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SING PRIS PRISON ON CHAPEL OF NEWSING SING Lewis F. Pilcher.
Architect
Plans and Illustrations of Prisons and Reformatories Collected by
HASTINGS
H.
HART, LL.D.
President of American Prison Association
Presented at
The
FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS OF THE ASSOCIATION DETROIT, OCTOBER,
1922
NEW YORK RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 1922
f\?nw Copyright, 1922, by
The Russell Sag
Wm.
F.
Founda Foundatio tio
Fell Co. Printers
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Table of Contents PAGE
PAGE
Introduction.
By
Hastings H. Hart,
Prison Farms for Women.
LL.D
The
Clinic Building at the Walter B. James, M.D
Sing Sing Prison.
Prison. State Architect
By 16
Psychiatric Classification in Prison. cher, New York State Architect
The Wingdale
Jersey State Reformatory for
16
New
By Lewis
By Lewis
F. Pil18
F. Pilcher,
Hastings H. Hart
38
State Farm for Women at Niantic, Connecticut The Caroline Bayard Wittpenn Cottage at the New
Skyscraper Jail. Possible Solution of the Cook County Jail Problem. By Hastings H. Hart
The New Sing Sin Priso Priso
By
New York 27
By Hastings H . a r 30 Preliminary Note. Notes on the Design and Construction of Kilby Prison. By Martin J. Lide, Engineer and Architect 31
Kilby Prison.
Proposed Plans for
Women
State Prison.
By
Alfred
Hop-
Reformatory.
By
Alfred
Hop-
kins, Architect
Westchester County Penitentiary and Workhouse, White Plains, N. Y. By Alfred Hopkins, Architect Proposed Plans of the Detroit House of Correction.
By
42
45
kins, Architect
Proposed Plan for
38
Albert Kahn, Architect
46 47 55
Reception Cottage at the Hawthorne School (for 59 Delinquent Boys). By Hastings H. Hart One-Story Cottage at the Thorn Hill School (for 61 Delinquent Boys). By Hastings
List of Illustrations Chapel of
New
Caroline Bayard Wittpenn Maternity Cottage, State Reformatory for Women, Clinton, New
Frontispiece
Metropolitan Skyscraper Jail. Plan for Administration Floor Plan Typical Cell Floor Plan Hospital and Clinics Floor Plan
Jail ....
11
13 15
The New Sing Sing
Prison, Ossining, New York. 17 Psychiatric Building 19 Typical Detail of Construction o f A l Buildings North 20 Outside Cell Building 21 Outside Cell Building—First Floor Plan Detention Building First Floor Plan 22 23 Detention Building South Elevation 24 Mess Hall and Kitchen Building Basement 25 Mess Hall and Kitchen Building First Floor
Wingdale Prison, Wingdale, View
PAGE
PAGE
Sing Sing Sing Sing Prison
New
York.
Kilby Prison, Montgomery, Alabama.
General -28
Front Eleva30
tion
General Plan Administration Building—Floor Plan Floor Plan Plan Cell Blocks—Floor Bath an Detention Building Laundry, Bath
32 33 35
Floor Plans.
36
Connecticut State Farm for Women, Niantic, Con38 Perspective of Reception Building necticut. 39 Reception Building First Floor Plan 40 Reception Building Second Floor Plan 41 Reception Building Basement Plan
Jersey. South Elevation Maternity Cottage First Floor Plan Maternity Cottage Second Floor Plan
Proposed State Prison. State Pris Prison on Proposed State
Photograph
42 43 44 45
Plan
45
46 Proposed Reformatory Plan and Westchester County, New York, Penitentiary 47 Workhouse. General View from Approach Administration Building Entrance Side Floo Administration Building First and Second Floo el l Blocks Typical Floor Plans o f C el Elevations of Corridor and Cell Ground Plans of Corridors and Cells Recreation Recreation Corridor Corridor Administration Building Stair Hall View of Mess Hall from Corridor Cell Block Corridor Typical Cell
Detroit House of Correction.
First Floo Floo
Plan Plan
51 51 52
53 53
54 54 56 57
Plan Plan
Second Floor Plan Third Floor Plan
Hawthorne School (For Delinquent thorne, N. Y. Recept Reception ion Cottage Cottage Reception Cottage First Floor Plan Reception Cottage Second Floor Plan
Thorn Hill School
48 49 50
58
Boys),
Haw-
59 60 60
(for Delinquent Boys), Warrendale, Pennsylvania. One-story Cottage Floor Plan 61 One-story Cottage. Photograph 62
Introduction PRISON
building has been for the most part
suspended during the past seven years. prisons have been been unde unde
construction at Belle-
New York;
fonte, Pennsylvania; Sing Sing,
near
ville,
bama.
and
New
Westchester County,
Detroit, Michigan, has
Columbia have
District of
begun
New
reformatories for
Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minne-
Nebraska,
and Wisconsin.
sylvania,
City and the
established in Arkansas, Cali-
fornia, Connecticut,
sota, Missouri,
prison for short
partially completed re-
formatories for young men.
women have been
York, has built
New York
term misdemeanants.
States-
and Montgomery, Ala-
Illinois;
Joliet,
State
New
Jersey, Ohio, Penn-
Most
them
of
have
adopted cotta cottage ge plans plans similar to those of industrial schools for delinquent
girls.
All of
them are
jected prisons of Ohio, Pennsylvania, it
menced and
it is
understood that the
and
tiaries
to provide for 4,000 to 5,000 prisoners
farm of over 5,000 but
its
development was hindered by the war, and Construction
about 500 prisoners.
The ultimate
ing rapidly.
Probably the most notable one built
built.
past seven years
is
Cincinnati, which
is
jail,
in the
the Hamilton County Jail in
reported as
modern and model
The
state of Illinois
fornia,
Philadelphia, Minneapolis, Oakland, Cali-
jail
system at Chicago
are being worked out
by
local
for
worthy plans and with.
illustrations
to unusual or
cell
each containing 248 wide, 10 feet
buildings have been erected,
The
cells.
and
inches long
are 6}4 feet
cells
feet high,
and are
intended to house but one prisoner.
The with
cell
houses are circular, resembling
They
conical roof.
gas tank
practical execution
are
in the
year 1787,
New York,
selection of
They have been selected with
Two
Cook County
committee which
is
from the old prison
intended to accommodate about 2,000
It is
Punishment
note-
presented herespecial reference
improved features, such as modern
houses, clinical laboratories, improved lighting,
cell
and
The plans selected include state prisons New York and Alabama and tentative plans for
plan of which will be found in
and Reformation, by Dr. Frederick
Howard Wines, page cell is
newer prisons,
six miles
Zimm Zimmer er
"Panopticon" proposed by Jeremy Bentham
as expert adviser.
the
great peniten-
erecting
is
of the
has retained Dr. George W. Kirchwey, of
From
in process
Plans for
and Raleigh, North Carolina.
new county
still
designed by Zimmerman, Saxe an
prisoners.
located in the top of the Court House, like the
jails in
is
plans are
of development.
site.
have been
made for now proceed-
thus far temporary provision has been
man, Architects, about
jails
on
was begun ten years ago
acres,
from one to three
Comparatively few new county
to
is
supersede both the Eastern and Western Peniten-
tiary,
temporary cottages.
Pennsylvania, which
itentiary at Bellefonte,
be
will
The new state pen-
abandoned or greatly modified.
process of development.of old farmhouses as
Illinois,
was found impracticable. Elaborate plans new were made and published some years ago for Ohio Penitentiary, but building has not combut
in
Most of them have erected new buildings and are making use
and
of glass
and
144.
The
interior wall of each
central tower enables the guard
keep every prisoner under observation every
to
moment, day and night. by an exterior window. ventilation writer
was
Each
An
installed,
discovered
that
cell is
elaborate system of
but on
the
well well ligh lighte te
cell
recent visit the
houses ventilate
sanitation.
themselves through the outer windows and the sky-
in
light,
state prison
buildi ding ng single buil
and
state reformatory;
plans for
at two reformatories for
women;
plans for cottages at two reformatories for boys, and tentative plans for
metropolitan
jail
designed by
and the fans were not
whether
It is
doubtful
system of perpetual espionage
will find
favor with prison administrators, but the experi-
ment
is
an interesting one.
Special efforts were
new
the writer with special reference to the needs of
the
Chicago.
but were unsuccessful.
It
was
desired to include the plans of the pro-
in use.
Illinois
made
to obtain the plans of
Penitentiary
publication,
Hastings H. Hart
Skyscraper Proposed Design for
Jail
Metropolitan
(A Possible Solution of the Cook County
By Hastings H. Hart Hart
Jail
Jail
Problem
in
Chicago)
LL.D LL.D
Prison Associ Associatio atio President of the American Prison
to,"'/-;*';
"'^^'^''^'"i^'^';
'''
^W\:
^'^^^^^c^T '^'
"''''
|j
<''
SKYSCRAPER JAIL Hart, Presid President ent American Prison Association Metropolitan Jail Conceived by Hastings H. Hart, Plan for Designed by Francis Y. Joannes and Maxwell Hyde, Architects The lower floor represents the Criminal Court Building, which may have any number of stories
COUNTY
jails are schools schools of crime,
prison officials
and
jail
according to
inspectors.
They are
and conducted that the prisoners generally come out far worse than they went in so constructed
No
metropolitan city of the United States has yet
succeeded in constructing
satisfactory jail for the
detention of prisoners awaiting
York City "Tombs" scribed by its name. Jail of
is
gloomy
trial.
pile,
The New properly de-
The ancient Charles
Street
Boston has recently been reconstructed at
The county jail ought institution in the land.
beginning of thei thei
to be the
most reformatory
It receives offenders
care career ers, s, before they
hardened and confirmed criminals. accomplished for the reformation of nal in the
first
More can be young
crimi-
week of his imprisonment than by
months' confinement in
become
have become
six
state prison after he has
confirmed law-breaker.
This wa
demo demonn-
by John L. Whitman when he was jailer in the Cook County Jail, where, notwithstanding the
strated
very large expense, but does not meet the needs of
most unfavorable
the present day.
reclamation of wayward boys and young men.
conditions,, he did
wonders
for the
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES The
Cook County
utter inadequacy of the
The Committee has retained
Jail
The
has long been realized by thoughtful people.
ence to the
County Commissioners, has made
Jail
Survey and has organized
of
Cook County
committee of repre-
leading expert in penology.
Cook County
scandal which has disgraced
than
Jail
and removing the
Cook County
for
pris prison oner er
more
soul
Jail, like
had labored
years to reform the county
fifty
the State Department of Public Welfare
study of the county
tainin tainin
Board of Public Charities
jails of
Illinois.
This report
high).
It
is
cording
(six
men
reduce the
ac-
by prompt and
first,
in
suff suffic icie ient nt evievi-
is
reorganizing the courts as to secure speedy trials and
avoid th
for long detention;
nece necess ssit it
releasing,
lar
employment, are not
families or
likely to
He would
inadequate.
some other part
jail to
ground could be had outdoor exercise. square, and
it
bail,
having regu-
run away.
Dr. Kirchwey regards the present tirely
by
third,
on their own recognizance without
many prisoners who, having
jail site
prefer to
as en-
remove the
of the city where sufficient
to provide
The present
contains both the
suitable yard for
site is jail
only 600 feet
and the Criminal
Court Building.
The
writer
is
in the fullest
sympathy with the pur-
poses of the Committee and with the principles ad-
vocated by Dr. Kirchwey.
Kirchwey that women, young
He
agrees with Dr.
prisoners, witnesses,
and insane persons should be excl exclud uded ed from the county houses.
and provided
jail
When
this is
for in separate detention
done, however, there will
remain an indefinite number of men, which
of the floor space on the dark side of house of the old jail is screened off for There are no windows in this hospital ward. The air comes from the 'old jail.' It is hospital. lighted always by electric light. The large
us
population:
jail
to
dence to justify holding the prisoner; second, by so
of inspection, 546).
200, 300, or at times
even 500,
who must be
still
may
be
held in
detention awaiting the action of the grand jury or
cell
hospit hospital al on the eighth floor of the 'new jail'
finds also that
thorough investigation immediately after arre arrest st
"One part
air
He
order to ascertain whether there
dry them, and put them on again; they may also There are only borrow from cell mates. exclusive of the receiving ward, 14 shower baths, (population on for all the men prisoners
main
is
found to be innocent or for lack of
Dr. Kirchwey recommends that steps be take take
Those Prisoners wash their own clothes. who do not [have changes of clothing] manage the best way they can. They may wash their clothes,
day
the prisoner
jail,
the State's Attorney, either
Dean Kirchwey's Recommendations
of each twenty-four must be spent locked in the insanitary, dirty, crowded cell. All meals are served to the men in their cells. The 9.30-11.30 M. time fo exer A. exerci cise se and 3.30-5.30 p.m., they stand or walk around or sit down on the floor of the 'bull pen' or 'exercise corridor.' In the old jail this pen includes all the floor space of the cell house not occupied by the cell block. It is In the departments big room swarming with men. of the 'new' it is the corridor into which the cells open. The cells are kept locked during There are no seats or benches in exercise hours. the 'bull pens.' In all departments the pens are crowded during the four exercise hours. Cook County does not furnish jail clothes for prisoners. They have access to laundry tubs once week.
the
of
without damage to the community.
habits of cleanliness or decency.
Twenty
and that
of expense in de-
many pris prison oner er ar held beca becaus us they they cannot give bail who might safely be at large pending trial,
There are two or thre thre men by nine feet and eight feet
impossible to dist distri ribu bute te th
is
county
in the
evidence to convict.
sufficient
...
cell
the
ecau ecause se he
has 20 county jails which may be classified as good; 19 as fair; 41 as very poor or bad; 21 as unfit Except for the high standard of cleanliness of the women's department, it is difficult to find any good points about the Cook County It is recognized as an insanitary, Jail. dark, overcrowded institution that is disgrace to Cook County. They [the prisoners] are locked in their cells from 11.30 in the morning to
each small
of being
who might better be at large, as is fact that in many cases, after several
by order
released
"Illinois
in
heavy burden
months' detention
made
contained the following statement:
3.30 in the afternoon.
prolific source of crime;
is
Cook
the
prison prisoners ers
shown by
jails,
that that
body and
most county jails, instead
the county bears
Official Report
especially that
inevitably degenerated in
ar
preventive,
In 1919, after the State
finds all of the evils
condit itio ions ns by the present cond
County
fifty years.
