225942643-Rang-Dale-s-Pharmacology-Self-Assessment-Questions-7th.pdf

Absorption and distribution of drugs................. drugs.......................... ................. ................. ................. ................ ................. ........................2 ...............2 Amino acid neurotransmitters............................................................................................3 Analgesic drugs...............................................................................................................4 Antibacterial drugs...........................................................................................................6 Antidepressant drugs................ drugs......................... ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ............................................8 ....................................8 Antiepileptic drugs................. drugs......................... ................ ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ........................................9 ...............................9 Antifungal drugs................ drugs........................ ................. ................. ................. ................. ................ ................. ..........................................10 .................................10 Anthelminthic drugs................ drugs......................... ................. ................ ................. ................. ................. .............................................11 ....................................11 Antipsychotic drugs........................................................................................................12 Antiviral drugs...............................................................................................................13 Aniolytic and hypnotic drugs................. drugs.......................... ................. ................ ................. ................. ................. ...............................14 ......................14 Atherosclerosis and lipoprotein metabolism............. metabolism...................... ................. ................. ........................... ................................1! ..............1! "one metabolism...........................................................................................................16 #ancer chemotherapy.....................................................................................................16 #annabinoids.................................................................................................................18 #ell proliferation and apoptosis.............. apoptosis....................... ................. ................ ................. ................. ................. ................................19 .......................19 #hemical mediators and the autonomic nervous system............... system........................ ................. ................ ................. ..............20 .....20 #hemical transmission and drug action in the central nervous system............... system........................ ................. ...........21 ...21 #holinergic transmission............ transmission.................... ................. ................. ................. ................. ................ ...........................................22 ...................................22 #$% stimulants and psychotomimetic drugs........................ drugs................................ ..............................................24 ......................................24 &rug addiction' dependence and abuse................ abuse........................ ................. ................. ................. ................. ................ ...................2! ...........2! &rug elimination and pharmaco(inetics........... pharmaco(inetics................... ................. ................. ................ ................. ................. .................... ................2) ....2) &rugs used in the treatment of infections and cancer................... cancer.........................................................28 ......................................28 *eneral anesthetic agents...............................................................................................29 +aemostasis and thrombosis............... thrombosis....................... ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ..................................30 .........................30 +o, drugs act cellular aspects-ecitation' contraction and secretion................. secretion......................... ....................32 ............32 +o, drugs act general principles......................................................................................33 ocal anaesthetics and other drugs affecting sodium channels..................... channels.............................................34 ........................34 ocal hormones' inflammation' and immune reactions.............. reactions....................... ................. .................................3! .........................3! /ethod and measurement in pharmacology.............. pharmacology....................... ................. ................ ................. ................. ................. ...............3) ......3) /olecular aspects of drug action............... action....................... ................ ................. ................. ................. ......................................38 .............................38 $eurodegenerative diseases.............. diseases...................... ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ...........................41 ...................41 $itric oide....................................................................................................................42 $oradrenergic transmission............. transmission..................... ................ ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ..............................43 .....................43 besity.........................................................................................................................4! ther peripheral mediators' !-hydroytryptamine and purines................. purines......................... ................. ................. ...........46 ...46 ther transmitters and modulators...................................................................................4) eptides and proteins as mediators.............. mediators....................... ................. ................. ................. ................. ..................................48 .........................48 he endocrine pancreas and the control of blood glucose................ glucose........................ ....................................49 ............................49 he gastrointestinal tract............... tract....................... ................. ................. ................ ................. ................. .......................................!0 ...............................!0 he haemopoietic system................................................................................................!1 he heart......................................................................................................................!2 he (idney....................................................................................................................!4 he pituitary and the adrenal corte................ corte......................... ................. ................. ................. ................ ................. .......................!! ..............!! he reproductive system.................................................................................................!) he respiratory system.............. system....................... ................. ................. ................. ................ ................. ................. ..................................!8 ..........................!8 he thyroid................ thyroid......................... ................. ................ ................. ................. ................. ................. ....................................... ........................................!9 .........!9 he vascular system.......................................................................................................60

