness 1@1. Novie or $#ro $#ro O one, new to anythin, ine(perienced 1@2. Naroti O a medicine for producin sleep 1@@. ptimist O a person who loos at the brihter side of thins 1@8. rphan O one, who has lost parents 1@C. mnipresent O one, who is present e*erywhere
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1@F. mnipotent O one, who is all powerful 1@K. mnisient O one, who nows e*erythin 1@G. pa!e O that which cannot be seen throuh 1@E. &it!ar# O an account in the newspaper of the funeral of the one deceased 18D. rphana'e O a home for orphans 181. &stetriian O one, who is silled in midwifery 182. stler O one, who loos after horses at an inn 18@. mnivoro!s O one, who eats e*erythin 188. %essimist O a person who loos at the darer side of thins 18C. %ota&le O fit to drin 18F. %ost mortem O an e(amination of dead body 18K. %hilanthropist O a lo*er of manind 18G. %atriide 1 murder of father 18E. %hilatelist O one, who collects stamps 1CD. %la'iarism O literary theft or passin off an author)s oriinal wor as one)s own 1C1. %ol#'am# O the practice of marryin more than one wife at a time 1C2. %ol#andr# O the practice of marryin more than one husband at a time 1C@. %hilo'#nist O a lo*er of womanind 1C8. %le&isite O 9a decision made by *otes of all ualified citiens 1CC. %hilanderer O one, who amuses himself by lo*e main 1CF. %hilistine O one who does not care for art and literature 1CK. %l!tora# O o*ernment by the rich 1CG. %se!don#m O an imainary name assumed by an author for disuise 1CE. %osth!mo!s O a child born after the death of his father or the boo published after the death of the writer 1FD. %anaea O a remedy for all diseases 1F1. %aediatriian O a person, who is specialist in child diseases 1F2. %latit!de O ordinary remars often repeated 1F@. %edant O one, who maes a *ain display of his nowlede 1F8. %ol#'lot O one, who speas many lanuaes 1FC. %aleo'raph# O the study of ancient writin 1FF. %osse O a number of policemen called to uell a riot 1FK. %arole O plede i*en by a prisoner for temporary release, not to escape 1FG. %edestrian O one, who oes on foot 1FE. %orta&le O that can be carried easily 1KD. !arantine O an act of separation from other persons to a*oid infection 1K1. :hetori O the art of eleant speech or writin 1K2. :e'iide O murder of >in or Pueen 1K@. Sarile'e O *iolatin or profanin reliious thins/places 1K8. S!lptor O one, who cuts in stones 1KC. S!iide O murder of oneself 1KF. Sta&le O a place for horses 1KK. Somnam&!list O a person, who wals in sleep 1KG. Somnilo!ist O a person, who tals in sleep 1KE. So!venir O a thin ept as a reminder of a person, place or e*ent 1GD. Swan son' O the last wor 9literary of a writer 1G1. Sot5 $oper O one, who is a habitual drunard 1G2. Sine!re O a ;ob with hih salary but little responsibility 1G@. Stoi O a person, who is indifferent to pleasure and pain and has control o*er his passions
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1G8. Sanatori!m O a place for the sic to reco*er health 1GC. Sororiide O murder of sister 1GF. $riennial O an e*ent which happens once in three years 1GK. $r!ant O a person/student who absents himself from class or duty without permission 1GG. $eetotaller O one, who does not tae any into(icatin drin 1GE. $ransparent O that which can be seen throuh 1ED. $heora# O o*ernment by reliious r eliious principles 1E1. ,xorio!s O one e(tremely fond of one)s wife 1E2. ,topia O an imainary perfect social and political system 1E@. ,xoriide O murder of wife 1E8. 6er&atim O repetition of speech or writin word for word 1EC. 6ol!nteer O one, who offers one)s ser*ices 1EF. 6ir'in O a woman who has no se(ual e(perience 1EK. 6ersatile O interested in and cle*er at many different thins 1EG. 6eteran O one, who has a lon e(perience of any occupation 1EE. 6enial O a fault that may be fori*en 2DD. -ardro&e O a place for clothes
>ost Important En'lish %rover&s A pro*erb is a short and pitty sentence e(pressin a truth ascertained by e(perience or obser*ation. It is a sentence which briefly and forcibly e(presses some practical practical truth. In fact a pro*erb is a short popular sayin that e(presses effecti*ely some common place truth or useful thouht. Q A honey honey tonue, a heart of all. Q A little nowlede is a danerous thin. Q A wolf in sheep)s clothin. Q All)s well that ends well. Q An empty *essel sounds much. Q A nine day)s wonder. Q A rotten apple in;ures its companions. Q As the in, so are the sub;ects. Q As you sow, so shall you reap. Q A bad bad man is better than a bad name. Q A bad bad worman uarrels with his tools. Q A bird in hand in worth two in the bush. Q A burnt burnt child dreads the fire. Q A drop in the ocean. Q A drownin man catches at a straw. Q A fiure amon ciphers. Q A uilty conscience is always suspicious. Q A hard nut to crac. Q A*arice A*arice is the root r oot of all e*ils. Q +arin dos seldom bite. Q +ears cannot be choosers. Q +eneath e*ery rose lies the thorn. Q +etter to wear out than to rust out. Q +etween the two stools we come to the round. Q +irds of the same feather floc toether. Q +etter be alone than in bad company. Q #astin pearls before swine.
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Q :iamond cuts diamond. Q :o ood and cast it into the ri*er. Q "*en a ood marsman may miss. Q "*en death cannot be had for the asin. Q "*ery potter praises his pot. Q "*erythin loos yellow to a ;aundiced eye. Q "*il ot, e*il spent. Q $amiliarity breeds contempt. Q $ool to others, to himself a sae. Q $orced labour is better than idleness. Q $ortune fa*ours the bra*e. Q 7ather thistles and e(pect picles. Q 7od)s will be done. Q 7ood mind, ood find. Q 7reat cry little wool. Q 7od helps those who help themsel*es. Q %ealth is wealth. Q %alf a loaf is better than no bread. Q %e ;ests at scars who ne*er felt a wound. Q %e that is warm, thins all are so. Q %e who would catch fish must not mind ettin wet. Q %e breas his wife)s head and then buys a plaster for it. Q %ih winds blow on hih hills. Q %is wits are one a wool-atherin. Q %andsome is that handsome does. Q %istory repeats itself. Q %onesty is the best policy. Q %ope for the best and be prepared for the worst. Q If you want a thin well done, do it yourself. Q It is hard to li*e in ome and fiht with the !ope. Q It is no use cryin o*er spilt mil. Q It taes two to mae a uarrel. Q >illin two birds with one stone. Q >ill not the oose that lays the olden es. Q >in can do no wron. Q >now which way the wind blows. Q >nowlede is power. Q 'et byones be byones. Q 'et the past bury the dead. Q 'ie cures lie. Q 'ie attracts lie. Q 'end your money and lose your friend. Q 'et sleepin dos lie. Q 'osers are always in the wron. Q 'o*e and couh cannot be hidden. Q =an proposes, 7od disposes. Q =any a little maes a micle. Q =any men, many minds. Q =easure for measure. Q =isfortune ne*er comes alone or sinly. sinly. Q =oney beets money. Q =an is as old as he feels, and a woman as old as she loos. Q The more the merrier. merrier.
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Q No one nows the weiht of another)s burden. Q No pains, no ains. Q Necessity is the mother of in*ention. Q No pleasure without pain. Q No rose without a thorn. Q No smoe without some fire. Q ne flower maes no arland. Q ne nail dri*es out another. Q ne today is better than two tomorrow. tomorrow. Q ut of the fryin pan into the fire. Q !enny-wise and pound foolish. Q !o*erty breeds strife. Q !ure old does not fear the flame. fl ame. Q !ractice maes a man perfect. Q !re*ention is better than cure. Q !ride hath a fall. Q Puit not certainty for hope. Q espect yourself and you will be respected. Q elf-praise is no recommendation. Q omethin is better than nothin. Q teal a oose and i*e iblets in alms. Q trie the iron while it is hot. Q peech is sil*er, silence is olden. Q A stich in time sa*es nine. Q et a thief to catch a thief. Q The innocent ha*e nothin to fear. Q The wearer nows where the shoe pinches. Q There is many a slip betwi(t the cup and the lip. Q Time and tide wait for none. Q To mae castles in the air. Q To mae a mountain out of a mole hill. Q To rob !eter, to pay !aul. Q Too many coos spoll the broth. Q Too much courtesy, too much craft. Q Tomorrow ne*er comes. Q Truth is always bitter. Q Two heads are better than one. Q 6nion is strenth. Q 4ows made in storm are forotten in calm. Q histlin maid and crowin hen are neither fit for ods nor man.
2ne Ward Ward 0ania and 0eanings Word -blutomania -boulomania -gromania -ndromania -nglomania -nthomania
4efinition mania for "ashing oneself pathological indecisiveness intense desire to be in open spaces nmphomania cra5e or obsession "ith (ngland and the (nglish obsession "ith flo"ers
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-phrodisiomania -rithmomania Balletomania Bibliomania Bru*omania )acodemomania )atapedamania )hinamania )horeomania )linomania )opromania )theromania 4acnomania 4emonomania 4inomania 4ipsomania 4iscomania 4oramania d4romania 4rapetomania 4romomania (cdemomania (gomania (leutheromania (mpleomania (nosimania (ntheomania (pomania (rgasiomania (rgomania (rotomania (theromania (thnomania (ulogomania .lagellomania .lorimania .rancomania 7allomania 7amomania 7raecomania 7raphomania 7naecomania abromania agiomania ellenomania
abnormal se*ual interest obsessive preoccupation "ith numbers abnormal fondness for ballet cra5e for boo%s or reading compulsion for grinding teeth pathological belief that one is inhabited b an evil spirit obsession "ith jumping from high places obsession "ith collecting china dancing mania or fren5 e*cessive desire to sta in bed obsession "ith feces nmphomania obsession "ith %illing pathological belief that one is possessed b demons mania for dancing abnormal craving for alcohol obsession for disco music obsession "ith o"ning furs obsession "ith giving gifts intense desire to run a"a from home compulsive longing for travel abnormal compulsion for "andering irrational selfcentered attitude or self"orship manic desire for freedom mania for holding public office pathological belief that one has sinned abnormal belief that one is divinel inspired cra5e for "riting epics e*cessive desire to "or%6 ergomania e*cessive desire to "or%6 "or%aholism abnormall po"erful se* drive craving for ether obsessive devotion to one's o"n people obsessive cra5e for eulogies abnormal enthusiasm for flogging cra5e for flo"ers cra5e or obsession "ith .rance and the .rench cra5e or obsession "ith .rance and the .rench obsession "ith issuing odd marriage proposals obsession "ith 7reece and the 7ree%s obsession "ith "riting abnormal se*ual obsession "ith "omen insanit featuring cheerful delusions mania for sainthood obsession "ith 7reece and the 7ree%s6 7raecomania
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e*ametromania ieromania ippomania dromania lomania permania pomania steromania Iconomania Idolomania Infomania Islomania Italomania 8leptomania 8lopemania $ogomania $pemania $ pemania 0acromania 0egalomania 0elomania 0ethomania 0etromania 0icromania 0onomania 0orphinomania 0usomania 0thomania #arcomania #ecromania #osomania #ostomania #mphomania 2enomania 2ligomania 2niomania 2nomamania 2nomatomania 2nchotillomania 2piomania 2psomania 2rchidomania Parousiamania Pathomania Peotillomania Phagomania
mania for "riting in he*ameter pathological religious visions or delusions obsession "ith horses irrational craving for "ater e*cessive tendenc to"ards materialism severe mania minor mania nmphomania obsession "ith icons or portraits obsession or devotion to idols e*cessive devotion to accumulating facts cra5e or obsession for islands obsession "ith Ital or Italians irrational predilection for stealing %leptomania pathological lo9uacit e*treme pathological mournfulness delusion that objects are larger than natural si5e abnormal tendenc to"ards grand or grandiose behaviour cra5e for music morbid craving for alcohol insatiable desire for "riting verse pathological selfdeprecation or belief that one is ver small abnormal obsession "ith a single thought or idea habitual craving or desire for morphine obsession "ith music ling or e*aggerating to an abnormal e*tent uncontrollable craving for narcotics se*ual obsession "ith dead bodies6 necrophilia delusion of suffering from a disease abnormal desire to go bac% to familiar places e*cessive or cra5ed se*ual desire obsession or cra5e for "ine obsession "ith a fe" thoughts or ideas mania for ma%ing purchases mania for names irresistible desire to repeat certain "ords compulsive pic%ing at the fingernails craving for opium abnormal love for one %ind of food abnormal obsession "ith orchids obsession "ith the second coming of )hrist moral insanit abnormal compulsion for pulling on the penis e*cessive desire for food or eating
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Phaneromania habit of biting one:s nails Pharmacomania abnormal obsession "ith tring drugs Phonomania pathological tendenc to murder Photomania pathological desire for light Phllomania e*cessive or abnormal production of leaves Phtomania obsession "ith collecting plants Planomania abnormal desire to "ander and disobe social norms Plutomania mania for mone Polemomania mania for "ar Politicomania mania for politics Pol%amania cra5e for pol%a dancing polmania mania affecting several different mental faculties Poriomania abnormal compulsion to "ander Pornomania obsession "ith pornograph Potichomania cra5e for imitating 2riental porcelain Potomania abnormal desire to drin% alcohol Pseudomania irrational predilection for ling Pteridomania passion for ferns Promania cra5e for starting fires Rhinotille*omania compulsive nose pic%ing Rin%omania obsession "ith s%ating Satromania abnormall great male se*ual desire6 satriasis Scribbleomania obsession "ith scribbling Sebastomania religious insanit Sitiomania morbid aversion to food Sophomania delusion that one is incredibl intelligent S9uandermania irrational propensit for spending mone "astefull Stampomania obsession "ith stampcollecting Sphilomania pathological belief that one is afflicted "ith sphilis /echnomania /e chnomania cra5e for technolog /eutoman /e utomania ia obsession obses sion "ith /e /eutonic utonic or 7erman things /hanatomania belief that one has been affected b death magic1 and resulting illness /heatromania cra5e for going to plas /heomania belief that one is a god /imbromania /imbrom ania cra5e for stamp collecting /omomania /o momania irrational predilection for performing surger /o*icomania /o *icomania morbid craving for poisons /richotillomania /r ichotillomania neurosis "here patient pulls out o"n hair /ulipomania /u lipomania obsession "ith tulips /phomania / phomania delirious state resulting from tphus fever /pomania / pomania cra5e for printing one:s lucubrations 3ranomania obsession "ith the idea of divinit Verbomania Ve rbomania cra5e for "ords ;enomania inordinate attachment to foreign things
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insane fondness for animals
