A brief study of nosodes with special emphasis on tuberculinum.pdf

A BRIEF STUDY OF NOSODES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON TUBERCULINUM IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

By

Dr. SEEMA D.

Dissertation to Submitted to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore. in partial fulfilment fulfilment fulfilment of requirements for the degree of of

DOCTOR OF MEDICINE IN HOMOEOPATHY (MATERIA MEDICA)

Under the guidance of

Dr. S.S.JAMBALADINNI S.S.JAMBALADINNI M.D. (HOMOEO)

DEPARTMENT OF MATERIA MEDICA H.K.E.’S HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL GULBARGA - KARNATAKA

2011 i

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.

Declaration by the Candidate Candidate

I hereby declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled “A BRIEF

STUDY

OF

NOSODES

WITH

SPECIAL

EMPHASIS

ON

CLINICAL TUBERCULINUM IN CLINICAL PRACTCE” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of DR. S.S.JAMBALADINNI M. D. (HOM), Professor of the Department of Materia Medica, H.K.E.’S Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Gulbarga.

Date: Place: Gulbarga

Dr. SEEMA D.

ii


Certificate By The Guide

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A BRIEF STUDY

OF

NOSODES

WITH

SPECIAL

EMPHASIS

ON

TUBERCULINUM IN CLINICAL PRACTICE” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. SEEMA D.

in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in Homoeopathic

Materia Medica.


DR. S.S.JAMBALADINNI M. D. (HOM) Professor, Department Of Materia Medica. H.K.E.’S Homoeopathic Medical College. Gulbarga, Karnataka.

iii


ENDORSEMENT BY THE HOD PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION INSTITUTION

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A BRIEF STUDY

OF

NOSODES

WITH

SPECIAL

EMPHASIS

ON

TUBERCULINUM IN CLINICAL PRACTICE” is a bonafide research work carried out by Dr. Seema D. under the guidance of

DR. S.S.JAMBALADINNI

M.D.(HOMOEO)

Professor, Department of

Materia Medica, H.K.E.’S Homoeopathic Medical College, Gulbarga.

Dr. Rajeshwari K.

Dr. P. Sampath Rao

M.D.(Hom)

M.D.(Hom)

Professor & H.O.D. Department of Materia Medica H.K.E.’s Homoeopathic Medical College Gulbarga.

Principal & H.O.D Department of Organon H.K.E.’s Homoeopathic Medical College, Gulbarga.

Date: Place:

Date: Place:

iv


COPYRIGHT

Declaration by the Candidate Candidate I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation / thesis in print or electronic format for academic / research purpose.


DR.SEEMA D.

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

v

Acknowledgement Acknowledgement Completion of work of such a magnitude has been a journey of passion & unstinted support of all my teachers, family, friends and associates. I have worked with a great number of people whose contribution in assorted ways to the research and the making of the thesis deserved special mention. It is a pleasure to convey my gratitude to them all.

In the first place I would like to express my sincere thanks My Guide, �� Professor Department of Materia Medica, for his valuable

guidance and support throughout the course of this work.

I would like to thank �� Principal and Head of Department, Organon of Medicine & Homoeopathic Philosophy H.K.E.’s Homoeopathic Medical College, Gulbarga for his encouragement throughout the course of my work.

My heartfelt thanks to �� Professor & H.O.D. Department of Materia Medica H.K.E.’s Homoeopathic Medical College, Gulbarga who has been very helpful in all the academic activities.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to �� H.K.E.’s Homoeopathic Medical College, Gulbarga, for his guidance

throughout the course.

I would like to extend my sincere thanks to �� H.K.E.’s Homoeopathic Medical College, Gulbarga for their guidance and support. My sincere thanks to all H.O.D.’s and Professors of H.K.E.’s Homoeopathic Medical College, Gulbarga.

vi

I extended heartfelt thanks to the Librarians also to the non teaching staff of OPD’s whose timely during the work has been important.

Collective and individual acknowledgments are also owed to my colleagues, seniors & well wishers whose presence has been helpful, and memorable.

I thank my parents, sisters and my family who have been supporting, encouraging and guiding me throughout and have stood by me in all times.

Finally, I would like to thank everyone who was important to the successful realization of this dissertation.

Date:

Dr. Seema D.

Place: Gulbarga

vii

Dedicated Dedicated To To The Betterment of Mankind Mankind

viii

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS USED

Agg.

-

Aggravation

Amel.

-

Amélioration

C

-

Centesimal potency

e.g.

-

Example

Etc

-

etcetera

H/O

-

history of

i.e.

-

That is

Ml

-

Milliliter

RPM

-

Rotations per minute

TB

-

tuberculosis

Tub. Bov.

-

Tuberculinum Bovinum

X

-

Decimal Potency

<

-

Aggravation

>

-

Amelioration

↑

-

Increased

↓

-

Diminished

ix

ABSTRACT

The objective of medicine is to make man healthy when he is ill. In other words the objective of medicine is to help man to keep himself in function which is normal only when all the parts with which a man is composed of work normally i.e. only when his vital interior is homoeostatic as a results of synchronized function of the total organism.

Nosodes have been a special source of drug to medicine. They have been employed since ages in treating several disorders empirically. Nosodes have gained much name under the isopathic mode of treatment. It is here that they need to be studied more critically with homoeopathic point of view to enhance the possibility of their use. So far nosodes have been known mostly to be of help under special circumstance only which is just the half part of the truth. Nosodes can well be used as any other homoeopathic remedy upon symptom similarity. Valuable works from pioneers need to be reviewed, studied and employed in practice with this regard.

Therefore the present study had been taken up to understand their nature, and uses in clinical practice for better and effective results.

Objectives: The framed objectives for this study were; 1. To study and assess the efficacy of nosodes in treating different types of diseases. 2. To show how Tuberculinum can be used in different cases to affect a rapid and permanent cure.

Methods In this study 30 cases from the OPD/ IPD and VILLAGE CAMPS of H.K.E.’s Homoeopathic Hospital, had been taken. Type of study was case study/ clinical trial based on sampling method. Simple random sampling was done and subjects of both men and women with any systemic affection coming under the domain of Tuberculinum

irrespective of

socioeconomic, cultural, educational and literacy background were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

All the cases that fit into the designed criteria of Tuberculinum, registered between 1

st

th

Dec 2009 to 30 April 2011 were taken up for the study. Follow up of the cases was done for a minimum period of 6 months to assess the prognosis of the case and each follow up was done as per the requirement of the case.

The parameters fixed for the assessments of the c ases were: Improved, Not improved.

Result Statistical interpretation was done by using Chi Square Test. In regards to age incidence, 15 cases were in the age group 0 – 20, 10 in 21 – 40, and 5 in 41 – 60. No patients were there under the age group 61 and above in this study. Tub. Bov. was used as an intercurrent and as a constitutional remedy. Other remedies were used depending upon the symptom similarity and progress of the case as acute, constitutional etc.….. After starting the treatment, among 30 patients 27 improved and 3 patients did not show improvement.

XI

Discussion and Conclusion The symptoms, personal, past and family history were considered. Inference made was that Tub. Bov. employed on the basis of symptom similarity/past &/or family history is ef fective to bring favourable response in chronic diseases.

Key Words: Hahnemann, Hering, Homoeopathy, Isopathy, Kent, Miasm, Nosodes, Tubercular miasm, Tuberculinum Bovinum, Vaccination.

XII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL. NO.

CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

01 – 03

1

INTRODUCTION

2

OBJECTIVES

3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

05 – 85

4

METHDOLOGY

86 – 90

5

RESULTS

91 – 100

6

DISCUSSION

101 – 102

7

CONCLUSION

103 – 104

8

SUMMARY

105 – 106

9

BIBLIOGRAPHY

107 – 110

10

ANNEXURES

111 – 128

04

XIII

LIST OF TABLES

SL. NO. 1.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

Study of Tuberculinum Bovinum through miasmatic repertory

78

2.

Showing age – wise distribution of samples

91

3.

Showing sex – wise distribution of samples

93

4.

Showing distribution of samples according to past history of

94

Tuberculosis 5.

Showing distribution of samples according to Family History of

95

Tuberculosis 6.

Showing distribution of samples according to use of Tub. Bov.

96

in treatment 7.

Analysis of Result

97

XIV

LIST OF FIGURES

1.

Simple bar diagram showing age - wise distribution of samples

PAGE NO. 92

2.

Simple bar diagram showing sex – wise distribution of samples

93

3.

Simple bar diagram showing distribution of samples according to

94

SL. NO.

TITLE

past history of Tuberculosis. 4.


95

F/H of TB 5.


96

use of Tub. Bov. in treatment. 6.

Pie diagram showing distribution of samples according to the results

XV

97

Introduction INTRODUCTION

“Whether derived from purest gold or purest filth, Our gratitude for their excellent service, Forbids us to inquire or care” J. B. Bell

Nosodes form an integral part of our Materia Medica. Even though nosodes have got wide range of application we rarely see them prescribed in our daily practice. Even when used, it plays a role of an intercurrent remedy – in the anti miasmatic approach. We rarely see a well proved, verified drug being used as constitutional or as an acute remedy.

The Greek word, Noso is a prefix indicating a morbid root. It is also connected with the Latin word "noxa", meaning noxious or damaging.

Nosodes are remedies made with dangerous noxious materials as a basis for a potentized remedy to treat disease.

Constantine Hering (a student of Hahnemann) was the first one to study and to test the animal poisons and nosodes in human beings. Hering drew inspiration from Paracelsus, the Greek alchemical and homoeopath who taught that the IDENTICAL poison could cure poisoning when specially prepared. Another 19th Century homoeopath, Lux, is the one responsible for our present idea of the use of nosodes.

The idea to use the infectious nature of certain diseases in a medical treatment was conceived, long before this was proven scientifically. Julian writes in the Materia

1

Introduction Medica of the Nosodes that they were originally used as etiological medications, e.g. a

diphtheria nosode for the treatment of diphtheria. Soon, they were recognized as medications of the terrain, qualifying for patients with constitutional diseases. Nosodes are applied according to homeopathic and isopathic principles world-wide for the treatment of acute as well as chronic diseases.

Since the source material of nosodes is potentially infectious, a perceived potential risk of infection is associated with their use. However, according to the European Directive 2001/83/EC as amended, the requirement for the viral safety of nosodes is fulfilled by complying with the manufacturing methods specified in the German

Homeopathic

Pharmacopoeia

or

the

French

patented

process

of

tyndallisation. The Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS) considers both manufacturing methods as valid to guarantee the viral safety of nosodes and their safety for public health. By applying the homeopathic potentisation procedures alone, the number of infectious particles decreases to zero in all potencies above 24X or 12C. At that level of dilution theoretically no molecule of the starting material can be present.

It is extremely important to remember several things: •

Nosodes have a tendency to produce strong aggravations when misused.

•

Nosodes are used to prevent disease ONLY during a n epidemic.

•

Nosodes should NEVER been given after a vaccine to "antidote" the vaccine. This is another misconception of a classical homeopathic practice and should not be done.

2

Introduction Tuberculinum is a well known and well proved, frequently prescribed medicine in homoeopathy which belongs to the group of NOSODES. There are many preparations from different manifestations of the tubercle.

Tub. Bov. is deep acting, constitutionally deep, because it is a product of disease from a very deep seated constitutional condition, like Silicea and Sulphur. It goes deep into the life, it is antipsoric, it is long acting, and it affects constitutions more deeply than most remedies.

Even though Tub. Bovinum is one of the best representatives of nosode family and also its area of application is wider, it is less used as an acute remedy and neglected as a constitutional remedy.

This study is an effort to make a brief study of nosodes and emphasize the role of Tub. Bov. as an intercurrent and a s a constitutional remedy in practice.

3

Objectives OBJECTIVES

1. To study and assess the efficacy of nosodes in treating different types of diseases.

2. To show how Tuberculinum can be used in different cases to affect a rapid and permanent cure.

4

Review of Literature REVIEW OF LITERATURE

ORIGIN OF NOSODES: The Greek word, Noso is a prefix indicating a morbid root.

It is also

connected with the Latin word “noxa", meaning noxious or damaging.

Nosodes are remedies made with dangerous noxious materials as a basis for a potentized remedy to treat disease.

Constantine Hering (a student of Hahnemann) was the first one to study the actions of the mineral, plant and animal remedies and was the first person to test the animal poisons and nosodes in human beings. Hering worked for the Dutch Government doing botanical and zoological research in Surinam, South America from 1827 and 1833.

He took advantage of his position to utilize remedies in the cure and prophylaxis of disease.

Hering’s contributions to Homeopathy are great. He is responsible for the use of poisons taken from insects, snakes and other venomous creatures to prepare remedies; he prepared remedies from Miasms called nosodes.

CONCEPT: The advent of Hahnemann’s theory of the miasms caused great interest in the chronic diseases and their anti – miasmatic remedies. One of the direct

5

Review of Literature consequences of the publication of the chronic diseases was the development of the use of miasmatic organisms as potentized Homoeopathic remedies.

It seems that shortly after Hahnemann published his chronic disease theory, Hering performed the first proving of Psorinum on himself. Hering originated the method of using miasmatic agent as a basis for a remedy and it was he who coined the term “Nosode”. Hering is responsible for greatly expanding the

materia medica of homeopathy and adding

seven (7)

new

categories of potentized remedies*. At the same time, he was one of the true defenders of the four cardinal rules of Homoeopathy: similars cure similars, the single remedy, the minimal dose and the potentized remedy.

Hering’s 7 uses of idem in Homoeopathy inc lude: 1. The use of poisons taken from insects, snakes, and other venomous creatures (Animal poisons). 2. The use of remedies made from miasmas (Nosodes). 3. The introduction of potentized miasmas and morbid secretions taken directly from the patient’s body (Auto-nosodes). 4. The use of homologous organs, tissue and secretions (Sarcodes). 5. The use of potentized miasmic products as nosodes for the prevention of infectious diseases (Nosode prophylaxis). 6. The use of chemical and nutritional elements innate to the human organism (Chemical and elemental relationships).

6

Review of Literature 7. The use of potentized genus groups as curative and preventative remedies for individuals, groups, and habitats. Hering suggests potentized seed of weeds or dangerous plants to eradicate and destroy those plants and potentized insects or animals to remove and prevent infestations i nfestations of dangerous species (Isodes).

1

Hering continued to experiment with nosodes of acute and chronic miasms

and invited others to conduct provings. provings. He recommended recommended the use use of

potentized watery excrements of cholera, the black vomit of yellow fever, the desquamated skin of malignant scarlet fever, to bind bags of milk sugar in contact with the skin of of typhus patients, the use of leucorrhoeal matter, etc., as well as psorine

(Psorinum)

gleet-matter

(Medorrhinum),

pthisine

(Tuberculinum)and

syphiline (Syphilinum). Many ancient isopathic remedies were introduced into the Homoeopathic Materia Medica by dedicated homoeopaths of the 19th century.

After Hering's introduction of the nosodes, Johann Joseph Wilhelm Lux, a well known homoeopathic veterinarian, began to conduct experiment with the isopathic use of disease materials in potencies. In December, 1831, Lux was asked if he knew any homoeopathic remedies for the treatment of bovine plague and anthrax. Lux replied that he could not suggest any remedies off hand but he offered the following suggestion. He told the person to take a drop of blood of an animal infected with anthrax, and a drop of the nasal mucous of a cow with the plague, and prepare a 30c potency of the the material. During the epidemic in 1832 many veterinarians veterinarians relied on the complementary use of the nosodes and standard remedies to treat the animals under their care.

7

Review of Literature On December 24, 1835, Jolly of Constantinople reported to Hahnemann that Russian doctors had cured a number of cases of bubonic plague with a 30c nosode prepared from the serous exudation of plague buboes. Hahnemann was interested in the new nosode movement on the basis of these clinical experiences but he was concerned because most of these nosodes were not being proved. So in this way the revolutionary ideas contained within the 1828 edition of The Chronic Diseases changed the way people thought about contagious disease and stimulated the integration of nosodes into the homoeopathic pharmacopoeia.

2

EMERGENCE OF ISOPATHY, ITS DEVIATION FROM HOMOEOPATHY2: All of this was going quite well until Lux decided that the healing law was not "similars cure similars" but “same cures same". With this in mind he declared that "idem” not "similars" was the key to the healing arts and coined the term “Aqualia Aqualibus Curentur” in place of “Similia Similibus Curentur”. This, of course, was exactly what Samuel Hahnemann was afraid would happen so he became quite defensive of Homoeopathy and critical of crude isopathy. Even before Lux’s statements upset the climate of the research into the nosodes, Hahnemann felt that Psorinum should be proven more completely before being included in the materia medica section of The Chronic Diseases. In Hahnemann's mind the idea of using unproved disease substances on patients just because they suffered from the same contagion was far too limited.

8

Review of Literature Hahnemann felt that the isopathy of Lux was in truth only part of a greater homeopathic principle because all the remedies were potentized to at least the 30c dynamization. If it was potentized energy how could one call it the same thing as the original diseased substance? Hahnemann thought that under these conditions: "…. It would not remain idem (the same) as it could only be useful to him in a potentized state, since crude itch substance which he had already in his body as an idem is without effect on him. But the dynamization or potentizing changes it and modifies it".

In the light of Hahnemann's logic the use of the miasmic material without potentisation was crude isopathy, and as Lux himself was using homoeopathic potencies, his treatment was still within the realm of Homoeopathy. Vide The Chronic Diseases, the chapter called “The Medicines".

"Thus potentized and modified also, the itch substance

(psorin) when

taken is no more an idem (the same) with the crude original itch substance, but only a simillimum (thing most similar). For between IDEM and SIMILLIMUM there is no intermediate for any one that can think; or in other words between idem and simile only simillimum can be intermediate. Isopathic and aequale are equivocal expressions, which if they should signify anything reliable can only signify because they are not idem."

