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iv n ParI psyhologial sdy d . f he ok, ow i a re s t ve gu d d t s s l m ow nc j o k a o ig n ou h , t J eg eg oUes wh tnsks ha 1(lui hig dg or kiU a it met. n ad of wahing visio pla i o o as a task t a h < h oy o c/, omlte egt. Thogh tJ p s le o t sur. h lsons in Pf o a li ps haging" By ) i g thes ps o o gh a ifes \{ d < S o ud to l , ha hal i d Ofoud d tus wr h pies 1C: it he oo th d o li ih; o C vs.
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CONENS
Akoledets 1 he Suce of Eveydy Lfe
The Cotent of xpeene
17
Ho We Feel hen Doi Dieent hn
j
4 The Pdox of Wok
4 9
5 e Rk nd Oppoes of ese 6 Relonhp d the Qlty of fe
64 78
Chn the en of Life 8 The Atotli esoly
6
9 he ove of Fe
97
Note
'4 9
efeene
'9
Index
69
- ACKNOWLEDGMENS
The eslt cue n th boo a ae on reeach up poted by he Spencer oundaon th Alfre P. Sloan oundation A rat b o collea and tuent have vn invaluabl hlp n invation of ow I wo lie to than ecay Kvn Rathune at he ivry of Uth Samu \haln at Nothweten Univeit Kyoh As< t ShkokGaku nives i apan Fauto Maiini an Antonla De Fave a Unverty of :lan, Italy; Paolo nghi at e Univriy of Pga, Ialy; and at own Univeri of Chcago Vy Alaal Jol Htnr Jeann Nkamua John atton, nd enfr Schdt O e an coleae wo frenip a been ch an nvaluable uppot I wa gve pcial thank to Chale Bdwll, llm Dmo owad Gadne, Geoey Gobe} Elizabeth olleNua1, Mar unco, and Barbara Schneie
- ON E The Structures of Everyday Life
If we really wat liv, w'd btt strt at once t f w t oet mtt, bu w bttr tt e.
Au
h i by A pouc bv mpr pci wh hi book i bou h hoc impl w ow h iibl f r , w h i th liv or o i Biolol lf uomic poc, o s w tk c f t o h b B to liv i h t s i by o ohi h wll y sl. In ft hi copi t i if w d k of icio U lif will b ctll b h oui o sv h ppo f o oh ioloicl po ic wil rpl h ic mi w ary h ul wil k h w i[ popt t iti; oh p
2
FN DNG fLOW
pic w r o tak a muh of our nerg pob [0 hr hr own gnda-l o h wthou gard how ny o hs w f u. \V nno xp nyone hp u v; w ms dovr how o do y rslvs. So wh d "o v mn n h ox? Ovuly, don' ref smply o olog urvv I mus ma o lv n fuln, hou wt of m and pon, pr ng on nquen, y patpang nmaly n th C11pt o th omo Th boo w po way of lvng n th mannr, ring a mh a pob on ndng n ontmpor phoogy and my own rrh w o h wdom of h pa n whvr form w ordd I wl reop h quon of \N gd f ver mods fshon sd of delg n proph and myr 1 w r o ay o o rsone evdn po fosng on th mndan the vdy ven tht w pay ne hoghout a normal da} A concre xampl may iura b wht I mn b y leadng a g ood li e. Y es ago my sudents nd I sdied a f acto where rrod crs were ssemed The ma workpla w hug , dr hng r whr ould hrdy h wrd cu of con os. Mo of h wder wh worked there hed her job s ad were cosny wtchng h ock n anipon of qutng m oon hy wer ot h FJcto t} 1 hred to h neighb orhood aoons, or k dve css he stae lne for moe livey aon Ep for of hem h pon wJ a ary r mn n h rly sx, who d rnd hm o n drsand nd o fx v p f qupmn n he fy, fro rns o ompur moor H lovd o k o m hnry th dd work g ou wh wa wong wh and t ght agan At hom, h and h f lt ge rk rdn on to mp o x he hou and n h u m founs hat mad w-v a nght hndd or o wldr who wokd t m pn r-
THI srRUCURIS Of IVIRYD.Y Lin
3
pd Joe, v though hy oudn qut make hm t he) aked h hp whnvr thr w any pbm any lmd ha whou o th fao mgh us s wl o hroughu h yr I hv mt mny of mjo mpae, pwr pl nd svrl doz l Prwnnrmn pop who ny wy d n v, bt non tht wa er hn J ha mk a h rn ueul nd woth vng h h ton h ook wl addre hr man aumpton ndr my pprah he r ta pph poet, and phloopher hv gend mporan th n th pat ruh ha r nl for or onnud rvl But he hv n xpreed n h np voul of her m, t uul, hr manng hs o e redov rd nd rentprd vr gnron. h ard ok of Judm, hnty, m Buddhsm nd h da ar th rpoto of th da ha maerd mot o our anor and to gnore thm n t of ldh ont. u quy nve to bv ha whavr wa wrn down n h p on n olut uh h t forvr h nd pk o whh th ok ul ha ur rnly en provde h mo vl nfo to hu mnknd t o prd n rms o h wordvw of h tm nd rfr w hng d mgh dded n h . h poby s muh upr tton nd mndrandng mbddd n modrn n a thr wa n t od mh b we ar oo o n m o U h dn rhp vnuly S nd pual n r wl ld u o mmdt h whou h nd for hrs ad lorrs horu r dgrou we dlde rlv h our kowldg rher along hn uly s For r or o wor a m tl h mo ruworhy mrro o ralt and w gor t only a our pe h thd ampton ha w wsh o nderand wha ral lvng ntal, w hod s o th vo of th
FNDNG FOW
past ad itegrate ir messags wih the owledge ha scenc s sowl accumulang. Ideolgical gsuressch as Russau's prect f reg to naure, whch was a prcurs h Frdia faithar jst epy psturig h one has da ha huma natur s h is n hop i the pas her is solution t be fund n the prs Nr i w b b f by jumpig ahad o a imagia u tue he nly pa t nding ot hat if is abut is a paten slo attempt t make snse of the ealitis o h past and t possibltis h fute as th an be undesd n e present Accdig} i ths b life" wil man wha we eernce m mg o ight seven days a wek, fr ab sveny years if e a lck o evn logr if ae ve fruna. hs mgh sm a narr prspeci he cm paed to the mch mr exatd vis o le that mts ad reigis hav made us famiia wit B r Pascals wagr it head i sms tha, hen i db the bst st s t assme ha these seve so ars ar our n hance t expiece the CO0 and we shuld mak h flest us of it if e dont w might los evthig; wheas if w ar wg ad thee l bod the gav we ls noing \at this lfe \\ am is i part determined b the chmcal procsss i ur bod, by the biological ieracio amng rgans b he tn elecrc! curt mping ben he ynapss f the bran and by rgni7i ifoato that he cultue imposes n ur mind u the atal quai lfwha we do ad h e fee abt iil detenid b u thughts and emtios b the inteprtatios w gv t chmica biologica ad socil prcesses Stdng he stram coscio·ss passng hough he mind is th p�c of phmenolcl philosph M wk n he past eas has conss ed delpig a stati phenomenolo at maks s the tols of the soca sciecspmay ps)hoogy and scoogyin ord
H SRUUR VRD F
to anser th questi: hat is i k? nd moe pracal estion: Ho a each perso crate an excelln li Th rst step i aswrng sch usts ivves gettig a god gasp of th forcs that shape wha we { expcrience. Vthe w ie i r n ach o us s cnsrained by lmi on hat can do ad fe gnor these imt leads to deial ad vnualy ailure achive excllec wc mus s undesand th eal he veyday w al ts demands ad potial frustatins ma of he acient mhs, a psn h atd nd happiss ve a le had rs trave through e herwrd Before beig allwd t cntempa h spldos f havn Dante had adr thrugh he hros f h so he cd udrstad wha kept s m etring th peary gats. h same is u o mre sa us w ae ab beg Babs wh iv n the ica pais sped at ohid r l sepig and when aake thy divide ter me betwn travlig ndng and eatig fod and fre eisu mehch basicay cosiss n itracg gmg each thrs fur t pick ut lice It is nt a ve xcig life yet not much has chaged n the mln yas snc humans evolvd cmmon smia ancss Th reqremts f if sti dcate ha spnd r me i a way that s n tha dern hrs, most pople sep nhid of th da, and us the remaider wrk avel ad es i me or ss e same prprins as the baboons do Ad as the hstoria Em maul Le y arie has show, i threeh cnuy rech vageshch re among th mst advac in tl wrld a the imthe mos cmmn leisur prsu was sl hat pcng ic u f ah s hair w cus, e have telvisi Th c1es of rs pduco, csmpi ad taction re as much a par o how we exprinc life as senssvisin haing and s forhare. Bcas he ner
N DIN G LOW
vos sym is so osted tht it c ony procss smal mo o inoation :y vn mome t o wht we an peiene mus b peecd sealy, oe thng er th othr t is on sid o a rich and wl ma that "Lik th st of us, he must pll his trousrs on n lg at; im cn swallow only on bite, har ony on sng rad o pper, hav one oveson t im hus th limitatins o atnion whch dtermins h mot o psychc ener w hve o ncng th world poid n inbe sript or us o iv by Across im ad n dieet s, wht pop do and r hw ong s sonishigly simia Having jst said ha in sm impotnt rspct ll livs r simiar ne must hastn rognize th obvious difercs A nhttan stockbroke, a Chins psant and a bushman of h Kalhr will ply out th basic hman script in wys tht at rst wll sm to hve nhing in common. ing bot Eop i the sith o eghtenh cen s h hisoins Nt Zmo Ds d Arle Frg mmn Dly li noldd wihi the me endrng gnd and soal hierarchies his is t of al scil grups w hav owldg of ow person livs dpnds in large pat n ex, ag and social postion he aiden f birth pts a prsn in a slt that gratly detrmins what sort of xprincs his o hr lif wil osist of A boy o si o sevn yes, bor into poor fmi) in one o he idsl rgions Egad tw hndred yers go ws ikely o wake p rond v i t monng rsh to he mil to srve the aig hanicl looms til s st si dys a week On he woud de of exhaustio bfor raching hi te. A girl o twlv in h slaking rgions rnc around th same time wuld st nxt t a tub all dy, dipping silJom cocons in sding water to met th sky sbstc tht hd the threds oghr She was ikly o sccmb o espito disss s sh st i we cohs fom dw o dsk, nd h geips eventuly os l eling om the ht w. the manm the hildr
TH STRUCT OF EVEYDY F
7
o th nobly ernd o dc h mie nd o oerse n forg laguags Th sam diffreces in le�chaces ar sll wth us.