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Absorption and distribution of drugs 1. #oncerning the effect of p+ on the urinary ecretion of drugs' it can be correctly stated that A urinary acidification accelerates ecretion of ,ea( acids and bases " urinary al(aliniation accelerates ecretion of ,ea( acids and bases # urinary acidification accelerates ecretion of ,ea( acids & urinary al(aliniation accelerates ecretion of ,ea( acids 5 urinary al(aliniation has no effect on ecretion of ,ea( bases 2. "ioavailability is defined as the proportion of ingested drug that A is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract " reaches the systemic circulation in an active form # crosses the blood-brain barrier & is unbound to plasma proteins 5 is distributed to the target tissue 3. he rectal route of administration A provides nearly 100 percent per cent bioavailability " is only used for localied effects # is suitable for persons ,ith nausea and vomiting & is subect to a high degree de gree of first-pass metabolism 5 is used for administration of nitroglycerin 4. he passage of drugs across the blood-brain barrier A is facilitated by a high degree of drug ioniation " is most rapid for drugs dr ugs ,ith lo, lipid solubility # occurs more readily in the chemoreceptor trigger one & is reduced by inflammation of the meninges 5 is rapid ,ith aminoglycoside antibiotics !. A calculated volume of distribution greater than total body ,ater is most li(ely to occur ,ith drugs that are A highly ionied " highly lipid soluble # subect to a high degree of first-pass inactivation & highly bound to plasma proteins 5 very large molecules 6. &rugs are most readily absorbed across cells of the A gastrointestinal tract " renal tubules # vascular endothelium & lung parenchyma 5 liver ). he binding of drugs dr ugs to plasma albumin A is usually irreversible " is saturable # is most important for basic drugs & accelerates drug metabolism 5 accelerates drug ecretion















5 ion trapping 9. hich drug is absorbed by a membrane carrier that transports phenylalanine A insulin " propranolol # levodopa & aspirin 5 penicillin 10. ransdermal drug administration A is most suitable for highly polar drugs " is not subect to first-pass hepatic metabolism # provides rapid and complete absorption & is only used for localied effects 5 is most suitable for unconscious persons

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Amino acid neurotransmitters 1. he $-methyl-&-aspartate receptor for ecitatory amino acids is positively modulated by A <-amino butyric acid " tyrosine # glycine & phenylalanine 5 alanine 2. he path,ay leading to long-term potentiation of neuronal activity includes A inhibition of nitric oide synthase " sustained bloc(ade of $-methyl-&-asparta $-methyl-&-aspartate te receptors # feedbac( inhibition by nitric oide & activation of protein (inase # by calcium 5 inhibition of metabotropic receptors 3. "aclofen is a selective agonist for the A (ainite receptor for ecitatory amino acids " $-methyl-&-aspartate receptor for ecitatory amino acids # metabotropic receptor for ecitatory amino acids & <-amino butyric acid-A =*A"AA receptor 5 <-amino butyric acid-" =*A"A" receptor 4. Activation of A/A =>-amino-!-hydroy-3-m =>-amino-!-hydroy-3-methyl-4-isoaole ethyl-4-isoaole propionic acid receptors for ecitatory amino acids leads to A fast inhibitory neurotransmission " fast ecitatory neurotransmission # modulation of postsynaptic ecitatory neurotransmission 0 slo, ecitatory neurotransmission 5 slo, inhibitory neurotransmission !. he glycine receptor bloc(ed by strychnine is a















6. he binding of <-amino butyric acid =*A"A to the *A"A receptor is increased by A flumaenil " picrotoin # diaepam & baclofen 5 gabapentin ). hich substance bloc(s ion channels of $-methy1-&-aspartate receptors for ecitatory amino acids A (etamine " cycloserine # (ynurenic acid & cyclothiaide 5 (ainite 8. Activation of metabotropic ecitatory amino acid receptors leads to A opening of chloride ion channels " opening of cation channels # formation of inositol triphosphate tr iphosphate & formation of cyclic A/ 5 activation of protein (inase A

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Analgesic drugs 1. pioids activate descending path,ays that inhibit pain transmission by acting on neurons in the A dorsal horn " thalamus # peria7ueductal grey matter & nucleus raphe magnus 5 locus coeruleus 2. he vaniioid receptor activated by capsaicin is a A ligand gated cation channel 8 ligand-gated chloride ion channel # A-sensitive potassium channel & *-protein-coupled receptor 5 protein (inase receptor 3. he analgesic effect of morphine is mostly due to activation of A delta opioid receptors " (appa opioid receptors # mu opioid receptors & sigma opioid receptors 5 tau receptors 4. %imulation of opioid receptors leads to















