Centre Number
CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION OF NEW SOUTH WALES
Student Number
2006 TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Biology Morning Session Friday 11 August 2006 Total marks – 100 Section I
General Instructions •
Reading time – 5 minutes
•
Working time – 3 hours
•
Write using blue or black pen
•
Draw diagrams using pencil
•
•
•
Board-approved calculators may be used Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of this page and page 9 Use Multiple Choice Answer Sheet provided
Pages 3-20
75 marks This section has two parts, Part A and Part B Part A 15 marks • Attempt Questions 1-15 • Allow about 30 minutes for this part Part B 60 marks • Attempt Questions 16-27 • Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part
Section II
Pages 21-32
25 marks • Attempt ONE question from Questions 28-32 • Allow about 45 minutes for this section
Disclaimer Every effort has been made to prepare these ‘Trial’ Higher School Certificate Examinations in accordance with the Board of Studies documents, Principles for Setting HSC Examinations in a Standards-Referenced Framework (BOS Bulletin, Vol 8, No 9, Nov/Dec 1999), and Principles for Developing Marking Guidelines Examinations in a Standards Referenced Framework (BOS Bulletin, Vol 9, No 3, May 2000). No guarantee or warranty is made or implied that the ‘Trial’ Examination papers mirror in every respect the actual HSC Examination question paper in any or all courses to be examined. These papers do not constitute ‘advice’ nor can they be construed as authoritative interpretations of Board of Studies intentions. The CSSA accepts no liability for any reliance use or purpose related to these ‘Trial’ question papers. Advice on HSC examination issues is only to be obtained from the NSW Board of Studies.
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2901-1
EXAMINERS
Greg Olson (convenor) Jessica Gnanadickam Ruth Miller Margaret Shepherd Elizabeth Thrum
De La Salle College, Cronulla St Patrick’s College, Sutherland Arden Anglican Secondary School, Epping Freeman College, Bonnyrigg Mount St Benedict’s College, Pennant Hills
Acknowledgments of Diagrams: Q15
modified from Neil Campbell, et al., Biology, Concepts and Connections, 3rd Edition, Addison, Wesley, Longman, page 485
Q27
redrawn after David Heffernan, et al., Spotlight Biology HSC, Science Press, 2001, page 26
Q29(a)
adapted from Peter J Ucko (ed), The domestication and exploitation of plants and animals, Duckworth & Co, 1971, plate 2
Q30(a)
from Steve Jones, et al. (ed), The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Evolution, CUP, 1996, page 382
Q31(a)
modified from Steve Jones, et al. (ed), The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Evolution, CUP, 1996, page 314
Q31(d)
modified from Steve Jones, et al. (ed), The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Evolution, CUP, 1996, page 392
2
Section I 75 marks Part A – 15 marks Attempt Questions 1-15 Allow about 30 minutes for this part
Use the Multiple Choice Answer Sheet provided
1
2
Current research into artificial blood has focused mainly on which function of blood? (A)
Transport of nutrients
(B)
Oxygen carrying capacity
(C)
Immune response
(D)
Hormone delivery
When planning an investigation into the effect of substrate concentration on the activity of an enzyme, a student used milk as the substrate and rennin as the enzyme. Which of the following statements best identifies the variables that should be kept constant?
3
(A)
Everything except the concentration of the milk
(B)
Everything except the amount of rennin
(C)
Everything except the temperature temperature of the milk and the amount amount of rennin
(D)
Everything except the pH of the milk and and the amount of rennin rennin
Some of the body's defences against infection are specific to particular pathogens. Which of the following is a specific defence against smallpox infection? (A)
The antiseptic action of stomach acid
(B)
The activity of lymph nodes
(C)
The clotting of blood
(D)
The production of antibodies
3
4
The information in genes is in the form of a chemical (DNA) code made up of threeletter words called codons. When interpreted by the cell, what does each codon represent?
5
(A)
One gene
(B)
One protein
(C)
One amino acid
(D)
One inherited characteristic
Many species of trees have leaves that t hat hang vertically. Which of the following is the most likely advantage of this characteristic?
