HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 AR1125 Ar. Angelito R. Perez, uap, M. Arch History of Architecture - It is a record of man’s effort to build beautifully. It traces the origin, growth, and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ages. Historical Styles of Architecture - The particular method, characteristics, and manner of design which prevails at a certain place and time. Factors affecting the styles of architecture: 1. History 2. Society 3. Religion 4. Geography 5. Geology 6. Climate Prehistoric Architecture Influences: HISTORY Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000-3000 BC) -Hunting and food gathering RELIGION No organized religion Burial rituals and monuments
TUMULUS Passage grave, a dominant tomb type appearing like a mound Primitive Dwellings Natural and artificial caves Beehive hut Trullo Wigwam or Tepee Hogan Igloo Egyptian Architecture Influences: HISTORY 3200BC – 1AD -Centralized omnipotent authority of the pharaoh (king), seen as a god dwelling on earth, and sole master of the country and its inhabitants -knowledge in astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and music RELIGION Cult of many gods representing nature Egyptians wished for a fine burial, embalmment and funeral rites, a permanent tomb or eternal dwelling GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY Nile River – travel and trade route
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Megalithic – large stones MATERIALS Animal skins, wooden frames, bones ORIENTATION Faces towards cardinal points
CLIMATE Spring and summer, brilliant sunshine ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Simplicity Massiveness Monumentality
Examples MENHIR Single, large, upright monolith, sometimes in parallel rows reaching several miles DOLMEN Tomb of standing stone usually capped with a large horizontal slab
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Columnar and trabeated MATERIALS Stone: abundant in variety and quantity Softstone: limestone, sandstone, alabaster Hardstone: ganite, quartite, basalt
CROMLECH Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS Lotus capital Papyrus capital
Palm capital Square pillar Polygonal column Palm-type column Bud-and-bell column Foliated capital column Hathor-headed column Osiris pillars ROOF AND CEILING Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat WALL Batter wall diminishing in width towards the top OPENINGS No windows; skylights, roof slits, clerestories DECORATION “Gorge” or “Hollow and Roll” moulding Hieroglyphics Sphinxes Solar disc and vulture with spread wings Scarab, symbol of resurrection Papyrus, lotus, and palm symbolizing fertility Grapes symbolize eternity ORIENTATION Faces towards cardinal points EXAMPLES MASTABAS Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered side, covering a burial chamber below ground 2 doors: one for ritual and a false door for the spirits Offering chapel, serdab contains the statue of the deceased), offering room with stelae (stone with name of deceased inscribed), and offering table Mastaba at Zoser Funerary Complex, Saqqara Mastaba of Aha-Sakkara Mastaba of Thi-Sakkara Mastaba at Giza Mastaba at Beit Khallaf PYRAMIDS
Massive funerary structures of stone or brick with square plan and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex Walled enclosure with an offering chapel (north or east side); mortuary chapel; raised and enclosed causeway leading to west; valley building for embalmment and interment rites Types of Pyramids Step (Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara) Slope (Pyramids at Gizeh – Cheops, Chephren, Mykerinos) Bent (Bent pyramid at Senerefu) ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS Built along hillsides for nobility, not royalty Tombs at Beni Hasan Tombs of the Kings, Thebes PYLONS Monumental gateway to the temple consisting of slanting walls flanking the entrance portal Pylon, Temple of Isis, Philae OBELISKS Upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped pyramidion on top, symbolizing the sun-god Heliopolis Came in pairs fronting temple entrances Height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base with four sides featuring hieroglyphics Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni TEMPLES Mortuary temples – in honor of pharaohs, the dead Cult temples – in honor of a deity Great Temple of Amon, Karnak, Thebes (grandest temple) Parts: Entrance Pylon Hypaethral court
