FIG. 17-21
FIG. 17-22
Multipl Multiple e Pipe Pipe Slug Slug Catcher Catcher
Example Line Drip
I N L E T
GRADE
GAS FLOW E D O P L S
DRIP BELOW LINE
V A P O U T L O R E T
DRIP VESSEL
DRIP LIQUID
DRIP VALVE
NO
L I Q O U U T L I D E T
Note that this estimate is close to the H Lf predicted in Fig. 17-19 for elevation pressure drop determination. It also coincides closely with the value of 0.16 from Fig. 17-18. 17-18. Calculate the pipeline segment liquid inventory from Eq 17- 57 IL = (7.853) (10−7) (0.14) (152.4 )2 (1200) = 3.064 m3 The pipeline segment contains 3.064 cubic cub ic m of liquid at any instant.
Liquid Slugging Purpose of Separators — The slug flow regime is frequently encountered for pipe sizes and flow rates used in process and transmission piping. Liquid slugging introduces an additional design and operational difficulty as liquid and vapor must generally be separated at the downstrea m end of the two-phase flow line. line . The downstream separator serves both as a liquid-vapor disengaging device and as a surge vessel to absorb the fluctuating liquid flow rates caused by slugging. In order to size the separator or slug catcher, the length of the incoming slugs must be determined. Slug length calculation methods are not well developed, and there is large uncertainty in slug length determination. Mechanisms of Slug Generation — Liquid slug lengths are difficult to determine in part because there are at least four identifiable mechanisms for liquid slug generation. Slugs can form as the result of wave formation at the liquid-gas interface in a stratified flow. When the liquid waves grow large enough to bridge the entire pipe diameter, the stratified flow pattern breaks down and a slug flow is formed. Slugs can also form due to terrain effects. Liquid collects at a sag in the pipeline and blocks the gas flow. The pressure in this blocked gas rises until it blows the accumulated liquid in the sag out as a slug. Changes in pipeline inlet flow rate can also cause slugs. When the inlet flow rate increases, the liquid inventory in the pipeline decreases, and the excess liquid forms a slug or series of slugs. Finally, pigging can cause very large liquid slugs as the entire liquid inventory of the line is swept ahead of the pig. Of the four mechanisms described, wave growth normally produces the shortest slugs, followed in length by terrain generated slugs. Methods for calculating
wave induced slugs were described by Greskovich and Shrier22, and by Brill et a l.23 A preliminary scheme for calculating terrain generated slugs was reported by Schmidt. 24 Analytical methods methods for determini determining ng inlet flow flow rate generated generated slugs were given by Cunliffe,25 and a method of analyzing pigging dynamics was given by McDonald and Baker. 26
Slug Catchers — Slug catchers are devices at the downstream end or other intermediate points of a pipeline to absorb the fluctuating liquid inlet flow rates through liquid level fluctuation. Slug catchers may be either a vessel or constructed of pipe. All size specifications discussed in Section 7 to provide residence time for vapor-liquid disengagement also apply to vessels used as slug catchers. In addition, sufficient volume must be provided for liquid level fluctuation. Particularly for high pressure service, vessel separators may require very thick walls. In order to avoid thick wall vessels, slug catchers are frequently made of pipe. Lengths of line li ne pipe tens or hundreds of feet long are used as long, slender horizontal separators. The pipe is generally inclined from one to ten degrees and banks of these slightly inclined pipes are frequently manifolded together. Pipe type slug catchers are frequently less expensive than vessel type slug catchers of the th e same capacity due to thinner wall requirements of smaller diameter pipe. The manifold nature of multiple pipe slug catchers also makes possible the later addition of additional capacity by laying more parallel pipes. A schematic of a multiple pipe (harp) slug catcher appears in Fig. 17-21. 17-21. Different pipe inclinations and different manifolding arrangements are favored by different designers. An example example of a line drip drip catcher is is shown in Fig. 17-22. 17-22. A drip vessel is connected to the incoming pipeline and often laid beneath it. A flow line from the drip vessel is used to blow the liquids out to a storage or surge vessel as they accumulate.
Pigging — Pipelines are pigged for several reasons. If water is present in the line, it must be removed periodically in order to minimize corrosion. This water accumulates in sags in the pipeline, and these low spots are particularly susceptible to corrosion. Pipelines are also pigged to improve pressure drop-flow rate performance. Water or hydrocarbon liquids that settle in sags in the pipeline constitute partial blockages that increase increa se pressure drop.
17-21
Pigging can remove these liquids and improve pipeline efficiency. Pigging can also be used as a means of limiting the required slug catcher size. By pigging at frequent intervals, liquid inventory buildup in a pipeline can be reduced, and the maximum slug size can be limited. The required downstream slug catcher size must take into account pigging frequency.
sure limits, ANSI B31.8. Refer to Fig. 17-24 for the calculation method.
Operational hazards are associated with pigging. The very large slugs swept ahead of the pig may overwhelm inadequately sized downstream facilities. Pigs may also occasionally be destroyed in the pipeline and the resulting debris may damage downstream fittings or equipment. Even worse, the pig may become stuck in the line and require an expensive shutdown for location and removal.