\hat an a ild born ino n urban slm in Ls ngels trit air r Mxico ty epct t xprin during lietime? How is that ging [Q dir a hid bo into an ln rin subrb, r wllt� do wdsh or wiss famiy? Unfortuntly there s sce, no ny h or esn, i n prson beng bo io stng mmiy perhaps eve wth a cogntal physa det whie anohr sars . wih good ook, good healh d a arg bank account So whi h main paratrs lif are xed and no person a avid rsng eating nterating and doing at est some work huaniy is diided into sil catgris that dtemi to a lrg tn he spe contnt o epic Ad to mk t al mor irstng her s of urs h mtt o nddi we lok o o wndow n wier we mght s milons o idtial snowaks cvorng by But if w took magniig glass and lokd th akes sparaly, w wud soon divr that thy wer n idntiali t, hat ah had a hap that n the ae dupliatd eaty. h same is t of hman bng \¥e can tll quit a ot bo wht Susan wil xpi ust by th fact tht sh is han \ cn el evn 10 by kowing sh s n rn gir vig in ertai spec ci wih parns of sh ad suh an ocupain Bt er evehng is said and done owing all the extl parmeters wil nt llow s t predit what usan's lif will h lie. t nly bause randm chan might thow al bt of ut mr ir tntly bcuse san has a mind o he wn with which sh ca ih dcid o sundr hr opportis, or convrsey ovrom sm th disdntges o hr h. I is bcus f ths exhiity hman cnsiusness tht ok sh his n be wrie f evehing ws detr
FNG FOW
ind b the COo humn cnditin, b cil nd cull tgie y e, t wold b sess to ret wv a oe's i xceln. I r i ngh room r ronl iiv d cic to mk rl direne nd h wh bJi\ ti ar nes with th bst hn t brk r rom he gip t To live men t expr nc-though ing ng , hiin g. Eeriee tak plc in , ti i th uti crc ue w h \er hc yrs th onet o epe inc will dtin h quli o lie hereore ne th most essentil dciin ny o s cn k is but hw one time s loct or cur, w w int i i not our decisio lone to e. A we h sn lir, tig cntri dct wht w shold do either embe o the mn r c w lng ctin ulr d sciety Nvrlss, thr is room or ersonl hoes, nd contrl ve t i s ceri exet i r hn. h hompsn nd, n n the t ppri dcd Indtri Relut when worke sed aw igh wee i in n ci, r w wh p thi w prciu ree in lty pri r l l ctin in std o lowing the ji it the b t w in tlkng out mbgtng nting locti ng, wtinge brwd rom the ln gg nn osntly som popl i our ttid rowr ti is colore y ur elir ii hr itg ru h h i "i i money" w 3 ri o t gr :p lgit o cptlim en in Frnklin , bu equ i n o o trm is ceiy mu or d rd i th Oon hun xprinc r:thr hn in ur cltur ln. ct it cld b rgud tht i i n gt t l rom tim rhr h th oher wy ound Mne} i ily th ost gelly ud ter or erg th i nv d i dig ing
H SRUURS OF VRYY
thng Ad w vu moy bcu ei exten t lbrates us f the onstrint o li by :ng i pib he r t d in t wh we wa n V, en, d pp d wi thi m? ble giv gen nn how we ped th sin r r } n wh we re we ss he gr : b ne cesi ppxit, bcu dpnding n whthr erso i yong r d mn r wom ich or Vsrly dit trs migh rsul. BIt by nd rge the numbers n bl cn bin t dcrib wt vrg d i n or society lk lik. Thy r in n) w qit iilr h btned y tim budges in other inilid cunri. £
Were Dcs Tme o Bd n dytim e ac ti e r e prt e by rp r ti dult nd ne in rcnt US e Peeg wi di b ender, a ad pen pe e r iim d ma.xi g a id i d. E pee po is quiv b o o p w
ci ci
: 4-60%
\Vk w dy k e de we wk
ic cii
204% 8-% 3 5% )% %
Hewk (cki, c eai, shopi) Ei G om wig i) Drivig orio Lese Aves
M e obi r o\i reur
Tli iizi Ili i
91% 4 1% 41% %
Source: sie ad Gef 198 KUeY an C�k <(lh) Lso n Rchs
10
'NDING fOW
\¥at we o during an avrage ay ca b vd no t majo nd of aivt.Te t and lagt lu wha w mu do n odr gnat enegy for uvval and omNowaday aos ynonou w "makg money, n ony as ome mdum of excange o Iost tng Howeve fo young popl n oo1 eanng mgt nudd among the pdf avi, bcas o the uaion e equvalent o adu wo, an e wi lea o e eond Bwee a quarer to ore than a of our pyh rgy goe no u poduv ave, dependng on th ki o jo and wee on wos u o part metough mo -im woes ae on e jb abou oy ou a wek wic is 3 pen o I I 2 wakng ou of wk he gue do no ree ay eay, baue of oy our per we pen o ob worke auay wo only aout thr, the mair big pe takig ayraming akg an oh oupaon ielvant to wok i u m o lttl? It dpn on wa we ompa t Aodng t om anopoog amog e ea enoogi�y devepd oee uc a te bn of Bazan jung Aan de gwn n ay pend moe an u ou a day provdng vlooe e o e tim y pe reng, ag, ng a danng On e r a, during th un dred yea o o of inutra'tion in h \et ore th uo were abl to rgulat woring wa ot uusua fo wrk o p wev or me ou a ay in fay So e egour wokday wc uenly e nom i abo away bwn t wo eem Poducv acve ae new ny; but we nd o do a gea ea of wok u pee boy and ts po o Terefore aou a u o our day nvolved va iou ort of 1;1flC activt \V eep the oy hape by atg, reting, goog; our poeo y ea g, kg, oppg and g al o of ouwok
TH SUCU ' VYDAY LIF
11
Tationay womn av ee rd b atnae wk wie m ave tae on th poutiv �o Ths d fernc i qute song in e onep0y US.: wh n d woen pnd ua amoun o m eang (aou 5 pn) women devo w a mu me a mn do t a th oe mannan av genderypng o huehd task o oure vn re evr praay vewere I fo S't Uo wr gender equaliy wa a mae of ieooy ar rid wo o an ne a to o a th ouwok n addio o te payng job n o e wod a an wo oos o a o do dises e -pc a we a e epec o o i dvon o ab m o b a od a umany te [n pat howeve, mantena o he huehod on qued noouy uou abo fro womn O h oran re h ation n Euope four ui ago: Wom caid waer o tep mouna errae aa we wae wa a. Te u and drd ur coeed kep woo we by e oade o eed aby k ws and goa, gw gabe c eed hnu and hb h ommones ou eating o B a oe and Duc m wa aal urds, wh w gathed hand y women ad cve ther nal ding out aed ea th aily e umbng nd lonc appance ave eany ma a dfeene in amoun o pya eo ue ju a ecnoogy ha eaed py buen pouve wok But mo wom n <a, ica, and outh Aea othr wod, o wmen in e wol l ave o deo a major part the liv o ping materal and eoiona fraruue of thr famie ro oapg
FIDING FLOW
io aon rcan, Eopan Aian an any ohr clr whr tho can b . In what follow, I will b n rlt oban by y an poll intrchan abl ih SM rl Th not at th n of th book will nicat t orc fro wich th ata w obtain
TWO
The Content of Expeience
W hav n a work aintnanc, an i t�k p ot of or pchic r B on pon iht lo ok an th othr a it; on pon iht noy tim a ot b bo wh r i nohn o o. So hil hat w o ay in an ay ot ha a ot to o ith hat kn of l ha ho xprinc hat o i n or portat. oion ar n o pct th o bcti l nt o concion ic i i on th pron hmlf or hrlf ho can tl whth h or h ly princ lo, hm, rati or appn Yt an otio i th ot obci cotnt of in, bca fli" pinc n i lov, o aham, o ca or appy i ally o al o than hat w obr i t ol oti, o whatvr w larn fro cic o loic h oftn n orl n th paraoa oi
18
TH ONTNT OF XPEN!
