CHLOROBENZENE PRODUCTION PLANT
By Group 1: Varun, Bhatia (H00280477) Mahnoor, Muhammad (H00263479) Ojas, Mainkar (H00255996) Zubayr, Abdullahi (H00231670) Hamdaan, Phoolwala (H00228114)
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 WHY THIS PROJECT WAS CHOSEN? .............................................................................................................................. 3
PROCESS DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................................................................... 4 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM ..................................................................................................................................... 5 MARKET ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................. 6 SWOT ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................................... 8
LOCATION ANALYSIS......................... ............ .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ............. 9 PROCESS MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE ........................................................................................................ 11 MATERIAL BALANCE .............................................................................................................................................. 11 ENERGY BALANCE ................................................................................................................................................. 11
HYSYS SIMULATION ............................................................................................................................................. 12 ECONOMICS ANALYSIS......................................................................................................................................... 13 HAZOP ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................. 18 (HAZARD AND OPERABILITY STUDY) .................................................................................................................... 18 SUSTAINABILITY ................................................................................................................................................... 21 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................................ 22 HEALTH AND SAFETY: MSDS .................................................................................................................................. 22
2
Introduction Chlorobenzene is manufactured commercially by the chlorination of benzene to produce a mixture of mono-chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and other similar products. Benzene and chlorine are the starting points of the process which are brought from neighboring industries and is stored at the plant location. The aim of this production is to produce around 90000 tons of chlorobenzene per year which include both mono and dichlorobenzene to provide domestic uses for households globally and the primary uses are as a source of raw materials to synthesis compounds for pharmaceutical and pesticide uses. A plant is established established at the city of Mumbai in India operating operating 365 days per per year with an efficient number of workers. Establishing a plant in India gives a good benefit to the revenue gain due to the reason that there is a high demand of this product which is also said to have a large revenue percentage in Asia than other regional areas. Besides, the growth of the market size of chlorobenzene gives a good advantage to set up the project. Additionally, Additionally, having having a large manufacturing manufacturing base and an easier easier access access of input feeds feeds.. Infrastructure provision is said to be very poor in India and can be resolved by structuring this project in a way that expands the d emands of customer’ s satisfaction and commercially viability which tends to give better outcomes in which the government tends to provide a better infrastructure. Additionally costly and low quality of power is known in India which results in problems faced such as equipment failure, requiring medical attention due to electrical accidents and the loss of opportunities and revenue. The solution can be resolved by providing proper wiring within the facility. Furthermore, placing energy storage systems for imp ortant equipment’s within the plant. In the future the production productio n of chlorobenzene is aimed to increase due to the high demand d emand from customers globally and the variety of many uses utilized as solvents used for paints, room deodorants, chemical manufacturing and other uses giving a major impact on the market.
The project relates itself with the production of chlorobenzene, a very common organic compound widely used as an industrial solvent, and more often also used in the polymerresin industry. The method generally applied is the chlorination of benzene in presence of catalyst to produce variable ratio of multiple chlorobenzene. The project thus chosen is a widely industrial process with multiple application benefits whilst aiming to inculcate employment generation, improve sustainability, validate process feasibility and increasing market competition to regions of limited product availability. The product not only increases the world-wide production of chlorobenzene but also tackles scientific analysis of reaction mechanism and at the same time considers various possibilities of different plant models and processes through which this process would be both economically viable and environmentally sustainable.
3
Process Description Chemical Reaction: C6 H6 + Cl2 => C6H5Cl + HCl C6H5Cl + Cl2 => C6H4Cl2 + HCl • •
The design project carried out effectively deals with commercial scale production of Chlorobenzene by direct chlorination of benzene in presence of ferric chloride, catalyst. The process follows Friedel-Crafts alkylation chemical mechanism. The targeted annual produce is 70000 tons/year situated in India. The obtained products through this process are, mono-chlorobenzene and by-product, di-chlorobenzene. The process achieves a 98% product purity. Chlorination of benzene takes place continuously in a chlorinator by supplying pure benzene feed mixed with ferric chloride catalyst (or iron turnings/scrap) and mixed with chlorine gas to produce chlorinated benzene derivatives. Benzene is stored in a deepsteel vessel. Chlorine gas is supplied as gas to the chlorinator. Both feedstocks are maintained at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The reaction undergoes in the reactor at 2.4 bar to produce chlorobenzenes and also HCl as by-product. Multiple reactors can be placed in series or parallel to increase feed conversion to desired products. After going through multiple reactor systems, the product stream is directly separated to produce pure HCl and remaining products is recycled back to the reactor to improve the efficiency of the process. The bottom product stream from the second reactor is continuously distilled to give pure chlorobenzene derivatives. The final product is then stored and ready to be sold.
