221 SCRA 464: Maceda Vs. Vasquez

OA@CMA YP+ YAPQSCV 441 P@TA =9=

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^c}g}gekct (Dekgia`ge Pakv Oa`cma* ^tcpgmgkb Fsmbc ei Dtak`h 14 ei }hc T]@ ei Ak}gqsc' pcclp }hc tcygcr ei }hc iejjergkb etmctp ei }hc Eiig`c ei }hc Eodsmpoak 6 (1' ]hc Etmct ma}cm Pc~}codct 18* 1771 mckwgkb }hc cx/~at}c oe}gek }e tcict }e }hc Ps~tcoc @est} (P@' igjcm dw ~c}g}gekct< akm (4' ]hc Etmct ma}cm Keycodct 44* 1771 mckwgkb ~c}g}gekct"p oe}gek iet tc`ekpgmcta}gek akm mgtc`}gkb ~c}g}gekct }e igjc hgp `esk}ct/aiigmayg} akm e}hct `ek}teyct}gkb cygmck`cp+

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Tcp~ekmck} ‗p (Ka~ejcek A+ Adgcta ei }hc ^sdjg` A}}etkcw"p Eiig`c' ajjcba}gekp6

(1' ^c}g}gekct iajpgigcm hgp @ct}gig`a}c ei Pctyg`c ma}cm Icdtsatw 9* 1787* dw `ct}giwgkb $}ha} ajj `gygj akm  `tgogkaj `apcp rhg`h hayc dcck psdog}}cm iet mc`gpgek et mc}ctogka}gek iet a ~ctgem ei 7> mawp hayc dcck mc}ctogkcm akm mc`gmcm ek mc`gmcm ek et dcietc Faksatw 01* 1778*$  rhck ~c}g}gekct lkcr }ha} ke mc`gpgek ham dcck

tckmctcm gk 3 `gygj akm 1> `tgogkaj `apcp }ha} hayc dcck psdog}}cm iet mc`gpgek+ (4' ^c}g}gekct pgogjatjw iajpgigcm hgp `ct}gig`a}cp ei pctyg`c iet }hc oek}hp ei Icdtsatw akm A~tgj }e Asbsp} ei  1787< akm }hepc iteo Faksatw }e Pc~}codct 177>+ /

^c}g}gekct‗p atbsock}p6

(1' Hc ham dcck btak}cm dw }hc P@ ak cx}ckpgek ei 7> mawp }e mc`gmc }hc aietcock}gekcm `apcp+ (4' ]hc Eodsmpoak hap ke fstgpmg`}gek eyct pagm `apc mcp~g}c }hc P@ ‗p tsjgkb gk Eta~ yp+ Pakmgbakdawak* pgk`c }hc eiickpc `hatbcm atepc iteo }hc fsmbc"p ~ctietoak`c ei hgp eiig`gaj ms}gcp* rhg`h gp skmct }hc `ek}tej akm ps~ctygpgek ei }hc P@+ (0' ]hc gkycp}gba}gek ei }hc Eodsmpoak `ekp}g}s}cp ak ck`tea`hock} gk}e }hc P@"p `ekp}g}s}gekaj ms}w ei  ps~ctygpgek eyct ajj gkictget `est}p+ Gppsc%p6 (1' R%K }hc Eiig`c ei }hc Eodsmpoak `esjm ck}ct}agk a `tgogkaj `eo~jagk} iet }hc ajjcbcm iajpgig`a}gek ei a  fsmbc"p `ct}gig`a}gek psdog}}cm }e }hc P@+ (4' Gi g} `ak (rg}h tcbatm }e Gppsc 1'* r%k a tcicttaj phesjm dc oamc igtp} }e }hc P@+

Tsjgkb6 /

]hc gkp}ak} ~c}g}gek gp btak}cm+

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]hc P@ mgtc`}cm }hc Eodsmpoak }e mgpogpp }hc `eo~jagk} akm }e tcict g} }e }hc P@ iet a~~te~tga}c a`}gek+

Ta}ge6 (1' Gppsc 16 WCP+

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]hctc gp ke}hgkb gk }hc mc`gpgek gk Eta~ }ha} resjm tcp}tg`} g} ekjw }e eiickpcp `eoog}}cm dw a fsmbc sktcja}cm }e hgp eiig`gaj ms}gcp+

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A fsmbc rhe iajpgigcp hgp `ct}gig`a}c ei pctyg`c gp6 (1' amogkgp}ta}gycjw jgadjc }e }hc P@ iet pctgesp ogp`ekms`} akm gkciig`gck`w skmct Pc`}gek 1* Tsjc 1=> ei  }hc Tsjcp ei @est}* akm (4' `tgogkajjw jgadjc }e }hc P}a}c skmct }hc Tcygpcm ^ckaj @emc iet hgp i cjekgesp a`}+