$IS/ 2. P2BIWord -carophobia -crophobia -erophobia -goraphobia -giophobia -ichmophobia -ilurophobia -lgophobia -mathophobia -ma*ophobia -mbulophobia -nglophobia -nthrophobia -nuptaphobia -9uaphobia -rachibutrophobia -rachnophobia -straphobia -strapophobia -utomsophobia -utophobia -allistophobia -athophobia -atophobia -atrachophobia Belonephobia Bibliophobia Blennophobia Brontophobia )ancerophobia )athisophobia )enophobia )hrematophobia )ibophobia )laustrophobia )limacophobia )linophobia )remnophobia )berphobia )nophobia
4efinition fear of itching or of insects causing itching fear of heights fear of fling or draughts fear of open spaces fear of crossing bus streets fear of sharp or pointed objects fear of cats fear of pain fear of dust fear of riding in a car fear of "al%ing fear of (ngland or the (nglish fear of humans fear of staing single fear of "ater fear of peanut butter stic%ing to roof of mouth fear of spiders fear of being struc% b lightning fear of thunder and lightning fear of being dirt fear of solitude fear of missiles fear of falling from a high place fear of heights or being close to tall buildings fear of frogs and toads fear of pins and needles fear of boo%s fear of slime fear of thunder and lightning fear of cancer fear of sitting fear of empt spaces fear of mone fear of or distaste for food fear of closed spaces fear of falling do"n stairs fear of staing in bed fear of cliffs and precipices fear of computers fear of dogs
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4romophobia 4smorphophobia (cophobia (leutherophobia (osophobia (rgasiophobia (rgophobia (rotophobia (rthrophobia (uphobia .rancophobia 7allophobia 7amophobia 7eniophobia 7enophobia 7erascophobia 7raphophobia 7mnophobia eliophobia erpetophobia ierophobia omichlophobia omophobia drophobia psophobia Iatrophobia Iconophobia 8ainotophobia 8a%orrhaphiophobia 8enophobia $igrophobia $inonophobia $gophobia $ gophobia $ssophobia $ssophobi a 0acrophobia 0etrophobia 0onophobia 0uriphobia 0ophobia 0sophobia #ebulaphobia #ecrophobia #egrophobia #eophobia #osophobia
fear of crossing streets fear of phsical deformities fear of home fear of freedom fear of da"n fear of "or% fear of "or% fear of se* fear of red lights or of blushing fear of good ne"s fear of .rance or the .rench fear of .rance or the .rench fear of marriage fear of chins fear of se* fear of gro"ing old fear of "riting fear of nudit fear of sunlight fear of sna%es fear of sacred things fear of fog fear of homose*uals fear of "ater fear of high places fear of going to the doctor fear or hatred of images fear of change fear of failure fear of empt spaces fear of loud noises fear of string fear of dar%ness fear of hdrophobia fear of prolonged "aiting fear of poetr fear of being alone fear of mice fear of mice fear of contamination or dirt fear of fog fear of corpses fear of blac%s fear of novelt fear of disease
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#overcaphobia #ctophobia 2chlophobia 2enophobia 2mbrophobia 2nomatophobia 2phidiophobia 2phthalmophobia 2ptophobia 2rnithophobia Paedophobia Panophobia Pantophobia Parthophobia Pathophobia Pediculophobia Pentheraphobia Phagophobia Phengophobia Phonophobia Photophobia Pogonophobia Pschrophobia Pteronophobia Prophobia Pussophobia Satanophobia Sciaphobia Scopophobia Scoptophobia Scotophobia Sitiophobia Sitophobia Spectrophobia Smmetrophobia Sphilophobia /aphephobia /a phephobia /echnophobia /e chnophobia /halassophobia /hanatophobia /heophobia /ocophobia /o cophobia /onitrophobia /o nitrophobia /opophobia /o pophobia /o*icophobia /o *icophobia
fear of one's stepmother fear of the night or dar%ness fear of cro"ds fear or hatred of "ine fear of rain fear of hearing a certain "ord fear of sna%es fear of being stared at fear of opening one:s ees fear of birds fear of children6 fear of dolls melancholia mar%ed b groundless fears fear of everthing fear of virgins fear of disease fear of lice fear or hatred of one:s motherinla" fear of eating fear of dalight fear of noise or of spea%ing aloud fear of light fear of beards fear of the cold fear of being tic%led b feathers fear of fire fear of Russia or Russians fear of the devil fear of shado"s fear of being loo%ed at fear of being loo%ed at fear of the dar% fear of food fear of food or eating fear of loo%ing in a mirror fear of smmetr fear of sphilis fear of being buried alive fear of technolog fear of the sea fear of death fear of 7od fear of pregnanc or childbirth fear of thunder fear of performing6 fear of certain places fear of poisoning
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/o*iphobia /o*iphobia /ris%aide%aphobia /r is%aide%aphobia 3ranophobia ;enophobia
fear of poison or being poisoned fear of the number thirteen fear of heaven fear of foreigners fear of jealous fear of animals
Sciences and Studies Word
4efinition
acarolog
stud of mites
accidence
grammar boo%6 science of inflections in grammar
aceolog
therapeutics
acolog
stud of medical remedies
acoustics
science of sound
adenolog
stud of glands
aedoeolog
science of generative organs
aerobiolog
stud of airborne organisms
aerodonetics
science or stud of gliding
aerodnamics
dnamics of gases6 science of movement in a flo" of air or gas
aerolitholog
stud of aerolites6 meteorites
aerolog
stud of the atmosphere
aeronautics
stud of navigation through air or space
aerophilatel
collecting of airmail stamps
aerostatics
science of air pressure6 art of ballooning
agonistics
art and theor of pri5efighting
agriolog
the comparative stud of primitive peoples
agrobiolog
stud of plant nutrition6 soil ields
agrolog
stud of agricultural soils
agronomics
stud of productivit of land
agrostolog
science or stud of grasses
alethiolog
stud of truth
algedonics
science of pleasure and pain
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk algolog
stud of algae
anaesthesiolog
stud of anaesthetics
anaglptics
art of carving in basrelief
anagraph
art of constructing catalogues
anatom
stud of the structure of the bod
andragog
science of teaching adults
anemolog
stud of "inds
angelolog
stud of angels
angiolog
stud of blood flo" and lmphatic sstem
anthropobiolog
stud of human biolog
anthropolog
stud of human cultures
aphnolog
science of "ealth
apiolog
stud of bees
arachnolog
stud of spiders
archaeolog
stud of human material remains
archelog
the stud of first principles
archolog
science of the origins of government
arctophil
stud of tedd bears
areolog
stud of 0ars
aretaics
the science of virtue
aristolog
the science or art of dining
arthrolog
stud of joints
astacolog
the science of crafish
astheniolog
stud of diseases of "ea%ening and aging
astrogeolog
stud of e*traterrestrial geolog
astrolog
stud of influence of stars on people
astrometeorolog
stud of effect of stars on climate
astronom
stud of celestial bodies
astrophsics
stud of behaviour of interstellar matter
astroseismolog
stud of star oscillations
atmolog
the science of a9ueous vapour
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk audiolog
stud of hearing
autecolog
stud of ecolog of one species
autolog
scientific stud of oneself
au*olog
science of gro"th
avionics
the science of electronic devices for aircraft
a*iolog
the science of the ultimate nature of values
bacteriolog
stud of bacteria
balneolog
the science of the therapeutic use of baths
barodnamics
science of the support and mechanics of bridges
barolog
stud of gravitation
batolog
the stud of brambles
bibliolog
stud of boo%s
bibliotics
stud of documents to determine authenticit
bioecolog
stud of interaction of life in the environment
biolog
stud of life
biometrics
stud of biological measurement
bionomics
stud of organisms interacting in their environments
botan
stud of plants
bromatolog
stud of food
brontolog
scientific stud of thunder
brolog
the stud of mosses and liver"orts
cacogenics
stud of racial degeneration
caliolog
stud of bird's nests
calorifics
stud of heat
cambistr
science of international e*change
campanolog
the art of bell ringing
carcinolog
stud of crabs and other crustaceans
cardiolog
stud of the heart
caricolog
stud of sedges
carpolog
stud of fruit
cartograph
the science of ma%ing maps and globes
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the hobb of collecting cigarette cards
castrametation
the art of designing a camp
catacoustics
science of echoes or reflected sounds
catalactics
science of commercial e*change
catechectics
the art of teaching b 9uestion and ans"er
cetolog
stud of "hales and dolphins
chalcograph
the art of engraving on copper or brass
chalcotriptics
art of ta%ing rubbings from ornamental brasses
chaolog
the stud of chaos or chaos theor
characterolog characterolog
stud of development of character
chemistr
stud of properties of substances
chirocosmetics
beautifing the hands6 art of manicure
chirograph
stud of hand"riting or penmanship
chirolog
stud of the hands
chiropod
medical science of feet
chorolog
science of the geographic description of anthing
chrematistics
the stud of "ealth6 political econom
chronobiolog
stud of biological rhthms
chrsolog
stud of precious metals
ciselure
the art of chasing metal
climatolog
stud of climate
clinolog
stud of aging or individual decline after maturit
codicolog
stud of manuscripts
coleopterolog
stud of beetles and "eevils
cometolog
stud of comets
concholog
stud of shells
coprolog
stud of pornograph
cosmetolog
stud of cosmetics
cosmolog
stud of the universe
craniolog
stud of the s%ull
criminolog
stud of crime6 criminals
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk crobiolog
stud of life under cold conditions
crptolog
stud of codes
crpto5oolog
stud of animals for "hose e*istence there is no conclusive proof
ctetolog
stud of the inheritance of ac9uired characteristics
cnolog
scientific stud of dogs
ctolog
stud of living cells
dactliolog
stud of rings
dactlograph
the stud of fingerprints
dactlolog
stud of sign language
deltiolog
the collection and stud of picture postcards
demolog
stud of human behaviour
demonolog
stud of demons
dendrochronolog
stud of tree rings
dendrolog
stud of trees
deontolog
the theor or stud of moral obligation
dermatoglphics
the stud of s%in patterns and fingerprints
dermatolog
stud of s%in
desmolog
stud of ligaments
diabolog
stud of devils
diagraphics
art of ma%ing diagrams or dra"ings
dialectolog
stud of dialects
dioptrics
stud of light refraction
diplomatics
science of deciphering ancient "ritings and te*ts
diplomatolog
stud of diplomats
docimolog
the art of assaing
dosiolog
the stud of doses
dramaturg
art of producing and staging dramatic "or%s
dsgenics
the stud of racial degeneration
dsteleolog
stud of purposeless organs
ecclesiolog
stud of church affairs
eccrinolog
stud of e*cretion
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk ecolog
stud of environment
economics
stud of material "ealth
edapholog
stud of soils
(gptolog
stud of ancient (gpt
e%istics
stud of human settlement
electrochemistr
stud of relations bet"een electricit and chemicals
electrolog
stud of electricit
electrostatics
stud of static electricit
embrolog
stud of embros
emetolog
stud of vomiting
emmenolog
the stud of menstruation
endemiolog
stud of local diseases
endocrinolog
stud of glands
enigmatolog
stud of enigmas
entomolog
stud of insects
ento5oolog
stud of parasites that live inside larger organisms
en5molog
stud of en5mes
ephebiatrics
branch of medicine dealing "ith adolescence
epidemiolog
stud of diseases6 epidemics
epileptolog
stud of epileps
epistemolog
stud of grounds of %no"ledge
eremolog
stud of deserts
ergolog
stud of effects of "or% on humans
ergonomics
stud of people at "or%
escapolog
stud of freeing oneself from constraints
eschatolog
stud of death6 final matters
ethnogen
stud of origins of races or ethnic groups
ethnolog
stud of cultures
ethnomethodolog
stud of everda communication
ethnomusicolog
stud of comparative musical sstems
etholog
stud of natural or biological character
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk ethonomics
stud of economic and ethical principles of a societ
etiolog
the science of causes6 especiall of disease
etmolog
stud of origins of "ords
euthenics
science concerned "ith improving living conditions
e*obiolog
stud of e*traterrestrial life
floristr
the art of cultivating and selling flo"ers
fluviolog
stud of "atercourses
fol%loristics
stud of fol%lore and fables
futurolog
stud of future
garbolog
stud of garbage
gastroenterolog
stud of stomach6 intestines
gastronom
stud of fine dining
gemmolog
stud of gems and je"els
genealog
stud of descent of families
genesiolog
stud of reproduction and heredit
genethlialog
the art of casting horoscopes
geochemistr
stud of chemistr of the earth's crust
geochronolog
stud of measuring geological time
geogen
science of the formation of the earth's crust
geogon
stud of formation of the earth
geograph
stud of surface of the earth and its inhabitants
geolog
stud of earth's crust
geomorphogen
stud of the origins of land forms
geoponics
stud of agriculture
geotechnics
stud of increasing habitabilit of the earth
geratolog
stud of decadence and deca
gerocom
stud of old age
gerontolog
stud of the elderl6 aging
gigantolog
stud of giants
glaciolog
stud of ice ages and glaciation
glossolog
stud of language6 stud of the tongue
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk glptograph
the art of engraving on gems
glptolog
stud of gem engravings
gnomonics
the art of measuring time using sundials
gnosiolog
stud of %no"ledge6 philosoph of %no"ledge
gnotobiolog
stud of life in germfree conditions
graminolog
stud of grasses
grammatolog
stud of sstems of "riting
graphemics
stud of sstems of representing speech in "riting
grapholog
stud of hand"riting
gromatics
science of surveing
gnaecolog
stud of "omen:s phsiolog
grostatics
the stud of rotating bodies
haemataulics
stud of movement of blood through blood vessels
hagiolog
stud of saints
halieutics
stud of fishing
hamartiolog
stud of sin
harmonics
stud of musical acoustics
hedonics
part of ethics or pscholog dealing "ith pleasure
helcolog
stud of ulcers
heliolog
science of the sun
helioseismolog
stud of sun's interior b observing its surface oscillations
helmintholog
stud of "orms
hematolog
stud of blood
heortolog
stud of religious feasts
hepatolog
stud of liver
heraldr
stud of coats of arms
heresiolog
stud of heresies
herpetolog
stud of reptiles and amphibians
hierolog
science of sacred matters
hippiatrics
stud of diseases of horses
hippolog
the stud of horses
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk histolog
stud of the tissues of organisms
histopatholog
stud of changes in tissue due to disease
historiograph
stud of "riting histor
historiolog
stud of histor
homiletics
the art of preaching
hoplolog
the stud of "eapons
horograph
art of constructing sundials or cloc%s
horolog
science of time measurement
horticulture
stud of gardening
hdrobiolog
stud of a9uatic organisms
hdrodnamics
stud of movement in li9uids
hdrogeolog
stud of ground "ater
hdrograph
stud of investigating bodies of "ater
hdro%inetics
stud of motion of fluids
hdrolog
stud of "ater resources
hdrometeorolog
stud of atmospheric moisture
hdropath
stud of treating diseases "ith "ater
hetolog
science of rainfall
hgiastics
science of health and hgiene
hgienics
stud of sanitation6 health
hgiolog
hgienics6 stud of cleanliness
hgrolog
stud of humidit
hgrometr
science of humidit
hmnograph
stud of "riting hmns
hmnolog
stud of hmns
hpnolog