Fig. 17-28 provides pressure ratings for steel flanges and flanged fittings.
The designer is encouraged to refer to the late st ANSI B31.8 standard for comprehensive code description. A tabular compilation of maximum allowable working pressures computed according to ANSI B31.8 appears in Fig. 17-27. 17-27.
FIG. 17-24
PIPE AND FLANGE DATA
Working Pressures Transmission Transmission Lines
The Petroleum Refinery Piping Code (ANSI B31.3) is used to determine the allowable pressure limits for piping inside refineries and other processing facilities. Refer to Fig. 17-23 for the calculation method. The table of allowable stresses, Fig. 17-25, 17-25, is extracted from ANSI B31.3. The designer is strongly strongly urged to consult consult the latlatest ANSI B31.3 publication for full description of the code. A tabular compilation compilati on of maximum allowable working pressures calculated according to ANSI B31.3 appears in Fig. 17-26. 17-26. For piping outside of refineries and other processing facilities, a separate code applies for determining allowable presFIG. 17-23 Workin Working g Pressure Pressures s Refinery Refinery Piping Piping
To determine allowable internal working pressure for straight sections of pipe in accordance with ANSI B31.3, “Code for Pressure Piping, Petroleum Refinery Piping”, use the following:
To determine allowable allowabl e internal working pressures for piping outside of refineries and other processing facilities in accordance with ANSI B31.8-1992, “Code of Pressure Piping, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping,” use the following:
Pi = Where Pi S′′ do t F′′
= = = = =
2 S′′ t (F′′) (E′′) (T′′) do Design Design pressure pressure,, kPa kPa (ga) (ga) Specifie Specified d minimum minimum yield yield strength strength,, kPa Nominal Nominal outsid outside e diamete diameterr, mm Nomi Nomina nall wall wall thi thick ckn ness, ess, mm mm Construction Construction type design factor, factor, Table 841.114A and Par. 840.2 (see note) F′′ Location Class 1
tm = t + c t =
Pido 2(S′E′ + P Y i ′)
or
Pi
=
2 tS′E′ do − 2 tY′
where: tm = minimum minimum required required thickne thickness, ss, satisfying satisfying requirements for pressure, and mechanical, corrosion, and erosion allowances, mm. (The minimum thickness for the pipe selected, considering manufacturer’s minus tolerance, shall not be less than t m). t = pres pressur sure e desig design n thick thicknes ness, s, mm c = the the sum sum of the the mech mechani anical cal allowa allowanc nces es (thread depth and groove depth), corrosion, and erosion allowances, mm Pi = interna internall design press pressure ure,, kPa (ga) do = outsid outside e diamete diameterr of pipe, pipe, mm S′ = allowab allowable le stres stresses, ses, kPa E′ = longitu longitudina dinall weld joint joint facto factor: r: Seamless = 1.000, ERW = 0.85 Y′ = coefficient coefficient having having values values for ferritic steels as follows: 0.4 up to and including including 480°C 0.5 for 510°C 0.7 for 540°C and above
Div 1
.80
Div 2
.72
Div 2
.60
Div 3
.50
Div 4
.40
Complete details are covered in Par. 841. E′′ = Longitudinal Longitudinal joint joint factor, factor, Table Table 841.115A 841.115A Normally a factor of 1.0 is used for seamless and welded pipe except for the following: Fusion Welded A 134 and A 139 Spiral Welded A 211 Furnace Butt Welded Welded ASTM-A53, API-5L
0.80 0.80 0.60
T′′ = Temperature emperature derating derating factor, factor, Table 841.116 841.116A A Temp, °C
Factor T′′
120 or less
1.000
150
0.967
175
0.933
200
0.900
230
0.867
For intermediate temperatures, interpolate for derating factor. Note: Factor reflecting location of line, proximity to roads, public or private land, etc.
17-22
) B 1 A , 1 ) A 1 ( s e s l l b a a i r T e , t a A x M i r d o n f e n p o 5 i p 2 - s A , 7 n e 5 1 T 8 . 9 n G I i 1 F s a e 3 . s 1 s 3 e r B t I S S e N l b A a m w o o r l l f A d e t p r e c x E (
3 2 7 1
FIG. 17-26 Design Properties Properties and Allowable Allowable Working Pressures for Piping Piping ASTM A106, A106, grade B seamless seamless pipe—Petroleum pipe—Petroleum Refinery Refinery Piping Piping Code for Pressure Piping ANSI B31.3-1984—Corrosio B31.3-1984—Corrosion n allowance allowance = 0.05 Nom pipe size in.
Allowable Allowable working pressures for temperatures (in °C) not to exceed, Mpa (ga). Sch. No.