An
He
above mentioned and many others
sentative Chicago citizens for the purpose of abolishing the old
problem Dr. George W. Kirchwey,
New York, formerly Dean of Columbia University Law School, ex-warden of Sing Sing Sing Sing Prison, and
Chicago Community Trust, by request of the Board of
jail
as adviser with refer-
the criminal courts. vision
may
be
made
He
believes that suitable pro-
for these prisoners, in strict
accordance with the principles advocated by Dr.
is
Kirchwey,
nl for special cases."
10
in the
manner
hereinafter suggested.
SKYSCRAPER JAIL
ADMINISTRATION FLOOR PLAN
11
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES Evils to be Remedied
The
evils
Cook County
the present
in
and decent detention pending Jail,
entitl tled ed to be kept under such conditions as but are enti
as
out by Dean Kirchwey and his associate,
Mr
Winth Winthro ro
grou ground nd abou abou
The county owns
(built jail
some
ol
To
health
and
exercise
and recreation
provide
jail"
for exercise would require
must
The majority of medical,
many
ment.
proximity of high buildings.
due, in greater or
Second, overcrowding, under
conditions which
plant, with the result of confining two or three in
is
each
cell.
The
jail
In
men
and
should be s o s i u a e d a s to
who come
It
with com-
in
order to protect the other
in
to protect the public after their dis-
which
It is necessary also (a necessity
charge.
need
treat-
degree, to these conditions.
less
necessary to treat those
prisoners
or psychiatric
dental,
cases their unsocial tendencies are
municable diseases
practically impossible to enlarge the present
it
be provided, as far as
of the inmates of our jails are in
surgical,
prived of the free circulation of air because of the
make
shall
Seventh, lack of clinical and hospital provision.
space
and be de-
necessarily be dark
very desirable that both physical
practicable, outdoors.
suitable
at least 1,200 feet square; and even with that space the jail yard
we have
mental and spiritual
equally indispensable to
loca locate te
is
wholesome recreation
to recognize that
is
and the "new
jail,
thirty years ago).
yard with room
now come
piece of
600 feet square on which ar
the Criminal Court, th
Physical exercise
indispensable to good bodily health, and
yard space for exercise and sep-
aration from the public.
not impair their health.
will
D. Lane, are as follows:
First, insufficient
and conviction,
trial
is
permit of enlargement at any time without disturb-
being recognized increasingly by judges and legis-
ing
l at at or or s
general plan.
its
Third, lack of classification. It
is
to
the psychologist
n li li s
may
that prisoners ought to be divided into classes ac-
in order that
serve the public interests.
color, criminal experience, condition
especially with reference to
injury upon officers or other prisoners. fication
is
impossible in
Such
inflict
While agreeing
The
prison prisoners ers are reof the twenty-
ou
they
cise as
and
may by moving
about
in the
crowded
for
The
that
slavery or
involuntary servitude,
boundaries of the United States
mean
But such
permitted to labor, to their jail
sible
labo labo
is
own
worksh shop op provide work
volu volunt ntar aril il
at
wher wher
make
prisoners
nated
in
It
be
ing
convenience of
is
found
the insane
may with of
in the
trial
neces-
on
proposed by the writ writer er as
mind that
county
jail is
the prisoner await-
on
different footing
The law provides
that
He
and as is
to be guilty.
variety
It
to decent is
in
living con-
consistent with
of the law
most
jails
is
is
that
proved
of confine-
prisoners convicted
of
minor
of the county jails these
classes of prisoners mingle freely together.
12
humane
to
has been the practice in this coun-
county
and
entitled
hardship as
The theory
for sentenced
offenses,
is
not to be puni punish shed ed until he
try to
humane
trial
entitled
is
little
safe-keeping.
is
universally recognized that
treatment.
the prisoner
These un-
convicted prisoners are not only entitled to
in the
awai awaiti ting ng
ment and recreation.
is
in
person on the pers
his
of simple industries.
Sixth, lack of exercise
must be borne
ditions
in the de-
in
illustrations
proved guilty, and
who formerly stagwards but who are now diliemployed
is
the plan set forth in the accom-
site,
from the convicted prisoner.
for insane prisoners
gently, profitably, and happily
it
and Criminal Cour Cour
every person shall be deemed innocent until he
pos-
An admirable example employment
Indiana State Prison at Michigan City
partment
it
employments
simple
proper compensation. the possibility of such
may
jail
less
should be decided
it
the
for
in
possible solution of the problem.
great benefit; and
should be so constructed as to
to
panying
within the
universally con-
prisoners
new
the present
that unconvicted prisoners cannot
be compelled to labor. the
economic reasons, or
sary to
constitutional
except for crime, shall not be perm permit itte te strued to
however,
if,
proximity to the Criminal Court, that
lack of employment.
provision
ground
larger tract of
congested district:
corridors. Fifth,
that
jail
male prisoners on
such exer-
to obtain
Dr. Kirchwey
with
desirable to locate the centr central al jail for the older
it is
four to relieve the bitterness of their confinement
under present present condit condition ion
fully
must be made for the younger men, for women, insane prisoners, and witnesses; and that the county
Fourth, enforced association with the worst peo-
be found in the county.
Skyscraper?
separate and distinct provision entirely apart from
which characterizes the present buildings.
leased from their cells four hour hour
be so dealt with as to con-
Why Not
classi-
the ancient type
jail of
they
communicable
and disposition to attempt escape or
diseases,
psychiatrist,
both for the study and treatment of such prisoners,
generally agreed
cording of health health
and
two
Not only
SKYSCRAPER JAIL
Tnnwmwni CELL 2.3
HOOfl
CtllJ
,jnJ,J .-
,^^J
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES but insane prisoners and witnesses, accused of
that,
no in
often kept in
jails,
where they come
erecting additional stories
out change of the administrative departments.
The arrangement
contact with other prisoners.
The
prevailing type of building in Chicago for
th
manufacturing, for residences,
li
offices,
skys skyscr crap aper er
poses
is
adaptability for public pur-
Its
exemplified in the City Hall and Court
is
House Building. building
New York
In
City this type of
being being used used successfully in the
is
Trade School
These
possibility
suggested of adapting this
is
windows can be
cell
The lower for those
Let the Court House contain as
four sides.
may
stories as
may
case
frontage of 200 feet on each of the
with
be needed: four,
or
five,
many as the
six,
who
Court House will
each
floor
Jail start
form of
in the
be 90 by 40
about 60
from
ing of one story
proper will begin on the the jailer's offices
dining room,
officers'
The
street elevators
terminate on the
f if if t
and the
jail),
will
On
f lo lo or or .
The
officers'
and four night guards on the roof
and
elevator
will
floo sixth floo
will will
The
There
will
third
The
cells will
windows air.
to
will
10
cells,
The ninth
jail ele-
will
fifth
feet,
will
containing 25
many
floors as
may
highest estimated
There
in
the present
of prisoners.
ings contemplate six cell floors which
modate 600
building will
be planned
of the
auditorium.
be as
This
floor will
The auditorium
middle of the building, stair
The draw-
one school-
these shops to
will
in order
Pris Prison on
be 14 feet high
room
for the
be located in the to
minimize the
climbing of prisoners going to that
floor.
roof garden will give opportunity for outdoor exercise.
accommoda-
feet,
It will will
which
contain four sections, each 32 by 90
will give
opportunity for indoor baseball,
handball, tennis, walking, and so forth.
view
600
Cook County Jail; and four who desire to work
instead of 10 feet, in order to give head
tion for 56 prisoners in the hospital.
The
accommodate
plan similar to that of the occu-
at Michigan City.
would accom-
prisoners, with additional
to
pational therapy shop in the Indiana Stat Stat
be necessary to provide for the
number
in order to
be permit permitted ted to do so and to receive their earn-
be organized on
feet
prisoner.
will
clinics
22 beds each, and
rooms
ings for themselves or their families
providing abundant light and cells each.
and
floor (the fifth floor of the jail proper)
contain an auditorium
room
be four distinct sections on each
floor,
to the clinics
single
men; four school-rooms, instead
get no
by 10
each
floors in
Employment and Recreation
prisoners were
accommodate one
wings
permit of isolating contagious and infectious cases.
be placed on the outside wall, with
by
There
cont contai ai
seve severa ra
feet, for
wing containing 12
may
high,
cell
and psychiatric
The "typical floor plan" indicates the arrangement of the cells. Each floor will be separate and will
short
be provision for medical,
small shops where prisoners
feet
the entire
be devo devote te
with two wards, 32 by 90
be connected by
If
of
permit of prompt re-
will
surgical, dental, psychologic,
jail
lodging rooms, etc.
and the street stairways
fifth floor
jail
the hospital.
this floor
they coul coul "hold up" the prison elevator, they
and
be so con-
will
to give the least possible opportunity
further than the fifth floor.
and 10
distance
case of necessity.
kitchen, n, and residence, the kitche
order to prevent escapes.
distinct
be
be easily supervised from the central rotundas,
and the
will
the
vator and stairway, which will start from the to
will
and the windows
above above
exterior of the jail in view.
typical build-
grated and guarded passageway with the floor, in
There
from the top of one window to the bottom
ig h nated a t n ig
indica cate te th given in order to indi
is
relations of the court building
be
are recognized as dangerous criminals
enforcement of the guards on th
be four stories high (in the drawing
are
The height of the building will be so great as to make escape by means of ropes practically impossible. The outer walls will be illumi-
central rotunda on
feet square.
who
foothold.
for
which the
cross, of
with
feet,
of the
Assuming that the Criminal Court Building
will
glass.
the Criminal Court Building
Let the County
be fixed
can be used for prisoners
are likely to escape.
structed
be.
arms
cells
who
of the nex
cross,
may
dis-
not likely to attempt to escape, and the upper ones
Jail.
of
any desired
set at
Security
of six feet
square, with interior lighting courts, or in the form
on the street opposite.
and supplied with ribbed
in place
plan of building to the Criminal Court and County
Let the Criminal Court Building be 400 feet
be about 350 feet distant from
will
of the buildings
tance from the floor and the lower sash
roof gar-
office building.
which are used
The
windows
the windows
Manhattan
by elevators, provides playgrounds by the pupils in sections at different
den, reached hours.
the cell
of the building will be such that
for Girls, 10 stories high, closely re-
sembling an ordinary
whenever required, with-
tunda
to
14
in the central
The
ro-
space will give opportunity for
SKYSCRAPER JAIL
HOSPITAL AND CLINICS—FLOO FLOO
15
PLAN PLAN
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES invalids to g e
The
air.
do away with overcrowding by providing 600
prison-
be divided into sections for exercise on the
ers will roof,
h e benefit of fresh
coming up
garden
will
in
The
squads of 50 or more.
be enclosed
roof
strong netting,
in
dividual
to
obviate danger of suic suicid ides es or attempted escapes.
The
separation of each floor will
simplify
problem of heating and ventilation, which simple as that of any office building. of each floor into four distinct
permit of classification in as
may
be desired.
th re
If
will
The
many
will
groups of 25 as
overcome
enumerated as far as "evils" above enumerated
it is
of en-
the
First, it will
provide separation from the public, and
becoming
Under it
the roof garden will give opportunity for fresh air
The space
be small, but
will
be conveniently arranged and
equipped
with outdoor gymnastic apparatus.
Second,
The New The
by providing shops
be provided in place of unwhole-
will
Seventh, the
idle brooding.
prevent the
will
jail
from
breeding-place for disease.
these conditions the jail will
humane
ought
persons awaiting
trial,
become what
of detention for
bearing in mind that such
prison prisoners ers are presumed to be innocent in the eyes of the law until the courts find
mine the question of
it will
wholesome recreation
Sixth,
and the hospital
clinics
practicable
piece of ground as the present site.
the evils
Fifth,
the
where prisoners can be employed at simple but
some association and
on so small
grou groups ps
shops and school-rooms.
and schools
all of
desired.
in
remunerative tasks.
will
if
under supervision, on the roof garden and forced idleness will be obviated
r e six floors, there will
The plan plan here here submitted
will
separate classes
smal prevented by assembling prisoners in smal
be as
Present Difficulties Overcome
exercise.
Third,
the general plan of
provide abundant classi-
it will
there can
cells
Fourth, the evils of promiscuous association
the
be 27 possible groups.
and outdoor
with provision for adding new
any time without modifying
the building. fication;
division
compartments
at
cells,
in-
their
them
guilty
and deter-
subsequent treatment.
Sing Sing Prison
Clinic Building at the
By Walter
New
Sing Sing Prison
M.D.
B. James,
Architect ct of January 28, 1920) (Reprinted by permission from the American Archite
IT
IS
many years since men began
'their diseases
to reali realize ze that
were not the result of
it
divine
purpose, and so they have attempted,
first,
to
is,
understand their origin, through study and analysis,
and then from these to discover
As human
vention and cure. prolongation of
and th
is still
can
is
made
that
When
similar to that of physical
is
became
law, pro-
new
cell
study, classi-
and distributing prison, and creating the "State Commission on New Prisons," New York
fication
new and more intelligent offenders and toward the whole misbehavior. The new commission,
State committed
problem
and mental
policy toward
commanded
necessarily the
result of or associated with disease, either physical
or mental, although this
way
Policy
the "Sage Prison Bill"
problem of is
in this
useful by-product.
block and the erecti erection on there there of
disease.
do not mean that misbehavior
Only
viding for the demolition of the old Sing Sing
misbehavior or
anti-social behavior presents to society
classification, the
be hoped to turn this costly waste product of
New
The world
in this direction.
just beginning to realize
somewhat
it
in the
Mental disease has only more recently been being
and
and based upon these causes.
social life into
looked at from this same viewpoint, and gratifying is
scientific analysis
diminishing.
presence of disease of the body are no longer vir-
headway
through
tive,
has more than doubled,
To-day, resignation and patient submission tues.
should be attacked in the same manner, that
application of remedies, probably chiefly preven-
result of these efforts, the life
it
discovery of causes, probably very complex, and the
of pre-
and suffering rate has markedly
dise diseas as
diminished and
means
presents an analogous problem to society, and
that
visions,
often the case, but that
itself to
its
to carry out the
soon found
itself
confronted by problems
that belonged essentially to
16
above and other pro-
modern medical
science,
THE NEW SING SING PRISON
17
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES and tal
National Committee for Men-
turned to the
it
Hygiene"
and an advisory medical
for counsel,
committee was formed.
