DATA STRUCTURES 2 MARKS AND 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK WITH ANSWERS UNIT I – LINEAR STRUCTURES PART A 1. Define Data St!"t!e# Data St!"t!e# i# $efine$ a# t%e &a' (f ()ani*in) a++ $ata ite,# t%at "(n#i$e n(t (n+' t%e e+e,ent# #t(e$ -!t a+#( #t(e# t%e e+ati(n#%i -et&een t%e e+e,ent#. 2. Define i,a' $ata #t!"t!e# Pi,a' $ata #t!"t!e# ae t%e -a#i" $ata #t!"t!e# t%at $ie"t+' (eate !(n t%e ,a"%ine in#t!"ti(n#. A++ t%e -a#i" "(n#tant# /inte)e#0 f+(atin)(int n!,-e#0 "%aa"te "(n#tant#0 #tin) "(n#tant# an$ (inte# ae "(n#i$ee$ a# i,a' $ata #t!"t!e#. 3. Define #tati" $ata #t!"t!e# A $ata #t!"t!e f(,e$ &%en t%e n!,-e (f $ata ite,# ae 4n(&n in a$5an"e i# efee$ a# #tati" $ata #t!"t!e ( fie$ #i*e $ata #t!"t!e. 7. Li#t #(,e (f t%e #tati" $ata #t!"t!e# in C S(,e (f t%e #tati" $ata #t!"t!e# in C ae aa'#0 (inte#0 #t!"t!e# et". 8. Define $'na,i" $ata #t!"t!e# A $ata #t!"t!e f(,e$ &%en t%e n!,-e (f $ata ite,# ae n(t 4n(&n in a$5an"e i# 4n(&n a# $'na,i" $ata #t!"t!e ( 5aia-+e #i*e $ata #t!"t!e. 6. Li#t #(,e (f t%e $'na,i" $ata #t!"t!e# in C S(,e (f t%e $'na,i" $ata #t!"t!e# in C ae +in4e$ +i#t#0 #ta"4#0 9!e!e#0 tee# et". :. Define +inea $ata #t!"t!e# Linea $ata #t!"t!e# ae $ata #t!"t!e# %a5in) a +inea e+ati(n#%i -et&een it# a$;a"ent e+e,ent#. E) Lin4e$ +i#t# <. Define n(n+inea $ata #t!"t!e# N(n+inea $ata #t!"t!e# ae $ata #t!"t!e# t%at $(n=t %a5e a +inea e+ati(n#%i -et&een it# a$;a"ent e+e,ent# -!t %a5e a %iea"%i"a+ e+ati(n#%i -et&een t%e e+e,ent#. E) Tee# an$ >a%# ?. Define Lin4e$ Li#t# Lin4e$ +i#t "(n#i#t# (f a #eie# (f #t!"t!e#0 &%i"% ae n(t ne"e##ai+' a$;a"ent in ,e,('. Ea"% #t!"t!e "(ntain# t%e e+e,ent an$ a (inte t( a #t!"t!e "(ntainin) it# #!""e##(. We "a++ t%i# t%e P(inte. T%e +a#t "e++=# (inte (int# t( NULL. 1@. State t%e $iffeent t'e# (f +in4e$ +i#t# T%e $iffeent t'e# (f +in4e$ +i#t in"+!$e #in)+' +in4e$ +i#t0 $(!-+' +in4e$ +i#t an$ "i"!+a +in4e$ +i#t. 11. Li#t t%e -a#i" (eati(n# "aie$ (!t in a +in4e$ +i#t T%e -a#i" (eati(n# "aie$ (!t in a +in4e$ +i#t in"+!$e 1.Ceati(n (f a +i#t 2.In#eti(n (f a n($e 3.De+eti(n (f a n($e 7.M($ifi"ati(n (f a n($e 8.Ta5e#a+ (f t%e +i#t 12. Li#t (!t t%e a$5anta)e# (f !#in) a +in4e$ +i#t It i# n(t ne"e##a' t( #e"if' t%e n!,-e (f e+e,ent# in a +in4e$ +i#t $!in) it# $e"+aati(n Lin4e$ +i#t "an )(& an$ #%in4 in #i*e $een$in) !(n t%e in#eti(n an$ $e+eti(n t%at (""!# in t%e +i#t In#eti(n# an$ $e+eti(n# at an' +a"e in a +i#t "an -e %an$+e$ ea#i+' an$ effi"ient+' A +in4e$ +i#t $(e# n(t &a#te an' ,e,(' #a"e 13. Li#t (!t t%e $i#a$5anta)e# (f !#in) a +in4e$ +i#t Sea"%in) a ati"!+a e+e,ent in a +i#t i# $iffi"!+t an$ ti,e "(n#!,in) A +in4e$ +i#t &i++ !#e ,(e #t(a)e #a"e t%an an aa' t( #t(e t%e #a,e n!,-e
(f e+e,ent#
17. Li#t (!t t%e a+i"ati(n# (f a +in4e$ +i#t S(,e (f t%e i,(tant a+i"ati(n# (f +in4e$ +i#t# ae ,ani!+ati(n (f (+'n(,ia+#0 #a#e ,ati"e#0 #ta"4# an$ 9!e!e#. 18. State t%e $iffeen"e -et&een aa'# an$ +in4e$ +i#t# Aa'# Lin4e$ Li#t# Si*e (f an aa' i# fie$ Si*e (f a +i#t i# 5aia-+e It i# ne"e##a' t( #e"if' t%e n!,-e (f e+e,ent# $!in) $e"+aati(n It i# n(t ne"e##a' t( #e"if' t%e n!,-e (f e+e,ent# $!in) $e"+aati(n In#eti(n# an$ $e+eti(n# ae #(,e&%at $iffi"!+t In#eti(n# an$ $e+eti(n# ae "aie$ (!t ea#i+' It (""!ie# +e## ,e,(' t%an a +in4e$ +i#t f( t%e #a,e n!,-e (f e+e,ent# It (""!ie# ,(e ,e,(' 16. Define a #ta"4 Sta"4 i# an ($ee$ "(++e"ti(n (f e+e,ent# in &%i"% in#eti(n# an$ $e+eti(n# ae e#ti"te$ t( (ne en$. T%e en$ f(, &%i"% e+e,ent# ae a$$e$ an$( e,(5e$ i# efee$ t( a# t( (f t%e #ta"4. Sta"4# ae a+#( efee$ a# i+e#0 !#%$(&n +i#t# an$ +a#tinfi#t(!t /LIO +i#t#. 1:. Li#t (!t t%e -a#i" (eati(n# t%at "an -e ef(,e$ (n a #ta"4 T%e -a#i" (eati(n# t%at "an -e ef(,e$ (n a #ta"4 ae P!#% (eati(n P( (eati(n Pee4 (eati(n E,t' "%e"4 !++' (""!ie$ "%e"4 1<. State t%e $iffeent &a'# (f ee#entin) ee##i(n# T%e $iffeent &a'# (f ee#entin) ee##i(n# ae Infi N(tati(n Pefi N(tati(n P(#tfi N(tati(n 1?. State t%e a$5anta)e# (f !#in) infi n(tati(n# It i# t%e ,at%e,ati"a+ &a' (f ee#entin) t%e ee##i(n It i# ea#ie t( #ee 5i#!a++' &%i"% (eati(n i# $(ne f(, fi#t t( +a#t 2@. State t%e a$5anta)e# (f !#in) (#tfi n(tati(n# Nee$ n(t &(' a-(!t t%e !+e# (f e"e$en"e Nee$ n(t &(' a-(!t t%e !+e# f( i)%t t( +eft a##("iati5it' Nee$ n(t nee$ aent%e#i# t( (5ei$e t%e a-(5e !+e# 21. State t%e !+e# t( -e f(++(&e$ $!in) infi t( (#tfi "(n5e#i(n# !++' aent%e#i*e t%e ee##i(n #tatin) f(, +eft t( i)%t. D!in) aent%e#i*in)0 t%e (eat(# %a5in) %i)%e e"e$en"e ae fi#t aent%e#i*e$ M(5e t%e (eat(# (ne -' (ne t( t%ei i)%t0 #!"% t%at ea"% (eat( e+a"e# t%ei "(e#(n$in) i)%t aent%e#i# T%e at (f t%e ee##i(n0 &%i"% %a# -een "(n5ete$ int( (#tfi i# t( -e teate$ a# #in)+e (ean$ 22. State t%e !+e# t( -e f(++(&e$ $!in) infi t( efi "(n5e#i(n# !++' aent%e#i*e t%e ee##i(n #tatin) f(, +eft t( i)%t. D!in) aent%e#i*in)0 t%e (eat(# %a5in) %i)%e e"e$en"e ae fi#t aent%e#i*e$ M(5e t%e (eat(# (ne -' (ne t( t%ei +eft0 #!"% t%at ea"% (eat( e+a"e# t%ei "(e#(n$in) +eft aent%e#i# T%e at (f t%e ee##i(n0 &%i"% %a# -een "(n5ete$ int( efi i# t( -e teate$ a# #in)+e (ean$ On"e t%e ee##i(n i# "(n5ete$ int( efi f(,0 e,(5e a++ aent%e#i# 23. State t%e $iffeen"e -et&een #ta"4# an$ +in4e$ +i#t#