NDNG FOW
on f ng ik behavral psychol when e at er oe, dsconting what ey say and trstg ony a y do wheas hen w look at ouselves we are li phenmnolgist takng r inner feelng mr riousy than ud et r rt action. Pycholgs have identfd p to nne basic motn tha[ can relaby b denfed y facal epressons ang po ig n e dfeent ctres; th seems a js as a mans can se and can a, s y ao shae a cmo se of elng sats B t ml as mc as possble, one ca ay : all emoions har n a bsic duaiy t ther pote and aactve r hy ar negave and repue t s becau f this mple feature tat emoins hlp chos hat huld be good fr u A baby at tracted to a hman face and is ay when she s hr mthr, because t ls he bond wi a caretar \e fee easre when ating wen i a mm of the ppose sx, bcause specis woud O sv w ddn' see O od and sex Me fee an sncve evlson a the sight of snae ncs, rttn smells, dakesal s hat in the evolutinary pat mig have preented seus dangrs o uial In additio to the simpe genecally wrd emoion hman hae dveloped a gea numer f mre subtle and tend, as wel a dbasd ligs � eoln slfrecv consciosn as alloed or c o "o}' wh fcns, o e or manpat fns n way at o oher anmal can The sogs, dancs asks of o aces voed dread and aw, y and noxicatn rrr movies, dgs md mic d the ame hing nw Bu rigiall emton sered as signal at he uide wld; nw thy ar ofen detaced frm any ra obc, to be ndlgd n fr teir sak I appine s e prooye f e posve emotns many a inkr inc istle has said, ering e d is lmately amed at peiecng ane We do realy wan weath, health, or fam as schwe wat thse tngs
9
becas e o a ey l mae LIS happy. B happiess w see nO bcas t l g s somhng ee, t is sake appness is really e om lin o ife, hat do w o abou it? Ui mdcenry, pychologst wee rectan to stdy happiness becaue the rgning behaviorst paradg in he socal sciences held tha subcve eotons wre too ims} to b proper sbjects o scenc resarch. Bt as he "dstow emcism" i acadmia ha cared n e as fw dcades so ta C mporace f sbjecve epeens could again recogizd, h sdy of happnss has een pursued wth renewed vigor. "'hat ha been lead s oh famar and srprng I i urpriing for instance, a despte problems and tragdie, all over e word people tend descrb temselves as much mor happy han nhappy n meca ypcally o1d o rsondes m eentat sames say that ey ae ve ay and oly on n en a hey are " happy T majorty msles aov e aay mark, a "re apy. Smar reslt are reoed fom dzens of other countr Hw can th be hen hinkers through the ags, eecting n hw hort and panul lf can be ha always ld us ha th world a al tears and we ere t mad t be hapy? Perhaps h reasn fr e is that prophes and losophes tend t be percosts and e mpefections le ond hem \¥reas th rs f humanknd s gad o be aliv, imprfctions and al.
Of cose there s a mor peimtic explanaton namly that when ople ay tey arc prtty happy thy re deceng eier the resarchr wh tang the l, r mor ley, thy a whstlng n the dark. Afer all Karl arx has accusomed us t hink that a actr kr can feel e pecy ay bu s sbecv haness s a slfdecepti that mas othng cas jcey th wer s ainated by th systm ta epis hs laor JeanPau
20
fN DIN G FOW
artre s td S that most peop liv wih lse conscous ss prdig vn o thmev at hey are living in th s o possil words. Mo rcly ce Foucault and pos1odi have ad it clear w peopl tl s dos o rc e vent, oly a l of nrrativ a wy o taling that ers ony to ite Vhl thse citus of lfpecpion llnte ipott isses that have o recognzed thy ao s fm inteecal arroganc of cholr wo elive hir intrption of reali old te prcdenc ovr the dirt prince of the 1\id The profond do of arr nd Foclt nowi
H CONN OF XPI NCE
2
lfstee It is i n lookig a t thes clsrs o eliohp hat t skepcim o t postmodrnit ciiq mgt ake ense t i l ikely or insc, hat a aly eli gou pson wll constuc a "ppi nrativ ot h or h tha o wo ot, rgardle of ctul ual o xpienc t sinc we always cour h "aw data o xpeinc hrogh intrprtv r, the ries w tl aot ow w eel ar an ssnial pa o or eotios A woman who ys she is ppy o wo o jobs to kep roof over her childn' head i pobaby in fc hppir thn wOn who doen't ee why h shold h to bother with ven a ingle ob Bt hppine i cerainly nt th only otion worth conideing 1 fct, one W to ipro te Uiy of everydy life hppin ay e th wrng plce t tr Ln the rt plc, lfreports o hppin do no vary o person o pron as ch s othr eeling dO no atter how mpty a lif othrwi might be, most prsos will be rluctant to admit ng nappy. rthrme his emo tion s or a pona cactersic than a siatio o oth word ove m som pope coe ik of thmelv a happy regardlss o xteral condtios wil oer wl bco sd to flig reltvy le ppy no tte wh: happn to em the eelngs e uc mor inuenced y what e does who on is with, or pac o happn to e hee ood r mo mn to drct chnge nd cs hey r lo connctd how hppy we fel n th long n they migh lif r verg lve o happine or instHc how ctvc, stog, nd ert we dpnds lot o wht w dotee feeling bco o intene when we inole with difcl sk, d hey get mor attnatd when we fail t w w try r do, o whn w dont try do nyhing o the elings cn be dirctly af ected by w w coos r do en we fel active and tng w a alo more liey fee happy so that i im
2
FINDNG FOW
the choice of what w do wil l also aect or appiness. imarly most people feel ey are more cheerl ad sociable wen the are with others than wh they are alo. Agai cerlness and sociabilt are relad happne, wich probably eplans why etrorts o aveage tend to be happr tha itroverts he qality of life does ot dpend on appiness aone, bt also o what on does to be happy. f one fails to develop goals a give meaig o oe's existce if o does ot use the mind to ts fullest, the good felngs fulll st a fracio of the potential we possess. person who achieves coenet b withrawig from he world to cltiae i ow garde," like olaires dd caot b said to ad an exclen life. Witho dreams without risk, oly a trvia semblace o lvig ca be acied Emotios refer to the iteal states of concioses Nega tiv emoos like sadess, fear, aniety or boredom produce psychic entropy" i the mid that is, a sate wich we canot use atetio eectivey o deal with eterna tasks because w eed it to restore a iner subetve order Posi tive emotios like happe, stregt or alertness are tates of psychjc negtropy" bUe we dont ed attetio to rminate ad feel sorry for ourseve ad pschic energy can ow freey ito whatver though or tas we choos o inest it. e we choose to invst attentio in a give task w say tha we hav formed a itetio, or set a goal for oselvs How log and how itesely we stick by or goals is a nctio of motivatio Therefore itetions, goas and motiva os ar also maifstatos of pscic negetropy They focus psychc energy estabi prioritie, ad thus crate order i conciousness Vthout them menta proesss become radom ad feelngs td to deteriorate raply Goals are usally arranged i a ierarcy, fom trvia oes ljke gettig to th coer store to by some ic ceam,
H ON N XP RIN
2