6
(A)
The plant loses less water
(B)
The leaves remain warmer
(C)
The rate of transpiration is higher
(D)
The leaves are less less likely likely to break in windy windy weather weather
The body fluids of a marine fish contain about 1.2% salt, whereas the salt content of sea water is 3.5% salt. Which of the following best describes the marine fish's salt and water balance?
7
(A)
The fish gains both water and salt
(B)
The fish gains water and lose salt
(C)
The fish loses both water and salt
(D)
The fish loses water and gain salt
Liver transplant patients must be treated with drugs that suppress their immune system. Why is this drug treatment necessary? (A)
To stop the patient’s body from treating the the transplanted transplanted organ organ as foreign
(B)
To stimulate stimulate the transplanted liver after it has been connected into the patient
(C)
To prevent prevent antibodies formed to combat combat infection infection from attacking the liver
(D)
To prevent prevent incompatibility between the donor’s donor’s and and the recipient’s blood types
4
8
Hospital patients are occasionally infected by increasingly common antibiotic-resistant strains of "Golden Staph" bacteria. How did these antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria become more common?
9
(A)
A mutation mutation was was caused caused by the antibiotics antibiotics used used in hospitals
(B)
Resistant bacteria were selected by their exposure exposure to antibiotics antibiotics
(C)
A new new strain of bacteria bacteria infected infected patients patients who who were weak from their illness
(D)
Bacteria acquired acquired immunity immunity to antibiotics and and passed passed it on to their offspring
The diagram below shows an organism that t hat causes a disease in humans.
25 m
To which group of pathogens does this organism belong?
10
(A)
Bacteria
(B)
Fungi
(C)
Protozoans
(D)
Viruses
Which of the following best describes the role of epidemiological studies? (A)
Epidemiological studies help to identify the symptoms of disease
(B)
Epidemiological studies describe the causes of lung cancer
(C)
Epidemiological studies compare different treatments for disease
(D)
Epidemiological studies help to identify the cause of disease disease
5
11
Although it was published in 1555, the diagrams of the human and bird skeleton below appear to show a very modern understanding of comparative anatomy, with equivalent parts labelled with the same letter of the t he alphabet.
How would a modern biologist interpret such similarities?
12
(A)
Both organisms were created according to the same plan
(B)
Humans and birds share a common ancestor
(C)
The similarities are due to convergent evolution
(D)
The similarities were exaggerated by the artist
"A state of equilibrium characterised by a dynamic interplay between the outside forces that tend to change an organism's internal environment and the internal control mechanisms that oppose such changes." What does this sentence define? (A)
Enantiostasis
(B)
Endothermy
(C)
Homeostasis
(D)
Temperature regulation
6
13
The flow chart shows a reproductive technique. Infertile man provides a skin cell
His partner provides an egg cell with the nucleus removed
His DNA inserted into the egg
Cell division initiated and Embryo created
Embryo implanted into man's partner
Baby born
What type of reproductive technique is illustrated?
14
(A)
Artificial insemination
(B)
Artificial pollination
(C)
Cloning
(D)
Transgenic species formation
A man is affected by a condition caused by an X-linked, recessive allele. His wife has no family history of the condition. What is the chance that their daughter will be affected by the condition? (A)
0%
(B)
25%
(C)
50%
(D)
100%
7
15
The diagram below shows an adaptation for defence against disease.
Blood capillary
Identify the cells leaving the blood vessel. (A)
Antibodies
(B)
Erythrocytes
(C)
Phagocytes
(D)
T lymphocytes
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CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION OF NEW SOUTH WALES 2006 TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Biology
Centre Number
Section I (continued) Student Number Part B – 60 marks Attempt Questions 16-29 Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
Question 16 (4 marks)
Marks
During your study of Biology, you performed an investigation to draw scaled diagrams of red and white blood cells. (a)
What is the approximate diameter of a white blood cell?
1
………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b)
1
Explain why you used prepared prepared slides, slides, rather rather than fresh blood slides in this investigation. ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
(c)
Compare the appearance of red and white blood cells.