T%e $iffeen"e -et&een #ta"4# an$ +in4e$ +i#t# i# t%at in#eti(n# an$ $e+eti(n# ,a' (""! an'&%ee in a +in4e$ +i#t0 -!t (n+' at t%e t( (f t%e #ta"4 27. Menti(n t%e a$5anta)e# (f ee#entin) #ta"4# !#in) +in4e$ +i#t# t%an aa'# It i# n(t ne"e##a' t( #e"if' t%e n!,-e (f e+e,ent# t( -e #t(e$ in a #ta"4 $!in) it# $e"+aati(n0 #in"e ,e,(' i# a++("ate$ $'na,i"a++' at !n ti,e &%en an e+e,ent i# a$$e$ t( t%e #ta"4 In#eti(n# an$ $e+eti(n# "an -e %an$+e$ ea#i+' an$ effi"ient+' Lin4e$ +i#t ee#entati(n (f #ta"4# "an )(& an$ #%in4 in #i*e &it%(!t &a#tin) ,e,(' #a"e0 $een$in) !(n t%e in#eti(n an$ $e+eti(n t%at (""!# in t%e +i#t M!+ti+e #ta"4# "an -e ee#ente$ effi"ient+' !#in) a "%ain f( ea"% #ta"4 28. Define a 9!e!e Q!e!e i# an ($ee$ "(++e"ti(n (f e+e,ent# in &%i"% in#eti(n# ae e#ti"te$ t( (ne en$ "a++e$ t%e ea en$ an$ $e+eti(n# ae e#ti"te$ t( (t%e en$ "a++e$ t%e f(nt en$. Q!e!e# ae a+#( efee$ a# i#tIn i#tO!t /IO Li#t#. 26. Define a i(it' 9!e!e Pi(it' 9!e!e i# a "(++e"ti(n (f e+e,ent#0 ea"% "(ntainin) a 4e' efee$ a# t%e i(it' f( t%at e+e,ent. E+e,ent# "an -e in#ete$ in an' ($e /i.e.0 (f a+tenatin) i(it'0 -!t ae aan)e$ in ($e (f t%ei i(it' 5a+!e in t%e 9!e!e. T%e e+e,ent# ae $e+ete$ f(, t%e 9!e!e in t%e ($e (f t%ei i(it' /i.e.0 t%e e+e,ent# &it% t%e %i)%e#t i(it' i# $e+ete$ fi#t. T%e e+e,ent# &it% t%e #a,e i(it' ae )i5en e9!a+ i,(tan"e an$ ("e##e$ a""($in)+'. 2:. State t%e $iffeen"e -et&een 9!e!e# an$ +in4e$ +i#t# T%e $iffeen"e -et&een 9!e!e# an$ +in4e$ +i#t# i# t%at in#eti(n# an$ $e+eti(n# ,a' (""! an'&%ee in t%e +in4e$ +i#t0 -!t in 9!e!e# in#eti(n# "an -e ,a$e (n+' in t%e ea en$ an$ $e+eti(n# "an -e ,a$e (n+' in t%e f(nt en$. 2<. Define a De9!e De9!e /D(!-+eEn$e$ Q!e!e i# an(t%e f(, (f a 9!e!e in &%i"% in#eti(n# an$ $e+eti(n# ae ,a$e at -(t% t%e f(nt an$ ea en$# (f t%e 9!e!e. T%ee ae t&( 5aiati(n# (f a $e9!e0 na,e+'0 in!t e#ti"te$ $e9!e an$ (!t!t e#ti"te$ $e9!e. T%e in!t e#ti"te$ $e9!e a++(&# in#eti(n at (ne en$ /it "an -e eit%e f(nt ( ea (n+'. T%e (!t!t e#ti"te$ $e9!e a++(&# $e+eti(n at (ne en$ /it "an -e eit%e f(nt ( ea (n+'. 2?. W%' '(! nee$ a $ata #t!"t!e A $ata #t!"t!e %e+# '(! t( !n$e#tan$ t%e e+ati(n#%i (f (ne $ata e+e,ent &it% t%e (t%e an$ ()ani*e it &it%in t%e ,e,('. S(,eti,e# t%e ()ani*ati(n ,i)%t -e #i,+e an$ "an -e 5e' "+ea+' 5i#i(ne$. E) Li#t (f na,e# (f ,(nt%# in a 'ea –Linea Data St!"t!e0 Li#t (f %i#t(i"a+ +a"e# in t%e &(+$ N(nLinea Data St!"t!e. A $ata #t!"t!e %e+# '(! t( ana+'*e t%e $ata0 #t(e it an$ ()ani*e it in a +()i"a+ an$ ,at%e,ati"a+ ,anne. 3@. Diffeen"e -et&een A-#ta"t Data T'e0 Data T'e an$ Data St!"t!e An A-#ta"t $ata t'e i# t%e #e"ifi"ati(n (f t%e $ata t'e &%i"% #e"ifie# t%e +()i"a+ an$ ,at%e,ati"a+ ,($e+ (f t%e $ata t'e. A $ata t'e i# t%e i,+e,entati(n (f an a-#ta"t $ata t'e. Data #t!"t!e efe# t( t%e "(++e"ti(n (f "(,!te 5aia-+e# t%at ae "(nne"te$ in #(,e #e"ifi" ,anne. i.e Data t'e %a# it# ((t in t%e a-#ta"t $ata t'e an$ a $ata #t!"t!e "(,i#e# a #et (f "(,!te 5aia-+e# (f #a,e ( $iffeent $ata t'e# 31. Define $ata t'e an$ &%at ae t%e t'e# (f $ata t'e Data t'e efe# t( t%e 4in$# (f $ata t%at 5aia-+e# ,a' %(+$ in t%e ()a,,in) +an)!a)e. E) int0 f+(at0 "%a0 $(!-+e – C T%e f(++(&in) ae t%e t'e# (f $ata t'e
B!i+t in $ata t'e int0 f+(at0 "%a0 $(!-+e &%i"% ae $efine$ -' ()a,,in) +an)!a)e it#e+f U#e $efine$ $ata t'e U#in) t%e #et (f -!i+t in $ata t'e# !#e "an $efine t%ei (&n $ata t'e E) t'e$ef #t!"t #t!$ent Fint (++G "%a na,eG SG S #1 G W%ee S i# a ta) f( !#e $efine$ $ata t'e &%i"% $efine# t%e #t!"t!e #t!$ent an$ #1 i# a 5aia-+e (f $ata t'e S. 32. Define an A-#ta"t Data T'e /ADT An a-#ta"t $ata t'e i# a #et (f (eati(n#. ADT# ae ,at%e,ati"a+ a-#ta"ti(n#G n(&%ee in an ADT=# $efiniti(n i# t%ee an'