to risg one 's life for the county n te course of an aver age day, about oethrd of the time peope wil say that tey do what they do because they wated to do it oethird becase they had to do it ad the last third beause they ad nothng better to do These proportions vary by age, gedr, ad acivty: chldre fel thy hav mor choic tha their fathrs, ad m mor tha eir wies whatever a person does at home is perceived be moe voltary than at work Quite a bt of edence shows that wheeas people feel bes wen what they do is volutar, thy do ot l worst wh wa they do is obgator Pschic etrop i hghest itead wh prso feel that what e do i motvated by not hav ig anythig else to do hs both itrisc motivatio (watig to do it) ad etrisic motivatio ag to do it) are preferable to the state where oe acts by defaut, witot havig ay knd of goal to focs atenton he large part of le y people eperience a s beig thus umotjvatd lavs a great dal o room for improvmt. ttios focus pschic eergy in the sort n whereas goals tend o be more longterm and eventally it is the goals that we prse that wi shape ad determie t id of slf at w ar to become at maks Moer herea the n radcally different from Madona the nger ae the goals nto wjch hey have vested their ateo throghOt teir lives ithot a cosstet set of goals, it is dicult to develop a coere self t is through the pattered investment of psychic energy provided by goals tha oe creaes order i eperic Thjs order, whch manifests itslf prdictable actios emotios, ad choics, time becomes recognizable as a more or less ie sef The goals one endorses also deCrmine one's sefestem. As \Villiam Jams poited ot ov a hudrd ears ago, selfestm depeds on the rao of expectaton o uccesses A prso ay develop low seesteem either because e sets is goals too high, or becase e acieves too few successes. So it is ot ecessarily tre that the perso who achieves
26
FNDNG FLOW
prodcing sqencs o mags hat r rlad to ach ohr n soe manngl way. For nsanc, on o h ost basc enal operatons con ssts n h linkng o cas and fc How hs ns n a prson's le C,l b asly osrd whn an nant rst ds covrs ha y mong hr hand sh can rng h bl hangng ovr he crb Ths smpl conncon s h paradgm on whch ch o lar thnng s based Wh e howvr, h sps rom cass to cts bcom ncrasngly or astrac and rmoed rom concr raly A lcrcan, a scal coposr, a socroer consdr sultanosly hndrds o possbl conncons bn h ymols on whch hy ar opratng n thr nds-was and ohms nos and bas the byng and sllng prcs o stocs By now t s proably apparn ha emoons nnons and hoghs do not pass throgh conscosnss as spara strands o xprnc b ha hy ar consantly nrcon nced and mod ach ohr as thy go along A yong an alls n lov wh a gr and prncs all h typcal moons hat lo pls H ntnds o wn hr har, and bgns to hnk o how o rach hs goal H grs hat g ng hsl a snazy nw car wll wn h grls attenon So now h goa o ang ony o by a nw car cos mddd n th goal o woong- hang o work mor ay nrr wth gong shng and pdc ngav emo ons, whch gnra nw hoghs whch n rn ay brng h oys goals n ln wh hs moons h sra o prnc always carres many sch bs o noraon con crrntly o prs ntal opraons to any dph a prson has o larn to concnra anton \Vtho ocs conscosnss s n a sta o chaos h normal condton o h mnd s on o normatonal dsordr: radom hoghs· chas one anohr nstad o lng up logcal casal squnces Un lss on larns o concenra, and s al to nvs h or hoghs wll scar wthot rachng any concluson Een
THI CONTI NT 0' IXP al NU
27
daydramngha s, h lnng oghr o plasan m ags o cra so sor o nal oon pcr-rqurs h aily o concnrat and apparnly many chldrn nver larn o corol r anon sucnly o al to daydream Concnraon rrs mor ert when t goes aganst h gan o motons and moatons A stdnt who has mah wll hav a hard m ocsng anton on a calcls textbook long enogh o asor h normaon conans and t wll tae strong ncenves (sch as wanng o pass h cors) or hm o do so Usally h mor dclt a menal as, h hardr s o concnra on B whn a prson ls wha h dos and s ovad o do , ocusng nd bcos orlss vn whn h objcv dcls ar gra Gnrally whn h ss o hnkng cos up mos po ple asse ms h o do wh nllgnc hy ar n trstd n nddal derences n hnng sch as "ats my IQ? or H s a gns at math Inelgence rrs o a ay o mntal procsss; or nsanc how as ly one can rprsn and manpla ans n h mnd or how senstve one s to nonaon ndd n wods B as Howard Gardnr has shown t s possbl o xend h concp o nllgnc o ncld h ablty to derenate nd o us all nds o noraon ncldng scl snsa ons sonds ngs, and vsual shaps Som chldrn ar ho wh an aboavrag snsy o ound hy can dscrna ons and pchs bttr than ohrs and as thy grow p thy larn to rcogn nos and produc har mons mor asly than thr prs Smlarly small advan tags a h gnnng o l can dop nto larg erences n vsal ahlc, or mahmacal abls B nna talns cannot deelop nto a ar nll gnc nlss a prson arns to control aenton Onl hogh xnsv nvsns o psychc nrgy can a chld wh uscal gs urn no a uscan or a ahacally
8
CNnN F XNC
NDNG W
gifed chld no an engner or physcs t taes much f for o absorb the knowedge and he slls ha are needed o do e mnal operaons an adu profssonal s sup posed o perform Mozar was a prody and a gnus, bu f his fahr hadn't foced hm o pracc a s soon as h was ou of apers s doubtu hs an woud h;e bossomd as dd By learnng o concenra, a person acqres conro over psychc energy he basc fue upon whch all hnng dpends In everyday fe s rare for he dren conens of expr nce b n schrony wh ach oher A wo my aen on mgh b ocused bcause h boss gav me a job do ha rures nens hnng Bu s parcar ob s no one ordnary would wan o o so 1 am no v mot vae nrnscaly A th sam tme I am dsracted by fe ns of an abou my nage son s errac behavor So whle pa of my mn s concnaed on he ts, J am no compeey involved J s no ha my nd is n otal chaos, bu there s u a b of nropy n my conscos ness-houghs, emoons, an nenons come ino fOC and hn dsappear producng conrar mpuses and pung my anon n differen recons r, o consder anoher examp 1 may enoy a dr n wh ends ar wor but 1 f abou no gong home o le famy and mad a mysef for wasng m and money Neiher of hes scenaos s patcularly unusua Evry day lfe s ll of lm: rarey do we f he sen ha comes when hea, will mn are on he sam page oncng desres nnons and houghs ost ach othr n conscousness and we are hpless o eep m n ne ut now le L consde some aleaves magne for n sance ha you re sng down a sope and your l atten on s focsed on he moemens of h boy h poston of he ss he a r whsng pas yor face and th snow
9
shrod rs unnng by There s no room n your awae ness for concs or conradcons you now ha a dsrac ng hough or emoon mgh ge you bured facdown n he snow. nd who wan" ge sraced? The run s so perfec ha a yo wan s for o las forever o mmerse yourse compeely n he experence f sng dos no mean much o you subs yor fa vor acvy for ths vgne t coul be sngng n a chor progammng a compr dancng payng brdg readng a good boo r f you lov you ob, as many pop do coud be wn yo ar gng mmersed n a complcaed surgcal operaon or a clos bsnss da r hs complt mmrson n acvy may occur n a socal neracon, as when goo ends al wh each ohe or when a moher plays wth her baby \ha s common such momens s ha conscousness s ll of eperiences and hese eper ences are n harmony wi each oher onrar o wha hap pens all oo oen n everyday lfe n moments such as hes wha we fe wha we wsh, and wha we hn are n har mony hese cponal momns ar wha 1 hav calld x Th mtaphor of ow s one ha many peopl have used descbe he sense of oress acon hey fee n momens ha sand ou as he bes n her lves hees refer o as beng n he zone regous myscs as beng n ecsasy, arss an muscans as aeshc rapre Al!cs, myscs and ariss do very dffren hngs whn hey reach ow ye her descrpons of he experence ar remarably smlar Flow tends o occur when a person faces a cear se of goals ha ree appropae responses t s easy o ner ow n games such as chess, nns, or poer bcause lY hav goals and ruls for acon tha ma possble for he payer o ac who uesonng wha should be done and how o he draon o he game he paye lvs n sef conaned unverse wher everhng s blac and wh he
]
34
fiNDING FLOW
ig t freds, and suprisingly oten at work Ve rarey do people r epo ow passive leisre acties, sc as watchig teleion o eaxng B hecase alost ay acvy � prodce ow povided the eleva eeets ae pesent, It possie [ prove e quay of e by mag sre that ear goals, iedae eedack, skls aaced o ao oppoies, and he remaiig condos of ow are as mc as possle a conSan pa of eveda le.
