todo s! a r a p n á l a t a c e El libro d ¡ ¡E
or to liada por el au t p m a y a d a z i l a u tu c t Nue va edición, a
n á l a t a C 2.a Ed. 10.000 ejemplares vendidos
Apre Ap rend nde e a: • Hablar en catalán desde el primer día... ¡sin parar! • Entender la cultura y las frases populares que reflejan las costumbres y la historia catalanas • Pronunciar correctamente y dominar su gramática
�CONTIENE NUEVOS CAPÍTULOS!
Ferran Alexandri Profesor de lengua y literatur literatura a catalanas
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n á l a t Ca TM
Ferran Fer ran Alexandri Alexandri
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Edición publicada mediante acuerdo con Wiley Publishing, Inc. ...For Dummies y los logos de Wiley Publishing, Inc. son marcas registradas utilizadas bajo licencia exclusiva de Wiley Publishing, Inc. © Centro Libros PAPF, S.L.U., 2016 Grupo Planeta Avda. Diagona, 662-664 08034 Barcelona Reservados todos los derechos. Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de este libro, por cualquier medio, sin permiso escrito de la editorial. ISBN: 978-84-329-0269-7 Depósito legal: B-27.479-2015 Primera edición: junio 2010 Primera edición ampliada y revisada: enero de 2016
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Sumario Introducción ......................................................... ............................................................. .... 1 Acerca de este libro ..................................... ........................................................................... ..............................................1 ........1 Convenciones usadas en este e ste libro .................................... .........................................................2 .....................2 ¿Quién eres tú? ...................................... ............................................................................. .....................................................3 ..............3 Cómo está organizado este libro .............................................................4 Parte I: Lo primero que hay que saber ................................... ..........................................4 .......4 Parte II: Vamos Vamos a empezar a hablar en catalán .............................4 Parte III: Yo Yo y mi circunstancia .......................................................4 Parte IV: En la ciudad ...................................... .......................................................................5 .................................5 Parte V: Conocer los Países Catalanes Catala nes a fondo ............................5 Parte VI: Los decálogos ...................................................................5 Parte VII: Apéndices .........................................................................5 Iconos usados este libro lib ro ................................... ......................................................................... ........................................6 ..6 ¿Y ahora qué? .............................................................................................6
Parte I: Lo primero primero que hay que saber saber ....................... 7 Capí Ca pítu tulo lo 1: Don Donde de se ex expl plic ica a cóm cómo o pro pronu nunc ncia iarr el el cat catal alán án . . . . . . . 9 El catalán entre las lenguas románicas..................................... ...................................................9 ..............9 El dominio lingüístico actual del catalán.................................. ..............................................10 ............10 El alfabeto catalán ...................................................................................11 Los dígrafos, más sonidos nuevos ................................... ...............................................14 ............14 Sonidos que no existen en castellano ................................... ........................................14 .....14 Las vocales: a, e, i, o, u ...........................................................................15 La e abierta y la e cerrada ...........................................................16 La o cerrada y la o abierta ............................................................16 La vocal neutra: ni a ni e ....................................... ...............................................................17 ........................17 La transformación de la o en u ................................... .....................................................17 ..................17 La pronunciación de las consonantes ..................................................17
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x
Catalán para Dummies ______________ ____________________________ ___________________________ ____________________ _______
Los grupos b / p, t / d, c / g ...........................................................19 ...........................................................19 s, ss, c, ç, z Esto es diferente: la s sorda y la s sonora ( s, ) ............19 La c cedilla o c trencada ................................................................20 Lo más fuerte del alfabeto… no es tan difícil: x / ix, g / j, ig / tx ...........................................................................................20 ny La ñ catalana ( ny ) y la y .................................................................22 .................................. ...............................22 La fastidiosa -ll final final .......................................................................22 La curiosa l geminada: geminada: l·l ..............................................................23 ..............................................................23 Pillar el ritmo y la acentuación ..............................................................23 Dime dónde vives y te diré como hablas .............................................24
