Elements of Ecology, 8e (Smith/Smith) Chapter 13 Species Interactions, Population Dynamics, and Natural Selection
13.1 Short Answer Questions 1) In most flowering plants, successful reproduction requires that ________ (male gametes) from one indiidual !e transported to the female organ (stigma) of another flowering indiidual. Answer" pollen #opic" #opic" Introduction to $art % &) 'hen each of two species !enefits from their interaction, the relationship is referred to as ________. Answer" mutualism #opic" #opic" Section 13.1 3) 'hen one species reduces or adersel affects the population of another, !ut the affected species has no influence in return, the relationship is referred to as ________. Answer" amensalism #opic" #opic" Section 13.1 %) 'hen one species feeds on another pre species, tpicall illing it, the relationship !etween the two interacting species is referred to as ________. Answer" predation #opic" #opic" Section 13.1 *) 'hen indiiduals of two species interact, the nature of the interaction can !e classified qualitatiel as positie, negatie, or ________. Answer" neutral #opic" #opic" Section 13.& +) ________ occurs when two species undergo reciprocal eolutionar change through natural selection. Answer" oeolution #opic" #opic" Section 13.3 -) nder certain conditions, ________ fungi lie in the roots of man species of plants and hae a mutuall !eneficial relationship with the plants. Answer" mcorrhi/al #opic" #opic" Section 13.% 0) #he process in which a networ of species undergoes reciprocal eolutionar change through natural selection is referred to as ________. Answer" diffuse coeolution #opic" #opic" Section 13.*
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4) #he range of phsical and chemical conditions under which each species can persist (surie and reproduce) and the arra of essential resources it utili/es are referred to as its ecological ________. Answer" niche #opic" Section 13.+ 13.& 5ultiple6hoice Questions 1) 'hen the trun or lim! of a tree proides the su!strate on which an epiphtic orchid grows, the arrangement !enefits the orchid, which g ets nutrients from the air and moisture from aerial roots, while the tree is unaffected. #he relationship is referred to as A) amensalism. 7) comensalism. ) competition. 8) parasitoidism. Answer" 7 #opic" Section 13.1 &) 'hen the relationship !etween two interacting species is detrimental to the populations of !oth species, the interaction is referred to as A) parasitism. 7) mutualism. ) competition. 8) amensalism. Answer" #opic" Section 13.1 3) As the population of a predator increases, the A) population of the pre species decreases. 7) !irthrate of the pre species increases. ) mortalit rate of the pre species decreases. 8) proportion of the pre population that is captured and consumed decreases. Answer" A #opic" Section 13.& %) 'hen a species of !ird pres upon the seeds of a plant and faors the smallest seeds, A) the pre species functions as an agent of natural selection on the predator. 7) natural selection faors indiidual plants that produce the largest seeds. ) the plants compensate for their losses ! producing proportionatel more smaller seeds. 8) the !ird species is unaffected when directional selection faors plants that produce the largest seeds. Answer" 7 #opic" Section 13.3
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*) 5corrhi/al fungi hae a mutuall !eneficial relationship with plants in enironments with soils that A) are saturated with water. 7) hae a high cla content. ) are acidic. 8) are low in nutrients. Answer" 8 #opic" Section 13.% +) In most plant6pollinator interactions, plants species are pollinated ! A) one animal species, and each animal species pollinates one plant species. 7) one animal species, and each animal species pollinates multiple plant species. ) multiple animal species, and each animal species pollinates one plant species. 8) multiple animal species, and each animal species pollinates multiple plant species. Answer" 8 #opic" Section 13.* -) #wo species of cattail (Typha) lie in shallow water along the shoreline o f ponds. Although T. agustifolia can lie ! itself in water 29&2 cm deep, in the presence of T. latifolia, it occurs onl in water : &2 cm deep, whereas T. latifolia occurs in shallower water. In this e;ample, T. agustifolia is limited ! competition e;ploiting its A) ecological niche. 7) fundamental niche. ) reali/ed niche. 8) phsiological niche. Answer" #opic" Section 13.+ 13.3 #rue<=alse Questions 1) #he flower of an orchid species is pollinated ! a species of wasp that is deceied ! the orchid into thining it is mating with another wasp. Answer" #> #opic" Introduction to $art % &) $redation alwas has a negatie effect on the indiidual pre. Answer" #> #opic" Section 13.1 3) In a parasitic relationship !etween two species, the h ost species usuall dies. Answer" =A?S #opic" Section 13.1 %) $arasitoidism is a form of mutualism. Answer" =A?S #opic" Section 13.1
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*) 'hen the population si/e of a pre species increases, the !irthrate of a predator species should also increase. Answer" #> #opic" Section 13.& +) #he interaction !etween two species usuall influences all indiiduals within the respectie populations equall. Answer" =A?S #opic" Section 13.3 -) #he relationship !etween nectar6producing flowers and nectar6feeding !irds is a mutuall !eneficial interaction. Answer" #> #opic" Section 13.3 0) Species haing wide geographic distri!utions generall encounter a !roader range of phsical enironmental conditions than species whose distri!ution is more restricted. Answer" #> #opic" Section 13.% 4) 5ost interspecific interactions are e;clusie, inoling onl two species. Answer" =A?S #opic" Section 13.* 12) An organism@s reali/ed niche is alwas smaller than its fundamental niche. Answer" =A?S #opic" Section 13.+ 11) Adaptie radiation can result from diergent adaptations to aoid predators. Answer" #> #opic" Section 13.13.% ssa Questions 1) 8efine fie tpes of species interactions !ased on their reciprocal effects. #opic" Section 13.1 &) 8escri!e an e;ample of how coeolution !etween a predator and a pre can lead to speciali/ation. #opic" Section 13.3 3) 8efine diffuse coeolution. 8o most interspecific interactions occur e;clusiel !etween two species $roide an e;planation for our answer. #opic" Section 13.*
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%) 8efine a fundamental niche and a reali/ed niche, and proide an e;ample illustrating each. Is one alwas larger than the other ;plain our answer. #opic" Section 13.+
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