lighthouses$ waterways$ piped water systems$ railways and street-car systems.
Pre-Hispanic Era o
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Caves and rock shelters like the Tabon Cave in Palawan served as shelters for the early Filipinos. Later on the invention invention of various tools tools allowed for the fabrication of tent-like shelters and tree houses. Early pre-historic houses were characterized by rectangular structures elevated on stilt foundations and covered by voluminous thatched roofs ornamented with gable-finials and its structure could be lifted as a whole and carried to a new site. Eamples include the Ifugao House, House, bahay and the !aranao"s torogan. kubo and kubo !os#ues$ the masjid and and the langgal in in %ausug andYakan andYakan or or ranggar in in !aranao$ emerged as &slam was established in 'ulu ()*th century+ and in !indanao (),th century+.
Spanish Colonial Era o
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&n ),*$ the Franciscans built the First ospital in the Philippines$ Hospital Real . %he ),/0 royal ordinance of 1ing Philip &&$ known as the Laws of the &ndies$ was prescribed and stated that every every town was to have a gridiron design (cuadricula (cuadricula++ with a central s#uare (plaza+. &n ),20$ &ntramuros was destroyed by fire$ re#uiring new buildings to be constructed of stone and tile. 3esuit 4ntonio 'edeno introduced stone and masonry construction. &mplementation of the hybrid type of construction called arquitectura meztiza5 meztiza5 6 wood in the upper floor floor and stone in the lower floor7 6 house posts or or haligues supported haligues supported the second floor7 6 stone floors at the ground floor acted as a solid curtain concealing the wooden framework within$ and7
American and Japanese Era o
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6 the use of termite-resistive termite-resistive Philippine Philippine hardwood$ and7 6 the concept for for the mass fabrication fabrication of standard standard building types. o
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6 wooden pegs and dovetailed dovetailed 8oints connected connected the wooden structural system together. o
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%he baha na bato$ bato$ typically two stories with the ground level made of massive cut stone or brick walls and the upper level built of hardwood$ emerged from the )/th to the )9th centuries. %he last #uarter of the )9th century witnessed the rise of accessoria (apartment dwellings+$ single or two-stories high and having multiple units called viviendas! 'chool buildings surfaced5 the colegio or universidad (urban (urban areas+ and the escuela primaria (pueblos+$ primaria (pueblos+$ a cluster of multistorey buildings in rectangular configuration with a central courtyard. %he leading-edge technology available at that time was employed to build ports$ roads$ bridges$
&n )9:;$ the 4mericans introduced the use of the toilet via a pail conservancy system$ or cubeta cubeta in in !anila. &n )9:2$ the concept of a well-planned neighborhood called "anitario #arrio was #arrio was introduced and led to tsalet$ tsalet$crossbreed crossbreed of the tropical features of vernacular buildings with hygienic structural principles and modern materials. &n )9);$ the
aniel .
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&n )9:$ the construction of the 4sylum for the &nsane in 'an Lazaro instigated the use of reinforced concrete as the standard construction material for all government structures. eco$ characterized by euberant eoticism and ornamentation$ as evident in the following facades of buldings5 ELPA
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!etropolitan %heater$ 'antos ouse$ and the !apua ouse. %he three-year 3apanese occupation grounded all architectural production to a standstill.
Post-World War Era o
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&n )9*$ the independent Philippines epressed its identity by implementing modernism through the utilization of reinforced concrete$ steel and glass$ the pre-dominance of cubic forms$ geometric shapes and Cartesian grids$ and the absence of applied decoration. &n )9*/$ a corps of architects and engineers were tasked to study the modern @' and Latin 4merican capitals and formulate the master plan for !anila. Federico &lustre$ consulting architect from the )9,:s to )9/:s$ worked on the buildings at the Elliptical ?oad in uezon City. %he centerpiece is the -meter high 4rt >eco uezon !emorial !onument$ composed of three pylons topped by winged figures representing the three island groups. %he )9,:s and )9:s staple architectural elements were the brise)soleil (sunbreaker+$ glass walls$ pierced screens and thin concrete shells. %he post-war doctrine was DForm follows function$ professed by the 'third generation architects$ namely$ Cesar Concio$ 4ngel Bakpil$ 4lfredo Luz$ Atillo 4rellano$ Felipe !endoza$ abriel Formoso$ and Carlos 4rguelles. %he )9,:s also witnessed 'pace 4ge aesthetics and 'oft !odernism$ which eperimented with the sculptural plasticity of poured concrete to come up with soft and sinuous organic forms with the use of thin-shell technology. Eamples are5 "pace &ge5 Gictor %iotuyco"s @P &nternational Center and 3ose Haragoza"s @nion Church$ and 6 "oft *odernism5 Church of the ?isen Lord$ Church of the Hol "acrifice (+, Chapel- and the Philippine 4tomic ?esearch Center. &n the )9,:s$ the height of buildings was limited by law to 0: meters. =ith the amendment of !anila Ardinance Bo. *)0)$ a high-rise fever redefined !anila"s skyline5 6 4ngel Bakpil"s );-storey Picache !uilding$ considered as the first skyscraper in the Philippines. 6 Cesar Concio"s %he &nsular Life
6 Francisco Fa8ardo"s !a"s ?estaurant 6 Felipe !endoza"s oliday ills olf Club ouse 6 Atillo 4rellano"s Philippine pavillion for the )9* Bew Iork =orld"s Fair o
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6 Felipe !endoza"s >evelopment 4cademy of the Philippines 6 Locsin"s
#he %e$ &illenium o
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"ate #$entieth Century o
&n the )9:s$ Filipino architects incorporated some modernist formal principles by employing local materials and referencing vernacular traditions5 6 the !anosa
&n the )9/:s$ Former First Lad y &melda !arcos pursued a singular 'national architectural stle to concretize the official maim of Isang #ansa$ Isang .i/a (Ane Bation$ Ane 'oul+. %he oil crisis of )9/0 to a movement for energy-efficient designs called %ropical ?egionalism5 6 %he !anosa
o
Eemplified by the garish applications of pastel colors and the miing and matching of ornaments and styles. 'kyscrapers adopted the tripartite division of columnar architecture (%ower-on-the-Podium+5 the podium$ the shaft and the crown. ?ise of master planned micro-cities like
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4dvances in computer-aided design (C4>+ and computer-aided manufacturing (C4!+ technologies. &mplementation of Dgreen architecture to reverse the negative impact of buildings on human health and on the environment by enhancing the efficiency and moderating the use of materials$ energy and space.