Capítulo 2: Directo al grano de la gramática básica del catalán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Las pequeñas palabras para las grandes frases ..................................28 Los artículos ...................................................................................28 Las contracciones .................................... ..........................................................................2 ......................................29 9 Los demostrativos .........................................................................30 Los posesivos .................................................................................30 Los cuantitativos............................................................................32 Los indefinidos ................................... ......................................................................... ............................................33 ......33 Los numerales ................................................................................34 Lo que tienes que saber sobre los sustantivos ..................................3 ..................................35 5 Lo que tienes que saber sobre los adjetivos .......................................38 Ponles buena cara a los pronombres................................. ....................................................40 ...................40 Los pronombres fuertes, entre tú y yo........................................40 Los pronombres átonos o débiles ................................... ...............................................41 ............41 Los pronombres pronombres interrogativos, para hacer preguntas ...........42 ..... ......42 Primero fue el verbo ver bo................................... .......................................................................... .............................................43 ......43 Verbos regulares ......................................................... ...................44 Los verbos incoativos ...................................................................46 Verbos irregulares.................................... ..........................................................................4 ......................................46 6 Tiempos compuestos de pasado ..................................... .................................................47 ............47 Ser o estar: he ahí el dilema .........................................................48 Otras palabrejas la mar de útiles: preposiciones, conjunciones y adverbios… ..........................................................................................49 Cómo construir oraciones ora ciones ...................................... ......................................................................50 ................................50
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___________________________ ______________ ___________________________ ____________________________ ___________________ _____ Sumario
Cómo presentarse ...................................................................................57 Presentarse uno mismo ................................................................57 Cómo presentar a los demás ...................................... ........................................................58 ..................58 Preguntar quién eres y cómo te llamas .................................. .......................................61 .....61 Pedir disculpas ........................................................................................64 Dar las gracias ..........................................................................................64 Cortesía y bien hablar, cien puertas nos abrirán ................................65 ¿Tú o usted?.................................. ........................................................................ ..................................................65 ............65 Algunas buenas palabras ...................................... ..............................................................66 ........................66 Cómo describir a las personas ..............................................................67 De la cabeza a los pies ..................................................................67 Descríbete a ti mismo ..................................... ....................................................................70 ...............................70
Capítulo 4: Para cortar el hielo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 73 Lo más oído: frases fra ses de uso corriente ................................. ....................................................74 ...................74 Frases cordiales para dirigirse a un desconocido .....................75 Empezamos hablando del tiempo .........................................................76 El parte meteorológico................................... ..................................................................78 ...............................78 Las cuatro estaciones y otros tiempos .......................................80 ¿Qué hora es? ...........................................................................................81 Pedir y dar pequeñas indicaciones .......................................................83 ¿Dónde está…? ................................... .......................................................................... ............................................84 .....84 Suena el teléfono… ¿diga? ....................................... ......................................................................85 ...............................85
Parte III: Yo y mi circunstancia ...............................91 Capí Ca pítu tulo lo 5: Pa Patr tria ia,, fam famil ilia ia,, ami amigo gos. s..... to todo do mi un univ iver erso so . . . . . . . . . . 93 Mi querida familia ....................................................................................93 Denominaciones afectuosas para los más próximos ................95 Preguntas y más preguntas ....................................................................98 Presentando a mi familia ................................. .....................................................................10 ....................................101 1
Capítulo 6: Mis lugares favoritos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .1007 Cómo ir a… cualquier parte .................................................................107 Para pedir direcciones ..........................................................................110 Para indicar el pasado ..........................................................................111
xi
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xii
Catalán para Dummies ______________ ____________________________ ___________________________ ____________________ _______
