BASIC ACOUSTICS OF THE CLARINET BY DOUGLAS MONROE
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INTRODUCTION
Careful study of te !lar"#et de$a#ds a rud"$e#tary %#o&led'e of te (ys"!al (r"#!"(les "#)ol)ed "# (rodu!"#' "ts sou#d* +e te#d to sat"sfy oursel)es &"t te %#o&led'e 'a"#ed fro$ (r")ate study or te "#st"#!t")e, tr"al -y error (ro!ess tat as ta%e# us a lo#' &ay "# our .our#ey to -e!o$e e/!elle#t !lar"#et"sts* But "f &e (ause for a $o$e#t to as% &y te solut"o#s &e a)e d"s!o)ered o)er te years &or%, &e ta%e so$e of te $ystery a&ay a#d !a# (era(s sol)e future (ro-le$s "# 'ett"#' oursel)es furter alo#' "# -ot te te!#"!al a#d $us"!al study of te !lar"#et* T"s study of te (ys"!al (r"#!"(les "s a res(o#s"-"l"ty &e a)e to oursel)es a#d to our stude#ts* PRODUCTION OF THE CLARINET SOUND
A!oust"!ally, te !lar"#et &or%s as a 0!ou(led syste$ &"t a )al)e a#d a reso#at"#' !a$-er* Te $out("e!e, reed, a#d e$-ou!ure a!t as a )al)e &"! se#ds e#er'y "#to te reso#at"#' !a$-er* Te e#!losed tu-e 2-ore3 e/te#d"#' fro$ te $out("e!e to te e#d of te -ell "s te reso#at"#' !a$-er &"! ouses te )"-rat"o#s fro$ te 0)al)e to !reate sou#d* Te !lar"#et4s sou#d "s #ot a# a$(l"f"!at"o# of te reed -u55"#' a'a"#st te $out("e!e, -ut "s te aud"-le )"-rat"o# of te for!ed a"r "#s"de te reso#at"#' !a$-er* Te sa(e of t"s reso#at"#' !a$-er "s )"tally "$(orta#t to te d"st"#!t")e#ess of te !lar"#et sou#d* Te oter &ood&"#d "#stru$e#ts "# te or!estra a)e !o#"!al sa(ed reso#at"#' !a$-ers &ereas te !lar"#et as a )ar"ed !yl"#dr"!al sa(e* T"s "s "$(orta#t #ot o#ly to te !ara!ter"st"! sou#d, -ut to te "#stru$e#t4s o)erto#e ser"es* 6AL6E7REED8MOUTH9IECE8EMBOUCHURE Te a"r !olu$# e#ter"#' te -ore of te !lar"#et $ust )"-rate "# order to (rodu!e a# aud"-le sou#d* Te sour!e of t"s )"-rat"o# "s te reed* Te $out("e!e "s sa(ed &"t a
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fa!"#' &"! -e'"#s to ta(er alf&ay to&ards "ts t"( a#d !o#t"#ues t"s !ur)e all te &ay to te t"(* T"s lea)es a s$all a$ou#t of s(a!e -et&ee# te t"( of te reed a#d te t"( of te $out("e!e* I# "s -oo%, The Clarinet , ;a!% Bry$er states, Te reed of a &"#d "#stru$e#t "s, "# s!"e#t"f"! ter$s, s"$(ly a )al)e7tat "s, so$et"#' &"! o(e#s a#d suts, !utt"#' off a#d re
u"!