- THRE E
How We Feel When Doing Diferent Things
e qa t o Ije depeds o wha we do n e seen o so years we are aloted ad on wat paes in conscosness drng hat me Dieret actve ypcaly aec the ay of experence n rather predctale was f al thog life we oly do depressng thigs, i is nlikely tha we will end p having ived a ve happy life Usally each activty has oth posiive and negaive qualities. \he we ca for instance, we tend o fec ore posiive affect han usual; a graph f a peso's leve of happiess drig the day esembes the pole of the Golden ate Bridge acrss San Fracisco ay, with te high poits correspoding to mealtimes. At he same tme mental concenration teds to e ather low whe a peson eats, and ne raely epeieces ow Te psycologcal effecs of acvties are nOt near, h depend o ei syseic elatio o everything ese we do
3
IDIG fW
Fo nt:e, even though food is " source o good mood we anot heve happiness by eatg around the o Mels raise the level of h:ppiness, bt ony when we se around 5 pece of ou wakng time eing; i f we sen 1 0 pecet of the dy eaing, food old quicky cease to e ewadng. "rhe me is ue of Iost of the othe good th igs I lf e: sex, elaxton, teevsio warchng, i n mal does, tend o imroe the qui t f dily lie cosideably, h the effects r not adiive; oint of diminishing etus IS quicy rechd. vy ondened v of how eole ically exerene the varios omponent o their daily le i preseted 1 tble 2. As we see wen dl< work (o when chilren do choolwork) they tnd to be le hy than averge and their motvtion i considerably below normal . the same time their lvl of oncenration s el atvely quite hgh o their metl rocesses seem o e enaged more t:m they re he est of the dy Surisingly wo alo oen pro duces ow, resumly beause hlenges and skils tend o e hig whe woi g goas and feedbck ae often er and mmedie Of ouse wo is such a brod categoy h it eem imoible to make an acurate generizon about t. I the rst e i make ene o tink tht the quly of exeiee when woring would depend on he nd of o one h A tac conroll m st cocea much more 1 hi job than night wat1 se l f-employed entrepreneur resumbly i mch more otivated o wrk than lerk in a govement oce Vhle this is tru the caacterst gnare of wor persit<; deite the ve re l dirences Fo examle the exerience of m anage rs h they are n the job resmbles tht o assembly-line work mh more a resembls their own eerience when hey are hoe Another prohlem of geeraizing bu wor is ha the same job wll he Iany pects that re experened di ffer-
+
1
0
0
0
+
0
+
+ 0
0
38
NDNG OW
etly maage might ove o o a poject hate to sit cofeeces, hie a asseme migh ove to set up a machie ut hate to take iveto Neveheess t is stil possie to tak aot h distictive qualt of the ok expeiece copaiso ith oth ga activiy cate goies he moe t eemes a o actiiy he oe iod ecome ad the oe postve the expeece \he the jo pss ca goas uamios feedac a sese of coo chaleges that match he oks skis ad fe distactios the feegs t poides ae ot hat diffet fom hat oe epeieces i a spot o a aistc pe foace Mateace activites ae qite vaied i tes of hei peietia pole Fe peope eoy houseok hich tds to gay egative o eutal aog all diesio If oe ee to look i dtai hoeve it oud t out that cookig is oe a posiie xpic sp ciay copaed to ceag the house Pesoal cae�ashig dessg, ad so foth uualy ethe ote o egativ Eatg as eoed eale s oe of he mot posite pas of he day i tems of aec ad moivatio heeas it is o cogitive actiiy ad sedo a occasio ofo Dvig a ca hich is the ast majo copoet of the aiteace catego s a supisigly positive pa of ife \hile eutal ems of happiess ad mivatio i e qs s ad cocetato ad some people expeiece o oe of(e hi divig tha i ay othe pa of the ves s oe od expect leue ted clude (he oe pos itive epeics of the day esue s he peope feel the mos( otiaed, h (hy say at they at to do haeve they ae dog Yet hee too e d som supiss Pass lise hich icdes meda cosumpto ad estig he i( s a motivaig ad easoay happy actviy ivolves ltte eta ocus ad aey poduces o. Sociaizigtakig
OW WE WHEN DONG DIRN TING
39
ith people itho much ueio pupose ecept th it aco itsef�is geealy hghly positive though it seldom olves hgh eta cocaio Roace ad sex povide some o h s( 0me< of he day ut fo ost pop Cse acvies ae athe ae so they fai to ake uch of a deece the oveal qai of if uess they ae eedded i a cotext of a duig elaoship hat povides o(ioa ad itelecual eads as e Acie eisue is aothe souce of eteey posite expeieces he peope do a hoy ge( ivoed execse pay a usical isme o go ou a movie o estaat they ted to e oe happy, otvated cocetated, ad moe oe i o tha ay he pa of h day is i these cotexts that a th vaios dimesios of expeece ae most tesey focusd ad i hamoy th each othe t is ipoa (0 ememe hoeve, that actve eisue usaly (aes up oy ewee a fouh ad a f of a pe so's ee tme, ad fo may t is vasy ovshadod y the aout of te spet i passiv isue aciities such as atchg televsio o(h ay to look at the patte i tae is to ask \ich actiies ae happiest? ch ae mos o(iated If e do that e see that happiess is highes( he eatg he i acive eise ad he talkig th peope it is oest he okig o the o o aoud the hous. otao olos a smla patte the additio th: assve lese hich dos mak o happy is somethg e uly a to do yay ocea(io hghest o h jo he dvg d acte euethese ae acvitie that dug the day equie the mos ma effot The same activities so poid th highs ates of o ad so docs socialig th othes he e look at the pat (his ay t aga shos that acve eisue povides the est expeiece ovea hie houseo pesoal cae ad dg povide he o So the s( s(ep mpovig the qualty o ie cosis(s i
4
NDING OW
gineering dily acti\ities so that one ge the most rewrdng xpeieces from em This sounds simple ut the inei of habit and socil presse ae so strong a mny pepe hav no id; which compons of thi l\es they c aly ejy nd which cnriute to sess ad deprsso. Keeping a d or recting n the pas day in the eveig ar ways to tak sock systmiclly of e various ineces n ne's mds Afr it s cear whic acis produc high pints in nes dy it becomes pssible to strt exprimentigby iceasing the frequen of the posiive nes and decreasing that of the others A smewhat exreme example of how thi might work was rportd by ; DVres psychitrst in charge of a lage mnity mCtal hlth cr in h Ntherlands n his hspital patients are utinly ven the ES ind ot what they d 11 dy wa hey think abut, and hw they fl On of h ptints, a chrnc schizophenic wman wo hd b hospilid for ovr t yeas showed the usl �sed hoght pttes ad ow act of svr mentl pth! Hut durg te w weeks f the ES study se epoted quite posie moods wce n o cses she hd hee ing ae of her geils ig ht t ws wor a t, he staff ad professonl mnicuis tec r th sills of h ad pa oo eagerly to the isrutin, nd she was sn caing f e nils of th rst of the paiets er disposiin changed drascally that she was eleasd int th commniY nder speisn she hng shingl n hr door <nd withn th yar she ws slsuicint ne nws wy paring nais was the chalng his wman needed nd if one interpreted ths str psy· anlytically pehaps n ne would want o kow. he fact is tha for this one peson at this stage in life being a mancurist alowd a las pale semlance f ow to eter er life. Prfssr Faust Massimii nd hs st a th Uivrsty of Min, Itay, hve as ad:pted the ES s diagnstc
HOW W WN DOIG DIERN ING
4
l and use it to talormak ntntons tht by ch:mging the patern of actiies may improv wlbng I f ptie s alwys aone, hey nd wr vlur ctivits wll brng him n scil conc f se is teried of peple t) ake er for walks n te crowded steets f he c r t spctcs and dances The comforng presence of the theapst in he pomtic sitin, s opposed to the sfe office ote helps emov th obsacs to h ptents' n vovm with acvties tht impv h qualiy of their livs retiv popl ar specially gd at rderng thei lis so that what do whn and with whm will enal them t do their best wk f wat hy nd is spntaneiy and disoder, th they make se t hav tat to h nvelt Ricad Stes description f the "rhyths of his dily lif s quie tical y guss is hat it resembles ther pepl's rhythms Aybody who dos work iher hs a ine mpses o is life certai peiods i wch h can be le r in which he colbortes. At ny ate he wors o sor f schedule for imself nd is s not smply : l xoskelal penomen seems me t has much to do wth th raonsp ofyou own physiologica hormnl ganic self ad ts rlaionshp o the wold outside mpnes can be s rdiay s do you red the ewspper n e ming I ued do ht yrs g, and I stopped for yars d years which alted h ryhm of my (y d so 0. One driks a glass of wine in th vnings ;H crain time when th blood sga's lw, :md n ok- fward it Ad then of curs thos hs n which ne wks. mao ate of dily rhythms is going n and ot o oide r nd ove or ndin sggest that people get dpessed hen they a lon and ey eie hen hey e oin e compay of othes lone a person geerall repos