About more thorough
realizing the need of
study of criminals along the
Home
tention
in Chicago, the
before
psychiatric
inmate.
of all
published in
that
scientific
Glueck's studies have been
Hygi Hygien ene" e" and
valuable foundation th
stat stat
were fortunate
New York
having Mr. Pilcher, the
in
of
the final assigning of the contract for the
and important
th
Clinic
Building,
from
of
some time
shall at
it
is
for purposes of study and
may
seems
problem as
carry us into troublesome
to
be
fact,
however, that
any considerable part
of
We
ing and cost.
carrying out of this interesting
tirely rid of this
rid of the
of this
burden of
must not expect ever
we
burden,
be en-
never be
latter, so
we have reason
is
still
di-
to believe
that similar scientific methods, properly applied,
Mr. Pilcher has thrown himself
under-
diminish the burden of anti-social behavior, and
will
taking with singular diligence and intelligence, and
to
approach the irreducible minimum,
minimum which must probably always exist in human world like ours, but minimum from which present still very far. we
has entered thoroughly into the spirit of modern treatment and research.
The newest and most
suffer-
burden of physical and mental disease;
minishing these
Clinic Building
to
shall
but just as science has diminished and
scientific
mental
more accentuated.
relatively
courage to attack such It
re-
no other method gives promise of relieving society
project.
The
hi
therefore
this reason, the psychiatric or
an attack that
social fields.
the
of
including
For
It requires this,
and, most
plans,
member
division of the clinic
State Architect,
and the completion of an important part
insure erection, insure
differs
assumes that the whole population of the
analysis.
translate these ideals into actual construction,
all,
small scale to the
any community, but
pass through the clinic
the
handling of the mental s id id e o f p ri ri so so ne ne rs rs .
The commission and
the
it
corresponds on
it
quires that every
else-
for
of the
wards, dispensary,
community may be abnormal, and
"Menta "Menta
in
full
and form
where,
to
hospital of
complete mental analysis
results of Dr.
work
It provides for the
It contains the hospital
and indeed,
Sing Sing Sing Sing Prison,
new admissions.
The
surgical
in which,
operating rooms and laboratories and X-ray plant,
with the consent and sympathy of the Department of Prisons, to carry
and
and
classifi-
complete physical and mental examination of every
the Juvenile De-
in
to take place,
institution will be carried on.
National Committee
had placed Dr. Bernard Glueck
is
as well, the general medical
this,
and
the Clinic Building, in which the study
cation of the prison prisoners ers
that had been
lines
by Dr. Healy at
followed
is
original feature of the prison
Psychiatric Classification in Prison
By Lewis
F. Pilcher,
New
York State Architect
(Reprinted by permission from the American Architect of January 28, 1920)
COMMERCIAL
efficiency
determined by
is
use,
the use of the by-products of manufacture.
prisoners enchained securely behind bastioned walls,
Prisoners are by-products of society.
but by returning
The modern
enterprise
waste the by-products of reduce
its
that used
to discard
plant
now aims
its
overhead and better
its
system by
in past times
had been considered as
available material.
Is it
lost
results
to
The
re-
and un-
in the
the
past
better
life
inhibited
strait-jacket of strictly
by being
materialistic
management and maintenance? manufacturing concerns so its
in the
determine ine success will be determ
human
has been seemingly impossible to obtain. to the inpolitical,
always arose and rendered abortive
many attempts
successfully
was due
between institutional and
clash
interests that
the
that have been
made
to treat
complex questions of crime and
punishment.
as an irreclaimable waste of society, his progress
toward
decent citizens.
chief reason for this failure
evitable
not true that the criminal
has been for the most part considered
to society
past the achievement of positive
as
turning to the community in usable form that which
tem,
and measured, not by the development of model
held in the
Individualization
institutional
Any betterment
As in the case of modern penal sys-
procedure must be in the direc-
The modern prison, penireformatory should embody in their
tion of individualization.
by the economic
tentiary, jail or
18
THE NEW if'
PRISON
1"*\
'M'-H^
Lftmrnsm*) JL
DETAIL IL OF CONSTRUCTION OF ALL BUILDINGS TYPICAL DETA 19
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES jp3^f
55
as
CQ
CJ
55
ksffpS^^
*!••;• >>.-.
20
-'•'
''yy.'.'-yy/.x'.uyyM
THE NEW respective organizations
made
him, but shapes his mental attitude toward his en-
the function of scientific
individu idual al prison prisoner er study of the indiv
be
PRISON
and
this
vironment.
should
the fundamental element of the entire cor-
Thus,
problem, touching as of
rectional process.
The dynamic
man problems
unit of
is
Modern medical
all
hu-
man,
the associative imagery of the in-
of.
psychi-
intent on
ner in which
havior, effect
if
solely
to
the
prisoner has
questionably been responsible,
view of prevent-
returning
The man-
been handled in the past has un-
the indi-
limi of his vidual prisoner to the limi
capacity with
and the mechanization of the
tablishes his habits.
really consciously
reclaiming
conscious
control
conscious acts of the prisoner es-
undertaking, how-
is
environment deter-
makes
science
treatment and social service
which
fundamental impor-
mines, through the influence of
acts
ever,
life
the individual.
through the medium
An
of
is
tance, for the
mate,
research.
every every phase of the
doe
it
the appraisal of this unit possible atric
obvious that the housing
is
it
not
misbe-
for the great
if
amount of crim-
inal careers, certainly for the con-
would be hampered
in its
firming of the individual in his
were to concern
itself
life
it
with
the
native
endow-
The character and prison we have had, in
of crime.
kind of
the past, had as
its sole
mediaeval
achieve
aim
to
security;
housing condition crude and archaic in conception, which has
not helped to relieve and protect the
against
society
spirit
of
crime, but on the contrary has actually tended to
Here
in
its increase.
New York City
ro te te ct ct s t h municipality p ro ests of its citizens
ment
=•
of
tf
the
inter-
by the enact-
structural
and sani-
J.^n sj-
,T„^
.-.!..«/©•*""•<
tU&
J^^F
«z
^"1
OUTSIDE CELL BUILDING— FIRST FLOOR PLAN ments
of the individual prisoner.
prisoner's particular being, cess;
life,
and every contact
throughout
life
not only leaves
The source of the dynamic prois a l makes its
tary code.
Structural safety and physical security
and health are provided
human
impression on
activities
provisions of that code.
21
for
all
classifications of
under the maturely established
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES Prison Prison Planne Planner's r's Code and practically im-
Scientifically, psychologically
portant as
is
have yet
problem,
tempt
the structural side of this great prison
carefully developed
adapt
and yet with an
at-
code so
planners
prison
to various localities
it
any workmanlike
to see
to establish for
to
elasticity
and climates,
to the
end
present day, 1920, toward that the inhumanity of the present prisoners would be for
all
time impossible.
The tremendous security and help thatsuch
tX)
would provide
and
jails
ta t prisons development o f s ta
for the
and reformatories
The complete
code
is
at once apparent.
competent Code Com-
findings of
mittee would be the average of the experience of
all
penal housing problems throughout the country and
should be determined by
two-group committee,
organization of
acting
national scope.
available ble the experience and In one group should be availa
suggestion of the leaders in penal administration, medicinal, psychiatric, industrial, vocational, educa-
.9-g
fc-i
<-£ to
2;
ti'-S
.=
-O
and
tional
"3.
to
The second group
religious activities.
should consist of
small
number
of architects, engi-
men who have
contractu ctual al expert expert neers or contra
actu-
ally planned and structurally executed prison build-
ings
and whose practical experience would enable
them sympathetically
constructive
translate ate int to transl
form and crystallize the theoretical standards recom-
mend mended ed by
©;
the sub-committee on strictly scientific
phases.
As fr8
it is
be
c.a n)J3
i.K>
""°*^|
cardinal principles of thought foun-
interest
dation,
ment -2
an admitted fact that apperception and
may
it
be seen that the chance of improve-
accord rdan ance ce with with the prisoner will vary in acco
in
the thought and action required of him. therefore, that this idea
may
be
out, the prisoner, immediately on
commitment
prison, should receive the benefit of ical
In order,
efficiently carried
an expert
to
clin-
examination to determine through his mental
and economic
what branch
possibilities
of
work he
should follow during his term of imprisonment to better existence and
insure '3
Si
decent and productive
life
chance
to
live
after discharge.
Distributing Prison
L^
The new Sing as
Sing, therefore, has been planned
Classification
and Distributing Prison,
which the prisoner, after has been
made
possibilities,
definite determination
of his mental, physical
will
tion best suited to his individual
ample,
if
it
unsound, he
be found that will
22
demands.
prisoner
is
For ex-
physically
be sent to an institution where he
therapeutically bettered ficient, to
and economic
be assigned to that State institu-
an institution where
or,
if
mentally debe
scientifi-
THE NEW SING SING PRISON cally treated, and,
if
possible, given
work that
enable him to direct his minimal capacity
exempt him from purely custodial
The
removed, the prisoner
will
to
on the in the
care.
construction and location of the buildings at
mean much more,
Sing Sing
mere erection
floor.
for the detention of those
laws of the State.
who have
When
for that
the examiner
purpose on the second
is
ready for him, he
and generally "Bertilloned," and
violated the
elixir,
which
tion.
will take
This over, he
is
led to the educational
the recrement of soso purge
condi-
physical
eral
examination
and
room,
the re-
where facts concern-
advance,
ing his birth, occupa-
refine it that
sult will
dete deterr-
mination of his gen-
century prison
and
then
is
ination for th
It
tieth
ciety
is
preliminary exam-
be
sent across the hall to
exist as
will
classification cell
await his turn for examination
rooms provided
printed
series of large prison buildings
of
to
lodged in
taken upstairs to be photographed, weighed, finger-
than the
therefore,
first floor,
is
and general
rather than retard, the
tion
onward and upward
tory are recorded, and
movement
an examination con-
of
human-
his-
ducted to determine
ity.
both the extent of his education and his oc-
Study of the Prisoner
cupational
Fol-
skill.
lowing that comes
In order fully to un-
exam-
derstand the problem
careful mental
of prison registration,
ination in which the
let us follow follow the course
findings of those just
taken by the convict
preceding
upon
utilized.
his arrival at the
in
ng of the
are
fully
As
result
of these different ex-
fu-
ture:
Immediately
aminations
upon
entering
classification
the
his is
first
made,
subject of course
to
change change fro examin examinaations to be conducted later.
The Registration Building
Besides IT.Va
prison
grounds,
Court
Officer
con-
room
ment
DETENTION BUILDING
of the Registra-
he
turned'over to the prison authorities,
The
for his personal
civilian clothes are
who
property and clothes.
removed
for disinfection
relatives
and
property room.
After being
was
thoroughly bathed, and subjected to
hasty medi-
the
from the
cal
hall
is
of
the
Registra-
the Record
tion Building will in-
and
friends.
reception
of
was
He
Bureau
reception
room where prisoners may converse with
take
baths, situated situated across then led to the baths,
storage.
Offices,
clude
Here
Building.
and receipt
tration
Bureau the Registra-
in the base-
tion is
Adminis-
gene genera ra
tion and
ducts him to the arrival
th
containing
difficult
this
problem
room
for
the visitors to prisoners
one
for
prison
authorities,
as
it
practically impossible while allowing prisoners
reasonable
amount
sion of private
inspection, clean prison clothes are provided.
In the past
visiting
of
freedom
for
the discus-
and confidential matters to pre-
transf sfer er of weapons, liquors, drugs and vent the tran
Then, contagion from outside sources having been 23
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES
an Ample Room. Mess Hall with InRoom Coat dependent Entrance, and Outside
Floor Bakery with Flour and Bread Storage Rooms and with Equipment to Provide Bread for the Entire This
-BASE/AE/IT
FLOOt PU/1— PL
Toilet, Recreation and Lunch Room are also Provided.
Institution, Refrigerating
Rooms f o t h Storage of Plant Unprepared Food, for the Making of Ice, and
MESS HALL AND KITCHEN BUILDING— BASEMENT
24
THE NEW
B ui ui ld ld in in g O c u pi pi e This the Central Position of This Group and is JEasily Accessible from all Cell Buildings.
The Mess Halls are so Designed as to Take Com-
Detention Building Can Enter Their Mess Hall Directly from the Detention Building by the Enclosed Passage.
plete Care of the Inmates of One and Two Cell Buildings in Each
Hall Respectively. of
The Inmates
Kitchen Economically and Efficiently Equipped Occupies the East Wing
the
of This Building.
MESS HALL AND KITCHEN BUILDING—FIRST FLOOR
25
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES This
implements of escape. think, has
now been
however,
we
successfully solved through the
following arrangement: are separated
difficulty,
Two
by two wire
parts of
room
large
nettings, so placed that
they form an enclosed passage six feet in width,
where guards can be stationed attempt to pass at the
to
prevent any
arti articl cles es to the prisoners without,
same time,
The
department with two operating rooms, one for major and the other for minor operations, each having separate sterilization
facilities,
together with prepa-
and recovery rooms, while the remainder of the floor is given up to rooms for the ration, etherizing
male nurses and
on of
interfering in the carrying
complete operating
floor contains
convalescent solarium.
Training School for Nurses
conversation.
clinical hos-
In addition to using the building as pital for the
The Temporary Detention Building
quirements of the prison,
("No. 5")
Adjacent to
Registration Building,
the
high plat platea ea overlooking the Hudson, is the same high Temporary Detention Building, with cell rooms on separate floors, so arranged as to place the prisoners
under the constant supervision of the perts,
who
clinical ex-
conduct their examinations
in the
adjoining Clinic Building.
it
as
it
is
clinical laboratory
found that efficiency in prison nursing
the relation of scientific, medical
prison
munity.
