53
FLOTACION
INDICADOR
Energía global [kWh/t] Reactivos Flotación Colectiva: Colectores [g/t] Espumante [g/y] Cal [g/t] Reactivos Flotación Moly: NaSH [kG/T] Diesel [g/t] Costos unitarios: Flotación Colectiva [US$/t] Planta de Moly [US$/kg Mo]
VALOR PROMEDIO
RANGO
3
2,9 - 7
20 35 1.790
10 - 100 15 - 100 250 - 2.500
4,8 220
4,5 - 50 50 - 250
0,5 0,8
n.d. n.d.
105
FLOTACION Etapas de flotación Como se plant anteó en la introducción, las leyes de los productos y la recupe recuperac ración ión metalú metalúrg rgica ica son paráme parámetr tros os que se trat trata a de maximi maximizar zar,, pero pero en la económico" del roceso. ráctic ráctica a se debe debe o tar tar or valore valoress ue maximi maximicen cen el "ó timo económico roceso. Lo anterior se debe a que estos parámetros se relacionan de manera inversa, como se ve en la figura.
Este Este aspe aspect cto o
R i [%]
cond conduc uce e
a
espe especi cial aliz izar ar
diferentes etapas del proceso destinadas a maximi maximizar zar cada cada factor factor por separa separado do y , en con unto unto alca alcanz nzar ar un un ó timo timo loba loball técnic técnico o – económ económico ico de recupe recuperac ración ión y ley de concentrad concentrado. o. LCi [%]
106
INTERCADE CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
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54
FLOTACION El
mineral mineral provenien proveniente te de la conminución conminución es alimentad alimentado o a una primera etapa de rougher o primar primaria ia. Celdas flotación rougher Celdas con agitación agitación mecánica, mecánica, m ax ax im im iz izac ió ió n d e l a recuperación (relave recuperación (relave libre de especies de interés).
concen ra o o en o e a e apa anteri anterior, or, requie requiere re de una una etapa etapa previa previa de remolienda de concentrado, antes de seguir a una segunda etapa de flotación de limpi impiez ezaa o clea cleane nerr. Uso de celdas columnares, maximi maximizac zació ión n de las leyes leyes de concentrado. Puede us usarse má más de de un una de de estas etapas etapas:: 1ª limpieza limpieza,, 2ª limpie limpieza, za, etc. De la
Relave
Rougher
Alimentación desde molienda
Remolienda
Limpieza
final. final .
Scavenger
Concentrado
107
FLOTACION
El
relave de la limpieza suele ser retratado en una scavengerr o de barrido barrido. Uso de celdas flotación scavenge con con a itac itació ión n mecá mecán nica ica maximiz maximizaci ación ón de la recuperación.
El concentrad concentrado o de esta etapa etapa retorna retorna a la flotación flotación de limpieza, limpieza, con o sin remolienda remolienda..
Alimentación desde molienda
Relave
Rougher
Remolienda
Limpieza Scavenger
Concentrado
Como el incremento en ley que se alcanza con la flotación columnar va acompañado de una pérdida significativa en recuperación, los relaves de la colu column mna a debe deben n ser ser retr retrat atad ados os en celd celdas as mecá mecáni nica cas, s, en la etap etapa a den denomin ominad ada a scavenger scavenger – cleaner (barrido – limpieza).
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55
FLOTACION se tiene más de una especie mineralógica de interés , ya sea que se pretenda obtener diferentes productos come comerc rcia iali liza zabl bles es o sepa separa rarr espe especi cies es cont contam amin inan ante tes, s, es adem además ás necesario introducir introducir más como el descri descrito, to, con la más de un circu circuit ito o, como .