Capítulo 7: Bienvenido a mi casa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1 19 Hogar, dulce hogar ................................................................................119 ¿Dónde está la cocina? ................................................................120 ¿Dónde pongo los platos? p latos? .................................... ...........................................................122 .......................122 La casa de tus sueños..................................................................124 La casa por dentro y por fuera .................................. ...................................................125 .................125 Las labores del hogar ................................. ........................................................................ ...........................................128 ....128 Resolviendo pequeños problemas domésticos .................................13 .................................130 0 Verbos que estropean e stropean las cosas................................ .................................................131 .................131 Buscando piso ................................. ....................................................................... .......................................................132 .................132
Capítulo 8: Mi trabajo, mi adorado empleo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 .1377 Cómo preguntar a qué se dedica alguien ...........................................137 Explicar en qué q ué consiste un trabajo tr abajo................................... ....................................................140 .................140 Profesiones, oficios y demás trabajos ................................................142 ¿Dónde trabajan los profesionales? ....................................................145 Dar y pedir información sobre las condiciones de un trabajo ........146
Capítulo 9: De compras en tie ien ndas y mercados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Vine al mercat, reina! Vine al mercat, rei! ............................................151 ............................................151 Pedir turno en una tienda .................................... ...........................................................154 .......................154 Comprar alimentos y productos del mercado .........................155 Comprar frutas y verduras ................................. ........................................................158 .......................158 Precisiones sobre los productos: ¿Cómo lo quiere? ¿Cuánto vale? ............................................................................159 Medidas, pesos y cantidades… para que no te pases ............163 Me encanta comprar ropa, odio comprar ropa… .............................164 ¡No sé qué ponerme! ................................. ....................................................................16 ...................................167 7
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___________________________ ______________ ___________________________ ____________________________ ___________________ _____ Sumario
Capítulo 11: Qué hacer en el tiempo libre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 .1855 Aficiones y fiestas ..................................................................................186 Haciendo las cosas conjuntamente .................................... .....................................................187 .................187 ¿Te apetece ir al cine? .................................................................188 Cómo aceptar o rechazar invitaciones y dar excusas ............191 Cómo expresar gustos y preferencias .................................... .......................................193 ...193 Los deportes ..........................................................................................197 ¿Y tú que haces en el tiempo libre? .................................... .....................................................198 .................198
Capítulo 12: Saboreando la cocina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .2003 Beber y comer son cosas que hay que hacer ....................................204 Cómo reservar una mesa en un restaurante .................................. ......................................205 ....205 Comprender la carta y pedir lo que nos gusta.........................207 gusta .........................207 La cuenta, por favor ....................................................................211 Valoraciones sobre la comida o la bebida ....................................... ..........................................212 ...212 Una receta mágica .................................................................................214
Capítulo 13: ¡Doctor, qué mal me encuentro! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Como describir un dolor o una enfermedad .................................. ......................................220 ....220 Los consejos del doctor d octor ................................. ..............................................................222 .............................222 Accidentes y enfermedades enfermed ades frecuentes .................................... ..............................................223 ..........223 Expresar estados de ánimo y sensaciones físicas ...................226 El 061 y el SEM .................................... ........................................................................... ..........................................227 ...227 Los desastres naturales ........................................................................228
Parte V: Conocer los Países Catalanes a fondo.........231 Capítulo 14: Cuando llegan las vacaciones
.2333 .23
xiii
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xiv
Catalán para Dummies ______________ ____________________________ ___________________________ ____________________ _______
Parte VI: Los decálogos .........................................259 Capítulo 16: Seis tradiciones catalanas populares (y varias más) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Las fiestas mayores, riqueza de símbolos y bestiarios ....................261 La sardana, la danza más hermosa de todas .....................................264 Els castells, verdaderas torres humanas ................................... .............................................265 ..........265 La verbena de San Juan ........................................................................265 Tots Sants, la fiesta de los muertos muer tos ..................................... ......................................................267 .................267 Fer cagar el tió en Navidad ...................................................................269 Más tradiciones populares ..................................... ...................................................................270 ..............................270