The
entire Sing Sing project includes kitchens,
power house and
was developed under
New York Thomas W. Sal-
Dr.
heat and light the
to
plant,
many
buildings
and
church
to operate the industrial plants,
community
the development of religious and
In addition to the proper placing and co-ordina-
Pilgrim, Chairman,
State Hospital Commission;
modern sewage
reation hall, roads, walks,
ideals.
tion of the structures
and
their
component
mon, Director of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene; Dr. G. H. Kirby, Director of the Psychiatric Institute of the State of New York; Dr. Isham
and the abolishment of unsanitary conditions
G. Harris, Superintendent of the Brooklyn State Hospital; Dr. Carlos F. MacDonald, Alienist, and
in th
Surgeon. Provision has been made Dr.W. F. Brewer Surgeon. on the first floor for modern X-ray apparatus and its various accessories three rooms for the physician charge of the venereal examinations;
surgical
laboratory; rooms fitted for the examinations of the eye, ear
and
throat, psychiatric
and psychological
examining room, dental operating room and laboratory,
and
working
in the diagnosis
On
tive laboratory;
is
and examination rooms. quantitative and qualita-
museum,
recording room,
brary and lecture rooms, and on the third surgical wards, subdivided for
erative
cases,
interiors,
ings
together
with
li-
floor are
major and minor opmedical
wards,
so
The
hospital
is
by
in the
great step forward has been taken
site,
crea creati ting ng of
proper and fitting atmosphere
The
old idea of the ugly, heavy
barred and broken walls, which produced the dismal, forsaken, isolated and jail-like appearance of In their places
former prisons, has been discarded. will
be many-windowed, substantial brick struc-
tures,
rive extending from the rive
to the plateau in the
and well-pro-
rear of the elevated site, in dignified
portioned stages.
The
causes which formerly created in prisoners
the feeling of being entombed, useless exiles
have been done away with.
and hopeless
It is
our hope
that ideals of respectability, industry, efficiency and co-operation will arise from these ditions
and make strong,
pressions on the
planned as to have ordinary and chronic medical cases in separate divisions.
and
parts,
the architectural treatment of build-
and
laboratory for the use of the staff
the second floor
di-
and psychiatric
knowledge to the peculiar problems of
James, Presidentof the New York Academy of Medi-
in
is
rectly proportional to the nurse's understanding of
for
W.
planned to use
also
school for the education of male nurses, as
medical commission composed of: Dr. Walter B. cine; Dr. Charles
it is
re-
dining rooms, library, school, vocational shops, rec-
The Clinical Laboratory The
housing of psychiatric and medical
It is
to be
mind
beneficial
and
prison conlasting im-
of each prisoner.
only by such utilization of the experiences
in allied fields
and
their thoughtful application to
freely used for detailed observation as well as for
prison conditions that progress
treatment.
in solving this
26
new
important
may
be hoped for
human problem.
The Wingdale By Lewis
F. Pilcher,
New
Prison
York State Architect
(Reprinted by permission from the American Architect of January 28, 1920)
THE
more advanced
modern penologists
of the
are rapidly discarding the old theory that
humanity and
such terraced elevation
effect of
should be
emphasize the hieratic mysteries,
eliminated from society's dealings with
its less re-
was
sponsible
They
citizens.
substituting
are
place the idea that the majority of criminal criminal
in
effects of the brilliant
good citizenship which result from environment
we accept
new
this
theory,
many
becomes neces-
it
elation increased in
when
of our ideas concerning
an impressionable quality
to acquire
new
susceptible to
concern th
and advancement
Here the
of our less
and with the
do our part in ameliorating prison government, the Commission on New Prisons has endeavored, result
toward
Thus
In order that these aims
fully understood,
shall
new
than
which
munities,
site.
and
the growth
plan it is
of
either
civilization
and
results of
the
final
or
religious
civil
given settle settlemen men ing scheme of any given
is
region on of by the topography of th regi
location.
antiquity
the study of
shows that
universally
chosen
its
the
and freedom
of
exists
among
the
movement suggested from from formal
the multitudes;
life
the conscious
walking from the atrium to the
higher
as
the
sites
locations of
palaces
crepidomas were constructed,
position
they evolved the Greek form of temple,
medium
of the
imagery.
these temples
B.
C.)
peristyle,
distinc-
its
is
Mosaic temple, of the Egyptian Perhaps
led
27
typical
of
three-stepped
marvelous
reminiscent of the open air atrium of
Egyptian prototype. through
of Athena.
psycholog logica ica of the alluvial Nile appreciated the psycho
most
worthy stylobate support,
the peripteros, and at
inhabited the level areas
the
the great marble Parthenon (438
which was reared upon
crepidoma,
of religious prominence.
who
the Greeks rose to intellectual and artistic
the
order
might be made between the different degrees
de-
When
hieratic
mounds
tion
of the terraced elevations
may
which was simply an Hellenic translation, through
and
by means
illumi-
vout one hope to attain the quiet and sublime
of land
in
and dimly
dwelling place of the gods.
were
that
the Egyptians
higher social order, while the
lower to
through struggle, loneliness and pain
com-
settlements of
did not permit of such natural elevation,
That
the low grade level of the atrium
in
nated holy-of-holies symbolized the fact that only
determined
temples, and that where the configuration or raised
the relevant
and the progress of humanity
further ascent to the small, calm
at once apparent that the final hous-
For example,
reflected in its different stages
hypostyle hall suggested the difficulties of rising
one surveys the history of
structural
the associative
all
the various sections
effort of ascent in
level
Architectural Precedents investigates
form of temple
its idealistic goal.
from If
religious ecstasy
cases to
that lack of function and free freedo do
prison and the rea-
sloping rather
selecting
man and
light, the air,
be
attempt to explain both the
architectural plan of this for
may
This
be seen in the Temple of Kohn.
distinctions of class
to achieve
essential reforms.
topographical
may
of elevation of
combined with these
Wingdale Prison,
good architectural
sons
many
priestcraft developed
imagery of
desire
to
in the building of the
s ou ou l
the hypostyle hall.
of
construction which crystallized
thin things gs in mind,
thes thes
all
Egyptian atmosphere, offered
the novitiate ascended into the upper region
arrangement
fortunate fellow men.
With
to the
simpler expression of this religious constructive
and experiments which
theories
welf welfar ar
was
where the esoteric mysteries were performed.
mind
of
shadow
the sombre
the government, discipline and housing of prison prisoners ers
and
it
ing the steps on the far side of the atrium, he entered
negligible
the assumption that most criminals have inherited
sary for us t o r ev ev is is e
graded above the level of
which stimulated the novitiate when, after ascend-
and make
tendency toward wrong-doing,
worshiper
subtle psychic preparation for that elation
and education, are only wayward. If
slightly
This atrium, open as
the dromos.
are not
inherently bad, but, lacking the idealistic principles of
pavement
with
its
the
pyloned gateway into an atrium
from
led
To
arrangement of their temples.
architectural
kindliness
certain
shown by the
is
Further on, and beyond higher level, the pronaos
great door into the shrine chamber
Thus did
the architects, Ictinus and
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES
%,
•£ ifl
cu J* -J >£
lz
is
>g
td
28
TH Callicrates, express
much
in
the
WING WI NGDA DALE LE PRISON
same manner as
Bearing in
eras.
experience.
In the
logical principles
flat
community houses in past mind both this and the psycho-
the various treatments of
human
the Egyptians the essence of crystallized
country of Mesopotamia the archi-
which determine the function of
any segregated community,
it
becomes perfectly ah entire prison
tects built lofty zekkurats in order to provide high
clear that the old system of plotting
substructures for the crowning cella or shrine, and
plan on an absolutely level piece of ground does not
these
ma-
agree with either the teachings of history or the
spiritual value in that they
psychological principles which determine the site of
temple-capped pyramids had
lofty,
terialistic as well as
helped to form in the minds of the people an ideal
community
as to the position in the
and
poral
To
of both tem-
the north, at Khorsabad,
This
our
city city of Assyria, the
artificial
mound, towering
back
the plateau with
of
it,
and
so high that
many-stepped, cella-crowned temple of the
Thus
down upon
religion looked
alty, in turn,
on
its
segregated and self-sufficient
in
and unwitting psychological arrangement
this,
we
we summon
and
normals and general
must work,
this
eat,
be confined
guarded buildings situated within
will
phen phenom omen enon on which we have noted in the Orient existed same time at Mycenae, Thyrns, Argos, Attica and Rome,
efficiently
of lodging
them
and with no enclosing
them
to carry
express itself through the use of diff differ eren en
and similar
housing
concrete
grades by which the
be
first.
its social
expression
to
theoretical
than those they govern, we have planned an adja-
human mind differentiates the who comprise any given
cent but higher elevation for the
group.
tenance of
we apply
this rather
obvious at
its
find it
population
dependencies,
complete
community and
whic phases whic
we
prison
the
form forms, s, toge togeth ther er with
prison,
dwellings
proper main-
model prison.
new Wingdale Prison we have attempted to express prison which will meet the scientific and historic precedents which we have at our command, and we fully believe that our plan
pragmatic psychology to
new
offices,
for the
In our plan for the
Application to Wingdale the problem of planning
thus allowing
thus
division,
the
walls,
on
industries.
and other buildings necessary
segregated
who
w il il l
on dairying, farming, stone crushing
social status of the people
If
t ru ru st st ,
As the working out of our community idea demands that the governing class occupy higher site
height of each group being directly pro-
portional to the power of
giving
of
in buildings situated
level
have
architecture of early civilization
levels, the
of prisoners
concrete expression of these privileges will consist
these few examples taken from the religious
civil
be such as can be
allowed privileges which are denied the
endeavored to show that class distinction tends to
and
walled enclosure
are restricted.
The second group, composed have shown themselves worthy
the people.
By
will
in strong, well-
done within the comparatively small
space to which, which, the
by
first
and sleep under constant and direct
These
of class
being always occupied by the rulers, the
The
made up of subrecalcitrants who of necessity
supervision.
plains
divisions,
is
natural
This same comm commun unit it
by the nobles and the adjacent
major
t hr hr e
these groups
l a g es es t
and the work which they do
foot-hills
practical expe-
prison population
find that
housing was worked out by these early architects.
the height height
of
for different
third of those in authority over them.
its level streets
community
select
two of which are composed of actual inmates and
royalty and roy-
walled city with
we must
and construct our plans with the idea
divides itself naturally i n
priests.
and multitudinous inhabitants, and thus
benefit to society
remembering
If,
shadows, was constructed the
its
prison which will be both
are to plan
rience to our aid
bathed
it
site
thus becomes manifest
degrees of social eminence.
place of residence for the king and his
court, while
we
it
having different grades of elevation
an
wall,
did some sixty feet above the level of the city,
was used as
if
protection and
rulers constructed, as part of
it
that
spiritual power.
enormous plateau. as
community housing, and
will exert as beneficial
monuments on the Acropolis at humble people who constructed their
as did the noble
Athe Athens ns on the
therefore presents few
have have not been successfully solved
an influence on our prisoners
mud-brick houses at
in
29
its
base.
The New Alabama Near Montgomery
Kilby Prison Penitentiary
Preliminary Note By Hastings H. Hart, LL.D.
LABAMA was the last of the Southern States h\ to retain the convict lease system. The sys-
"*
tern
duced
iv *H
has been very profitable, having propast past more than $1,000,000
for several year year
per year of net revenue.
The
decreed the abandonment of
last legislature
AU\r
the convict lease system in January, 1924, and in
IHtt
change the State has under-
preparation
taken the construction of the most elaborate prison
porn
the south, with the possible exception of the
liSE
in
United Stat States es Priso Priso
Under the laws
BB
in Atlanta.
managers
of the State the prison
f:'
have authority to expend the revenues from convict labor for land this authority,
Acting under under and improvements. Acting ;->:•
Gov. Thomas E. Kilby; Hon. C. B.
ml
Rogers, President of the State Board of Control;
and Dr. William F. Feagin, Warden General penitentiary system, have united
the
the
model southern prison.
perfect
The
general plan of this prison
was suggested by
Minnesota State Prison, with the important
change, however, of adopting th
tem instead tion
of
outs outsid id
the outside
cell
plan of construction
except
in-
therefore the
pris prison on wall wall surrounds the entire prison. buil buildi ding ng
cell sys-
The adop-
of the interior cage system.
creases the opportunity for escapes;
th
of the
the office building
None is
of
on the
outer wall.
Following the example of the United States Gov-
ernment prison at Atlanta, the tier
The lower
cells
%}4 feet high, with cell,
for
first
five prisoners
man
one
feet wide,
generous capacity,
above the
accommodate
are constructed to
each.
cells
each are of
10 feet long,
an outside window
for
tt
and
every
and elaborate ventilation system.
Alabama has about 3,000 prisoners. prison is designed to accommodate 800 men, with plans for enlargement to double that capacity. The remainder of the State convicts kept, as heretofore, in prison
on State farms.
It is
will
probably be
camps and employed
probable that the prison at
Speigner, with the State cotton mill, will be continued, at least for the present.
The employment
cotton-mi -mill ll prisoners in the cotton
industry has been successfully tested at Speigner,
and
purposed
to establish
Kilby Prison which
will
new cotton
mill at
employ the greater part
of
30
nnf
KILBY PRISON the prisoners.
It is
proposed to manufacture cotton
and
cloth suitable for shirting
to establish
on State State accoun account, t, the
upon
price agreed
The manufacturing
market.
herd of 90 Guernsey cows and an extensive piggery.
be
expected that this new departure
It is
contract
Alabama from
advance under certain stan-
administration
shirts to be sold at
in
will
attached to the prison where
is
model dairy has already been constructed
shirt
factory where the cloth will be manufactured into shirts for the
farm
large
will
bring
the rear of the procession in prison the front rank.
dards of quality.