2
fiNDNG fOW
ow happiness avesive otivaton, low ocetratio apahy, and an enre strng of othe egave staes such as passv, loeless, deachme ad ow elfesteem eig aone aecs mos those idivduas who have the ewest e souces: those ho have ee unabe o get an educaon who ae poor, sge, o divoced Paooga staes ae often nvsie as ong as the peson s h oers; they take ef ect osty whe we are aoe. The moods that peope diagnosed with choic depressio or wih eang disorders experene ae ndiinguishabe fro those of healthy peo pleas ong as hey are in ompany and doing soething hat requires conenraion Bt when they are alone with nothing to o their mnds begin to be opied by depressing thoughts and heir onsiousess becoe enropic his is also true a less prononed etet of eveyone else he reaso s that when we have to inerat wth anothe person eve a stranger our aenon beomes srucured by externa demands. he presece of e oer mposes goas and prvdes feedack ven he smpest ieraconke hat o asig aothe peso the correct timehas ts o challeges which e coot wi our nepersonal sis Ou oe of voice a sme our eag and demeaor are par of the sklls we need i stoppng a srage o the seet and maing a gd impession more ntimate econers the level o oth hallenges and slls an grow vey high hus ineractons have many of the haratrisics of ow ativiies and they cerainly require the orderly investent of pychi enery. y onrast when we are alone wth noth i ng to do there is no eason to conetrate and what happens then is that the mind begins to unavel and oon nds soehing to wory abo eing wth rieds proides the ost positie eperienes ee people report beng appy alert soiable, heeul movated his is especialy te of teenagers but it also holds fo etied senors i eir sevenes and eighes The
OW WE F WEN DOING DfREN NG
4
iportane of iendships on welbeng s diut o oveesmae The qal of ife proves imensey when ere s at least oe oer person who s wlng o isten to ou ou es, and [ suppor us emoonally Natoa sueys d ha when omeoe lams [ have ve o more feds wih whom they can discuss impota poes hey ar 60 pe cen moe ikely say a ey ae "very happy. Epee e whle wih the amly ends be aveage ot as good as ih frends, not as bad as when aloe Bt ths aveage s aso he sult of wide swigs one can ge etremey aggravacd at home oe moen and be thoroughly estati the net On the job adults tend o have greate onenation and ognitive involvement but they ae more motvated when at hoe and are happier thee he same holds tue for children in shool opared to hoe Faily embes oen experience heir nteractios differently fro each othe or istance when athers are with their chidren they ypaly rcpo positive oods So do ther chldren p to gade Ae\'ard hlden epot increasngly egave moods when �th hei athes (at leas un gade afte whch there are o daa avaiable). The stog eets o ompanionship on he uai o eperene suggest a ivesig psychic ery n reaonshps s a good way o impo ife Eve the passve, supercia coversaos at a eighhood ar ca stave o depression B for real growth it s necesar to nd people whose opinions ae ineresting and whose conversation is stiatig A ore difult b in he long r even ore efl sill to aqire i th abilty to tolee solide and to even enjoy it veday life nolds in varios locaionsthe hoe ar he oce streets, and restarants I addition to activities and copanionships, loaons aso have a ee o he quali o cxpeience. eenagers, for instace feel bes whe they are frthest away om adul speso such as in a publc
4
INDING W
prk y fl mst cnsnd in scl, n churchs, nd hr plcs w tir bvir mst cnfm thrs pcttins Adlts s prfr public pl;cs wr ty r lkly b wt r inds nd nld in lnt lisr ctts is is spcilly tr r wmn, fr wm bing t f s ftn m rlf frm ddg wrs fr mn bing n publc is mr n rltd wrk nd tr rspnsblitis F mny ppl driving cr s th ms cnsistn sns f dm nd cnr thy cl it thr "thinng mcin bcs whl diing thy c cncnrt n tir pblms wtt intrptins, nd rsl mtnl cficts in t ptct ccn f thr prsnl ic On icg slwrkr whnvr his prsnl prblms b cm t strssful jumps int is cr fr wrk nd ds wst ntl rcs t Mssssippi Rr H spnds fw hus t picnc sit n t bns, wtching slnt wtrs drift by n rtus th cr nd b tim gts m wih h dwn risng r icign, h fls t pc Fr mny ilis, t cr hs ls bcm h c in fr tgtrnss At prns nd cldrn r f tn disprsd n dirnt rms dng dfrnt tngs wn n n ting n t cr thy tk, sing, r ply gms tgtr iffrnt ms f t s ls thir pclr m tin prfil in rg prt bcs c is t sttng fr difrnt kind f ctvy. instnc mn rpr gd mds wn ty r in h bsmnt whrs wmn d n prbbly bcus mn g t smnt t rlx r wk n hbbis whrs tr wivs mr lky t g tr t d th nd mn rprt sm f tir bst mds in th us wn thy n th brm, wr ty r rltvly m t dmnds f fmly nd n t tchn w r ty c n cntrl nd inld in kg wic is ctiiy t is rtiy psnt n tly njy ckng c mr tn wmn n dubt
W W F WHN DNG DIFN TING
bcus ty d t lss n nt s ftn, nd s cn cs d it whn y fl ik i) thgh mch s bn writtn bt hw th nrn mnt n which n lvs fct n's mind, tr is clly lit systmtic wldg n this tpc Sinc tim immmril rtsts, sclrs nd rligis mysics v chsn crly srrndngs tt bst llwd srnty nd i sptn. Bddst mnks sld dwn t scs f t Gngs ivr, hns schlrs wrt n pvilns n pic rs isnds ristin mnstris wr bt n th ills wt th bst viws n cnmprry Amric, rsr nstits nd crt R& lbrtrs gnrlly sid mng rllng hlls, wit dcks in h rlcting pnds r t cn rss h rn. If w r t tst th rprts f crtiv hnkrs nd rsts cngnil srrndngs r n th src f inspi rtn nd crtity y fn ch rnz Lists wrds whic wrt n rmntic Lk m " fl tht th r s fturs Nr rund m . . prk n mtinl rctin in t dpth f my su, whic I v trid t trn scrib in msic. nd ign, w wn t Nbl Pri in cmistr in 1967 sys tt sm f is mst imprtnt insgts cm m wintr trips h wiss ps, whr h ntd cllgs rm ll r wrld t ski nd tlk bu scinc f n rds th bigrpis f pysicists lik r, Hisnbg, hndrskr, nd B, n gts t imprssin tt wit ks in th mntins nd t visn f night ss i r scinc wld nt hv mntd t muc mk a crti cng in th lt f prnc, it might b usl t xprmnt wi ns srndings s wll s WiU ctiitis nd cmpins. On nd c tins lp t clr th mind t chng prspctis lk t ns sittin wit frs y kng c;rg f ns m r fc nrnmntwing t t css r dcring t n's tst mkng it prsnl nd psyclg
6
fiNDNG OW
aly mfrabl ud be e rt sep i rerdring ne's life. We otn hear of ow imporan brhyh
HOW W f WN DOING Dlff.RN HNG
4
hunger o headache ahee n a mption ca ign pai ad faigue ui the ee er. \"e aeti s fcsd � minor ache and pan have no chce o rgier in nsCousns Agai wth me day as wth he the paameer if, it impotant o nd ut wha rhythms are mt cnge nial o yu persoally hee no day r hour that i best for eveyone Reecion helps w dn os preerne and xpeimeon with difrn aeavgeng up earlier taing a nap in h aernoon, eaing at different time helps to d he es t of pon I al of hee eampe we preeded as if peron were pasve bjec whoe ineral ates are affeed what they d wh hey are wh whee hy are ad o oh le th true i part, n the as aalyis i ot th eal ndtin th[ unt, ut what we make of them t is pefcly poile be happy doig husewrk wih bdy aud, e moivatd when wig, t cncentae when talking to a hild other word, the excllence daiy if nally depnd no o what w do, u o we d it evrthel be loong a how o a h uality of experence drety by raforming inormaon in cooune i i importan o reec n the ec ha the daily enviomenth plae pepe aivties, ad me of dayha on u vn he m acompished mytc, deac from al inence will prefer o i under one parcuar ee ea a certain fod and e wih oe companion raher ha ather. os of u ae muh mre resnsve he iation in which we nd ourseve "hu the rt tep i impoing the quality f lif is to pay clo atteion wha we do ev da}" and oice how we eel in deret aivis plae time of day, and with differen opanio. AJthogh he geeral rends will probably apply alo n you caseyou' d yurse hap pie a mealme ad mot oen i low when i acve leir
o
FNDIG FOW
there might e as srprising revelatins t may turn ut that yu rally like being alne Or that Y ike wring mre than y thught. Or at readng makes YL feel bet ter aterwards than watchng teevisin Or vice versa all these cts Tere s n law that says we ave t expeience if in the same way. \Vhat is via is d t what wrks ut st i yr case.