The major difference between isopathy and Homoeopathy is that a homoeopathic remedy is proven and based on symptoms brought out in patients so it has a much wider application because its symptomatic picture is much more

9

Review of Literature expanded. The simple isopathic prescription can only be used for the same condition it causes. If the miasmic substance is not potentized, or transmuted in some way, it is often an extremely dangerous method. The modern vaccines have more in common with crude isopathy than Homoeopathy because they are unpotentized. This limits their usage to the treatment and prevention of one single disease condition.

On the contrary, a homoeopathic nosode has been

proven so it can be used as part of the greater materia medica. This allows it to be prescribed more accurately as well as to be applied in many different situations.

The first generation of homeopaths who introduced the use of the nosodes were Hahnemann, Hering, Lux, Gross, and Stapf. Hering gathered a tremendous amount of first hand

experience in proving

and using

nosodes and applying idem remedies to acute and chronic diseases in the field. Hering introduced all these new remedies yet he clearly pointed out their limitations when used by idem. All these idem preparations cannot be regarded as absolute specifics, but only as chronic intercurrent remedies, which serve to stir up the diseases, and render

the reaction to

the

subsequently administered homoeopathic remedy more permanent2.

Various explanations have been offered to prove that nosodes are not isopathic remedies. It has been suggested that potentisation alters the nature of the original substance so that the resulting product becomes similar and not identical. But the correct reasoning seems that the nosode represents a product of disease in a particular

10

Review of Literature individual and a particular pathogenetic agent. Since these two factors and the resulting reaction cannot be exactly duplicated, the resulting can never be identically same for any other case of disease, though the outward disease manifestation and the disease label may be the same. For instance, in virus diseases, it is known that the virus may mutate from time to time. The virus of the Asian influenza epidemic of 1956 was different from the virus of the influenza epidemic of 1918. The manifestations were also different. The mortality of the 1918 epidemic was high while the mortality of the later epidemic was practically nil. Similarly, when bacteria are attacked by antibiotics, these organisms are found to develop different strains which are resistant to the drugs. These are instances to show the variability in the nature of the invading organism.

3

In 1836 Hering stated that: HE NEVER SUCCEEDED IN CURING BUT ONLY AMELIORATING DISEASES WITH THEIR OWN MORBID PRODUCTS.

This statement was made after 7 years of rigorous clinical trials. He gave a perfect example of the proper use of idem in a case of suppressed syphilis which would not respond to antisyphilitic remedies like Mercury so he used Syphiline (his syphilinum) as an intercurrent. This brought out the cutaneous eruption and chancre which was then perfectly cured by Mercury followed by Lachesis. He had many similar cases. Without constitutional treatment it is impossible to perform the perfect cure.

11

Review of Literature The nosodes are only curative by themselves when they are administered by the totality of the symptoms. Then they are the constitutional simillimum.

IF DISEASE PRODUCING PRODUCTS ARE ADMINISTERED BY IDEM THEY ARE ONLY USEFUL AS INTERCURRENT REMEDIES WHICH HELP TO REMOVE OBSTACLES TO CURE AND MOVE THE CASE FORWARD. Their remedial actions must be complemented by constitutional remedies if a complete cure is going to take place.

THIS IS THE PROPER USE OF IDEM 2

REMEDIES WITHIN COMPLETE CONSTITUTIONAL CASE MANAGEMENT.

THE MAGICAL SIMILE The principles underlying homeopathy can be traced to roots dating back even further than those of immunology. Mankind has always wondered how to identify remedies capable of curing diseases. In the pre – scientific era, empiricism based on chance observations, and trial and error, was probably the most widely used approach, accompanied by various forms of oral or written tradition. In many other cases, the sick relied (and still do among some primitive people) on the intuition of individuals judged to be particularly endowed with divine or natural powers: healers, shamans, witch – doctors and so on. However, there was also another line of thought that, often in a marginal manner, has accompanied various medical cultures in different epochs: the identification of particular ‘resemblances’ between remedies and the diseases they were thought to be able to cure. The first examples of treating ‘like with like’ can be found in the papyrus of

12

Review of Literature Ebers (1500 BC): ear diseases treated with ear extracts, headache with fish heads, blindness with the eyes of a pig.

Attempting to treat a disease by administering the agent capable of causing it or transmitting it is one of the most general acquisitions of empirical medicine. Pliny claimed that the saliva of a rabid dog can afford protection against rabies. In the seventeenth century the Irishman Robert Fludd cured the victims of consumption with dilutions of their own sputum after suitable preparation.

Equally primitive and often elaborate applications of the same principle could be found in many pharmacopoeias until the last century. It is well known that King Mithridates VI (132 – 163 BC) is said to have taken small quantities of poisons and toxins to protect him against the repeated attempts made to poison him.

4,5

THE SIMILE OF HIPPOCRATES By means of highly acute observations made without sophisticated instruments but still valid today, the school of Hippocrates understood that many of the phenomena of a disease are attempts at cure and suggested imitating them: this is the Hippocratic ‘simile’.

Most frequently cited assertions are : the pains (complaints) will be removed by means of their opposite, each according to its own characteristics.

13

Review of Literature Thus, heat corresponds to a hot constitution that has been made ill by the cold, and so on for the others. Another way of removing pain is the following : a disease develops by means of its like and is cured by means of the use of its like. Thus, what causes urinary tenesmus in health cures it in disease. Cough is caused and cured by means of the same agent, as in the case of urinary tenesmus. Another method : the fever causing the development of inflammation will be caused and cured by the same agent. At other times, it will be cured by the opposite of its cause.

Without going into the whole of Hippocratic medicine, it must be said that his doctrine is

permeated by

the concept

of natural healing. Nature

(‘physis’) is the healer of disease. ‘Physis’ is an expression of life, not a special energy; it is unconscious or similar to instinct; it prevails over physiological and mechanical processes; it combats disease; it is frequently incomplete and must be assisted by a doctor . It is likely that no thought has had a more

profound

effect

on

medicine than

Hippocrates'

observation

that

the

manifestations of disease consist of two groups of events : the first being the direct effects of the damage, the second the reaction of repair. The corollary to this is that the direct effects must be removed whenever possible, but the reparative reaction must be promoted in Hippocrates

considered

order to imitate nature.

many pathophysiological

phenomena

as

being

fundamentally ‘defensive’ : fever, skin eruptions and others. In line with this pathophysiological conception, physicians must

make

a

distinction

between

useful and harmful symptoms by stimulating the former and blocking the latter.

14

Review of Literature Using typical Greek conciseness , Hippocrates formulated what can legitimately be

considered one of the fundamental rules of therapy: nature is the primary physician and the first duty of medicine is ‘to do no harm’.6

THE SIMILE OF PARACELSUS One further representative of this line of thought was P. T. Von Hohenheim, also known as Paracelsus. His works, which were first published in Basel in an almost complete version of 11 volumes between 1589 and 1591, contain a mixture of genial intuitions and ingenuities; profound clinical observations and strange affirmations concerning the influence of celestial bodies; new

pharmacological

observations and convinced assertions as to the truth of alchemical and magical concepts. Among other things, Paracelsus proposed the ‘doctrine of signatures’ (‘signa naturae’) according to which the therapeutic properties of different remedies were ‘similar’ to — and could be deduced from — the external appearance of plants and minerals : red remedies for blood diseases, sharply pointed leaves for the pain caused by stab wounds, iris – colored Eufrasia for eye diseases, topaz against jaundice (because both are yellow) and so on. In this way, ‘magical similarity’ was re – exhumed in an empirical and intuitive manner without any scientific understanding or experimental proof.

However, not all of the work of Paracelsus was ‘magical’: he had many important intuitions and made a number of empirical observations that were to form the basis for a large number of medical applications in subsequent centuries. For a long time, the following citation was considered one of the most significant

15

Review of Literature anticipations of the ‘simile’ as seen by homoeopathy: ‘What causes jaundice also cures jaundice. That is, the good and the bad lie in the same thing: the bad causes jaundice but, if you separate the good, it becomes an efficacious remedy against jaundice... Since the drugs that cure paralysis must come from the substances that cause it... This is the way to understand the curative powers of minerals... What may be harmful in our hands can be transformed into a medicine’ . There is also a certain harmony with the concepts concerning drug doses that

were

subsequently adopted

by

homeopaths, since according to

Paracelsus medicines must be administered not on the basis of their weight, but according to criteria that go beyond simple weight.

In the post – Paracelsian period, the ‘simile’ was often mentioned, but usually in reference to magical practices. Typical authors are Porta, who attempted to apply the doctrine of signatures to the whole botanic world (examples include the use of hairy plants for

scalps,

beautiful plants

to

improve personal

appearance, ‘happy’ plants, ‘sad’ plants , etc.), and Schroder who presented related ideas, such as the fact that the leaves of Hepatic triloba resemble the liver . One true predecessor of Hahnemann was Stoerck ( 1731 – 1803 ), who in the 1760s published a series of works on the treatment of diseases with poisons according to the principle of similars. This author made a highly significant statement: ‘If stramonium causes illness in someone who is sound in mind by inducing mental confusion, why should we not try to establish whether it can give mental health to someone who is confused or whose senses are altered by

16

Review of Literature disease? If it cures someone affected by spasms, why should we not investigate whether it causes the spasms?

6

HAHNEMANN Christian Frederick Samuel Hahnemann was born on April 10, 1755 in Meissen, Germany, graduated in

Medicine from Erlangen University in 1779,

and died in Paris in 1843 after a long and adventurous life. Although he worked in many fields of chemistry, pharmacology and medicine, he has passed into history as the founder of homeopathy, of which he is still unanimously acknowledged as being the greatest authority.

The first reflection of Hahnemann concentrated on the fact that two diseases may interact in very particular ways in the same individual, with one temporarily or permanently taking the place of another.

His next step was to try to apply this finding in a systematic and therapeutic manner. As he was also an expert in chemistry, he was familiar with many of the symptoms caused by toxic agents and aware of the fact that a number of naturally occurring diseases closely resemble symptoms owing to intoxication : e.g. the intoxication induced by Belladonna resembles scarlet fever; that induced by quinine resembles malaria; and that induced by arsenic resembles cholera.

Little by little, Hahnemann refined his homeopathic ideas. For example, he discovered that diseases other than cholera could be cured by small doses of arsenic provided that they had other common ‘characteristics of arsenic’. However, not all

17

Review of Literature cholera patients responded to arsenic, but required another remedy depending on their individual symptoms. He thus changed the current nosological schema of medical thought by introducing the concepts of drug-specific pathogenesis and di sease-specific individual status. He then noted that patients apparently cured by means of homeopathy could suffer a recurrence of the same disease or be affected by another, and drew the conclusion that permanent cure could only be achieved by selecting the remedy on the basis of other criteria, including the patient's constitutional and psychological characteristics, as well as previous diseases.

The application of Hahnemann's theory of ‘simile’ not only requires a scrupulous study of ‘Materia Medica’ (a compendium of the symptoms caused by the various substances in normal human beings), but also of the symptoms and pathophysiological characteristics of each individual patient.

We must, on the one hand, first precisely understand the essential characteristics and incidental manifestations of the diseases of the human body and, on the other, the effects purely due to the use of drugs: that is, their essential characteristics and the incidental symptoms of the specific artificial diseases they induce (as a result of differences in dose, form, etc.). In this way, by choosing a remedy capable of causing an artificial disease that is very similar to a given natural disease, we will be able to cure the most obstinate of diseases.

As we have already mentioned and as is only logical, further discoveries and applications have gradually added themselves to the initial concepts and ground rules. Among these, particularly worthy of note is the introduction of the use of nosodes.

18

7

Review of Literature

LEGAL DEFINITION OF NOSODES: The nosodes are some homoeopathic preparations obtained from microbe cultures, from viruses, pathological secretions and excretions.

Except on express specification of the doctor, the nosodes can never be sold to rd

th

the public in kind, but only from the 3 dilution centesimal or in the 6 decimal.

The nosodes are prepared in two ways according as they come from cultures of microbes (simple nosodes) or from complex organic products.

The simple nosodes prepared from viruses or bacteria which are not cultivable, are assimilated for their preparations to complex nosodes.

Preparation of Nosodes: Homoeopathic preparation from pure microbial culture obtained from dead tissue and clinical materials (secretions, discharges etc) are known as nosodes or biotherapeutic preparations. These diseased tissues and clinical materials from which

the primary stocks are prepared. Depending upon the nature of material used, these may be divided into following groups:

N – I : Preparations from lysates of micro-organisms capable of producing bacterial endotoxins. E.g.: typhoidinum, paratyphoidinum etc.

N – II: Products made from micro organisms capable of producing exotoxin. E.g.: diphtherinum

19

Review of Literature N – III: Preparations made from purified toxins. E.g.: Lachesis, Naja N – IV: Preparation made from micro organisms/viruses/clinical materials from human convalescents or diseased subjects. E.g. Variolinum, Influenzinum.

GENERAL METHOD FOR COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF STRAIN: Microbes available as pure organism are obtained from suitable clinical material from subjects suffering from the diseased are isolated, cultured and identified. Their properties are studied for complete identification as per individual monograph and they are lyophilized to ensure preservation and stability of characteristics. The first step involved should be preparation of culture medium most suitable for growth of the organism from which homoeopathic nosodes are to be prepared. The solid medium generally recommended is nutrient agar which generally is satisfactory in most cases. In other instances special solid culture medium containing proteins such as blood agar, serum agars have also been recommended.

Stock: Stock nosodes should be made from recently isolated organisms only. Where this is impracticable, the culture should be kept below 50 degree Celsius, so that they retain their full antigenic value. Stocks cultured are most often maintained in lypholized state. Repeated subcultures of a strain degenerate and lowers its antigenic value and has been found to be less useful and not recommended.

20

Review of Literature Unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph the subculture is allowed to incubate for 24 hours at 37 degree Celsius. At the end of incubation, the micro organisms are harvested under aseptic conditions by pouring sterile isotonic salt solution on the solid media and then gently shaking or scraping until all the microorganisms have been suspended. If scraping is necessary, removal of culture medium should be avoided.

Subsequently the suspension is centrifuged at 5000 RPM for 30 minutes, the supernatant is discarded and bacterial pellets are re-suspended in 0.9% sodium chloride solution, shaken well and centrifuged again. The suspension of bacteria is examined again for purity. It is essential that purity of the strain is maintained during incubation and handling. Purity is checked at different stages. In case of contamination the lot should be rejected and afresh strain is used. After 24 hours of growth in incubation a colony is re examined for checking the characteristics and purity of the strain. The culture is then taken up in the 0.9% sodium chloride solution.

Strength: The growth is suspected again in isotonic solution, shaken to break up clumps and to make an uniform suspension. Number of bacteria in each ml. of 10

suspension is estimated and is adjusted 20 billions viable cells per milliliter (2×10 ). It forms the original stock in case of drugs of groups N – I and N – II. For group N – III and N – IV the strength of 1x should be one part of the pure material in ten parts of the suspending/diluting material which may be lactose or glycerin as suggested in individual monographs.

21

Review of Literature Preparation of Nosodes: Group – N – I : bacteriolysis of the suspension containing 20 billion viable cells unit in distilled water is carried out to be a sonicator till most of the bacterial cells are ruptured. The material is centrifuged at 10,000 RPM for 30 minutes (3980 – 4070 G, ICE, international centrifuge). The supernatant is filtered through Seitz filter and the cell free extract containing the endotoxins, is treated with equal volume of strong alcohol. This strength is sealed I separate ampoules and is labeled as primary stock nosode. This serves as IX for preparation of Homoeopathic dilutions. This should be preserved at 4 - 6°.

Group N – II: the toxigenicity of the strain is established before use. The suspension having 20 billion viable cells/ml is mixed with equal volume of strong alcohol and hemetically sealed under aseptic conditions. It is labeled as primary stock nosodes as IX. This should be preserved between 4 - 10°. Further attenuations are made in dispensing alcohol in ratio 1:9. This must comply with test for sterility before being issued.

Group N – III: preparations are made by trituration in lactose with drug strength 1/10. Attenuation up to 6X are kept in hermetically sealed ampoules and stored in conditions prescribed under individual monograph.

Group N – IV: preparations are made by Hahnemannian method of trituration class IX, HPI volume I 262, is followed. Attenuations up to 6X should be stored between 4 - 6°.

22


IMPORTANT NOTES IN PREPARATION METHOD: 1. Centrifuge speed in all the above operations should not be below 10000r.p.m. The operation should be for 30 minutes or till complete separation in a centrifuge. 2. The supernatant liquid should be filtered with Seitz filter or membrane filter. 3. No chemicals, antiseptics or bacteriostatics should be mixed at any stage of operation with the material. In cases where normal saline solution is used, full care should be taken to completely remove the same before attenuation. 4. Preservation of all the products and potencies below 6x should be done in a refrigerator between 4 - 6°. 5. Live organisms should be handled with care and following aseptic conditions. 6. Bacterial count means total number of organisms/ml (live or dead) 7. As far as possible the substance used in original proving should be taken as the starting raw material. 8. To check the hygienic conditions of the laboratory plate count should be done from time to time. 9. All potencies below 3x of group N-I, N-II, and N-III should bear date of manufacture and a life period of six months from the date of manufacture. (From HPI India)

8

23

Review of Literature MAISMS AND NOSODES: ".....In chronic miasms, however, the outer local symptom may either be driven from the skin or may disappear of itself, while the internal disease, if uncured, neither wholly nor in part ever leaves the system; on the contrary, it continually increases 9

with the years, unless healed by art."

In the early days of his practice when Dr. Hahnemann started using the law of similia, he got good success in acute and epidemic diseases but he failed miserably in a large number of chronic diseases. He himself said – “Their beginning was promising, the continuation less favourable, and the outcome hopeless…” Such instances made Dr. Hahnemann probe deeply into the concept of disease and the development of the chronic diseases. After years of detailed case takings and case analysis, he found out that nearly all the patients with chronic diseases had a history of Scabies, Syphilis, or Gonorrhoea and most of the patients were not well since the time of infection. He called these infections and the disease tendency arising from them, miasms. The one arising from Scabies was called Psora or non-venereal miasm. The other two were called venereal miasms as they arose from sexual conduct. The one arising from Syphilis was called Syphilitic miasma and the one from Gonorrhoea was called Sycotic miasm.