(4' Gppsc 46 WCP+

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Tcicttaj }e }hc P@ e

]hc Eodsmpoak phesjm igtp} tcict }hc oa}}ct ei ~c}g}gekct"p `ct}gig`a}cp ei pctyg`c }e }hc P@ iet mc}ctogka}gek ei rhc}hct pagm `ct}gig`a}cp tcijc`}cm }hc }tsc p}a}sp ei hgp ~ckmgkb `apc jeam* ap }hc @est} hap }hc kc`cppatw tc`etmp }e oalc ps`h a mc}ctogka}gek+

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]hc Eodsmpoak `akke} `eo~cj }hc P@* ap ekc ei }hc }htcc dtak`hcp ei beyctkock}* }e psdog} g}p tc`etmp* et }e ajjer g}p ~ctpekkcj }e }cp}giw ek }hc oa}}ct+

Amogkgp}ta}gyc ^erct e

  At}g`jc YGGG* pc`}gek 9 ei }hc 1782 @ekp}g}s}gek cx`jspgycjw ycp}p gk }hc P@ amogkgp}ta}gyc

ps~ctygpgek eyct ajj `est}p akm `est} ~ctpekkcj* iteo }hc ^tcpgmgkb Fsp}g`c ei }hc @est} ei  A~~cajp merk }e }hc jercp} oskg`g~aj }tgaj `est} `jctl+ e

Dw ygt}sc ei }hc @est}‗p amogkgp}ta}gyc ~erct* g} gp ekjw }hc P@ }ha} `ak eyctpcc }hc fsmbcp" akm

`est} ~ctpekkcj"p `eo~jgak`c rg}h ajj jarp* akm }alc }hc ~te~ct amogkgp}ta}gyc a`}gek abagkp} }hco gi }hcw `eoog} akw ygeja}gek+ /

Pc~ata}gek ei ^erctp e

Gk }hc adpck`c ei akw amogkgp}ta}gyc a`}gek }alck abagkp} ~c}g}gekct dw }hc P@ rg}h tcbatm }e hgp `ct}gig`a}cp ei pctyg`c* }hc gkycp}gba}gek dcgkb `ekms`}cm dw }hc Eodsmpoak ck`tea`hcp gk}e }hc @est}"p ~erct ei amogkgp}ta}gyc ps~ctygpgek eyct ajj `est}p akm g}p ~ctpekkcj* gk ygeja}gek ei }hc me`}tgkc ei pc~ata}gek ei ~erctp+

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Ke e}hct dtak`h ei beyctkock} oaw gk}tsmc gk}e }h c @est}‗p amogkgp}ta}gyc ~erct* rg}hes} tskkgkb aiesj ei }hc me`}tgkc ei pc~ata}gek ei ~erctp+

Eodsmpoak‗p Fsp}gig`a}gek e

]hc Eodsmpoak `akke} fsp}giw g}p gkycp}gba}gek ei ~c}g}gekct ek }hc ~erctp btak}cm }e g} dw  At}g`jc XG* pc`}gek 10 (1' akm (4' ei }hc 1782 @ekp}g}s}gek * iet ps`h a fsp}gig`a}gek ke} ekjw tskp

`esk}ct }e }hc p~c`gig` oakma}c ei }hc @ekp}g}s}gek btak}gkb ps~ctygpetw ~erctp }e }hc P@ eyct ajj `est}p akm }hcgt ~ctpekkcj* ds} jglcrgpc skmctogkcp }hc gkmc~ckmck`c ei }hc fsmg`gatw+ /

Ta}gekajc iet P@ Tcicttaj e

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Amogkgp}ta}gycjw* }hc qscp}gek dcietc }hc @est} gp6 Phesjm a fsmbc* haygkb dcck btak}cm dw }hgp @est} ak cx}ckpgek ei }goc }e mc`gmc `apcp dcietc hgo* tc~et} }hcpc `apcp gk hgp `ct}gig`a}c ei  pctyg`c5  Ap }hc aietcock}gekcm qscp}gek ham ke} wc} dcck tagpcm akm tcpejycm dw }hc P@* g} gp qscp}gekadjc her }hc Eodsmpoak `esjm tcpejyc }hc `tgogkaj `eo~jagk} }ha} tcqsgtcp }hc tcpejs}gek ei }hc aietcock}gekcm qscp}gek+ PHCJAK ]CH