Notes on the Design and Construction of Kilby Prison, Near
Montgomery, Alabama By Martin Kilby Prison
be noted from the ground plan that the
designed essentially as an indus-
There are about 3,000 State convicts
trial prison.
in
is
Lide, Engineer and Architect
J.
The
Alabama.
administration building
labor of the majority of these
The State
and lumber corporations.
revenue and backward in education. fore, essential
that these convicts be put to pro-
with the
By
ing of convicts
must
order to rece receiv iv
may
is
is,
be at least
Legislat latur ur act of the Legis
th
these these convicts from the mines
and
be note note of the
to place
them
administration
high feet high
is
12 inche inche
thic thic
mat
At
by rooms whose purposes
roof laid
The
are of concrete.
on
cells
wall are concrete guard towers, and on one side there
high,
lock gate
120 feet long, equipped with steel
doors suspended with feet long at the front sides.
long.
The
wall
Expansion
is is
rollers.
The
and are 1,200
painted with
tar,
on the
portion of
parts of cement, sand, and gravel,
At
the top of the
and 10
cells are
feet deep,
inches
walkways
Every
i n f ro ro nt nt .
steel
guards,
8}4 feet cells
cell
has
and equipped with
The
verted future. cell.
into single
Toilets
and
man
cells
cell
building
Forty-eight-inch roof ventilators are
on the
cell
house at 15-foot intervals.
potential of 6,600 volts, and the other
ing driven
by
the attic.
By means
to these
may be
any time
at
in
is
so
conthe
lavatories are provided for each
have fans mounted
strands are such that in case the charged wire
feet wide,
same height and depth, but are 22 feet The rows of cells are separated by 15-foot
counterbalanced steel sash.
strands of
The connections
man man
in le
and the multiple man
lators also
strands being grounded.
five tiers of
tiers of five or six
strands being
barbed wire are mounted, charged to
fo
house contains
constructed that the multiple man. cells
the sand and gravel being mined on the property by the State.
cell
being composed o f
man
single
with tool-proof
time of the pour-
concrete aggregate was mixed in the pro-
The tier
one or more windows which are screened, barred
were
The
ing.
The
feet
the thickness of the coating de-
pending on the temperature
first
and walkways
All cells
steel purlins.
tile
corridor with an open well in the center and with
taken care of by the construcjoints
with with brick and with cement
are of the
constructed in sections 30 feet
During cool weather these
tion joints.
are set forth in the
monolithic concrete
is
and the remaining four
wide.
walls are 1,000 feet long
the
cells,
cells.
is
on
con-
the four corners of the
feet wide.
house
cell
veneere ere structure vene
at the top, sits
corridor flanked on either
is
Main Cell House
plat, the prison,
and 20 inches thick at the bottom, and concrete
house
cell
The main
building,
The administra-
prison.
one-story building of brick and
ground plan drawing.
being constructed.
from the ground
em-
free office
all
Connecting the Administration Building
into productive
surrounding walled enclosure.
about 20
side
leas-
In
this prison is
tained with within in
wall
It
cease after January, 1924.
lumber camps and
exclusive
work outside the
tion building is
in
concrete.
self-sustaining.
will
ployees
there-
ductive work in order that they
work As
poor
is
Thus
the outside of the walls.
heretofore has been leased out, principally to mining
pris prison on on
front of th
is in
common
in
mounted
These venti-
them, the fans be-
line shaft
of these fans
from
it
will
motor
in
be possible
to completely ventilate the cell house at intervals,
is
drawn
either cut or short circuited, an electric siren will
the air being
blow.
charged from the 31
in
roof.
from the windows and
dis-
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES As
will
be noted from the plans, large day-rooms
house
is
by
corridor flanked on either side
cell
room room
whose whose purposes are explained on the ground
These rooms are located on the second and
plan.
The
or school-rooms separate the two wings of the house.
cell
corridor connects with
concrete and
tresmr
KILBY PRISON, MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA—GENERAL PLAN third floors.
These rooms
will
be used for religious
steel building in the rear,
one wing of which
purposes, as school-rooms, and for rest-rooms dur-
used as
ing rainy Sundays and holidays.
house and the other wing as
In the rear of the
32
detention
cell
will
house and punitive utility house.
be
cell
KILBY PRISON
2S
Oh cd
to
P3
CO
33
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES Detention Cell House The detention
cell
man
contains 60 single
These
S}4 feet high.
man
the single
house cells,
two
is
main
cells in the
high and
tiers
by 10
each
cells are
The mess and
feet,
As may
ment.
be inferred from the designation, the detention
house
be used as
will
cell
new
for all
convicts will be sent here
quar quaran anti tine ne period of ten days to two weeks.
for
During
this period the
new convict
will
be given
his past history will also
be investigated.
Obvi-
ously, the purpose will be to protect the prison
rooms, and
the
may
be properly
is
and
mental
from
may
by placing them
their fellows It will also
cells.
be possible, by proper
same
moral strata into the same multiple
classifica-
social
man
man and
supplied wit
mechan mechanica ica
ventilation.
windows and
of these cells will face the
will
is
dark corridor and
with cement
tile
punishment
Alabama
On
will supersede corporal
roof
house
which
is
brick and steel
The power plant contains
K.W. vacuum pumps,
feed
dry, shower-bath,
and locker room
clothing and shoe repair room,
vacuum steam
Space
is
from the power
heat, hot water,
and
elec-
system of tunnels which connect
tricity through
the power plant with
Hot water
buildings.
all
from
is
large
Hospital
To
prison on proper the left of the pris
pital, as indicated
of brick
is
is
located the hos-
on the ground plan.
This build-
and concrete, with cement
tile roof.
In general, as indicated, the hospital consists of central administrative and operative portion, con-
nected to wings at either end by means of corridors
which are also flanked by rooms. tion will take place
end
Racial segrega-
by placing white and colored'
of the hospital are
At each
By
provided between
the
provided surgical and medi-
each connec connectin tin
cal wards,
nects the detention cell house with the kitchen and in the rear.
and
heater,
pati patien ents ts at opposite ends of the hospital.
concrete and brick corridor, 10 feet wide, con-
mess
water pumps,
All buildings are supplied
piping.
for the clothes.
Kitchen and Mess Hall
100
emergency lighting generator, switchboard,
cell
building containing clothing storage rooms, laun-
by
concrete
is
the yard grade.
heater located in the laundry room.
detention
boiler
inches in diameter
feet
In front of the boilers
thus be
the
The
floors.
bin underneath the railroad tracks, which are on
ing
utility building
is
brick and steel building
also supplied to the several buildings
prisons.
the opposite wing from
the prison yard.
and concrete
stack
radial
150 feet high.
is
in
walk
going to and
in
Twelve
punishment
tile roof.
plant consists of three 200 H.P. boilers connected to
In future, confinement and other methods of
cells.
This walk
located at the end of the cov-
It consists of
be solitary dark
will thus
from the rain
ered walk.
solitary light cells, while the remaining 12 cells will face the
In the
covered concrete walk
is
in the
The power plant
building, containing 24 concrete
cell
ice storage
essential purpose of the shed covering the
to protect prisoners
plant with
cells.
the outer end of the detention cell building
the punitive cells
be isolated
in the single
segregate ate convic convicts ts of the tion, to segreg
At
means
physical degenerates, confirmed
diseased ed crimi criminal nal and diseas
criminals,
this
meat and
complete refrigerating plant.
the mess hall
from the factories
in
By
classified.
the cold storage
is
permanent construction, with cement
of
The
prisoner, in addition to his past history, in order
that he
the kitchen,
is
connecting same with the power plant.
body
by new convicts, to correct physical defects in the new prisoner, to make the necessary identification records, and to study the mental and physical characteristics of the from the infectious diseases brought
In the rear of the kitchen
rear of
the
be equipped with steam cooking equip-
will
plant, consisting of vegetable,
is
moral, and physical examination,
careful mental,
and
clearing-house
new
State
opposite wing from the mess hall
otherwise similar to house.
On
auditorium for speakers and picture shows.
which
cell
be used temporarily as an
hall will also
into
sun-room.
the construction of an additional cell house in
space indicated
by
the
dotted lines on
the
these two buildings for the future construction of
ground plan, and by the construction of an addi-
another cell house which will double the
tional kitchen
The mess brick and
hall
crete floor.
are
tile roof,
The
wide and 225 tors
building,
steel
cement
and kitchen
building
feet long.
cell facilities.
consists of
with brick
no is
ceiling,
an open
walls,
mess
steel
and with con-
of five
of
All
be
doubled.
The present
men
to the large cells.
By
an additional mess
windows are barred and screened.
tion
34
may
hall
of the
prison
accommodate 800 prisoners on
increased to something over 900.
trusses.
Steel factory sash with large ventilators are used
throughout.
between the present is
basis
men in may be
putting six
the cells, however, the present population
Forty-eight-inch ventila-
mounted between each
hall
and the power house, the population
may
designed
approximately 65 feet pair
hall
prison
and mess
By
and kitchen,
constructing
racial segrega-
be more completely effected.
KILBY PRISON
Oh
Di
fa t/5
CO.
35
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES The present capacity tients,
but
this capacity
of th
may
hosp hospit ital al
is
be increased by ex-
omy
cotton mill and
the rear of the prison
factory are being constructed to
exterior walls
But
tending the surgical and medical wards.
At
monolithic concrete structure with brick veneered
32 pa-
consume the labor
economy
its
cheap construction.
the cell house
in first cos
consis consisten ten
with permanency and the security and welfare of
with
outside type of
its
was
se-
compactness. cell
outsid id rounded by an outs in the construction
Econ-
safe construction.
house can be made prac-
tically secure for all classes of prisoners
of the present prison has been the question of the
possible
permanent and
The
Economy
maximum
by no means
in the construction
cured through
of the present prison population.
The dominant consideration
is
wall wall
when
sur-
adequate height,
of
top guarded by high tension charged wires,
provided the windows to the
cell
houses are barred
with steel-proof window guards and the prisoners are reasonably well guarded.
LAUNDRY, BATH, AND DETENTION BUILDING—FLOOR PLANS the prisoners.
are practically
All buildings
tial,
and
as far as possible
have been eliminated.
all
non-essential features
All essential utilities, such
complete telephone system, alarm signal sys-
as
tem, steam heat, an adequate
both
the interior
and cold water,
lighting
and the exterior etc.,
system
for
of the prison, hot
in first cost
relative hygienic
of the outside
and physiologic advantages
and inside
cell
construction
discuss here except to say that
outside
of these respects.
of
economy
will
not
we considered
the
manifestly superior in both
cell
very important in
have been provided.
Outside Cells
Economy
The
fire-
proof, but are no larger than are absolutely essen-
While we consider these features
permanent
in initial cost
was
the outside cell type of prison
rower prison for the same
cell
prison, the question
also
important
is
considerably nar-
in that
capacity, and, further-
more, since continuous mechanical ventilation
was the guiding considera-
not essential with the outside
tion in the construction of the cell houses, although
36
cell
type,
it
is
can be
KILBY PRISON more densely occupied,
economy
the outside cell type of prison the
one of providing
is
certain definite ex-
ternal wall area for the s id id e
given dimensions of these cells
o f the prison, since for
and
cells
specified
number
of
maximum economy
of
then resolves
itself into
in construction
question of providing the
maximum of wall area with the minimum of floor area. Two general forms of outside cell buildings have been proposed: type adopted that of
narrow rectangular
Kilby prison, and the other the
type.
It
all figures
is
demonstrated in geometry
circle
maximum
has
rectangle or quadrilateral has
given periphery.
It
is,
of area for
minimum given
pacity, the narrow rectangular type is/more ical in first cost, since it
Economy
as
tiers,
house
cell
more
is
ecur ecur
This
ca-
econom-
was
also
five tiers
promoted by
high instead of
accommodate
man
cells of the
secured,
is
re-
it
Recognizing
of
first
all,
this re-
to
cell
of natural
by
ventilation.
very large propor-
window area to wall area by ventil ventilati ating ng the windows top an bott bottom om by constructing the cell house with with
cross-section shaped like
large
larg number of larg
open pitched effect
and also the very
maximum maximum
an adequate supply
of ventila-
from breezes.
Finally, to insure
the
tion in
summer, when there may be neither
wind nor temperature shafting from this
means the
will
be enab enable le
we have mounted driven by ball-bearing
difference,
disc fans in each ventilator,
at
chimney,
ventilators on top of an
to secure the very
roof,
chimney
of
By
push-button-controlled motor. cell
attendants,
by pushing
to flood the cell
any time the
air
becomes
hous hous foul,
button,
with with fresh
and
since
air
the
attendants will be on the inside of the prison, where the air will be
usual.
economy was secured by the multiple man cell. Our multiple man
cells
in-
tion of
Finally, additional
use of the
maximum
very
th
carries with
we have designed
sponsibility,
reduces the ceiling and floor
in construction
constructing our four
cell
minimum.
area to
by
matter of providing adequate
ventilation for the inmates.
of area
therefore, obvious that
given external wall area, or
for
of prison construction)
occupancy
this density of
sponsibilities in the
very narrow
given length of periphery, while for
But
definite external wall area is required.
The problem
cylindric
most expensive item
creasing the density of occupancy in the cell houses.
in construction.
In desi design gnin in
problem
which further promotes
most
foul,
they will probably
make
use of their opportunities.
Apart from humanitarian considerations, which
six prisoners, while three single
same cubic contents containing two
measure should dominate the designer of
large
in
prison, there
is
also the
economic question of
se-
extra lavatories, two extra water-closets, two extra
maximum mental and physicaf output from the prisoner while at work. In an industrial
radiators, with all of the necessary connections to
prison
many
sleeps
partitions,
these
utilities, will
prisoners.
as
two extra prison doors and
much
only accommodate half as
It will, therefore, cost
in the six
curing the
more than twice
of prisoners in the single
man
It will, therefore,
economy
two
man
with
oted oted that
and
can do more and better work
rests sufficiently. 4fc>uble shift
If
if
he
the cotton mills are
during summer months
large portion of the population sleeping dur-
ing hot
cells
summer
days,
it is
doubly important that
the prisoners be confined in well-ventilated and sani-
cells.
be
man
to be oper operate ate
in cell-hpuse construction to incarcerate
number than
locks,
we have
in cell-house construction
secured
(which
is
tary quarters.