Weight of pipe kg/meter
O.D. mm
Wall thk. mm
1/2
S40
1.27
21.3
3/4
S40
1.69
26.7
X80
2.20
S40
2.50
X80
3.24
1
1-1/2
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
33.4
I D mm (d)
Flow area 2 mm
–29 to 38
2.8
15.8
196
15.57
2.9
20.9
344
13.33
3.9
18.8
279
3.4
26.6
558
4.5
24.3
464
93
149
204
260
316
371
15.57
15.57
15.57
14.72
13.47
12.85
13.33
13.33
13.33
12.60
11.53
11.00
23.80
23.80
23.80
23.80
22.49
20.59
19.63
14.50
14.50
14.50
14.50
13.71
12.54
11.97
23.92
23.92
23.92
23.92
22.60
20.69
19.73
160
4.24
6.4
20.7
337
39.45
39.45
39.45
39.45
37.28
34.12
32.54
XX
5.46
9.1
15.2
182
65.75
65.75
65.75
65.75
62.14
56.88
54.25
S40
4.05
X80
5.41
48.3
3.7
40.9
1 313
11.53
11.53
11.53
11.53
10.90
9.97
9.51
5.1
38.1
1 140
19.15
19.15
19.15
19.15
18.10
16.57
15.80
160
7.25
7.1
34.0
907
30.99
30.99
30.99
30.99
29.29
26.81
25.57
XX
9.56
10.2
27.9
613
49.85
49.85
49.85
49.85
47.11
43.12
41.12
3.9
52.5
2 165
10.13
10.13
10.13
10.13
9.57
8.76
8.36
5.5
49.3
1 905
17.16
17.16
17.16
17.16
16.21
14.84
14.16
S40
5.45
X80
7.49
60.3
160
11.10
8.7
42.8
1 442
31.72
31.72
31.72
31.72
29.98
27.44
26.17
XX
13.46
11.1
38.2
1 145
43.34
43.34
43.34
43.34
40.96
37.49
35.76
S40
11.30
5.5
77.9
4 769
11.31
11.31
11.31
11.31
10.69
9.7 9
9.33 14.52
88.9
X80
15.28
7.6
73.7
4 261
17.60
17.60
17.60
17.60
16.63
15.22
160
21.36
11.1
66.6
3 489
28.43
28.43
28.43
28.43
26.86
24.59
23.46
XX
27.70
15.2
58.4
2 680
41.99
41.99
41.99
41.99
39.68
36.32
34.65
6.0
102.3
8 213
9.92
9.92
9.92
9.92
9.38
8.58
8.19
8.6
97.2
7 417
15.69
15.69
15.69
15.69
14.83
13.57
12.94
S40
16.09
X80
22.35
114.3
160
33.56
13.5
87.3
5 989
27.43
27.43
27.43
27.43
25.93
23.73
22.63
XX
41.06
17.1
80.1
5 034
36.60
36.60
36.60
36.60
34.59
31.66
30.19
S40
28.30
7.1
154.1
18 639
8.31
8.31
8.31
8.31
7.86
7.19
6.86
X80
42.61
11.0
146.3
16 817
14.22
14.22
14.22
14.22
13.43
12.30
11.73
160
67.54
18.2
131.7
13 633
25.88
25.88
25.88
25.88
24.46
22.39
21.36
XX
79.27
21.9
124.4
12 151
32.13
32.13
32.13
32.13
30.37
27.79
26.51
168.3
S40
42.58
8.2
202.7
32 275
7.57
7.57
7.57
7.57
7.15
6.55
6.25
X80
64.71
12.7
193.7
29 460
12.86
12.86
12.86
12.86
12.14
11.12
10.60
XX
107.94
22.2
174.6
23 950
24.51
24.51
24.51
24.51
23.17
21.20
20.22
160
111.37
23.0
173.1
23 520
25.51
25.51
25.51
25.51
24.11
22.07
21.05
S40
60.38
X60
81.55
160
172.50
S
73.95
X
97.51
160
238.99
10
54.72
219.1
273.1
323.9
355.6
9.3
254.5
50 874
7.05
7.05
7.05
7.05
6.66
6.10
5.81
12.7
247.7
48 169
10.23
10.23
10.23
10.23
9.68
8.86
8.44
28.6
215.9
36 610
25.77
25.77
25.77
25.77
24.35
22.29
21.26
9.5
304.8
72 966
6.12
6.12
6.12
6.12
5.79
5.30
5.05
12.7
298.5
69 957
8.59
8.59
8.59
8.59
8.12
7.43
7.08
33.3
257.2
51 956
25.51
25.51
25.51
25.51
24.11
22.07
21.05
6.4
342.9
92 347
3.35
3.35
3.35
3.35
3.17
2.90
2.77
S30
81.40
9.5
336.6
88 959
5.57
5.57
5.57
5.57
5.26
4.81
4.59
X
107.49
12.7
330.2
85 634
7.81
7.81
7.81
7.81
7.37
6.75
6.44
10
62.77
S30
93.33
S40
123.45
10
70.67
S X
6.4
393.7
121 736
2.93
2.93
2.93
2.93
2.77
2.54
2.42
9.5
387.4
117 841
4.86
4.86
4.86
4.86
4.59
4.20
4.01
12.7
381.0
114 009
6.81
6.8 1
6.81
6.81
6.43
5.89
5.62
6.4
444.5
155 179
2.60
2.60
2.60
2.60
2.46
2.25
2.14
105.26
9.5
438.2
150 777
4.31
4.31
4.31
4.31
4.08
3.73
3.56
139.40
12.7
431.8
146 438
6.04
6.04
6.04
6.04
5.71
5.22
4.98
10
78.57
S20
117.19
X30
155.20
10
94.52
S20 X
406.4
457.2
508.0
6.4
495.3
192 676
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.21
2.02
1.93
9.5
489.0
187 767
3.88
3.88
3.88
3.88
3.66
3.3 5
3.20
12.7
472.6
182 921
5.43
5.43
5.43
5.43
5.12
4.69
4.48
6.4
596.9
279 829
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.84
1.68
1.61
141.04
9.5
590.6
273 907
3.23
3.22
3.22
3.22
3.05
2.79
2.66
187.11
12.7
584.2
268 048
4.55
4.51
4.51
4.51
4.26
3.90
3.72
609.6
Note: The above allowable working pressures pressures are calculated from Fig. 17-23 using a reduction in tm to 87.5% of the wall thickness shown above to recognize mill wall tolerance of 12.5%.