%er o(e#"#' a#d !los"#' of te reed a'a"#st te $out("e!e* Less te#s"o# a#d a"r s(eed redu!e te s(eed a#d d"sta#!e te reed tra)els a#d !reate dar%er sou#ds* T"s "s -e!ause "'er )"-rat"o#s &"ll st"$ulate $ore u((er (art"als "# a '")e# to#e* Te lo&er )"-rat"o#s &"ll redu!e te (rese#!e of te u((er (art"als* T"s also e/(la"#s &y softer reeds !reate -r"'ter sou#ds? tey )"-rate faster &"t less (ressure fro$ te a"r !olu$# a#d "#trodu!e te u((er (art"als "# te ar$o#"! ser"es* I#terest"#'ly, &e# )ery l"ttle (ressure a#d )ery l"ttle a"r s(eed are used, tou' te reed &"ll )"-rate to a de'ree, "t &"ll #ot (rodu!e a sou#d* As stated a-o)e, te e$-ou!ure a#d te (layer4s a"r !olu$# a!t as te e#er'y sour!e to )"-rate te reed* I# Horns, Strings, and Harmony, (ys"!"st a#d !lar"#et"st Artur Be#ade e/(la"#s tat e#er'y (rodu!ed -y t"s (ro!ess se#ds 0(uffs of a"r "#to te
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reso#at"#' !a$-er* Tese 0(uffs of a"r a!t o# te (ys"!al (ro(ert"es of te -ore of te !lar"#et to !reate &a)e for$s &"! (rodu!e sou#d* CLOSED CYLINDER Te !lar"#et "s d"st"#!t")e fro$ te oter or!estral &"#d "#stru$e#ts "# tat "ts reso#at"#' !a$-er "s !yl"#dr"!al* Te o)erall a!oust"!al syste$ of te "#stru$e#t "s %#o&# as a 0!losed !yl"#der* It "s !losed -e!ause o#e e#d of "t ter$"#ates &"t te $out("e!e8reed8e$-ou!ure a#d te oter e#d re$a"#s o(e#* It "s !alled !yl"#dr"!al -e!ause of te sa(e of te -ore* I# real"ty, te !lar"#et "s a $od"f"ed !yl"#der, a)"#' se!t"o#s of "ts "#ter"or altered to el( !o$(e#sate for "#to#at"o# (ro-le$s a#d to a"d "# to#e (rodu!t"o#* Closed !yl"#ders a)e )ery s(e!"f"! a!oust"! (ro(ert"es* Before d"s!uss"#' tese, &e #eed to u#dersta#d te o)erto#e ser"es* For a#y '")e# #ote, tere are a ser"es of #otes "'er "# ("t! &"! are (rese#t "# te or"'"#al #ote4s to#e7t"s "s %#o&# as te ar$o#"! ser"es* Te or"'"#al #ote "s %#o&# as te 0fu#da$e#tal a#d ea! su-se>ue#t #ote "s !alled a 0(art"al* Te (art"als r"se #u$er"!ally fro$ te fu#da$e#tal ("t!, to te se!o#d (art"al, te t"rd (art"al, a#d so o#* Notat"o#ally, te ar$o#"! ser"es for C@ &ould loo% l"%e t"s o# te staff
Figure 1: The Harmonic Series for C !from Uni"ersi#$ Ne% &a'es ()usic Acous#ics %e*si#e+
If you4)e e)er eard a lar'e !ur! -ell sou#d, you !a# eas"ly ear $a#y of te (art"als "# te ar$o#"! ser"es* I# oter "#stru$e#ts, t"s -e!o$es $ore d"ff"!ult*
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Te flute, &"! "s a# o(e# !yl"#der, sou#ds all te (art"als "# "ts fu#da$e#tal #otes* Te !losed !yl"#der does #ot* Its a!oust"! (ro(ert"es sou#d o#ly te odd #u$-ered (art"als* Te !alu$eau re'"ster e#!o$(asses te !lar"#et4s fu#da$e#tal ra#'e* Te !lar"o# re'"ster sou#ds te t"rd (art"al* Te alt"ss"$o #otes "#!lude -ot te se)e#t a#d #"#t (art"als* T"#% a-out (lay"#' C@* If you (ress te re'"ster %ey, you are #o& (lay"#' G, &"! "s a# o!ta)e a#d a (erfe!t f"ft a-o)e te fu#da$e#tal? te t"rd (art"al to C@* If you l"ft te left a#d "#de/ f"#'er, you &"ll (lay E, &"! "s t&o o!ta)es a#d a $a.or t"rd a-o)e te fu#da$e#tal? te f"ft (art"al to C@* &A,E FOR) OF THE CLARINET