4
Process Flow Diagram
5
Market Analysis A global overview of the production of chlorobenzene in terms of the market size & forecast, market by application and the regional revenue. The marketing of these products involve the following:
• • • •
Mono-chlorobenzene Ortho-dichlorobenzene Para-dichlorobenzene Others
From the year 2015-2025 the chlorobenzene market is increasing in tons and estimated to reach 2201 kilo tons in 2024 from 1579 kilo tons in 2015. Chlorobenzene is frequently used to manufacture other chemicals such as insecticides, deodorizers and etc. The items manufactured supplies a high demand for the products which increases the global marketing rate in various industries. A representation of global size and forecast during the years 2015 to 2025 is shown below.
Global marketing of chlorobenzene is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia pacific and the rest of the world which is further divided into different countries. The percentage revenue is the largest in the Asia pacific which includes India of about 79.4% and is higher than the other segmented geographical areas.
6
7
•
•
l a n r e t n I
•
•
•
Beneficial
Harmful
Strengths
Weaknesses
Powerful existence in some export market segments Availability of resources within the country India has a large manufacturing base Potential to manufacture world class end products Demand for chlorobenzene which is used for domestic uses which increases the rate of production and income
•
•
•
Opportunities •
l a n r e t x E
•
India has the space for great value addition having an inexpensive source for chemical feedstock Great amount of markets opening up from developed countries are going off patent giving a good advantage for the products to sell
High cost and low quality of power Infrastructure provision are not globally first class Multiple levies (including service tax, sales tax and electricity duty)
Threats •
Cause of extinction if industry obtains competitiveness
8
Location Analysis Location Matrix
India
China
Japan
U.S.
Raw Material
8
9
8
9
Marketability
9
8
8
9
Infrastructure
8
10
9
9
Geographical Location
9
8
8
8
Import and Export
10
10
9
8
Labor
10
9
8
7
Rules and Regulations
9
7
8
7
Total
63
61
58
57
Raw Material
The raw materials required are Benzene and Chlorine. China, US and Japan produce Benzene in abundance as compared to India, but chlorine production rate in India is more or less equal to that of other countries. Marketability, Import and Export
In Asia-Pacific region, India comes in the top 3 regions for manufacturing chlorobenzene. China, Japan and USA produce Chlorobenzen e in abundance. India’s import and export value has increased multi-fold in the past decade. Recently, India’s economy surpassed China’s to become the world’s fastest growing large economy.
Infrastructure
China, Japan and USA top the list from infrastructure perspective. Compared to the countries chosen, India lacks in infrastructure, but recent reports suggest that India is going to increase the construction activity by improving the ports thus smoothening the ports. Geographical Lo cation
India is close to Middle Eastern and African countries as compared to Japan, China and USA. It is equidistant to many other countries in the Far East. Labor Labor cost in India is the cheapest. The cost is higher in China. USA and Japan are relatively higher than China.
9
Matrix Location • Location relative to closest seaport • Coordinates • Site size • Soil conditions Land Cost • Purchase & Annual Lease Weather Avg. Temp.(Avg. Max/Avg. • Min) • Avg. Peak Temp. (Month) • Avg. Annual Rainfall Avg. Relative Humidity • • Avg. Wind speed • Earthquake Tropical Cyclones & Flooding •
Navi Mumbai 30km from Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNP) 19.0679° N, 73.1080° E
Transport Infrastructure Indigenous Issues Environmental Considerations
10km from the port 17.7°N 75.47°E Dry soil
Gujarat 10.4km from New Bedi Port in Jamnagar, Gujrat 22°27'35.3"N 70°02'56.3"E Dry Soil
Dry soil
•
26.8oC (30oC/23.3oC)
26.5oC (29.9oC/22.4oC)
26.1 oC (32.2 oC /19.8 oC)
•
33.1 C (May)
•
47 oC (May)
•
3044mm
•
788mm
•
487mm
•
75%
•
70%
•
77%
•
10m/s
•
13m/s
•
11m/s
For earthquakes, the zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone Exposed to high tide, heavy rains and cyclonic storms which leads to flooding.