This fact we have borne
the design of the
the
37
cell
in
mind
houses at Kilby Prison.
in
Prison
Farms
Women
for
By Hastings H. Hart, LL.D.
SEVERAL
States are developing prison farms
women on
for
We
the cottage plan.
present
herewith plans of two cottages recently con-
Farm
structed at the Connecticut State
Niantic and the
at
Women
at Clinton.
State
Farm
New
Jersey Reformatory for
Women
for
State reformatory institutions for idly being developed in the
two
Niantic,
at
Reception Building
Connecticut
first
Women
for
women
are rap-
The
United States.
institutions of this class, the Indiana State
Reformatory
Women
for
at Indianapolis
Massachusetts. Reformatory for
ingham ingham wer
Women
prison structures, less rigid
than typical prisons for men, but
and the
at
Fram-
and formal
still
following
prison models.
meantime the cottage system for youngee girls grew up, and it was soon found that delinquent In the
girls
could be safely kept in ordinary cottages with-
out any surrounding wall and without prison construction.
When the New York State Reformatory for Women was built at Bedford, cottages were erected and the gates
large congregate building,
instead of
day and night. While occasionally escapes took place, the number was not of the institution stood open
large,
and the
usuall speedi speedily ly recaprecapwere usuall
fugitives
tured. All the
new
institutions for delinquent
on the cottage plan, and
in
cottages an iron
times this
grill
window
even fences.
masked by window
grill is
women committed
for
Farm
for
grat-
some
In
some-
protects the lower sash
The Connecticut State
are
most cases the cottages
are of simple construction, without ings, strong bars, walls, or
women
plants.
Women
misdemeanors
receives all
parts
There are only eight women con-
of Connecticut.
victed of felonies in the Connecticut State State Prison Prison at Wethersfield, but are
still
considerable
number
committed to the county
the State.
All the
women
jails
at Niantic are
of
women
throughout
committed
for criminal offenses.
Three old farmho farmhouses uses have been as cottages,
refitted to serve
and one new Reception Building has
been erected to accommodate 27 incoming women. This
is
wooden
buildi building, ng, simila simila
well-built farmhouse.
kitchen, tion
dining-room,
department
for
On
in construction to
the
first
living-room,
floor are
and
recep-
incoming prisoners, with hos-
PRISON FARMS FOR pital wards, isolation wards,
and accommodations
with accommodations for the matron and her
for officers.
The dining-room and
tant.
living-room are practically
one room, so that that th dining-r dining-room oom wit
its
available as an evening sitting-room
and
tables
The rooms
simp simply ly bu
are about
neatly furnished.
by 10
prisoners
living-
who
assis-
They are
feet.
Notwithstanding the
fact that this cottage is designed for the
is
room.
On
WOMEN
incoming
are most likely to run away, the doors
of this house are unlocked throughout the day.
The farm
the second floor are single rooms for inmates,
39
contains about 500 acres.
Three old
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES farmhouses, having been repaired and supplied with
three small "thinking
plumbing, furnish houseroom for three groups of
ment
women, each under charge
these buildings
is
in
of
matron.
No
one of
any sense "secure"; but
tion
es-
is
not satisfactory, bu
more
usually recaptured.
buil buildin dings gs are erected.
The
secure place on the farm consists of
40
suitable
detention
buildi ding ng present buil
in the base-
These rooms have
strong doors and barred windows.
capes are infrequent, and escaping prisoners are
The only
rooms" located
receiving ing cottag cottage. e. of the receiv
Their construc-
they they will be replaced by
rooms when additional ar
inconvenient
and
ill
PRISON FARMS FOR
WOMEN
adapted to the care and supervision of the women.
the certainty of recapture,
When permanent
spirit of
buildi buildings ngs are erected, the
the officers will be greatly simplified ability is that the
new
work
of
but the prob-
the inmates.
and partly upon the
Running away
to the practice of the place.
"It
isn't
is
contrary
done."
buildings will be
of simple construction, similar to that of
the buildings that have already been erected.
The
number of escapes from the Connecticut State Farm for Women and small
Clinton Farms in
New
the establishment of
women.
Newcomers have
Jersey appears to be due to certain morale
among
the
first
become won
fine spir spirit it This morale rests partly on the fine
of the superintendents
and
their staffs, partly
upon
likely to
41
to be carefully
watched
for
the
few days until they overcome homesickness and to the place.
After that they are less
attempt to abscond.
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES
The Caroline Bayard Wittpenn Cottage Reformatory
WE
PRESENT
maternity
herewith
cottage
tage
of
is
New
Women.
the
Jersey
This cot-
designed for the reception, care, and treat-
is
ment
plan of
the
the
State Reformatory for
Women,
for
young mothers and
of
and 40
long
102 feet
The
babies.
building
wide, with
feet
rear
extension 24 by 28, containing the kitchen on the
and bedrooms
first floor
for
The whole aspect
floor.
and there
is
inmates on the second
of the house
no appe appear aran ance ce of
cheerful
is
prison about the
place.
The
building contains 20 sleeping rooms for in-
additional inmates, and having
room
for
There
each person.
14 infants, with
The
room
sleeping porch having
mates, with
building
for ten
separate dressing-
nursery for 12 or
is
large sleeping porch. so arranged
is
floors as to
minimize the amount of waste space.
which
There
is
corridor on each
floor
and
This corridor terminates at each
end
feet wide.
large
in
space.
corridor
about d)A by
is
only 60 feet long
room so as to avoid unnecessary The rooms for the inmates are Each room has good 10 feet.
outside window.
kitche he In this cottage kitc
spac spac
adequate
paring of mothers' and infants' food
pre-
for
provided.
is
diet kitchen adjoining the larger kitchen assists in the preparation of the infants'
dumb-
food.
waiter shaft extends from this diet kitchen to the
second service
floor,
where
and storage
this diet
kitchen
small diet kitchen for
of milk formulas
and
six
specially
ing
porcelain
feet wide,
planned
the regular
In
refrigerator especially adapted
is
This refrigerator
to
provided.
is
lined,
feet
six
is
with shelving contain-
hold
to
eight
high
ounce
nursing bottle.
No
other foods except the milk formulas are kept in this
refrigerator.
Room
is
provided
in the
basement
teurizer with 144 bottle capacity.
for
This
is
milk pasconnected
with high pressure steam.
Adjoining the nursery fants'
small bath-tub and two bath-
bath-room.
slabs provide
specially equipped in-
is
ample bathing
facilities for
infants and those of larger size.
hard finished walls make
this
both small
Tiled floors and
most sanitary
ar-
rangement. This building
is
constructed entirely of hollow
and stucco corridors of cement, and rear stair and front stair fireproof towers of metal, and fire tile
42
at
New Jersey New Jersey
the
Clinton,
State
PRISON FARMS FOR glass
construction
with
cement
WOMEN
stair-
The room
ways. floors
and
floor,
living
nursery
room
and
floor,
room are
wood
dining hard-
of
construction,
but you
will
that
exits
all
main
note
and are
corridors
fireproof.
General
plan
of
using gray slate roof
on
our
institution
Dormer
adopted.
windows give
been
has
buildings
in
the roof
ample
storage
space in the attic for
and
clothing
The laundry
stock. is
other
situated
the
in
basement, and here
the mothers are properly
taught care
their
for
to in-
clothing.
fants'
The other
cot-
tages are similar to
those which are younger
for
built
delinquent
girls
in
State industrial schools, without prison construction,
strong doors, or window-bars, except that
some cotlower
in
tages
the
window-sash tected grill
is
by an
proiron
which obstructs
but does not prevent
Some of the cottages are old egress.
farmhouses
which
have been repaired
and equipped with plumbing
in
order to
adapt them to their K^r/.-r
present use. It
must be borne 43
*r
.4.-J
y#-
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES mind that
in
women
in
all
the
this
in-
com-
are
stitution
mitted for criminal including
offenses,
many petty offenses and sex offenses. They
include
also
such crimes as grand burglary,
larceny,
assault with to
atrocious as-
kill,
and
sault
intent
battery,
highway
robbery,
and manslaughter. There are no walls high
or
fences sur-
rounding the buildings.
Notwithstanding the absence of prison
walls and prison
num-
buildings, the
ber of escapes is very
and escaping
small
prisoners prisoners are usually
recovered
within
few hours.
The
institution
was opened January 8,
and
1912,
women.
received 584
Of
these,
escaped,
has
it
have
33
whom
of
25 have been recaptured and
main
still
re-
This
at large.
makes
record of
only one
and one-
third per cent of suc-
escapes,
cessful which
in
view of the
absence of prison straints
remark-
is
able record. tainly
It cer-
the
justifies
policy of the
of
Board
Managers
adopting
the
tage plan and
carding walls.
re-
in
cotdis-
prison
PROPOSED STATE PRISON Alfred Hopkins,
Proposed Plans for tive plans of
York Prison
Penitentiary,
drew tenta-
large state prison for the
New
Association.
These plans were drawn
State Prison
The cell bloc blocks ks ar three stories high, each floor separated and segregated from the other floors, which makes 24 classifications all that will ever There are two be required bath-houses, one for each
1915 Mr. Alfred Hopkins, architect of the
INWestchester County
Architect
in
group of
building is placed at one end of the court and the mess hall at the other. The arranged ged wit mess hall is arran entrances at each end so that the two general classi-
Dr. Orlando F. Lewis, Secretary of the Association.
Hopkins describes
Mr.
the plans as follows It
was proposed
1500
inmates,
These
were
four four genera genera
to house
fications can
divided
above. On the the large auditorium. This has been set back at the ends so as to let into the main court the
on the
main or institutional group was to contain 800
150 inmates, and the group in cottages was to house 400. By looking at the accompanying plan it will be seen seen that that the tain
eral
classifications
consistently maintained throughout every
are
function of the institution.
To
KEYADMINISTRATION
air
ISLD'G-
and shops
hardened offenders who will be con-
BATHS
for the
CELL BLOCK
fined
here
PEFECT1VES' CELLS
and
leave
their
quarters.
EXAM-RECEIVING
Q/MIWIUM-KMEREtC HONOR K.
the right of the insti-
tution are the cell blocks
GUARDS (SfiS-mniUMJlY
com-
which
of
and sunshine.
honor
posed of eight cell blocks of 100 men each, four cell blocks disposed on either sideofthe main court and all joined by connecting corridor, establishing two gen-
is
maximum amount
defective or ab-
normal group was to con-
is
floor
third floor
inmates, disc discip ipli lina nary ry group was to house 150 in-
group
room as
well as in the school-rooms
into
classifications:
the
institutional
sep-
arate in the dining
told.
all
four-cell blocks.
The administration
consultation with the late
WOSnORY
KITCHEN- ETC
-INMATES-
M, MESSHALL -SCHOOL
CENTRAL GROUP 600
<£ AUDITORIUM DISCIPLINARY CELLS
HONOR CROUP 400
RECREATION
BISClPLlNARfGR
ISO
DETECTIVE
150
SHOPS -INDUSTRIA
STORAGE
TOTAL
CORRIDORS.
PROPOSED STATE PRISON— PLAN 45
1500
will
not
On
the corresponding side to the left is the hospital and the quarters for the abnor-
mal and
defectives.
The
power house, over which is gymnasium, is located
behind the institution. The shops have been placed so large enthat they form closure, giving
two
athletic
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES fields
for
of
with the gymnasium between and used jointly
both, so
that
the institution
fields
fo
exer exerci cise se
the two general
classifications
in the fields.
is
Alfred Hopkins, tentative plan was developed by Mr. AlTHIS Hopkins, along suggested Architect,
Jersey State Reformatory at Rahway. for three general classifications
An
of the It
New
Administration
in dormitories
or in
Architect
way.
Mr
Hopk Hopkin in
quite willing to get
by
remarks:
covered passage-
"While
this plan is
preliminary sketch,
teresting in showing that
long type of
cell
it is
practical prison
away from
man
Administration and Custodial Group
PROPOSED REFORMATORY PLAN Alfred Hopkins,
46
Architect
is
and the
block."
Industrial Group tiers— 272 cells
cells
in-
the old idea of super-
vision which established the radiating plan
Agricultural Group tiers— 188
largely
smaller units
Reformatory
only in the nature of
provides
Group, p, an Agricultural Group and an and Custodial Grou Industrial Group; the various departments of the
be housed
institution being connected
lines
by Superintendent Frank Moore,
cottages are
may
all in
single rooms.
Proposed Plan for fred
The
where the men
group each have their special In front of the institutions
work
the cottage group, whose inmates will
Westchester County Penitentiary and
Workhouse, White By Alfred Hopkins,
N. Y.
Plains, Architect
(First published in February, 1918)
WESTCHESTER COUNTY,
PENITENTIARY—GENERAL VIEW FROM APPROACH
N. Y.,
Alfred Hopkins,
THE ple
Westchester County Penitentiary
form of the type of
and
sim-
is
by
This system of design
known
in
connection with othe othe
type type
is
penology demands,
and
for segregation
importance
toward the offender.
first of all,
adequate
the administration
in
east
the huge
To
block.
segregati ation, on, th and segreg
with outside
and 81
floor
to
cell
in
cell
cells,
was
smaller
blocks of
there being
block.
The con-
16 feet wide runs approximately
and west, and
to this are joined the four cell
building, the refectory,
tween the two central
possibilities
and school
building.
Be-
blocks
plac placed ed th
ad-
cell
is
ministration building, connected to
of vital
modern
them by an open
passage.