Te U#")ers"ty Ne& Sout +ales 0Mus"! A!oust"!s &e-s"te states To $a%e a sou#d, &e #eed so$et"#' tat )"-rates* If &e &a#t to $a%e $us"!al #otes you usually #eed te )"-rat"o# to a)e a# al$ost !o#sta#t fre>ue#!y tat $ea#s sta-le ("t!* +e also &a#t a fre>ue#!y tat !a# -e eas"ly !o#trolled -y te (layer* I# #o#ue#!y of sou#d )"-rates "# te for$ of a 0s"#e &a)e
Figure -: Sine &a"e !from (Acous#ic Eco'og$. %e*si#e+
Te !o$-"#at"o# of t&o &a)es tra)el"#' "# o((os"te d"re!t"o#s (rodu!es a 0sta#d"#' &a)e
Figure /: S#an0ing &a"e Diagram !from (Acous#ic Eco'og$ %e*si#e+
I# te (rodu!t"o# of sou#d, o#e of tese &a)es tra)els do&# te "#stru$e#t a#d te oter "s a refle!t"o# &"! tra)els -a!% u( te "#stru$e#t* Te (ea%, &ere tere "s te 'reatest d"sta#!e -et&ee# te &a)es "s !alled te 0a#t"#ode a#d "s te (la!e of 'reatest (ressure &"t"# te &a)e for$* Te (la!e &ere te &a)es $eet 2"#terse!t"#' at te !e#ter l"#e3 "s te 0#ode a#d "s te (o"#t "# te sta#d"#' &a)e &ere tere "s #o (ressure* Te !o#sta#tly $o)"#' &a)e (ulses "ts )"-rat"o# -et&ee# te #ode a#d a#t"#ode* Te &a)e for$ of te flute, a# o(e# !yl"#der, &ould loo% l"%e F"'ure = "f "t &ere )"-rat"#' "# te se)e#t (art"al* ;a!% Bry$er states Te (ulses &"! for$ te -as"s of te )"-rat"o# "# a tu-e are for$ed -y te !o$(ress"o# of te a"r $ole!ules follo&ed "$$ed"ately -y a rarefa!t"o# as te )al)e of te reed s#a(s sut* Tese (ulses tra)el te le#'t of te tu-e u#t"l tey $eet te o(e# a"r at te e#d of "t, a#d o#e after a#oter tey e$er'e tere* At t"s (o"#t tey re-ou#d fro$ te outer at$os(ere, &"! rea!ts a'a"#st te$ a#d se#ds -a!% a res"sta#!e &a)e 2-a!% u(3 te tu-e* Te "#terest"#' fa!tor "# t"s res"sta#!e &a)e "s tat "t "s a d"re!t re)ersal of te (ressure (o"#ts of te outer &a)e7te !o$(ress"o#s a)e -e!o$e rarefa!t"o#s a#d )"!e )ersa* 2Ca(ter =3 A !losed !yl"#der su! as te !lar"#et as a )ery d"st"#!t &a)e for$* U#l"%e te o(e# !yl"#der flute, te !lar"#et sou#d -e'"#s at te )al)e 2$out("e!e8reed8e$-ou!ure3 &"t te (o"#t of 'reatest (ressure "# te &a)e, te a#t"#ode* Te &a)e for$ e#ds 2a((ro/"$ately3 at te e#d of te tu-e4s le#'t7te (o"#t of te f"rst o(e# to#e ole* If tat "s E=, te &a)e e#ds at te e#d of te !lar"#et* If "t "s C@, "t e#ds .ust -eyo#d tat to#e ole as "llustrated
Figure : &a"e form from fun0amen#a' regis#er of c'arine#: C !Uni"ersi#$ Ne% &a'es ()usic Acous#ics %e*si#e+