17-24
FIG. 17-27 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Code for Pressure Piping Piping ANSI B31.8-1982 B31.8-1982 Carbon Steel and High Yield Yield Strength Strength Pipe (Values (Values apply to A106, API 5L and and API 5LX pipe pipe having the same specified specified minimum minimum yield strength as shown) Allowable Allowable Working Pressures up to 120°C, in MPa (ga) Nom Pipe Size in.
O.D. mm
Wall Thk. mm
(STD)
3.9
Construction Type Design Factors Type A, F = 0.72* GR.B 241.4
2
3
4
6
60.3
358.6
5.5
31.9 12.4
4.0
15.5
20.7
413.8
241.4
289.7
317.2
358.6
413.8
241.4
GR.B 289.7
317.2
358.6
413.8
241.4
18.8
15.7
12.5
26.6
22.2
17.7
10.3
8.6
6.9
12.9
10.8
8.6
289.7
317.2
358.6
413.8
4.8
18.7
15.6
13.0
10.4
5.5 6.4
21.4 24.8
17.9 20.7
14.9 17.2
11.9 13.8
7.1
27.9
23.3
19.4
15.5
7.6
29.8
24.8
20.7
3.2
9.7
11.6
12.7
8.0
9.7
10.6
6.7
8.0
8.8
5.4
6.4
4.0
12.0
14.5
15.8
10.0
12.0
13.2
8.4
10.0
11.0
6.7
8.0
8.8
4.8
14.5
17.4
19.1
12.1
14.5
15.9
10.1
12.1
13.3
8.1
9.7
10.6
5.6 6.0
16.9 18.3
20.3 22.0
22.2 24.1
14.1 15.3
16.9 18.3
18.5 20.0
11.8 12.7
14.1 15.3
15.4 16.7
9.4 10.2
11.3 12.2
12.4 13.4
6.4
19.3
23.2
25.4
16.1
19.3
21.2
13.4
16.1
17.6
10.7
12.9
14.1
7.1
21.7
26.0
28.5
18.1
21.7
23.8
15.1
18.1
19.8
12.1
14.5
15.8
7.9
24.1
28.9
31.7
20.1
24.1
26.4
16.7
20.1
22.0
13.4
16.1
17.6
8.6
26.0
31.2
34.2
21.7
26.0
28.5
18.1
21.7
23.8
14.5
17.4
19.0
4.0
8.2
9.8
10.8
12.2
6.8
8.2
9.0
10.1
5.7
6.8
7.5
8.4
4.5
5.5
6.0
6.8
4.8
9.9
11.8
13.0
14.6
8.2
9.9
10.8
12.2
6.8
8.2
9.0
10.2
5.5
6.6
7.2
8.1
5.6
11.5
13.8
15.1
17.1
9.6
11.5
12.6
14.2
8.0
9.6
10.5
11.9
6.4
7.7
8.4
9.5
6.4
13.1
15.7
17.2
19.5
10.9
13.1
14.4
16.2
9.1
10.9
12.0
13.5
7.3
8.7
9.6
10.8
114.3 (STD)
168.3
219.1
273.1
(STD)
12
317.2
Type D, F = 0.40
GR.B
88.9
(STD)
10
289.7
22.5
3.2
Type C, F = 0.50
GR.B
(STD)
(STD)
8
Type B, F = 0.60
323.9
(STD)
16.6 7.0
7.1
14.7
17.6
19.3
21.8
12.2
14.7
16.1
18.2
10.2
12.2
13.4
15.2
8.2
9.8
10.7
12.1
7.9
16.4
19.6
21.5
24.3
13.6
16.4
17.9
20.2
11.4
13.6
14.9
16.9
9.1
10.9
12.0
13.5
9.5
19.7
23.6
25.9
29.2
16.4
19.7
21.6
24.4
13.7
16.4
18.0
20.3
10.9
13.1
14.4
16.2
11.0
22.7
27.2
29.8
33.7
18.9
22.7
24.8
28.1
15.7
18.9
20.7
23.4
12.6
15.1
16.6
18.7
4.0
6.3
7.5
8.3
9.3
5.2
6.3
6.9
7.8
4.4
5.2
5.7
6.5
3.5
4.2
4.6
5.2
4.8
7.6
9.1
10.0
11.3
6.3
7.6
8.3
9.4
5.3
6.3
6.9
7.8
4.2
5.0
5.5
6.3
5.2
8.2
9.8
10.8
12.2
6.8
8.2
9.0
10.1
5.7
6.8
7.5
8.4
4.5
5.5
6.0
6.8
5.6
8.8
10.6
11.6
13.1
7.4
8.8
9.7
10.9
6.1
7.4
8.1
9.1
4.9
5.9
6.4
7.3
6.4
10.1
12.1
13.2
15.0
8.4
10.1
11.0
12.5
7.0
8.4
9.2