Raw materials can be accessed from nearby industries. Benzene and chlorine industries are close to 1hr away from the plant. 22km away from the Airport and 25kms from the nearest port. Relocation of several villages due to construction of an Airport. Damage to neighboring flora and fauna due to construction of an airport.
•
•
o
•
33.7 C (May)
•
o
•
•
•
Access to Raw Materials and Utility Supply
Tarapur
Earthquakes had no impact on plants but still it is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone
•
For earthquakes, the zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone
Exposed to high tide, heavy rains and cyclonic storms which leads to flooding.
No nearby industries which can provide gaseous chlorine.
The nearest industries that provide the raw materials are 5 hours away.
The closest international airport is 3hrs away by road. Ports No indigenous issues in this area are noted. No flora and fauna are in danger.
The closest international airport is 6 hours away by road. No indigenous issues in this area are noted. No flora and fauna are in danger.
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Process Material and Energy balance Stream Vapor Fraction Temperature [C] Pressure [kPa] Molar Flow [kgmole/h] Mass Flow [kg/h]
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.45
1.00
0.00
1.00
25.00
25.00
144.52
25.00
25.28
40.42
345.66
345.66
375.69
100.00 94.49
100.00 110.15
300.00 110.15
230.00 110.15
400.00 94.49
150.00 237.65
150.00 237.65
150.00 0.00
240.00 237.65
7378.00
7810.00
7810.00
7810.00
7378.00
18869.68
18869.72
0.00
18869.72
Liquid Volume Flow [m3/h] Heat Flow [kJ/h]
1
8.36
5.00
5.00
5.00
8.36
16.71
17.59
0.00
17.59
4686251.22
-2654.61
455404.64
-2654.52
4689634.95
5475507.25
5475556.27
0.00
6255526.46
Stream
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0.45
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.79
1.00
0.00
0.00
40.00
108.62
108.62
79.04
189.54
45.00
-30.25
112.20
112.13
Pressure [kPa]
205.53
205.53
205.53
140.00
150.00
150.00
150.00
150.00
150.00
Molar Flow [kgmole/h]
237.65
142.59
95.05
77.75
17.30
142.59
109.51
33.08
33.00
18869.72
7685.19
11184.54
8649.43
2535.11
7685.19
3993.98
3691.22
3681.68
Vapor Fraction Temperature [C]
Mass Flow [kg/h] Liquid Volume Flow [m3/h] Heat Flow [kJ/h]
17.59
7.94
9.88
7.85
2.03
7.94
4.59
3.35
3.34
-6227113.83
-7832648.74
1605533.14
1384974.44
115907.41
-9464536.23
-10288986.00
790739.33
788526.82
Name
Q100
Q101
Q102
Q103
Q104
Q105
Q106
Q107
Heat Flow [kJ/h]
458059.25
458059.16
3383.73
779970.18
12482640.28
1631887.49
-33710.44
9080303.02
Q108 8977639.66
11
HYSYS Simulation
12
Economics Analysis Capital c ost
INR
USD
Land Price
35000000
491021.3244
Plant Construction
179891724.5
2523733.509
Utility
583241570
8182401.375
Safety Equipment
8468195
118801.8378
Miscellaneous
10000000
140291.807
Tot al Capit al Cost
816,601,490
11456249.85
Capital Cost Distribution 1%
4%
Land Price
1% 22%
72%
Plant Construction Utility Safety Equipment Miscellaneous
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Operation Cost
INR/annum
USD/annum
Raw Material
2795340240
39370989.3
Energy
221497733.4
3119686.386
Labor
78750000
1109154.93
Transport
1301666.667
18333.33333
Utility Operation
250669760
3530560
Total Operatio nal Cost
3347559400
47148723.95
Operational Cost Distribution 84%
Raw Material Energy Labor 0% 7%
2% 7%
Transport Utility Operation
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Following is the net cash flow summary for 20 years of industrial operations of this plant. Economic Analysis Capit al cos t (USD) Year 0 Year 1 (11,456,249.85) Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Year 12 Year 13 Year 14 Year 15 Year 16 Year 17 Year 18 Year 19 Year 20 -
OP Cost
Revenue
Profit
(47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95) (47,148,723.95)
50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39 50,247,316.39
3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45 3,098,592.45
15