O#e of te d"st"#!t")e >ual"t"es of te !losed !yl"#der &a)e for$ "s tat te &a)e "# te fu#da$e#tal 2F"'ure @3 re(rese#ts o#ly o#e >uarter of a !o$(lete &a)e !y!le* T"s "# tur# $ea#s tat "# "ts lo&er re'"ster, te !lar"#et !a# (lay #otes $u! lo&er ta# "ts tu-e sould allo&* Co$(ared to te flute, &"! as a s"$"lar le#'t of tu-e, te !lar"#et !a# (lay a full o!ta)e lo&er* +e# te flut"st or sa/o(o#"st (ress te"r re'"ster %eys, tey lea( a# o!ta)e fro$ te"r fu#da$e#tal ("t!* S"#!e te !lar"#et o#ly sou#ds te odd #u$-ered (art"als, tey lea( a# e#t"re t&elft, s%"(("#' te o!ta)e alto'eter* Te &a)e for$ of t"s a!oust"! "s >u"te "#terest"#'
Figure : &a"e forms from #he #hir0 2ar#ia' !c'arion+ regis#er of #he c'arine# !Uni"ersi#$ Ne% &a'es ()usic Acous#ics %e*si#e+
As &"t te fu#da$e#tal, te &a)e for$ -e'"#s at te reed8$out("e!e8e$-ou!ure )al)e &"t a# a#t"#ode* Te fu#da$e#tal stru!ture "s te# destroyed &e# "t (asses te re'"ster %ey, !reat"#' a (la!e &"t #o (ressure, te #ode* Te &a)e !o#t"#ues o# for te le#'t of te tu-e 2e#d"#' .ust (ast te f"rst o(e# to#e ole3* S"#!e te fu#da$e#tal &a)e for$ "s re(rese#tat")e of o#e >uarter te le#'t of a full &a)e, te t"rd (art"al "s tree t"$es tat s"5e, or tree >uarters of te le#'t of a full &a)e* CLARINET CONSTRUCTION AND REGISTRATION Be!ause te !lar"#et4s ar$o#"! syste$ "s -ased u(o# te odd #u$-ered (art"als, t"s !reated a (ro-le$ for early !lar"#et $a%ers* Te !alu$eau ra#'e e/te#ds fro$ E=
+e# you (ress te re'"ster %ey, te "#stru$e#t lea(s a (erfe!t t&elft, "#stead of a# o!ta)e* +e# you (ress te re'"ster %ey &"t E=, you 'et B@, te f"rst #ote of te !lar"o# re'"ster* T"s lea)es a 'a( -et&ee# te !alu$eau a#d !lar"o# re'"sters 2G@, G@, A@, a#d B-@3, s"#!e te last real fu#da$e#tal #ote "s F@* To !o$(e#sate for t"s 'a(, to#e oles &ere dr"lled "#to te -ore a-o)e te F@ ole to '")e te !lar"#et te a-"l"ty to (lay te #otes "# te 'a( -et&ee# te !alu$eau re'"ster 2te #atural fu#da$e#tal re'"ster3 a#d te lo&est #ote "# te !lar"o# re'"ster 2te t"rd o)erto#e re'"ster3* Artur Be#ade refers to te &a)e -ea)"or "# ea! of te re'"sters of a &ood&"#d "#stru$e#t as a 0$ode* Ea! re'"ster as "ts o&# for$ of sta#d"#' &a)e* F"'ure @ a-o)e so&s te )"-rat"#' $ode of a !lar"#et #ote "# "ts fu#da$e#tal re'"ster, te !lar"#et4s f"rst $ode, "# te sta#d"#' &a)e dra&"#' u#der#eat te !lar"#et* F"'ure so&s te )"-rat"#' $ode of a !lar"#et #ote "# "ts se!o#d re'"ster, te t"rd ar$o#"! o f ea! of "ts !orres(o#d"#' fu#da$e#tal #otes* Te $ode of ea! su-se>ue#t ar$o#"! 