253083742-Rules-of-Thumb

A BSRIA Guide

www.bsria.co.uk

Rules of Thumb(UK 4th edition)

Guidelines for building services Edited by Kevin Pennycook

BG 14/2003

Contents Contents Contents Contents Space and weight allowances TABLE1: Floorspaceallowanceforservices TABLE2: Spaceallowancesforplantrooms TABLE3: Miscellaneousservices TABLE4: Spaceallowancesforservices

2 3

TABLE 5:S pace allowances for service ducts and shafts TABLE6:S paceallowancesforcateringfacilities TABLE7: Floorspaceallowanceperoccupant TABLE8: Plantweightallowances

8 9 9 10

6 7

Equipment and solar loads TABLE Cooling 1: loads TABLE Cooling 2: plant TABLE 3: Solar gains TABLE Heat 4: loads

12 12 13 13

Comfort factors TABLE1:Externalconditions TABLE2:Ventilationandairconditioning TABLE 3: Room air movement TABLE Noise 4: levels TABLE 5: Comfort data sheet

14 14 15 16 17

System features TABLE 1: Sizing and operating characteristics of plant

18

Energy and carbon issues TABLE 1: Energyconversions TABLE2: Energybenchmarksforoffices TABLE 3: Energy benchmarks for local authority buildings TABLE4: Energybenchmarksforhospitals TABLE 5: Energy benchmarks for industrial buildings – volume TABLE 6: Energy benchmarks for industrial buildings – area TABLE 7: Energy benchmarks for sports and recreational use TABLE8: Energybenchmarksforhotels TABLE 9:E nergy benchmarks for banks and agencies TABLE10:Energybenchmarksforschools TABLE 11: Energy benchmarks for further and higher education TABLE 12: Energy benchmarks for MOD establishments TABLE13:Lightingsystemsbenchmarks

24 24 25 28 29 29 30 32 33 35 35 36 38

Water consumption TABLE 1: Hot water demand – daily TABLE 2: Water demand – daily

Electrical systems

TABLE1: Electricalsuppliesandloads

40 41

44

Cost data TABLE1:Mechanical and electrical servicescosts TABLE 2: Cost data as a percentage of total services costs TABLE 3: Services costs as a percentage of total construction cost TABLE Capital 4: costs TABLE 5: Office fit-out costs TABLE6:Annualservicecharges TABLE7:Annualmechanicaland electrical costs TABLE 8: Annual utility costs TABLE9:Wholelifecosts(airconditioning) References for all sections

45 46 50 50 53 55 55 57 58 60

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Acknowledgements This publication is the fourth update of the Technical Note TN 17/95: Rules of Thumb first issued in 1995. The rules have been collected from various contemporary sources in the building services industry and can reasonably be held to reflect current design practices. The sources include major design offices, individual engineers and public domain information published by BSRIA and others. The third edition of Rules of Thumb, issued in 2001, was vetted by an industry review team, comprising: John Louis Auguste (Bovis LendLease), Dennis Bastow (NHS Estates), Brian Charlesworth (Troup Bywaters & Anders), Laurie Clark (Cundall Johnston & Partners), Michelle Field (Buro Happold), Manus Freeman (SVM Partnership), Nigel Hawkes (Fulcrum Consulting), Glen Irwin (Roberts & Partners), Bob Keenan and Dr Ian Selby (Sheppard Robson, on behalf of the British Council for Offices), Nick Mead (ACDP), Nigel Pavey (Foremans), Richard Tudor (WSP Group), and Gay Lawrence Race and John Sands (BSRIA). We would also like to thank AMEC Capital Projects, BAA plc, N G Bailey, Building Design Partnership, Foggo Associates, Foremans Ltd, Hoare Lea & Partners, Max Fordham & Partners, Stanhope, and Whitby Bird & Partners for their help. This fourth edition, compiled and edited by Kevin Pennycook, contains all the data compiled for the third edition, plus updated cost information, new energy data compiled from the latest energy consumption guides, and a new section on water consumption. One or two inaccuracies and ambiguities have also been corrected since the publication of the third edition. Readers are advised to use this new edition in place of the previous one, and to transfer over any personal rules of thumb they have compiled in the light of experience.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher. BSRIA Guide 14/2003

August 2003

ISBN 0 86022 626 3 Printed by The Chameleon Press Ltd

How to use this guide How to use this Ho w use th isguide guide How to use this guide How to use this guide What this guide will do Rules of Thumb has been written to help engineers in the initial stages of designing a building and its services. By gathering many of the most common rules of thumb into one document, BSRIA has provided a powerful source of initial design data that every engineer should find indispensible. Thumb rules (or heuristics as they are more properly known) are extremely useful values to inform the early process of design, such as project inception and outline briefing, feasibility planning, the assessment of global loads and space requirements. They are also useful for getting a initial grasp of services costs. Rules of Thumb will help engineers carry out “what if” calculations, and assist senior engineers in checking the work of more junior engineers. The data in this book have been derived from a wide variety of authoritative sources, all of which are clearly referenced. Users will find rules of thumb for many different building types and building services systems arranged as tables, and in alphabetical order. The essential services data were srcinally assessed for usefulness and relevance by a panel of experienced, practising services engineers. Any data which were remotely questionable, or which might mislead users of the information, were carefully vetted.

What this guide will not do While every effort has been made to establish current practice, the guide s authors are keen to point out that the thumb rules are merely aids to the design process. They must not be used in place of detailed design data. The responsibility for the safe and appropriate use of this data therefore rests with the engineer. ’

This guide has been designed to be your own personal reference document. Use it, transfer your own data to it, and guard it jealously. And please let us know how it works and where it can be improved. Roderic Bunn Publisher BSRIA 2003

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Available now from BSRIA Design tools and practical guides to help you in your daily design routines

Design Checks for HVAC This guide provides a quality control framework for building services engineers

Guide to HVAC Building Ser vices Calculations This guide contains practical methodologies for a range of standard calculations used in the design of hvac systems Find these and other titles at www.bsria.co.uk/bookshop

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63

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Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 7AH UK T: +44 (0)1344 426511 F: +44 (0)1344 487575 E: [email protected] W: www.bsria.co.uk

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