Following is the cumulative cash flow for every subsequent year. Cumul ative Cash Flow (USD)
Years
-
0
(11,456,249.85)
1
(8,357,657.40)
2
(5,259,064.95)
3
(2,160,472.50)
4
938,119.94
5
4,036,712.39
6
7,135,304.84
7
10,233,897.29
8
13,332,489.74
9
16,431,082.19
10
19,529,674.64
11
22,628,267.09
12
25,726,859.54
13
28,825,451.99
14
31,924,044.44
15
35,022,636.89
16
38,121,229.34
17
41,219,821.79
18
44,318,414.24
19
47,417,006.68
20
16
Pay-back Time Profile 50,000,000.00
) D S U 40,000,000.00 ( e l i f o r 30,000,000.00 P w o 20,000,000.00 l F h s a C 10,000,000.00 e v i t a l u m m (10,000,000.00) u C
Profit Period
Payback Time = 4.7 years
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Capital Investment
(20,000,000.00)
Years
NPV
$47,417,006.68
IRR
26.75%
ROI
27.05%
Payback time(years)
4.7
17
HAZOP Analysis (Hazard and Operability Study) Name Unit Deviation No flow rate of chlorine
Cause Blockage on compressor
Low
Low flow rate of chlorine
Low efficiency on compressor
Reacting mixtures change and encounters an unsuccessful product
Using stand by compressor
High
High flow rate of chlorine
Difficulty with flow indicator
Reacting mixtures change and encounters low purity product
bypass extra flow of chlorine back to storage
No w o l F
e r u t a r e p m e T
Process Variables Consequence -
Action Using stand by compressor
No
Deviation -
Cause -
Low
-
-
-
-
High
Temperature more than required
High compression of the gas
Excessive duty on heat exchanger that causes corrosion
A better control of the compressor
Process Variables Consequence -
Deviation -
Cause -
Low
Pressure less than required
High
Pressure more than required
Low efficiency on compressor which causes blockage on pipe Failure in compressor which changes reaction conditions
No
e r u s s e r P
Compressor (C-100) Stream 3 Process Variables Consequence Operation fail
Action -
Action -
Reaction conditions changes
Using stand by compressor
Mechanical failures
Using a pressure valve
18
Name Unit
No
w o l F
Low
Low flow rate of Benzene
Problem with Pump (P100)
High
High flow rate of Benzene
Blockage of pipe slightly
No e r u t a r e p m e T
Deviation -
Reacting mixtures change and encounters an unsuccessful product Reacting mixtures change and encounters low purity product
Process Variables Cause Consequence -
Action Use of Maintenance Using stand by pump
bypass extra flow of chlorine back to storage
Action -
Low
Temperature lower than required
Causes fouling due to low flow rate
Change of reaction
A better control of the fluid flow
High
Temperature more than required
High flow of heating fluid, due to hot surroundings
Change of reaction
A better control of the fluid flow
No
e r u s s e r P
Deviation No flow rate of Benzene
Heat Exchanger (E-101) Stream 5 Process Variables Cause Consequence Blockage on whole pipe Operation fail
Deviation -
Process Variables Cause Consequence -
Action -
Low
Pressure less than required
Blockage of pipe slightly
Reaction conditions changes
Use of Maintenance
High
Pressure more than required
Problem with Pump (P100)
Mechanical failures
Using a pressure valve
19
Name Unit
No w o l F
Deviation No flow of chlorobenzene
Flow of chlorobenzene less than required
Slightly blockage of pipe
Back flow of substances
Position a check valve
High
Flow of chlorobenzene more than required
High flow of pressure
Causes flooding in column
Position a manual valve
No
Deviation -
Reactor (R-100) Stream 3 Process Variables Cause Consequence -
Action -
Low
Temperature less than required
Breakdown of heater controller
Low conversion rate on reactor
Checking of temperature routinely
High
Temperature more than required
Breakdown of heater controller
Causes explosion
Checking of temperature routinely
No e r u s s e r P
Action Maintenance required
Low
Name Unit
e r u t a r e p m e T
Distillation column (T-100) Stream 3 Process Variables Cause Consequence Blockage of Favorable pipe product not obtained
Deviation -
Process Variables Cause Consequence -
Action -
Low
Pressure less than required
