Critically evaluate the chinese revolution of 1911. Or Was the revolution of 1911 a failure or a success. Or Analyse the role of various classes in the chinese revolution of 1911. Or Analyse the political background of the 1911 revolution. What were the reasons for the mergence of Sun at sen as the leader of the revolution. Or Assess the role of gentry and bourgeoise in the chinese revolution of 1911. Or !valuate the strength and limitation of the 1911 revolution Or !valuate "inhai revolution #$evolution is de%ned as a forcible overthrow of a government or social order& in favour of a new system.' (he Chinese $evolution $evolution of 1911 was a ma)or ma)or landmark in the the history of modern world. (he 1911 revolution is known for the overthrow overthrow of the *ing dynasty& establishment of a republican form of government and the introduction of a new socioeconomic system. While the %rst goal was achieved& the second and third developments have had a troubled beginning and history. +owever& the greater importance and lasting impact were the commitments& commitments& e,orts& and developments in the creation of a new path towards political and economic moderni-ation& including constitutional democracy. democracy. this para can be written in achievements also / It is also known as the Xinhai Revolution, for the Chinese calendar year in which it occurred.
0n this answer we propose to study the background to the causes of the origin and development of the revolutionary movement as well as evaluate its conseuences. 2olitical background In the Nineteenth Century, the Qing Empire faced a number of challenges to its rule, including a number of foreign incursions into Chinese territory. The two Opium Wars against Western powers led by reat !ritain resulted in the loss of "ong #ong, forced opening of $treaty ports% for international trade, and large foreign $concessions% in ma&or cities pri'ileged with e(traterritorial rule. )fter its loss in the *ino+apanese War -/012 034, Imperial China was forced to relin5uish control o'er still more of its territory, losing Taiwan and parts of 6anchuria and ending its su7erainty o'er #orea. The 8usso+ apanese War -0912934 firmly established apanese claims to the Northeast and further wea:ened Qing rule. The The combination of increasing imperialist imperialist demands -from both both apan and the West4, frustration with the foreign 6anchu o'ernment embodied by the Qing court, and the desire to see a unified China less parochial in outloo: fed a growing nationalism that spurred on re'olutionary ideas.
0mpact of the dynastic cycle to be done from 3.t Sarao/ $egionalism to be done from 3.t Sarao/ 4ationalism to be done from 3.t Sarao/ $ole of di,erent classes to be done from 3.t Sarao/ !valuation to be done from 3.t Sarao/
edi t ] St r at aandgr oups[ TheXi nhai Re vol ut i onwass upp or t edbyma man ygr oups ,i nc l u di ngst ude nt sandi nt el l ec t ual s whor et ur nedf r om abr oad,aswel l aspar t i c i pant soft her ev ol ut i onar yor gani z at i ons ,ov er s eas Chi nes e,s ol di er soft hen ewar my , l oc al gent r y , f ar mer sa ndo t h er s .
Over seasChi nese[ edi t ] Mai nar t i c l e:Chi nes er ev ol ut i onar yac t i v i t i esi nMal a y a As s i s t a nc ef r o mo v e r s e a sCh i n es ewasi ew mpor t anti nt heXi nhai Rev ol ut i on.I n1894,t hefi r s t y earoft heRe vi v eChi naSoc i e t y , t h efi r s tmeet i nge v erh el db yt hegr oupwashel di nt he h omeo fHoFo n,a no v e r s e asCh i n es ewh owa st h el e ad ero ft h efi r s t Ch i n es eCh ur c hof [ 2 9 ] Chr i s t . Ov er s easChi nes es uppor t edandac t i v el ypar t i c i pat edi nt hef undi ngofr ev ol ut i onar y [ 3 0 ] ac t i v i t i es ,es pec i al l yt heSout heas tAs i aChi nes eofMa l a y a( a( Si n ga po r eandMal a y si a) . Many oft h es egr o up swer er e or g an i z e db ySu n,wh owa sr e f e r r edt oast h e" mo t h ero ft heChi ne s e [ 3 0 ] r ev ol ut i on" .