2f"ft, se)e#t, a#d #"#t3 as a sta#d"#' &a)e &"! adds a#oter alf<&a)e 2te d"sta#!e -et&ee# t&o #odes &"! loo%s l"%e a# el"(se3* So, a #ote "# te f"ft ar$o#"!, l"%e C 2a#oter ar$o#"! of A=3, -e'"#s &"t a# a#t"#ode, ta(ers to a #ode, a#d as t&o add"t"o#al alf &a)es 2loo%"#' l"%e t&o el"(ses3* Te #e/t $ode, te se)e#t ar$o#"!, as a sta#d"#' &a)e &"t a# add"t"o#al alf &a)e 2a#oter el"(se3* 9ress"#' te re'"ster %ey destroys te "#te'r"ty of te fu#da$e#tal at a (o"#t arou#d te re'"ster %ey !reat"#' a #ode tere* It as!e#ds to te le)el of a#oter a#t"#ode a#d de!e#ds to a f"#al #ode 2as "# F"'ure 3* As already stated, te le#'t of te sta#d"#' &a)e "s deter$"#ed -y te f"rst o(e# to#e ole* Te sta#d"#' &a)e sto(s .ust -eyo#d te f"rst o(e# to#e ole -e!ause of te (ressure !reated -y te to#e ole* S"#!e "t "s #ot te sa$e
s"5e as te -ore, tere "s (ressure fro$ outs"de te to#e ole (us"#' te sta#d"#' &a)e a l"ttle furter do&# te tu-e* T"s "s o#e of te reaso#s for te flared out -ell "# te !lar"#et? "t '")es te sta#d"#' &a)e roo$ to de!ay* A )ery s"$(l"st"! &ay to loo% at $odes "s tat ea! "s "#terru(ted -y a #ode "# a sta#d"#' &a)e* F"'ure @ so&s te f"rst $ode 2fu#da$e#tal3? tere "s o#ly o#e &a)e for$ -et&ee# te $out("e!e a#d te f"rst #ode* F"'ure so&s te se!o#d $ode 2t"rd ar$o#"! (art"al3 &"t t&o areas se(arated -y a #ode* Te t"rd $ode 2f"ft ar$o#"! (art"al3 as tree areas se(arated -y t&o #odes* Ea! su!!ess")e $ode as a# add"t"o#al area se(arated -y a #ode* Te reaso# for te d"ffere#!es "# (ressure a#d feel -et&ee# te re'"sters "s -e!ause ea! $ode "s !ara!ter"st"!ally d"ffere#t* To a!"e)e a !lear #ote "# te f"ft (art"al 2t"rd $ode of )"-rat"o#3, a !lar"#et"st ta%es te"r left "#de/ f"#'er off of "ts to#e ole to destroy te "#te'r"ty of &"!e)er (art"al (re)"ously (layed* I# effe!t te#, te !lar"#et as t&o re'"ster %eys* 2Te "$(erfe!t"o#s of t"s a!oust"! syste$ so& te$sel)es "# te !lar"#et4s "#to#at"o#* Re'"ster %ey (la!e$e#t a#d s"5e of "ts -ore are a !o$(ro$"se s"#!e "t also ser)es as (art of te f"#'er"#' for B-@* It4s -ore "s too lar'e to -e a (erfe!t re'"ster %ey -ut too s$all to -e a (erfe!t to#e ole for B-@* It4s (la!e$e#t "s too far fro$ te $out("e!e to -e a (erfe!t re'"ster %ey* It e/"sts as "t does o# te !lar"#et to '")e te !lar"#et"st a f"'t"#' !a#!e to (lay te B-@ "# tu#e &"le also !aus"#' te t"rd (art"al #otes to s(ea% !learly* Of (ra!t"!al use, te alter#ate B-@ !o#trolled -y te r"'t a#d "#de/ f"#'er "s a $u! -etter o(t"o# "# ter$s of "ts ("t! a#d to#e !olor*3 Ea! of tese $odes of )"-rat"o# 2re'"sters3 a)e a d"st"#!t")e sou#d a#d feel* O#e of te 'reatest !alle#'es to te !lar"#et stude#t "s -le#d"#' te sou#d -et&ee# re'"sters so