2
………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
2901-1 9
Question 17 (4 marks)
Marks
Some domestic cats have co-dominant alleles for coat colour. Their coat can be black, tan or tabby, a mixture of black and tan patches (which occurs when the alleles for coat colour are heterozygous). (a)
Draw a Punnett Punnett Square Square to show a cross cross between between two tabby tabby cats. cats.
2
(b)
What is the ratio of phenotypes phenotypes in the offspring of this cross?
1
………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (c)
What is the genotype ratio in the offspring of this this cross? cross? ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
10
1
Question 18 (3 marks)
Marks
Louis Pasteur used the results from a series of experiments to support the hypothesis that bacteria responsible for decay come from the air and do not arise spontaneously.
3
Outline the method you used to model Pasteur's experiment.
……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………
Question 19 (8 marks)
(a)
Marks
Explain how mutations mutations in DNA may lead lead to the generation of new alleles.
2
………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b)
"Darwin and Wallace were the first scientists to propose propose a mechanism for evolution" Discuss the accuracy of this statement. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
Question 18 continues on page 12
11
3
Marks
Question 18 (continued) (c)
Discuss the importance of variation variation in the process of evolution. In your your answer, describe the variation you have observed in a characteristic of a named species of living organism.
3
………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
Question 20 (4 marks)
Marks
During your study of Biology you have analysed information from secondary sources to discuss the processes used by different plants to regulate salt in a saline environment. (a)
Describe TWO processes used by plants to regulate salt.
2
………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b)
Justify the reliability of the information you used. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
12
2
Question 21 (5 marks)
Marks
Gregor Mendel's experiments helped advance our knowledge of the inheritance of characteristics. (a)
How did Mendel ensure ensure that the results results of his experiments experiments with with pea plants were were valid?
3
………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b)
Outline TWO reasons why the importance of Mendel's Mendel's work was not not recognised recognised until many years after it was published. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
13
2
Question 22 (7 marks)
Marks
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) plays an important role in the regulation of water balance in the blood. (a)
Draw a diagram of of a model feedback feedback mechanism to show show how ADH controls controls water balance.
3
(b)
Use your model to explain the TWO stages of homeostasis. homeostasis.
4
………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
14
Question 23 (6 marks)
(a)
Marks
You performed performed an investigation to examine examine plant plant shoots and leaves leaves and gathered evidence of pathogens and insect pests.
3
Outline the evidence that you found AND describe ONE difference between damage caused by pathogens and that caused by insects. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b)
Evaluate the effectiveness effectiveness of quarantine quarantine in preventing the spread spread of ONE named named plant disease into Australia or across regions of Australia. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
15
3
Question 24 (7 marks)
Marks
"Understanding the immune response has been extremely important in the development of effective vaccination programs". Discuss the statement, using examples to illustrate your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………
16
7
Question 25 (3 marks)
Marks
Over three thousand years ago, the Hebrews recognised the importance of cleanliness when they recorded rules concerning disease. "If a swelling or scab or shiny spot appears on a man's skin … the man must be taken to … the priest. The priest must examine the disease on the skin. If the hair on the diseased part has turned white, or if the disease bites into the skin, then it is indeed a case of leprosy. But if there is a shiny spot on the skin without any visible depression of the skin and without whitening of the hair, the priest is to isolate the sick person person for seven seven days." (Leviticus13:1-5) (a)
Using examples, distinguish between infectious and non-infectious disease.
2
………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b)
Explain how how the rules rules described in the quotation quotation above above would assist in the control of disease. ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
17
1
Question 26 (4 marks)
Marks
Using a named species that has been genetically altered by a reproductive r eproductive technology, discuss the potential impact of the genetic changes on the susceptibility of the species to disease. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………
18
4
Question 27 (5 marks)
Marks
The diagram below shows some of the chemical changes that take place in different tissues of the body.