!. pioid drugs that ehibit partial agonist or mied agonist-antagonist properties include A naloone and naltreone " methadone and meperidine # fentanyl and sufentanil & dynorphin and endorphin ? nalbuphine and pentaocine 6. he best eample of a partial agonist at mu opioid receptors is A pentaocine " bupienorphine # cyclaocine & nalbuphine 5 codeine ). hich short-acting opioid agonist is administered as a transdermal s(in patch A fentanyl " methadone # meperidine & codeine 5 propoyphene 8. Activation of :appa opioid receptors is pr imarily responsive for causing A supraspinal analgesia " euphoria # dysphoria & respiratory depression 5 physical dependence 9. hich finding typically occurs in opioid poisoning but not in central nervous system depression due to other causes A coma " hallucinations # hypertension & respiratory depression 5 pinpoint pupils 10. he pharmacologic properties of morphine are A ,ell absorbed from the gut " high oral bioavailability # rapidly metabolied in neonates & converted to active morphine-6-glucuronide 5 ecreted unchanged in the urine 11. &escending inhibition of dorsal horn pain transmission is mediated by neurons that release A acetylcholine and dopamine " en(ephalins' !-hydroytryptamine' and noradrenaline # glutamate and substance  & brady(inin and prostanoids 5 neuropeptides 12. pioid drugs inhibit neurotransmitter release partly by















13. hich transmitter is released at the first synapse in the dorsal horn ascending nociceptive A glutamate " en(ephalin # substance  & <-amino-butyric acid 5 noradrenaline 14. Actions of opioids that are not related to activation of mu' delta' or (appa opioid receptors include A euphoria " respiratory depression # pupillary constriction & constipation 5 bronchospasm

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Antibacterial drugs 1. "enylpenicillin is the first drug of choice for treatment of infections due to A seudomonas aeruginosa " egionella pneumophila # +aemophilus influenae & reponema pallidum 5 asteurelia multocida 2. @ed-green color blindness is a dose-related do se-related adverse effect of A cycloserine " ethambutol # rifampicin & isoniaid 5 streptomycin 3. @esistance to cephalosporin antibiotics is most li(ely to result from A phosphorylation by bacterial (inases " inactivation by bacterial -lactamase # decreased affinity of dihydrofolate reductase & increased efflu by bacterial transport proteins 5 decreased ribosomal affinity for the drugs 4. enicillins that are active against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa include aeruginosa include A piperacillin " ampicillin # benylpenicillin & amoicillin 5 phenoymethylpenicillin !. @espiratory tract infections caused by Nocardia or Nocardia or Pneumocystis are Pneumocystis are often treated ,ith A co-trimoaole

















6. #ilastatin inhibits the degradation imipenem by A hepatic enymes " gut ,all enymes # renal enymes & pulmonary enymes 5 plasma enymes ). #hloramphenicol is not used for trivial infections because it may rarely cause A liver failure " pancytopenia # heart failure & pulmonary fibrosis 5 convulsive seiures 8. Bnfections due to penicillinase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae may gonorrhoeae may be most effectively treated ,ith A tetracycline " gentamicin # erythromycin & vancomycin 5 ofloacin 9. A genetically determined variation of hepatic acetyltransferase activity accounts for differences in the elimination half-life of A rifampicin " isoniaid # pyrainamide & ethambutol 5 cycloserine 10. etracycline should not be given to pregnant ,omen or young children because of the ris( of A retarded bone development " ototoicity # bone marro, depression & myositis and rhabdomyolysis 5 hypoplasia and staining of the teeth 11. Arthropathy manifested as painful oints is most li(ely to occur in younger individuals treated ,ith A ciprofloacin " tetracycline

















Antidepressant drugs 1. he mechanisms that contribute to the de velopment of mood depression include increased A cortisol " noradrenaline # brain-derived neurotrophic factor & !-hydroytryptamine 5 <-amino-butyric acid 2. Alternatives to lithium for the prevention and treatment of manic episodes include A fluoetine " sertraline # carbamaepine & pheneline 5 bupropion 3. /irtaapme is believed to produce its antidepressant effect by A activating !-hydroytryptamine !-+2 receptors " activating !-hydroytryptamine !-+3 receptors # activating presynaptic >2 adrenoceptors & bloc(ing presynaptic >2 adrenoceptors 5 bloc(ing neuronal reupta(e of noradrenaline 4. hich antidepressant drug is used as an adunct to smo(ing cessation A fluoetine " bupropion # sertraline & mirtaapine 5 paroetine !. Bngestion of foods containing tyramine may lead to a hypertensive crisis in persons ta(ing A A tricyclic antidepressant " mirtaapine # a selective serotonin reupta(e inhibitor & lithium 5 a nonselective monoamine oidase inhibitor 6. %elective serotonin upta(e inhibitors cause A immediate inhibition of serotonin reupta(e and mood improvement " delayed inhibition of serotonin reupta(e and mood improvement # immediate inhibition of serotonin reupta(e and delayed mood improvement & immediate mood improvement and delayed inhibition of serotonin reupta(e

