When Hahnemann announced his miasm theory in 1828 it was greeted with shock, disbelief, uproar and derision by the entire medical world. Even many homeopaths blushed with shame and completely ignored the idea as preposterous. It was hard to see where Hahnemann was coming from. The grand scheme of the

24

Review of Literature miasms, so familiar today, seemed just like words from an alien language. If you start from symptom totality, then you can just about reach the even wider concept of a miasm as a grouped entity deriving from hundreds of cases. But if you start from the familiar allopathic terrain of a 'disease' affecting whole populations, then the idea of miasms as internalized and inherited dyscrasias seems very hard to grasp. The conceptual challenge is simply one of breadth of view. Each individual case, upon which homeopathy is based, was henceforth to be viewed in the light of another totality - the family legacy of Psora, Syphilis and Sycosis.

The theory of miasms originates in Hahnemann's book The Chronic Diseases. He declared that the theory was the result of 12 years of the most painstaking work on difficult cases of a chronic character combined with his own research into the historical diseases of man.

The three miasms given in that work are held to be responsible for all disease of a chronic nature and to form the foundation for all disease in general. This latter aspect was then to receive considerable amplification from Kent. Kent was also able to more clearly identify those remedies that relate to each miasm. Though now generally accepted by most homeopaths without question, at the time, the theory was generally greeted with disbelief and derision from all but the most devoted followers. This can be explained in part by the primitive nature of medical science at that time, which was not really very willing to accommodate any theory for the origin of disease, least of all such a grand and all-embracing one.

25

Review of Literature The word miasm means a cloud or fog in the being. Its meaning can be expanded and seen as a primary defect; a root cause; a shadow, fragment or internalized relic of an actual disease passed down the genetic line; a vaccine defect; a pre-disposition [dyscrasia] towards a predictable pattern of certain diseases and disorders within a family, race or the human race; and a defect of the vital force.

The theory suggests that if 100% of all disease is miasmatic, then 85% is due to the primary and atavistic miasm Hahnemann called Psora. The remaining 15% of all disease he held to be either syphilitic or sycotic, being derived from suppressed Syphilis or suppressed Gonorrhea.

Taking them in reverse order, we can depict the main characteristic features of each miasm.

Sycosis This miasm is held to be responsible for many sexual and urinary disorders, and affections of the joints and the mucous membranes. Also those conditions worsened by damp weather and by contact with the sea. Thus arthritis and rheumatism, asthma, catarrhs, bronchitis, cystitis and warts are all regarded as partly or mainly sycotic in character. The wart came to be seen as the underlying archetype of this miasm as it is also held to be responsible for all warty excrescences and growths. Chief remedies are Thuja, Lycopodium, Natrum sulph, Causticum, Kali sulph, Staphysagria, Calc and Sepia amongst many others.

26


Syphilis This miasm is held to be responsible for many diseases of the nervous system, the blood and skeleton as well as a range of psychological disorders, including alcoholism, depression, suicidal impulses, insanity, loss of smell and taste, blindness, deafness and ulcerations. It is also associated with many heart conditions, some vesicular skin eruptions and diseases that have a definite nocturnal periodicity. Chief remedies are Arsenicum, Aurum, Mercury, Phosphorus and Lycopodium, Nitric acid , amongst many others.

10

Psora The word Psora is probably derived from the Hebrew 'Tsorat' and Greek 'Psora' meaning a fault, groove or stigma. Hahnemann held that all non-venereal chronic diseases are Psoric. That includes most diseases of a chronic nature, all skin diseases, most mental illness, other than syphilitic ones, allergies, varicose veins, haemorrhoids, most dysfunctional diseases of organs and systems, etc. He lists among others, catarrhs, asthma, pleurisy, haemoptysis, hydrocephalus, stomach ulcers, scrotal swelling, jaundice, swollen glands, cataract, diabetes, tuberculosis, epilepsy, fevers and suppressed urine as all being typically Psoric manifestations, including, of course, the whole gamut of skin problems. Chief Psoric remedies he suggests include Sulphur, Natrum mur, Calc carb, Arsen alb, Lycopodium, Phosphorus, Mezereum, Graphite, Causticum, Hepar sulph, Petroleum, Silica, Zinc and Psorinum amongst many others.

27

Review of Literature Hahnemann also claimed that Psora was the most ancient and insidious miasm, deriving primarily from skin eruptions of various types in the past, such as scabies (Itch), leprosy and psoriasis. These had been supposedly contracted by ancestors or in one's own early childhood. Their subsequent suppression, especially through the use of ointments, he held to be the primary cause of forcing skin conditions inwards to cause the internalised Psora miasm. Psora, he says, "is that most ancient, most universal, most destructive, and yet most misapprehended chronic miasmatic disease which for many thousands of years has disfigured and tortured mankind...and become the mother of all the thousands of incredibly various chronic 9

diseases."

Kent, in his Lectures, then greatly enlarged upon the theory, mostly in a moral sense, proposing that Psora was the foundation of all other sickness, without which mankind would be pure and healthy both in mind and body, as in the Garden of Eden. He thus regarded the acquisition of Psora as being equated with the 'Fall of Man' and with original sinfulness. He portrayed Psora in this highly moralistic light as also being the foundation of the sexual miasms that came later.

11

We can see that Hahnemann must have obtained his original idea of miasms through an extension of the very fruitful threads in his thinking about similars and poisonings, with which he was deeply immersed in the original construction of homeopathy. His mind simply must have been drawn towards seeing the wider patterns

in

cases.

For

example,

Hahnemann "suggested,

in

1789,

that

Mercury...displaced the syphilitic disease by imposing a similar illness.” He "had

28

Review of Literature taken his time to formulate his first intuitive deduction [Similia] in fact seven years... [He] clung obstinately to the everyday world of common sense...and had no use for the theories of pathology then current... [being, in fact] dissociated from theories of physiology and pathology."

The notion of Psora has many facets; for example, "seven-eighths of all the chronic maladies prevalent are ascribed by Hahnemann to Psora..." He did not

confine its meaning solely to Scabies; "Psora...was widely known in Hahnemann's time, as the general term for a whole series of skin troubles of the most varied kinds..." Its underlying significance was even broader: "to Hahnemann Psora is a disease or disposition to disease, hereditary from generation to generation for thousands of years and it is the fostering soil for every possible diseased condition."

9

However, the miasm theory should not be viewed too literally as meaning that everyone needs to be dosed up with Psorinum, Syphilinum or Medorrhinum; rather it means that the broad outline of the miasms need to be kept in mind when observing the symptoms of a specific case or family.

12

For example, in a family with some evidence of alcoholism, deafness, blindness, bone disorders and insanity, one is entitled to believe a syphilitic streak is present. It should not dominate one's view of each case, but it is useful background information. It guides one towards certain remedies, and away from others, but should never wholly dictate practice. Such would be to fall prey to medical speculation, which Hahnemann certainly regarded as "arid and obfuscating scholasticism." and "the elaborate manipulation of hollow symbols ." The dim view he took of medical

29

Review of Literature speculation presumed that that too often it is disengaged from practice, lacking efficacy and encourages harmful practices.

10

Dr Allen says: "Hahnemann tells of four miasms psora, syphilis, sycosis and drugs,

but

since

his

time

have

been

added

tuberculosis

and

allopathic

vaccination. The tubercular miasm is the psoric miasm intensified or the

combination of psora and syphilis".11

Indications of tubercular miasmatic states (tubercular and pre- tubercular states) •

Weight Loss. Depreciation and Destruction.

•

Cosmopolitan habits. Cosmopolitan - mentally and physically. Mentally keen but physically weak.

•

Fear of dogs.

•

Insanity: Acute or Chronic with family history of tubercular diseases. True insanity of Psora is usually of a tubercular nature.

•

Symptoms are ever-changing. Rapid response to any stimuli, to any slightest change of weather or atmosphere. For that reason it may be called responsive or reacting miasm.

•

Emaciation instead of taking proper food and drink.

•

Eats much but loses flesh rapidly.

•

The face looks fairly well, even in the last stage of disease, when other parts of the body become emaciated.

•

Tendency to cough and cold.

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Review of Literature •

History of Tuberculosis or any tubercular or lung, diseases (like whooping cough, bronchitis, broncho-pneumonia, etc.), or ringworm or asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, hay fever or sinusitis.

•

History of suppression of ringworm.

•

Chronic inflammation of glands and tonsils.

•

Chronic Diarrhoea. Morning Diarrhoea with extreme prostration and debility.

•

Nocturnal Polyuria.

•

Nocturnal perspiration with or without fever. Nocturnal pollution.

•

When well-selected medicine fails to relieve or permanently cure.

•

"The problem child"-slow in comprehension, dull, unable to keep a line of thought.

•

Rickets. Marasmus.

•

Lean, thin constitution. Fatty constitution with extreme sickness. Fatness without fitness.

•

Pigeon chest. Forehead is high.

•

Hair thin. Hair over scapula. Hair dry, dead, like hemp. Matted hair. Hair grey on the mid-line of the head.

•

Nails thin with white spot. Nails are thin as paper, bend easily and sometimes spoon-shaped.

•

Epistaxis. Nose bleeding or bleeding from lungs, or rectum with family history of Tuberculosis.

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Tuberculinum-bovinum proved by Kent and Bacillinum proved by Burnett are two

nosodes which may be useful to modify the Tubercular miasm.

Nosodes On the point about the use of miasms in treatment, some people routinely give the corresponding nosode. For example, to a child born with fine syphilitic skin vesicles, they might wish to give Syphilinum rather than the simillimum, say Mercury. This would tend to be seen as an inappropriate use of the miasm concept, as the simillimum is what the patient needs, not the nosode.

Such routine use of Psorinum, Medorrhinum and Syphilinum is therefore frowned upon. Certainly, the nosode can do good work, but it should be used more as an occasional inter-current remedy, or when it becomes the simillimum - not just routinely.

About the process of treatment Dr Allen says: "Our remedies only deal with miasms, not names of diseases. The law of similars is only co-operative with that which disturbs life, not the organism as a part, and we have learned that the miasms are the persistent disturbers of life."

11

The term miasm comes from the Greek, meaning “pollution, taint.” Hippocrates was the first to use it to express his concept of how infectious diseases could be carried by air, water and other sources. The doctor’s of Hahnemann’s time used the term miasm to indicate the unknown cause of disease which pollutes the

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Review of Literature whole system so as to produce permanent disease state. They considered syphilis the only existing miasm because the aetiology was unknown. They did not consider, the “fig wart disease” a miasm because they believed they could cure it by removing the condylomata.

Hahnemann used the term miasm in his great theory of the origins of chronic disease. He began by separating by true chronic diseases from diseases that were caused by mechanical or exterior conditions, which could be alleviated by modifying the environment or life style of the patient (Aphorism 77).

But Hahnemann also observed that the best diet, a robust constitution and healthy life style could not help to cure a true chronic disease. He saw that in spite of such measures, the chronic disease unfolded into new and worse symptoms, leading inevitably to a further aggravation and death. Diet may appear to eliminate a particular expression of disease, such as tumor in the breast, but it cannot eradicate the tendency to produce such a tumor, which Hahnemann attributed to the underlying miasm.

Nosodes in general have a chequered history in homeopathy. Some of the more pathological prescribers [e.g. Hughes & Dudgeon] denounced them from the start. Yet, other homeopaths have taken a far more generous view: "the indispensable curative service of the products of disease...safely administered in sickness; " "for the past five years I have regularly used the bacillus virus as part of my daily practice...with great satisfaction;" high potency..."

14

13

" I think very highly of Koch's remedy...I use it in

In particular, nosodes can be used to neutralize old internalized

33

Review of Literature illness states [dyscrasias] or remove invisible 'taints' [blockages] that prevent ordinary remedies from working: "the nosode has removed the miasmatic block." Then "the remedy will work again after the block is removed with a nosode." This much at least

is the empirical observation of many who use them in regular clinical practice: nosodes were not so well proven as "well-known polychrests...but have been so successful;" their use "depends more on clinical experience... [which has] accumulated for many years and has been checked by the experience of so many practitioners that it is considered trustworthy."

13

Miasm, Holism and Essence The upshot of the miasms theory is very interesting as it illuminates so much about homeopathy and what distinguishes it as a unique medical system in its own right, and also so much about the subtlety of Hahnemann's observational powers and thinking processes. As soon as you have a mode of medical thinking that regards disease cause in gross, tangible and molecular terms [germs, bacteria, molecules, dud organs, genes] then it is natural not to look much beyond such matters, but to regard "the cure" of disease, i.e. the removal of symptoms, solely in tangible and molecular terms. Such is allopathy.

Essentialism is "the belief in essences independent of the phenomena of appearance," and which are conceived as “on-dimensional phenomena,". The idea is

common to Pythagoras, Plato and Aristotle and dominated philosophy for centuries, almost into the modern era. Goethe, for example, seems to have achieved a "fusion of Plato's essentialism with aesthetic principles."

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An appreciation of essentialism

Review of Literature involves the belief that objects and living things each contain an underlying and immaterial essence that can only be known through a form of reflection upon the nature

of

the

substance

or

organism.

Natural

selection,

for

example,

seems "meaningless to an essentialist, for it can never touch the underlying essence; it can only eliminate deviations from the type ," that is operate at the physical level of

the organism.

Miasms and nosodes are suggestive of the idea of disease being caused not by the "morbific particles" on the material level, as allopaths contend, but by some internalized 'subtle essence' carried by the germ and transferred through potentisation to the nosode. Kent makes it very clear that homeopathy has a vitalistic rather than a materialistic view of disease: "the microbe is not the cause of disease. We should not be carried away by these idle allopathic dreams and vain imaginations but should correct the Vital Force." And that "the Bacterium is an innocent feller, and if he carries disease he carries the Simple Substance which causes disease, just as an elephant would ." Such an idea clearly resonates with the medieval view of substance

as equally ‘alive.’ An idea not as distant as we might think from the effect of potentisation on substance.

10

In Kent's dictum of 'the higher the deeper' and the concept that 'disease essence' [= miasm] can only truly be neutralized by the highly potentized drug - what van Helmont called the 'drug archeus' - then we can see a broad and very strong parallel between the metaphysical views of van Helmont and ‘transcendental homeopathy’ concerning a triad of ‘spirits’ - vital force, drug essence and disease

35

Review of Literature archeus. To which we might add that therapeutic resonance [sympathy] between these three spheres operates as 'Similia Similibus Curentur' as well as 'Similia Similibus Causam' - diseases being both cured and caused by similars. "There is not one law for contagion and another one for proving. They are both one;" "the quality of contagion is similar in nature to the cure." Such a notion then places Hahnemann's system

absolutely in a line with the previous vitalist systems of Paracelsus [1493-1541], van Helmont [1577-1644] and Stahl [1660-1734].

17

Undoubtedly, many modern Homoeopaths point to nosodes ad high potencies as providing ample confirmation of the metaphysical remarks made by figures like Hahnemann, Kent and van Helmont, regarding the inherent ‘genotype’ of matter [potency energy], of disease [disease archeus or miasm] and of living things [vital force]. They seem justified, therefore, in claiming that the corpus of homeopathic expertise of the last century and a half fully validates such concepts as potency energy, vital force and disease cause as a spiritual essence [miasm] that temporarily invades and 'poisons' the spirit of the person, inducing symptoms. While transcendentalists [and homeopaths] interpret the germ idea as spiritual contagion by essence, the allopaths interpret it as physical contagion by microbes. That is what

divides us.

It is also clear that vital force and miasms are 'inferred entities' just as the electron is an inferred entity. That does not mean it exists or does not exist; it just means it sits in that borderland between what is observably true and what is inferred or suggested by the facts that are known with greater certainty: "unless our theories

36

Review of Literature and observations confirm one another, they will be still little more than the most probable conjectures...while the mechanical theories give rise to certain inferences regarding the minute structures of the body, we lack any concrete verification of these inferences," For it remains clear that "theory without verification is mere speculation rather than science. Theory alone cannot guarantee truth...conjecture and extrapolation, however probable, [are] not the same as concrete demonstration ." In

that important sense it becomes possible that "crude empirical observations [might] masquerade under the cloak of theory ,” This genuine tendency is just as likely in "real

science" as it is in homeopathy, where ‘facts’ are fitted together into a ‘bigger picture’ using the ‘glue’ of assumptions and inferred entities.

10

Much understanding can be gained about miasms from considering the nature of the vital force, disease and cure. For example, "the dynamic potentized drug is the 16

chief factor in both proving and healing, " which implies that there is a reciprocal

action between disease and simillimum. As Close says, disease cause therefore also exists solely in "the realm of pure dynamics ;” what he calls the "sphere of homeopathy is limited primarily to the functional changes from which the phenomena of disease arise,"

18

In the study of miasms we see that there is a ‘something’ in disease, in fact in every, which is beyond consciousness and which persists, and it is this persistence that premeditates causes other than that which we now see in the pathological. We are compelled to confine ourselves to the study of the phenomena, the nature of which confirms the kind of bond the subversive force has made with the life force

37

11

Review of Literature Therefore, the removal [correction might be a better word] of the internal damage [miasm] is the removal of the cause; which is not the same as removing the symptoms: "In faithful treatment, it is sought to accomplish an end far more subtle 19

than the mechanical removal of bacilli." Symptoms are not seen by homeopaths as

the disease, but as the results, the end-products, of deeper dynamic disease processes: "tissue changes...are but the results of disease ;" "a cure is not a cure unless it destroys the internal or dynamic cause of disease."

When Close states that the "real cure...takes place solely in the functional and dynamical sphere," he means it is not the physical symptoms but views disease

primarily as a "dynamic derangement of the life force," a derangement of process, which precedes any derangement of structure. Disease "is the suffering of the dynamis." Close devotes considerable intellectual energy to clearly defining disease;

an effort that repays close study. For example, he says that "homeopathy does not treat disease; it treats patients." Disease, he claims, is "an abnormal vital process;" "a dynamic aberration of our spirit-like life ;" "a perverted vital action;" it

is "not a thing, but only the condition of a thing ;" that in the last analysis disease is "primarily only an altered state of life and mind ."