tat te o)erall effe!t "s sea$less* Te s%"lled !lar"#et"st "s o)er t"$e a-le to !o$(e#sate for tese re'"stral d"ffere#!es &"t )ar"ed a"r (ressure, l"( (ressure, a#d f"#'er te!#">ues* But e)e# te $ost s%"lled (layer ru#s te r"s% of !reat"#' a# u#e)e# sou#d 'o"#' -et&ee# re'"sters* Te !lar"#et does a)e oter solut"o#s -es"des te sto!% f"#'er"#'s to $a%e so$e re'"ster !a#'es less !alle#'"#'* T"s "s &ere so$e of our (erso#al res(o#s"-"l"ty !o$es "#to (lay "# de)elo("#' (erfor$a#!e strate'"es -ased u(o# our %#o&led'e of te a!oust"!s of te "#stru$e#t* Tere are so$e alter#ate f"#'er"#'s "# te fu#da$e#tal !alu$eau ra#'e for te f"rst fe& #otes "# te t"rd (art"al !lar"o# ra#'e* Te s"de %eys !o#trolled -y te r"'t "#de/ f"#'er !a# (rodu!e a B@ a#d C, $a%"#' te$ fu#da$e#tal ("t!es &"t a sta#d"#' &a)e l"%e tat "# F"'ure @* Of $ore (ra!t"!al use are se)eral #otes at te to( of te t"rd (art"al !lar"o# re'"ster &"! !a# $a%e #"!e su-st"tut"o#s for f"ft (art"al alt"ss"$o #otes* Te %eys !o#troll"#' F@ a#d te troat to#es "# te fu#da$e#tal ra#'e are te %eys "# &"! o#e !a# $a%e a# effe!t")e C, D, or E-* Tese are -est for le'ato (assa'es &"! -r"efly 'o "#to te alt"ss"$o re'"ster fro$ te !lar"o# re'"ster* Te t"rd (art"al for te fu#da$e#tal F@ "s C* Te -est f"#'er"#' to a!"e)e 'ood ("t! a#d to#e !olor "s te alter#ate F@ us"#' te t&o f"rst %eys o# te s"de of te !lar"#et* A# e/!elle#t (la!e to use t"s $"'t -e "# te lo#' !lar"#et solo tat f"#"ses te 0Ada'"o #o# tro((o $o)e$e#t of N"else#4s Fifth Symphony* D as t&o o(t"o#s, te A-@ %ey a#d te t"rd %ey o# te r"'t s"de of te !lar"#et* Te true t"rd (art"al of A-@ "s E-, -ut due to te (os"t"o#"#' of te %ey a#d te (rese#!e of te tu$- o)er "ts ole to le#d sta-"l"ty to te sta#d"#' &a)e, "t (rodu!es a flat D sou#d7too flat for (ra!t"!al use* Te s"de %ey &or%s &ell, tou'* A# e/a$(le of "ts use $"'t -e "# te o(e#"#' !lar"#et solo of R"$s%y<orsa%o)4s Capriccio Espagnol * E- as t&o 'ood o(t"o#s &"t te A@
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%ey a#d te fourt s"de %ey o# te r"'t s"de of te !lar"#et* A'a"#, te t"rd ar$o#"! of A@ "s E, -ut -e!ause of te %ey (os"t"o#"#' a#d te !o)ered tu$- ole, $a%es for a res(o#s")e, 'ood sou#d"#' E-* A 'reat (la!e to use t"s f"#'er"#' "s "# te o(e#"#' !lar"#et solo at letter B "# te f"rst $o)e$e#t o f Bra$s4 Symphony #3* Us"#' tese !o"!es, es(e!"ally as su-st"tut"o#s for f"ft (art"al alt"ss"$o #otes !a# $a%e !erta"# (assa'es sou#d a#d &or% -etter* It "s our res(o#s"-"l"ty to %#o& a-out tese o(t"o#s a#d use te$ &ere te $us"! de$a#ds* REASONS FOR MULTI9LE FINGERING CHOICES Tere are t&o (r"$ary reaso#s tat $ult"(le f"#'er"#' !o"!es (rodu!e te sa$e #ote* Te f"rst "s -e!ause te u((er (ort"o#s of te t"rd a#d f"ft (art"als e/te#d -eyo#d te lo&est #ote "# te #e/t (art"al* Te troat to#es "# te fu#da$e#tal (art"al e/"st to -r"d'e te 'a( -et&ee# te !alu$eau a#d te !lar"o# re'"sters* It "s #ot #e!essary to -r"d'e te 'a( -et&ee# te !lar"o# a#d alt"ss"$o