,enti(n (f %(& t%e #et (f (eati(n# i# i,+e,ente$. O-;e"t# #!"% a# +i#t#0 #et# an$ )a%#0 a+(n) &it% t%ei (eati(n# "an -e 5ie&e$ a# a-#ta"t $ata t'e#. 33. W%at ae t%e a$5anta)e# (f ,($!+ait' It i# ,!"% ea#ie t( $e-!) #,a++ (!tine# t%an +a)e (!tine# It i# ea#ie f( #e5ea+ e(+e t( &(4 (n a ,($!+a ()a, #i,!+tane(!#+' A &e++&itten ,($!+a ()a, +a"e# "etain $een$en"ie# in (n+' (ne (!tine0 ,a4in) "%an)e# ea#ie 37. State t%e $iffeen"e -et&een i,iti5e an$ n(ni,iti5e $ata t'e# Pi,iti5e $ata t'e# ae t%e f!n$a,enta+ $ata t'e#. E) int0 f+(at0 $(!-+e0 "%aN(ni,iti5e $ata t'e# ae !#e $efine$ $ata t'e#. E) St!"t!e0 Uni(n an$ en!,eate$ $ata t'e# 38. State t%e $iffeen"e -et&een e#i#tent an$ e%e,ea+ $ata #t!"t!e Pe#i#tent $ata #t!"t!e# ae t%e $ata #t!"t!e# &%i"% etain t%ei e5i(!# #tate an$ ,($ifi"ati(n# "an -e $(ne -' ef(,in) "etain (eati(n# (n it. E) Sta"4 E%e,ea+ $ata #t!"t!e# ae t%e $ata #t!"t!e# &%i"% "ann(t etain it# e5i(!# #tate. E) Q!e!e# 36. W%at ae t%e (-;e"ti5e# (f #t!$'in) $ata #t!"t!e# T( i$entif' an$ "eate !#ef!+ ,at%e,ati"a+ entitie# an$ (eati(n# t( $ete,ine &%at "+a##e# (f (-+e,# "an -e #(+5e$ !#in) t%e#e entitie# an$ (eati(n# T( $ete,ine t%e ee#entati(n (f t%e#e a-#ta"t entitie# an$ t( i,+e,ent t%e a-#ta"t (eati(n# (n t%e#e "(n"ete ee#entati(n 3:. W%at ae t%e t'e# (f 9!e!e# Linea Q!e!e# – T%e 9!e!e %a# t&( en$#0 t%e f(nt en$ an$ t%e ea en$. T%e ea en$ i# &%ee &e in#et e+e,ent# an$ f(nt en$ i# &%ee &e $e+ete e+e,ent#. We "an ta5e#e in a +inea 9!e!e in (n+' (ne $ie"ti(n ie f(, f(nt t( ea. Ci"!+a Q!e!e# – An(t%e f(, (f +inea 9!e!e in &%i"% t%e +a#t (#iti(n i# "(nne"te$ t( t%e fi#t (#iti(n (f t%e +i#t. T%e "i"!+a 9!e!e i# #i,i+a t( +inea 9!e!e %a# t&( en$#0 t%e f(nt en$ an$ t%e ea en$. T%e ea en$ i# &%ee &e in#et e+e,ent# an$ f(nt en$ i# &%ee &e $e+ete e+e,ent#. We "an ta5e#e in a "i"!+a 9!e!e in (n+' (ne $ie"ti(n ie f(, f(nt t( ea. D(!-+eEn$e$Q!e!e – An(t%e f(, (f 9!e!e in &%i"% in#eti(n# an$ $e+eti(n# ae ,a$e at -(t% t%e f(nt an$ ea en$# (f t%e 9!e!e. 3<. Li#t t%e a+i"ati(n# (f #ta"4# T(&e# (f Han(i Re5e#in) a #tin) Ba+an"e$ aent%e#i# Re"!#i(n !#in) #ta"4 E5a+!ati(n (f ait%,eti" ee##i(n# 3?. Li#t t%e a+i"ati(n# (f 9!e!e# (-# #!-,itte$ t( inte Rea+ +ife +ine Ca++# t( +a)e "(,anie# A""e## t( +i,ite$ e#(!"e# in Uni5e#itie# A""e##in) fi+e# f(, fi+e #e5e 7@. W%' &e nee$ "!#( i,+e,entati(n (f +in4e$ +i#t# Man' +an)!a)e# #!"% a# BASIC an$ ORTRAN $( n(t #!(t (inte#. If +in4e$ +i#t# ae e9!ie$ an$ (inte# ae n(t a5ai+a-+e0 t%en an a+tenati5e i,+e,entati(n ,!#t -e !#e$ 4n(&n a# "!#( i,+e,entati(n. PART – B 1. W%at i# a Sta"4 E+ain &it% ea,+e Definiti(n (f Sta"4 Oeati(n# (f Sta"4 PUSH an$ POP
Ea,+e 2. Wite t%e a+)(it%, f( "(n5etin) infi ee##i(n t( (#tfi ee##i(n Definiti(n (f Ee##i(n T'e# (f ee##i(n
A+)(it%, f( infi t( (#tfi ee##i(n Ea,+e 3. W%at i# a Q!e!e E+ain it# (eati(n &it% ea,+e Definiti(n (f Q!e!e Oeati(n# (f Q!e!e in#et an$ e,(5e Ea,+e 7. E+ain t%e a+i"ati(n# (f #ta"4 E5a+!atin) ait%,eti" ee##i(n Ba+an"in) t%e #',-(+# !n"ti(n "a++# 8. Wite an a+)(it%, f( in#etin) an$ $e+etin) an e+e,ent f(, $(!-+' +in4e$ +i#t E+ain +inea +in4e$ i,+e,entati(n (f Sta"4 an$ Q!e!e Int($!"ti(n t( D(!-+' +in4e$ +i#t Oeati(n# in#eti(n an$ $e+eti(n &it% a+)(it%, Lin4e$ +i#t i,+e,entati(n (f Sta"4 Lin4e$ +i#t i,+e,entati(n (f Q!e!e 6.W%at i# an A-#ta"t Data t'e An$ e+ain J Definiti(n (f ADT J Ea,+e Rati(na+ ADT J P#e!$( "($e (f Rati(na+ ADT :.Define St!"t!e. E+ain in $etai+. J Definiti(n (f St!"t!e J ai(!# f(,# (f $e"+aati(n (f #t!"t!e J I,+e,entati(n (f #t!"t!e <. W%at i# Uni(n E+ain in $etai+ J Definiti(n (f !ni(n J Ea,+e J I,+e,entati(n (f !ni(n ?. Define e"!#i(n. E+ain &it% it i-(na""i #eie# J Definiti(n (f e"!#i(n J i-(na""i #e9!en"e $efiniti(n J Ea,+e 1@. E+ain a++("ati(n (f #t(a)e 5aia-+e an$ #"(e 5aia-+e#. J A++("ati(n (f 5aia-+e# J T&( t'e# (f 5aia-+e# a!t(,ati" an$ etena+ 5aia-+e# J Ea,+e UNIT II – TREE STRUCTURES PART A 1. Define a tee A tee i# a "(++e"ti(n (f n($e#. T%e "(++e"ti(n "an -e e,t'G (t%e&i#e0 a tee
"(n#i#t# (f a $i#tin)!i#%e$ n($e 0 "a++e$ t%e ((t0 an$ *e( ( ,(e n(ne,t' /#!- tee# T10 T200T40 ea"% (f &%(#e ((t# ae "(nne"te$ -' a $ie"te$ e$)e f(, . 2. Define ((t T%i# i# t%e !ni9!e n($e in t%e tee t( &%i"% f!t%e #!-tee# ae atta"%e$.
Hee0 A i# t%e ((t. O5a+ A 3. Define $e)ee (f t%e n($e T%e t(ta+ n!,-e (f #!-tee# atta"%e$ t( t%at n($e i# "a++e$ t%e $e)ee (f t%e O5a+ AO5a+ Bn($e. ( n($e A0 t%e $e)ee i# 2 an$ f( B an$ C0 t%e $e)ee i# @. 7. Define +ea5e# T%e#e ae t%e te,ina+ n($e# (f t%e tee. T%e n($e# &it% $e)ee @ ae a+&a'# t%e O5a+ BO5a+ AO5a+ C+ea5e#. Hee0 B an$ C ae +eaf n($e#. 8. Define $et% an$ %ei)%t (f a n($e ( an' n($e ni0 t%e $et% (f ni i# t%e +en)t% (f t%e !ni9!e at% f(, t%e ((t t( ni.