The administration
penal institution, and cannot be properly had in cell
all
There are four
it
blocks on the south, and on the north the reception
Modern
the
of
usual.
necting corridor
Indeed,
These are
classification.
was
men on
27
well
such an arrangement would have only been tolerated in the present attitude
be said that at the very beginning
three tiers each,
of building,
but seems to be new to prison architecture.
may
units than
the use of the
connecting corridor to provide indoor circulation
throughout the group.
it
determined the men should be housed
plan whose various
parts are brought together
Architect
achieve this classification
floor the
warden's
building has on the ground
office
on one side of the
hall,
and
the clerical office on the other, and in the rear,
connecting corridor offers the
long corridor which has been called the "guards'
greatest possibilities.
corridor" but which will be used largely for the intercourse between the prisoners
The General Problem The
general problem
was
On
Westchester County had purchased at East View, very reasonable
at
price,
fine estate of
hundred acres of exceptionally this
for
property
it
was proposed
about 700 and
about 350,
all
some
penitentiary and workhouse
On
ther this size' ther
ar
always
in
men who
better in shops so that the two kinds of to be available.
The plan was
an
hospital
for
is
rooms on
accessible only from the prison side. is
and the guards' quarters main stairway goes up
In
in the fortified portion
in
the unfortified.
The d-
to the third floor of
ministration building, devoted entirely to guards'
instituwill
officers'
for the
from the public space, but the
other words, the hospital
maximum Most of the men
were to be employed on the farm, but
and some rooms
be noted that the
floor are accessible
short-term prisoners, the
sentence being thirteen months.
hospital
the second floor and the guards' rooms on the third
Poor House
to build
It will
officers.
four
land.
tillable
public.
the second floor of the administration building
are quarters for
as follows:
and the
rooms, and these were
do
work ought
made
large
enough
so that
two guards could occupy one room, and while not generally advisable
to build the institu-
it
was
this is
forethought
because some of the rooms have already been used
by contract and the shops by prison labor. The general scheme is set forth clearly in the plan,
tion
in this
47
way.
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES He
Hospital and Reception Building
The
hospital quarters are small, because in the
prison with the individual is
better off in
hospital ward,
cell
room
man who
than he would be
in
his hair cut.
reception
is
all
prisoners' heads unless the actual physical condition
makes such treatment necessary. After he has been clea clea priso priso suit he given clean underclothes and
to
prisoners brought to the institution enter the
bath and
not now the custom to crop
goes to the warden's office and
reception building at the rear,
necessary and has
sick
is
and the men very frequently prefer
process of
It is
if
general
stay by themselves.
The
then goes to the barber
where the
by him. The prisoner stitution are, and his
as follows
is
is
is
there interviewed
what the rules of the inmeeting with the warden
told
first
of consequence to both, as
it
gives the
warden an
ADMINISTRATION BUILDING—ENTRANCE SIDE enter to the bathe.
they undress and
left,
Their clothes are tied up
rarily placed in
in
intimate opportunity to regard and to counsel his
man, man, an
bag, tempo-
the prisoner his
first
intimation of what
fumigated, and later taken to the general county
After his interview with the warden the prisoner
farm laundry and
placed
his
he
is
given
also are
sterilized.
After the prisoner has
bath he goes into the doctor's
made
identification
in cell
block
observation, which
office,
careful physical examination,
is
expected of him and what his treatment will be.
metal-lined closet, which can be
and here
This
the finger-print and other records of
is
to stay during the period of is
usually about
may
be,
and
the development of contagious
points of view.
that the prison authorities
48
two weeks.
not only for the purpose of finding out what
his physical condition
which are very desirable from many
is
to
guard against
disease,
may make
but also
the equally
WESTCHESTER COUNTY PENITENTIARY AND WORKHOUSE important diagnosis of his mentality, from which
is
largely determined his future treatment.
Observation Cell Block This of the
and
easy for the warden to be
week or ten days
Men
from there. ever,
never leave this
would serve
block, but
his sentence
after th
and be
whatever
to
cell
the auditorium, large enough
is
blocks
and
cell
blocks
and
may 2,
and the connecting corridor has
been divided by mesh eral classifications
be separated from those in
grilles, so
that these two gen-
which are very desirable
may be
maintained.
The Connecting Corridor The connecting corridor is not only advantageous
all
at
one
in
Shower baths are frequently put
in
the
reached under cover, but has been very desirable as
basement, about the worst possible place all
the things which were
may be bathed
the inmates of each floor
at
hall
cell
th
number, so that
in
all
with two stairways so that the inmates from
obse observ rvat ation ion period expires.
shower baths, twenty-seven period.
for all,
classification
the reception building are also incl incl de
In
Over the mess
released
longer period, how-
confined for
would be assigned
seemed best
frequent touch
sentenced An inmate who is only sentenced
with the new men. for
in
his
natural to him, were as stupid as they were cruel.
inmate adjoins the admini administr strati ation on building,
it is
when
form him by opposing
block set apart for the observation observation period
cell
waywardness has landed him in prison, and the old systems, which aimed at the solitary confinement of the prisoner and tried to re-
especially
times, but especially in
chester no quarters of
for
them
any kind were put
in
all
portions of the institution to be
place of recreation for the prisoners.
At West-
prison.
permitting
noted that
it is
and south and
the
It will
be
by windows north
cross ventilated
that, with its extended southern ex-
Second Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
ADMINISTRATION BUILDING was determined at the outset that requirements should be accommodated above
basement. all
ground, ing.
It
is
store
room
instance there
house which
will
for
30 pupils
in
from
off
in
been generally adopted finitely better
ing
them
usual steel It will
aisles for service.
in this country,
and
now
Man
is
blocks
cell
on
all
blocks are not only closed glass partition,
between the
kept
is in-
men
as
u ie ie t a s
make the The inpossible.
cell in
and reverberation
the huge modern
cell
in grass
and planting and
will is
them through gardening means. 49
block
of the is
one
it.
be noticed that the institution as planned
the usual prison enclosure as
gregarious animal,
cells is
the stair hall so as to
resolves itself into three courts, all of
than the continental system of feed-
in the cell.
cell
of the chief things to be said against
ordinary way, facing
large mess hall has
that the
stories are lighted
tolerable banging, rattling,
one another, with alternate wide Feeding the prisoners
The
again closed off
each school-room.
has been laid out so that the prison-
ers will sit at the table in the
is
floor the corridor
quarters for the
hall
signal advantage, too,
from the connecting corridor by
but at each
Mess Hall The mess
bad weather when the men
type of plan
this
necting corridor.
be maintained independently for
school building contains four rooms with ac-
commodations
exercise in
four sides because of the one story height of the con-
the penitentiary and workhouse.
The
and
very satisfactory place for rec-
on the second and third
large general store-
is
reation
arising
which would be small under ordinary circumstances, but
it
cannot work outdoors.
very wise provision for every prison build-
Adjoining the shower room
makes
posure,
which
look as
will
be
little like
possible to
make
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES
TYPICAL FLOOR PLANS OF CELL BLOCKS 50
WESTCHESTER COUNTY PENITENTIARY AND WORKHOUSE Three Dominant Ideas
essary.
In designing Westchester the dominant idea to accomplish three things:
tution
first,
which would look as
tional jail as possible;
the privacy of
to create
little like
an
was
insti-
the conven-
second, to give each inmate
separate compartment;
and
third,
These are painted
sequently offer
They
much
less
light in color,
obstruction to the light.
are of tool-proof steel, and as the inmates are
short-term men, the desire for escape
all
and con-
in the longer
this
idea was developed
not so
At the time
term prisoner.
grea grea
is
the author would have
Pem/orced Concrete Slab
PLANS AND CELLS ELEVATIONS OF CORRIDOR AND CELL to build
more
in
county
jail
that, without giving
much
hesitated to put long-term
appearance and accommodation than the
old type, should no
exce exceed ed
men behind
prison bars
which were so readily accessible to the ingenuity of
would not hesitate
the accomplished crook,
it in cost.
With the first idea in mind the bars to the windows were all located on the inside of the sash, in-
to
outsid ide, e, so that this distinguishing stead of on the outs
be screened as
do so now. In the cells
has been placed where
toilet
much
as possible,
gWtWWMMM®*
it will
and the usual
SW//////////7777,
jlagg{&_
;^_t
(A
Prisoner's Corridor
GROUND PLANS OF CORRIDORS AND CELLS mark little
By
of the usual penal institution should be as
prison seat has been arranged t o c lo lo s
and conceal
evident as possible. special dispensation of the
New York
it
walls have been painted
State
and
Prison Commission permission was given to place
has
center er the bars six inches on cent
prisoner's clothes,
fouf and one-half inches on
inste instead ad of the usual
centers.
The windows
cot,
down over it The cell
almost entirely from view.
table
chair,
and
and each cell and hook for the
soft gray,
shelf
wash-basin.
The
dining-
room has been furnished with very creditable looking tables and chairs, and the floor paved with
were designed so that only three bars were nec51
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES bright red
and the
tile,
dull
monotony
corridor being called th
of color usual
prison building has been been avoi avoide de
in
throughout
the institution.
dor.
realized
th
outs outsid id
cell
at th
deed, every once in
cell.
the American prison
prisoner;
matter of con-
is
The
was
and the
to protect the
system
fo
t hi hi s
jail
building
making
it
is
but so every once in
killed crossing the street,
that our streets are unsafe,
peculiar to this
served in traversing them.
devised
must be con-
safe for the worst
guard
while
inside
pres present ent time.
corridor,
possible criminal which might ever get into
developed, three years ago,
was much more
troversy than cell of
first
from from the prisoner,
structed on the basis of
by the
author was to give each prisoner an outside the plan was
object of this division
on the theory that every
In designing the Westchester County Penitentiary
When
The
guar guar
The Outside Cell and Workhouse, the second ambition
guar guards ds
inside inside corrid corridor, or, next to the cells, the prisoners' corri-
is
In-
it.
by
killed
man
while
is
but this does not mean if
reasonable care
is
ob-
RECREATION CORRIDOR LOOKING TOWARD CELL BLOCK country, and the prisoner
its
is
design
is
to be retained
other con above every other
Consequently our
sideration.
is,
jails
Placing the
makes
have been de-
be known
as "inte "interi rior or
dows
the cells are placed not against the
came
signed with what has cells," that
Light, Heat, and Ventilation
based on the principle that
come
to
outside walls, but in the center of the building, back to back, separated
by
placed.
all
the plumbing and ventilating
The space between
ing and the front of the cells
placed
cell
block
wall wall with win-
the outsid outsid
was that the outside wall
per cent glass.
between
the
The
windows,
it
was
radiation
which
and with an exhaust fan
utility corridor
i pe pe s
fill
to be established
louvres,
utility corridor, in
possible to
the center of the
proportion of light area which
should
passageway from three to
four f ee ee t i n width, referred to as
which
it
cells in
possible to
in the
open
was like
top of the
draw the warm
the outside of the build-
fresh air through the cell to the roof, thereby obtain-
frequently divided by
ing very satisfactory results in heating and ventila-
is
steel grille forming two long corridors, the outside
tion.
52
WESTCHESTER COUNTY PENITENTIARY AND WORKHOUSE Continental Construction prison on th In the Continental pris the outside
cell is
found
chief difficulty with
In Eng-
in its ventilation.
land the windows are intentionally
made
loose
ting so that they cannot be entirely closed.
windows
possible to close the
ventilation
cient
invariably
fit-
Where
tightly, insuffi-
results
cold
during
weather because the great majority of prisoners seem to shun fresh air and invariably keep their
windows
shut.
Two methods are outside
way
is
cell,
in use
but neither
abroad for ventilating the
is
adequate.
The English
front wall of the cell
to build in
panel
which are made with diagonal or curved openings which will let the air through, but
of special bricks
which
will
through.
not permit the prisoner
This arrangement
is
intended to ventilate the
cell
into the central corridor; but the central corridor
usually quite as
in
need of ventilation as the
majority of English prisons the
cell itself. cell
much
blocks are four tiers high, the cells being on the
outside walls reached
by
galleries
with the central
corridor running clear through from roof.
This
is
main
floor to
always bad, as such interior spaces
STAIR HALL, ADMINISTRATION BUILDING While
good deal
may
from the standpoint of
be said for such
its
prison
mechanical heating and
ventilation, from the standpoint of the welfare of
the prisoner hardly too
The
much can be
said against
great disadvantages of the cage type of
are the complete loss of
the inhuman
all
it.
cell
privacy to the inmate,
and grotesque appearance which
it
gives to his confinement, and the difficulty of pro-
viding really adequate segregation and classification.
Important prisons
Prison of
New York
like the
Great
Meadow
State and the prison at
Still-
water, Minn., both of which are renowned for enlightened and efficient administration, have this inside
These prisons, however,
arrangement.
cell
were constructed when very outside
cell
men were There
is
construction,
little
was known
and many
of the
practical prison
largely against its adoption. really
no place
in this
country where
possible to study adequately the outside
cell,
long
advocated by our more progressive penologists, so that that th
author made
for the sole
tour of Continental prisons
purpose of discovering wherein lay their
advantage and how they should be designed to
make them
suit suitab able le to this country
and
VIEW OF MESS HALL FROM CORRIDOR
climate.
53
is
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES of ventilat ventilation, ion, however, did not
seem satisfactory
the author on the chilly February days
to
when he was
Holland and Germany, for without exception he
in
found the
cell
rules requir requirin in
windows
shut, in spite of the prison
the prisoner shall alwa always ys keep keep
tha
window
his
Apart from
mind
of the
one point of ventilation, to the
this
most casual
question that there
is
visitor
great advantage in the pri-
vacy afforded by the outside the discipline
closed
nor
is
cell.
The doors
are
and quiet of the prison are
There are no cat
perfect.
there can be no
there the intolerable
calls
through the night,
argument and
vile lan-
guage which are continually bandied back and forth in
many American
miserable county privacy,
if
inside cell
prisons,
jails.
other, should
there
system
and particularly
for all time.
suggestion frequently frequently made the suggestion is
our
in
This one thing, the lack of
There
condemn is
the
nothing
in
that the outside cell
another name for solitary confinement, except
where such
system
intentionally carried out, as
formerly was the practice.