stud of sleep6 stud of hpnosis
hpsograph
science of measuring heights
iamatolog
stud of remedies
iatrolog
treatise or te*t on medical topics6 stud of medicine
iatromathematics
archaic practice of medicine in conjunction "ith astrolog
ichnograph
art of dra"ing ground plans6 a ground plan
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk ichnolog
science of fossili5ed footprints
ichtholog
stud of fish
iconograph
stud of dra"ing smbols
iconolog
stud of icons6 smbols
ideogen
stud of origins of ideas
ideolog
science of ideas6 sstem of ideas used to justif behaviour
idiomolog
stud of idiom1 jargon or dialect
idiopscholog
pscholog of one's o"n mind
immunogenetics
stud of genetic characteristics of immunit
immunolog
stud of immunit
immunopatholog
stud of immunit to disease
insectolog
stud of insects
irenolog
the stud of peace
iridolog
stud of the iris6 diagnosis of disease based on the iris of the ee
%alolog
stud of beaut
%arolog
stud of cell nuclei
%idolog
stud of %idding
%inematics
stud of motion
%inesics
stud of gestural communication
%inesiolog
stud of human movement and posture
%inetics
stud of forces producing or changing motion
%oniolog
stud of atmospheric pollutants and dust
%tenolog
science of putting people to death
%matolog
stud of "ave motion
labeorphil
collection and stud of beer bottle labels
larithmics
stud of population statistics
larngolog
stud of larn*
lepidopterolog
stud of butterflies and moths
leprolog
stud of lepros
le*icolog
stud of "ords and their meanings
le*igraph
art of definition of "ords
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk lichenolog
stud of lichens
limacolog
stud of slugs
limnobiolog
stud of fresh"ater ecosstems
limnolog
stud of bodies of fresh "ater
linguistics
stud of language
litholog
stud of roc%s
liturgiolog
stud of liturgical forms and church rituals
loimolog
stud of plagues and epidemics
lo*odrom
stud of sailing along rhumblines
magirics
art of coo%er
magnanerie
art of raising sil%"orms
magnetics
stud of magnetism
malacolog
stud of molluscs
malariolog
stud of malaria
mammalog
stud of mammals
man=ge
the art of horsemanship
0ariolog
stud of the Virgin 0ar
martrolog
stud of martrs
mastolog
stud of mammals
mathematics
stud of magnitude1 number1 and forms
ma5olog
mammalog6 stud of mammals
mechanics
stud of action of force on bodies
meconolog
stud of or treatise concerning opium
melittolog
stud of bees
mereolog
stud of part"hole relationships
mesolog
ecolog
metallogen
stud of the origin and distribution of metal deposits
metallograph
stud of the structure and constitution of metals
metallurg
stud of alloing and treating metals
metaphsics
stud of principles of nature and thought
metapolitics
stud of politics in theor or abstract
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk metapscholog
stud of nature of the mind
meteoritics
the stud of meteors
meteorolog
stud of "eather
metrics
stud of versification
metrolog
science of "eights and measures
microanatom
stud of microscopic tissues
microbiolog
stud of microscopic organisms
microclimatolog
stud of local climates
microlog
stud or discussion of trivialities
micropalaeontolog stud of microscopic fossils microphtolog
stud of ver small plant life
microscop
stud of minute objects
mineralog
stud of minerals
molinolog
stud of mills and milling
momilog
stud of mummies
morpholog
stud of forms and the development of structures
muscolog
the stud of mosses
museolog
the stud of museums
musicolog
stud of music
mcolog
stud of funguses
molog
stud of muscles
mrmecolog
stud of ants
mtholog
stud of mths6 fables6 tales
naolog
stud of church or temple architecture
nasolog
stud of the nose
nautics
art of navigation
nematolog
the stud of nematodes
neonatolog
stud of ne"born babies
neossolog
stud of nestling birds
nepholog
stud of clouds
nephrolog
stud of the %idnes
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk neurobiolog
stud of anatom of the nervous sstem
neurolog
stud of nervous sstem
neuropscholog
stud of relation bet"een brain and behaviour
neurpnolog
stud of hpnotism
neutrosoph
stud of the origin and nature of philosophical neutralities
nidolog
stud of nests
nomolog
the science of the la"s6 especiall of the mind
noolog
science of the intellect
nosolog
stud of diseases
nostolog
stud of senilit
notaphil
collecting of ban%notes and che9ues
numerolog
stud of numbers
numismatics
stud of coins
nmpholog
stud of nmphs
obstetrics
stud of mid"ifer
oceanograph
stud of oceans
oceanolog
stud of oceans
odolog
science of the hpothetical mstical force of od
odontolog
stud of teeth
oenolog
stud of "ines
oi%olog
science of house%eeping
olfactolog
stud of the sense of smell
ombrolog
stud of rain
oncolog
stud of tumours
oneirolog
stud of dreams
onomasiolog
stud of nomenclature
onomastics
stud of proper names
ontolog
science of pure being6 the nature of things
oolog
stud of eggs
ophiolog
stud of sna%es
ophthalmolog
stud of ee diseases
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk optics
stud of light
optolog
stud of sight
optometr
science of e*amining the ees
orchidolog
stud of orchids
ornitholog
stud of birds
orolog
stud of mountains
orthoep
stud of correct pronunciation
orthograph
stud of spelling
orthopterolog
stud of coc%roaches
orctolog
mineralog or paleontolog
osmics
scientific stud of smells
osmolog
stud of smells and olfactor processes
osphresiolog
stud of the sense of smell
osteolog
stud of bones
otolog
stud of the ear
otorhinolarngolog stud of ear1 nose and throat paedolog
stud of children
paedotroph
art of rearing children
paidonosolog
stud of children's diseases6 pediatrics
palaeoanthropolog stud of earl humans palaeobiolog
stud of fossil plants and animals
palaeoclimatolog
stud of ancient climates
palaeolimnolog
stud of ancient fish
palaeolimnolog
stud of ancient la%es
palaeontolog
stud of fossils
palaeopedolog
stud of earl soils
paleobotan
stud of ancient plants
paleoosteolog
stud of ancient bones
palnolog
stud of pollen
paprolog
stud of paper
parapscholog
stud of une*plained mental phenomena
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk parasitolog
stud of parasites
paroemiolog
stud of proverbs
parthenolog
stud of virgins
pataphsics
the science of imaginar solutions
patholog
stud of disease
patrolog
stud of earl )hristianit
pedagogics
stud of teaching
pedolog
stud of soils
pelolog
stud of mud
penolog
stud of crime and punishment
periodontics
stud of gums
peristerophil
pigeoncollecting
pestolog
science of pests
petrolog
stud of roc%s
pharmacognos
stud of drugs of animal and plant origin
pharmacolog
stud of drugs
pharolog
stud of lighthouses
pharngolog
stud of the throat
phenolog
stud of organisms as affected b climate
phenomenolog
stud of phenomena
philatel
stud of postage stamps
philematolog
the act or stud of %issing
phillumen
collecting of matchbo* labels
philolog
stud of ancient te*ts6 historical linguistics
philosoph
science of %no"ledge or "isdom
phoniatrics
stud and correction of speech defects
phonolog
stud of speech sounds
photobiolog
stud of effects of light on organisms
phraseolog
stud of phrases
phrenolog
stud of bumps on the head
phcolog
stud of algae and sea"eeds
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk phsics
stud of properties of matter and energ
phsiolog
stud of processes of life
phtolog
stud of plants6 botan
piscatolog
stud of fishes
pisteolog
science or stud of faith
planetolog
stud of planets
plutolog
political econom6 stud of "ealth
pneumatics
stud of mechanics of gases
podiatr
stud and treatment of disorders of the foot6 chiropod
podolog
stud of the feet
polemolog
stud of "ar
pomolog
stud of fruitgro"ing
posolog
science of 9uantit or dosage
potamolog
stud of rivers
pra*eolog
stud of practical or efficient activit6 science of efficient action
primatolog
stud of primates
proctolog
stud of rectum
prosod
stud of versification
protistolog
stud of protists
pro*emics
stud of man:s need for personal space
psalligraph
the art of papercutting to ma%e pictures
psepholog
stud of election results and voting trends
pseudolog
art or science of ling
pseudoptics
stud of optical illusions
pschobiolog
stud of biolog of the mind
pschogenetics
stud of internal or mental states
pschognos
stud of mentalit1 personalit or character
pscholog
stud of mind
pschopatholog
stud of mental illness
pschophsics
stud of lin% bet"een mental and phsical processes
pteridolog
stud of ferns
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk pterlolog
stud of distribution of feathers on birds
pretolog
stud of fevers
prgolog
stud of to"ers
proballog
stud of artiller
prograph
stud of "oodburning
9uinolog
stud of 9uinine
raciolog
stud of racial differences
radiolog
stud of ;ras and their medical applications
refle*olog
stud of refle*es
rhabdolog
%no"ledge or learning concerning divining rods
rhabdolog
art of calculating using numbering rods
rheolog
science of the deformation or flo" of matter
rheumatolog
stud of rheumatism
rhinolog
stud of the nose
rhochrematics
science of inventor management and the movement of products
runolog
stud of runes
sarcolog
stud of flesh parts of the bod
satanolog
stud of the devil
scatolog
stud of e*crement or obscene literature
schematonics
art of using gesture to e*press tones
sciagraph
art of shading
scripophil
collection of bond and share certificates
sedimentolog
stud of sediment
seismolog
stud of earth9ua%es
selenodes
stud of the shape and features of the moon
selenolog
stud of the moon
semantics
stud of meaning
semantolog
science of meanings of "ords
semasiolog
stud of meaning6 semantics
semiolog
stud of signs and signals
semiotics
stud of signs and smbols
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk serolog
stud of serums
se*olog
stud of se*ual behaviour
siderograph
art of engraving on steel
sigillograph
stud of seals
significs
science of meaning
silvics
stud of tree's life
sindonolog
stud of the shroud of /urin
Sinolog
stud of )hina
sitolog
dietetics
sociobiolog
stud of biological basis of human behaviour
sociolog
stud of societ
somatolog
science of the properties of matter
sophiolog
science of ideas
soteriolog
stud of theological salvation
spectrolog
stud of ghosts
spectroscop
stud of spectra
speleolog
stud and e*ploration of caves
spermolog
stud of seeds
sphagnolog
stud of peat moss
sphragistics
stud of seals and signets
sphgmolog
stud of the pulse
splanchnolog
stud of the entrails or viscera
spongolog
stud of sponges
stasiolog
stud of political parties
stat statiics st stud o
f bodies and for forces in e9uilib librium
stemmatolog
stud of relationships bet"een te*ts
stoichiolog
science of elements of animal tissues
stomatolog
stud of the mouth
storiolog
stud of fol% tales
stratigraph
stud of geological laers or strata
stratograph
art of leading an arm
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk stlometr
studing literature b means of statistical analsis
suicidolog
stud of suicide
smbolog
stud of smbols
smptomatolog
stud of smptoms of illness
snecolog
stud of ecological communities
snectics
stud of processes of invention
snta*
stud of sentence structure
sphilolog
stud of sphilis
sstematolog
stud of sstems
ta*iderm
art of curing and stuffing animals
tectonics
science of structure of objects1 buildings and landforms
tegestolog
stud and collecting of beer mats
teleolog
stud of final causes6 analsis in terms of purpose
telmatolog
stud of s"amps
teratolog
stud of monsters1 frea%s1 abnormal gro"ths or malformations
teutholog
stud of cephalopods
te*tolog
stud of the production of te*ts
thalassograph
science of the sea
thanatolog
stud of death and its customs
thaumatolog
stud of miracles
theolog
stud of religion6 religious doctrine
theriatrics
veterinar medicine
theriogenolog
stud of animals' reproductive sstems
thermodnamics
stud of relation of heat to motion
thermo%inematics
stud of motion of heat
thermolog
stud of heat
therolog
stud of "ild mammals
thremmatolog
science of breeding domestic animals and plants
threpsolog
science of nutrition
tidolog
stud of tides
timbrolog
stud of postage stamps
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk tocolog
obstetrics6 mid"ifer
tonetics
stud of pronunciation
topolog
stud of places and their natural features
toponmics
stud of placenames
toreutics
stud of artistic "or% in metal
to*icolog
stud of poisons
to*ophil
love of archer6 archer6 stud of archer
traumatolog
stud of "ounds and their effects
tribolog
stud of friction and "ear bet"een surfaces
tricholog
stud of hair and its disorders
tropholog
stud of nutrition
tsiganolog
stud of gpsies
turner
art of turning in a lathe
tphlolog
stud of blindness and the blind
tpograph
art of printing or using tpe
tpolog
stud of tpes of things
ufolog
stud of alien spacecraft
uranograph
descriptive astronom and mapping
uranolog
stud of the heavens6 astronom
urbanolog
stud of cities
urenolog
stud of rust molds
urolog
stud of urine6 urinar tract
venereolog
stud of venereal disease
vermeolog
stud of "orms
ve*illolog
stud of flags
victimolog
stud of victims
vinolog
scientific stud of vines and "inema%ing
virolog
stud of viruses
vitrics glass
materials6 glass"are6 stud of glass"are
volcanolog
stud of volcanoes
vulcanolog
stud of volcanoes
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk *lograph
art of engraving on "ood
*lolog
stud of "ood
5enograph
stud of the planet >upiter
5oiatrics
veterinar surger
5ooarchaeolog
stud of animal remains of archaeological sites
5oochemistr
chemistr of animals
5oogeograph
stud of geographic distribution of animals
5oogeolog
stud of fossil animal remains
5oolog
stud of animals
5oonom
animal phsiolog
5oonosolog
stud of animal diseases
5oopatholog
stud of animal diseases
5oophsics
phsics of animal bodies
5oophsiolog
stud of phsiolog of animals
5oophtolog
stud of plantli%e animals
5oosemiotics
stud of animal communication
5oota*
science of classifing animals
5ootechnics
science of breeding animals
5golog
science of joining and fastening
5molog
science of fermentation
5murg
branch of chemistr dealing "ith bre"ing and distilling
$esson & /ip /ipss for )orrect Spellings Rules , /ips for )orrect )orrect Spellings $esson @ The one word which most students students dread in any competiti*e competiti*e e(am is 3"nlish3, 3"nlish3, and more so 3rammarR3. 3rammarR3. 7rammar is an interal and indispensable part of "nlish 9or any lanuae, for that matter and words / *ocabulary are an interal part of rammar. And, when we tal of words, can spellins be far behind & Identifyin the wron spellins is a part of the e*aluation process, in the "nlish section, in most competiti*e e(ams - ban ! and clerical e(ams, #, I+ and other e(ams. The )beauty) of "nlish is that words are not spelled the same way they are pronounced and *ice-*ersa. As Ambrose +ierce, American editorialist, ;ournalist, short story writer, and one of America)s reatest satirist, once said, 3rthoraphy is the science of spellin by the eye instead of the ear.3 This implies that words that are written are not necessarily pronounced the same wayR 6nder such circumstances, masterin spellins
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becomes critical to your success, not only in competiti*e e(aminations - where both your oral and written communications is tested - but also in your career and life.