18

Close lays bare its deeper nature when he says disease is "primarily a morbid disturbance or disorderly action of the vital powers and functions," or "purely a dynamical disturbance of the vital principle." Furthermore, he logically pronounces

that because "disease is always primarily a morbid dynamical or functional disturbance of the vital principle," so in turn it is clear that "functional or dynamic

38

Review of Literature change always precedes tissue changes," and that cure has been established

only "when every perceptible sign of suffering of the dynamis has been removed." For Close, it is precisely upon such reasons and definitions that "the entire edifice of 17

therapeutic medication governed by the law of Similia," has been conceived and

constructed. All these insightful statements elaborated by Close might be said to derive from Kent, but, as he insists, they also flow naturally from Hahnemann's own sentiments in the Organon: "let it be granted now...that no disease...is caused by any material substance, but that every one is only and always a peculiar, virtual, dynamic 20

derangement of the health."

VACCINATION, ITS DANGERS AND USE OF NOSODES: “I don´t know, if I have not even done a horrible mistake, and created something disastrous.” ´Edward Jenner (1749-1823), inventor of the vaccination, while lying on his death-bed.

21

"Vaccinations represent a major assault on the body's immune system. Attenuated organisms or chemically killed viruses or bacteria are injected directly into the blood stream, an unnatural route of infection. This profound insult, avoiding the body's first line of defenses, and flooding the system with millions of organisms or viral particles, stresses the immune system in a way not of natures design. This insult causes irregularities and abnormalities in the immune system which then manifests as chronic di seases in animals."22

39

Review of Literature Shocking information, even scientifically proven, is to be found, e.g. in the internet. It works perfectly silently, invisibly and slowly, difficult to find...! Furthermore, statistics show that the overcoming of the infectious diseases was not the merit of vaccination! No, the other way round, i.e. the natural vanishing of these diseases in the past (e.g. pox) was even prolonged with the vaccination. It is proven statistically! The true reason for their vanishing, actually, was better nutrition and hygiene. Nowadays, there are testimonials from groups of medics, who state about the great and irresponsible risk, some pushed vaccination-actions put on unknowing people; e.g. 45.000 Parisian students, who have been vaccinated with Hepatitis B. After some time this group showed a 80 times higher affinity to develop M.S.-like symptoms than non-vaccinated! This is only one example in a really large list of correlations between vaccinations and modern chronic diseases.

Here is a list of symptoms/dis-eases which have been found to be correlating very much with the negative effects caused by vaccinations: •

Hypersensibility, especially the head, for wind and cold, must always wear a hat

•

Missing regulation of temperature, getting sick with smallest changes in temperatures, is not able to cope with heat or cold

•

Incompatibility for sunlight (nausea, headache)

•

Increased affinity for infections, going from slight cold to highest fever

•

Intolerance, depression, irritability

•

Chronic cold/catarrh

•

All sorts of allergies

40


Auto

aggressive

immune-conditions

like

multiple

sclerosis

or

M.Bechterew (polio) •

Autistic behaviour (there is no other cause than vaccinations!)

•

Fatigue syndrome without cause

•

Squinting

•

Difficulties in learning (polio!)

•

Sudden child death (diphtheria)

•

Neuroses

•

Schizophrenia

•

Caries

•

Sight problems

•

Liver condition, following of brain diseases

•

Exaggerated desire for sugar (malfunction of the digestive system)

•

Dementia

•

Anorexia nervosa

•

Lack of confidence, problem of identity

•

Leukaemia, AIDS

•

Last but not least is the fact, that every vaccination will block any further classical homeopathic treatment in some extent. Nowadays, the term of reaction-block is commonly known but very often homeopaths don’t know what to do against, trying out a lot of different remedies with little success. We can wonder about Samuel Hahnemann’s success about 200 years ago, when the population was not yet vaccinated.

41

Review of Literature SAD FACTS ABOUT ALLOPATHIC VACCINATIONS DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES Quoted from the book: "Vaccinations, the unbelievable error” from F. and S. Delarue: •

The substance for the Polio vaccination, which contained the Virus SV40, has evoked with pregnant women a much higher rate of child-cancer.

•

High contents of Aluminium in certain vaccination substances can lead to an increase in allergies and in some cases to mind problems

•

Vaccination against Diphtheria, Tetanus and influenza contain Formaldehyde and heavy metals.

•

An investigation in Sweden between 1959 and 1967 has shown: one out of 3.500 vaccinated people displays neurological damages

•

Dr. J. Kahmar: „ Vaccinations are doubtlessly responsible a great deal for the structuring of the character and behaviour of the masses.”

•

Gian-Franco Marchesi, Angelo Quattrini, Riv. Nerrol, 1971: “After Polio Vaccination, 40-50% of the vaccinated people have been observed to display anomalies in their electro-encephalogram.” (note: In other words: there is a heavy brain influence of almost 50% of all the vaccinated human beings)

•

“The Times” states: The Aids-epidemic in Africa has been caused by the general pox-vaccination, which the WHO has conducted between 1970 and 1980.

•

By the vaccination of children, a condition similar to AIDS is being created.

42


Dr.

B.

Duperrat,

Saint-Louis-Hospital,

Presse

Medicale,

12.3.1955:

“Vaccinations have caused, among others, the outbreak of Leukaemia.” (Examples of cases of leukaemia are evident after vaccinations against Poxand Yellow Fever since 1922. This is especially valid, if living viruses are being vaccinated who have been raised on chicken embryos.) •

F.C. Robins, School of Medicine, Monographia No.29, National Cancer Institute, 12/68: “...that every vaccination with living viruses or even

inactivated viruses means a potential risk.” •

According to Prof. Richard de Long, Science et Mecaniques, April 1968, living vaccination substances bring the following risks: “Deformation or death of the human embryo, probably the creation of cancer.” · Vaccination

increases the risk of infarcts. •

Dr. William Torch, Nevada, 1982: “Vaccination is a risk factor for the sudden child-death, especially combined vaccinations like Diphtheria/Tetanus/ Whooping Cough. Especially Pox, Variola and Polio-vaccinations are a factor for the creation of MS (Multiple Sclerosis).”

21

History of the Idea of Homeopathic Prophylaxis: The idea of using a medicine, prescribed homoeopathically, for the prevention of disease was present from the very beginning of homeopathy. The first presentation of this concept was by Samuel Hahnemann in an article, entitled Cause and Prevention of the Asiatic cholera, which was published in 1831. In this article, Hahnemann suggested a list of remedies (camphora, veratrum, bryonia, rhus

43

Review of Literature toxicodendron, cuprum) that would be of most use in the cholera outbreak that was raging at that time. He was able, from an understanding of the principles of homeopathy and knowledge of the medicines, to give this guidance even though he, himself, had little experience with the current outbreak of the disease. His followers quickly put these suggestions to the test with remarkable results. In no little way, this predictive ability of Hahnemann's, in a time of great uncertainty in the use of medicines, was tremendously effective in convincing doctors of the efficacy of homeopathic medicine. To be able to have effective treatment in the face of an epidemic puts aside, at one stroke, the idea of indefinite, imaginary, or pla cebo effects from u se of the medicine.

Later, Boenninghausen, one of Hahnemann's most able and early students, describes his discovery of the similarity between smallpox (in people) and malanders (in horses). He noticed that when smallpox would appear in an area, the horses would also show the disease of malanders -- that these two diseases appeared together. So, because Thuja was considered to be the specific remedy for this problem in horses, Boenninghausen tried it in smallpox in people and found it to be very effective in treatment. He carried this one step further, giving the remedy to members of the same household of the patient ill with smallpox and found it prevented the disease with every person it was used.

This concept of using remedies to prevent disease was used by many of the earlier homeopaths but in sort of an immediate way. That is, it was used during an epidemic to protect exposed people or with family members, but it was not, to my

44

Review of Literature knowledge, used on a long term basis without the threat of disease actually being present. It was much later, in this century that homeopathic prophylaxis was extended to the idea of long term protection. Also, as nosodes of the specific diseases began to be used, more experience in disease prevention accumulated.

Evidence of this can be found in the literature. Here are some examples from the fascinating little book, Homeopathy in Epidemic Diseases, by Dr. Dorothy Shepherd:

"Epidemic diseases treated and nursed at home raise the problem of prophylaxis or prevention. Here again homeopathy offers the best solution. Believe me, it has been shown again and again that our medicines given intelligently and according to our law that 'like cures like' do not only cure infectious diseases speedily and easily without the development of any complications, but they also prevent these same diseases. This is of great importance, particularly in the case of infants who have not enough stamina to stand up to an onslaught of whooping cough or measles or diphtheria, or infantile paralysis....

"If one can prevent these diseases until the children are over five years of age, the disease is usually not so fatal, and the children stand a better chance.

"Of course, the modern methods of prevention of disease occupy much space in our medical literature, and apparently they are successful to a degree. The agents used in prophylaxis resemble crudely the medicines used in homeopathy, and some

45

Review of Literature homeopathic physicians have been somewhat led astray by this similarity to the homeopathic principle, and recommend the present orthodox methods.

"Are the inoculations against the various infectious diseases 100 per cent foolproof? Do they not in some cases lead to serum or vaccine disease? Is it not a fact that they often produce severe reactions? Indeed, they have been known to lead to fatal consequences. Have I been more unfortunate than the average homeopathic physician in seeing the negative or disease-producing effects of orthodox prophylaxis? Indeed I was not biased either in the beginning. I was extremely interested in prevention of such diseases as diphtheria and measles and the rest. It was a great disappointment to me to observe the frequent severe reactions in the wake of immunization against diphtheria, and later on the uncertain effects of inoculations against measles, whooping cough, and scarlet fever.

"Now some of my fears of the dangers inherent in the modern methods of inoculations have been proved to be well rounded and correct. Some impartial medical observers in Australia have found that the incidence of poliomyelitis, the

modern infantile paralysis, has vastly increased since whooping cough and diphtheria inoculations have become more popular, and that the incubation period of infantile paralysis corresponds closely to, and follows exactly on the correct day after the inoculation has been made (my emphasis) It might have been coincidence, if it had only happened in one or two cases, but unfortunately it has happened in more than 5 per cent of the cases. (Note: I have seen the same relationship between Feline Leukaemia vaccine and the occurrence of Feline

46

Review of Literature Infectious Peritonitis which seems to follow the vaccine at a much higher incidence than one would expect.)

"At the moment doctors are advised not to immunize at the danger periods of the year, when infantile paralysis is most prevalent. Whether this is the first step in giving up the dangerous method of immunization, one does not know.

23

Nosodes have been compared to vaccines and even called oral vaccines. Boger writes: “when our late confrere, Dr. H.C.Allen, pointed to the nosode as the most important of remedies in arousing reaction, he did the greatest thing of his busy life.” Coleman says, “Vaccine therapy has found its way into general medicine today. It is only a modification of the method taught by Xenocrates and introduced later through the Homoeopathic school by Dr. Lux in 1823 under the name of Isopathy. Hering, Swan, Burnett and others did much along this line. Hering proposed the employment of the diluted saliva of a rabid dog for hydrophobia in 1833; antedating Pasteur, Swan antedated Koch in the discovery of Tuberculinum. Koch introduced Tuberculinum in 1890. Burnett began his work with this remedy (under the name of Bacillinum) in 1885 and obtained results never dreamed of by Koch.

3

The effectivity of the nosodes in preventing infectious diseases seems to have been established. Samuel Swan has reported a number of instances where the administration of Variolinum has apparently prevented the onset of smallpox. Wheeler has conducted scientific experiments with potencies of Diphtherotoxin and has shown that the drug in potency has the power of altering the Schick reaction. Various other reports are also to be found in the literature which seems to prove that

47

Review of Literature the various nosodes have prevented specific diseases. Of course in some cases, a drug which has produced a similar symptom picture also appears to have acted as a prophylactic, but between the two, the similar drug and the nosode, the nosode is apparently preferred, because of its greater similarity and easier selection. Particularly in tuberculosis, the nosode Tuberculinum seems to have a very definite effect in producing prophylaxis. Incidentally, the preventive virtues of Tuberculinum seem to be safer too. Kennedy has questioned the statement that BCG is absolutely safe. In a letter to the Editor of the British Medical Journal, he gives instances of children who were adversely affected by BCG vaccination.

3

THE HOMOEOPATHIC USES OF NOSODES: When a nosode is administered by the totality of the symptoms it is a constitutional simillimum just like the mineral, plant and animal remedies. The nosodes belong to a genus of primitive miasms which are the first life forms on our planet and symbiotically related to the development of the first plant algae. Viruses, bacteria and fungi are ancient genus groups and some produce disease in human beings. The minerals are the first remedies on the developmental chain followed by the miasms, fungi, lichens, fern allies, ferns, gymnosperms, dicotyledons and monocotyledons, and finally, the animal remedies. The nosode genus group has a very special place in Classical Homoeopathy.

2

Commenting on the utility of the sarcodes and nosodes, Yingling writes, “What shall we say of the nosodes, remedies derived from morbid tissues and secretions containing the specific virus of diseases? Some twenty of the animal and

48

Review of Literature four of the vegetable nosodes are now used with success. The list may be extended largely. We, of this society, all know and appreciate their use and value. It would be impossible today to get along without them. Our usefulness would be wonderfully curtailed and menaced.”

Hubbard thinks that the practice of Homoeopathic pediatrics cannot develop without the frequent use of the basic nosodes.

3

Hahnemann wanted the nosodes to be well proven before they are entered in the materia medica. He was quite concerned that Homoeopathy might become mixed with isopathy which gives remedies solely by causation. Swan, who is given credit for introducing contemporary Medorrhinum and Syphilinum, was asked if it was correct to use unproven nosodes. He replied that 100's of years of suffering these genus diseases, and their complications, provided a "natural proving".

This rather controversial answer does have some merit. It is obvious, however, that the most characteristic indications of the nosodes are those that have come out in provings or on patients under treatment. Nevertheless, there are specific ways that the miasms disease-tune the vital force producing a characteristic group of symptoms. Hering noticed that certain characteristic symptoms are associated with the i ndications of miasmic intercurrents and nosodes. Just as the homoeopath who works with families of remedies recognizes the symptoms of the plant, mineral and animal remedies, Hering recognized the characteristics of the nosode family picture. These characteristics includes indications of the miasms concomitant to lack of vital reaction to well chosen remedies; constant changing of symptoms after administering

49

Review of Literature remedies; fragmented pictures of several constitutional remedies and one-sided miasmic pathology with few characteristic symptoms.

Such individuals often have a sense of being tainted, guilty, dirty or feel like life is a burden, they never feel comfortable or satisfied in any environment, they have discolored complexions and a look of suffering in the face when relaxed, and they are prone to self-destructive impulses, cravings and habits. A differential analysis of the rest of the mental and general symptoms will immediately uncover which chronic miasm and therapeutic nosode is at the root of the picture.

Making a comparative study of the plant, animal and mineral kingdom is very helpful. The symptoms of the nosode group are indications to study the case from the miasmic point of view. From a study of the totality of the available symptoms one can uncover which miasm is active or which nosode the vital force is calling to one’s attention. At such a time an intercurrent may be useful in removing obstructions to the cure or bringing out a clearer picture. All miasmic intercurrents should be complemented by constitutional remedies at the appropriate time to complete the cure.

One’s attention may be called to the use of a nosode when the patient no longer progresses under the influence of a constitutional remedy because well chosen remedies do not act, hold or only change the symptoms. Another important indication for the nosodes is a 'never well since syndrome' when it can be traced to a chronic miasm such as suppressed gonorrhea or a suppressed skin disorder, etc. A miasmic block in the case can also produce one-sided states with a lack of symptoms yet the general history or indication of the miasms is in the background.

50

Review of Literature The nosode group characteristics are a signal to investigate the chronic miasms and map their signs and symptoms as well as looking closely for the symptoms of the major nosodes and anti-miasmic remedies. Normally one will find objective signs and subjective symptoms that will individualize the remedy if it is indicated. Over the years the use of nosodes as chronic intercurrents has proved of assistance to constitutional treatment if used correctly.

2

A SYNOPSIS OF NINE WAYS TO ADMINISTER NOSODES2: 1. The first indication for the nosodes is when the mentals, physical generals and particular symptoms are characteristic of the proving of the remedy. This makes the nosode a CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDY. An example of this would be the use of Syphilinum in a person who fears the night because of the suffering it brings, fears going insane, despairs of recovery, has delusions that they are dirty, tainted, or impure causing them to compulsively wash their hands, etc. The symptoms confirm both the miasmic diagnosis and the simillimum. In such cases the derangement of the vital force occurs in such a manner that it takes the symptoms of the nosode. In some cases this state may or may not be directly linkable to the corresponding miasma. Others

are born with this tendency due to the inherited miasms.

2. The second condition for using a nosode is when WELL CHOSEN REMEDIES DO NOT ACT, HOLD, OR JUST CHANGE THE SYMPTOMS. This is usually caused by the chronic miasms such as psora, sycosis, pseudopsora, and syphilis. This is one of the reasons why it is important to know what miasms are in the background

51

Review of Literature of a constitutional syndrome. Otherwise the prescriber may think they are choosing the wrong remedies and further confuse the situation by picking more and more new ones. An example of this usage of a nosode is Psorinum's keynotes: Lack of reaction; when well-chosen remedies fail to act, especially in those who are extremely sensitive to cold, suffer from profuse sweating, filthy smell, dirty looking skin, and tend to be very pessimistic about their recovery, etc. Another example of this rubric is Tuberculinum's keynote: When symptoms are constantly changing and well-selected remedies do not improve, especially in those who have light complexion, narrow chest, lax fiber, low recuperative powers and constantly catch cold. There may also be fear of cats, dogs, and animals in general, a desire to travel, and a deep discontented state with a tendency to curse, swear, and a desire to break things, etc.