Breakdown of pressure controller
Low conversion rate on reactor
Checking of pressure routinely
High
Pressure more than required
Breakdown of pressure controller
Causes explosion
Checking of pressure routinely
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Sustainability For a long period of time, humans have been consumers rather than conservationists. Since, without Earth, sustaining won’t be possible for us humans, this project has carefull y
considered the sustainability issue and has planned the idea from that viewpoint. Sustainability stands on three pillars – economy, society and environment. A process is truly sustainable only when it is socially, economically and ecologically feasible. Economic
There are many pharmaceuticals, paints, adhesive, polymers, dyes etc. plants which use m-chlorobenzene and o-chlorobenzene as the major raw material or solvent. The production of such a large amount of solvent gives 3M$ for 70,000 t/yr. production. From a business perspective the amount earned isn’t too less nor too much. The greed to satisfy our senses by going against ethics isn’t there in our policy. The word ‘business’ may give a connotation that in the future we will increase the prices for a higher rate just to satisfy our greed, but we’ve gone beyond the narr ow sight of
economy as organized by the world and therefore no matter what hurdles may come forward, we won’t break the three pillars of sustainability. 1 (Scott Cato, M.,2009) Social
No harm is caused to the public as the land is industrial. Ecology
Since the land chosen is an industrial land and far away from the residential complex or any ecological site, there is no harm to the environment. Although, 32,000 t/yr. of a toxic gas like HCl is produced, safety considerations are been taken so that no gas leaves into the atmosphere. The aim is to protect the environment by all means. As mentioned earlier, Benzene and chlorine gas are the major raw materials used in our industry. Benzene is virtually harmless as it gets diffused faster into the atmosphere when exposed (due to car exhaust, paints etc.). Normal usage of i t doesn’t cause harm to flora and fauna. But if a significant spill of benzene takes place (which is rare) the harmful effect of that on the environment is not worrisome. 2 As for chlorine, it very harmful to the environment. If released accidently into air and water, it will be damaging to the environment as chlorine reacts with the organic and inorganic materials in water to form chlorinated organic materials and chlorine salts respectively. If reacted in air it will affect the animal’s immune system.3
1
Scott Cato, M. (2009). Green Economics. London: Earthscan, pp. 36 – 37. ISBN 978-1-84407-571-3. https://www.petro-online.com/news/safety/15/breaking-news/what-are-the-effects-of-benzene-on-theenvironment/33958 3 https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/cl.htm 2
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Appendix MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET SECTION 1: CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION Trade name:
Benzene
Chemical name:
Benzene
C.A.S. no.:
71-43-2
Molecular formula:
C6H6
Molecular weight:
78.11 g/mole
SECTION 2: COMPOSITION AND INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS Name:
Benzene
C.A.S. no.:
71-43-2
% by weight:
100.00
SECTION 3: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Potential acute health effects: It causes skin and eye irritation. It causes aspiration hazard. It is a flammable liquid
Potential chronic health effects: Chronic Aquatic toxicity.
SECTION 4: FIRST AID MEASURES Eye contact: Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and plenty of water. Take victim immediately to hospital. Consult a physician.
Serious skin contact: Take victim immediately to hospital. Consult a physician.
Inhalation: If breathed in, move person into fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Consult a physician.
Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water. Consult a physician
SECTION 5: FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA
22
Flammability of the product:
Flammable liquid and vapor
Auto-ignition temperature:
562 ºC
Flash points:
-11 ºC
-
Flammable limits:
1.3 %
7.1 %
Fire hazards in presence of various substances:
Sensitive to static discharge
Firefighting media and instructions: Carbon oxides Flash back possible over considerable distance, Container explosion may occur under fire conditions.
SECTION 6: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Small spill: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations Large spill: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.
SECTION 7: HANDLING AND STORAGE Precautions: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use. Keep away from sources of ignition. Take measures to prevent the buildup of electrostatic charge.
Storage: Store in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
SECTION 8: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Physical state and appearance:
Clear colorless liquid
Odor:
No data available
Molecular weight:
78.11
Color:
Colorless
pH: Boiling point:
Melting point:
80 ºC
Critical temperature: Vapor pressure:
g/mole
5.5 ºC
99.5 HPa
@20 ºC
Vapor density:
-
Solubility:
23
ca.1,88 g/l at 23,5 °C - soluble
SECTION 9: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY DATA Stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions
Corrosively:
-
Polymerization:
-
SECTION 10: DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS Waste disposal: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET SECTION 1: CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION Trade name:
Benzene Chloride
Chemical name:
Mono-chlorobenzene
C.A.S. no.:
108-90-7
Chemical family:
Aromatic organic compounds
Common synonyms:
Chlorobenzene
Molecular formula:
C6H5Cl
Molecular weight:
112.56 g/mole
SECTION 2: COMPOSITION AND INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS Name:
Mono-chlorobenzene
C.A.S. no.:
108-90-7
% by weight:
100.00
SECTION 3: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Potential acute health effects: Causes respiratory tract irritation resulting in breathing difficulty. Causes gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting and nausea. Causes skin irritation including swelling, redness and cracking of skin. Causes eye irritation including stinging and tearing Potential chronic health effects: Exposure of substance causes damage to the blood system, liver and kidneys
SECTION 4: FIRST AID MEASURES Eye contact: Rinse with water for 15 minutes
Skin contact: Rinse with plenty of water while removing clothing
24
Serious skin contact: Call and seek for medical attention. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse
Inhalation: Evacuating for fresh air and keeping comfortable for breathing. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration
Serious inhalation: Call poison center and seek for medical attention. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen by qualified medical personal only
Ingestion: Rinse mouth with water and do not induce in vomiting. If vomiting occurs, keep victims head forward to reduce the potential risk of aspiration
SECTION 5: FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA Flammability of the product:
Flammable liquid and vapor
Auto-ignition temperature:
600 ºC
Flash points:
28 ºC
-
Flammable limits:
1.3 %
7%
Products of combustion: Fire hazards in presence of various substances:
Carbon oxides, Hydrogen chloride, Phosgene Sensitive to static discharge
Firefighting media and instructions: Extinguishing medias: Carbon dioxide, dry chemicals and alcohol resistant foam Prevent using solid water stream as i t can spread and produce fire
SECTION 6: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Small spill: Ventilate the area. Use only non -sparking tools to clean up
Large spill: Ventilate the area. Absorb spill with non-combustible, inert absorbent material for example; sand
SECTION 7: HANDLING AND STORAGE
25
Precautions: Keep away from heat, keep container sealed tightly, do no breathe in vapor, wash hands, wear safety equipment’s, use only non -sparking tools, use in well ventilated area
Storage: Keep container sealed tightly. Store container locked up in a well-ventilated area. Only accessible to trained and authorized personal.
SECTION 8: EXPOSURE CONTROL AND PERSONAL PROTECTION Engineering controls: Using engineering controls Personal protection: Wearing protective equipment’s for face, eye and skin
SECTION 9: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Physical state and appearance:
Clear colorless liquid
Odor:
Hydrocarbon odor
Molecular weight:
112.56
Color:
Colorless
pH: Boiling point:
132 ºC
Critical temperature: Vapor pressure:
g/mole
Melting point:
-45 ºC
Vapor density:
3.9
9 mm Hg
@25 ºC
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water and soluble in most organic solvents
SECTION 10: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY DATA Stability: Corrosively: Polymerization:
Stable under normal conditions Not occurring
SECTION 13: DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS Waste disposal: Disposal must take place in accordance with standard safety and control regulations as prescribed by the federal, state and environmental authorities.