Here are some $ips 7 :!les for Corret Spellin's There are certain rules / tips for correct spellins, and it will do you a )world of ood) if you can remember these rules / tips, and apply them accordinly while practicin the spellins of words. *. /ie) and )ei) < hen ) ie) is pronounced /i<) as in ) &ee), the )i) comes before the ) e). +elie*e +elief +rief Achie*e Arie*ed $ierce $ield 7rie*e elief elie*e #hief %yiene when )ei) is pronounced )i<) as in )bee), )ei) comes after the )c). :ecei*e :eceit #oncei*e #onceit =isconcei*e !ercei*e !reconcei*ed ecei*e %owe*er, %owe*er, some e(ceptions to this rule are < &ounterfeit! 'lebeian! eird! ei*e , where the )ei) spellin doesn)t follow a )c). Yu need to learn the spellins for these. 3. The consonant ) l) is usually doubled, e*en when the stress does not fall on the last syllable. This rule is applicable for 6> "nlish spellins. %owe*er, the 6 spellins ha*e also been shown below for your benefit and understandin.
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Note < An "(ception is )paralleled). 4. Do!&lin' Consonants + hen addin ) ed/ and )in'/ endins to *erbs that end with a sinle *owel plus a consonant, do not double the final consonant if the stress doesn)t fall at the end of the word.
when addin ) ed) and /in') endins to *erbs that end with a sinle *owel plus a consonant, double the final consonant if the stress falls at the end of the word.
8. Addin' endin's to words that end with a do!&le ?l? + :rop the final 3l3 from words that end with a double 3l3 before addin endins which bein with a consonant. 9uch as ) ment), )f!l) and )li)
Note < The endin ) ness) is an e(ception to this rule < •
mall- mallness0
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Ill - illness
C. You must ha*e come across the e(pression3 3 hen two vowels go walking! the first one does not talking 3. This means that when there are two *owels in a row, the first one usually has a lon sound, and the second is silent. 3That)s why it)s )lean), not )laen)0 )team), not )taem)0 )coat), not )caot), )boat) not )baot)0 and )wait) not )wiat)
Spellings often 0isspelled =ost spellin errors are unintentional. The main problem with the spellins is, people remember the sound of the word in their mother tonue and try to write the spellin to that sound usin their own "nlish lanuae sills. +ut as "nlish is a tricy lanuae, this techniue leads to some typin errors. ome common typos are < •
mittin letters from a word
•
Addin e(tra letters
•
Transposin Transposin two letters in a word
•
pacin words improperly
e can a*oid these errors with some careful obser*ation and practice. %ere is the list of some misspelled / confused words. 5ust obser*e the common errors carefully, and learn the correct spellins prudently. e hope this obser*ation helps you impro*in your spellins. All the +est < •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Corret Spellin' + :eferred •
#ommon pellin "rrors < effered < effered / refferred
•
To be obser*ed #arefully < inle )f) and :ouble )r) ) r)
Corret Spellin' < !rred •
#ommon pellin "rrors < curred / ccured ccured
•
To be obser*ed #arefully < :ouble )c) S :ouble )r) ) r)
Corret Spellin' + Committed •
#ommon pellin "rrors < #ommited / #omitted
•
To be obser*ed #arefully < :ouble )m) S :ouble )I)
Corret Spellin' + Compelled •
#ommon pellin "rrors < #ompeled / #ommpelled
•
To be obser*ed #arefully < inle )m) S :ouble )I)
Corret Spellin' + asion •
#ommon pellin "rrors < ccassion / cassion
•
To be obser*ed #arefully < :ouble )c) S inle )s)
Corret Spellin' + Aommodation •
#ommon pellin "rrors < Accomodation / Acommodation
•
To be obser*ed #arefully <:ouble )c) S :ouble )m)
Corret Spellin' + Committee •
#ommon pellin "rrors < #ommitee / #omittee
•
To be obser*ed #arefully < :ouble )m), :ouble )t) S :ouble )e)
Corret Spellin' + ,nparalleled
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
#ommon pellin "rrors < 6nparallelled / 6nparalelled
•
To be obser*ed #arefully <:ouble )I) only once S inle )l) )l ) latter
Corret Spellin' + >anoe!vre 7 >ane!ver <,S2 •
#ommon pellin "rrors < =anu*re / =anoeu*er
•
To be obser*ed #arefully < )o) comes before )e) S )u) ) u) comes before )*)
Corret Spellin' + Cons!mmation •
#ommon pellin "rrors < #onssumation / #onsumation
•
To be obser*ed #arefully < inle )s) S :ouble )m)
Corret Spellin' + Lan'!or •
#ommon pellin "rrors < 'anour / 'anuour
•
To be obser*ed #arefully <)u) comes before )o) S only sinle )u) not double 9after )o).
Corret Spellin' + (!n'alow •
#ommon pellin "rrors < +analow / +unlow
•
To be obser*ed #arefully <)u) comes after )b) S )a) ) a) comes after ))
Corret Spellin' + Consiene •
#ommon pellin "rrors < #onsience / #onsience / #onsceince
•
To be obser*ed #arefully <)i) comes before )e). o, it is )ie) and not )ei)
Corret Spellin' + Definitel# •
#ommon pellin "rrors < :efenetly / :efnetly
•
To be obser*ed #arefully <)i) comes after )f) not )e) S )u) comes after )a) at the end.
Corret Spellin' + (!rea! •
#ommon pellin "rrors < +ereau / +urow / +eauro
•
To be obser*ed #arefully <)e) comes before )a) S )u) comes after )a) at the end.
Corret Spellin' + :elamation •
#ommon pellin "rrors < eclammation / eclaimmation
•
To be obser*ed #arefully <inle )c) S inle )m) S no )i) before )m)
Corret Spellin' + Indispensa&le •
#ommon pellin "rrors < Indispensible / Indespincible
•
To be obser*ed #arefully <)i) comes after )d) S )e) comes after )p) S )s) comes before )able)
SP($$I#7 (-SI$A )2#.3S(4 W2R4S omophones are "ords that are pronounced ali%e but that have different spellings and meanings1 such as course and coarse! /he follo"ing list consists of homophones and other pairs of "ords that are fre9uentl misused! n! noun adj! adjective contr! contraction
v! verb adv! adverb pl! plural conj! conjunction prep! preposition
pro! pronoun poss! possessive sing! singular
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a ccep t e*cept
& &
Cv!D to receive Cprep!Dnot included
access access assess
& & &
Cn!D a "a of approach or entrance Cv!D to gain entrance Cv!D to estimate the value of
adapt adopt
& &
Cv!D to adjust to a situation Cv!D to ta%e in or ta%e a course of action
advice advise
& &
Cn!D counsel1 information1 or suggestions given Cv!D to give advice
affect affect ef f ect ef f ect
& & & &
Cv!D to influence or have an effect on Cmost common useD Cn!D emotional status Ca speciali5ed use in pschologD Cn!D the result of an action Cmost common useD Cv!D to accomplish or e*ecute
aisle I'll isle
& & &
Cn!D a corridor or passage"a Ccontr!D I "ill Cn!D an island
all read alr alread ead
& &
Cn! + adj!D everone,everthing is prepared Cadv Cadv!!D at or be befo fore re th this is time time66 pr prev evio ious usl l
all right alright
& &
Cn + adjD everthing is o%a #2/ -# -))(P/(4 W2R4
all together & altoget altogether her &
Cn! + adj!D al all in one pl place Cadv! Cadv!DD comple completel tel1 1 "holl "holl
allude elude
& &
Cv!D to refer to Cv!D to evade or escape
allusion illusion
& &
Cn!D a reference Cn!D a false impression
altar alter
& &
Cn!D an elevated place for religious services Cv!D to change
al"as all "as
& &
Cadv!D constantl6 all the time Cadj! + n!D in ever "a
aloud allo"ed
& &
Cadv!D audibl or loudl Cv!D permitted
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anecdote antidote
& &
Cn!D a little stor Cn!D so something th that co counteracts po poison
angel angl anglee
& &
Cn!D a heavenl being Cn!!D a figu Cn figurre for formed med b th thee dive diverg rgen ence ce of t"o t"o stra straiight ght lines ines fro from one one point
arc arch
& &
Cn!D a part of a circle Cn!D a curved part of a building
ascend ascent assent assent
& & & &
Cv!D to rise1 climb1 or go up Cn!D a movement up"ard Cn!D agreement Cv!D to agree
assistance & assistants &
Cn!D help given Cn! pl!D helpers
band band banned
& & &
Cn!D a group6 a belt Cv!D to form into a group Cv!D e*cluded or prohibited
bare bare bear bear
& & & &
CadjD uncovered1 na%ed Cv!D to ma%e na%ed1 to e*pose Cv!D to carr1 endure1 support Cn!D large1 furr mammal
beside besides
& &
Cprep!D b the side of Cadv! and prep!D in addition to
boar bore bore
& & &
Cn!D a male hog Cv!D to drill into6 to mentall tire someone Cn!D someone "ho is mentall tiring
boarder border
& &
Cn!D one "ho pas for room and meals Cn!D a boundar
born borne
& &
Cv!D given birth to Cal"as in the passive voiceD Cv!D carried1 supported Cal"as in the passive voiceD
bra%e brea% breath
& & &
Cn!D a mechanism to stop a vehicle Cn!D air inhaled and e*haled Cv!D to inhale and e*hale
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canvas canvass
& &
Cn!D a %ind of coarse cloth Cv!D to search or surve
capital capital capital capitol
& & & &
Cn!D "ealth1 assets for investment Cn!D a cit that is a seat of government6 stoc% Cadj!D e* e*cellent1 to top or or foremost6 pu punishable b b de death Cn!D a building occupied b a legislature
censer censor censor censure censure
& & & & &
Cn!D a container for burning incense Cv!D to prohibit publication Cn!D one "ho prohibits publication Cv!D to reprimand or disapprove of Cn!D disapproval
choose chose chosen
& & &
Cv!D to select Cpresent tenseD Cv!D selected Cpast tenseD Cv!D selected Cpast participleD
cite sight sight site
& & & &
Cv!D to 9uote6 to charge "ith brea%ing a la" Cn!D something seen6 the sense of seeing6 a device for aiming a "eapon Cv!D to loo% at or aim at Cn!D a location
coarse course
& &
Cadj!D rough6 undefined Cn!D school subject6 path or "a
complement& complement& compliment& compliment&
Cn!D it items "h "hich co complete Cv!D to to co complete Cn!D a statement of praise Cv!D to praise
conscience & conscious &
Cn!D "hat tells ou right from "rong Cadj!D a"a%e or alert
council counsel counsel
Cn!D a group that deliberates Cv!D to advise Cn!D advice given
& & &
councillor & counselor &
Cn!D one "ho is a member of a council Cn!D one "ho gives advice
descend descent dissent dissent
Cv!D to move do"n"ard Cn!D a going do"n Cv!D to disagree Cn!D disagreement
& & & &
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cavalr )alvar
& &
Cn!D a militar compan on horsebac%! Cn!D th the bi biblical hi hill on on "h "hich >e >esus of of #a #a5areth "a "as cr crucified!