3. The third way to use a nosode is when there is a LACK OF SYMPTOMS. There are times when there are very few symptoms by which to prescribe. These are often one-sided cases where a strong inherited or acquired miasm has repressed the ability of the constitution to show symptoms. Other than the signs related to the pathology of one or another of the miasms, the symptoms in these cases are not very characteristic of any chronic remedies. This may be a chronic state caused by a miasmic dyscrasia. Vide the discussion of Tuberculinum in Kent's Lectures: "It seems from looking over the record of many cures that this remedy has been given many times for just that state on a paucity of symptoms, and if the records can be believed, it has many times balanced up to the constitution in that anemic state, where the inheritance has been phthisis. It is not the best indication for Tuberculinum, but where the symptoms

52

Review of Literature agree in addition to that inheritance, then you may have indication for the remedy.” There are two things that may happen after the ingestion of a nosode for such a condition. First of all, the symptoms may improve and bring the constitution toward the state of health. Second, the symptoms of the patient may become more plentiful as the suspended layers within the constitution become more active. The new state allows the homoeopathic practitioner to prescribe a chronic remedy based on the newly arising syndrome and advance the case forward.

4. The fourth condition for using a nosode is when a person has not recovered from a miasmic infection, and its suppression. This state is called "THE NEVER WELL SINCE SYNDROME" (NWS). An example of this condition is the use of Medorrhinum in a person who has a history of sycosis from which they have never recovered. Perhaps a new layer of disease has been added to their constitution by a suppressed gonorrhea that changed both their physical health and personality. They no longer manifest the symptoms of a constitutional remedy because the acquired miasm has become the active layer and suppressed their natural t emperament. Once they may have been of sharp intellect, clear memory, and of a calm nature, but all that has changed for the worse. Now they have become very hurried as if time passes too slowly, they can't follow the thread of a conversation because they are losing their memory, and they've become fearful of the dark, superstitious, and suffer from delusions that someone or something is always behind them. This last symptom is very indicative of the paranoid suspicious state of Sycosis as it represents a

53

Review of Literature subconscious fear that something is going on "behind their back" and is about to "get them".

The never-well-since syndrome can also be applied to acute miasms. There are times when a person has never fully recovered from an acute illness or miasm. The unresolved acute state still has an effect on the vital force as it has formed a layer within the constitution. If this imbalance is strong it will become the dominant layer and repress the older weaker symptoms. This is often caused by acute miasms like influenza, diphtheria, measles, mononucleosis, and whooping cough from which the patient never really recovered. Of course, a proper chronic remedy may remove

the effects of an unresolved acute miasm, but when it does not, a nosode of the offending miasm will often cure. Nosodes for these acute miasms are available from homoeopathic pharmacies under names like Influenzinum, Diphtherinum, Morbillinum, Pertussin, etc.

5. The fifth way to use a nosodes is WHEN PARTIAL PICTURES OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL

REMEDIES

MANIFEST

YET

NO

ONE

REMEDY

COMPLETELY FITS THE CASE. Such cases seem to be fragmented and disorganized, but in actuality, this pattern is characteristic of the miasms and nosode group. An investigation of the miasms behind the fragmented picture may reveal the symptoms of the nosode family. Differential analysis will quickly show which miasm is involved and what nosode may remove the state. Such an intercurrent often improves the state of health and regularizes the natural symptoms pattern. After the nosode has done all it can do the symptoms will point more clearly toward a

54

Review of Literature constitutional or anti-miasmic remedy. In this way a nosode can bring order out of chaos and clarity out of confusion.

6. The sixth way for using a nosode is WHEN A MIASMIC LAYER OBSTRUCTS THE PROGRESS OF A CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDY that was improving the patient. This use of a nosode is called a miasmic intercurrent. Suppose one has a patient whose symptoms point to an inherited pseudopsoric miasm and the case works out to fit Pulsatilla perfectly. This is all coherent because Pulsatilla is a strongly antituberculin medicine as well as the individual's constitutional remedy. After several months of solid improvement the patient begins to relapse with the same symptoms, and to one's great surprise, the Pulsatilla no longer works. Although there is no ch ange of symptoms calling for a new remedy, the old remedy has become completely ineffective. If the underlying symptomatology shows the tubercular miasm, the homoeopath can try to unlock the blocked case with a tubercular nosode, such as Tuberculinum. In the above example the tubercular nosode sets the stage for the reintroduction of the Pulsatilla by re-sensitizing the vital fo rce.

Two things may happen after the introduction of the miasmic intercurrent. The nosode may move the case forward by removing the active symptoms. When this happens it is best to stay with the nosode as long as the improvement lasts. If this improvement ceases the remaining symptoms may be treated with the former chronic remedy. If the patient does not show any improvement on the nosode after a sufficient amount of time, the former chronic remedy should be re-introduced. Under these conditions the previous remedy often acts just as dramatically as it did the first time it

55

Review of Literature was given. This effect has been witnessed by many experienced homoeopaths over and over again. Although the miasmic intercurrent may not radically improve the ca se by itself, it can cause the patient to become re-sensitized to their original constitutional remedy. There are times when this t echnique is extremely useful.

7. The seventh way for using a nosode is when the remedy is RELATED TO THE DISEASE GENUS. An example of this method is Clark's use of Pertussin (Coqueluchinum) against whooping cough. Clark once wrote, "I have found in this nosode a specific for a large proportion of cases of this disease. It should be given every four hours to begin with, and if it does not cut short the case in a few days, or materially modify its severity, another remedy may be c hosen from the following."

Another area where the isode may be of use is in the case of complications caused by vaccines. In this case a nosode of the offending vaccination may be appropriate to remove the side-affects of an immunization. Closely aligned with using idem is the use of remedies to desensitize a person to specific allergies. Most individuals are allergenic to more than one antigen at a time so the chronic remedy, with or without a miasmic intercurrent, is usually much more effective. Nevertheless, in some very stubborn allergies where this is not the case, the isopathic method may prove a useful adjutant. The use of organs and glandular preparations (organotherapy & hormonotherapy) is also based on idem. This includes remedies like Thyroidinum, the dried thyroid of the sheep, and Adrenalin, the internal secretion of the suprarenal glands. This method has also proved useful in some c ases of thyroid disease.

56

Review of Literature 8. The eighth way of using a nosode is for HOMOEOPATHIC PROPHYLAXIS to prevent specific infectious diseases. An early example of this was Boenninghausen's successful use of Variolinum to prevent smallpox. Nosodes may also be used as a method to protect children from the miasma they have inherited through their parents. James Kent stated in his Lectures on Homoeopathic Materia Medica: "If Tuberculinum Bovinum be given in 10m, 50m, Cm. potencies two doses of each potency at long intervals, all children and young people who have inherited tuberculosis may be immune from their inheritance and their resiliency will be restored.” This, of course, relates to children who show symptoms of the TB miasm such as nervousness, temper tantrums, emaciation, anemia, swollen glands, frequent colds, etc.

9. The ninth way of using a nosode is as a homoeopathic remedy made from the patient's own disease substances. This is called the AUTO-NOSODE. This method has sometimes helped patients when nothing else seems to work. Hahnemann once had a patient suffering from phthisis that was not responding to well chosen remedies. This led him to prepare an auto-nosode made from the saliva of the patient. Autonosodes have been made from sputum, blood, urine, pus, leucorrhoea, exudates from skin eruptions, and microbes from cultures of the patient, etc. This is often tried when nothing else works. Nevertheless, with observation homoeopaths should be able to develop the characteristic symptoms of the auto-nosodes.

57


EXPERIENCES WITH NOSODES: Gordon Ross writes, “Nosodes should not be used too often in one patient. They go deeper than our usual medicines and in my experience they act more markedly on the young and middle aged and have little effect in geriatric work.”

3

However, Tyler says, “In my experience the nosodes are not too long acting. I have thought that their reactions are apt to run out in a month.”

3

Wheeler recommends that in epidemics, the corresponding nosode in the 30

th

potency will protect for at least a fortnight. Others like Grimmer recommend one nosode in high potency once a year.

3

Patch writes, “with regard to the similarity between

Pulsatilla &

Tuberculinum, in my work at the hospital, I look down to the characteristics of about

a hundred cases with a view of working out several remedies for this disease, but Pulsatilla was the most prominent. It would seem that perhaps Pulsatilla is an 3

analogue – or that Tuberculinum is an analogue of Pulsatilla.”

While suggesting remedies such as Rad., Stro. X-ray, Uran-n, etc. for the ill effects of nuclear radiation, Bellokkossy says that nosodes such as Tuberculinum, Influenzinum, Psorinum, Pneumococcin, etc enhance the effect of these remedies.

3

Discussing psychopaths, Tyler Smith says that two thirds of the certified cases 3

needed Tub. Bov. followed later by Medorrhinum.

58


TUBERCULIN The most frequently used nosode listed by Allen is Tuberculinum and its usefulness, in both acute and chronic conditions, would almost justify considering tuberculosis as a fourth chronic miasm. Apropos of this, Constantine Hering, in his Preface to Hahnemann's translation of Hahnemann's Chronic Diseases says:

Upon the same ground that Hahnemann carefully distinguished from the disease the symptoms which owed their existence to dietetic transgressions, or to medicinal aggravations ; upon the same grounds that he acknowledged as standing and independent diseases the acute miasms, known as purpura, measles, scarlatina, smallpox, whooping cough, etc. or that he distinguished the venereal miasms into syphilis and sycosis, we may afterwards, if experience should demand it, subdivide psora into several species and varieties. This is no objection to Hahnemann's theory.

Hahnemann has taken the first great step, without denying the faculty of progressive development in his system.

A fairly voluminous symptomatology has been developed for Tuberculinum and there are several different preparations in use. Long experience develops the ability successfully to select this nosode.

10

59


VARIOUS PREPARATIONS OF TUBERCULINS: The whole range of Tuberculins comprises of the following preparations most of which have been sparingly used by our profession. Bacillinum, Tuberculinum Bov. And Tuberculinum (Koch) are mostly used. Serum of Mamoreck and Deyns have been used by French. 1. Tuberculinum (Swan and Fincke) 2. Bacillinum (Burnett) 3. Tuberculinum (Koch’s) 4. Tuberculinum (Koch’s residual) 5. Koch’s lymph 6. Tuberculinum aviare. 7. Serum of Jousset. 8. Allergme of Jousset 9. Bouillon of Denys 10. Dilute serum of marmoreck 11. Human tuberculin of Klebs 12. Immunizing bodies of Spengler 13. Dialyzed tuberculin 14. Autogenous product 15. Vaccine of bossan 16. Serum of movigliano 17. Pulverised bacillary emulsion of hallock

60

Review of Literature 18. Vaccine of vaudremer 19. Chloroformed tuberculin 20. Bacilli of ostermann 21. Electronic bacillinum of whiting 22. Tuberculinum porcinus 23. Bacillinum testicum 24. Diluted B. C. G. 25. Tuberculinum Bovinum Kent 26. Serum of ferran.

24

3

•

Tuberculinum (Swan’s): for glandular manifestations.

•

Bacillinum of Burnett is a trituration of the pulmonary tissues of the cavity, it is very often applied because it is very easy to manipulate. It causes no aggravation. Bacillinum is indicated when there is frequency of colds leading to bronchial irritation. Sudden and deep seated cough. Low resistance to upper respiratory infection.

•

3

Koch’s Tuberculin: Delayed resolution in pneumonia and influenzas. This was one of Clarke’s favorite remedies for the after effects of influenza vying with Psorinum

•

3

Tuberculine (residual): is a carbonitrogenoid. This is the remedy of old tuberculosis in whom the tuberculosis has become torpid. Tendency to sclerosis is very important symptom of this remedy, pleural symphisis,

61

Review of Literature deforming rheumatism. It is moreover indicated after 40 years of age. Ite 3

prescription is at this age harmless.

•

Tuberculinum Aviare: made from chicken, acts on apices of lungs. Its sphere of action is in post influenza bronchitis in which field it excels. It relieves the teasing, exhausting cough. History of influenza is an important 3

indication. •

Serum

of

Marmorek:’

is

made

from

Tubercular

bacilli

grown

3

symbiotically with tricophyton. This is useful in Lupus.

•

Immunizing bodies of Spengler and Vaccine of vaudremer may be compared with Marmorek. These are milder remedies. When there is a fear 3

of aggravation we may use these remedies.

•

Bacillinum Testicum is prepared from a tubercular testicle and acts well on effects of the lower part of the body.

•

3

Tuberculinum of Denys: is made by the French from the filtered broth in which tubercular bacilli were grown. This is useful in sudden attacks of depression and weakness with nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting etc., or in any sudden illness with no obvious cause.

•

3

Tubeculinum Bovinum: is said to have an affinity for the intestinal tract.

62

3

Review of Literature TUBERCULINUM BOVINUM Synonym: Tuberculinum Bovinum Kent, Mycobacterium Tuberculinum Bovis. Source: Infected lymph glands of cattle. The tubercular glands were removed from the cattle by a veterinary doctor and potentized by Boericke and Tafel. It is also Myco - bacterium Tuberculinum bovis.

Proved by: Dr. James Tyler Kent.

Preparation: The crude Tuberculinum is the product, without the addition of any aseptic, obtained from a liquid culture medium on which is developed mycobacterium Tuberculosis.

The microbian stocks used belongs to the human and bovine type, as well as for the use on men and on animals.

The culture medium is some bacillon prepared with some meat of excellent quality, glycerinated at about 5% or a medium chemically defined.

The culture of the bacilli is grown at 37°, 38° for several weeks. It should produce abundant flocculences. The culture is sterilized by heating at 100° for one hour, concentrated by evaporation to the tenth of the initial volume. The final product is cleared by filtration.

Characters: Syrup like liquid, transparent, of yellow or brown colour having the characteristic smell of honey.

25

63

Review of Literature Miasm11, 26: Psora, Sycosis, Pseudo Psora. Temperament: nervous persons. Thermal relation: highly chilly patient takes cold very easily on slight exposure to cold air.

Diathesis: tubercular and scrofulous diathesis. 25

Constitutional type: Tub. Bov. Is a constitutional remedy for t he following types of patients. 1. Who give h/o TB in their family, or hereditary alcoholism. 2. Who are of light complexion, blue eyes; tall; slim; arrow chested; active and precocious mentally and weak physically. 3. Who are susceptible to cold, without knowing how or where. 4. Who suffer from rapid emaciation while eating well. 5. Children who are obstinate, irritable, fretful, peevish, taciturn and sulky. 6. Who have unreasoning terror at medical examination or w ith strangers. 7. Who suddenly loose their temper without or slightest cause.

27

Mind24: 1. Restlessness: (physical as well as mental) cannot tolerate standing still or any fixed position. > walking fast. Tuberculinum patients select jobs involving movement and travel. 2. Capriciousness 3. Dissatisfaction

64

Review of Literature 4. It can be said of Tuberculinum patients that, “interest is a mile wide and an inch deep”.

5. Easily distracted; can concentrate better when on move or when outdoors. 6. Desire to travel and discover.

7. Alternation of moods; There are frequent emotional upheavals. The following moods are usually seen: •

Need for support

•

Inactivity

•

Melancholy

•

Violence

•

Child craves attention

•

Wants independence

•

Restlessness

•

Desires to be left alone

8. Aesthetic inclination. 9. Heightened sexual desire. 10. Fear: of animals, especially of dogs, cats, strangers, new situations, being alone. 11. Anxiety: at evening, until midnight, anxiety during fever. Loquacity during fever.

65

Review of Literature Physical generals29 Appetite: capricious (but knows not for what, or refuses things when offered). Ravenous hunger with emaciation; Poor appetite.

Thirst: during chill and heat, for large quantities of cold water. Stool: large and hard. Constipation alternating with diarrhoea. Sleep: restless, sleeplessness and un-refreshing sleep. Dreams: frightful, journey, vivid. Desires: cold milk 26, smoked meat26, banana11, butter11. Aversion: to all foods, to meat. Perspiration: from mental exertion. Perspiration stains the linen yellow, heat and perspiration during sleep, night sweats.

Characteristic particulars29 – Head: -

Chronic nervous sick headaches coming periodically excited by damp weather, over work, physical or mental, over eating, disordered stomach and mental excitement.

-

Headache of persons with inherited tuberculosis.

-

Headache of students aggravated by study or even slight mental exertion, by the overuse of eyes in fine work with family history of tuberculosis.

-

Headache with frequent sharp cutting pains, pain as if a tight hoop of iron were around the head.

-

Headache worse from motion.

66

Review of Literature -

Tubercular meningitis with effusion, where the head was greatly enlarged.

Eyes: swollen lids; headache with with swollen lids in the morning. morning. Obscuration of vision with vertigo. Breaking down of cicatrices of old corneal ulcers.

28

Ears: tinnitus – rushing in ears with heavy head.28

Nose: coryza – secretion of mucus from nose, viscid, yellow-green. Bleeding nose. The nose which used to feel “hot & burning” has lost this t his sensation.

28

Throat: recurrent inflammation of tonsils. Pain, extending to ea r.

External throat: very sensitive to air. Goitre. Induration of glands and cords as if Knotted. Swelling and suppuration of cervical glands.

30

Stomach: anxiety in the abdomen and stomach. An all gone, hungry feeling that drives him to ea t. Aversion to food with hunger. Desire De sire for alcoholic drinks, ham, fat, ice-cream, meat, smoked meat, salty things Nausea in the morning and nausea during and after breakfast.

Abdomen: anxiety, coldness in abdomen. Swelling of the inguinal glands, tabes mesentrica.

Rectum: constipation associated with complaints of brain an d meninges. -

Stool large and hard; constipation alternating with diarrhoea.

-

Itching of the anus. Sudden diarrhoea before breakfast with nausea.

-

Inguinal glands indurated and visible.

-

Excessive sweat in chronic diarrhoea.

67


Early morning diarrhoea drives the patient out of the bed as in Sulphur.

-

Diarrhoea worse in morning than at any other time of the day.

Respiratory organs: -

Cough before and during chill.

-

Suffocation, worse in a warm room. Tubercular deposits in apices of left lung.

-

Dry hacking cough before the evening chill, sometimes lasts during chill. Patients knows chill is coming by the t he cough.

-

Desire for deep breathing. Longs for open air. Wants the doors and windows open.