T%e %ei)%t (f ni i# t%e +en)t% (f t%e +(n)e#t at% f(, ni t( a +eaf. 6. Define $et% an$ %ei)%t (f a tee T%e $et% (f t%e tee i# t%e $et% (f t%e $eee#t +eaf. T%e %ei)%t (f t%e tee i# e9!a+ t( t%e %ei)%t (f t%e ((t. A+&a'# $et% (f t%e tee i# e9!a+ t( %ei)%t (f t% :. Define a -ina' tee A -ina' tee i# a finite #et (f n($e# &%i"% i# eit%e e,t' ( "(n#i#t# (f a ((t an$ t&( $i#;(int -ina' tee# "a++e$ t%e +eft #!-tee an$ i)%t #!-tee. <. Define a at% in a tee A at% in a tee i# a #e9!en"e (f $i#tin"t n($e# in &%i"% #!""e##i5e n($e# ae "(nne"te$ -' e$)e# in t%e tee. ?. Define te,ina+ n($e# in a tee A n($e t%at %a# n( "%i+$en i# "a++e$ a te,ina+ n($e. It i# a+#( efee$ t( a# +eaf n($e. 1@. Define n(nte,ina+ n($e# in a tee A++ inte,e$iate n($e# t%at ta5e#e t%e )i5en tee f(, it# ((t n($e t( t%e te,ina+ n($e# ae efee$ a# n(nte,ina+ n($e#. 11. Define a f!++ -ina' tee A f!++ -ina' tee i# a tee in &%i"% a++ t%e +ea5e# ae (n t%e #a,e +e5e+ an$ e5e' n(n+eaf n($e %a# ea"t+' t&( "%i+$en. 12. Define a "(,+ete -ina' tee A "(,+ete -ina' tee i# a tee in &%i"% e5e' n(n+eaf n($e %a# ea"t+' t&(
"%i+$en n(t ne"e##ai+' t( -e (n t%e #a,e +e5e+. 13. Define a i)%t#4e&e$ -ina' tee A i)%t#4e&e$ -ina' tee i# a tee0 &%i"% %a# (n+' i)%t "%i+$ n($e#. 17. State t%e (etie# (f a -ina' tee T%e ,ai,!, n!,-e (f n($e# (n +e5e+ n (f a -ina' tee i# 2n10 &%ee n1. T%e ,ai,!, n!,-e (f n($e# in a -ina' tee (f %ei)%t n i# 2n10 &%ee n1. ( an' n(ne,t' tee0 n+n$1 &%ee n+ i# t%e n!,-e (f +eaf n($e# an$ n$ i# t%e n!,-e (f n($e# (f $e)ee 2. 18. W%at i# ,eant -' -ina' tee ta5e#a+ Ta5e#in) a -ina' tee ,ean# ,(5in) t%(!)% a++ t%e n($e# in t%e -ina' tee0 5i#itin) ea"% n($e in t%e tee (n+' (n"e. 16. W%at ae t%e $iffeent -ina' tee ta5e#a+ te"%ni9!e# 1. Pe($e ta5e#a+ 2.In($e ta5e#a+ 3.P(#t($e ta5e#a+ 7.Le5e+($e ta5e#a+ 1:. W%at ae t%e ta#4# ef(,e$ &%i+e ta5e#in) a -ina' tee i#itin) a n($e Ta5e#e t%e +eft #!-tee Ta5e#e t%e i)%t #!-tee 1<. W%at ae t%e ta#4# ef(,e$ $!in) e($e ta5e#a+ P("e## t%e ((t n($e Ta5e#e t%e +eft #!-tee Ta5e#e t%e i)%t #!-tee
1?. W%at ae t%e ta#4# ef(,e$ $!in) in($e ta5e#a+ Ta5e#e t%e +eft #!-tee P("e## t%e ((t n($e Ta5e#e t%e i)%t #!-tee 1?. W%at ae t%e ta#4# ef(,e$ $!in) (#t($e ta5e#a+ Ta5e#e t%e +eft #!-tee Ta5e#e t%e i)%t #!-tee P("e## t%e ((t n($e 2@. State t%e ,eit# (f +inea ee#entati(n (f -ina' tee#. St(a)e ,et%($ i# ea#' an$ "an -e ea#i+' i,+e,ente$ in aa'# W%en t%e +("ati(n (f a aent"%i+$ n($e i# 4n(&n0 (t%e (ne "an -e $ete,ine$ ea#i+' It e9!ie# #tati" ,e,(' a++("ati(n #( it i# ea#i+' i,+e,ente$ in a++ ()a,,in) +an)!a)e 21. State t%e $e,eit (f +inea ee#entati(n (f -ina' tee#. In#eti(n# an$ $e+eti(n# in a n($e ta4e an e"e##i5e a,(!nt (f ("e##in) ti,e $!e t( $ata ,(5e,ent ! an$ $(&n t%e aa'. 22. State t%e ,eit (f +in4e$ ee#entati(n (f -ina' tee#. In#eti(n# an$ $e+eti(n# in a n($e in5(+5e n( $ata ,(5e,ent e"et t%e eaan)e,ent (f (inte#0 %en"e +e## ("e##in) ti,e. 23. State t%e $e,eit# (f +in4e$ ee#entati(n (f -ina' tee#. >i5en a n($e #t!"t!e0 it i# $iffi"!+t t( $ete,ine it# aent n($e Me,(' #a"e# ae &a#te$ f( #t(in) n!++ (inte# f( t%e n($e#0 &%i"% %a5e (ne ( n( #!-tee#
It e9!ie# $'na,i" ,e,(' a++("ati(n0 &%i"% i# n(t (##i-+e in #(,e ()a,,in) +an)!a)e 27. Define a -ina' #ea"% tee A -ina' #ea"% tee i# a #e"ia+ -ina' tee0 &%i"% i# eit%e e,t' ( it #%(!+$ #ati#f' t%e f(++(&in) "%aa"tei#ti"# E5e' n($e %a# a 5a+!e an$ n( t&( n($e# #%(!+$ %a5e t%e #a,e 5a+!e i.e t%e 5a+!e# in t%e -ina' #ea"% tee ae $i#tin"t T%e 5a+!e# in an' +eft #!-tee i# +e## t%an t%e 5a+!e (f it# aent n($e T%e 5a+!e# in an' i)%t #!-tee i# )eate t%an t%e 5a+!e (f it# aent n($e T%e +eft an$ i)%t #!-tee# (f ea"% n($e ae a)ain -ina' #ea"% tee# 28. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' )enea+ tee# >enea+ tee i# a tee &it% n($e# %a5in) an' n!,-e (f "%i+$en. 26. Define an"e#t( an$ $e#"en$ant If t%ee i# a at% f(, n($e n1 t( n20 t%en n1 i# t%e an"e#t( (f n2 an$ n2 i# t%e $e#"en$ant (f n1. 2:. W%' it i# #ai$ t%at #ea"%in) a n($e in a -ina' #ea"% tee i# effi"ient t%an t%at (f a #i,+e -ina' tee In -ina' #ea"% tee0 t%e n($e# ae aan)e$ in #!"% a &a' t%at t%e +eft n($e i# %a5in) +e## $ata 5a+!e t%an ((t n($e 5a+!e an$ t%e i)%t n($e# ae %a5in) +a)e 5a+!e t%an t%at (f ((t. Be"a!#e (f t%i# &%i+e #ea"%in) an' n($e t%e 5a+!e (f t%e ta)et n($e &i++ -e "(,ae$ &it% t%e aent n($e an$ a""($in)+' eit%e +eft #!- -an"% ( i)%t #!-an"% &i++ -e #ea"%e$. S(0 (ne %a# t( "(,ae (n+' ati"!+a -an"%e#. T%!# #ea"%in) -e"(,e# effi"ient. 2<. W%at i# t%e !#e (f t%ea$e$ -ina' tee In t%ea$e$ -ina' tee0 t%e NULL (inte# ae e+a"e$ -' #(,e a$$e##e#. T%e +eft (inte (f t%e n($e (int# t( it# e$e"e##( an$ t%e i)%t (inte (f t%e n($e (int# t( it# #!""e##(. 2?. W%at i# an ee##i(n tee An ee##i(n tee i# a tee &%i"% i# -!i+$ f(, infi ( efi ( (#tfi ee##i(n. >enea++'0 in #!"% a tee0 t%e +ea5e# ae
(ean$# an$ (t%e n($e# ae (eat(#. 3@. Define i)%tin t%ea$e$ tee Ri)%tin t%ea$e$ -ina' tee i# $efine$ a# (ne in &%i"% t%ea$# e+a"e NULL (inte# in n($e# &it% e,t' i)%t #!-tee#. 31. Define +eftin t%ea$e$ tee Leftin t%ea$e$ -ina' tee i# $efine$ a# (ne in &%i"% ea"% NULL (inte# i# a+tee$ t( "(ntain a t%ea$ t( t%at n($e=# in($e e$e"e##(. PART – B 1. W%at i# a -ina' #ea"% tee E+ain &it% ea,+e Definiti(n (f -ina' #ea"% tee Oeati(n# (f -ina' #ea"% tee In#eti(n an$ De+eti(n Ea,+e 2. E+ain -ina' tee ta5e#a+# Definiti(n (f tee ta5e#a+ T'e# (f ta5e#a+# Ea,+e 3. W%at i# a t%ea$e$ -ina' tee E+ain it# (eati(n &it% ea,+e Definiti(n (f t%ea$e$ -ina' tee Oeati(n# (f t%ea$e$ -ina' tee in#eti(n Ea,+e 7. E+ain t%e ee##i(n tee# P("e$!e t( "(n#t!"t ee##i(n tee Ea,+e
8. Wite t%e ("e$!e t( "(n5et )enea+ tee t( -ina' tee. Ste# Ea,+e 6. E+ain t%e 5ai(!# (eati(n# ef(,e$ (n a #ta"4. J Definiti(n (f #ta"4 J Oeati(n# ef(,e$ (n #ta"4 J Ea,+e :. Wite an a+)(it%, t( "(n5et infi ee##i(n t( (#tfi ee##i(n. J Definiti(n (f ee##i(n# J T'e# (f ee##i(n J A+)(it%, t( "(n5et t( (#tfi ee##i(n <. E+ain %(& t%e #&it"% #tate,ent i# !#e$ in t%e ()a,# in#tea$ (f ,!+ti+e if e+#e #tate,ent# &it% #!ita-+e ea,+e ()a,. J Definiti(n (f #&it"% an$ if e+#e #tate,ent# J Ea,+e ?. E+ain %(& t%e f(++(&in) infi ee##i(n i# e5a+!ate$ &it% t%e %e+ (f Sta"4 8 /6 2 12 7 J E+anati(n 1@. Wite an a+)(it%, f( in#etin) an$ $e+etin) e+e,ent in an $(!-+' +in4e$ +i#t. e+ain +inea +in4e$ i,+e,entati(n (f #ta"4 an$ 9!e!e J Int($!"ti(n t( $(!-+' +in4e$ +i#t J A+)(it%, f( in#etin) an$ $e+etin)
J Lin4e$ +i#t i,+e,entati(n (f #ta"4 J Lin4e$ +i#t i,+e,entati(n (f 9!e!e UNIT III – BALANCED TREES PART – A 1. Define AL Tee.