4evice devise
& &
Cn!D a contrivance Cv!D to prepare a method or contrivance
do due
& &
Cv!D to perform Cadj!D used "ith -toE to specif the cause of some thing6 o"ing
dual duel
& &
Cadj!D t"ofold Cn!D a fight bet"een t"o people
desert desert dessert
& & &
Cn!D a geographical area Cv!D to abandon Cn!D food1 usuall s"eet
elicit illicit
& &
Cv!D to bring out1 usuall a response Cn!D not allo"ed
eminent imminent
& &
Cadj!D famous Cadj!D li%el to occur soon
envelop envelope
& &
Cv!D to cover or enclose Cn!D an enclosure used for mailing
e*tant e*tent
& &
Cadj!D still e*isting Cn!D the degree of something
formall formerl
& &
Cadv!D in a formal manner Cadv!D at an earlier time
f o r th fourth
& &
Cadv!1 prep!D for"ard6 on"ard6 out Cn!6 adj!D the one after the third
human humane
& &
Cadj!D pertaining to people Cadj!D pertaining to compassion or %indness
it s it's
& &
Cposs! pro!D belonging to it Ccontr!D it is6 it has
later latter
& &
Cadj!D after a specified time Cn!D the last one mentioned
lead
&
Cv!6 pronounced leedD to conduct
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lead le d
& &
Cn!6 pronounced ledD the metal Cv!D past tense and past participle of lead
loose loose lose
& & &
Cadj!D not tight Cv!D to release Cv!D to misplace6 to be defeated
marital martial
& &
Cadj!D pertaining to marriage CadjD pertaining to "ar
mabe ma be
& &
Cv!D possibl ma occur Cadv!D perhaps
meant ment
& &
Cv!D past tense and past participle of mean #2/ - W2R4
passed past
& &
Cv!D past tense and past participle of pass Cn!D an earlier time
patience patients
& &
Cn! sing!D calm endurance Cn! pl!D those under medical care
peace piece
& &
Cn!D not "ar Cn!D a portion
personal & personnel &
CadjD pertaining to oneself Cn!D th the em emploees of of a compan or or organi5ation
principal principal principle
& & &
Cn!D head of a school6 mone o"ned Cadj!D chief6 most important Cn!D a rule or doctrine
prophec prophes
& &
Cn!D a prediction Cv!D to ma%e a prediction
9uiet 9uite
& &
Cadj!D not nois Cadv!D completel
right "rite
& &
Cadj!D correct1 not left Cv!D to inscribe
se n se se n se since
& & &
Cn!D abilit to thin% "ell6 meaning6 perception Cv!D to perceive Cprep! and conj!D from that time until no"6 because
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stationar & stationer &
Cadj!D in a fi*ed position Cn!D paper to "rite on
than t hen
& &
Cconj!D used to compare things Cadv!D indicating time
their there the're
& & &
Cposs! pro!D belonging to them Cadv!D in that place6 also used as an e*pletive to begin sentences Ccontr!D the are
to too t"o
& & &
Cprep!D generall indicating direction Cadv!D e*cessivel6 also Cn! and adj!D the number
$esson F & Reading )omprehension o" to 7et 7ood 0ar%s in Reading )omprehension ? Now a days, almost e*ery competiti*e e(am asin readin comprehension uestions. In these type of uestions, they will i*e you a passae / comprehension and will as you to read that and answer the uestions followed by that passae. Actually this eadin #omprehension section is desined to test the ability of the student to read a passae and understand its contents and his ability to draw inferences on the basis of what is read. In simple words, the student)s ability to rasp the contents of the passae in a relati*ely short span of time is what is bein tested. The tudent is e(pected to read the i*en passae, understand its contents well and answer the uestions i*en at the end of the passae. All this to be completed in the limited time that is i*en. There are two important sills you should de*elop to do well in readin comprehension. Those Those are, 1. Reading Rate 2. Understanding of the Passage 'ets ha*e a loo at each of them indi*idually to et a clear understandin, before we et into the techniues of attemptin eadin #omprehension. The readin sill cant be e*aluated on a number of words per minute scale, but reading rate can definitely be measured. A person who can read faster can answer more number of questions in the given time than a person with slower reading speed , ther thins remainin the same. It is this readin rate or your speed of readin that you ha*e to aim at impro*in. There is no o*erniht solution to this. #onstant and e(tensi*e readin will impro*e your readin rate. #hec your readin speed today 9tae any passae, count the number of words, cloc the time taen by you to read it and calculate the speed in words per minute and eep a record of it. Then, eep checin your speed reularly and tabulate the same. #hec whether your speed has
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increased o*er time with practice. %owe*er, %owe*er, do not become complacent if your speed has increased. This brins brins us to the second second point.. i.e., i.e., understanding of the passage . A person may be able to read the passae much faster than others but if he is not able to answer the uestions pertainin to the passae, then the speed is of no use at all. it is *ery essential to rasp the meanin of the passae while readin. hile you are readin, you should constantly thin, e*aluate, reason out, ;ude and co relate with what has already been read. A ood *ocabulary would enable you understand the nuances and rasp the meanin of *arious issues discussed discussed in the passae. passae. hile an attempt attempt can be made at pointin pointin out *arious *arious cateories cateories of uesiotns uesiotns that may be ased and i*e a *ariety of tips, you will basically ha*e to draw on the resources buitl by wide and e(tensi*e readin and rely on your own *ocabulary. No trainin will possible reardin understandin and analysin the problem. %owe*er, we are oin to tae you throuh an e(tensi*e set of tests followed by this article to ensure that you et thorouh practice in #omprehension eadin. eadin. In addition to good vocabular , also needed is the ability to ero in on the central theme of the passae. This can be developed with e!tensive reading practice as well as proper concentration at the time of reading the passage" You should also consciously de*elop the habit of correlatin each new sentence read with the part of the the pass passa aee alre alread ady y read read and and ment mental ally ly form form a lin lina aee of all all idea ideass e(pr e(pres esse sed d in the the pass passa aee whil whilee simultaneously weedin out redundant statements. The passae passae i*en in competiti*e competiti*e e(ams 9especially 9especially for ban e(ams e(ams do not conform to an standards as regards the sub#ect matter or the length of the passge . hile the sub;ects co*ered can be as wide ranin as "conomy, ciences 9lie +otony, Jooloy, #hemistry, !hysics, Astornomy, ocial ciences 9lie !shycoloy, %istory, !olitics, ocioloy, %umanities 9lie 'iterature, Art, =usic or #urrent Topics 9ocial, !olitical, "conomical, the student is not e!pected to have an prior $nowledge of the topics given . The passaes will sometimes be *ery comple( in nature while others will be simple in nature and easy to understand. The uestions themsel*es can pertain either to parts directly contained in the passae or related to implications and inferences. ometimes you may be ased to comment on the tone of the passae or to choose a title for the passae or to identify the main idea in the passae but you are hardly e*er ased for your opinion on the passae.
$esson G & 4escriptive Paper Precis Writing /ips PrHcis Writing Writing /ips and (*amples for SBI Ban% Ba n% P2 2thers 2t hers +an ! e(am consists consists of two sections. sections. 1. &;etive $est and 2. Desriptive Desriptiv e $est $est . e)*e already discussed plenty of materials on b;ecti*e ection. ith a ood practice and obser*ation, people can easily do better in b;ecti*e Test. o not oin to say anythin about it now. 'ets tal about the
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:escripti*e ection. This section is oin to play a crucial role in your final selection of the e(am. o, e)*e e)*e planne planned d to i*e i*e you a comple complete te set of materi materials als on :escri :escripti pti*e *e ectio ection. n. This This set consi consists sts of the topics Comprehension , Short %rPis, Letter writin' S Essa#. As an initiati*e of this, today we are startin with short notes on %reis writin' . e hope that this surely will help you doin ood in upcomin +I ! "(am)s descripti*e section .$eel free to use the comments bo( below if you ha*e any uestions / comments... ri'in of the word %reis +
The word prUcisV 9not !recis, but we actually ot used to type it in this way.. so no issues....you should pronounce it as pray-see is conate to the word preciseV comin from a 'atin word meanin to !t.V It has been *ariously referred to as abbre*iationB, WsubtractionB, WabstractB, WsummaryB, and WcondensationB. WcondensationB. A precis, then, is a cut *ersion of the oriinal, retainin the main ideas and omittin all or most of the e(amples and secondary ideas.
How to -rite %reis in Exams 0 e)*e already discussed about the basics of !recis writin for ban po e(ams . In this post we shall discuss important points / rules which you should follow to write wri te precis. 'ets ha*e a loo...
In writin' a preis ;!st proeed as follows + •
ead #arefully, sentence by sentence, the passae to be summaried. Try to rasp the writer)s main
•
point. pottin the topic sentence will help. As you read, tae brief notes to be used in your writin. hen you ha*e finally decided what the author)s main point is, write it out in your own words. :o not
•
use the wordin of the oriinal e(cept for certain ey words which you may find indispensable . If you cant translate the idea into your own lanuae, you do not understand them *ery well. +e especially careful not to rely too much on the topic sentence. :o not add add any ideas or opinions of your own. e*ise your writin until you are sure that you ha*e i*en an accurate summary.
•
6sually you will find your precis is too lon, if it is more than one-third the lenth of the oriinal. #ontinue your re*ision until until you ha*e reduced the precis precis to the proper lenth In this careful re*ision lies the principal *alue of the precis as a composition e(ercise.
-hat is %rPis -ritin' -ritin' 0 A precis is a Short S!mmar# . It is not a paraphrase, which merely says in different and simpler words e(actly what the passae bein paraphrased has to say. A paraphrase may be as lon as the passae itself whereas a precis rarely is more than one9third the lenth of the oriinal selection and may be only one-fourth as lon 9for ban e(ams) descripti*e section, its ad*isible to limit your precis to the 1/@rd of the i*en pararaph. A precis i*es only the 3 heart3 of a passae. I t omits repetition and s!h details as examples5 ill!strations and ad;etives !nless the# are of !n!s!al importane .
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A precis is written entirely in the words of the person writin it, not in the words of the oriinal selection. A*oid the temptation of liftin lon phrases and whole sentences from the oriinal. It wont help you. And in fact it may lessen your ood impression and may lead to less score in the e(am. As we)*e already mentioned abo*e, a precis is written from the point of the author whose wor is bein summaried. :on)t bein with such e(pressions as 3The pararaph means3 or 3The author says3.. etc... 5ust bein as thouh you were summariin your own writin.
-pproach to Precis Writing Writing for Ban% P2 (*ams •
A precis should should reduce the lenht of the oriinal passae by at least two - thirds.
•
"*ery important idea must be retained, preferably in the order in which it appears in the oriinal.
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6nimportant points, includin details, illustrations and anecdotes, should be discarded.
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A first draft of the precis should be written, then checed to see that it contains the main ideas of the
•
passae. Althouh you should be as brief as possible, uard aainst bein so condensed that you obscure the
•
point of passae. Try Try to capture capture the tone or feelin feelin of the oriinal, oriinal, particularly particularly if it is deliberately deliberately humorous humorous ironic ironic or
•
biased. #hec the draft for e(pression errors, repetition or *aue phrasin0 then write a smoother final *ersion.
Important /echni9ues to )ompress the 7iven 4ata for Precis Writing 7ood precis is without all superfluities. This is not uite easy to achie*e and reuires a lot of patience, hard wor and practice. #ertain de*ices, lie one word substitution, help to reduce words in a precis and assists in compressin it. omethin a sinle word is sufficient fro many. %ence the more one-words you now, the better for you. This reuires *ocabulary de*elopment which e(tensi*e readin and od dictionaries and other sources can pro*ide. $or clear understandin, ha*e a loo at the followin e(amples.
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ne who is not professional - Amateur Amateur
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An assembly of hearers - Audience
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A battle or match in which neither party wins - :rawn
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$it to be eaten - "dible
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That which cannot be conuered - In*incible
entences can be compressed in two ways
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1. by remo*in remo*in redundancies redundancies and ornamental e(pressions, e(pressions, and 2. by combinin combinin a number of sentences into one sentence. "(amples < •
hen sorrows come, they do not come alone but in battalions •
•
The thunder-storm continued unabated and did not cease until after it was dawn •
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you can compress the abo*e sentence and simplify it as >isfort!nes never ome alone you can compress compress the abo*e sentence sentence and simplify simplify it as $he th!nder9storm ontin!ed till
dawn I was standin at the ate. it was the time of sunset. At that time a carriae drew up. The carriae
contained a entleman. The entleman was middle aed. • you can compress the abo*e sentence and simplify it as -hile I was standin' at the 'ate at s!nset5 a arria'e ontainin' a middle9a'ed middle9a'ed 'entleman drew !p.
A pararaph consists of a number of sentences dealin with a sinle topic or idea. It has thus a unity of purpose and is uite easy to summarie. The first sentence enerally states the theme. "ach sentence de*elops the sub;ect in a loical manner. All sentences which elaborate or e(plain the main idea are omitted while writin a precis. e deal only with the cru( of the pararaph.
%reis -ritin' Examples for S(I (ank % or thers %reis -ritin' Example + $rees i*e shade for the benefit of others, and while they themsel*es stand in the sun and endure the scorchin heat, they produce the fruit of which others profit. The character of ood men is lie that of trees. hat is the use of this perishable body if no use is made of it for the benefit of manind & andalwood, the more it is rubbed, rubbed, the more scent does it yield. yield. uarcane, uarcane, the more it is peeled peeled and cut up into pieces, pieces, the more ;uice does it produce. The men who are noble at heart do not lose their ualities e*en in losin their li*es. hat matters whether men praise them or not& hat difference does it mae whether they die at this moment or whether li*es are proloned& %appen what may, those who is unprofitable to a man who does not li*e for others. To li*e for the mere sae of li*in one)s life is to li*e the life or do and crows. Those who lay down their li*es for the sae of others will assuredly dwell fore*er in a world of bliss.
Now they will as you to mae a precis out of the abo*e pararaph and put a suitable title for it. =ae it the habit of readin twice before oin to write precis. $irst read little slowly because you are new to this para. 'ater read lil faster and try to pic important points mentioned in the pararaph. -hat will &e the s!ita&le title for o!r preis 0 'ife of trees& mell of andal wood& :eath of ood men& or 5uice of uar #ane& ee, don)t confuse with the lines. Try to pic the soul of the pararaph. About what they are talin of. Now ;ust thin of a suitable name for the abo*e para .