26
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET SECTION 1: CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION Trade name:
Benzene Chloride
Chemical name:
p-Dichlorobenzene
C.A.S. no.:
106-46-7
Chemical family:
Aromatic organic compounds
Common synonyms:
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Molecular formula:
C6H4Cl2
Molecular weight:
147.01 g/mole
SECTION 2: COMPOSITION AND INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS Name:
Dichlorobenzene
C.A.S. no.:
106-46-7
% by weight:
100.00
SECTION 3: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Potential acute health effects: Causes eye irritation. Solid produces burning sensation when held in contact with the skin, but irritation is slight. May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, liver and kidney damage. Inhalation of vapors causes irritation of eyes, throat, and skin. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, weight loss, anorexia and hepatic necrosis with jaundice. Potential chronic health effects: Possible cancer hazard based on tests with laboratory animals. May cause anemia and other blood cell abnormalities. Chronic inhalation may lead to decreased pulmonary function. SECTION 4: FIRST AID MEASURES Eye contact: Rinse with water for 15 minutes
Skin contact: Rinse with plenty of water while removing clothing and shoes
Serious skin contact: Call and seek for medical attention. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse
Inhalation: Evacuating for fresh air and keeping comfortable for breathing. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration
Ingestion:
27
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. SECTION 5: FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA Flammability of the product:
Flammable liquid and vapor
Auto-ignition temperature:
640 ºC
Flash points:
65 ºC
-
Flammable limits:
1.3 %
7%
Products of combustion: Fire hazards in presence of various substances:
Carbon oxides, Hydrogen chloride, Phosgene Sensitive to static discharge
Firefighting media and instructions: Extinguishing medias: Carbon dioxide, dry chemicals and alcohol resistant foam Prevent using solid water stream as i t can spread and produce fire
SECTION 6: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Small spill: Ventilate the area. Use only n on-sparking tools to clean up
Large spill: Ventilate the area. Absorb spill with non-combustible, inert absorbent material for example; sand
SECTION 7: HANDLING AND STORAGE Precautions: Keep away from heat, keep container sealed tightly, do no breathe in vapor, wash hands, wear safety equipment’s, use only non -sparking tools, use in well ventilated area
Storage: Keep container sealed tightly. Store container locked up in a well-ventilated area. Only accessible to trained and authorized personal. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.
SECTION 8: EXPOSURE CONTROL AND PERSONAL PROTECTION Engineering controls: Using engineering controls Personal protection: Wearing protective equipment’s for face, eye and skin
SECTION 9: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
28
Physical state and appearance:
Solid
Odor:
Hydrocarbon odor
Molecular weight:
147.01
Color:
White
pH:
g/mole
-
Boiling point:
174 ºC
Critical temperature:
Melting point:
53 ºC
Vapor density:
1.458
-
Vapor pressure:
9 mm Hg
@25 ºC
Solubility: Insoluble
SECTION 10: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY DATA Stability:
Stable under normal conditions
Corrosively:
-
Polymerization:
Not occurring
SECTION 13: DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS Waste disposal: Disposal must take place in accordance with standard safety and control regulations as prescribed by the federal, state and environmental authorities.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET SECTION 1: CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION Trade name:
Sodium Hydroxide
Chemical name:
Sodium Hydroxide
C.A.S. no.:
1310-73-2
Chemical family:
Sodium Hydrate
Common synonyms:
Sodium Hydrate, Caustic soda, lye
Molecular formula:
NaOH
Molecular weight:
40.00 g/mole
SECTION 2: COMPOSITION AND INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS Name:
Sodium Hydroxide
C.A.S. no.:
1310-73-2
% by weight:
100.00
SECTION 3: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Potential acute health effects: Causes respiratory tract irritation resulting in breathing difficulty. Causes gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting and nausea. Causes skin irritation including swelling, redness and cracking of skin. Causes eye irritation including stinging and tearing Potential chronic health effects:
29
Exposure of substance causes damage to the blood system, liver and kidneys
SECTION 4: FIRST AID MEASURES Eye contact: Rinse with water for 20 minutes
Skin contact: Wash affected areas