(large outer court open to the sky surrounded by double collonades) Hypostyle hall (on which the roof rests and through which light is admitted via clerestory) Sanctuary Chapels/Chambers Mammissi Temple Prototype of Greek temple
ORIENTATION Four corners toward the cardinal points EXAMPLES ZIGGURATS Artificial mountains or tiered, rectangular stages with temple at the summit
Great Temple of Abu-Simbel (Example of a rock-cut temple) Four rock-cut colossal statues of Rameses Temple of Khons Parts: pylons, court, hypostyle hall, sanctuary, chapels enclosed by high gidle wall, avenue of sphinxes and obelisks fronting pylons Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahari Temple of Amon, Luxor West Asiatic Influences: HISTORY 5000BC TO 641 AD Three periods: -MESOPOTAMIAN (Babylonian/Chaldean) -ASSYRIAN -PERSIAN GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY 3 Zones: -Deserts of the Arab peninsula -Grasslands,steppes, river plains of the Fertile Crescent -Mountains and Plateaus from west to east
Ziggurat at Bulsippa Ziggurat and Precinct at Ur The White Temple and Ziggurat at Warka Assyrian MATERIALS Stone, Timber DECORATION Winged bulls guarding chief portals Glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green Low relief sculpture in stone Murals EXAMPLES TEMPLES With or without ziggurats ZIGGURATS Of seven stages PALACES Came with or without a ziggurat, hypostyle hall, monumental entrances Palace of Nebuchadnezzar, Khorsabad
Early Mesopotamian (5000BC – 2000BC) ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Massiveness Monumentality Grandeur CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Arctuated MATERIALS No stone, clay bricks, soil COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS Due to lack of stone, no columns were used
Palace of Sargon Apartments: Seraglio (king’s residence) Haram (private chamber) Khan (service chamber) Persian ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Light and Airy Magnificence
Purity of Line Perfection of Proportions Refinement of Detail
MATERIALS Stone, Brick, Timber COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS Persians introduced the use of columns EXAMPLES DWELLINGS Megaron – jouse with entrance at end rather than on long sides Columned portico as entrance or vestibule PALACES Palace platform, Persepolis Palace of Darius Palace of Xerxes Hypostyle Hall of Xerxes Hall of Hundred Columns (Darius) Propylaeum (Xerxes)
Aegean (3000 BC to 1100B) -rough and massive COLUMNATION, CAPITALS Two-part capital: Square abacus above and circular bulbous echinus below WALL Cyclopean wall: Large stones, no mortar, clay bedding Polygonal wall: Advanced technique, Hellenic period, no pith / tar Rectangular wall: Dowels were used
Greek Influences HISTORY -Aegean -Mycenean or Helladic -Hellenic -Hellenistic RELIGION Nature worship Greek gods GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY Mainland -mountainous -separated people into groups, clans, states Archipelago and islands -sea was inevitable means of trade and communications CLIMATE -Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat -Clear atmosphere and intense light ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Simplicity and Harmony
EXAMPLES MEGARON Single storeyed house of deep plan, columned entrance porch, anteroom with central doorway, living apartment or megaron proper, central hearth, columns supporting roof, thalamus/sleeping room PALACES Palace of King Minos, Knossos Palace at Tyrins Lion Gate, Mycenae TOMBS Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae Hellenic (650 BC to 323 BC) -mostly religious -carpentry in marble (timber forms imitated in tone with remarkable exactness) CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Columnar and trabeated
MATERIALS Timber, stone, terra cotta COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS -First columns and entablature were made of timber with terra cotta decorations -Stone columns started in 600BC GREEK ORDER: -capital -base -column shaft -horizontal entablature (architrave, frieze, cornice) -Doric -Ionic -Corinthian DECORATION -Refinements used to correct optical illusions such as Entasis -Sculptures, colors, murals EXAMPLES TEMPLES Chief building type, resembling a megaron in plan and construction Hellenistic (323 BC to 30 BC) -provided Roman inspiration -not religious, but civic -dignified and gracious -symmetrical, orderly CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Columnar and trabeated COLUMNS, CAPITALS Greek orders OPENINGS Clerestory – between roof and upper wall Skylight – made of thin, translucent marble TempLe Door – oriented to the East DECORATION