10.4
5.6
6.7
7.4
8.3
7.0
11.2
13.4
14.7
16.6
9.3
11.2
12.2
13.8
7.8
9.3
10.2
11.5
6.2
7.4
8.2
9.2
7.9
12.6
15.1
16.5
18.7
10.5
12.6
13.8
15.6
8.7
10.5
11.5
13.0
7.0
8.4
9.2
10.4
8.2 8.7
13.0 13.9
15.6 16.6
17.1 18.2
19.3 20.6
10.8 11.6
13.0 13.9
14.2 15.2
16.1 17.2
9.0 9.6
10.8 11.6
11.8 12.7
13.4 14.3
7.2 7.7
8.6 9.2
9.5 10.1
10.7 11.4
9.5
15.1
18.1
19.9
22.5
12.6
15.1
16.5
18.7
10.5
12.6
13.8
15.6
8.4
10.1
11.0
12.5
11.1
17.7
21.2
23.2
26.2
14.7
17.7
19.3
21.9
12.3
14.7
16.1
18.2
9.8
11.8
12.9
14.6
12.7
20.2
24.2
26.5
29.9
16.8
20.2
22.1
24.9
14.0
16.8
18.4
20.8
11.2
13.4
14.7
16.6
4.8
6.1
7.3
8.0
9.0
5.1
6.1
6.7
7.5
4.2
5.1
5.5
6.3
3.4
4.1
4.4
5.0
5.2
6.6
7.9
8.6
9.8
5.5
6.6
7.2
8.1
4.6
5.5
6.0
6.8
3.6
4.4
4.8
5.4
5.6
7.1
8.5
9.3
10.5
5.9
7.1
7.8
8.8
4.9
5.9
6.5
7.3
3.9
4.7
5.2
5.8
6.4
8.1
9.7
10.6
12.0
6.7
8.1
8.9
10.0
5.6
6.7
7.4
8.3
4.5
5.4
5.9
6.7
7.1 7.8
9.0 9.9
10.8 11.9
11.9 13.0
13.4 14.7
7.5 8.3
9.0 9.9
9.9 10.9
11.2 12.3
6.3 6.9
7.5 8.3
8.2 9.1
9.3 10.2
5.0 5.5
6.0 6.6
6.6 7.2
7.4 8.2
8.7
11.1
13.3
14.6
16.5
9.3
11.1
12.2
13.8
7.7
9.3
10.2
11.5
6.2
7.4
8.1
9.2
9.3
11.8
14.2
15.5
17.5
9.8
11.8
12.9
14.6
8.2
9.8
10.8
12.2
6.6
7.9
8.6
9.7
11.1
14.2 14.2
17.0
18.6
21.0
11.8
14.2
15.5
17.5
9.8
11.8
12.9
14.6
7.9
9.4
10.3
11.7
12.7
16.2
19.4
21.2
24.0
13.5
16.2
17.7
20.0
11.2
13.5
14.8
16.7
9.0
10.8
11.8
13.3
4.8
5.1
6.2
6.7
7.6
4.3
5.1
5.6
6.3
3.6
4.3
4.7
5.3
2.8
3.4
3.7
4.2
5.2
5.5
6.6
7.3
8.2
4.6
5.5
6.1
6.9
3.8
4.6
5.1
5.7
3.1
3.7
4.0
4.6
5.6
6.0
7.2
7.8
8.9
5.0
6.0
6.5
7.4
4.1
5.0
5.4
6.2
3.3
4.0
4.4
4.9
6.4 7.1
6.8 7.7
8.2 9.2
9.0 10.1
10.1 11.4
5.7 6.4
6.8 7.7
7.5 8.4
8.4 9.5
4.7 5.3
5.7 6.4
6.2 7.0
7.0 7.9
3.8 4.3
4.5 5.1
5.0 5.6
5.6 6.3
7.9
8.5
10.2
11.2
12.6
7.1
8.5
9.3
10.5
5.9
7.1
7.8
8.8
4.7
5.7
6.2
7.0
8.4
9.0
10.8
11.8
13.4
7.5
9.0
9.9
11.1
6.2
7.5
8.2
9.3
5.0
6.0
6.6
7.4
8.7
9.4
11.2
12.3
13.9
7.8
9.4
10.3
11.6
6.5
7.8
8.6
9.7
5.2
6.2
6.8
7.7
9.5
10.2
12.3
13.4
15.2
8.5
10.2
11.2
12.7
7.1
8.5
9.3
10.5
5.7
6.8
7.5
8.4
10.3
11.1
13.3
14.6
16.4
9.2
11.1
12.1
13.7
7.7
9.2
10.1
11.4
6.2
7.4
8.1
9.1
11.1
11.9
14.3
15.7
17.7
10.0
11.9
13.1
14.8
8.3
10.0
10.9
12.3
6.6
8.0
8.7
9.9
12.7
13.6 13.6
16.4
17.9
20.2
11.4
13.6
14.9
16.9
9.5
11.4
12.4
14.1
7.6
9.1
10.0
11.2
* Type A construction construction also applicable to "Liquid Petroleum Petroleum Transportation Piping Code," ANSI B31.4-1979
17-25
FIG. 17-27 (Cont’d. (Cont’d.)) Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Allowable Allowable Working Pressures up to 120°C, in MPa (ga) Nom Pipe Size in.