:FOUR The Paradox of Work
\k geeally takes up a tird f the time avaiae fr living rk is a strange epeiece: it prvides sme f the mst inese and saising mments, t gives a sene f pride ad ideniy, yet it is smehig mst us are gd t avid On the ne hand, rcent svys repr tha 8 4 ece f erica men ad prcen f men say they ud cue wrk eve if they herited egh ey s hey lger eeded a j O the ther ad, acrding t sevra stdies we peple arc sig ;d at rk they endrs he em 1 ws 1 as dig smethig else" mre tha at ay ter tme the day Ather eampe f his cntradictry attide is a k in hich w emet German sca scietsts, usig te ae srvey reslts develped ppste argumets e laimed ag ther tings, hat erman rkrs dis lked wrk, Id ts h diskd t mr ere appier vera he scnd resnded hat kers nly dlike k ecause they 3re rawasd by the media ide-
fiND NG fW
ogica ground, an to wo ik tei work lea ic is. Te point i that t wa raonabe eince o bot concusins. Bca wok o mpota in tm of t aont of tim it k ad t ntny of c it podc n CO cioun, it i na to ac p to it ambgti i oe wie to impo t qaiy o if A t tp in tat dic tion i o biy w ow work activitie od in hit, and t contadictoy aue at w attibud t, wic l now affc o atide and pnce \ok a w know it now i a y ce iica deop mnt ddn' exi bo t gat agicuua oution tat made inni aming poib abot twe touand ya ago Ding t peo milio of ya o uman oluion, ac man an wOan poidd fo e and kin ut t wa no c tng a wokig omone el; o unt-gat wok wa ame!y itgad wi te ret o i In t caca Wten ciiizatio o Grc and Rom pioop fctd th pblic opnio about wok, wc wa at t o b aoid at 1 cot ne wa conid ed a re ccong o AitOle oy a an wo id not ae o work coud b appy Roman pioope ag tat "wag ao i ordd and nworthy of r nan ca abo i odid a o t bui o eailing Te idal wa to coqu o by poci land, an n a a o twad o p1 it ctiao by a o nn d mpeia om, about 2 pcn o t ma adut popuation did not a to wok y aing attaind a ie o idn ty bied at ty ad eac cnc n e i pubcan tme t wa om ubtanc o t bef: mmb of lig ca ounteed ti m o l miitay and amintte d ta elp t comun and ga room or pona potntia o xpand ut ae cntui o a, d cass widw om
H 'AADX W
51
pbic if and ud t m to conm lxu and n tainmn intad ak, or the mjoriy of pop tt o chnge di cay in Europ about v hndrd ya ago. It took anoher qaum jmp wo hundd ya ago ad sl conn chng pid te ight ow Unl thih cn mo enegy o wok dpdd on hmn o nim muce. Ony w primitive engines, such s wte-mi hp t aviat t b. Thn owy widmi with a aiy of ga bgn o tak o th cho o grnig gn, halig wat, blaig ac wh mtal wee fogd Th dvopmnt o sm gines nd te eectc i uthr outioniz th way we tano ngy and mak a iing ofhoot oh tchnoogca bakthogh ha been tt wok itd of bing see s smpy phycl efo t n o o ho col o bt beg<1 to be n s kd actviy, a maiestation of human ngnuity and crtiviy By Cvin' im, i md sns o tk he "work hic seoy d t is o this son o ht K Mx cod la th caica aaion of abo and caim at o} hough podcv acv ca w az o hma pontal H posion did ot cot:ict th sprt of itotl' oppoit cam, that ony lie made men fee It is just hat by th nineteenth cey, work eemed to ofr mo ceai opon ta idene did Dng th cad o anc olowig Wo \Va I, mot job n Amc might hv bn bong n bln, but on th who thy poied cet condio and ao ab ecuty. Th wa mch tak abot a nw era n whch work woud b aboishd, o at leas tanomd into puy whit-coa upvo tak that wol tak ony a fw ho a wk o accompih di tak ong o how topa th focat ha bn. he global compton a aow h undrpaid popuation o Aa and Soth Amica o compet in th abor mrkt i again gving work
2
NDING W
i e Unite tates a grm reptaon Lcrasingly, as the ocal safe ne is i dnger of unreig popl he o work more oen in arbira condition an without mch ecriy abot the fre So een now at the ose o the twnieth cnry, the eep abiity of work tll haun u \ know it i on o the mot impoa elemnts of o lives, yt while we o it w would rather not be doing i How do we ar thee conlictig ttdes towrd work? n how o young pople thee days a e skils ad dcpline reqired to do dult prodcie work Tese uestios are by no mean rii: "ith ec gnraion work com n ncreingly fzy cocpt a it bcome harer for yong people to know what obs wil be wiing for them whn they grow up, nd lea how o prepare for hm. L e pa and to a crn eten even now, i huning or sig socete n sa or enesia we cn sil se what te pae se to e eveywhre se i the world chldren from an early g particpt in thir parens' work and gradually fond themslvs peromig S productive adults witho mssig a eat along e way A Iit boy ws gven a toy ow at age wo, and he tart practcing ooting rght away By or he might be expected to soo ptarmigan, si a rat and from there e graduated w carbou a eal i ster wen roug a smilr proreo hepig he womn o her n grou to cure hide coo ew, a care for yougr sibling hre ws o eson abot what on shoud o wh on grew uthrc were o options t chooe from thee w oly ngl path t procte aulthoo e the griclural rvolion mae cities possile aO e ouand years ago peciaid jo ta·te to ap pear, egree o choice oened up for young oe l most o em ended u doig wa ir parent id, whc il a few ceries ago ws mainly farmig was
H PARADX WR
not util the ixeeh ad seeeen ceturies that a rge nmber of yong people begn o mo om arm to cies, c tr heir luck in te urgoning urba econo. ccorng o some estimats b} age twle a ay a 80 prcen of co gils n om pat of Eope hir faer pares whre oy left o the aVg two year late No of th job waing in Lono or Pais were in wht now wou e cale he seric isries chawomen coc me porer, or drsses The on s ery ierent now Ln a recen sdy w aed ; fw housand reresetative mercn ngrs wha jobs they epected c have when they grw up rests ar preented in tale 3. \V it how is at oce[S hae unrealtically hig pcatons o ecoming profeionals: ' 5 pecen of them pect t eco ithr docors or lers wich is almot ee time hgr than the ca proporton o ocrs nd aers n e aor orce accordig to 199 Ce. ost of th 24 adoecens who expct to become pofesioa hetes wll ao be dsappointd, since tey overstimt thir caces by abot 500fo Minoit chilrn from te nner ci look oar to feional carers at the ame rate a et n chilren, espit th fact that the unemploymet rt fo yong Africaerican in ome ciie has een nr prc Th ck of reaism abot re career oons i part e r e rpidy cagng ntre of l jos, u i i so ce y may yong peopl' isoaion fom meaigul o oppormites and adu workng moel Conrary to what one migh pct, ;fun teenager ctly work mor oftn in high choo thn poorr sns even though th) on't he to. And por o prodctie ta i the home, e neghorhood, a the communi is uch greter or chlrn who grow up n wealy and stae enromns T re oe cn actaly nd feen year ols wo plan o bcome rchtect and who hae leae O drt n a
4
fiND NG W
T ARADX WR
realtiv's archiectul rm, ho have helpd desgn an tenso to a nighor's house, ho hav iternd wth a local cosucon companyalhogh oveal such opponis ar inrequnt n an ner ci high school th most popular nformal c;r counselor as a school ard o hlped sharp young o nd os ith th gangs ad drctd good-lookng grs twad so-cald modlng jobs Accordig to th ESM rsuts i seems hat yog peop lern thir lders' :mbvlenc oward work ute early. By age te or elvn, thy have iternalizd the pattr that s tpcal o sociy a arg en they a askd to ay hther wha thy ar dong is more lie wok" o mor lke play (or like oth" or nithr) sith graders almost nvaral} say hat acdm lasss in school ar ork ad doing spots is pay Th nteesg hig s hat wheneve adolesces are dong somthng thy label as work, thy pical1y say that wha they do is importa or their future
\atJob Do an eeager pe t Hav Te tn most frqueny xpec jb, led n iv wi m 3891 U.S. cn
p D Bun Pern Lar hr A Engine
A:un CA gi Ar O
Rank J 4
6
7 >
% p 7 7 7 6
J J J
S Ad�ptcd Bi . Csk"enmih�ly, l {g an Shner ' r
eurs hg conetrtion an nduces hgh elf-eseem YCt thy a also less happy and movated a average hen ha the do is lke or On he othr hd hen hey are dog sothng they label as play, hy see it as having lo poc and reiing litte conenration, bt ty ar happy and movated. n other ords, the spl een ork hat s eessa unpasan and plasant ut usless play, s ell stablshed by late chldhood t dos g€[ even more oonce as adolscts go rough hgh school e he sam adoscnts vtualy start wokig, hey port xacly h sam patern o xpenc om thr orkplae n the U., almost nin out o ten teenagers a employed sometme during high school a much hghr pro potion than n oth chnological advanced cors lke Gmay or Japa hr hre a r opporunes o parttme worand whre parens preer ther hdren spnd s much tme as possle sudying rather than being dstracted y jos relevat o the ure cars n our sdy, perct of eth gaders ad percet of weh gders hav hld payig jobs usualy serving fas ood, as clers o salspersons o as a}-strs. \Vhn tccnagrs arc paged o thi jos, thy rport vy levatd slfstem h} se what thy do as impotant and qrng ga on cntaton. But they ar lss happy han sual (athough no as unhappy as n school, d they dont enjoy thmslvs In other words, th pattc o amivlc is st y ve s sps o hir orng lvs But wor s deiely ot he wo thing adolesces x perence. he orst coniton hey report is when what they do is nther lke work nor like pa hen ths s he case usualy n maineace activties passiv eise or sociaiz igtheir self-estm s owst, hat lC do has o importancc ad li happiness ad motvation a also be lo avrag et o adolents nethe work nor play taks up on the averag perce of te day Som csp
H ARADX WR
IND ING W