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And now you should write precis... emember all the points we)*e discussed in our earlier precis writin tips. tips . 5ust pic important points from the i*en para and write them th em on your own. All the best. %reis + The character of ood men is lie that of trees. They li*e for others and do not lose their ualities e*en in losin their li*es. They always follow the riht path. !raise is i mmaterial to them. To To li*e for one)s own sae is to lead the life of beasts. nly those who lay down their li*es for others will li*e fore*er in a world of bliss.
Letter -ritin' $ips Letter -ritin' for S(I % Desriptive %aper 9 Introd!tion The ey to the success in the era of lobaliation is communication. And correspondence 9letters is perhaps the most important component of communication. "*en in the ae of modern technoloical inno*ations inno*ations lie email, internet and lon distance connecti*ity, letters still carry the ma(imum load of personal and business communication. hate*er be the medium of carryin the messae, the messae has to be properly written to con*ey the reuired meanin and complete sense. sense. ne has liberty to write personal letters as one wants, but business business or formal letters ha*e to follow some norms in order to mae appropriate impact It is said that letter writin is nothin but an art. "*en thouh letters ha*e transformed into e-mails and =s, the art still remains, only the medium has chaned. 'etters can be broadly classified into formal letters and informal letters. Formal Formal Letters Letters : As the name suggests, formal letters include business letters, official letters, applications, complaints, letter to editors, letters written to people whom we want to convey certain important information. Informal Letters : Informal : Informal letters include personal letters, letters that are written to our friends and family. While formal letters follow certain format, one can be flexible while writing informal letters. nonetheless, letter writing is a skill that needs to be honed over time with practice. It is a pleasurable task once you know the basic rules. Letter writing almost embarks you on a journey of words, be it hand-written or typed, this is one
activity
that
helps
you
communicate
There are several types of letters that are being asked for SBI PO Exam. Those are : •
Application and Appreciation
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Enquirers and Requests
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Complaint and Recommendation
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Sales and Promotion
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Welcome or Invitation Letters
so
beautifully.
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Some times they will ask you to write a letter to your brother / friend by describing something
There are two elements to a letter. Format and Body. The format refers to the style in which the letter is written, and the body refers to the content of the letter.
Letter Writing Techniques for All Exams - Personal Letters / Informal Letters %ersonal Letters
:i*ide your letter in small pararaphs. >eep your writin simple. =ae a ood choice of words especially if you are writin an apoloy letter to e(press your condolences in case of a death. :ate < The :ate is placed in the top riht end of the pae. Sal!tatio Sal!tation n + n the e(treme left side of the pae, a few spaces below the date. It can be ):ear am) or )=y :ear =ummy/=a) 9but not mother. You always address your mother, father, brother by a name, not by relationship. (od# + tart a space or two below the salutation. Indent all the pararaphs. Closin' Closin' + =ost people close the letter with phrases lie )Yours affectionately / ith lo*e / All the best / Tae care) etc. These words should be a few spaces spaces below the last line of the te(t, on the riht r iht side. 9Now a days left side closin has also become popular.
This is the basic structure of a letter. you can modify it accordin to the purpose for which it is written and the person to whom it is addressed. Note + If you are writin a letter for ;ob application 9formal letter, then you may need to attach your resume alon with the letter and also mention the same in it. $urthermore, you try to write as simply and as clearly as possible, and not to mae the letter loner than necessary. emember not to use informal lanaute lie contractions.
Personal / Informal Letter Writing Examples for SBI PO Exam
$riends, %ere are some e(amples of formal letters. At the end of the letter we)*e included some important tips to follow. %ope this post will be useful for you.. All the best < 1. 2 :ecember, 2D1@ :ear :ad, 7reetins. I am uite comfortable in my new hostel. =y roommate is also a *eetarian and non-smoer. non-smoer. o no
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problems. The place is *ery hot, so I am plannin to buy a cooler. cooler. A ood ood cooler costs about s. 8DDD. I now you ha*e spent uite a lot on my education, but this is also a necessary e(penditure. e(penditure. I hope you will be able to send me the money by the weeend. orry for the trouble. ay hi to mom and didi. 'o*e ............. Note < :ont lauh at abo*e letter. +I ased this letter in one of its ! "(am)s descripti*e section < And And try to a*oid closins lie your lo*in son, your carin brother etc.. because these may sound artificial... Now lets ha*e a loo at another letter...
2 :ecember, 2D1@ %i a;, Lon' time no see and no talk5 and no mails too . hat)s up man& 4ery busy in studies or mo*ies& $he news is that I am comin to +ombay on the 11th, for three days and will be stayin at the Ta;. >eep your e*enins free and we will paint the town red. %ope you ha*e sa*ed enouh money to tae me for outins. orried& orried& 5ust ;oinR At least eep yourself yourself free. Tae #are >rishna Note < You You can use the startin of the abo*e letter 9bold for any informal letter which you are writin to your friend. And you can start any thin 9which was ased in the e(am to con*ey by usin $he News is that. These simple points will help you ettin ood mars in the e(am.. In our ne(t post we shall discuss about formal letter writin wri tin techniues. All the best.
Essay Writing Tips 4escriptive Paper (ssa Writing Introduction Int roduction In real life lif e situations we e(press our feelins, ideas and thouhts larely throuh the spoen medium where as in academic situations e(pressin and thinin is done mainly throuh writin. The ability to collect, select, arran arranee and use inform informati ation on is de*elo de*eloped ped throu throuh h essay essay writin writin. . hile hile writin writin an essay essay aspir aspirant antss are constantly ;udin, analyin, self e(aminin and self correctin. Thus writin an essay can be looed at as an e(ercise in thinin and self understandin. This is the main reason why they as you to write essays in ban
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e(ams) descripti*e paper.
The word 3essay< means to try, to attempt. hen you write an essay, you attempt to e(plain the topic to the best of your nowlede and ability. It is the similar to the e(ercise of e(pansion of the topic 9simply we can say that this is ;ust the opposite of precis writin. "ssays can be classified as Narrati*e, :escripti*e, "(pository, eflecti*e and Imainati*e.
Narrative Essa# + A narrati*e essay is a narration of some e*ent or incident. The narrati*e can co*er historical e*ents 9the 1GCK mutiny0 social e*ents 9a marriae or festi*al0 incidents incidents lie an accident or earthuae0 earthuae0 a ;ourney or a story. story.
Desriptive Essa# A descripti*e essay deals with the description of a place or a thin. It can describe a historical buildin 9'al Puila or #harminar0 a city or town 9%yderabad or :elhi0 a botanical arden or a Joo etc
Expositor# Essa# An "(pository essay consists of an e(planation or e(position of a sub;ect it can be an e(position of a scientific process 9how computers worl a bioloical phenomena 9how our respiratory system wors0 or a literary topic 9all that litters is not old.
:efletive Essa# A reflecti*e essay, essay, as the name suests, is a reflection or thouhts on some sub;ect. It can contain aruments, debate and discussion which could also be abstract in nature. It may deal with philosophy or theoloy 9science and reliion, social or political problem 9is democracy suitable for india0 abstractions 9does 7od e(ist or eneral thouht pro*oin sub;ects.
Ima'inative Essa# In imainati*e essay you ha*e to imaine a position or situation such as )if I were the prime minister0 or if all the motor cars are banned, autobioraphy of a washin machine etc.
o" to Write (ssas for Ban% and 2ther )ompetitive (*ams To write a ood essay, you must first plan it properly. In descripti*e and narrati*e essays, you can describe or narrate thins in a chronoloical manner. If it is an e(hibition you are describin, after a short introduction, start with the entrance and proceed as you would o alon0 different stalls, decor and display, any eye catchin or e(citin thin, people, your feelins of happiness or boredom etc. If it is a train ;ourney follow the chronoloy, chronoloy, how it started, what you felt, how you en;oyed and how it ended. hile writin e(pository essay, you must lin loically all the different aspects of the process or phenomena
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that you choose to describe. In the reflecti*e essay, adopt a balanced approach. If you are writin an essay on 3hould India mae an atom bomb3 tae a stand for or aainst. !ut your e(planation in a loical manner, show awareness of the opinion of the opposin side 9as in a debate0 counter the opposin aruments aruments 3to ;ustify your stand and come to conclusion that supports the stand you ha*e taen. In an imainati*e essay, let your imaination tae o*er, because you ha*e no e(perience of the situation or position you ha*e taen. +e consistent in your e(planation and loical in your aruments. As we ha*e already discussed, writin an essay is not merely addin one sentence to another. You may write *ery ood sentences, but the problem is how to arrane them loically. The best solution to this problem is to loo at sentences as parts of the o*erall plan of an essay. In other words, instead of beinnin with sentences, we should thin of the entire essay and then brea it down into pararaphs and then into sentences. Thus essay writin is a systematic process in*ol*in the followin steps. %reparation %reparation 999999999 %lannin' 99999999999 9999999999999 99 Draftin'
(ssa Writing /ips for Ban% (*ams 4escriptive Paper Preparation %reparation + Any piece of composition has a topic, a purpose, a point of *iew, and an intended reader. hen we write an essay we ha*e a definite purpose lie narratin, persuadin, or writin an e(position. ur readin, e(periences and imaination help us de*elop an approach which decides the treatment i*en to a topic of the essay. +y eepin the reader in mind we decide the appropriate oraniation and style. The followin are the ma;or acti*ities performed at this stae of essay writin. •
Definin' the $opi + Asin different uestions about the topic helps define the topic and understand
its different aspects. 'oo at the followin uestions that we may as oursel*es about the topic )"mpowerment of omen). 1. hat is is meant meant by )empo )empowerme werment&) nt&) 2. hat are the weanesses weanesses and strenths strenths of the female se( & @. :o women women need enerou enerouss help from from men& %ere Puestion 1 demands definition, uestion 2 e(pects a list of characteristics and uestion @ introduces an arument. •
Generatin' Ideas + Answers to these uestions pro*ide us ideas. The more uestions we as oursel*es
the more ideas are enerated. 'ist all these ideas as they occur to you. $or ;ottin down, you can use tree diarams, tables or columns. 'oo at the followin e(ample rele*ant to the topic 3!ollution3.
Essa# -ritin' $ips for (ank Exams Desriptive %aper 9 %lannin'
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In our pre*ious article we ha*e discussed about !reparation of "ssay. In this article we shall discuss about %lannin'
%lannin' The ideas thus enerated need to be loically arraned. =ain ideas and supportin 9subordinate ideas need to be properly rouped toether. Identify main ideas and roup the rele*ant ideas around each of them. :e*elop each main idea into an independent pararaph. This e(ercise will help you decide on how many pararaphs your essay will ha*e. hile plannin you can use tree diarams, a table / column or note-form as follows. •
$opi + "nlish in the 21st #entury
•
Introd!tion +
•
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"nlish as the world lanuae
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pread of "nlish - an o*er*iew
Fats a&o!t En'lish + •
6sers of "nlish
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"nlish as a window to the world
• •
•
•
'iterature
•
#ulture
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Ideas
6se in business, trade and industry
Information $ehnolo'# + •
:ominance of Information Technoloy
•
ole of "nlish in IT
Conl!sion
(ssa Writing /ips /ips for )ompetitive (*ams 4rafting In the pre*ious article, we ha*e discussed about !reparation and !lannin our "ssay ritin.. In this article we shall discuss about the final stae of letter writin.
Draftin' + %a*in outlined your ideas as mentioned in abo*e posts, you are now well euipped for writin the essay. essay. You You ha*e to e(ecute your plan throuh pararaphs. "ach pararaph normally deals with one ey point and the supportin information or ideas as pointed out earlier. As lon as you obser*e this principle, your sentences will be automatically lined to each other. A few pararaphs and an appropriate introduction and conclusion mae a ood essay. a. %ara'raph -ritin' + "ach pararaph will ha*e a beinnin, a middle and an end. 7enerally you should bein a pararaph with a topic sentence. upportin information or ideas can be i*en in the succeedin sentences either in a parallel manner or lined to each other in a chained manner. manner.
ead the followin !araraphs 1. +oad )+oad accidents are common in India. +ecently! +ecently! ,- people were killed in an accident on 'une /angalore highway. 0ast year a bus collided into a truck taking the life of 1- passengers. In
Downloaded From www.examkadarrnahi.tk 2334 a bus carrying 4- passengers plunged into a river leaving nobody alive. Thus! road accidents are fatal5 . 'oo at the arranement of sentences. The main idea or ey point is stated in the first sentence. The remainin sentences i*e an e(ample each illustratin the topic. Thouh the e(amples are not related to each other, they are lined in a parallel manner to the
topic sentence. 2. +oad accidents are common in India. Indian +oads are mostly responsible responsible for accidents. %ccidents take place due to bad roads and reckless reckless driving. 6rivers are are normally less paid and some have bad habits. 6rinking is one of the ma;or causes of accidents. hate*er the reasons, road accidents are fatal. 'oo at the last and the first words of each sentence in this pararaph. The repetition of words helps establish a lin between the sentences. It also indicates that the same idea is continued or e(tended in the succeedin sentence. This ind of linae is called chainin.
&. Introd!tion and Conl!sion + Introduction is one of the most challenin sections to write. It has to catch the attention of the reader, establish a relationship with him / her, introduce the topic, set the tone and, by doin that, control the reader)s e(pectations. 'et us consider a few e(amples.