Mouldings – architectural device, with which light and shade, produce a definition to a building Examples: Cyma recta Cyma reversa Ovolo The Fillet Astragal or bead Cavetto Scotia Torus Bird’s beak Corona ORIENTATION -Entire groups of buildings laid out symmetrically and orderly -Doors oriented towards east EXAMPLES Temenos -Sacred enclosure built on the highest part of a settlement, allowing it to be a citadel or acropolis Acropolis at Pergamon Acropolis at Athens -Supreme example of a temenos -foremost among world-famous building sites -10 structures: 1. Propylaea 2. Pinacotheca (gallery of painted pictures) 3. Statue of Athena 4. Erectheion 5. Parthenon 6. Temple of Nike Apteros 7. Old Temple of Athena Promachos 8. Stoa of Eumeses 9. Theater of Dionmysus 10. Odeon of Herodes Atticus Temples -not intended for internal worship – altar was outside, on the east front
-built with special regard for outward effect
Part of a temple: 1. Naos – principle chamber containing statue 2. Treasury Chamber 3. Pronaos - front portico 4. Opisthodomus or Epinaos – rear portico
-planned by number of columns: Hemostyle Distyle Tristyle Tetrastyle Pentastyle Hexastyle Heptastyle Octastyle Enneastyle Decastyle Dodecastyle
-planned by column arrangement In-antis (between anta and the front) amphi antis (at the front and rear) prostyle – portico at the front amphi-prostyle – porticoes at front and rear peripteral – on all sides pseudo peripteral (flanking columns attached to naos) dipteral – double line of columns surrounding naos pseudo dipteral like dipteral, but inner columns omitted on the flanks of naos. Doric Temple -had a timber origin Structural Parts: Pediment Cornice Triglyph Metope Architrave Abacus Echinus
Entablature H= 1 ¾ X lower dia. of column Column -without base H= 4-6 x base dia.
Parthenon, Acropolis -one of the biggest temples -designed by Ichtinus & Callicrates -sculpted by Phidias Temple of Hera, Paestum Ionic Temples -evolved from timber forms -volute capital derived from Egyptian lotus and Aegean art Structural Parts: Entablature H= 2 1/4 x diameter of column o Sima o Geison o Denticulate o Frieze o Architrave with fascia o Cornice Capital o Abacus o Volute o Neckpiece o Shaft o Base Crepidoma o Stylobate o Stereobate / Euthynteria Column -mode slender than Doric -needed a base to spread load H= 9x base diameter of column
24 flutes separated by fillets Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens -designed by Callicrates -one of the smallest temples Erectheion, Acropolis -designed by Mnesicles -features the Caryatid porch
Temple of Artemis,Ephesus -designed by Demetrius and Paenius Denocrates -sculpted by Scopas Corinthian Temples -decorative variant of Ionic Order Column -base and shaft resembled Ionic -more slender H= 10X column diameter Capital -much deeper than Ionic H = 1 1/6 column diameters -invented by Callimachus, inspired by basket over root of acanthus plant Entablature -same as Ionic -3 parts: o Architrave o Frieze o Cornice Temples of Apollo Epicurius
Paracenia -projecting wall / wing at end of skene Procenium -in front of skene, used as a speaking place or locelon Episcenium -raised background to the 2-storey skene building Theater of Dionysus -Prototype of all greek theatres Theater of Epidauros -Most beautiful Greek theatre -designed by Polycleitos Agora -marketplace or town square and center of social and business life Stoa -Long colonnaded building by the public as a shelter and also as a religious shrine -used as a link between buildings in a public area
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens Propylaea -monumental gateway -prophulus of Athena, Athens Theaters -open air structure hollowed out of hillside -acoustically efficient, sound intensified by reflection on hard paving of orchestra
Prytaneion -Senate house, used for entertaining distinguished visitors and citizens Bouleuterion -Council house, rectangular with banked seats facing inwards Assembly Hall -used by citizens in general
Parts: Orchestra -focal point, stage or concrete circles elevated with an altar in dedication to their gods Cavea -auditoriums in tiers of stone seats
Odeion -similar to theatre, used solely for musical presentations or contests Stadium -foot race course
Skene -building for scene or stage decor, tangential to orchestra
Hippodrome -similar to stadium in plan used for horse and chariot racing (prototype of the Roman Circus)
Parados -passageway to skene
Palaestra -wrestling school