Cuando
Es habi habitu tual al en esto estoss caso casoss y por por razon azones es obvi obvias as de efic eficie ienc ncia iass técn técnic ico o econ económ ómic icas as,, el proc proced eder er primero a separar la o las especie especiess más abunda abundant ntes es que normalme normalmente nte consti constituye tuyen n el relave. Con este fin se procede primero a separar un concentrado colectivo (en (en el que que se encuen encuentr tran an las especies especies de interés) del relave. Se habla en este caso de un circuito o planta de o ac n co ec va, a que que est est cons onst tu a por por as eren erente tess etap etapas as ya mencionadas.
109
FLOTACION
Tras sacar al relave (T) del circuito, el concentrado colectivo (CC) debe ser procesado en una o más plantas de flotación selectiva, constituidas también también por diversas etapas, donde esta vez tanto el concentrado como el relave final de cada una corresponde a un pro ucto
i
y no no a un mater mater a s n va or.
A
T
Flotación Colectiva
C
o ac n Selectiva C1
C2
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56
FLOTACION Ejemplos en que se requiere más de una planta de flotación, son la concentración
br e y m o l ib ib d en en o y la concentración de minerales de minerales sulfurados de c o br polimetálicos. Reactivos
FLOTACIÓN COLECTIVA Cu ‐ Mo
Relave
Mineral de molienda
Concentrado co ec vo
Colector + NaHS
FLOTACION SELECTIVA de Mo
Concentrado e u
Concentrado de Mo
111
FLOTACION Equipos
de flotación
Una máquin máquina a de flotac flotación ión es esenci esencialm almen ente te un reacto reactorr que que recibe recibe el nombr nombre e de celda de Ahí se prod produc uce: e: el cont contac acto to burb burbuj uja a part partíc ícul ula, a, la adhe adhesi sión ón entr entre e ellas ellas y la flotación. Ahí separación selectiva de especies.
Cualquier celda de flotación debe ser capaz de: • Mantener una adecuada suspensión y dispersión de la pulpa . • Posibilitar la incorporación de gas (aire). • Disponer de una zona sin turbulencia, para formación y remoción de la espuma. • Ser adecuada a las necesidades de recuperación y/o calidad (ley) del concentrado. • Permitir la variación de algunos parámetros operacionales (flujo de aire, nivel, etc.).
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57
FLOTACION Las celdas de flotación se clasifican en dos grandes grandes familias: Celdas mecánicas y Celdas neumáticas. Se presenta presenta a continuació continuación n las principale principaless característ características icas y ejemplos ejemplos de ambos ambos tipos de celdas. Celdas mecánicas o convencionales
Son las más comunes y las más
usadas en la industria. Se caracterizan por tener un impulsor o agit agitad ador or mecá mecáni nico co (rot (rotor or o impe impele ler) r).. Alrededor del eje del rotor se tiene un tubo concéntrico hueco que sirve de conducto para el
ingreso del gas al interior de la pulpa, lo que ocurre en el espacio entre el rotor y un estator o difusor, donde es dispersado en pequeñas burbujas (1 ‐ 3 mm). Volumen: 0,5 a 300 m3
113
FLOTACION En la zona próxima al arreglo rotor – estator existe una gran agitación de la pulpa, para favorecer el contacto partícula – burbuja . A partir de un nivel medio de la celd celda a se tien tiene e una una zona zona meno menoss turb turbul ulen enta ta,, dond donde e el agre agrega gado do burb burbuj uja a‐mineral hidrófobo asciende con menor probabilidad de romperse. A medida que las burbujas se , burbujas que vienen vienen atrás. atrás.
Según el tipo de aireación se tiene: Celdas
auto aireadas, que utilizan el vacío creado por el movimiento del rotor para para indu induci cirr o succ succio iona narr el aire aire desd desde e la atmó atmósf sfer era a hacia hacia abaj abajo, o, por por el tubo concéntrico alrededor del eje del rotor. ,
.