1. The essay essay entitl entitled ed )An Ascenda Ascendanc ncy y of =an) =an) writte written n by !aul . "hrlic "hrlich h beins beins with the followin followin sentence < 3 The most starting terrestrial event in the twobillion year history of life on the earth has been the rise of the species 5homo sapiens5 to its present position of global preeminence... ) 2. 5ane 5ane Auste Austen n bei beins ns her her boo booss !rid !ridee and and !re; !re;ud udic icee with with the the foll follow owin in sent senten ence ce < 3 It is a truth universally acknowledged! that a single man in a possession of a good fortune! must be in want of a wife". +oth the introductions not only catch the attention of readers, but also state the topic. Apart from bein statements of irrefutable facts, they are put in carefully selected words "ach one of these beinnins *ery effecti*ely indicates what is oin to follow. follow. Concluding an essa is eually challenin. It has to appropriately summarie the essay or hihliht the main points. At the same time it is ad*isable to mae the conclusion interestin. An essay essay can also be concluded with a moral or a striin contrast with somethin that has one before in the essay. 'oo at some e(amples
i*en below. 1. The essay )All About a :o) by A. 7. 7ardiner portrays the character character of an ill-mannered bus conductor, conductor, +ein a witness to his rude beha*ior, beha*ior, the author i*es him a piece of ad*ice, and the essay is concluded as follows 3 "He took it very well! and when I got off the bus he said 57ood night5 8uite amiably". 2. 4iolet =arham =arham in ) omen omen in ur #hanin #hanin ociety) ociety) writes about about the emancipa emancipation tion of women and mentions, in this connection, different milestones / landmars in history. he sums up this essay as follows < ) 9ne after another the barriers about her had fallen. Today she is a free agent as never before5. +oth these conclusions adeuately summarie the essays. In almost a scientific manner, a cause and effect relationship is established. e e seen the conclusion as a natural outcome of whate*er happened before.
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A. S,(KEC$ 9 6E:( AG:EE>EN$ 1 . Two or more inular ub;ects connected by and usually tae a 4erb 4erb in the !lural. $or e(ample, e(ample, Inorret9 %ari and am is here. Corret9 %ari and am are here.
2. If two inular Nouns refer refe r to the same person or thin, the 4erb 4erb must be inular. Inorret9 The ecretary and !rincipal are comin. Corret9 The ecretary and !rincipal is comin. 9%ere the same person is .ecretary as well as !rincipal @. If the inular ub;ects are preceded by each or e*ery, the 4erb 4erb is usually inular. $or e(ample, e(ample, Inorret9 "*ery boy and irl were ready. ready. Corret9 "*ery boy and irl was ready. 8. Two Two or more inular ub;ects connected by or, nor, nor, either ..... .. ... or, neither .... nor tae a 4erb in the inular. $or e(ample, e(ample, Inorret9 Neither he nor I were there. Corret9 Neither he nor I was there. C. hen the ub;ects ;oined by )or/nor are of different numbers, the 4erb 4erb must be !lural, and a nd the !lural ub;ect must be placed ne(t to the 4erb. 4erb. $or e(ample, e(ample, lnorret - Neither the Assistant =asters nor the %eadmaster was present. Assistant =asters were Corret9 Neither the %eadmaster nor the Assistant present. ) F. hen the ub;ects ;oined by or, or, nor are of different persons, the 4erb 4erb arees in person with the one nearest to it. $or e(ample, e(ample, Inorret9 "ither he or I is mistaen.
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Corret9 "ither he or I, am mistaen.
K. A #ollecti*e #ollecti*e Noun taes a inular 4erb 4erb when the collection is thouht of as a whole, a !lural 4erb 4erb when the indi*iduals of which it is composed are thouht of. $or e(ample, e(ample, Corret9 The #ouncil has chosen the !resident. Corret9 The military were called out. G. ome Nouns which are sinular in form but plural in meanin, tae a !lural 4erb. $or e(ample, e(ample, Inorret9 =athematics are a branch of study in e*ery school. Corret9 =athematics is a branch of study in e*ery school. E. ords ords ;oined to a inular ub;ect by with, toether with, in addition to, or, as well as, etc. are parenthetical, and therefore do not affect the number of the 4erb. $or e(ample, e(ample, Inorret9 The #hief, with all his men, were massacred .X Corret9The chief,with all his men, was massacred. 1D. hen the ub;ect of the 4erb 4erb is a elati*e !ronoun care should be taen to see that the 4erb 4erb arees in Number and !erson with the Antecedent of the relati*e. $or e(ample, e(ample, Inorret9 I, who is your friend, . will uard you,r interests. Corret9 I, who am your friend will uard your interests. (. ,SES F %A:$ICI%LES %A:$ICI%LES AND INFINI$I6ES 11. As, ad*ise, allow, allow, command, force, forbid, in*ite, encourae, compel, be, orderX, imaine, instruct, permit, persuade, tell, reuire, remind, teach, etc. are followed by b;ect H To To H42 $or e(ample, e(ample, Inorret9 %e ad*ised to do it by me. 4oice, then Corret9 %e ad*ised me to do it. +ut if these are used in !assi*e 4oice, they are followed by To H4,. $or e(ample, e(ample, pe rmitted to o with him. Corret9 he was permitted
12. >now is followed by how/ where/when/why and Infiniti*e. $or e(ample, e(ample,
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letter. Inorret9 I now to write a letter. Corret9 I now how to write a letter. 1@. After let, bid, behold, watch, see, feel, mae etc. we use +are-Infiniti*e and not To-infiniti*e. $or e(ample, e(ample, Inorret9 I heard him to spea on se*eral sub;ects. Corret9 I heard him spea on se*eral sub;ects. 18. +are Infiniti*e is used after =odal Au(iliaries Au(iliaries 9can, could, may, may, miht, shall, should, will, would, must, dare not, need not. $or e(ample, e(ample, Inorret9 You need not to wor hard. Corret9 You need not wor hard. 1C. %ad better, had rather,had as soon ... as ... , had sooner etc. are followed by +are Infiniti*e. $or e(ample, e(ample, now. Inorret9 %e had better to o now. now. Corret9 %e had better o now. 1F. #on;unction than is also followed by +are Infiniti*e. $or e(ample, e(ample, Inorret9 %e had better read than to write. Corret9 %e had better read than write. 1K. hen but is used as a s a !reposition and preceded by any form of the 4erb 4erb do, then but is followed with +are Infiniti*e. Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e did nothin but to wander. wander. #orrect- %e #orrect %e did nothin but wander. 1G. "*ery !articipile must ha*e a ub;ect of eference. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- +ein Incorrect +ein a rainy day da y 4i;ay 4i;ay decided to stay at home. #orrect- It #orrect It bein a rainy day 4i;ay decided to stay at home. 1E. $or completed action %a*in H 4a 4a is used in Acti*e 4oice, 4oice, whereas wherea s %a*in H been H 4a or +ein H 4a is used in !assi*e 4oice. After should not be used in such a sentence. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- After Incorrect After the leader ha*in been bee n illed, the followers ran away.
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#orrect- The leader ha*in been illed, the followers ran away. #orrect- The 2D. !articiples lie considerin, ;udin, referrin, concernin, conce rnin, reardin, *iewin, broadly speain etc. do not tae any ub;ect of eference. $or e(ample, e(ample, #orrect - #onsiderin the case, I too the decision. %ere I is not a ub;ect of eference of considerin. o, there is no ub;ect of eference for )considerin, still the sentence is correct. C. ,SES F 6E:(S 21. hen there are two ub;ects in a sentence and they are not in the same Number, then we must ha*e to use separate sepa rate Au(iliaries Au(iliaries 9is, are, am, was, were, ha*e, has for both of them. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- ThreeIncorrect Three- illed and one were in;ured. #orrect- Three #orrect Three were illed and one was in;ured.
22. A sinle 4erb 4erb should be made to ser*e two ub;ects, only when the form of 4erb is same for both the sub;ects. Incorrect- I Incorrect I am se*enteen years old and my sister fourteen. #orrect- I #orrect I am se*enteen years old and my sister is fourteen. 2@. Two Two au(iliaries can be used with one principal 4erb, 4erb, only when the form of the principal 4erb 4erb is appropriate to both the au(iliaries. ) Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e ne*er has, and ne*er will tae such stron measures. #orrect- %e #orrect %e ne*er has taen, and ne*er will tae such stron measures. 28. hen there is only one au(iliary to two principal 4erbs 4erbs it should be correctly associated with the both. Incorrect- T Incorrect Ten en candidates ha*e passed pa ssed one failed. #orrect- T #orrect Ten en candidates ha*e passed, pa ssed, one has failed. 2C. A !ast Tense Tense in the main clause should be followed by a !ast Tense in the subordinate clause. Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e succeeded because he wors hard. #orrect- %e #orrect %e succeeded because he wored hard. 2F. A !ast Tense Tense in main clause may be followed by a !resent Tense Tense in the subordinate clause when the subordinate clause e(presses a uni*ersal truth. Incorrect- ur Incorrect ur teacher said that the earth mo*ed round the sun. #orrect- ur #orrect ur teacher said that the earth mo*es round the sun.
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2K. hen the subordinate clause comes after )lest), the au(iliary 4erb 4erb )should) must be used, whate*er be the Tense Tense of the 4erb 4erb in the main clause. Incorrect- Incorrect ee start early lest we shall miss the train. #orrect- #orrect ee start early lest we should miss the train. 2G. An Ad*erb or Ad*erbial phrase should not be placed between )to) and *erbal part of,the infiniti*e. 9This is called the split infiniti*e. Incorrect- I Incorrect I hoped to immediately reply to your letter< #orrect- I #orrect I hoped to reply immediately to your letter. letter. 2E. An infiniti*e infiniti*e should be in the present prese nt tense unless it represents) an action prior to that of the o*ernin 4erb. Incorrect- I Incorrect I should ha*e lied to ha*e one-there. #orrect- I #orrect I should ha*e lied to o there. @D. 7erund if preceded by a !r-o-noun, that !ronoun must be in !ossessi*e case. Incorrect - %e emphasised me oin there. #orrect- %e #orrect %e emphasised my o-in there. @1. The !resent !erfect #ontinuous Tense Tense is used for an action that bean in the past time and still. oin at a t the time of speainZ It is used with, Ad*erbials of time introduced by )since), )for) and )how lonZ. Incorrect- %ow Incorrect %ow lon are you worin iZ this office& . #orrect#orrect- %ow %ow lon ha*e you been bee n worin in this office& @2. A 4erb when preceded by a !reposition must be the 7erund. Incorrect- They Incorrect They were punished for come late. #orrect- They #orrect They were punished for, comin late. @@. The $uture Indefinite Tense Tense is not used in the clauses of time, place and condition. %ere the !resent Indefinite Tense Tense is used. Incorrect- I Incorrect I shall wait for you till you will finish your wor. #orrect- I #orrect I shall wait for you, till you finish your wor. @8. The !resent !erfect Tense Tense is not used with the Ad*erbs of past time lie yesterday, yesterday, in 1EED etc. %ere !ast Indefinite Tense Tense is used. IncorrectZ I ha*e bouht a cycle yesterday. #orrect-II bouht a cycle #orrectc ycle yesterday. The !ast !erfect Tense is used to represent the earlier of the two past
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actions. Incorrect- hen Incorrect hen I reached the station, the train already left. #orrect- hen #orrect hen I reached the station, the train had already left. @C. =odal Au(iliaries are not used toether. toether. +ut two Au(iliaries can be connected by a #on;unction. $or e(ample, e(ample,
Incorrect-%e should must do it. #orrectIncorrect-%e #orrect- %e %e should and must do it. @F. hen need or dare is fol-lowed by not, it turns into modal au(iliary. au(iliary. In that situation it taes +are Infiniti*e )and we cannot use needs not or dares not. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e needs not do it. #orrect- %e #orrect %e need not do it.
D. ,SES F ADKEC$I6ES @K. Ad;ecti*es of uantity show how much of a thin is meant. Ad;ecti*es of uantity 9some0 much, little, enouh, all, no, any, reat, half, sufficient, whole are used for 6ncountable Nuns only. only. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect-II ate a few rice. Incorrect#orrect- I #orrect I ate some rice.
@G. Numeral Ad;ecti*es are used for #ountable Noun only and they show how many persons or thins are meant or in what order a person or thin stands, $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- I Incorrect I ha*e tauht you little thins. #orrect- I #orrect I ha*e tauht you a few thins. @E. hen cardinal and ordinal are used toether ordinal preceds the cardinal. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- The Incorrect The four first boys will be i*en the chance. #orrect- The #orrect The first four boys will be i*en the chance. 8D. 'ater, latest refer to time, latter and last la st refer to position. $or e(ample, e(ample,
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Incorrect- I reached at 1D am. Incorrect- I +ut he was latter than I e(pected. #orrect- I #orrect I reached at 1D am. +ut he was later than I e(pected. 81. $arther means more distant or ad*anced0 further means additional. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e insisted on farther fa rther impro*ement. #orrect- %e #orrect %e insisted on further impro*ement. 82. "ach is used in speain of two or more thins, e*ery is used only in speain of more than two. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- "*ery Incorrect "*ery of the two boys will et a prie. #orrect- "ach #orrect "ach of the two boys will et a prie. 8@. To To e(press uantity or deree some is used in affirmati*e sentences, any in neati*e or interroati*e sentences. $or e(ample,. e(ample,. Incorrect- %a*e Incorrect %a*e you bouht some manoes& #orrect- %a*e #orrect %a*e you bouht any manoes& 88. In comparin two thins, the #omparati*e should be used, The uperlati* should not be used. Incorrect- hich Incorrect hich is the best of the two& #orrect- hich #orrect hich is the better of the two& 8C. hen two ualities of the same person or thin are compared,the #omparati*e in-er is not used. )=ore) is used for this purpose. Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e is wiser than bra*e. #orrect- %e #orrect %e is more wise than bra*e. 8F. hen comparison is made by means of a comparati*e, the thin compared should be e(cluded from the class of thins with which it is compared by usin )other) or some such word. Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e is cle*erer than any boy in the class. #orrect- %e #orrect %e is cle*erer than any other boy in the class. 8K. hen comparison is made by means of a superlati*e, the thin compared should include the class c lass of thins with which it is compared. Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e is the stronest of all other men. #orrect- %e #orrect %e is the stronest of all men ..