Gymnasium -used for all types of physical exercise (prototype of Roman Thermae) Tombs Nereid Monument at Xanthos Sarcophagus, Cridos Mausoleum, Halicarnassos -most famous of all tombs -one of seven wonders of the world -for King Mausolos from his widow, Artemisia
-earth for making terra cotta and bricks -first use of concrete (300 AD to 400 AD) with stone or brock rubble and mortar or pozzolana, a thick volcanic earth material COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS -new Tuscan order EXAMPLES Tombs -existed in great numbers outside city walls in special necropolis sites
Roman Influences HISTORY -centrally located on the Mediterranean, was able to serve as intermediary in spreading art and civilization in Europe, West Asia, and North Africa -Etruscan (750 BC to 146 BC) -Roman (146 BC to 365 AD) RELIGION -Roman mythology slowly derived attributes from those of Greek gods GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY -Italian Peninsula -Central and commanding position on Mediterranean sea CLIMATE -temperate climate in the North -sunny in central Italy -almost tropical in south ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER -vastness and magnificence -ostentation and ornateness Etruscan (750 BC to 100 BC) -great builders CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM -earliest use of true or radiating arch MATERIALS -stone: tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, sand, and gravel
Drainage -Cloaca Mazima, Rome Arches -Arch of Augustus, Perugia Temples -Temple of Juno Sospita, Lanuvium Roman (300 BC to 365 AD) -utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials -complex, of great constructive ability CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM -Greek orders of architecture used as decorative features which could be omitted -adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks -developed arch and vault system started by Etruscans -combined used of column, beam, and arch MATERIALS -marble, mostly white -concrete, to build vaults of a magnitude never equalled until 19th century steel construction COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS -4th and 5th orders: Tuscan -simplified version of Doric order H= 7x col. Diameter Base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, plain entablature
Composite -combines prominent volutes of Ionic with acanthus leaves of Corinthian ROOF AND CEILING -wagon barrel / tunnel vault -wagon vault with intersecting vault -cross vault -hemispherical dome / cupola WALLS Opus Incertum -small stones, loose pattern resembling polygonal walling Opus Quadratum -rectangular blocks with or without mortar joints Opus Reticulatum -net-like effect, with fine joints running diagonally Opus Testaceum -brick facing Opus Mixtum -alternation of brickwork and small squared stone blocks EXAMPLES Rectangular Temples -amalgamation of Etruscan and Greek Types
Basilicas -venues for commercial exchange or halls of justice -usual plan: Plan length is twice the plan width Trajan’s Basilica, Rome Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii Basilica of Septimius Sevenus, Lepcis Magna Thermae -palatial baths -3 parts: Open Space Outer ring of aprtments Main building -dominant central hall, symmetrically arranged rooms -tepidarium (warm) -calidarium (hot) -sudatorium / laconicum (dry) -frigidarium (cold) -apodyteria (dressing) -unctuaria (oils) Thermae of Caracalla Baths of Diocletian, Rome Theaters -Greek type adaprted to suit Roman drama -hollowed out of hillside or built-up by concrete vaulting supporting tiers of seats Theater and Portico of Pompeii, Rome
Maison Caree, Nimes -best preserved, Corinthian order Circular Temples -Pantheon, Rome: Finest illustration of Roman construction -Temple of Vesta, Rome Forums -correspond to agora in Greek architecture; a central open space used as a meeting place, market, venue for political demonstration -Forum Romanum -Imperial Forum -Trajan’s Forum
Ampitheaters -elliptical theatres, regarded as a compound of 2 theaters, stage-to-stage The Colosseum, Rome Circus -for horse and chariot racing, from hippodrome Circus Maximus, Rome Tombs -coemeteria -monumental tombs -pyramidal tombs -temple-shaped tombs
-sculptured memorials Triumphal Arches -erected to emperors and generals for victorious campaigns Arch of Titus, Rome Arch of Constantine, Rome Arch of Septimius Severus, Rome Dwellings Domus – private house Villa – country house Insula – apartment block Aqueducts -Pont du Gard, Nimes, France -Segovia aqueduct Bridges (Pons) -Bridge of Augustus, Rimini Rostral Column -erected to commemorate Naval victories