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58
FLOTACION No existe una forma o geometría estándar para las celdas convencionales. Estas pueden ser cuadradas, rectangulares o circulares, con fondo plano o curvo. El diseño del rotor puede variar en forma, tamaño y núme númerro de "ded "dedos os““ del del roto rotorr y estator, el espacio entre estos, etc. Todas estas difer iferen enccias ias inc inciden iden en ciert ierto o rado en la sus ensión y homoge homogeniz nizaci ación ón de los sólido sólidos, s, así co como en el consumo de energía.
Esquema de la Celda
Esquema del Rotor y Difusor
OK Type U
Wemco
OK
Wemco
115
FLOTACION La generación y características de las burbujas es una consecuencia de la cantidad
de aire que ingresa a la celda, del diseño del arreglo rotor ‐estator y de la dosificación del reactivo espumante.
air concentrate
feed
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59
FLOTACION En
las celdas celdas mecáni mecánicas cas,, la eficie eficienci ncia a de separ separaci ación ón se ve perjud perjudicad icada a al realiz realizars arse e
funciones en cier cierto to modo modo incompatibles. Tiene Tienen n que que prod produc ucir ir turbulencia para manten mantener er las partíc partícula ulass en suspe suspensi nsión ón y favore favorecer cer el contacto partícula partícula – burbuja, burbuja, mientras que tienen que, simultáneamente, presentar una región en calma para que se roduzca una se aración aración de las burbu burbu as car adas.
ganga al concentrado . Esto Esto se deb debe a los los sigu siguie ien ntes tes mecanismos mecanismos (no selectivos ):
Es inevit inevitabl able e arrast arrastrar rar
• Grado de liberación del mineral de interés • La turbulencia de la pulpa en la interfase pulpa – espuma hace que entren partículas indeseables en en la fase espuma. espuma.
rras re a a espuma ascendentes.
e par par cu as
nas por e
uo
e ur u as
• Arrastre a la espuma de partículas muy finas por la fracción de agua de alimentación que se reporta al concentrado. concentrado.
117
Las partículas hidrofílicas hidrofílicas (“amigas del agua”) o con poca hidrofobicidad, debido a su alto peso especifico se van al fondo de la columna y desde
relave o cola de está columna.
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60
Es importante recordar que en la flotación de minerales por espumas idealmen idealmente te deberían deberían conforma conformarr la zona de espuma los “aglomerado” burbuj burbujas as y partíc partícula ulass hidro hidrofó fóbic bicas, as, esto esto es lo que se conoc conoce e como como flotación verdadera (true flotation), pero debido a fenómenos propios del proceso proceso en la zona de espuma espuma tambié también n se encuen encuentr tran an partícul partículas as hidro hidrofíl fílic icas as por el arrastre partícula ulass hidro hidrofíl fílic icas as no arrastre mecánico mecánico. Las partíc deberían deberían estar estar en la zona de espuma espuma porque porque no es su hábitat hábitat.. Como la
“
”
columna de flotación.
119
La cantidad o flujo de agua a agregar es aquella que nos genere un “bias positivo” (se definirá más adelante).En otras palabras la existencia de un bias positivo, nos previene o evita mayoritariamente el arrastre mecánico o hidráulico de las partículas hidrofílicas en la espuma en la zona de limpieza. Esto es de suma importancia para el proceso de flotac flotación ión debido debido a que si esta esta espuma espuma tiene tiene muy pocas pocas partíc partícula ulass hidrof hidrofíli ílicas cas,, esta esta espuma al descargar ´por el tope de la columna será un concentrado más limpio y por
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61
LIMPIEZA
CONCENTRADO
LC
ALIMENTACION ALIMENT ACION
H COLECCION
AIRE COLAS
Columna de flotación 121
AGUA DE LAVADO
ZONA LIMPIEZA ZONA 1
FASE ESPUMA
ZONA 2
ZONA LIMPIEZA INTERFAZ PULPA ESPUMA ZONA LIMPIEZA
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62
VARIABLES DE UNA COLUMNA DE FLOTACION Flujo de aire, también referido como flujo de gas Los minerales hidrofóbicos flotables son colectados selectivamente en la zona de recuperación. El mecanismo básico de la colección de las partículas consiste en la colisión (choque) y unión de las partículas sobre la superficie interfacial de la burbuja (fase gaseosa), estas burbujas por ser más livianas se levitaran y llegaran hasta el rebalse o rebose de la columna y serán recolectados como concentrad concentrados. os. La velocidad superficial superficial del aire es J [cm/ [cm/s] s] y es usada en forma común para describir la operación de burbujeo en las columnas de flotación, ya que pueden compararse para diferentes tamaños de columnas. La velocidad superficial de aire de define como el flujo volumétrico de aire por área unitaria de flujo.