9. he concurrent administration of a selective serotonin reupta(e inhibitor and a monoamine oidase inhibitor is most li(ely to cause A bradycardia " suicidal thoughts # postural hypotension & dry mouth and blurred vision 5 hyperthermia and muscle rigidity 10. &esipramine bloc(s the neuronal reupta(e of A only noradrenaline " only serotonin # noradrenaline and serotonin e7ually & noradrenaline more than serotonin 5 serotonin more than noradrenaline 11. %eual dysfunction is most li(ely to occur in persons ta(ing A amitriptyline " fluoetine # mirtaapine & desipramine 5 nortriptyline 12. he adverse effects of amitriptyline caused by muscarinic receptor bloc(ade include A urinary retention " insomnia # hypotension & diarrhea 5 salivation

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Antiepileptic drugs 1. *abapentin is believed to eert its antiepileptic effect by A increasing the synthesis of <-aminobutyric acid =*A"A " increasing the release of <-aminobutyric acid =*A"A # activating <-aminobutyric acid =*A"A-gated chloride ion channels & bloc(ing <-aminobutyric acid =*A"A-gated chloride ion channels

















5 topiramate 4. #arbamaepine is used in treating all of the follo,ing conditions ecept A bipolar disorder " neuropathic pain # absence seiures & partial seiures 5 generalied tonic-clonic seiures !. he antiepileptic effect of onisamide is due to its ability to A bloc(  =transient-type calcium channels " bloc( voltage-gated sodium channels # Bnhibit <-aminobutyric acid =*A"A degr adation & inhibit glutamate release 5 bloc( glutamate receptors 6. +irsutism' megaloblastic anemia' and gum hypertrophy are potential adverse effects of A carbamaepine " ethosuimide # lamotrigine & phenobarbital 5 phenytoin ). *abapentin' tiagabine' and onisamide are primarily used in treating A partial seiures " generalied tonic-clonic seiures # absence seiures & myoclonic seiures 5 status epilepticus 8. /ood depression and psychotic reactions may occur in some patients receiving A gabapentin " tiagabine # lamotrigine & vigabatrin 5 onisamide

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Antifungal drugs

















3. &ermatophyte infections of the nailbed can be effectively treated by oral administration of A nystatin " amphotericin " # flucytosine &D itraconaole 5 caspofungin 4. ?ever' chills' nausea' and vomiting occur fre7uently in persons administered A amphotericin " " caspofungin # fluconaole & terbinafine 5 griseofulvin !. #ases of invasive aspergillosis that are refractory to amphotericin " have been successfully treated A nystatin " itraconaole # caspofungin & fluconaole 5 terbinafine

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Anthelminthic drugs 1. rai7uantel is effective in treating blood flu(e infections because of its ability to A bloc( voltage-gated calcium channels " induce muscle contracture and paralysis # open chloride ion channels & inhibit tubulin polymeriation 5 prevent glucose upta(e 2. A single dose of niclosamide is effective in treating infections of A Enterobius vermicuiaris " Schistosoma japonicum # Trichuris trichiura & Trichinella spirailis 5 Taenia solium



















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Antipsychotic drugs 1. he glutamate hypothesis of schiophrenia is based in part on the A increased glutamate receptor densities found in schiophrenic brains " decreased glutamate receptor densities found in schiophrenic brains # reduction of schiophrenic symptoms by glutamate antagonists & reduction of schiophrenic symptoms by glutamate agonists 5 occurrence of psychotic symptoms in persons given glutamate agonists 2. "ecause of the ris( of agranulocytosis' periodic blood counts are re7uired in persons receiving A haloperidol " 7uetiapine # risperidone & cloapine 5 sulpinde 3. he dopamine hypothesis of schiophrenia is primarily supported by the A decreased dopamine synthesis found in schiophrenic patients " increased ecretion of dopamine metabolites in schiophrenic patients # increased dopamine &2 receptor density found in schiophrenic patients & decreased dopamine &2 receptor density de nsity found in schiophrenic patients 5 correlation bet,een dopamine &2 receptor binding and clinical potency of antipsychotic drugs 4. he primary endocrine effect of most antipsychotic drugs is A increased secretion of prolactin " decreased secretion of prolactin # increased secretion of gro,th hormone



