An e,t' tee i# %ei)%t -a+an"e$. If T i# a n(ne,t' -ina' tee &it% TL an$ TR a# it# +eft an$ i)%t #!-tee#0 t%en T i# %ei)%t -a+an"e$ if i TL an$ TR ae %ei)%t -a+an"e$ an$ ii%L %R 1 W%ee %L an$ %R ae t%e %ei)%t# (f TL an$ TR e#e"ti5e+'. 2. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' -a+an"e$ tee# Ba+an"e$ tee# %a5e t%e #t!"t!e (f -ina' tee# an$ (-e' -ina' #ea"% tee (etie#. Aat f(, t%e#e (etie#0 t%e' %a5e #(,e #e"ia+ "(n#taint#0 &%i"% $iffe f(, (ne $ata #t!"t!e t( an(t%e. H(&e5e0 t%e#e "(n#taint# ae ai,e$ (n+' at e$!"in) t%e %ei)%t (f t%e tee0 -e"a!#e t%i# fa"t( $ete,ine# t%e ti,e "(,+eit'. E) AL tee#0 S+a' tee#. 3. W%at ae t%e "ate)(ie# (f AL (tati(n# Let A -e t%e neae#t an"e#t( (f t%e ne&+' in#ete$ n($ &%i"% %a# t%e -a+an"in) fa"t( 2. T%en t%e (tati(n# "an -e "+a##ifie$ int( t%e f(++(&in) f(! "ate)(ie# LeftLeft T%e ne&+' in#ete$ n($e i# in t%e +eft #!-tee (f t%e +eft "%i+$ (f A. Ri)%tRi)%t T%e ne&+' in#ete$ n($e i# in t%e i)%t #!-tee (f t%e i)%t "%i+$ (f A. LeftRi)%t T%e ne&+' in#ete$ n($e i# in t%e i)%t #!-tee (f t%e +eft "%i+$ (f A. Ri)%tLeft T%e ne&+' in#ete$ n($e i# in t%e +eft #!-tee (f t%e i)%t "%i+$ (f A. 7. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' -a+an"e fa"t( (f a n($e in AL tee T%e %ei)%t (f +eft #!-tee ,in!# %ei)%t (f i)%t #!-tee i# "a++e$ -a+an"e fa"t( (f a n($e in AL tee.T%e -a+an"e fa"t( ,a' -e eit%e @ ( 1 ( 1.T%e %ei)%t (f an e,t' tee i# 1. 8. Define #+a' tee. A #+a' tee i# a -ina' #ea"% tee in &%i"% e#t!"t!in) i# $(ne !#in) a #"%e,e "a++e$ #+a'. T%e #+a' i# a %e!i#ti" ,et%($ &%i"% ,(5e# a )i5en 5ete 5 t( t%e ((t (f t%e #+a' tee !#in) a #e9!en"e (f (tati(n#. 6. W%at i# t%e i$ea -e%in$ #+a'in) S+a'in) e$!"e# t%e t(ta+ a""e##in) ti,e if t%e ,(#t fe9!ent+' a""e##e$ n($e i# ,(5e$ t(&a$# t%e ((t. It $(e# n(t e9!ie t( ,aintain an' inf(,ati(n e)a$in) t%e %ei)%t ( -a+an"e fa"t( an$ %en"e #a5e# #a"e an$ #i,+ifie# t%e "($e t( #(,e etent. :. Li#t t%e t'e# (f (tati(n# a5ai+a-+e in S+a' tee. Let !# a##!,e t%at t%e #+a' i# ef(,e$ at 5ete 50 &%(#e aent an$
)an$aent ae an$ ) e#e"ti5e+'. T%en0 t%e t%ee (tati(n# ae na,e$ a# i) If i# t%e ((t an$ 5 i# t%e +eft "%i+$ (f 0 t%en +eft+eft (tati(n at &(!+$ #!ffi"e. T%i# "a#e a+&a'# te,inate# t%e #+a' a# 5 ea"%e# t%e ((t afte t%i# (tati(n. i)i) If i# n(t t%e ((t0 i# t%e +eft "%i+$ an$ 5 i# a+#( a +eft "%i+$0 t%en a +eft+eft (tati(n at ) f(++(&e$ -' a +eft+eft (tati(n at 0 -in)# 5 a# an an"e#t( (f ) a# &e++ a# . i)a) If i# n(t t%e ((t0 i# t%e +eft "%i+$ an$ 5 i# a i)%t "%i+$0 ef(, a +efti)%t (tati(n at ) an$ -in) 5 a# an an"e#t( (f a# &e++ a# ). <. Define Hea. A %ea i# $efine$ t( -e a "(,+ete -ina' tee &it% t%e (et' t%at t%e 5a+!e (f ea"% n($e i# at+ea#t a# #,a++ a# t%e 5a+!e (f it# "%i+$ n($e#0 if t%e' ei#t. T%e ((t n($e (f t%e %ea %a# t%e #,a++e#t 5a+!e in t%e tee. ?. W%at i# t%e ,ini,!, n!,-e (f n($e# in an AL tee (f %ei)%t % T%e ,ini,!, n!,-e (f n($e# S/%0 in an AL tee (f %ei)%t % i# )i5en -' S/%S/%1S/%21. ( %@0 S/%1. 1@. Define Btee (f ($e M. A Btee (f ($e M i# a tee t%at i# n(t -ina' &it% t%e f(++(&in) #t!"t!a+ (etie# T%e ((t i# eit%e a +eaf ( %a# -et&een 2 an$ M "%i+$en. A++ n(n+eaf n($e# /e"et t%e ((t %a5e -et&een VM2 an$ M "%i+$en. A++ +ea5e# ae at t%e #a,e $et%. 11. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' 23 tee A Btee (f ($e 3 i# "a++e$ 23 tee. A Btee (f ($e 3 i# a tee t%at i# n(t -ina' &it% t%e f(++(&in) #t!"t!a+ (etie# T%e ((t i# eit%e a +eaf ( %a# -et&een 2 an$ 3 "%i+$en. A++ n(n+eaf n($e# /e"et t%e ((t %a5e -et&een 2 an$ 3 "%i+$en. A++ +ea5e# ae at t%e #a,e $et%.
12. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' 237 tee A Btee (f ($e 7 i# "a++e$ 237 tee. A Btee (f ($e 7 i# a tee t%at i# n(t -ina' &it% t%e f(++(&in) #t!"t!a+ (etie# T%e ((t i# eit%e a +eaf ( %a# -et&een 2 an$ 7 "%i+$en. A++ n(n+eaf n($e# /e"et t%e ((t %a5e -et&een 2 an$ 7 "%i+$en. A++ +ea5e# ae at t%e #a,e $et%. 13. W%at ae t%e a+i"ati(n# (f Btee Data-a#e i,+e,entati(n In$ein) (n n(n i,a' 4e' fie+$# 17. W%at i# t%e nee$ f( Pi(it' 9!e!e In a ,!+ti!#e en5i(n,ent0 t%e (eatin) #'#te, #"%e$!+e ,!#t $e"i$e &%i"% (f t%e #e5ea+ ("e##e# t( !n (n+' f( a fie$ ei($ (f ti,e. One a+)(it%, !#e# 9!e!e. (-# ae initia++' +a"e$ at t%e en$ (f t%e 9!e!e. T%e #"%e$!+e &i++ eeate$+' ta4e t%e fi#t ;(- (n t%e 9!e!e0 !n it !nti+ eit%e it fini#%e# ( it# ti,e +i,it i# ! an$ +a"e it at t%e en$ (f t%e 9!e!e if it $(e# n(t fini#%. T%i# #tate)' i# n(t a(iate0 -e"a!#e 5e' #%(t ;(-# &i++ #((n t( ta4e a +(n) ti,e -e"a!#e (f t%e &ait in5(+5e$ in t%e !n. >enea++'0 it i# i,(tant t%at #%(t ;(-# fini#% a# fa#t a# (##i-+e0 #( t%e#e ;(-# #%(!+$ %a5e e"e$en"e (5e ;(-# t%at %a5e a+ea$' -een !nnin). !t%e ,(e0 #(,e ;(-# t%at ae n(t #%(t ae #ti++ 5e' i,(tant an$ #%(!+$ %a5e e"e$en"e. T%i# ati"!+a a+i"ati(n #ee,# t( e9!ie a #e"ia+ 4in$ (f 9!e!e0 4n(&n a# i(it' 9!e!e. Pi(it' 9!e!e i# a+#( "a++e$ a# Hea ( Bina' Hea. 18. W%at ae t%e (etie# (f -ina' %ea i St!"t!e P(et' ii Hea O$e P(et' 16. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' #t!"t!e (et' in a %ea A %ea i# a -ina' tee t%at i# "(,+ete+' fi++e$ &it% t%e (##i-+e e"eti(n at t%e -(tt(, +e5e+0 &%i"% i# fi++e$ f(, +eft t( i)%t. S!"% a tee i# 4n(&n a# a "(,+ete -ina' tee. 1:. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' %ea ($e (et' In a %ea0 f( e5e' n($e X0 t%e 4e' in t%e aent (f X i# #,a++e t%an /( e9!a+ t( t%e 4e' in X0 &it% t%e e"eti(n (f t%e ((t /&%i"% %a# n( aent.