re'"sters, so tose %eys offer te !lar"#et"st add"t"o#al !o"!es for f"#'er"#'s* Te u((er (ort"o# of te f"ft (art"al also as so$e o(t"o#s for #otes #or$ally (layed "# te se)e#t (art"al, -ut tese #otes a)e s"'#"f"!a#t ("t! (ro-le$s* A#oter reaso# for $ult"(le f"#'er"#' !o"!es as to do &"t 0!ut off fre>ue#!"es* As $e#t"o#ed -efore, te sta#d"#' &a)e a!tually e/te#ds -eyo#d te f"rst o(e# to#e ole* S"#!e te to#e oles are #ot as lar'e as te d"a$eter of te -ore, te sta#d"#' &a)e &"ll )"-rate furter do&# te -ore* Te (ressure "s 'reat e#ou' tat $a#y #otes a)e !ross f"#'er"#'s su! as te G f"#'er"#' us"#' te re'"ster %ey, tu$-, a#d f"rst t&o f"#'ers of ea! a#d !o)er"#' te"r res(e!t")e to#e oles* Tere are $a#y !o$-"#at"o#s l"%e t"s tat &or%, -ut "t "s de(e#da#t u(o# te a$ou#t of refle!t")e (ressure !o$"#' -a!% "#to te
11
!lar"#et4s -ore fro$ te f"rst o(e# to#e ole "# te tu-e* A#oter e/a$(le &ould -e B- us"#' te re'"ster %ey, tu$- a#d f"rst f"#'er of ea! a#d* Cross f"#'er"#'s &ere es(e!"ally "$(orta#t to early !lar"#et"sts, &o ad )ery fe& %eys o# te"r "#stru$e#ts* FUNDA)ENTAL NOTES AND THEIR RELATI,E NOTE IN EACH PARTIAL
NINTH PARTIAL
B C
SE,ENTH PARTIAL
GJ GJAJ AJ
FIFTH PARTIAL
C D D E
F
F2G G A3
THIRD PARTIAL
B C C D E- E F
F G G A B- B C 2C DJ E-JEJ3
FUNDA)ENTAL
E F F G A- A B- B C C D E- E F F G A- A B-
T"s !art so&s te fu#da$e#tal ("t!es o# te !lar"#et 2-otto$ ro&, lo&er to "'er fro$ left to r"'t3 a#d te su-se>ue#t #otes "# ea! re'"ster -ased ea! fu#da$e#tal d"re!tly a-o)e "t* Te #otes &"t"# (are#teses are #ot #or$ally used* Te #otes &"t aster"s%s deser)e s(e!"al atte#t"o# -e!ause tey a) e s"'#"f"!a#t "#to#at"o# (ro-le$s* Tese "#to#at"o# (ro-le$s are !aused (r"$ar"ly -y te !o$(ro$"se "# (la!e$e#t of re'"ster %eys a#d to#e oles "# te !lar"#et* Ge#erally, today4s !lar"#ets are ad.usted so tat te t&elft -et&ee# !alu$eau C@ a#d !lar"o# G "s 'ood* Te t&elfts -elo& C@< G are 'e#erally #arro&er 2sar(er "# te fu#da$e#tal8flatter "# te t"rd (art"al3 a#d te t&elfts a-o)e C@
1:
I# te t"rd (art"al, te alt"ss"$o #otes #or$ally (layed "# te f"ft (art"al re'"ster a)e s"'#"f"!a#t ("t! a#d res"sta#!e (ro-le$s* C "s te $ost sta-le -ut flat u#less you use te t&o s"de %eys as a# alter#ate f"#'er"#'* D as f"#'ered l"%e G@ 2troat to#e3 "s #ot o#ly flat -ut )ery u#sta-le "# te res"sta#!e !reated -y te sou#d &a)e* T"s "s -e!ause of te )ery sort s(a!e te sta#d"#' &a)e as to )"-rate a#d -e!ause of te to#e ole4s (ro/"$"ty to te t&o re'"ster %eys* It "s $u! -etter to !reate a D -y add"#' te s"de %ey to te f"#'er"#' for C* E- "s "#!red"-ly flat to te (o"#t tat t"s (art"al "s -etter used as D "# )ery fast te!#"!al (assa'es* E sares te sa$e (ro-le$ as E-? -y (lay"#' t"s #ote &"t te A@ f"#'er"#', "t "s a alf ste( too flat* T"s f"#'er"#' &or%s &ell for E-* Te f"ft (art"al starts &"t C "# relat")ely 'ood ("t! a#d -e!o$es (ro'ress")ely flatter te "'er o#e 'oes* For Du"res )e#t"#' furter u( te or# to -r"#' "ts ("t! u(* Nor$ally, te r"'t a#d for% %ey sol)es t"s (ro-le$* G