http://triptheislands.com/travel-tips/a-briefhistory-of-philippine-architecture/
History of Philippine Architecture @nderstanding the roots of Philippine architecture is an interesting adventure as you revisit your heritage and discover how the lives of Filipinos from different periods of our history were reflected through structures of houses$ churches$ mos#ues$ temples$ government buildings$ cultural centers and many others. 3ust by reviewing our history as a nation$ the Philippines is a melting pot of various cultures not 8ust from its =estern colonizers but even from its neighbors in 4sia even before the 'paniards came. Aur country"s history produced a conglomeration of architectural design which still eists at present. Let us trace our nation"s architectural history and characteristics through its five periods.
the 'panish colonization were predominantly rectangular in shape and built on stilts so it may be lifted and be transported to a new site. 'everal factors also affect the type of materials and configuration of houses such as the difference of climate and topography of numerous Filipino groups in different parts of the country. For instance$ there are variations when it comes to pre-ispanic houses of those from &fugao$ the bahay kubo (nipa hut+ from the lowlands and the !aranao"s very intricate torogan house.
"panish Colonial 0ra %he arrival of 'panish con#uerors introduced the 4ntillean style of architecture. %his type of architecture is European (but originated from Central 4merica and not 'pain+ which was tweaked to suit the tropical climate of the Philippines and thereafter$ had its own Filipino and uni#ue character. 4side from houses$ !other 'pain also bestowed its influence on the architecture of churches$ the symbolism of its ma8or endowment in the Philippines$ Catholicism. %he most glorious colonial churches are still standing firm and most of them are found in the Gisayan islands of Panay$ Cebu and
,re)Hispanic 0ra %he earliest records of pre-colonial architecture in the Philippines are rock shelters and caves in Palawan. Early Filipinos are nomadic since they are constantly in search for food through hunting or fishing so they mainly rely on nature when creating shelter and do not need to build permanent structures. =ith the development of tools$ tent-like shelters and tree houses were also created to serve as their abode. 4s farming became a stable source of food$ the locals were accustomed to creating permanent structures to serve as their home. %he houses of the natives before
Ane thing that we must appreciate from these churches is how they were crafted with 4sian !oorish style and elements. &t is not well-known that during the 'panish period$ Chinese and !uslim elements in architectural style became part of the Catholic Church structures. %his is due to the fact that mostly Filipinos are ineperienced with the construction of stone buildings. !aster builders and artisans who participated in the creation of the churches were Chinese and !uslims from the 'outh. Chinese influence are shown through red air-dried bricks which were produced from a miture of coral lime andKor
loam and sugar cane 8uice and lion figures made of granite apparent in front of 'an 4gustin Church. An the other hand$ !oorish and &slamic style is apparent in deeply incised relief carvings of church facades and its interior. =e learned from Philippine istory that there was obligatory construction work imposed on natives in non-!uslim areas during that period but most of them involved cutting$ transporting and processing the materials to build the churches.
&merican and 1apanese 0ra %he )29 Philippine ?evolution paved the way to the country"s independence from 'pain. owever$ it became a short-lived liberty when the 4mericans became the country"s new invaders. %here was a drastic change on the architectural design which was introduced by the 4mericans as they establish the civil government. 4 lot of structures were built to serve as government buildings from cities to municipalities. %he design and style of the establishments were akin to reek or ?oman constructions. Famous 4merican architects such as =illiam Parsons and Edgar aniel eco portraying eotic embellishments.
%he 3apanese invasion during =orld =ar && lasted only for three years and did not bring any significant architectural change in the Philippines.
The 2ate T/entieth Centur >uring this period in Philippine history starting in the :"s architects started to merge modernist style with the use of traditional and local materials. 4nd in the /:"s Former first Lady &melda !arcos popularized a national architectural style through the regime"s ostentatious building pro8ects using indigenous materials and icons.
The 3e/ *illennium 4t present$ the Philippines has embraced the tripartite decision of columnar architecture (%ower-on-thePodium+ for skyscrapers. !ore micro-cities such as ?ockwell Center and Fort
%he clamor to fight climate change has generated Dgreen architecture to minimize the negative results of modernity and building high rise structures. %he current trend is to improve efficiency of constructed buildings while moderating the use of energy.
%rue enough$ the evolution of Philippine architecture is a source of pride for Filipinos. Let us make sure that we contribute in the preservation of our cultural heritage through the structures of the past which will make us appreciate our identity as a nation.
https://www.hoppler.com.ph/blog/design-andarchitecture/history-of-philippine-architecture