1<. W%at ae t%e a+i"ati(n# (f i(it' 9!e!e# J T%e #e+e"ti(n (-+e, J E5ent #i,!+ati(n 1?. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' t%e te, YPe"(+ate !Z T( in#et an e+e,ent0 &e %a5e t( "eate a %(+e in t%e net a5ai+a-+e %ea +("ati(n. In#etin) an e+e,ent in t%e %(+e &(!+$ #(,eti,e# 5i(+ate t%e %ea ($e (et'0 #( &e %a5e t( #+i$e $(&n t%e aent int( t%e %(+e. T%i# #tate)' i# "(ntin!e$ !nti+ t%e "(e"t +("ati(n f( t%e ne& e+e,ent i# f(!n$. T%i# )enea+ #tate)' i# 4n(&n a# a e"(+ate !G t%e ne& e+e,ent i# e"(+ate$ ! t%e %ea !nti+ t%e "(e"t +("ati(n i# f(!n$. 2@. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' t%e te, YPe"(+ate $(&nZ W%en t%e ,ini,!, e+e,ent i# e,(5e$0 a %(+e i# "eate$ at t%e ((t. Sin"e t%e %ea n(& -e"(,e# (ne #,a++e0 it f(++(&# t%at t%e +a#t e+e,ent X in t%e %ea ,!#t ,(5e #(,e&%ee in t%e %ea. If X "an -e +a"e$ in t%e %(+e0 t%en &e ae $(ne.. T%i# i# !n+i4e+'0 #( &e #+i$e t%e #,a++e (f t%e %(+e=# "%i+$en int( t%e %(+e0 t%!# !#%in) t%e %(+e $(&n (ne +e5e+. We eeat t%i# #te !nti+ X "an -e +a"e$ in t%e %(+e. T%!#0 (! a"ti(n i# t( +a"e X in it# "(e"t #(t a+(n) a at% f(, t%e ((t "(ntainin) ,ini,!, "%i+$en. T%i# )enea+ #tate)' i# 4n(&n a# e"(+ate $(&n. PART B 1. W%at i# a Bina' %ea E+ain -ina' %ea Definiti(n (f Bina' %ea P(etie# (f -ina' %ea Ea,+e 2. E+ain S+a' tee in $etai+ Definiti(n Ceati(n T'e# (f (tati(n 3. E+ain Btee ee#entati(n N($e ee#entati(n (f Btee I,+i"it aa' ee#entati(n (f Btee I,+e,entati(n (f 5ai(!# (eati(n#
7. W%at i# a Pi(it' Q!e!e W%at ae it# t'e# E+ain. Definiti(n (f Pi(it' 9!e!e T'e# A#"en$in) an$ De#"en$in) i(it' 9!e!e I,+e,entati(n (f i(it' 9!e!e 8. E+ain AL tee in $etai+ J Definiti(n J Ceati(n J T'e# (f (tati(n J De+eti(n 6. W%at i# a -ina' tee E+ain -ina' tee ta5e#a+ in Y"Z J Definiti(n (f -ina' tee J Ta5e#a+# J In($e ta5e#a+ J Pe($e ta5e#a+ J P(#t($e ta5e#a+ :. C(n#t!"t a -ina' tee t( #ati#f' t%e f(++(&in) ($e# J In($e D B E A > C L H K J P(#t($e D E B > L K H C A <. E+ain ee#entin) +i#t# a# -ina' tee#. Wite an a+)(it%, t( fin$ 4t% e+e,ent an$ $e+etin) it. J Ree#entin) +i#t a# -ina' tee J
in$in) 4t% e+e,ent J De+etin) an e+e,ent ?. E+ain t%ea$e$ -ina' tee &it% ea,+e# J Define t%ea$e$ -ina' tee J T'e# Ri)%tin t%ea$e$ -ina' tee Leftin t%ea$e$ tee. 1@. E+ain -ina' tee ee#entati(n J
UNIT I – HASHIN> AND SET PART – A 1. Define Ha#%in). Ha#%in) i# t%e tan#f(,ati(n (f #tin) (f "%aa"te# int( a !#!a++' #%(te fie$ +en)t% 5a+!e ( 4e' t%at ee#ent# t%e (i)ina+ #tin). Ha#%in) i# !#e$ t( in$e an$ etie5e ite,# in a $ata-a#e -e"a!#e it i# fa#te t( fin$ t%e ite, !#in) t%e #%(t %a#%e$ 4e' t%an t( fin$ it !#in) t%e (i)ina+ 5a+!e. 2. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' %a#% ta-+e T%e %a#% ta-+e $ata #t!"t!e i# ,ee+' an aa' (f #(,e fie$ #i*e0 "(ntainin) t%e 4e'#. A 4e' i# a #tin) &it% an a##("iate$ 5a+!e. Ea"% 4e' i# ,ae$ int( #(,e n!,-e in t%e an)e @ t( ta-+e#i*e1 an$ +a"e$ in t%e a(iate "e++. 3. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' %a#% f!n"ti(n A %a#% f!n"ti(n i# a 4e' t( a$$e## tan#f(,ati(n &%i"% a"t# !(n a )i5en 4e' t( "(,!te t%e e+ati5e (#iti(n (f t%e 4e' in an aa'. T%e "%(i"e (f %a#% f!n"ti(n #%(!+$ -e #i,+e an$ it ,!#t $i#ti-!te t%e $ata e5en+'. A #i,+e %a#% f!n"ti(n i# %a#%[4e'4e' ,($ ta-+e#i*e. 7. Wite t%e i,(tan"e (f %a#%in). Ma# 4e' &it% t%e "(e#(n$in) 5a+!e !#in) %a#% f!n"ti(n. Ha#% ta-+e# #!(t t%e effi"ient a$$iti(n (f ne& entie# an$ t%e ti,e #ent (n #ea"%in) f( t%e e9!ie$ $ata i# in$een$ent (f t%e n!,-e (f ite,# #t(e$. 8. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' "(++i#i(n in %a#%in) W%en an e+e,ent i# in#ete$0 it %a#%e# t( t%e #a,e 5a+!e a# an a+ea$' in#ete$ e+e,ent0 an$ t%en it ($!"e# "(++i#i(n. 6. W%at ae t%e "(++i#i(n e#(+!ti(n ,et%($# Seaate "%ainin) ( Etena+ %a#%in)
Oen a$$e##in) ( C+(#e$ %a#%in) :. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' #eaate "%ainin) Seaate "%ainin) i# a "(++i#i(n e#(+!ti(n te"%ni9!e t( 4ee t%e +i#t (f a++ e+e,ent# t%at %a#% t( t%e #a,e 5a+!e. T%i# i# "a++e$ #eaate "%ainin) -e"a!#e ea"% %a#% ta-+e e+e,ent i# a #eaate "%ain /+in4e$ +i#t. Ea"% +in4e$ +i#t "(ntain# a++ t%e e+e,ent# &%(#e 4e'# %a#% t( t%e #a,e in$e. <. Wite t%e a$5anta)e (f #eaate "%ainin). M(e n!,-e (f e+e,ent# "an -e in#ete$ a# it !#e# +in4e$ +i#t#. ?. Wite t%e $i#a$5anta)e# (f #eaate "%ainin). T%e e+e,ent# ae e5en+' $i#ti-!te$. S(,e e+e,ent# ,a' %a5e ,(e e+e,ent# an$ #(,e ,a' n(t %a5e an't%in). It e9!ie# (inte#. T%i# +ea$# t( #+(& t%e a+)(it%, $(&n a -it -e"a!#e (f t%e ti,e e9!ie$ t( a++("ate ne& "e++#0 an$ a+#( e##entia++' e9!ie# t%e i,+e,entati(n (f a #e"(n$ $ata #t!"t!e. 1@. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' (en a$$e##in) Oen a$$e##in) i# a "(++i#i(n e#(+5in) #tate)' in &%i"%0 if "(++i#i(n (""!# a+tenati5e "e++# ae tie$ !nti+ an e,t' "e++ i# f(!n$. T%e "e++# %@/0 %1/0 %2/0. ae tie$ in #!""e##i(n0 &%ee %i//Ha#%/ /i,($ Ta-+e#i*e &it% /@@. T%e f!n"ti(n i# t%e "(++i#i(n e#(+!ti(n #tate)'. 11. W%at ae t%e t'e# (f "(++i#i(n e#(+!ti(n #tate)ie# in (en a$$e##in) Linea (-in) Q!a$ati" (-in) D(!-+e %a#%in) 12. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' P(-in) P(-in) i# t%e ("e## (f )ettin) net a5ai+a-+e %a#% ta-+e aa' "e++. 13. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' +inea (-in) Linea (-in) i# an (en a$$e##in) "(++i#i(n e#(+!ti(n #tate)' in &%i"% i# a +inea f!n"ti(n (f i0 /ii. T%i# a,(!nt# t( t'in) #e9!entia++' in #ea"% (f an e,t' "e++. If t%e ta-+e i# -i) en(!)%0 a fee "e++ "an a+&a'# -e f(!n$0 -!t t%e ti,e t( $( #( "an )et 9!ite +a)e.
17. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' i,a' "+!#tein) In +inea (-in) "(++i#i(n e#(+!ti(n #tate)'0 e5en if t%e ta-+e i# e+ati5e+' e,t'0 -+("4# (f (""!ie$ "e++# #tat f(,in). T%i# effe"t i# 4n(&n a# i,a' "+!#tein) ,ean# t%at an' 4e' %a#%e# int( t%e "+!#te &i++ e9!ie #e5ea+ atte,t# t( e#(+5e t%e "(++i#i(n an$ t%en it &i++ a$$ t( t%e "+!#te. 18. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' 9!a$ati" (-in) Q!a$ati" (-in) i# an (en a$$e##in) "(++i#i(n e#(+!ti(n #tate)' in &%i"% /ii2. T%ee i# n( )!aantee (f fin$in) an e,t' "e++ (n"e t%e ta-+e )et# %a+f f!++ if t%e ta-+e #i*e i# n(t i,e. T%i# i# -e"a!#e at ,(#t %a+f (f t%e ta-+e "an -e !#e$ a# a+tenati5e +("ati(n# t( e#(+5e "(++i#i(n#. 16. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' #e"(n$a' "+!#tein) A+t%(!)% 9!a$ati" (-in) e+i,inate# i,a' "+!#tein)0 e+e,ent# t%at %a#% t( t%e #a,e (#iti(n &i++ (-e t%e #a,e a+tenati5e "e++#. T%i# i# 4n(&n a# #e"(n$a' "+!#tein). 1:. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' $(!-+e %a#%in) D(!-+e %a#%in) i# an (en a$$e##in) "(++i#i(n e#(+!ti(n #tate)' in &%i"% /ii.%a#%2/X. T%i# f(,!+a #a'# t%at &e a+' a #e"(n$ %a#% f!n"ti(n t( X an$ (-e at a $i#tan"e %a#%2/X0 2%a#%2/X0.0an$ #( (n. A f!n"ti(n #!"% a# %a#%2/XR/X,($R0 &it% R a i,e #,a++e t%an Ta-+e#i*e. 1<. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' e%a#%in) If t%e ta-+e )et# t(( f!++0 t%e !nnin) ti,e f( t%e (eati(n# &i++ #tat ta4in) t(( +(n) an$ in#et# ,i)%t fai+ f( (en a$$e##in) &it% 9!a$ati" e#(+!ti(n. A #(+!ti(n t( t%i# i# t( -!i+$ an(t%e ta-+e t%at i# a-(!t t&i"e a# -i) &it% t%e a##("iate$ ne& %a#% f!n"ti(n an$ #"an $(&n t%e entie (i)ina+ %a#% ta-+e0 "(,!tin) t%e ne& %a#% 5a+!e f( ea"% e+e,ent an$ in#etin) it in t%e ne& ta-+e. T%i# entie (eati(n i# "a++e$ e%a#%in). 1?. W%at i# t%e nee$ f( eten$i-+e %a#%in) If eit%e (en a$$e##in) %a#%in) ( #eaate "%ainin) %a#%in) i# !#e$0 t%e ,a;( (-+e, i# t%at "(++i#i(n# "(!+$ "a!#e #e5ea+ -+("4# t( -e ea,ine$ $!in) a in$0 e5en f( a &e++$i#ti-!te$ %a#% ta-+e. Eten$i-+e %a#%in) a++(&# a fin$ t( -e ef(,e$ in t&( $i#4 a""e##e#. In#eti(n# a+#( e9!ie fe& $i#4 a""e##e#. 2@. Li#t t%e +i,itati(n# (f +inea (-in). Ti,e ta4en f( fin$in) t%e net a5ai+a-+e "e++ i# +a)e. In +inea (-in)0 &e "(,e a"(## a (-+e, 4n(&n a# "+!#tein). 21. Menti(n (ne a$5anta)e an$ $i#a$5anta)e (f !#in) 9!a$ati" (-in). A$5anta)e T%e (-+e, (f i,a' "+!#tein) i# e+i,inate$. Di#a$5anta)e T%ee i# n( )!aantee (f fin$in) an !n(""!ie$ "e++ (n"e t%e ta-+e i# nea+' %a+f f!++.
22. Define a Re+ati(n. A e+ati(n R i# $efine$ (n a #et S if f( e5e' ai (f e+e,ent# /a0-0 a0- \ S0 aR- i# eit%e t!e ( fa+#e. If aR- i# t!e0 t%en &e #a' t%at a i# e+ate$ t( -. 23. Define an e9!i5a+en"e e+ati(n. An e9!i5a+en"e e+ati(n i# a e+ati(n R t%at #ati#fie# t%ee (etie# 1. /Ref+ei5e aRa0 f( a++ a \ S. 2. /S',,eti" aR- if an$ (n+' if -Ra. 3. /Tan#iti5e aR- an$ -R" i,+ie# t%at aR". 27. Li#t t%e a+i"ati(n# (f #et ADT. Maintainin) a #et (f "(nne"te$ "(,(nent# (f a )a% Maintain +i#t (f $!+i"ate "(ie# (f &e- a)e# C(n#t!"tin) a ,ini,!, #annin) tee f( a )a% 28. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' $i#;(int #et ADT A "(++e"ti(n (f n(ne,t' $i#;(int #et# SS10S20.0S4 i.e ea"% Si i# a n(n e,t' #et t%at %a# n( e+e,ent in "(,,(n &it% an' (t%e S;. In ,at%e,ati"a+ n(tati(n t%i# i# Si]S;^. Ea"% #et i# i$entifie$ -' a !ni9!e e+e,ent "a++e$ it# ee#entati5e. 26. Define a #et. A #et S i# an !n($ee$ "(++e"ti(n (f e+e,ent# f(, a !ni5e#e. An e+e,ent "ann(t aea ,(e t%an (n"e in S. T%e "a$ina+it' (f S i# t%e n!,-e (f e+e,ent# in S. An e,t' #et i# a #et &%(#e "a$ina+it' i# *e(. A #in)+et(n #et i# a #et &%(#e "a$ina+it' i# (ne. 2:. Li#t t%e a-#ta"t (eati(n# in t%e #et. Let S an$ T -e #et# an$ e -e an e+e,ent. SIN>LETON/e et!n# Fe UNION/S0T et!n# S Ụ T INTERSECTION/S0T et!n# S ] T IND et!n# t%e na,e (f t%e #et "(ntainin) a )i5en e+e,ent 2<. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' !ni(n-'&ei)%t
Kee ta"4 (f t%e &ei)%t ie#i*e (f ea"% tee an$ a+&a'# aen$ t%e #,a++e tee t( t%e +a)e (ne &%en ef(,in) UNION. 2?. W%at i# t%e nee$ f( at% "(,e##i(n Pat% "(,e##i(n i# ef(,e$ $!in) a in$ (eati(n. S!(#e if &e &ant t( ef(, in$/X0 t%en t%e effe"t (f at% "(,e##i(n i# t%at e5e' n($e (n t%e at% f(, X t( t%e ((t %a# it# aent "%an)e$ t( t%e ((t. PART – B 1. E+ain %a#%in) &it% ea,+e. Ha#%in) te"%ni9!e# Ea,+e 2. E+ain "(++i#i(n e#(+!ti(n #tate)ie# Seaate "%ainin) Oen a$$e##in) Ea,+e# 3. E+ain eten$i-+e %a#%in) Nee$ f( eten$i-+e %a#%in) P("e$!e Ea,+e 7. E+ain #,at !ni(n a+)(it%, S,at !ni(n a+)(it%, Ea,+e 8. E+ain at% "(,e##i(n Definiti(n a+)(it%, an$ ea,+e UNIT –>RAPHS
PART – A 1. Define >a%. A )a% > "(n#i#t (f a n(ne,t' #et &%i"% i# a #et (f n($e# (f t%e )a%0 a #et E &%i"% i# t%e #et (f e$)e# (f t%e )a%0 an$ a ,ain) f(, t%e #et f( e$)e E t( a #et (f ai# (f e+e,ent# (f . It "an a+#( -e ee#ente$ a# >/0 E. 2. Define a$;a"ent n($e#. An' t&( n($e# &%i"% ae "(nne"te$ -' an e$)e in a )a% ae "a++e$ a$;a"ent n($e#. ( ea,+e0 if an e$)e \ E i# a##("iate$ &it% a ai (f n($e# /!05 &%ee !0 5 \ 0 t%en &e #a' t%at t%e e$)e "(nne"t# t%e n($e# ! an$ 5. 3. W%at i# a $ie"te$ )a% A )a% in &%i"% e5e' e$)e i# $ie"te$ i# "a++e$ a $ie"te$ )a%. 7. W%at A )a% 8. W%at An e$)e
i# in i# (f
a !n$ie"te$ )a% &%i"% e5e' e$)e i# !n$ie"te$ i# "a++e$ a $ie"te$ )a%. a +(( a )a% &%i"% "(nne"t# t( it#e+f i# "a++e$ a +(( ( #+in).