Capítulo 17: Cuatro personajes que hicieron historia (en realidad, muchos más) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 273 El violonchelista y pacifista Pau Casals ................................... ..............................................274 ...........274 El pintor Joan Miró ...............................................................................275 El arquitecto Antoni Gaudí ..................................... ...................................................................276 ..............................276 El lingüista Pompeu Fabra, padre de la lengua catalana c atalana ..................277 Más catalanes universales ...................................... ....................................................................278 ..............................278
Capítulo 18: Diez formas de acelerar el aprendizaje del catalán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Habla con ellos ...................................... ............................................................................ .................................................281 ...........281 Organiza tu propia clase o grupo de trabajo .....................................282 Mira cine y series de TV en catalán ....................................................282 Asiste a una obra de teatro ..................................................................283 Cuélate en un evento social .................................................................283 Canta en la ducha o en cualquier parte ..........................................................................284
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___________________________ ______________ ___________________________ ____________________________ ___________________ _____ Sumario
Parte VII: Apéndices .............................................289 Apéndice A: Verbos irregulares en catalán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Apéndice B: Mini-diccionar Mini-diccionario io catalán-cate catalán-catellano llano y castellano-catalán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 295 Apéndice C: Lo que puedes encontrar en internet para saber más catalán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 319 Apé Ap éndi dic ce D: Pa Pala labr bra as y exp xprres esio ion nes pa parra olv lvid ida ar . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3255 Apéndice Apén dice E: Respu Respuesta esta a los los juegos juegos y ejercic ejercicios ios divert divertidos. idos. . . . 337 Apén Ap éndi dice ce F: Gu Guía ía pa para ra la lass con conve vers rsac acio ione ness del del au audi dio. o. . . . . . . . . . 34 3455
Índice ..................................................................347
xv
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En este capítulo
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10
Francoprovenzal Retorrománico
Francés Asturleonés
El dominio lingüístico del catalán entre las lenguas románicas
s é u g u t r o p o Castellano c i a l a G
Rumano Occitano Catalán Aragonés
Italiano
Sardo
El dominio lingüístico actual
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•
•
El alfabeto catalán
11
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12
En el territorio que más o menos hoy corresponde a la actual Cataluña, el catalán era ya una realidad y una lengua distinta del latín entre los siglos VIII y IX; pero no empezó a escribirse hasta el siglo XII, según dan muestra de ello los primeros textos hallados en catalán en esa centuria. La lengua catalana adquirió prestigio en el siglo XIII con las obras del escritor, filósofo y místico Ramon Llull, considerado como el creador del catalán culto, que lo llevó no sólo al terreno de la literatura sino también al de la ciencia. Posteriormente, Posteriormente, el catalán fue la lengua oficial de la Corona de Cataluña y Aragón, una potencia en expansión constante desde el siglo XIII hasta el XV, periodo en que la literatura catalana gozó de una gran fama en Europa,
con novelas caballerescas tan importantes como Tirant lo Blanc , de Joanot Martorell, o el anónimo Curial e Güelfa . En esta época de expansión también se llevó el catalán a otros estados, como Mallorca, Valencia, Cerdeña, Sicilia, Nápoles y Grecia. Aunque a partir del siglo sigl o XVI la lengua catalana sufrió una decadencia literaria, nunca dejó de hablarse, y en el siglo XIX experimentó un verdadero renacimiento patriótico y cultural. Fue a principios del siglo XX cuando el catalán inició su normalización y normativización, bajo las reglas del profesor y lingüista Pompeu Fabra, hasta que adquirió el perfil que muestra hoy día, y que es el que puedes aprender en este libro.
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E AU D I O
S D
A T
S
I
P
abla 1-1 Letra
Sonidos del alfabeto que difieren entre el catalán
Nombre
Sonido en
Sonido en castellano
catalán
cos
No existe; es un sonido intermedio entre la e y y la a, y en libro la representamos con a.
delante de e , i
el im
Suena como s : sel / sim.
delante de a, o, u
pea
Suena como s : pesa.
pl
No existe, es una e muy muy abierta y prolongada, y en el libro la representamos con una e .
mar
No existe, es un sonido intermedio entre la e y y la a, y la representamos con e .
delante de e , i
erra irona
No existe; es parecido al sonido de lluvia o yegua, y en el libro lo representamos con y: yerra / yirona.
13
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14
Los dígrafos, más sonidos nuev os os DE AU D I S O
A T
S
I
P
Dígrafo
Ejemplo
(llech; feo) (ca-sha; caja)
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S
A T
S I
DE AU D
flesh
I O
P
15
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La e abierta y la e cerrada
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La v ocal ocal neutra: ni a ni e Sólo en la variedad de catalán oriental (al final de este capítulo te explico
DE AU D I S O
A
T S I
P
La transformación de la o en u
17
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18
ll
ticulación al final de las palabras: mar, cuc, fam, fluix, ver , gusano, hambre, flojo, flojo, ver
Consonantes sordas y sonoras
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DE AU D I S O
A T
S
I
P
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•
DE AU D I S O
A
T S
21
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La curiosa l geminada: l·l DE AU D S
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