Muscle
Fat tissue
Protein
Glycogen
Amino acids
Lactate and pyruvate
Li ids
Glycerol
Liver Glycogen
Most tissues Glycerol
Carbon dioxide + water + energy Glucose
Lactate and pyruvate
Urea
Ammonia
Blood glucose
Glucose
Keto acids
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Fatty acids Energy
Ketones
Question 27 continues on page 20
19
Marks
Question 27 (continued) (a)
Choose ONE of the tissues tissues named named in the diagram diagram and explain how how that tissue changes the chemical composition of the blood
3
………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b)
Using ONE ONE of the reactions in this diagram as an example, explain the role of enzymes in metabolism. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
20
2
CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION OF NEW SOUTH WALES 2006 TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Biology Section II 25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 28-32 Allow about 45 minutes for this section
Answer the question in a SEPARATE writing booklet.
Pages Question 28
Communication ................................................ ......................................................... .........22 22 - 23
Question 29
Biotechnology ............................................... ...........................................................24 ............24 - 25
Question 30
Genetics - The Code Broken? ...................................26 ...................................26 - 27
Question 31
The Human Story ................................................ ...................................................... ......28 28 - 29
Question 32
Biochemistry ............................................... .............................................................30 ..............30 - 32
2901-1 21
Question 28 – Communication (25 marks)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Marks
The diagram shows the human larynx, as seen from above.
(i)
Identify the part of the organ labelled X.
1
(ii)
Explain how the larynx produces sounds of different frequencies.
3
Humans can detect only a limited range of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). (i)
Compare the range of EMR wavelengths detected by humans with the range detected by a named invertebrate.
2
(ii)
Suggest TWO reasons for differences in the range of electromagnetic radiation detected by humans and other animals
2
(iii)
Describe the photoreceptor cells of insects.
2
"For humans, communication with others is important. For some people, however, communication fails because of faults in various organs." Use your knowledge of the Communication Option to discuss how faults in sending, receiving and deciphering signals can interfere with communication.
Question 28 continues on page 23
22
7
Marks
Question 28 (continued) (d)
The graph represents a signal transmitted by a neurone.
(i)
What name is given to the signal represented in the graph?
1
(ii)
By using a specific example, explain the significance of a signal such as this.
3
(iii)
Describe how this signal is generated and transmitted in the neurone.
4
End of Question 28
23
Question 29 - Biotechnology (25 marks)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Marks
The diagram below shows a scene from an Egyptian tomb over 5000 years old. The scene shows birds being forcibly fed to fatten them.
(i)
What is the evidence in this diagram for the use of biotechnology in ancient Egypt?
1
(ii)
Outline an ancient Australian Aboriginal use of biotechnology.
3
There are many applications of biotechnology. (i)
Outline ONE way that DNA analysis can help solve forensic cases.
2
(ii)
Describe ONE example of the use of biotechnology in aquaculture.
2
(iii)
Explain why different groups in society may have different views about the use of DNA technology.
2
"Increased knowledge and understanding of biotechnological processes has promoted applications that can assist in the maintenance and protection of natural environments as well as assisting humans." Use your knowledge of the Biotechnology Option to discuss ways in which biotechnology can help maintain and protect the natural environment.
Question 29 continues on page 25
24
7
Marks
Question 29 (continued) (d)
The diagram represents a process for producing complementary DNA for cloning.
DN A of a DNA gene Heating
A
X Newly syn syn t hes hes ised gene
(i)
Identify the structure labelled A
1
(ii)
Identify the process occurring at X and outline its significance.
3
(iii
Describe a method for carrying a gene into nuclear DNA.
4
End of Question 29
25
Question 30 - Genetics: The Code Broken? (25 marks)
(a)
(b)
Marks
The diagram below compares domestic cattle with Aurochs, their wild ancestors.
(i)
Identify the process by which modern cattle have been produced from their wild ancestors.
1
(ii)
Describe ONE other artificial process that may change the genetic nature of a species.
3
TWO of the more easily detected blood group phenotype systems are A-B-O and Rhesus (Rh). Assume that the Rh blood group is controlled by two alleles, rh being recessive to Rh. (i)
-
A woman has the phenotype A rh . Her child has the phenotype B Rh.