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8G. hen two persons or thins are compared, it is important that the same parts of thins should be compared. Incorrect- The Incorrect The population of +ombay is reater than :elhi. #orrect- The #orrect The population of +ombay is reater than that of :elhi. 8E. :ouble comparati*es and superlati*es should not be used. 1. IncorrectIncorrect- %e %e is the most cle*erest boy in the class. #orrect- %e #orrect %e is the cle*erest boy in the class. 2. IncorrectIncorrect- %e %e is more wiser wise r than his brother. #orrect- %e #orrect %e )is wiser than his brother. brother. CD. The comparati*e Ad;ecti*es superior inferior, inferior, senior, ;unior, prior, anterior, posterior prefer, etc., should be followed by )to) instead of )than). Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e is senior than me. #orrect- %e #orrect %e is senior to me. C1. Ad;ecti*es lie )uniue), ideal, perfect, complete, uni*ersal, entire, e(treme, chief, full suare and round, which do not admit different derees of comparison c omparison should not be compared. Incorrect- It Incorrect It is the most uniue thin. #orrect- It #orrect It is a uniue thin. C2. All the Ad;ecti*es which refer to the same Noun should be in the same deree of comparison. Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e is the wisest and honest worer in the office. #orrect- %e #orrect %e is the wisest and most honest worer in the office. C@. )"lder) and )eldest) should be used for persons only, only, strictly speain, they are used for the members of the same family only. )lder) and )oldest) are used for both persons and thins. Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e is my older brother. #orrect- %e #orrect %e is my elder brother. E. ,SES F AD6E:(S C8. To modify a 4erb, 4erb, an Ad;ecti*e or another Ad*erb, we use an Ad*erb. Incorrect- he Incorrect he writes *ery careful. #orrect- he #orrect he writes *ery carefully. carefully.
#arefully is an Ad;ecti*e which cannot modify the Ad*erb *ery, *ery, therefore carefully 9Ad*erb must be used in place of Ad;ecti*e careful.
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CC. Too Too means more than reuired and it is used with 6npleasant Ad;ecti*e. o, we cannot use too lad, too happy, too pleasant, too healthy hea lthy.. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- I Incorrect I am too lad to meet you. #orrect- I #orrect I am *ery lad to meet you. CF. A sentence which is based on ))Too .... To3 To3 format, we cannot replace to with so that. If we replace to with so that, too also must be replaced with cannot. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e is too wea so that he cannot wal. #orrect- %e #orrect %e is too wea to wal. #orrect- %e #orrect %e is so wea that he cannot wal. CK. =uch too is followed by 6npleasant Ad;ecti*e, whereas too much is followed by Noun. =uch too H 6npleasant Ad;ecti*e. Too much H Noun. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- %is Incorrect %is failure is too much painful for me. #orrect- %is #orrect %is failure is much too painful pa inful for me. Incorrect- %is wife)s rude beha*ior i*es him much too pain. Incorrect- %is #orrect- %is #orrect %is wife)s rude beha*ior be ha*ior i*es him too much pain. CG. Puite and all are not used toether. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e is uite all riht. #orrect- %e #orrect %e is uite riht. or %e is all rihtCE. A/An H $airly H Ad;ecti*e H Noun or ather H A H Ad;ecti*e $or e(ample, e(ample, 9i a fairly ood boo 9ii rather a difficult problem. +ut we cannot ca nnot use !leasant Ad;ecti*e with rather and 6npleasant Ad;ecti*e with fairly. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- It Incorrect It was a rather ood boo. #orrect- It #orrect It was a fairly ood boo.
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FD. "nouh, when used as an Ad*erb, is preceded by a positi*e deree Ad;ecti*e or Ad*erb. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e is reater enouh to pardon you. #orrect- %e #orrect %e is reat enouh to pardon you. ) F1. Two Two neati*es cancel each other. %ence two neati*es should not be used in the same sentence unless we mae an affirmation. Incorrect-II ha*e not ot none. Incorrect#orrect- I.ha*e #orrect I.ha*e not ot any. F2. )At present) means )at the present time), )presently) means )shortly). These should not be confused. 1. IncorrectIncorrect- Nothin Nothin more can ca n be done presently. presently. #orrect- Nothin #orrect Nothin more can be done at present. 2. IncorrectIncorrect- %e %e will come bac at present. #orrect- %e #orrect %e will come bac presently. F@. )%ard) means )diliently), strenuously), )%ardly) means )scarcely at all). These two Ad*erbial forms of )hard) must not be confused. 1. IncorrectIncorrect- %e %e tried hardly to win the race. #orrect- %e #orrect %e tried hard to win the race. 2. IncorrectIncorrect- he he has eaten hard anythin today. today. #orrect- he #orrect he has eaten hardly anythin today. today. F8. )=uch) is used before past participles and Ad;ecti*es or Ad*erbs of comparati*e deree. )4ery) )4ery) is used before be fore the present participles and Ad;ecti*es and Ad*erbs of positi*e deree. 1. IncorrectIncorrect- The The news is much surprisin. #orrect- The #orrect The news is *ery surprisin. 2. IncorrectIncorrect-II was *ery surprised at hearin the news. #orrect- I #orrect I was much surprised at hearin the news. FC. %ardly is an Ad*erb which means rarely. hereas hard is an Ad;ecti*e which means touh, riid. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- It Incorrect It is a hardly ;ob. #orrect- It #orrect It is a hard ;ob.
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FF. Ao is always used with !ast Indefinite Tense. Tense. o, if ao a o is used in a sentence, that sentence must be in the !ast Indefinite Tense. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e has come a month ao. #orrect- %e #orrect %e came a month ao. FK. At present means at this moment and it is used with X!resent Tense, Tense, whereas presently pre sently and shortly are used for future) action and enerally) enera lly) used with $uture Indefinite Tense. Tense. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- !resently Incorrect !resently he is in the room. #orrect- At #orrect At present he is in the room. FG. "arly means 3;ust after the beinnin of anythin3 and soon means ;ust after a point of time. $or e(ample, e(ample, #orrect- oses #orrect oses blossomed early this sprin. FE. The sentence which starts with seldom, ne*er. hardly. rarely or scarcely taes an in*erse structure, 'e., 4erb H ub;ect - tructure. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- eldom Incorrect eldom I had seen such a beautiful siht. #orrect- eldom #orrect eldom had I seen such a beautiful siht. KD. In*ersion is also used in a sentence which starts with here/there/ away/out/up/indoor or outdoor and =ain 4erb, or Au( H =ain 4erb is used before the ub;ect. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- Away Incorrect Away ita went #orrect- A #orrect Away way went ita.
F. ,SES F CNK,NC$INS K1. Two Two #on;unctions should not be used in the same sentence. Incorrect- Altho Incorrect Althouh uh she was tired, but she still went on worin. #orrect- Al #orrect Althouh thouh she was tired, she still went on worin.
K2. )+oth) should be followed by )and). It should be used in the positi*e sense. In the neati*e sense, )neither) ..... .)norX should be used in place of )both). incorrect- +oth a*i as well as a;a were present there. #orrect- +oth #orrect +oth a*i and a;a were present there. K@. )"ither ... or), )neither .... nor<
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)both and), )not only but also) should be followed by the same parts of speech. Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e not only lost his ticet, but also his luae. #orrect- %e #orrect %e lost not only his ticet but also his luae. K8. )Neither) should be followed , by )nor), )either) should be followed by )or). +oth these should not be confused. Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e washed neither his hands or his face. #orrect- %e #orrect %e washed neither his hands nor his face. KC. )No sooner) should be followed by )than), not by )but) or )then). Incorrect- No Incorrect No sooner do I finish this boo then I shall bein another. #orrect- No #orrect No sooner do I finish the boo, than I shall bein be in another. another. KF. )%ardly) and )scarcely) should be followed by )when) or )before), but not by )than) or )that). Incorrect- %ardly Incorrect %ardly did I reach the station, than the train left it. #orrect- %ardly #orrect %ardly did I reach the station when the train left it. KK. )That) should not be used before a sentence in :irect peech and before Interroati*e Ad*erbs and !ronouns in the Indirect peech. 1. IncorrectIncorrect- %e %e said that, 3I shall o there.3 #orrect- %e #orrect %e said, 3I shall o there3. 2. IncorrectIncorrect- %e %e ased me that who I was. #orrect- %e #orrect %e ased me who was. G. ,SES F %:E%SI$IN KG. b;ecti*e case 9of Noun orX !ronoun is used after !reposition. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- I Incorrect I do not depend on he. #orrect- I #orrect I do not depend on him.
KE. The !repositions used after two words must be made clear if these two words are connected by and or or. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- he Incorrect he is conscious and enaed in her wor. #orrect- he #orrect he is conscious of and enaed in her wor. GD. If a !rincipal 4erb 4erb is used after about, after, at, before. for, from, in, on. to, that 4erb must be in in 948 form. $or e(ample, e(ample,
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Incorrect- You pre*ented me from do it. Incorrect- You #orrect- Y #orrect You ou pre*ented me from doin it. . G1. n, in, at, are not used before today, today, tomorrow, tomorrow, yesterday, the followin day, day, the ne(t day etc. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- %e Incorrect %e will o there on to-morrow. to-morrow. #orrect- %e #orrect %e will o there tomorrow. G2. No !reposition is used before the word home. At home is a phrase which bears a different meanin. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- +rin Incorrect +rin a T.4. set at home. #orrect- +rin #orrect +rin a T.4. se[ home. G@. After Transiti*e 4erbs, 4erbs, lie discuss, describe, reach, order, tell, demand, attac, resemble, ridicule, etc. we directly use the ob;ect ob;ec t and no !reposition is used after the 4erb. 4erb. $or e(ample< Incorrect- The Incorrect The poet describes about the beauty of naturel in this poem. #orrect- The #orrect The poet describes the beauty bea uty of nature in this poem. G8. ay/suest/propose/spea/reply/e(plain/tal/listen/write is followed by to!reposition if there is a person in the form of ob;ect. $or e(ample, e(ample, 1. IncorrectIncorrect- %e %e did not reply me. #orrect- %e #orrect %e did not reply to me. 2. IncorrectIncorrect- %e %e did not write to a letter. #orrect- %e #orrect %e did not write a letter. letter. H. ,SES F %:N,NS GC. hen a !ronoun is used as the complement of the 4erb 4erb )to be), it should be in the nominati*e case. Incorrect- If Incorrect If I were him, I would not do it. #orrect- If #orrect If I were he, I would not do it.
GF. hen the !ronoun is used as the ob;ect of a 4erb 4erb or of a !reposition, it should be in the ob;ecti*e case. 1. IncorrectIncorrect- 'et 'et you and I do it. #orrect- 'et #orrect 'et you and me do it.
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2. IncorrectIncorrect- These These presents are for you and I. #orrect- These #orrect These presents are for you and me. GK. "mphatic !ronouns can not stand alone as ub;ectsZ Incorrect- %imself Incorrect %imself did it. #orrect- %e #orrect %e himself did it. GG. The Indefinite !ronoun )one) should be used throuhout if used at all. Incorrect- ne Incorrect ne must not boast of his own success. #orrect- ne #orrect ne must not boast of one)s own success. GE. )"ither) or )neither) is used only in speain of two persons or thins0 )any), )no one) and )none) is used in speain of more than two. 1. IncorrectIncorrect- Anyo Anyone ne of these two roads leads to the railway ra ilway station. #orrect- "ither #orrect "ither of these two roads leads to the railway station. 2. IncorrectIncorrect- Neither Neither of these three boys did his homewor. #orrect- No #orrect No one of these three boys did his homewor. ED. )"ach other) is used in speain of two persons or thins0 )one another) is used in speain of more than two. Incorrect- The Incorrect The two brothers lo*ed one another. #orrect- The #orrect The two brothers lo*ed each other. other. E1. A Noun or !ronoun o*ernin a 7erund should be put in the possessi*e case. Incorrect- !lease Incorrect !lease e(cuse me bein late. #orrect- !lease #orrect !lease e(cuse my bein late. E2. A !ronoun must aree with its antecedent in person, number and a nd ender. Incorrect- "ach Incorrect "ach of these boys has done their homewor. #orrect- "ach #orrect "ach of these boys has done his homewor. E@. hen two or more inular Nouns are ;oined by )and), the !ronoun used for them must be in !lural. Incorrect- +oth Incorrect +oth a;u and a*i ha*e done his homewor. #orrect- +oth #orrect +oth a;u and a*i ha*e done their homewor. E8. hen two or more inular Nouns ;oined by )and) refer to the same person or thin, a !ronoun used for them must be in the sinular. sinular. Incorrect- The Incorrect The collector and a nd :istrict =aistrate is not nelient in their duty.
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#orrect- The collector and :istrict =aistrate is not nelient in his duty. #orrect- The duty. EC. hen two or more sinular nouns ;oined by )or) or )nor), )either ... or), )neither .. nor), the !ronoun used for them should be in the sinular. sinular. Incorrect- Neither Incorrect Neither a*i nor a;u has done their homewor. #orrect- Neither #orrect Neither a*i nor a;u has done his homewor. EF. hen two or more sinular !ronouns of different persons come toether, the !ronoun of second person pe rson sinular 9you comes first, the pronoun of the first person sinular 9I comes last and the pronoun of the third person sinular 9he comes in between. Incorrect- I, Incorrect I, You You and he must wor toether .. #orrect- You, #orrect You, he and I must wor toether. EK. hen two or more plural !ro-nouns of different persons come toether first person plural 9we comes first, then second person plural 9you and last of all third person plural 9they. Incorrect- Y Incorrect You, ou, they and a nd we must wor toether .. #orrect- e, #orrect e, you and they must wor toether. EG. The elati*e !ronoun who is in sub;ecti*e case, whereas whom is in ob;ecti*e case. Therefore, for who there must be a $inite 4erb 4erb in the sentence. r otherwise, when whom 9b;ect is used in the sentence and there is more $inite 4erb)s 4erb)s than the number of ub;ects in the sentence, then whom should be chaned into who 9ub;ect. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- The Incorrect The doctor whom came here was am)s brother. #orrect- The #orrect The doctor who came here was am)s brother. EE. ith uperlati*e :eree Ad;ecti*e, only, only, none, all a ll etc., as elati*e !ronoun we use that and not which or who. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- All Incorrect All which litters is not old. #orrect- All #orrect All that litters is not old. 1DD. After After let, if a !ronoun is used, that !ronoun must be in the b;ecti*e #ase. $or e(ample, e(ample, Incorrect- 'et Incorrect 'et he o there. #orrect- 'et #orrect 'et him o there.
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All $he (est
$HE END