Serious skin contact: Call and seek for medical attention. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse
Inhalation: Evacuating for fresh air and keeping comfortable for breathing. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration
Serious inhalation: Call poison center and seek for medical attention. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen by qualified medical personal only
Ingestion: Rinse mouth with water and do not induce in vomiting. If vomiting occurs, keep victims head forward to reduce the potential risk of aspiration
SECTION 5: FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA Flammability of the product:
Non-Flammable
Auto-ignition temperature:
-
Flash points:
-
-
Flammable limits:
-
-
Products of combustion: Fire hazards in presence of various substances:
Thermal decompositions at high temperatures Reactions with metals can cause explosive hydrogen gas
Firefighting media and instructions: Extinguishing medias: Carbon dioxide, dry chemicals and alcohol resistant foam Prevent using solid water stream as it can spread and produce fire
SECTION 6: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Small spill:
30
Ventilate the area. Can be diluted and cautiously neutralized with preferably acetic acid
Large spill: Ventilate the area. Absorb spill with diluted hydrochloric acid
SECTION 7: HANDLING AND STORAGE Precautions: Keep container sealed tightly, keep away from strong acids and metals which include(aluminum, zinc and tin), wash hands, wear safety equipment’s, use in well ventilated a rea
Storage: Keep container sealed tightly. Store container locked up in a well-ventilated cool area. Accessible only for welltrained personnel
SECTION 8: EXPOSURE CONTROL AND PERSONAL PROTECTION Engineering controls: Using engineering controls (Mechanical ventilation) Personal protection: Wearing protective approved equipment’s for face, eye and skin
SECTION 9: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Physical state and appearance:
Liquid
Odor:
Odorless
Molecular weight:
40.00
Color:
Colorless
pH: Boiling point:
14 Melting point:
140 ºC
Critical temperature: Vapor pressure:
g/mole
12 ºC
1.5 mm Hg
@25 ºC
Vapor density:
-
Solubility: Completely miscible in water
SECTION 10: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY DATA Stability: Corrosively: Polymerization:
Stable under normal conditions Corrosive, severe irritant Not occurring
SECTION 13: DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS Waste disposal:
31
Disposal must take place in accordance with standard safety and control r egulations as prescribed by the federal, state and environmental authorities.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET SECTION 1: CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION Trade name:
Water
C.A.S. no.:
7732-18-5
Common synonyms:
Dihydrogen oxide
Molecular formula:
H20
Molecular weight:
18.02 g/mole
SECTION 2: COMPOSITION AND INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS Name:
Water
C.A.S. no.:
7732-18-5
% by weight:
100.00
SECTION 3: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Potential acute health effects: Not a hazardous substance or mixture according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008.
SECTION 4: FIRST AID MEASURES Eye contact: Flush eyes with water as a precaution
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and plenty of water
Inhalation: Evacuating for fresh air and keeping comfortable for breathing. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration
Ingestion: Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.
SECTION 5: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Personal precautions and Environmental precautions
32
Avoid breathing vapor, mist or gas. No special environmental precautions required
SECTION 6: HANDLING AND STORAGE Precautions: Non hazardous
Conditions for safe storage: Store in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non Combustible Liquids
SECTION 7: EXPOSURE CONTROL AND PERSONAL PROTECTION Skin Protection: Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use pr oper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product Body Protection Impervious clothing, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
SECTION 8: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Physical state and appearance:
Clear colorless liquid
Odor:
No data available
Molecular weight:
18.02
Color:
Colorless
pH: Boiling point: Vapor pressure:
g/mole
6-8 at 25 degrees Celsius Melting point:
100 ºC -
@25 ºC
0 ºC
Vapor density:
-
SECTION 9: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY DATA Stability:
Stable under normal conditions
Corrosively: Polymerization:
Not occurring
SECTION 10: DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS Waste disposal: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Dispose of as unused product.
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