123
Agua de lavado El agua de lavado aumenta aumenta la estabilidad estabilidad de la espuma permitiend permitiendo o la construcción construcción de un lecho de espuma profundo. A través del lecho de espuma se mantiene un flujo neto descendente de agua, el cual previene el “arrastre hidráulico” de minerales no flotables (ganga).
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63
En operaciones de plantas los valores típicos de EC están en el rango 0.1‐0.2. Jb es la veloc velocida idad d superf superfici icial al de bias (flujo (flujo neto .
c
La velo veloci cida dad d de agua agua Jw míni mínima ma es aque aquell lla a nece necesa sari ria a para para expandir el lecho de espuma justo hasta el nivel del vertedero (J c
= 0). En estas condiciones J w = Jb. Un aumento adicional del agua e ava ava o aume aument ntar ar tant tanto o
c como b.
125
Altura de espuma . La altura de espuma en operación de planta es de alrededor de 1.0 a 1.5m . Datos a escala de laboratorio han sido reportados en el rango de 0 a 1.0m. Las referencias .
existen reglas generales con respecto a la altura o profundidad de la espuma . Si el
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64
Tiempo de residencia. La recuperación es gobernada por el tiempo de residencia de los sólidos. Las referencias nos muestran muestran valores valores típicos de tiempos tiempos de residencia residenciass de líquido líquido en operacione operacioness de planta y laboratorio. El tiempo medio de residencia de líquido (suspensión),
, puede
ser estimado como la razón entre el volumen efectivo de la zona de recuperación y el flujo volumétrico de colas, T,
= [A c • H • (1 ‐Eg)] ⁄ 10 • T
c
(4)
,
entrada de aire hasta la interfase entre la zona de burbujeo y la espuma (típicamente H
= 10‐12[m]), y Eg es la fracción volumétrica de gas.
127
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65
La altura total de la columna, L[m], requerida para una operación de planta puede estimarse como,
L=H+2
(6)
Donde L incluye la longitud requerida para colección (H), además de una provisión de 1.5 [m] para altura de espuma y 0.5 [m] bajo el distribuidor de gas.
129
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66
Porcentaje de sólidos en la alimentación. A causa de la eficiente acción de limpieza debido a la combinación de la espuma y el bias positivo, un alto porcentaje de sólidos (30%
a 50%) en la alimentación puede ser usado sin afectar la ley del conce concentr ntrado ado.. Sin embar embargo go,, la capacid capacidad ad de trans transpor porte te de las
burbujas esta limitada especialmente en sistemas que operan con partículas finas (<10 µm) y que requieren una alta recuperación de sóli sólido doss en el conc concen entr trad ado o, por por ejem ejempl plo o en oper operac acio ione ness de limpieza.
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67
FLOTACION Celdas
columnares
Las celdas de
columna
son
los ,
equipos
en etapas de limpieza de concentrados , debido a las mejores leyes que es capaz de producir, producir, aunque con menores recuperaciones. Típicamente tienen una altura de 9 a 15 m (la gran mayo mayorí ría a del del orde orden n de 13 m) y est están comp compue uest stas as de secc seccio ione ness cuad cuadrradas adas o recta rectangu ngular lares, es, con lados lados comúnm comúnmen ente te de 1 m. Sien Siendo do norm normal al el comb combin inar arla lass en una una misma misma estru struct ctur ura a de 4 ‐ 16 unidades unidades (seccion (secciones es de 1 m2).