O.D. mm
Wall Thk. mm
Construction Type Design Factors Type A, F = 0.72* GR.B 241.4
16
20
289.7
317.2
358.6
413.8
241.4
289.7
317.2
358.6
413.8
241.4
GR.B 289.7
317.2
358.6
413.8
241.4
289.7
317.2
358.6
413.8
5.6
4.8
5.7
6.2
7.1
8.2
4.0
4.8
5.2
5.9
6.8
3.3
4.0
4.3
4.9 4.9
5.7
2.6
3.2
3.5
3.9
4.5
6.4
5.4
6.5
7.1
8.1
9.3
4.5
5.4
6.0
6.7
7.8 7.8
3.8
4.5
5.0
5.6
6.5
3.0
3.6
4.0
4.5
5.2
7.1
6.1
7.3
8.0
9.1
10.5
5.1
6.1
6.7
7.6
8.7
4.2
5.1
5.6
6.3
7.3
3.4
4.1
4.5
5.0
5.8 5.8
7.9
6.8
8.1
8.9
10.1
11.6
5.6
6.8
7.4
8.4
9.7
4.7
5.6
6.2
7.0
8.1
3.8
4.5
4.9
5.6
6.5
8.7
7.5
9.0
9.8
11.1
12.8
6.2
7.5
8.2
9.2
10.7
5.2
6.2
6 .8
7.7
8.9
4.2
5 .0
5.5
6.2
7.1
9.5 11.1
8.1 9.5
9.8 11.4
10.7 12.5
12.1 14.1
14.0 16.3
6.8 7.9
8.1 9.5
8.9 10.4
10.1 11.8
11.6 13.6
5.7 6.6
6.8 7.9
7.4 8.7
8.4 9.8
9.7 11.3
4.5 5.3
5.4 6.3
6.0 6.9
6.7 7.8
7.8 9.1
12.7
10.9
13.0
14.3
16.1
18.6
9.1
10.9
11.9
13.4
15.5
7.5
9.1
9.9
11.2
12.9
6.0
7.2
7.9
9.0
10.3
15.9
13.6
16.3 16.3
17.8
20.2
23.3
11.3
13.6
14.9
16.8
19.4
9.4
11.3
12.4
14.0
16.2
7.5
9.1
9.9
11.2 11.2
12.9
6.4
4.3
5.2
5.7
6.5
7.4
3.6
4.3
4.8
5.4
6.2 6.2
3.0
3.6
4.0
4.5
5.2
2.4
2.9
3.2
3.6
4.1
7.1
4.9
5.9
6.4
7.3
8.4
4.1
4.9
5.4
6.1
7.0 7.0
3.4
4.1
4.5
5.0
5.8
2.7
3.3
3.6
4.0
4.6
7.9
5.4
6.5
7.1
8.1
9.3
4.5
5.4
5.9
6.7
7.7 7.7
3.8
4.5
5.0
5.6 5.6
6.5
3.0
3.6
4.0
4.5
5.2
8.7 9.5
6.0 6.5
7.2 7.8
7.9 8.6
8.9 9.7
10.2 11.2
5.0 5.4
6.0 6.5
6.6 7.1
7.4 8.1
8.5 9.3
4.2 4.5
5.0 5.4
5.5 6.0
6.2 6.7 6.7
7.1 7.8
3.3 3.6
4.0 4.3
4.4 4.8
4.9 5.4
5.7 5.7 6.2
(STD)
10.3
7.1
8.5
9.3
10.5
12.1
5.9
7.1
7.7
8.7
10.1
4.9
5.9
6.4
7.3
8.4
3.9
4.7
5.2
5.8
6.7
11.1
7.6
9.1
10.0
11.3
13.0
6.3
7.6
8.3
9.4
10.9
5.3
6.3
6.9
7.8
9.1
4.2
5.1
5.6
6.3
7.2
12.7
8.7
10.4
11.4
12.9
14.9
7.2
8.7
9.5
10.8
12.4
6.0
7.2
7.9
9.0
10.3
4.8
5.8
6.3
7.2
8.3
15.9
10.9
13.0
14.3
16.1
18.6
9.1
10.9
11.9
13.4
15.5
7.5
9.1
9.9
11.2
12.9
6.0
7.2
7.9
9.0
10.3
19.1
13.0
15.6
17.1
19.4 19.4
22.3
10.9
13.0
14.3 14.3
16.1
18.6 18.6
9.1
10.9
11.9 11.9
13.4
15.5
7.2
8.7
9.5
10.8
12.4 12.4
7.1
4.1
4.9
5.4
6.0
7.0
3.4
4.1
4.5
5.0
5.8 5.8
2.8
3.4
3.7
4.2
4.8
2.3
2.7
3.0
3.4
3.9
7.9
4.5
5.4
5.9
6.7
7.7
3.8
4.5
5.0
5.6
6.5 6.5
3.1
3.8
4.1
4.7
5.4
2.5
3.0
3.3
3.7
4.3
8.7
5.0
6.0
6.5
7.4
8.5
4.2
5.0
5.5
6.2
7.1 7.1
3.5
4.2
4.5
5.1
5.9
2.8
3.3
3.6
4.1
4.7
(STD)
9.5
5.4
6.5
7.1
8.1
9.3
4.5
5.4
5.9
6.7
7.8
3.8
4.5
5.0
5.6 5.6
6.5
3.0
3.6
4.0 4.0
4.5
5.2
609.6
10.3
5.9
7.1
7.7
8.7
10.1
4.9
5.9
6.4
7.3
8.4
4.1
4.9
5 .4
6.1
7.0
3.3
3.9
4.3
4.9
5.6
11.1
6.3
7.6
8.3
9.4
10.9
5.3
6.3
6.9
7.8
9.1
4.4
5.3
5.8
6.5
7.6
3.5
4.2
4.6