[ edi t ] Newl yemer gedi nt el l ec t ual s I n1906,af t ert heabol i t i onoft hei mper i al e xami nat i ons,t h eQi n ggo v er n me me ntes t a bl i s he d ma nyn e ws c h o ol sa nden c o ur a ge ds t u de nt st os t u dya br o ad .Ma n yy o un gp eo pl eat t e nd ed [ 3 1 ] t h en ews c hoo l sorwen ta br o adt os t u dyi npl ac esl i k eJ ap an . Anewc l as sofi nt el l ec t ual s eme r ge df r om t h os es t u de nt s ,wh oc o nt r i b ut edi mme ns el yt ot heXi n ha iRe v ol ut i o n.Be s i d es Su nYa t s en ,k e yfi g ur e si nt her e v ol u t i on ,s uc ha sHu an gXi n g,So ngJ i a or e n,Hu Hanmi n,L i a oZ ho n gk a i ,ZhuZhi x i nandWangJ i ngwei ,wer eal l Chi nes es t udent si nJ apan. So mewe me r ey o u ngs t u de nt sl i k eZouRon eZ g,k nownf orwr i t i ngt hebookRe v ol u t i on ar yAr my ,i n whi c hhet al k edaboutt heex t er mi na t i onoft h eManc husf ort he260y ear sofoppr es s i on, s or r ow,c r uel t yandt y r ann yandt ur n edt he s o nsa ndgr a nd s on sofYe l l o w [ 3 2 ] Emper ori nt oGeor geWashi ngt ons. Bef or e1908,r ev ol ut i onar i esf oc us edonc oor di nat i ngt hes eor gani z at i onsi npr epar at i onf or upr i s i ngst hatt hes eor gani z at i onswoul dl aunc h;henc e,t hes egr oupswoul dpr o vi demos tof t h ema np owe rn e ed edf o rt h eo v er t hr o wo ft h eQi n gDy na st y . Af t e rt h eXi n hai Re v ol u t i o n,Sun Yat s enr ec al l edt heday sofr ec r ui t i ngs uppor tf ort her ev ol ut i onands ai d," Thel i t er at i wer e de ep l yi n t ot h es ear c hf orh on or san dpr o fit s ,s ot h eywe r er eg ar d eda sh av i n gon l ys ec o nd ar y
i mpor t anc e.Bycont r as t ,or gani z at i onsl i k e Sanhehui we r eab l et os o w wi d el yt h ei de asof [ 3 3 ] r es i s t i ngt heQi ngandr es t or i ngt heMi ng. "
[ edi t ] Gent r yandbusi nessme men Th es t r e ngt ho ft h ege nt r yi nl oc a lp ol i t i c shadb ec omea pp ar e nt .Fr o m De ce mbe mb r19 08 ,t he Qi n ggo v er n me me ntc r ea t e ds omeap pa r at u st oal l o wt hege nt r ya ndbu s i n es s me me nt opar t i c i pa t e i npol i t i c s.Thes emi ddl ec l as speopl ewer eor i gi nal l ys uppor t er sofc ons t i t ut i onal i s m. m. Ho we v e r ,t h e yb ec a me med i s e nc h a nt e dwh ent h eQi n gg o v e r n me me ntc r e at e dac a b i n e t [ 3 4 ] wi t hPr i n c eQi n g aspr i memi mi ni s t er . Byear l y19 11 ,ane xper i men t al c abi nethadt hi r t een [ 3 5 ] me mb mb er s ,n i n eo fwh om we r eMa Ma nc h uss e l e c t e df r o mt h ei mp er i a lf a mi mi l y .
For ei gner s [ edi t ] Bes i de sCh i n es ean do v er s easChi ne s e,s omeoft h es up por t er san dp ar t i c i p an t soft h e Xi n ha iRe v ol ut i o nwer ef or e i g ner s ;a mo mo ngt h em,t h eJ a pa ne sewe r et hemo mos ta ct i v egr o up . Some meJapanes eev enbecamememb mber sof Tongmenghui .Mi y a z ak i T ou t e nwast nw hecl os es t J a pa ne s es u pp or t e r ;o t h er si n c l u de dHe i y a ma maSh ua ndRy ō h ei Uc h i d a. Br i t i s hs ol di er [ 3 6 ] Rowl andJ .Mul k er nal s ot ookpar ti nt her ev ol ut i on. So mef me o r ei g ner s ,s u chasEng l i s h ex pl or erAr t h urd eCa r l eSo we r b y,l edex pedi t i onst or es c uef or ei gnmi s si onar i esi n1911and [ 3 7 ] 1912.