1=
(art"al, o#e !a# st"ll -ase "t o# te C fu#da$e#tal, -ut $ust l"ft te tu$- %ey to -r"#' te ("t! u( (ro(erly* CONCLUSION
U#dersta#d"#' tese -as"! (r"#!"(les a-out te a!oust"!s of te !lar"#et are "$(orta#t "# o& &e a((roa! te "#stru$e#t* T"s "#for$at"o# ta%es so$e of te $ystery a&ay fro$ $a#y "ssues "#!lud"#' reed >ual"t"es, $out("e!e !o"!es, !reat"#' s$oot tra#s"t"o#s -et&ee# re'"sters, a#d f"#'er"#' !o"!es* O#e of te f"rst, $ost (ra!t"!al a((l"!at"o#s relates to f"#'er"#' !o"!es* All !lar"#ets a)e te"r o&# ("t! "d"osy#!ras"es -eyo#d te #atural te#de#!"es of te "#stru$e#t, es(e!"ally "# te "'er ra#'e of te "#stru$e#t* Te %#o&led'e 'a"#ed fro$ u#dersta#d"#' !ut off fre>ue#!"es, for "#sta#!e, '")es us te tools &e #eed to d"s!o)er -etter f"#'er"#'s for our o&# u#">ue "#stru$e#t* Furter study of te a!oust"! (ro(ert"es of $us"! a#d te !lar"#et &"ll el( $a%e us -etter !lar"#et"sts* As &"t a#y d"s!"(l"#e, &e sould !o#t"#ue to a#aly5e our (ro-le$s a#d te"r solut"o#s &"t te >uest"o# 0+yK* For $a#y of our $us"!al (ro-le$s, t"s >uest"o# &"ll lead us to a!oust"!s*
1@
3I3LIO4RAPH5
Ba!%us, ;o#* The Acoustical Foundations of Music* Ne& Yor%, NY , 1? * Be#ade, Artur a#d Ca$(-ell, Murray 0A!oust"!s? +"#d I#stru$e#ts* Groe Music !nline ed L* Ma!y 2A!!essed 1: No)e$-er :3, tt(88&&&*'ro)e$us"!*!o$* Be#ade, Artur* Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics* Ne& Yor%, NY O/ford U#")ers"ty 9ress, 1? * Be#ade, Artur* Horns, Strings, and Harmony* Garde# C"ty, NY Dou-leday Boo%s, 1? 1,* Bry$er, ;a!%* The Clarinet * Ne& Yor%, NY S!"r$er Boo%s, 1? * Fo/, Ste(e#* 0Bas"! Clar"#et A!oust"!s* 2A!!essed 1: No)e$-er :3, &&&*sfo/!lar"#ets*!o$* Gourlay8Ro'er-le#!, *A* 0Te Clar"#et? A!oust"!s7$ode of o(erat"o# a#d f"#'er"#' Groe Music !nline ed L* Ma!y 2A!!essed 1: No)e$-er :3, tt(88&&&*'ro)e$us"!*!o$* Hall, Do#ald* Musical Acoustics* 9a!"f"! Gro)e, CA Broo%s8Cole 9u-l"s"#' Co$(a#y, 11? * Hy(er(ys"!s* 0Te Clar"#et* 2Assessed 1: No)e$-er :3, tt(88y(er(ys"!s*(y< astr*'su*edu8-ase8$us"!8!lar"#et*t$l!: Neder)ee#, Cor#el"s* Acoustical Aspects of "oodind $nstruments* A$sterda$, Holla#d U"t'e)er". Fr"ts #uf? * Trua/, Barry, ed* 0A!oust"! E!olo'y* 2Assessed 1 No)e$-er :3, tt(88&&&*sfu*!a8so#"!
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