-

Sits in room covered with cold sweat, but wants fresh air.

-

Hard dry cough, shaking – Bordman (regardless of phthisis)

-

The expectoration is thick, yellow, yellowish green in catarrhal conditions.

-

Hacking cough in young girls, where there is a suppression of the menstrual flow, of the first menses. m enses.

Extremities: -

Jerking of the muscles on going to sleep sle ep and during sleep.

-

Rheumatic pain in the right elbow.

-

Sore bruised condition of the bones and periosteum.

-

Aching drawing pains in the limbs during rest, better by walking (where Rhus.tox. indicated and fails, Tub. Cures)

68


Coldness of the left foot and leg; evening in bed. Stitching pains while at rest, better walking.

-

Wandering pains in limbs – in joints.

-

Stiffness on beginning to move joints. >by heat.

-

Complaints worse standing; must move.

Sexual complaints: 30 Male: disposition to masturbation, drawing pain in the spermatic cords. Scrotum relaxed. Excessive and violent sexual desire.

Female: general relaxation, weakness and hanging down of the genitals. Menses, too early, early, too profuse, long lasting. Amenorrhea. Amenorrhea. Dysmenorrhoea Dysmenorrhoea is related to persons with Tubercular family history.

Fever29: intermittent fever, with drawing in limbs during rest. Chill at 7 PM. Chilliness, evening, evening, better in bed, chill at 5PM 5PM with thirst. Cough before and during during chill. Vomiting during fever. Wants to be covered during all stages. Extreme heat with chilliness. Drawing in the limbs in evening before and during chill.

Skin29: crops of small boils, extremely painful – appear successively in the nose, with green fetid pus. Tubercular eczema over the entire body, itching intensely and aggravated while undressing at night from bathing. This remedy has cured red purplish eruptions that are nodular in character; the patient wants to sit all the time by the fire. Itching in cold air, better by going to the fire, worse from scratching. Sensitive to every change of the weather. we ather.

69


General Modalities27: Aggravations: motion, music, before a storm, standing, dampness, from draught, early morning, after sleep.

Amelioration: open air.

Relationship: It is complimentary to: Bell, Calc. carb, Calc.phos, Calc.iod, Puls, Sep, Thuja, Thyroidinum.

It follows well, when Sulphur, Psorinum or the well selected remedy fails to relieve or permanently improve.

Complimentary remedies: Psor, Sulphur, Theridion, Drosera, calc. sulph.

Antidotal: calc.ost, calc phos, Phos, Puls, Sepia.

Study of Tuberculinum Bovinum through repertory: Rubrics given in repertory of Homoeopathic Nosodes & Sarcodes by Berkeley Squire and holding Tub. Bov. as 3 marks remedy in synthesis repertory are 31, 32

included.

Mind: •

Ailments from excitement – emotional

•

Ailments from – work; mental

•

Anxiety, night – children in

70


Exertion – mental – agg.

•

Fear – happen, something will

•

Fear – waking on

•

Impulse, morbid – run; to

•

Indolence

•

Industrious, mania for wok

•

Irritability – morning -waking on

•

Irritability – waking on

•

Malicious

•

Moaning

•

Obstinate – children

•

Offended, easily

•

Sensitive – noise, to

•

Shrieking – children in

•

Shrieking – sleep, during

•

Striking – himself – knocking his head against wall and things

•

Travelling – desire for

•

Wander, desires to

Head: •

Bores head in pillow

•

Knocks – head against things

•

Looseness of brain, sensation of – rolling from side to side.

71


Motions of head – rolling head

Eye: •

Pain – turning – sideways

•

Pain, sore – moving – eyes

Ear: •

Noises in

•

Nose:

•

Discharge – crusts, scabs, inside

•

Discharge – offensive – cheese, like

•

Discharge – purulent

•

Discharge – thick

•

Discharge – yellow

•

Discharge – yellowish green

•

Epistaxis

•

Hay fever

Face: •

Discoloration – pale

•

Discoloration – red – afternoon

•

Discoloration- red – circumscribed

•

Discoloration – sickly colour

•

Eruptions – herpes – circinatus

72


Eruptions – pustules

•

Heat

Mouth: •

Odour (breath) – offensive

•

Odour - putrid

Teeth: •

Dentition – slow

•

Grinding – sleep, during

Throat: •

Inflammation – tonsils – recurrent

•

Swelling - tonsils

External throat: •

Induration of glands

•

Induration – cords; like knotted

Stomach: •

Desire – delicacies, meat – smoked

•

Thirst – chill – during

•

Thirst – heat - during

Rectum: •

Diarrhoea - painless

73

Review of Literature Stool: •

Odour – offensive

•

Odour - putrid

Male genitalia: •

Sexual desire – increased

•

Sexual desire – violent

•

Tubercles - testes

Female genitalia: •

Menses – absent

Larynx/ Trachea:

Respiration: •

Difficult – lying – while

Cough: •

Cold –becoming

•

Dry

•

Hacking

Expectoration: •

Thick

•

yellow

74

Review of Literature Chest: •

Oppression

•

Phthisis pulmonalis

•

Phthisis – incipient

Extremities: •

Hip joint disease

•

Pain, chill – during

•

Pain, limbs – motion – amel

•

Pain, thigh – fever, during

•

Pain – aching – legs

•

Pain – aching – leg – fever during

•

Perspiration – hand – cold

•

Perspiration – cold

•

Restlessness - leg

Sleep: •

Sleepiness – morning

•

Sleepiness – night – midnight – after – 3H – after

•

Unrefreshing

•

Waking – fright, as from

Dreams: •

Many

•

Prude, being

75


Chill: •

Bed – putting hand out of bed

•

Chilliness – perspiration, with

Fever: •

Burning heat

•

Chilliness – putting hands out of bed, from

•

Hectic fever

•

Intermittent, chronic

•

Perspiration – heat, with

•

Shivering, with – uncovering from

•

Uncovering – aversion to

•

Intermittent fever, uncovering – chilliness from

Perspiration: •

Night – midnight – after

•

Exertion – during slight

•

Profuse

Skin: •

Allergy to milk

•

Eruption – herpetic – circinate

76


Itching

•

Itching – heat – stove amel; heat of

Generals: •

Morning

•

Air – open air – amel

•

Bathing – cold bathing – agg.

•

Cold – take cold: tendency to

•

Contradictory and alternating states

•

Convalescence – ailments during

•

Emaciation – marasmus

•

Emaciation – pinning boys

•

Food and drinks – delicacies – desire

•

Food and drinks, desire – smoked

•

Heat – flushes of

•

Flushes – perspiration – with

•

Inflammation – tonsils; of

•

Reaction – lack of

•

Warm – bed – amel

•

Weakness; weakness – exertion – slight; from

•

Weakness – perspiration – from perspiration

•

Weakness – perspiration from – night

•

Weariness

77


Weather – change of weather – agg

•

Change of weather – cold to warm agg

Table 1: Study of Tuberculinum Bovinum through miasmatic repertory (Raman Lal Patel) 33 Sl. No. Rubrics Psora Sycosis Syphilis 1

Ailments from excitement –

1

-

-

emotional 2

Ailments from – work; mental

1

-

-

3

Anxiety, night – children in

1

-

-

4

Exertion – mental – agg.

1

-

-

5

Fear – happen, something will

1

-

-

6

Fear – waking on

1

-

-

7

Impulse, morbid – run; to

-

1

1

8

Indolence

1

-

-

9

Industrious, mania for wok

1

-

-

10

Irritability – morning -waking on

1

1

-

11

Irritability – waking on

1

1

-

12

Malicious

1

1

1

13

Moaning

1

-

-

14

Obstinate – children

1

-

-

15

Offended, easily

1

-

-

16

Sensitive – noise, to

1

-

-

17

Shrieking – children in

-

1

-

18

Shrieking – sleep, during

-

1

-

19

Striking – himself – knocking his

1

-

-

head against wall and things 20

Travelling – desire for

1

-

-

21

Wander, desires to

1

-

-

78

Review of Literature 22

Head: Bores head in pillow

1

-

1

23

Knocks – head against things

-

-

1

24

Looseness of brain, sensation of –

1

-

-

rolling from side to side. 25

Motions of head – rolling head

1

-

1

26

Eyes: Pain – turning – sideways

1

-

-

27

Pain, sore – moving – eyes

1

-

-

28

Ear: Noises in

1

-

-

29

Nose: Discharge – crusts, scabs,

-

-

1

inside 30

Discharge – offensive – cheese, like

-

1

1

31

Discharge – purulent

-

1

-

32

Discharge – thick

-

1

-

33

Discharge – yellow

-

1

1

34

Discharge – yellowish green

-

1

-

35

Epistaxis

1

-

-

36

Hay fever

1

1

-

37

Face: Discoloration – pale

1

1

1

38

Discoloration – red – afternoon

1

-

-

39

Discoloration- red – circumscribed

1

-

1

40

Eruptions – herpes – circinatus

1

-

-

41

Eruptions – pustules

1

-

-

42

Discoloration – sickly colour

1

-

-

43

Heat

-

-

-

44

Mouth: Odour (breath) – offensive

-

1

-

45

Odour – putrid

-

-

-

46

Teeth: Dentition – slow

1

-

-

47

Grinding – sleep, during

-

-

-

48

Throat: Inflammation – tonsils –

1

-

-

79

Review of Literature recurrent Swelling – tonsils

49

Throat external: Induration of

-

1

-

-

1

-

-

1

-

glands 50

Induration ,of gland like knotted cords

51

Stomach: Desires – delicacies

1

-

-

52

Thirst – chill – during

1

-

-

53

Thirst – heat – during

1

-

-

54

Rectum: Diarrhoea – painless

1

1

-

55

Odour – offensive

1

-

-

56

Odour – putrid

-

-

-

57

Sexual desire – increased

1

1

-

58

Sexual desire – violent

1

-

-

59

Tubercles – testes

1

-

-

60

Menses - absent

1

-

-

61

Respiration – difficult – lying –

1

-

-

-

-

-

while 62

Cough, cold – becoming

63

-

Dry

1

-

-

64

-

Hacking

-

1

-

-

-

-

Yellow

-

-

-

Chest, oppression

1

-

-

65 66 67

Expectoration, thick -

68

-

phthisis pulmonalis

1

-

1

69

-

phthisis – incipient

1

-

1

70

Extremities, hip joint diseases

-

-

-

71

Pain, chill – during

1

-

-

80


Limbs – motion amel.

1

-

-

73

Thigh – fever during

-

-

-

74

Pain – aching – legs

1

-

-

75

Pain – aching – leg – fever during

1

-

-

76

Perspiration – hand – cold

1

-

-

77

Perspiration – cold

1

-

-

78

Restlessness – leg

1

-

-

79

Sleep: morning

-

-

-

80

Sleepiness – night – midnight – after

-

-

-

– 3H – after 81

Unrefreshing

-

-

-

82

Waking – fright, as from

1

-

-

83

Dreams , many

1

-

-

84

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

85

prude, being

Chill: Bed – putting hand out of bed

86

Chilliness – perspiration, with

1

87

Fever: Burning heat

-

-

-

88

Chilliness – putting hands out of bed,

-

-

-

from 89

Hectic fever

-

-

-

90

Intermittent, chronic

1

-

-

91

Perspiration – absent, heat, with

1

-

-

92

Shivering, with – uncovering from

1

-

-

93

Uncovering – aversion to

-

-

-

94

Intermittent fever, uncovering –

-

-

-

1

-

-

chilliness from 95

Perspiration: Night – midnight – after

81


Exertion – during slight

-

-

-

97

Profuse

1

1

-

98

Skin: Allergy to milk

-

-

-

99

Eruption – herpetic – circinate

1

-

-

100

Itching

1

-

-

101

Itching – heat – of stove amel;

1

-

-

102

Generals: Morning

-

-

-

103

Air – open air – amel

-

-

-

104

Bathing – cold bathing – agg.

-

-

-

105

Cold –tendency to take

1

-

1

106

Contradictory and alternating states

1

-

-

107

Convalescence – ailments during

-

-

-

108

Emaciation – marasmus

-

-

-

109

Emaciation – pinning boys

1

1

-

110

Heat – flushes of

1

-

-

111

Flushes – perspiration – with

1

-

-

112

Reaction – lack of

1

-

-

113

Warm – bed – amel

-

-

-

114

Weakness; weakness – exertion –

-

-

-

slight; from 115

Weakness – perspiration – from

-

-

-

116

Weakness – perspiration from – night

-

-

-

117

Weariness

1

-

-

118

Weather – change of weather agg

-

-

-

119

Change of weather – cold to warm

-

-

-

73

20

13

agg

Total

82

Review of Literature VALUABLE POINTERS FROM MASTERS ON TUBERCULINUM BOVINUM “One of the most prominent uses of this remedy is in intermittent fever. Some of our most stubborn cases of intermittent fever will relapse and continue relapsing, even when such remedies as Silica and Calcarea and the deeper-acting remedies have been indicated, have acted we have broken the fever, and in a few weeks, from exposure to cold, from sitting in a draft, from becoming fatigued, from mental exertion, from over-eating and from disordering the stomach this ague has returned.

Any of these circumstances will bring back these stubborn cases of intermittent fever when Tuberc. is needed. When a patient is traveling toward phthisis and he is exposed and intermittent comes out. He is of a feeble constitution and his complaints have a tendency to relapse, and remedies well selected do not hold long, 29

though they act well at first, they must soon be changed-changing symptoms.” J.T. KENT M.D.

“Tuberculinum Bovinum be given in 10 M., 50 M.. and 100 M. potencies, two doses of each potency at long intervals, all children and young people who have inherited tuberculosis may be immuned from their inheritance and their resiliency will 29

be restored. It cures most cases of adenoids and tuberculous glands of the neck.” J.T. KENT M.D.

83

Review of Literature “Tuberculinum cures the most violent and the most chronic periodical sick headaches, periodical nervous headaches. It breaks up the tendency to this chronic 29

periodical headache when the symptoms agree.” J.T. KENT M.D.

“An all gone hungry feeling, that drives him to eat. This has been cured by 29

Tub. Bov. After sulphur has failed.” J.T. KENT M.D.

“Longs for open air, wants doors and windows open, or to ride in a strong wind. This is strong indication for Tub. Bov.”

34

Dr. Nash E.B.

“Children who have been repeatedly given antibiotics for respiratory tract infections; cannot get rid of one cold before another comes”

34

Dr. Nash E. B.

“The patients fall ill with one physical affection after another or exhibits 35

repeated exacerbation’s of local symptoms” DR. WHEELER

“This remedy is routinely prescribed as a preventive in the autumn, before the onset of cold wet weather to anyone at risk of pleurisy, pneumonia, bronchitis, winter, 35

asthma, or other chest conditions” CATHERINE R. COULTER

“A general restlessness (intense restlessness; inward restlessness) often characterizes this constitutional type”

19

H.C.ALLEN

“When a pneumonia hangs fore and refuses to clear up, and a T.B. history is elicited, and Tub. Bov. (generally 200 preference) is given, there is apt to be a rise of temperature for a few hours, then it drops and does not rise again, while the patient

84

Review of Literature makes the desired recovery, it may help in the same way an acute rheumatism, where carefully prescribed remedies have failed to benefit”

36

M.L.TYLER

“Although Tub. Bov. Should never be prescribed routinely, it nevertheless is often indicated in patients with a personal history, family history of Tuberculosis. Once such a history is uncovered in a case, it is always worthwhile to enquire about other keynotes – fear of cats, desire for pork, desire for fat, heavy perspiration, frequent colds, maliciousness, desire for change etc. if the confirmatory picture is present, one is then justified to prescribe Tub. Bov.”

37

GEORGE VITHOULKAS.

Master A. Pulford writes that, Tub. Is almost routinely successful in herpes circinatus when other symptoms are lacking.

3

“Tuberculinum has to be considered especially in patients whose relatives have been affected by the disease. Such patients may also give a history of history of having had measles or whooping cough in severe for (cf. Carcinosin), or repeated attacks of pneumonia. Such patients with pre tubercular states are called, “tuberculiniques” by French homoeopaths. These patients may have repeated exacerbations of local symptoms, e.g., migraine, diarrhoea, intermittent fever etc. Vannier gives a vivid description of their constitution. He also describes an interesting sign elicited where a tubercular lesion of the lung has existed. When friction is applied to the chest wall on both the sides, a marked redness will appear and persist 3

for sometime on the area overlying the affected part of the lung.” – P. SANKARAN. “When with a family history of tubercular affections, the best selected remedy fails to relieve or permanently improve, without reference to name of disease” H.C.ALLEN.

85

19

Methodology

METHODOLOGY The following parameters were fixed for t he assessment of the cases. 1. Study Design – Simple randomized non controlled clinical trial. 2. Type of research – Prospective study. 3. Sample size – minimum 30 in number. 4. Participant subjects – Both men and women with any systemic affection, irrespective of socioeconomic, cultural, educational & literacy background. The geographical delimitation shall be set to the territory of Karnataka. 5. Selection criteria – On the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. 6. Sampling method – Simple random sampling procedure will be adapted with subjects willing to take treatment at OPD/IPD and village camps of H.K.E.’s Homoeopathic Medical Hospital Gulbarga. 7. Duration of study – All the cases that fit into the designed criteria of study, st

th

registered between 1 December 2009 to 30 April 2011 will be taken up for the th

study. No new cases will be taken after 30 April 2011.

8. Follow up - Follow up of the cases will be done for a minimum period of 6 months to assess the prognosis. Cases will be revived as per the need of the case. 9. Inclusion criteria •

Patients of all age group and of both sexes from all socio-economic strata who fall under the domain of Tuberculinum a re included.

10. Exclusion Criteria •

Diseases with irreversible pathological changes.

86

Methodology Bowel nosodes are excluded.

•

11. A detailed case history was taken. This was filled up in a proforma (Annexure I) a full case taking was done to get the total picture of the case, so that it can be diagnosed clinically as well as to select the remedy. 12. Diagnosis made on the basis of clinical presentation and with the help of investigation wherever needed. 13. Routine instruments like stethoscope, thermometer, Knee hammer, weighing machine,

measuring

tape,

Sphygmomanometer

were

used

for

clinical

examination. 14. The procedure was explained to the subjects and consent was taken. 15. The result of treatment was based on •

General condition of the patient.