As our modern are fed in
prisons are administered, the
general mess hall and not in the
CELL BLOCK CORRIDOR can only only be lighted and ventilated through the roof;
and while overhead
lighting
overhead ventilation tion
is
made worse
is
is
always questionable,
more
still
This condi-
so.
as the cell block increases in
length, and some of them, as at Pentonville,
are 175 feet long.
from
galleries
think,
This method of reaching the
came about
means
as
cells
of facilitating
supervision, for the guard standing on the main
view of
floor
of their cells.
have very
all
As
little
the inmates as they
matter of
floor
makes
for
guard
lish
may
better classification cell
had
the cell floors
always be on the
prisons,
greate te and grea
quie quie
block.
the Continent,
flues built in flue,
when
is
with the prisoner. This arrangement also
throughout the
On
galleries
Better supervision
discipline maintained
run through, for then
same
fact, the
supervision owing to their distance
from the guard's station.
and better
come out
and
in
some
of th
the cells are ventilated the walls, each cell with
olde olde
Eng-
by ducts or its
separate
the registers of which are sometimes controlled
by the guard from the prisoner from the
cell.
corridor, but usually
The
results of this
by the
TYPICAL CELL
method 54
cell,
men and
PROPOSED PLANS OF THE DETROIT HOUSE OF CORRECTION with the work on the farm and the freedom which tion periods, there
is
in th
shop shops, s, and in
into the centra centra
now permitted
in the recrea-
lated at each end
not the slightest reason to
is
entire width.
feel
that the inmate has anything to endure in the out-
In
New York
Commission and that
of Prisons are very precise cell
At Westchester
wash-basin.
vertical shafts
constructed between each pair of
The
the plumbing pipes for those fixtures. are designed so
ha
th
pr so er
the flow of water, which
is
bowl rather than the wall with the necessity of
cells
drink from
is
cause
is
with
if
vent connected connected to galvanized pipes and ducts
one fan for each
is
way
effective
cell
habit of closing his toilet
This
block.
of providing against
window
in
has been placed behind th
duct and
type of the inside
cell
squarely in front of the door, ever, it
and no
effort
man
placed
no screen what-
seems to have been made to give
is
it
possible
to
open
at once, or each one individually.
contribution also be is
to
this
cell
it
to see
all
in his cell.
of the outside cell lies
Our climate
the window.
is
would be almost inhuman
such to
in
put
and shut the door without providing
are pivoted top
The English
cell
with
its
The
each
doors
the
all
warm weather
In
an
bott bottom om
inches from the jamb.
This enables the window to be readily cleaned on
to vent ventil ilat at
way th
and the opening
is
at right angles to the
entirely adequate for our
weather conditions, the window being two feet wide
author's
this
The window opens
side.
wall,
was that they could
device
locked five inches open.
possible in
wooden door
sash of the usual casement type type exce except pt that they
doors operate on an automatic device,
with which
if
window opening would be intolerable here. So would those in the Holland and German prisons, where the windows are hinged bottom and open at the top. The Westchester windows are steel
Ventilation by Cell Doors cell
that
in
and
small
any privacy.
The
is
adequate window area.
In the usual is
the prisoner
summer
The
wall wall of the utility
block the closet
used,
portions of the doors at West-
necessary for the guard at
of course in
the prisoner's
screened in that position.
is
is
In
glazed, as they always should be, be-
Almost the whole problem
being
and
the winter.
new
have been equipped with two doors
The upper
closed.
fastened to the wall and not the floor, and equipped fan, there
this
if
In the
prisoner becomes unruly or noisy, the ar
which are controlled by an exhaust
but
corridor;
weather the grating only
suspended,
is
true that the prisoners can look
grating. g. one of solid wood and the other an iro gratin
basins
ches cheste te
closet
its
block at the Eastern Penitentiary at Philadel-
phia the
all
thereby doing away
The
windows across
the comfort of the
cell
from the outside of the
side,
cup.
may
venti-
abused, the door can be closed separately
is
out
were
contain
cells to
is
and the offending inmate may be disciplined with-
and
toilet
is
accessible
turn
in
the five-inch opening and communicate
thro throug ug
privilege
on one point,
must have
It
by
cr os os s t h with one another a cr
State the regulations of the State
that each
is
ou
comparable to solitary confinement.
side cell at all
which
corri corridor dor
and four type,
it
The adjuster is keep the window open
commercial
feet high.
and
at 90 degrees,
45 degrees, and about 15 degrees.
cell
Proposed Plans of the Detroit House of Correction By Albert Kahn,
THE
plan of the
tion
is
new Detroit House
the result of
of Correc-
and the assembling of
With
institu-
what was considered
to
the Board of Commissioners
and
th
of
the general scheme
is
education
and recreation
i de de a t ha ha t while he
of
courts.
and impressing him with
must
receive deserved punish-
ment, every chance of rehabilitation
its
is
offered him.
will reveal the fact that the
center wing houses, the administration offices, the
Correlation of Divisions in
and
the idea of preserving the prisoner's self-
study of the plans
Foremost
care,
respect as far as possible
architect.
correlation
all,
admi admiss ssio io
the work-shops
prisoners;
best about them, adding such features as seemed desirable
th
tration,
careful survey of the
most recently designed penological tions
Architect
receiving
the proper
offices,
the various divisions, for adminis-
tion,
55
rooms
and
all
such as
prisoners,
the
social
service
departments general to the
institu-
for
visitors'
rooms, commissary rooms,
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES main
dining-room,
chap chapel el
hosp hospit ital al
library.
Thus
main
kitchen,
wards,
located,
ministrative center and
educational
auditorium, rooms,
and
of the institution. side,
for easy supervision,
essential.
Ten Cell Blocks On both cell
s id id e
o f the central
blocks, connected
serve
as
privacy
recreation space. is
assured th
pris prison oner er
visito tors rs to the the gaze of visi
wing are placed the
By
this
blocks, h ig ig h
stories
General
baths
and
five
on each
a ff ff or or d oppor-
barber-shops
placed in the center of each group. in the
main are
of the outside type,
most hardened prisoners and
corridor wide enough to
by
and each three
cell
tunity for the segregation of prisoners, which
they are close to the ad-
make
Ten
arrangement
inside cells are provided.
and freedom from
entirely separated,
more public departments
avoided.
56
for
The
The
cell
though
is
so
are
blocks for the
punishment some
floors,
however, are
the regulation cell block being
THE DETROIT HOUSE OF CORRECTION
PROPOSED The
enter
by
private
through one of the exte exteri rior or cour courts ts ceiving room, which offices
and
is
and
drive,
the
into
re-
adjacent to the social service
the auditorium
is
administration building
the
hospital, dispensary, etc.;
rooms and library
close to the administrative offices.
the chapel.
The second is
floor of
given over to the
the third floor to class-
also quarters for guards.
W~&
SECOND
DETROIT
HOUSE
The kitchen and main dining-room occupy
OORj PLAN
OF
Modern Factory
the
The
extreme south end of the center wing, and the latter is accessible to the prisoners
ing the more public corridors.
dining-room all
equally
is
without travers-
placed the auditorium, with
stage,
Industrial Building forms the south group. line of
modern factory con-
struction, with concrete floors
and ample daylight.
It is
Directly above the
accessible to the prisoners.
CORRECTION
It
is
planned along the
arranged for progressive woodworking,
raw material being received at one
Opposite
57
the
point, passing
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES through the machines to the other end of the plant,
This building
then up to the second
recreatio tio courts for the recrea
floor,
and back
to the ship-
ping-room adjoining the receiving-room. of the
Dry
kilns
most approved type and proper trackage
ers.
Each court
other games.
for
vi
is
open
he
of the
adequate
two
space
two
into
classes of prison-
i n s iz iz e for baseball
The ground occupied
and
rises consider-
T=T
HTfTE
wm fen UEL
THIRD- FLOOR.- PLAN SCALS
DETROIT
railway shipment are provided; trucks and
powe The powe
IBB9Ll9b»KBrtLT
HOUSE
also
OF
ably to the north, whereby opportunity
for
machine shop. nd heating plant
center axis north of
CORRECTION
keep the recreation courts is
located on the
Industrial Building.
On
general laundry adjoins the heating plant.
second floor of this building the gymnasium
is
first floor level,
The
fords
and
for
is
fully 12 feet
full
offered to
below the
basement, which
ample and well-lighted space
for
the
af-
Com-
missary Department, tailor shop, shoe shop, and other shops and store-rooms of all kinds.
the
placed.
58
THE HAWTHORNE SCHOOL FOR DELINQUENT BOYS Prison Walls Obviated
As
be
will
ing wall, closure
the
connect-
short
for
themselves form
buildings
the
of
save
noted,
the
Particular attention will be paid to the proper setting of the buildings
buildings throughout will be fireproof con-
structed,
the main of reinforced concrete, and
in
faced on the exterior with tapestry brick. tile will
and
shrubs about them.
are obviated.
The
be used
Spanish
r oo oo f of the center building.
for t h
Such trimmings as occur
will
cealed
by
trees
The aim of
the Boar Boar
and sanitary, and easy
in construction
he
its
architect throughout
group of buildings economical of supervision, while assuring
and comfort. Through proper hoped to strengthen their man-
the prison prisoners ers privacy
sought in the general grouping and proportions
surroundings
rather than in the ornamentation
hood.
at the
an
and maintenance, though attractive
has been avoided and architectural effect has been
(for
certain
secured.
particularly well to the problem.
Reception Cottage
considerable dis-
degree of privacy desired by the Board will
has been to produce
nevertheless, the
Placed
and the undulating land,
The exterior is treated in the character of Lombard brick architecture, which style lends itself All ostentation
to the planting of trees
tance back from the main road, and partially con-
be of Bedford lime-
stone.
not been
overlooked.
en-
whereby forbidding walls
courts,
buildings has
of
Hawthorne School
Delinquent Boys)
Maintained by the Board of Jewish Guardians at Hawthorne,
New York
By Hastings H. Hart
HAWTHORNE
SCHOOL, HAWTHORNE, Reception Cottage
Harry Allan Jacobs,
THE
Receiving
School
is
cottage
Cottage of
the
an admirable example of boys.
for
We
present
Hawthorne
tive fireplace.
dormitory
of the cottage
The
hall
on the
kitchen
herewith
of the exterior, together with the
and second-story
weather. terminates at one end of
economizing space.
room has windows on
three sides,
The
and has an
so arranged as to give cross ventilat ventilation, ion,
The
first
floor
has also
in
hot
small sewing
room, with suitable storage.
On
the house in the living-room, and at the other end in the dining-room,
is
The dining-room at the opposite opposite end has also windows on three sides. The
both east and west and north and south,
first-
plans. first floor
Architect
the second floor there are two dormitories,
living-
each containing 10 beds.
attrac-
nected with shower bath,
59
Each dormitory toilet,
is
con-
and locker room, so
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES
RECEPTION COTTAGE— FIRST FLOOR PLAN
RECEPTION COTTAGE—SECOND FLOOR PLAN
60
THE THORN HILL SCHOOL arranged that that th
up at
night.
day clothing
The second
of the boys
is
locked
commoroom for
floor contains
dious room for the matron, with bath and
The arrangement
of th
cotta cottage ge
not an inch of waste space and
side
and
inside
floors
which are maintained
in perfect condi-
tion after five years' use.
The Hawthorne School has developed by the process of evolution, which has produced four types
monitor. is
wood
is
is
its
such that there
appearance out-
The
very attractive.
building
is
thoroughly well constructed, with excellent hard-
One-Story Cottage (for
of cottages, each
upon
its
new one
predecessors.
of building institutions
presenting improvements
It illustrates
the advantage
by successive steps
in
order
by experience.
to
Thorn
at the
Hill
School
Delinquent Boys) By Hastings H. Hart
THE Thorn
Hill School
is
an institution
for
by Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, and located at Thorn delinquent
Hill,
boys
maintained
20 miles north of Pittsburgh.
When
the school
floors of
pine,
and equipped with good plumbing.
Soon of
southern pine and were ceiled with southern
after
some
excellent two-story brick cottages
modern construction were
built.
The
superin-
ONE-STORY', COTTAGE— FLOOR PLAN
was
instituted, in 1911,
on the advice of the
tendent said to one of the house fathers:
writer,
have done so well
two wooden shacks, without basements, with
intend to give you one of the
capacity of 24 boys each, were built for temporary These buildings were well constructed, with use.
new
house father replied that he and 61
"You
temporary cottage that we cottages."
his wife
The
would pre-
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES remain
fer to
which resulted
st
ence led to
small basement under cottages
Billquist, architect,
number
use for
and have been
"The one-story The matrons
on the
stand in the door of kitchen,
cottage matrons:
the
cottage
is
She
greatly
In the
up and down
and vice versa.
my room
makes the work very much submit
and
floor
were of
the superstructure of brick.
large
the
apparatus, lavatories, and
be
stormy weather.
playroom
and
out.
The tem-
porary one-story "shacks," built in 1911, are
They The one-story plan
use.
can
and can see the
children, maintained
they have adopted as
it
still
in
cost only $4,000 each. is
gradually coming into favor.
At Mooseheart, the great
the
for
All of these one-story cottages are
attractive in appearance inside
stairs.
living-room,
cottages es small small basements contain two cottag
heating
to
But
first
re-
in the two-story cottages
dining-room,
The foundation and the
boys.
cottage cottage and in
porch, the dormitory, and the locker room, and
We
concrete,
they are upstairs, the boys are doing misfirst floor,
readily
part of the work of construction was done by the
are tired to death climbing chief
father.
in satisfactory
which do you prefer?"
preferred.
and was
contained
by The
overlooked from the adjoining room of the house
two
of year years. s.
two-story cottage:
When
dormitory
were planned by Mr. T. E.
The writer said to one of the one-stor "You have worked in one-stor plied:
first
supplied
natural gas, which simplified the problem.
two of which
The
one-story cottage, which was built
without any excavation.
part of the building,
and the other had no excavation. one-story
floor plan of
in the construc-
tion of three one-story brick cottages,
had
This prefer-
in the one-story cottage.
institution for dependent
Loya by the Loya
Orde Orde
of Moose,
standard cottage Unit
one-
story cottage for 16 children, with two dormitories
easier."
photograph of the exterior and
containing eight beds each.
THORN HILL SCHOOL, WARRENDALE, PENN.—ONE-STORY COTTAGE Designed by Franklin H. Briggs, Superintendent
62