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Antiviral drugs 1. hich reverse transcriptase inhibitor achieves the highest pe rcentage of plasma drug concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid A lamivudine " abacavir # stavudine & idovudine 5 efaviren 2. he mortality due to assa fever is significantly reduced in persons treated ,ith A tribavirin =ribavirin " foscarnet # ganciclovir & interferon alpha 5 oseltamivir 3. 5faviren inhibits human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase by A competing ,ith nucleotides for the active site of the enyme " binding near the catalytic site and denaturing it # incorporation into nascent &$A' causing chain termination & inhibiting formation of nucleotide triphosphates 5 inhibiting maturation of viral poiyproteins 4. he preferred drug dr ug for treating active infections of cytomegalovirus is A acyclovir " foscamet # lamivudine



















A viral attachment " viral disassembly # replication of viral nucleic acid & assembly of ne, virions 5 budding of ne, virions

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Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs 1. "enodiaepines enhance the effect of <-amino-butyric acid =*A"A on chloride ion channels by increasing A the chloride conductance of each channel " the fre7uency of channel opening # the amount of time each channel remains open & the affinity of chloride for the channel 5 the recovery time of each channel 2. hen used to induce sleep in persons ,ith insomnia' benodiaepines act to increase A subective ratings of sleep 7uality " the proportion time spent in slo,-,ave sleep # the amount of time ta(en to get to sleep & the amount of rapid eye movement sleep 5 the secretion of gro,th hormone during sleep 3. he atributes of olpidem include A a benodiaepine structure " being useful in treating aniety # an ultrashort duration of action



















include A diaepam " loraepam # chlordiaepoide & triaolam 5 alpraolam

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Atherosclerosis and lipoprotein metabolism 1. Activation of the peroisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha is produced by administration of A eetimibe " fenofibrate # simvastatin & niacin 5 colesevelam 2. 5etimibe reduces serum &-cholesterol levels by A inhibiting cholesterol synthesis " increasing +&-cholesterol levels # inhibiting cholesterol absorption & inhibiting bile acid reabsorption 5 stimulate lipoprotein lipase 3. /yositis leading to rhabdomyolysis is a potentially severe adverse effect of A atorvastatin " niacin



















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Bone metabolism 1. %ubstances that stimulate osteoblasts to epress the @eceptor Activator of $uclear factor :appa " =@A$: ligand include A alendronate " raloifene # fluoride & calcitriol 5 osteoprotegerin 2. hich type of vitamin & is formed in the s(in by the action of ultraviolet radiation A calcitriol " calcifediol # ergocalciferol & alfacalcidol 5 cholecalciferol 3. Alendronate is useful in treating osteoporosis because of its ability to A stimulate bone formation by osteoblasts " inhibit bone resorption by osteoclasts # bloc( receptor activator of nuclear factor (appa " & cause apoptosis of osteoclasts 5 cause differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells 4. Activation of calcium-sensing receptors by cinacalcet causes A a rise in plasma calcium concentration " increased secretion of parathyroid hormone # decreased secretion of parathyroid hormone





















inhibited by A crisantaspase " anastroole # imatinib & rituimab 5 aldesleu(in 2. #umulative dose-related cardiac toicity typically results from administration of A doorubicin " bleomycin # vincristine & imatinib 5 irinotecan 3. *oserelin is used in treating advanced prostate cancer because of its ability to A increase gonadotrophin secretion " reduce gonadotrophin secretion # bloc( testosterone receptors & activate estrogen receptors 5 inhibit estrogen synthesis





















9. hymidylate synthetase is inhibited by the active metabolite of A pentostatin " fluorouracil # doorubicin & gemcitabine 5 fludarabine 10. Anastroole is used in treating advanced breast cancer because of its ability to A inactivate tumor gro,th factors " bloc( estrogen receptors # inhibit aromatase & decrease gonadotropin secretion 5 cross-lin( strainds of &$A 11. %ulfhydryl donors such as mesna are useful in reducing ifosfamide-induced A bone marro, depression " nausea and vomiting # cardiac toicity & hemorrhagic cystitis 5 gastrointestinal ulceration





