•

Reduction in severity of symptoms.

•

Recurrence of symptoms with minimal improvement.

All the criteria should be fulfilled for at least 6 months to label the case as Improved, and Not Improved.

16. The results were categorized into 2 categories based on the above criteria. •

Improved Feeling of mental and physical well-being with marked decrease in the intensity& recurrence of symptoms.

87

Methodology

•

Not improved Recurrence of symptoms with minimal improvement and reduction in their severity during the period of study.

•

All cases were taken as per standard case proforma prepared for the study, as given in Annexure1

•

Utmost importance was paid to changes observed in presenting complaints & general condition of the patient.

METHOD OF OBTAINING DATA 1. History of the presenting complaints The presenting complaints along with the history of duration, onset, progress & causative factors were recorded.

2. Past History The past history was also considered in detail in the chronological order.

3. Family History Family history is taken to understand the functional and dominant miasmatic tendencies.

4. Personal History As Homoeopathy treats the patient and not the disease in the patient, the personal history with special emphasis on mind, thermals, desires, aversion, thirst, appetite, dreams, sleep, etc., was recorded in detail for constitutional prescription.

88

Methodology 5. General Physical Examination A general physical examination of the patient was considered to ascertain the vital parameters and basic data of the patient was done in all cases.

6. Laboratory investigations The following investigations were carried out wherever required in all the subjects to assess the effect of the treatment.

7. Selection of remedy Selection of the remedy was on the basis of Physical Generals & Characteristic Particulars, and modalities. Appropriate Remedy was selected with its confirmation by referring Materia Medica.

8. Selection of potency Appropriate potency was selected on basis of Individual Susceptibility.

9. Follow up criteria All the cases were reviewed as per the requirement of the case for a minimum period of 6 months to understand changes in the state of affected individual & for clarity of prognosis. The entire study set up was carried at H.K.E.’s Homoeopathic Hospital and the peripheral OPD’s.

10. Materials used o

Standard case sheet proforma

89

Methodology o

Consent form.

o

Investigations used wherever necessary.

o

Routine instruments like stethoscope, thermometer, Knee hammer, weighing machine, measuring tape, Sphygmomanometer for clinical examination.

11. Statistical Methods Employed •

Chi- square test of independence: -

The purpose of using this statistical tool for result analysis was that firstly this was a prospective study, there wa s no comparative study, and

-

Secondly the subjects undertaken were 30 in number so this statistical tool would prove effective for result analysis.

•

Level of significance: at the level of 5% significance.

12. Ethical issues involved in the study: Yes, the ethical clearance was obtained from the institution for the clinical study on human subjects.

90

Results

RESULTS

Thirty Subjects, who attended H.K.E.’s Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, O.P.D, I.P.D and Village Camps, were taken up for the study. These cases were taken only after screening as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the cases were followed up for a minimum period of 6 months at an interval as per the requirement of the case. These cases were subjected to statistical study and there statistical analyses are as follows.

Table 2: Showing age – wise distribution of s amples Sl. No.

Age group

No. of cases

Percentage

1

0 – 20

15

50%

2

21 – 40

10

33.33%

3

41 – 60

5

16.67%

4

61 & above

0

0

Total

30

100%

As shown in the above chart the samples for my study were between 0-20 & 61 & above. Among them, maximum number of pt’s is 15 i.e., 50% under 0 – 20 age group, 10 cases were between the age group of 21-40 i.e. 13.33% and 41-60 years show incidence of 16.67% i.e. 5 cases a nd no cases in 61 & above age group.

91

Results

��

��

��

��

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��

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�

� � � ��

��

��

�� & ��

Figure 1: Simple bar diagram showing age - wis e distribution of samples

92

Results Table 3: Showing sex – wise distribution of samples Sl. No.

Sex

No. of cases

Percentage

1

Male

13

43.33%

2

Female

17

56.67%

Total

30

100%

As shown in the above table, the incidence of male - female ratio for the thirty cases is 13 (43.33%) males and 17 (56.67%) females.

��

��

��

��

� � � � � ��

��

Figure 2: Simple bar diagram showing sex – wise distribution of samples

93

Results

Table 4: Showing distribution of samples acc ording to past history of Tuberculosis Sl. No.

P/H of Tuberculosis

No. Of cases

Percentage

1

Present

4

13.33%

2

Not present

26

86.67%

Total

30

100%

According to the study of 30 cases, 4 cases i.e., 13.33% of cases have past history of tuberculosis. While 26 i.e., 86.67% cases had no such history.

��

��

��

��

��

�

� � ��

��

Figure 3: Simple bar diagram showing distribu tion of samples according to past history of Tuberculosis.

94

Results

Table 5: Showing distribution of samples according to Family History of Tuberculosis

Sl. No.

F/H of tuberculosis

No. of cases

Percentage

1

Present

15

50%

2

Not present

15

50%

Total

30

100%

As evident from the above table, the family history shows, 50% of cases having tuberculosis while other 50% do not have history of tuberculosis in family

��

��

��

��

� ��

��

Figure 4: Simple bar diagram showing distribution of samples according to F/H of TB

95

Results

Table 6: Showing distribution of samples according to us e of Tub. Bov. in treatment Sl. No.

Use of Tub. Bov. as

No. of cases

Percentage

1

Constitutional

12

40%

2

Intercurrent

18

60%

Total

30

100%

It is evident from the above table that, of 30 cases, Tub. Bov. was used as a constitutional remedy in 12(40%) cases and as an intercurrent in 18(60%) cases.

��

��

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��

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� ��

Figure 5: Simple bar diagram showing distribution of samples according to use of Tub. Bov. in treatment.

96

Results

Table 7: For Analysis of Result Sl. No.

Analysis of result

No. Of cases

Percentage

1

Improved

27

76.67%

2

Not improved

3

23.33%

Total

30

100%

It is evident from the above analysis that, 76.67% (23) of the cases improved after the treatment and 23.33% (3) of t he cases did not show any improvement.

��

��

Figure 6: Pie diagram showing distribution of samples ac cording to the results

97

Results

STATISTICAL STUDY

Chi square test of Independence. Step - 1 Null Hypothesis: Tub. Bov. employed on the basis of symptom similarity/past &/or family history is effective to bring favourable response in various conditions.

Step - 2 Contingency Table Results

Improved

Nt. Improved

Total

Males

9

4

13

Females

11

6

17

Total

20

10

30

Sex

Step – 3 Calculations As this is a 2×2 table, the formula for calculation of χ 2 is,

(ad - bc )2

2

χ = N

(a + b) (a + c) (b + d)(c + d)

Where, N

=

30,

a

=

11

98

Results b

=

9

c

=

6

d

=

4

(a+b) =

20

(a+c) =

17

(b+d) =

13

(c+d) =

10

Step – 4

Calculations of χ 2

Substituting the values in formula, 2

2

χ = 30(44-54) / 20×17×13×10 2

χ = 30×10×10/ 20×17×13×10 2

χ = 30×10/20×17×13 2

χ = 30/2×17×13 2

χ = 15/17×13 2

χ = 0.88235/13 2

χ = 0.06787 2

Step – 5

χ

Step – 6

Degree of Freedom

(calculated)

= 0.06787 = (Column – 1) (Row – 1) = (2 -1) (2 – 1) =1×1=1

Step – 7

2

Table Value of χ at 1 D.F. is at 5% level of significance is, 3.84.

99

Results

Step – 8

2

2

χ (calculated) > χ (table)

Inference: Calculated value is more than the table value.

Step – 9 Conclusion – By above inference it is concluded that the formulated Null hypothesis, Ho is rejected and alternative hypothesis which states that Tub. Bov. employed on the basis of symptom similarity/past &/or family history is effective to bring favourable response in various conditions is accepted.

100

Discussion

DISCUSSION

Nosodes are an integral part of homoeopathic materia medica which, like any other homeopathic remedies can be used upon symptom similarity. They can be of excellent use under several circumstances.

They can be used for excellent results in several conditions as constitutional and even as intercurrents.

Tub. Bov. is one such nosode, which can be of excellent service to patients in clinical practice for various types of conditions & diseases. Though known to be a psoro-syphilitic, i.e. predominantly tubercular miasmatic type, Tuberculinum covers all the three miasms & can be given the stature of a polychrests rather than indicating in just cases with personal, family history of tubercular type.

In this study, 30 patients if all age group, coming under the domain of Tuberculinum were studied 7 analyzed for the effect of the drug in clinical practice.

The minimum age among the samples was 2 ½ yrs. While the maximum age was 60 years. There were no patients in the 61 & above age group. Among 30 patients, majority were between the age group of 0 – 20 years i.e. 15 (50%) cases. The age group from 21 – 40 showed next highest incidence i.e. 10 (33.33%) cases, while the age group of 41 – 60 had 5 (16.67%) cases. There were no cases in the age group 61&above.

101

Discussion Considering sex wise distribution, the study showed more prevalence in females i.e. 17 (56.67%) cases, and male patients were 43.33% i.e. 13 cases.

In the above study, it was seen that, 4 cases i.e. 13.33% had past history of tuberculosis, while majority of cases i.e. 26 of them amounting to 86.67% of the samples did not have any past history of tuberculosis. It can hence be inferred that, a past history of tuberculosis is not necessary to indicate the drug.

Among 30 samples, 15 i.e. 50% of them had a family history of tuberculosis, while the rest 50% (15 samples) did not.

This also leads us to conclude that, Tub. Bov. can be used under both circumstances; with or without a family history.

Considering the use of Tub. Bov. as a constitutional & an intercurrent, the study shows that, among 30 cases, 12 (40%) received Tub. Bov. as constitutional remedy while 18 (60%) received Tub. Bov. as an intercurrent. It can be seen that, Tub. Bov. is used more as an intercurrent, although its use as a constitutional remedy is also significant. Upon analysis of the result from the above study, it is seen that, 27 cases i.e. 76.67% of them improved under treatment with use of Tub. Bov. & 3 of them, i.e. 23.33% did not. It can thus be concluded that use of Tub. Bov. in different conditions is helpful in bringing improvement in the condition of patient.

102

Conclusion

CONCLUSION

1. Females showed more prevalence 17 i.e. 56.67%. 2. Majority of the patients belonged to the age group 0 – 20 i.e. 50%. 3. Maximum number of cases 18 i.e. 60% were treated with Tub. Bov. as an intercurrent. 4. 40% of cases were treated with Tub. Bov. as a constitutional remedy. 5. Maximum number of patients12 (40%) had respiratory ailments. 6 of them i.e. 20% had skin ailments, 4 i.e. 13.33% had ailments of nervous origin and 8 of them i.e. 26.67% had ailments other than these. 6. Under constitutional treatment 12 cases were treated 11 among them i.e. 91.67% of all showed improvement. 7. Under intercurrent treatment, 18cases were treated 16 among them i.e. 88.89% of all showed improvement. 8. Among 30 cases, 50% of cases had a family history of tuberculosis. 4 cases i.e. 13.33% had a past history of tuberculosis.

Limitations 1. Due to time bound study, majority of cases could not be studied for long – term effects of Tub. Bov. 2. Sample size used in this study is very small, therefore generalization of the result & inference of the study needs to be done cautiously

103

Conclusion 3. Due to small sample size, same group was used as control & intervention group. Better analysis can be made by taking two homogenous groups. 4. Not much work of this type has been done before to take guidance from or with which the present study can be compared. 5. No extensive investigation procedure was used in this study. 6. Certain variables like quality of the medicine, method of preparation, method of dispensing the medicines etc, could not be controlled well. 7. Follow up for few of the cases was irregular, due to which, proper assessment of drug action could not be done.

Recommendations 1. Bigger sample size with extended time of study would provide better r esult. 2. Separate control & intervention group can be taken and compared.

104

Summary

SUMMARY

The study was primarily aimed to study the role of nosodes especially Tub. Bov. in clinical practice. In the beginning of study the review of literature was done to sum up literary work of masters who have made an attempt not just to study but also use nosodes under several circumstances, for different cases. It was seen that, most of them found nosodes to be of immense help at crucial junctures of cases. Extensive work has also been done to show that homoeopathy and isopathy differ in application of these ‘disease’ products. The core of case taking was thence stressing upon the symptom totality, the past & the family history of the patient.

A total of 30 cases were selected for the study based on the inclusion & exclusion criteria by simple random sampling method. Same group was used as control & intervention group. The cases were followed up regularly & in the end, the study has been summarized as follows,

In this study, maximum number of cases were females, majority of the samples were in age group below 20.

30 patients were selected randomly to assess the efficacy of Tub. Bov. in constitutional and intercurrent treatment. From statistical analysis conclusion was made that, Tub. Bov. in constitutional treatment is as effective as in intercurrent approach.

105

Summary With respect to the past history & family history of tuberculosis, only 4 patients had a tubercular past history and 15 of them had a family history of tuberculosis. The cases showed significant improvement irrespective of the past & family history.

Depending upon the statistical result analysis, it can be concluded that, Tub. Bov. , employed on the basis of symptom similarity and even a tubercular past & family history is effective to bring favorable response in cases at critical junctures as well as in constitutional approach.

106

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1]

Dudgeon R.E. “Lectures on Theory and Practice of Homoeopathy.” New Delhi : B. Jain Publisher Pvt.ltd; reprint edition 1997

2]

www.similimum.com 22/11/2010

3]

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Mumbai;

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5]

Bellavite P. Signorini A. “The emerging science of homoeopathy.” North Atlantic Books; 2004.

6]

H.L.Coulter “Divided Legacy” vol. II; North Atl antic Books; 2000

7]

www.ecam.oxfordjournals.org 28/11/2010

8]

Luthra Nithi; Homoeopathy For All 2001

9]

Hahnemann Samuel. “The Chronic Diseases Their Peculiar Nature And Their Homoeopathic Cure.” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; low priced edition 2005.

10]

www.homeoint.org 20/05/2011, 29/12/2010

11]

Allen J.H. “The Chronic Miasms Psora & Sycosis” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; low priced edition 2002.

12]

Tubercular miasm – National Journal of Homoeopathy; 2002 May/June Vol. 4 issue no. 3.

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Bibliography 13]

Schepper De Luc “Hahnemann Revisited: A Textbook Of Classical Homoeopathy For The Professional.” Narayana Publishers: 2001.

14]

Haehl Richard. “Samuel Hahnemann – His Life and Work.” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; 2003.

15]

Burnett Compton J. ‘The New Cure For Consumption By Its Own Virus.” World Homoeopathy Links; First edition 1982.

16]

Burnett Compton J. “Best of Burnett” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; reprint edition 2001.

17]

Kent J.T. “Lesser Writings”; New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd;

18]

Close Stuart. “The Genius of Homoeopathy” New Delhi; Indian Books & Periodicals Publishers. Reprint edition 2001.

19]

Allen H.C. “Materia Medica of the Nosodes” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; reprint edition 1994.

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Hahnemann Samuel. “Hahnemann’s Organon of Medicine” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; low priced edit ion 2002.

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www.thinktwice.com 05/01/2011

24]

Master Farokh J. “Tubercular Maism Tuberculins” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; second edition 1999.

25]

Julian O.A. “Materia Medica of Nosodes with Repertory.” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; reprint edition 2000.

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Boericke William. “Pocket Manual of Homoeopathic Materia Madica & Repertory.” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; low priced edition 2005.

27]

Mathur K. N. “Systematic Materia of Homoeopathic Remedies.” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; 2001.

28]

Clarke J.H. “A Dictionary Of Practical Materia Medica” Vol. III; New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; Reprint edition 2004.

29]

Kent J. T. “Lectures on Materia Medica” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; Reprint edition 2002.

30]

Schroyens Fredrick “1001 Small Remedies” London; Homoeopathic Book Publishers. 1995.

31]

Squire Berkeley. “Repertory Of Homoeopathic Nosodes & Sarcodes.” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; Revised edition 2003.

32]

Schroyens

Fredrik.

“Synthesis

Repertorium

Homoeopathicum

Syntheticum”, New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; Indian Edition 2011. 33]

Patel Ramanlal P. “Chronic Miasms in Homoeopathy and Their Cure with Classification of Their Rubrics/Symptoms in Dr. Kent’s Repertory (Repertory of Miasms).” Kerala; Hahnemann Homoeopathic Pharmacy; 1996.

34]

Nash E.B. “Leaders in Homoeopathic Therapeutics with Group and Classification.” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; low priced reprint edition 2005.

35]

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analysis

of

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constitutions.”

Vol.

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Bibliography 36]

Tyler M. L. “Homoeopathic Drug Pictures” New Delhi; B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd; Reprint edition 1998.

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110

Annexures

ANNEXURES ANNEXURE - 1 PROFORMA FOR CASE RECORD H.K.E.’S HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, GULBARGA ANNEXURE – I: CASE TAKING PROFORMA

Under the guidance of Dr. S .S. Jambaladinni professor Dept. of Materia Medica PRELIMNARY DATA Name

:

Age

:

Religion

:

Occupation

:

Marital status

:

Sex:

Date of examination : Socio – economic status: Address

:

Presenting Complaints with Onset and Duration: Details of Presenting Complaints:

Past history: 1. Any major illness in the past like – measles, typhoid, jaundice, asthma, HTN, DM, TB, eczema etc. 2. Any history of similar illness in the past. 3. H/O hospitalization; duration & response of the treatment. 4. H/O vaccination.

111

Annexures

Family History: Sl. No.