6. W%at i# a #i,+e )a% A #i,+e )a% i# a )a%0 &%i"% %a# n(t ,(e t%an (ne e$)e -et&een a ai (f n($e# t%an #!"% a )a% i# "a++e$ a #i,+e )a%. :. W%at i# a &ei)%te$ )a% A )a% in &%i"% &ei)%t# ae a##i)ne$ t( e5e' e$)e i# "a++e$ a &ei)%te$ )a%. <. Define (!t$e)ee (f a )a% In a $ie"te$ )a%0 f( an' n($e 50 t%e n!,-e (f e$)e# &%i"% %a5e 5 a# t%ei initia+ n($e i# "a++e$ t%e (!t $e)ee (f t%e n($e 5. ?. Define in$e)ee (f a )a% In a $ie"te$ )a%0 f( an' n($e 50 t%e n!,-e (f e$)e# &%i"% %a5e 5 a# t%ei
te,ina+ n($e i# "a++e$ t%e in$e)ee (f t%e n($e 5. 1@. Define at% in a )a% T%e at% in a )a% i# t%e (!te ta4en t( ea"% te,ina+ n($e f(, a #tatin) n($e. 11. W%at i# a #i,+e at% A at% in a $ia)a, in &%i"% t%e e$)e# ae $i#tin"t i# "a++e$ a #i,+e at%. It i# a+#( "a++e$ a# e$)e #i,+e. 12. W%at i# a "'"+e ( a "i"!it A at% &%i"% (i)inate# an$ en$# in t%e #a,e n($e i# "a++e$ a "'"+e ( "i"!it. 13. W%at i# an a"'"+i" )a% A #i,+e $ia)a, &%i"% $(e# n(t %a5e an' "'"+e# i# "a++e$ an a"'"+i" )a%. 17. W%at i# ,eant -' #t(n)+' "(nne"te$ in a )a% An !n$ie"te$ )a% i# "(nne"te$0 if t%ee i# a at% f(, e5e' 5ete t( e5e' (t%e 5ete. A $ie"te$ )a% &it% t%i# (et' i# "a++e$ #t(n)+' "(nne"te$. 18. W%en i# a )a% #ai$ t( -e &ea4+' "(nne"te$ W%en a $ie"te$ )a% i# n(t #t(n)+' "(nne"te$ -!t t%e !n$e+'in) )a% i# "(nne"te$0 t%en t%e )a% i# #ai$ t( -e &ea4+' "(nne"te$. 16. Na,e t%e $iffeent &a'# (f ee#entin) a )a% a. A$;a"en"' ,ati -. A$;a"en"' +i#t 1:. W%at i# an !n$ie"te$ a"'"+i" )a% W%en e5e' e$)e in an a"'"+i" )a% i# !n$ie"te$0 it i# "a++e$ an !n$ie"te$ a"'"+i" )a%. It i# a+#( "a++e$ a# !n$ie"te$ f(e#t. 1<. W%at ae t%e t&( ta5e#a+ #tate)ie# !#e$ in ta5e#in) a )a% a. Bea$t% fi#t #ea"% -. Det% fi#t #ea"%
1?. W%at i# a ,ini,!, #annin) tee A ,ini,!, #annin) tee (f an !n$ie"te$ )a% > i# a tee f(,e$ f(, )a% e$)e# t%at "(nne"t# a++ t%e 5eti"e# (f > at t%e +(&e#t t(ta+ "(#t. 2@. Na,e t&( a+)(it%,# t&( fin$ ,ini,!, #annin) tee K!#4a+=# a+)(it%, Pi,=# a+)(it%, 21. Define )a% ta5e#a+#. Ta5e#in) a )a% i# an effi"ient &a' t( 5i#it ea"% 5ete an$ e$)e ea"t+' (n"e. 22. Li#t t%e t&( i,(tant 4e' (int# (f $et% fi#t #ea"%. i If at% ei#t# f(, (ne n($e t( an(t%e n($e0 &a+4 a"(## t%e e$)e – e+(in) t%e e$)e. ii If at% $(e# n(t ei#t f(, (ne #e"ifi" n($e t( an' (t%e n($e0 et!n t( t%e e5i(!# n($e &%ee &e %a5e -een -ef(e – -a"4ta"4in). 23. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' -ea$t% fi#t #ea"% /BS BS ef(,# #i,!+tane(!# e+(ati(n# #tatin) f(, a "(,,(n (int an$ #ea$in) (!t in$een$ent+'. 27. Diffeentiate BS an$ DS. N(. DS BS 1 Ba"4ta"4in) i# (##i-+e f(, a $ea$ en$ Ba"4ta"4in) i# n(t (##i-+e
2 eti"e# f(, &%i"% e+(ati(n i# in"(,+ete ae ("e##e$ in a LIO ($e T%e 5eti"e# t( -e e+(e$ ae ()ani*e$ a# a IO 9!e!e 3 Sea"% i# $(ne in (ne ati"!+a $ie"ti(n T%e 5eti"e# in t%e #a,e +e5e+ ae ,aintaine$ aa++e+' 28. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' tee e$)e If & i# !n$i#"(5ee$ at t%e ti,e 5& i# e+(e$0 t%en 5& i# "a++e$ a tee e$)e an$ 5 -e"(,e# t%e aent (f &. 26. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' -a"4 e$)e If & i# t%e an"e#t( (f 50 t%en 5& i# "a++e$ a -a"4 e$)e. 2:. Define -i"(nne"ti5it'. A "(nne"te$ )a% > i# #ai$ t( -e -i"(nne"te$0 if it e,ain# "(nne"te$ afte e,(5a+ (f an' (ne 5ete an$ t%e e$)e# t%at ae in"i$ent !(n t%at 5ete. A "(nne"te$ )a% i# -i"(nne"te$0 if it %a# n( ati"!+ati(n (int#. 2<. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' ati"!+ati(n (int If a )a% i# n(t -i"(nne"te$0 t%e 5eti"e# &%(#e e,(5a+ &(!+$ $i#"(nne"t t%e )a% ae 4n(&n a# ati"!+ati(n (int#.
2?. W%at $( '(! ,ean -' #%(te#t at% A at% %a5in) ,ini,!, &ei)%t -et&een t&( 5eti"e# i# 4n(&n a# #%(te#t at%0 in &%i"% &ei)%t i# a+&a'# a (#iti5e n!,-e. PART – B 1. E+ain #%(te#t at% a+)(it%, &it% ea,+e. J S%(te#t at% a+)(it%, J Ea,+e 2. E+ain $et% fi#t an$ -ea$t% fi#t ta5e#a+ J Det% fi#t ta5e#a+ J Bea$t% fi#t ta5e#a+ J Ea,+e# 3. E+ain #annin) an$ ,ini,!, #annin) tee J Sannin) tee J Mini,!, #annin) tee 7. E+ain 4!#4a+=# an$ i,=# a+)(it%, J K!#4a+=# a+)(it%, J Pi,=# a+)(it%, 8. E+ain t((+()i"a+ #(tin) J Definiti(n J a+)(it%, an$ ea,+e J i,+e,entati(n