" decreased intraocular pressure # Easoconstriction & "ronchoconstriction 5 emesis !. @imonabant is a ne, drug for the treatment of A obesity " nausea and vomiting # asthma & neuropathic pain 5 ar(insonGs disease

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Cell proliferation and apoptosis 1. Bn the death receptor r eceptor path,ay' activation of tumor necrosis factor receptors causes the receptors to trimerie and comple an adapter protein' thereby leading to activation of A mitochondrial path,ays





















# degradation of etracellular matri & initiating angiogenesis 5 activation of the cell cycle ). Antisense compounds active against antiapoptotic factors are potentially useful for treating A myocardial infarction " eu(emia # ar(insonHs disease & multiple sclerosis 5 impaired ,ound healing 8. "evaciumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets A caspase-3 " /etalollproteinase # #yclin & vascular endothelial gro,th factor 5 promoters of apoptosis 9. /itochondria participate in apoptosis by releasing A apoptotic protease activating factor " caspase-9





















5 muscarinic / 3 receptors 4. Activation of adrenergic beta-2 receptors produces A contraction of the iris sphincter muscle " relaation of the iris sphincter muscle # relaation of the ciliary muscle & contraction of the ciliary muscle 5 lacnmal gland secretion !. he enteric nervous system is pr imarily concerned ,ith the regulation of A the urinary tract " gastrointestinal motility # male se organs & @espiration 5 vascular smooth muscle 6. he co-transmitter (no,n as neuropeptide < enhances the A vasodilative effect of acetylcholine " vasodilative effect of nitric oide # vasodilative effect of dopamine & vasoconstrictive effect of norepinephrine























2. %lo, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators act mainly through A ligand-gated ion channels " *-protein-coupled receptors # enymes & transcription factors 5 release of nitnc oide 3. &rugs that are transported out of vascular endothelial cells in the central nervous system by -glycoprotein include A most non polar compounds " amino acid derivatives such as levodopa























!. he increased release of potassium from de nervated musdes by succinylcholine is due to A inhibition of #holinesterase " desensitiation of nicotinic receptors # nicotinic receptor up-regulation & denervation supersensitivity 5 destruction of the motor end plate 6. 5drophonium produces reversible inhibition of cholinesterase by A binding the anionic site " binding the esteratic site # binding both anionic and esteratic sites























5 succinylcholine succinylcholine 13. he release of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerve terminals is bloc(ed by A atropine " bungarotom # botulinum toin & batrachotoin 5 tetrodotoin 14. %copolamine is employed clinically in the prevention or treatment of A motion sic(ness























4. rogressive myocardial damage leading to heart failure is most li(ely to occur in persons ,ho A lysergic acid diethylamide =%& " phencyclidine # mescaline & psilocybin 5 cocaine !. /ethylphenidate is primarily used in the treatment of A narcolepsy " mood depression























A improved motor coordination " improved memory # increased creativity & loss of appetite 5 conunctival vasodilatation 6. hich drug is used in the treatment of drug dependence because of its ability to reduce ,ithdra,al symptoms A clonidine " methadone # bupropion

















































8. hich of the follo,ing ,ill be increased if the rate of drug absorption from the gut is

















































3. he main disadvantage of (etamine as an anesthetic is its tendency to cause

























A thrombin



































































































































































































































































































































































































13. "eginning therapy ,ith lo, doses do ses that are gradually increased over several months is appropriate ,hen treating heart failure ,ith A digoin " furosemide # dobutamine & carvedilol 5 nitroglycerin 14. he progression of diabetic nephropathy may be slo,ed by A propranolol " enalapril # hydrochlorothiaide & amlodipine 5 doaosin 1!. he use of eplerenone in the treatment of heart failure is based on its ability to A cause vasodilation " inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity # antagonie aldosterone & inhibit angiotensin BB formation 5 increase cardiac contractile force

:ey; 15' 3#' 3A' 4A' !&' 6"' )5' 8#' 9&' 10&' 11#' 125' 13&' 14"' 1!#

225942643-Rang-Dale-s-Pharmacology-Self-Assessment-Questions-7th.pdf

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