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68
FLOTACION Los diseños actuales (de fábrica) han incorporado mezcladores externos donde donde se junta junta aire aire y agua, agua, forma formando ndo micro micro burbuj burbujas, as, antes antes de entra entrarr a los burbuj burbujead eadore ores, s, y/o la posibi posibilid lidad ad de varia variarr la secció sección n trans transver versal sal or dond donde e in resa resa el aire aire.. No obst obstan ante te en much muchas as o erac eracio ione ness se o ta por la construcción de sus propios burbujeadores. AGUA
AIRE
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69
FLOTACION
Celda Celda James Jameson on (Xstra (Xstrata ta)
La alimentación a esta celda es a través de tubos verticales (downcomer), en donde se mezcla con aire y se produce el contacto artícula – artícula – burbu a. La entrada a resión de la ul a de alimentación provoca un vacío que permite la entrada de aire sin requerir de un compresor.
Cuando Cuando la pulpa pulpa emerg emerge e al inter interior ior de la celda por el fondo del downcomer, los agregados burbuja – partíc partícula ulass hidrof hidrofóbi óbicas cas pasan pasan a la zona de espuma y se retiran como concentrado.
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70
FLOTACION El primer primer caso corresponde corresponde a los circuitos utilizados utilizados ant antes es de la introd introducc ucción ión a esc escala ala indu indust stri rial al de la flot flotac ació ión n en colu column mnas as, los que podían tener un número variable de etapas de limpieza, siempre en una configuración en contra ‐corriente:
Rougher
Repaso
A
T 1ª Limpieza
2ª Limpieza
3ª Limpieza
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71
FLOTACION En Highmont, una columna de flotación de 0.61 m de diámetro, 12 m de altura y 3,5 m de capacidad volumétrica, dejó fuera de oper operac ació ión n a 20 celd celdas as Denv Denver er de 0.67 0.67 m c/u, c/u, elim elimin inan ando do 6 etapas de limpieza, con una razón de volúmenes de 0.26. La flotación en columna, no lucha contra la gravedad, sino que usa la gravedad, ya que los flujos de pulpa y burbujas son en contr contrac acorr orrien iente te y no exis existe ten n parte partess mecáni mecánica cass móvile móviless en su interior.
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72
FLOTACION Celdas de flotación en columnas
Otras
características:
espuma más profunda profunda • Forma alta – espuma de generación generación de burbujas burbujas ‐ rociadores • Sistema de – arrastre
es
virtualmente
, eliminado.
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73
FLOTACION Características
Etapa Rougher:
• Pro Pro or orcion ciona a
sufi sufici cien entte
tiem tiem o
de
retenció retención n para para lograr lograr la recupera recuperación ción deseada.
• Elimin Elimina a una gran porción porción de materi material al no dese desead ado o como como rela elaves, lo que que reduce reduce considera considerableme blemente nte el tamaño de etapas siguientes.
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74
FLOTACION Remolienda
Primero
se
debe
remoler
lo
suficientemente suficientemente fino como para liberar
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75
CRITERIO DE DISEÑO DEL CIRCUITO DE FLOTACION Que sea sencillo.
Evitar, en a me i a e o posi e, operaci n e a uni a con
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76
TIPOS DE FLOTACION
Flotación Inversa Se flota la ganga.
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77
FLOTACION – FLOTACION – POTASA POTASA
Composición:
NaCl:
55%
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78
FLOTACION Con estos datos se puede construir el gráfico de recuperación recuperación (acumulada) en el el tiempo.
R
R4 = r1 + r2 + r3 + r4
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