5.2
6.0
12.7
7.2
8.7
9 .5
10.8
12.4
6.0
7 .2
7.9
9. 0
10.3
5.0
6.0
6.6
7.5
8.6
4.0
4 .8
5.3
6. 0
6.9
15.9 19.1
9.0 10.9
10.9 13.0
11.9 14.3
13.4 16.1
15.5 18.6
7.5 9.1
9.1 10.9
9.9 11.9
11.2 13.4
12.9 15.5
6.3 7.5
7.5 9.1
8.3 9.9
9.3 11.2
10.8 12.9
5.0 6.0
6.0 7.2
6.6 7.9
7.5 9.0
8.6 10.3
7.1
3.8
4.5
4.9
5.6
6.4
3.1
3.8
4.1
4.7
5.4 5.4
2.6
3.1
3.4
3.9 3.9
4.5
2.1
2.5
2.7
3.1
3.6
7.9
4.2
5.0
5.5
6.2
7.2
3.5
4.2
4.6
5.2
6.0 6.0
2.9
3.5
3.8
4.3 4.3
5.0
2.3
2.8
3.0
3.4
4.0
660.4
8.7 8.7
4.6
5.5
6.0
6.8
7.9
3.8 3.8
4.6
5.0
5.7
6.6 6.6
3.2
3.8
4.2
4.7
5.5
2.6
3.1
3.4
3.8
4.4
(STD)
9.5
5.0
6.0
6.6
7.4
8.6
4.2
5.0
5.5
6.2
7.2
3.5
4.2
4.6
5.2 5.2
6.0
2.8
3.3
3.7 3.7
4.1
4.8
10.3
5.4
6.5
7.1
8.1
9.3
4.5
5.4
6.0
6.7
7.8
3.8
4.5
5.0
5.6 5.6
6.5
3.0
3.6
4.0 4.0
4.5
5.2
11.1
5.8
7.0
7.7
8.7
10.0
4.9
5.8
6.4
7.2
8.4
4.1
4.9
5.3
6.0
7.0
3.2
3.9
4.3
4.8
5.6
12.7
6.7
8.0
8.8
9.9
11.5
5.6
6.7
7.3
8.3
9.6
4.6
5.6
6.1
6.9 6.9
8.0
3.7
4.5
4.9
5.5
6.4
15.9
8.4
10.0
11.0
12.4
14.3
7.0
8. 4
9.2
10.3
11.9
5.8
7.0
7 .6
8.6
9.9
4.6
5. 6
6.1
6.9
8.0
19.1
10.0
12.0
13.2
14.9
17.2
8.4
10.0
11.0
12.4
14.3
7.0
8.4
9.2
10.3
11.9
5.6
6.7
7.3
8.3
9.6
7.9
3.6
4.3
4.8
5.4
6.2
3.0
3.6
4.0
4.5
5.2 5.2
2.5
3.0
3.3
3.7 3.7
4.3
2.0
2.4
2.6
3.0
3.4
8.7
4.0
4.8
5.2
5.9
6.8
3.3
4.0
4.4
4.9
5.7 5.7
2.8
3.3
3.6
4.1 4.1
4.7
2.2
2.7
2.9
3.3
3.8
9.5
4.3
5.2
5.7
6.5
7.4
3.6
4.3
4.8
5.4
6.2
3.0
3.6
4.0
4.5 4.5
5.2
2.4
2.9
3.2
3.6
4.1
(STD) 762.0
10.3
4.7
5.6
6.2
7.0
8.1
3.9
4.7
5.2
5.8
6.7
3.3
3.9
4.3
4.9
5.6
2.6
3.1
3.4
3.9
4.5
11.1
5.1
6.1
6.7
7.5
8.7
4.2
5.1
5.6
6.3
7.2
3.5
4.2
4.6
5.2 5.2
6.0
2.8
3.4
3.7
4.2
4.8
12.7 15.9
5.8 7.2
7.0 8.7
7.6 9 .5
8.6 10.8
9.9 12.4
4.8 6.0
5.8 7.2
6.3 7.9
7.2 9. 0
8.3 10.3
4.0 5.0
4.8 6.0
5.3 6.6
6.0 6.0 7.5
6.9 8.6
3.2 4.0
3.9 4 .8
4.2 5.3
4.8 6. 0
5.5 6.9
19.1
8.7
10.4
11.4
12.9
14.9
7.2
8.7
9.5
10.8
12.4
6.0
7.2
7.9
9.0
10.3
4.8
5.8
6.3
7.2
8.3
* Type A construction also applicable to "Liquid Petroleum Transportation Transportation Piping Code," ANSI B31.4-1979 Notes:
Type D, F = 0.40
GR.B
406.4
26
30
Type C, F = 0.50
GR.B
(STD)
508.0
24
Type B, F = 0.60
1. All dimensions are as shown 2. See Fig 17-24
17-26
FIG. 17-28 Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings from ANSI B16.5-1981 CLASS
150
300
400
1500
2500
(Carbon Steel)
°C 1.97
900
A105 (1)(3), A216 A216−WCB (1), A515− 70 (1) 1 − ( ) A516 70 A350−LF2, A537 LF2, A537−C1.1 Pressures are in MPa (ga)
Material Group 1. 1
–29 to 38
600
5.10
6.83
10. 21
15.31
25.55
93
1.79
4.66
6.21
9.31
13.97
23.28
38.79
1.59
4.52
6.03