Sol di er soft hene w ar mi es [ edi t ] TheN eNewAr my wasf or medi n1 90 1af t ert h edef eatoft heQi ngsi nt he Fi r s tSi noJ apa nes e [ 3 1 ] war . Th eywe r el a un c he db yad ec r e ef r o me i g htp r o v i n c es .[31] Ne wAr myt r o op swe r eb yf a r [ 3 1 ] t h eb es tt r a i n eda nde qu i p pe d. Ther ec r ui t swer eofahi gherqual i t yt hant heol dar myan d [ 3 1 ] r ec ei v edr egul arpr omot i ons . Begi nni ngi n1908,t her ev ol ut i onar i esbegant os hi f tt hei rc al l [ 3 8 ] t ot hene w ar mi es .SunYat s enandt her e v ol ut i onar i esi nfi l t r at edt heNe w Ar my .
0nternational reaction 0nternational reaction to the revolution was guarded. 5oreign nations with investments in China remained neutral throughout the upheaval& though they were an6ious to protect the treaty rights they gained from the *ing through the %rst and second opium wars. Still& the 7nited States was largely supportive of the republican pro)ect& and in 1918& the 7nited States was among the %rst countries to establish full diplomatic relations with the new $epublic. ritain& :apan& and $ussia soon followed. The Reasons of the Its Failing 1. Poor economic conditions of the government 2. It didn't have a good leader. 3. The person in charge would choose the wrong type of person to lead, and when the people of China were taed, they would steal the money. !. "ong years of peace in the early and mid #ing period contri$uted to a %uic& rise in China's population. . The limited amount of land(money(food. ). *usinesses were closing down +lac& of employment.
-. In order to get more money, the rulers raised the taes. . The people were for$idden $y law to move to /anchuria and other places outside China. 0. Country didn't have protection so it was easy for foreign countries to invade. 1. The powerful landowners made their residents pay their taes. 11. Cultiva$le land was limited in amount and was concentrat concentrated ed in powerful landlords. 12. There was no large industrial development to a$sor$ the ecessive manpower and to raise the standard of living in society.
(he 1911 revolution was only the %rst steps in a process that would reuire the 19;9 revolution to complete. (hough the new ne w government created the $epublic of China and established the seat of government in 4an)ing& it failed to unify the country under its control. (he *ing withdrawal led to a power vacuum in certain regions& resulting in the rise of warlords. (hese warlords often controlled their territories without acknowledging the nationalist government. Additionally& the reforms set in place by the news government were not nearly as sweeping as the revolutionary rhetoric had intended< unifying the country took precedent over fundamental changes. The Immediate Effects and Long Lasting Effects 1. nd of ynasties in China 2. Culture of 4ear in China caused $y 5ed 6uard 3. 4ailing conomy $ecause the 5ed 6uard put so many wor&ers out of wor&. !. estruction of 7chools in pursuit of stamping out any reminder of the past. . "arge amount of uneducated wor&ers due to the destruction of education8 they play into many countries9 economies today. ). estroyed their art and anything that sym$oli:ed sym$oli:ed the old world8 we don9t have it today -. Current tensions $etween China and Ti$et
+istoriography (he schools of thought thought on the 1911 $evolution have $evolution have evolved and developed from the early years of the $epublic. (he =ar6ist view saw the events of 1911 as a >ourgeois >ourgeois $evolution> $evolution> ?;@ 0n the 19Bs& the4ationalist the4ationalist 2arty issued 2arty issued a theory of three political stages based on Sun atsens atsens writingsD •
=ilitary uni%cation E 198 to 19F 4orther 4orthern n !6pedition !6pedition//
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2olitical tutelage E 19F to 19;G
•
Constitutional democracy E democracy E 19;G onward
(he most obvious criticism criticism is the nearEidentical nearEidentical nature of >political tutelage> and of a >constitutional democracy> consisting only of oneE party rule until the 199Bs. Against this& Chen ShuiEbian proposed ShuiEbian proposed his ownfourEstage ownfourEstage theory. theory.