Member

Alive/Dead

Similar complaints

Personal History Diet

-

Appetite

-

Desires Aversion Thirst

-

Bowels

-

Micturition Sleep

-

Dreams

-

Perspiration Thermals Habits

-

Menstrual History Menarche Cycles

- regular/irregular ______days

112

Other Complaints

Annexures Duration

-

Menstrual flow - Profuse / Moderate/Scanty Character of flow Associated complaints Menopause –

Obstetric history: Para-

Gravida-

Prenatal/ Natal/ Postnatal periodDelivery- Pre term/ post term/ full term Home/Hospital Normal/ Induced Complaints, if any (Relevant points)

Life space investigation:

General physical examination: Built – Nourishment – Pallor/Icterus/Cyanosis/Clubbing – Pedal edema – Lymphadenopathy – Oral cavity –

113

Annexures Vital Signs: PR -

RR –

BP -

Temp. –

Relevant Systemic Examination: Lab investigations: Diagnosis: Miasmatic Diagnosis: Differential Remedial Diagnosis: Final remedial diagnosis: FOLLOW UPS Sl. No.

Date

Complaints

114

Treatment

Annexures

ANNEXURE – 2

KEY WORDS TO MASTER CHART Abd. – Abdomen

D.M. – Diabetes Mellitus

IM – Improved

RA – Rheumatoid Arthritis

A.R. – Allergic Rhinitis

ES – Epileptic Seizure

Kali. Carb. – Kali Carbonicum

Rptd. – Repeated

Arg. Nit. – Argentum Nitricum

F – Female

M – Male

Rt. – Right

Ars. Alb. – Arsenicum Album

F/H – Family History of

Nat. Mur. – Natrum Muriaticum

SC – Similar Complaints

Ars. Iod. – Arsenicum iodatum

Hep. Sulph. – Hepar Sulphurius

NIM – Not Improved

Snzng. – Sneezing

Bell. – Belladona

Calcerium

Nux. V. – Nux Vomica

Sulph. – Sulphur

C.C. – Calcarea Carbonica

HTN – Hypertension

Phos. – Phosphorus

TB – Tuberculosis

Cgh. – Cough

H/O – History Of

Pneum. – Pneumonia

Tub. Bov. – Tuberculinum

Cld. – Cold

IC – Intercurrent

Puls. – Pulsatilla

Bovinum

Const. - Constitutional

Ign. – Ignatia Amara

P/H – Past History of

WI – worm Infestation

C.P. – Chicken Pox

IHD – Ischemic Heart Disease

115

Annexures

Sl. No.

Name

Age/Sex

Presenting complaints

P/H

F/H

Use of Tub. Bov. as

1

M.P

8Y/M

Enuresis, hyperactive,

-

-

Const.

Other remedy used -

Result

IM

unable to concentrate 2

A.K.

17Y/F

Headache, running nose

-

TB

Const.

-

IM

3

S.R.

18Y/F

Pain abd. Constipation,

TB

-

IC

Ign.

IM

H/O disappointment in

Nat. Mur.

career 4

Mb. P.

35Y/M

Pain rt side of chest. Rptd

TB

-

IC

attacks of Cgh&Cld. Snzng 5

S.P.

4Y/M

Itching

popliteal,

cubital

Hep. Sulph.,

IM

Ars. Alb. -

TB

IC

Sulph.

IM

-

TB

Const.

-

IM

fossa 6

H.M.

2 ½ Y /F

Frequent Micturition, loss of appetite. Frequent catching cld

7

A.S.

3Y/F

Seizures during fever

-

TB

Const.

Bell.

IM

8

N.R.

25Y/M

Sneezing, watery.

SC

Arthritis

IC

Ars. Iod

IM

Excoriating discharge.

TB

116

Annexures

Sl. No.

Name

Age/Sex


P/H

F/H

Use of Tub. Bov. as

Other remedy used

Result

Irritation of eyes. 9

G.R.

59Y/M

Whitish discoloration neck

-

-

IC

Sepia, C.C.

IM

10

V.A

17Y/M

Sneezing, nasal discharge,

-

RA

IC

Sabadilla

IM

crust/scab formation.

AR

Ars. Alb

11

A.P.

13Y/F

White patches all over

SC

TB. SC.

IC

Sulph.

IM

12

S.S.K.

40Y/M

Breathlessness, cough

CP

TB

Const.

Phos.

IM

13

P.K.

15Y/F

Swelling thyroid region.

-

TB, RA

IC

C.C.

IM

-

IHD, DM

Const.

Arg. Nit.

IM

TB, WI

Arthritis

IC

Sepia,

NIM

Pain while laughing. 14

H.S.

35Y/F

Precordial discomfort. Anticipatory anxiety

15

B.C.

14Y/F

Leucoderma – eyes, legs, knees, back, below the

Leucoderma

Sulph.

navel and lips 16

H.D.

20Y/M

Headache, watery

SC

-

Const.

Bell.

IM

SC

RA

IC

Ars. Alb

NIM

discharge from nose 17

C.P.K.

60y/M

Breathlessness, cough

117

Annexures

Sl. No.

Name

Age/Sex


P/H

F/H

Use of Tub. Bov. as

18

S.G.

52Y/F

Leucoderma - face, eyes &

Typhoid

TB

IC

Other remedy used Sulph.

legs.

Asthma

Result

IM

19

N.F.

16Y/F

Pain abd. during menses

Typhoid

TB

IC

Sepia

IM

20

R.J.

22Y/F

Weakness LE, Wt. loss.

Typhoid

-

Const.

-

IM

21

W.H.

24Y/F

coryza, sneezing, and

-

TB HTN

IC

Ars. Alb.

IM

occasional cough with

Asthma

expectoration 22

B.H.C.

55Y/M

Pain, weakness in lower

Pneum.

-

Const.

-

IM

-

HTN Asthma

IC

Allium cepa,

IM

limbs, wt. loss 23

S.P.K.

15Y/F

Nasal discharge – excoriating, sneezing,

Puls.

soreness & itching of nostrils. 24

S.F

30Y/F

dysmenorrhea, profuse watery bright red menstrual

118

-

TB

IC

Bell. Sepia

IM

Annexures

Sl. No.

Name

Age/Sex


P/H

F/H

Use of Tub. Bov. as

Other remedy used

Result

-

TB DM RA

Const.

-

IM

bleeding 25

R.B.S.

8Y/M

Leucoderma – face, hands

HTN 26

B.A.

40Y/F

Breathlessness, Cough with

SC

TB

Const.

Kali. Carb.

NIM

SC TB

-

Const.

Nux. V.

IM

Asthma

Asthma

IC

Hepar.

IM

expectoration 27

P.N.S.

48Y/F

pain abdomen, constipation+++

28

29

P.P.

M.P.

16Y/M

27Y/F

Recurrent attacks of cld, watery nasal discharge, &

Sulph.

sneezing.

C.C.

Loss of appetite, wt loss

ES

TB, HTN

IC

weakness, 30

H.K

29Y/M

Cough, breathlessness

119

Ign.

IM

Nat Mur SC

TB, RA

IC

Ars. Alb

IM

Annexures

ANNEXURE – 3 SYNOPSIS OF CASES

1) Master M.P. 8yrs presented with c/o enuresis and diminished appetite. Personal history revealed following things: Thermally a chilly patient, restless, cannot concentrate on one subject for long time. H/o frequent attacks of cold. As the symptoms, history and the make of the patient indicated Tub. Bov. same was prescribed. Patient showed significant improvement and did not require any other remedy.

2) Ms. A.K. 17yrs came with C/O headache, vertigo and cough, with running nose from night watching since 15 days. Most of the symptoms covered Nux. V. which was given, without any improvement. With the patient giving F/H of tuberculosis, Tub. Bov. Was given with which patient improved.

3) Ms. S.R. 18yrs came with c/o loss of appetite, pain abdomen in the evening since 2 months. Thirst ↓, constipation++. H/O disappointment as the patient did not get admission to her desired course. Ignatia was given followed by Nat. Mur with initial relief after which the case came to a stand still. Tub. Bov. Was used as an intercurrent with personal H/O Tuberculosis. Patient improved with the treatment.

4) Mr. Mb.P. 35yrs came with c/o pain in right side of chest since 2yrs. H/O repeated attacks of cold with watery discharge from nose. Sneezing
120

Annexures

relief. Ars. Alb was administered which gave marked relief. Pt. had recurrence of symptoms now & then with a tendency to catch cold. With a positive P/H TB pt. was given Tub. Bov. as an intercurrent.

5) Master S.P. 4yrs presented with c/o itching in popliteal and cubital fossa since 1yr < night < warmth. Too much scratching lead to roughening, redness and bleeding of skin. Sulph. Was given with improvement. H/o tuberculosis in father and maternal grandmother lead to use of Tub. Bov. As an intercurrent. Patient improved.

6) Ms. H.M. 2 ½ yrs. Presented with c/o ↓appetite, ↑frequency of Micturition, starts from sleep by slightest noise. Vague symptomatology & H/o frequent catching cold lead to use of Tub. Bov. With which patient improved significantly.

7) Ms. A.S. 3yrs presented with h/o epileptic seizures during fever. Bell. was prescribed with significant improvement over a period of time. c/o cough, cold and breathlessness and with a strong F/H TB Tub. Bov. Was prescribed as an intercurrent with significant improvement.

8) Mr. N.R. 25yrs came with C/O sneezing, thin watery, excoriating discharge, & irritation of eyes. complaints start from exposure to cold, dust etc. Lean, dark complexion. Appetite good. Chilly pt. with H/O frequent catching cold & P/H TB in childhood. Very irritable. F/H arthritis in father. Pt. was prescribed Ars. Iod. & Tub. Bov. was used as an intercurrent.

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9) Mr. G.R. 59yrs presented with whitish discoloration over neck without itching sine 30yrs of age. Pt. had been taking allopathic treatment & the patch had remained without any change in size. Fat, flabby, chilly patient, indifferent to his family, profuse perspiration. Sepia was prescribed without relief. Calc. Carb was given as a constitutional and Tub. Bov. acted as an intercurrent. pt.showed significant improvement.

10) Mr. V.A. 17yr presented with sneezing, watery nasal discharge, pain in nasal bones with crust & scab formation on & off since 3yrs. F/H RA in mother & allergic rhinitis in father and brother. Chilly patient. Lean and puny. Sabadilla was given with some improvement. The patient required Ars. Alb as constitutional remedy and Tub. Bov. as an intercurrent. The patient is showing marked improvement.

11) Ms. A.P. 13yr presented with C/O white patches all over the body since 3yrs. It started over right ankle for which pt. had taken allopathic treatment (local application) with which the patch disappeared only to appear all over the body. Sulph. was prescribed with significant relief. H/ O frequent catching cold & F/H of TB & similar complaints in mother, and the improvement coming to a standstill, Tub. Bov. was used as an intercurrent. The pt. is improving.

12) Mr. S.S.K. 40 yrs came with c/o breathlessness on & off since 10yrs. Cough with expectoration on & off since 4 yrs worse during sleep, lying on back & from cold. Better from sitting up & bending forward & warmth. P/H suffered from chicken pox at the age of 10yrs F/H paternal grandfather suffered from TB. Phos. was

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prescribed with significant improvement. Depending upon the strong F/H and the constitution of the pt Tub. Bov. was given as an antimiasmatic constitutional drug. Pt is showing marked improvement.

13) Ms. P.K. 15yrs presented with swelling over front of neck (thyroid region0 since 2 ½ yrs. Pain while laughing. Desires sweets, chilly pt. fat & chubby. Perspiration – profuse, particularly over head. Calc. carb. Was prescribed. With strong F/H of tuberculosis & R.A.

Tub. Bov. was used as an intercurrent. Pt. is showing

improvement.

14) Mrs. H.S. 35yrs presented with precordial discomfort and dull pain since 3yrs. Extremely sensitive, anxious and nervous. Loose stools from anticipatory anxiety. Fear of height, always hurried through her works. Chilly pt. Father has IHD. Mother diabetic. Pt. was prescribed Arg. Nit with significant improvement. Tub. Bov. was prescribed on the basis of mental symptoms and diabetic F/H as an antimiasmatic constitutional remedy. Pt. has been showing significant improvement.

15) Miss B C, 14 yrs came with Leucoderma on the eyelids, both the legs, knees, back, below the navel and lips since four years. P/H – suffered from Dysentery, worms, ringworm. F/H of arthritis in mother and Leucoderma in maternal uncle. Other Symptoms- Motion

sickness. Frequent headaches. Increased thirst.

Sepia was prescribed with some improvement. On appearance of ringworm, Sulphur was given. Spots became fainter with it. Patients mother gave H/O Primary complex in her child, Tub- Bov. was prescribed as an intercurrent. Pt. is not showing improvement.

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16) Mr. S.D. 20yrs came with C/O headache, swollen supra – orbital regions and watery discharge from nose since 3days. Based on acute totality Bell. was prescribed with relief of symptoms. P/H similar complaints. Thermally chilly patient. Anxious, restless. Difficulty in concentrating or to sit at one place over a long time. Tub. Bov. was prescribed as constitutional remedy. Pt. has been showing good improvement.

17) Mr. C.P.K. 60yrs came with C/O breathlessness on & off 10yrs, cough since 2months which is yellowish & offensive. Breathlessness worse in wet weather, b/w 4&6 a.m. & by lying down. Better sitting. F/H father suffered from RA. Personal history – desires sweets, thirst ↑, habit of smoking beedis 8 – 10/day since 30yrs. Fear of being alone. appetite ↑. Ars. Alb. Was given with improvement over a period of time. Tub. Bov. was used as an intercurrent. Patient is not showing improvement.

18) Mrs. S G, 52 yrs, presented with Leucoderma since 20 years, over face, eyes & legs. P/H of typhoid, & breathlessness. F/H- Tuberculosis in sister and paternal grandmother. Thermally hot patient, & very irritable. Sulphur was prescribed with improvement over a period of time. Improvement came to a stand still & Tub. Bov. was used as an intercurrent with significant effect.

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19) Ms. N.F. 16yr came with C/O dysmenorrhea, profuse watery bright red menstrual bleeding. Menarche – 6 months back. Chilly patient, lean & tall. Sepia was prescribed with relief over a period of time. Symptoms recurred on & off, patient had an H/O typhoid eight months ago, F/H TB, Tub. Bov. Was used as an intercurrent. The pt. is improving.

20) Ms. R.J. 22yrs came with c/o pain and weakness in lower extremities since a year. Pt. had been losing weight since 1 ½ year. H/O typhoid 2yr back; took allopathic treatment for it. Desire for chilies and aversion to sweets, with a general liking for cold weather. Tub. Bov. Was prescribed as a constitutional remedy with marked improvement.

21) Mrs. W.H. 24yrs came with C/O coryza, sneezing, and occasional cough with expectoration which is white & sticky. Thermally chilly patient with anxiousness over small things. Pt. spends much of her time in cleaning her home, although her complaints are aggravated from exposure to dust. Fastidious. F/H of HTN, Asthma, with H/O in TB in mother. Patient was given Ars. Alb with use of Tub. Bov. as an intercurrent. Patient showed marked improvement.

22) Mr. B.H.C. 55yr came with c/o pain and weakness in lower limbs since a year. Pt. had been losing weight since 6months. H/O pneumonia 1yr back. Desire for smoked food. Chilly pt. very irritable, restless. Previously a robust personality, pt has become lean and weak since last ailment. Habits – smokes 4 to 5 cigarettes a

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day sine 15yrs. Pt was prescribed Tub. Bov. as a constitutional remedy and improved under the treatment.

23) Ms. S.P.K. 15yrs, presented with excoriating nasal discharge, sneezing, itching of nostrils with soreness & rawness. Complaints more from exposure to dust. Thermally sensitive to cold yet desire for open air. Delicate, lean built with weeping disposition. F/H HTN in mother, both grandfathers and maternal grandmother. Asthma in father. Pt. was administered Allium Cepa. as the acute remedy with relief from acute complaints followed by Puls. as the constitutional and Tub. Bov. as an intercurrent. pt improved significantly

24) Mrs. S.F. 30yrs came with C/O dysmenorrhea, profuse watery bright red menstrual bleeding since 1 ½ yr. Menarche at 16yrs. OBG – 3sons & a daughter all delivered FTN at Hospital. Chilly patient, lean & tall. Bell was prescribed with relief over a period of time followed by Sepia. Symptoms recurred on & off, patient had H/O typhoid eight months ago, F/H TB in parents, Tub. Bov. was used as an intercurrent. The pt. showed significant improvement.

25) Master R.B.S. 8yrs came with C/O Leucoderma patches, beginning from both hands spread over face 5yrs. Pt. had been receiving allopathic treatment for the same. Irritable, overactive child. Does not sit in a place for a moment. Always seeking change. Chilly pt. P/H TB at 1 ½ yrs of age. F/H TB, DM in mother, RA in paternal grandmother, and HTN in father. Pt. received Tub. Bov. as constitutional remedy and showed excellent improvement.

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26) Mrs. B.A. 40 yrs came with c/o breathlessness on & off since 10yrs. Cough with expectoration on & off since 4 yrs worse during sleep, lying on back & from cold. Better from sitting up & warmth. H/O similar complaints in past. F/H paternal grandfather suffered from TB. Kali Carb was prescribed with significant improvement. Depending upon the strong F/H and the constitution of the pt Tub. Bov. was given as an anti - miasmatic constitutional drug. After initial relief from complaints, pt did not show much improvement as she had repeated exposure to dust while doing household chores.

27) Mrs. P.N.S. 48yrs came with c/o pain abdomen in the evening since 2 months. Thirst↑, constipation+++. Appetite↓. H/O constipation since 15yrs for which she had been taking laxatives with relief but the medicines ceased to act since a few months. Pt. was given Nux. V. as an acute remedy. Pt. gave H/O TB during last pregnancy which was a FTN hospital delivery. Chilly pt. had lost significant weight after last delivery and never regained. Tub. Bov. was prescribed as constitutional remedy with marked relief from complaints.

28) Mr. P.P. 16yr, student presented with recurrent attacks of cold with watery nasal discharge, & sneezing. P/H breathlessness, cough with expectoration for which pt. received allopathic treatment. Hyperactive person with desire to travel & wander here and there. Chilly pt. F/H of asthma in father & paternal aunt. Hep. Sulph. was prescribed as an acute remedy and Cal. Carb. was given as the constitutional remedy while Tub. Bov. worked as an intercurrent. The patient has shown significant improvement.

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A brief study of nosodes with special emphasis on tuberculinum.pdf

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