9.07
13.59
22.62
37.72
204
1.38
4.38
5.83
8.76
13.10
21.86
36.41
260
1.17
4.14
5.52
8.28
12.38
20.66
34.41
316
0.97
3.79
5.03
7.55
11.31
18.86
31.45
343 371
0.86 0.76
3.69 3.69
4.93 4.90
7.41 7.34
11.10 11.03
18.52 18.38
30.86 30.62
399
0.66
3.48
4.62
6.97
10.41
17.38
28.97
427
0.55
2.83
3.79
5.69
8.52
14.21
23.66
454
0.45
1.86
2.45
3.69
5.55
9.24
15.38
482
0.34
1.17
1.59
2.38
3.55
5.93
9.86
510
0.24
0.72
0.97
1.41
2.14
3.55
5.93
538
0.14
0.34
0.48
0.72
1.07
(Type 304)
1.79 2.97 A182−F304 (5), A182 A182− F304H CF8 (5) A240−304 (5)(6), A351−CF8 A351−CF3
–29 to 38
1.90
4.97
6.62
9.93
14.90
24.83
41.38
93 149
1.62 1.41
4.14 3.66
5.52 4.86
8.28 7.28
12.41 10.93
20.69 18.21
34.48 30.34
204
1.24
3.24
4.34
6.48
9.72
16.21
27.03
260
1.17
3.00
4.03
6.03
9.03
15.07
25.10
316
0.97
2.86
3.83
5.72
8.59
14.31
23.86
371
0.76
2.79
3.72
5.55
8.34
13.90
23.17
427
0.55
2.72
3.62
5.45
8.14
13.59
22.62
454
0.45
2.69
3.59
5.38
8.03
13.41
22.34
482 510
0.34 0.24
2.66 2.59
3.52 3.45
5.31 5.17
7.93 7.76
13.24 12.90
22.07 21.52
538
0.14
2.24
2.97
4.45
6.66
11.10
18.52
566
2.14
2.83
4.28
6.38
10.66
17.72
593
1.79
2.38
3.55
5.31
8.86
14.79
621
1.34
1.79
2.69
4.03
6.76
11.24
649
1.07
1.41
2.14
3.21
5.31
8.86
677
0.76
1.00
1.52
2.28
3.79
6.31
704 732
0.59 0.41
0.76 0.59
1.14 0.86
1.69 1.28
2.83 2.14
4.72 3.55
760
0.34
0.45
0.62
1.00
1.66
2.76
788
0.24
0.31
0.48
0.72
1.17
1.97
816
0.17
0.21
0.34
0.48
0.83
1.38
Notes: Notes:
(a) (d) (d) (f) (f) (g) (g) (h)
(a) (h) (a) (g) (d)
42.55
149
Material Group 2. 1
See Notes
— —
(f )
permiss permissibl ible e but but not recomm recommend ended ed for for prolong prolonged ed use abo above ve 425° 425°C C not not to be be used used ove overr 343° 343°C C not to be used used over over 425 425°C °C not not to be be used used ove overr 455° 455°C C not to be used used over over 540 540°C °C
Additional Notes:
(1) (3) (5) (6)
Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above about about 800°F (425°C), the carbide phase phase of carbon steel may be converted to graphite Only killed killed steel steel shall shall be used used above above 455°C 455°C At temperature temperaturess over 540°C, 540°C, use only when the the carbon content content is 0.04 0.04 percent percent or higher For temperatur temperatures es above 540°C, 540°C, use only only if the material material is heat treated treated by heati heating ng it to a temperature of at least 1040°C and quenching in water or rapidly cooling by other means
17-27
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