2
Show how you could determine the possible phenotypes for the father of this child? (ii)
It is possible that some blood group phenotype systems are related not only to multiple alleles at ONE locus, l ocus, but also to interaction between TWO or more gene loci.
2
Describe ONE example of polygenic inheritance in humans or another organism. (iii)
Explain how you might, theoretically, show that the genes for the A-B-O and Rhesus blood groups were located l ocated on different chromosomes.
Question 30 continues on page 27
26
2
Marks
Question 30 (continued) (c)
“Modern genetics is moving towards an increased understanding of the biochemical role of individual genes.”
7
Use your knowledge of the Genetics: The Code Broken? Option to discuss the role of the Human Genome Project in achieving this goal.
(d)
The diagram represents one mechanism for genetic change in a DNA molecule.
1 gene
X
ano t her gene
Y
2 disru dis rup pted gene gene
Y
(i)
What special name is given to genes such as gene X?
1
(ii)
Describe the way in which genes such as gene X operate.
3
(iii)
Distinguish between germ line and somatic mutations in terms of their effect on species.
4
End of Question 30
27
Question 31 – The Human Story (25 marks)
(a)
(b)
The diagram below shows the formation of two DNA-DNA hybrids, A and B.
(i)
Which hybrid, A or B, would you expect to form if the original DNAs were from a human and a lemur? Explain your reasoning.
1
(ii)
Explain the use of DNA-DNA hybridisation in clarifying the relationships between humans and other primates.
3
Polymorphism refers to the harmless genetic variations that occur naturally in a population. (i)
Outline how polymorphisms have arisen in human populations.
2
(ii)
Describe ONE example of a polymorphism in humans and explain the evolutionary significance of the phenotypes displayed.
2
(iii)
Despite the existence of polymorphisms, all humans are classified in the same species. Name TWO features of humans that identify them as Homo sapiens.
2
Question 31 continues on page 29
28
Marks
Question 31 (continued) (c)
"Humans have taken a very different path in their recent evolution as the ongoing development development of culture has restricted the role of natural selection in the evolution of the species."
7
Use your knowledge of The Human Story Option to discuss the role of culture in the past, present and future evolution of humans.
(d)
The diagram represents one model of human evolution.
(i)
Which model of human evolution does this diagram represent?
1
(ii)
Outline the evidence that supports this model of human evolution.
3
(iii)
Compare Homo sapiens and H. erectus in terms of body structure, cranial capacity, and inferred culture.
4
End of Question 31
29
Question 32 - Biochemistry (25 marks)
(a)
Marks
The diagram below shows the centrifugation of a green plant leaf homogenate.
Pellet A
Pellet B
(i)
If pellet A contains whole cells and cell wall debris, in which pellet, A or B would you expect to fi find nd chloroplasts?
1
(ii)
Outline the role of homogenisation and centrifugation in the study of photosynthesis.
3
Question 32 continues on page 31
30
Marks
Question 32 (continued) (b)
(c)
(i)
Sketch a chloroplast and label the site of light absorption and the site of the Calvin Cycle.
2
(ii)
Describe the range of chloroplast sizes observed across named species.
2
(iii)
Outline the role of chloroplast membranes in ATP synthesis.
2
"The history of photosynthesis tells the story of the progression of knowledge that follows closely the improvements in technology that allowed new strategies to be implemented for the study of living materials."
7
Use your knowledge of the Biochemistry Option to discuss this statement by comparing the techniques and discoveries of Senebier (1782), Englemann (1883) and Emerson and Arnold (1957).
Question 32 continues on page 32
31
Marks
Question 32 (continued) (d)
The diagram represents the Calvin Cycle.
3 CO2
1
3 RuBP
6 3-PG A 6X
4
CALVIN CYCLE
6 2
6Y 6
5
G3P
6
G3 P
3
1 G3P
Glucose and other compounds
(i)
Name the compounds represented by X and Y
1
(ii)
Outline the chemical processes occurring at 2
3
(iii)
Explain why the Calvin cycle is now called the light independent stage of photosynthesis.
4
End of Question 32
End of paper
32