cialy chilren wose paren have lie eduaion feel tla alf or more of wha thy do is of his knd A person who gows p experiencing mos of the ay as neither imporan nor enjoyable is unlikly nd mch meaning i n the tre The attitude et in he ary years onine to coor how we eprience work during th res of or lives On he ob peo ple tnd se eir mind and body o it< llet and consequenly fe tha wha hey do is imporan and feel good abu themelvs while oing . Y heir motivaion is worse than when hey are a home and so is he qaliy of heir moods Despt ge dirnes in sala presig and freedom, managers tnd to feel only somewha more reative and actve on th ob whe clerial and assemblyline workers are no more unappy and dssad 1en and womn owver tend o xperienc work ou side the home n dirent wa. Tradionay, men's ideny and selfrespec hav been based on he abili obain enrgy fro he envronment for er own and er famiies s the the safacin a man ges from doing a ne sary ob is parly geneticaly programmed or is entirly learnd from the cltre he fat is a more or lss everywhere a man who i no a proider is to ome exen a mist \"omen's sefestem on e er hand has raditionaly been based on heir ability reat a physical and emoional nvrnment siable for he rearing of chidren and the comfort f grownps No mater how enlightened we have eome in erms of ying o avoid hes gender sereope ey are far from gone Tenage boys till wish o become poice ofers reghers and engineer wile girl ook forward to becoming omemars, nrses, and eachersalhoug girls nowadays also epec o become professionals, such as doctrs and aers a a ra at is even higer than for boys . . Bease of th dieren ro of paid work in he psyhJC economy of men and women, he response of he two gen
ders o hir jbs s generay dffern Laving asie hose still relativey few areer womn whoe primay identica n is wih heir jobs most women who work at ceri, ser vce and vn manageria opaions end t hink of hr oside job as somehing hey want t do raer han some ing ey have do Work i more vounay for many women; i is more like pay, omehing hat they cld ake or leave any of em feel ha whaever happens n e job is not ha imporanand ths paradoialy ey can n joy more Evn if ngs go wrong and ey are laid o i will not hurt their seleseem. s opposd o men their elfimage depends more eavily on what happen o eir families. Having a desie parnt or a hid who has rouble in sool is a mch greater load on heir minds han whaever an happen at work. a rel, and especialy in comparison wi e work hey have o do arnd the houe women genrally peri ence empoent more posiivey han mn For nstance in an ESM sdy condced wil couples where both parers woked Reed son found ta women repored reaively mor posiiv mons tan men wen doing cerica work computer work, saes, meen6 woring on phone read ng wrkreed maria and so on he only jobrelaed aivy womn cprined le poitivey han men was whn lC wored a home on projes brogh back frm he oe no dob ease in hose siatins they fe reponsible also for he hosehold task� in addtion o hose rlaed he jo . The doe jeopardy a nily and a arer imposes an be a eavy brden on selfstm of women n a sy of mohrs of smal children who wrked ete im part im or only a few ours a week nne es found tha he igest levels of sefesem wr rpored by women who worked eas, and he lowst by those wo worked mos this despi h fact that al women enjoyed worng side for pay more than hey enoyed woring a home Again this
A
8
FNDNG W
nig suggsts h ambi os maing of slf-stm. Futim, profssoal wom w fams mght hav lowr sfestm ot baus thy a accompishig ss bt bcaus y xpct mor fom thmsvs than thy ca possibly dvr Ths isss brg to fous how arbtrary th dvso is btw wok do for pay ad hoswor wom hav traiioaly xpctd to do for thir famls Es Bouldg ad oth soca oomsts hav potd out mata wor might ot b producv but f it had to b pa for as a sri th b would clos to th GNP h cost of mohrs' urrac of hld car of t si ooig cag ad so foth at th mart at woud dou l th atoa payroll ad prhaps rc us to adopt a mor huma oomy th matim howvr whil dog hoswor may bostr a marrd womas slfstm t dos ot otribt muh to hr motioal wllbig Cog shoppig rvig th amy aroud ad carg fo hild ar acompai by oly avrag motos clag th hOLs claig th th dog ary x g th aoud th hous ad baag th hboo a gray amog th most gatv prs a womas day. r has svr dawbacs but its la is wos h cit phosophs had uh good to say i favor of dss but what hy had md was th idss o a adowr wth may srfs ad savs Wh idlss is orcd o som o wthot a hadsom iom it jst ps a sv op sfstm ad gal sssss As Joh Hay wth a psychoogist at th Uivs of Macstr has show, youg m out of wor v wh paid ativy grous umploym ompsato hav a vry hard tm dg satisatio thir livs I a ompato of stdis ivovg worrs i sixt atos, Road glhat foud that 83 pr of wht-ollar wors 77 pct of maa wors but oy 61 prt of u
PAADX F W
9
poyd s
6
iND NG W
m immmoria tho ho pad anothr pon ag wr not partclaly cocd with h lbng o th mploy t t xtaodina innr rorc t achv ow whl dggg a mil blow grod in a Soth frcan m, o cttng rcan on a ltrng paaon En OU nghtd da, i all th mpha o uma roc managmnt all too oftn dinttd in how mploy princ wor hrr t i ot rping that many o um that hy canno CO o or to provd h itr rwad i thr lv, and that hy ha at n hy ar o of th fato o o o thy an bgn to hav a good timvn thogh th n ot not to b tr. Th cond raon complmntary to th rt on b bad l on ontmpora ralty, and mor o th h oa drpt of or whh il tranmd by h ulu and lad by ah of a w gow p h no tion that dring th Indtal Rvolton o o and a hl ctri ago facto orkr ad o laor ndr ih man ondton. F tim a o rar tha i bcam on of h mo po f OT. \o aum a f oly ty had mor of t thy wold atomaay b happ h trad ion oght hrocaly to o wok , and th c i on of h bght accomplhmnt i th htory of hmanknd Unfor<ty, hil fr tim might b a ncary condtio (or happn by t t not n o gaant it Laig w LO i n caly rn o to b mor dt than pcd or do it m a mo of a good thg ncay btr; a t o o many othr thing what nrich lf n 1 qat might mpovih t i larg do hi why by mdcy pychiatt a oolog w ptting p wanng ga that oo mh f m wa atnng to bom a ocal datr oth of th aonth ojv ork nvronmn and th bjct atttd lan owad hmconpir
TH 'ARADX WRK
6
to ma t dcult or many pron to admt vn to hmlv tht k can b njoyabl Yt hn appachd tho too may cltal prjcs and th a dtmnaton to hap t so a to mak it prsonally manng, v h IOS mundan job an nhanc th qalty o f radlr a dtrat fom t Bt o o th inrnc rards of wor ar asi to s i th highl indiidualz profsio, whr a pson ch hi o hr goals and t th dcul of th ta Hghy poducv and cativ art, tpr, satsmen, and ct d to xprnc th job l or hntng ancstos did thrsas ompltly gatd wth th rt of thr li On of th mo common trop n th narly hundrd ntrv I codcd ith uch pron a Nol rznn and othr ratv lad n dt l wa o old ay ha word v mnt of my l or yo cod say wh eqal c that I nvr wokd a day h htrian John Hop Frankln xpssd thi blnding of wok and lsr mot cosly hn h ad "I hav alay ubscrbd to th xpron: Than God it' Fday bas o me rday means I an w f th t to ay wu trpo or h idvda low a cotat part f th pionl activt vn thogh opatg a th dg of owdg mt ncaily icd mh hadhp and nnr trmoil joy of tndng mid' rach no nw to mo ovo fatr of th l, v pa th ag wh mot popl a ay ont Th ivno Jaco Rabnow, wth ovr O hundd patnt< to hi nam, dcb h or a ag ghythr "Yo hav to b willng to pull h ida, bcau your inttd . Popl myslf li to do t. t's n o om p ih a da, and f oody a i, I don' gi a dam Its jus fu o com p th omthng tang a fn" d An o "Lo Grant am wa il ooking fo nw chalng o h acting ll a ag ityr: 1 ir
fND ING fOW
Apparntly or nos system has eoved t attnd extrnal gnals but as not a tme o adapt to long pos wio bls an dages Fw popl have e o str thr ps nrgy auoomously, om he nsd. 1n thse succssf soeties whre adt ad tm o e hds boe ctural pras vol to kp th mnd sy These inu mpex ycl ycls s of cmonia cmonia tuas danng an ompve onamnts that ocasionaly la fo days and weeks on nsu s the Omp games a s[ad towad th dwn of Eopan hstry. vn l akg rligios o estheti actvities at least ah llag proidd ndlss oppoites r gsip a us o; u th lrget tr f th sare men not thewi pied t moking thir pipes r ching mldly hll pied nogn ls a n n kept their mnd rdr thogh ua conversation i ll th par flowd y mn t lsur th cofee shops of Mdtanean r he bee hlls of nothrn rope Su mtods vdng has n onscousnss wor o a n ee b ey rrey one t a pos ua t of prn w v sn erer hm beg best n low, whn thy re ll o n meng heng solvng pom dsoverng omtng nw Most as tht prou low aso have er goas lea immia fbaka t of xa mas tht oses o attenion n make ma o ou kil No ths ar atly h otos ha ae mst on lacng r m. rs one ss lsr to engge sprt an 3rt rm o a hobby) thn the req urements or will be prnt B j tim ith nthing specc o ngag o' attntion p s the ppost w: psychic n tropy ere on eel ltle and apathtc. O al rtim acvitis are e same O majo dstinon s bw ative an p;ssv ire whih ha q u t f psologal ft Fo exampl U.S tenger
H H SKS AND AND O OUNIS Of SU
7
eprence o (dened a ighhalng hghskill mo me aot pent o th h y spend wahng teesion pet o he me hey d os a pren t me ey nved spots an ms see abe 4) hs suggests a bis about two an a a me more lky p a stt o heghe enjoymen an es, a a gCS and spos o ree ms mor Y s sa enags spn at lst for tmes mo o t ee hors whng than og hobies r spor' milar ats a aso tr o aul. \ wld we spend o ms o m dong somg tha hs less thn al th chan of makng s fl good? Whe we ask participants o ou sude ths tn, a onsistnt xplanatin b gns ppear. Th typal enag mt that bkn g r plng sktba ll , o la g he piano ar moe noya bl han omng thogh e mall o athng V. Bt thy sy to gt organzed or a baskt bal gme tas men hs to chge ths mke
y
4 Mch [ e Le? Prg f m each lr ac pr l axa, ah, a ai. Rl a m a 84 US nar g abut 27,0 p Tems a did ll: l: high chllngs hh skil; Rlax l hll high si ll s Aah l hlleng, l kl ad Ax g hllng l kl obie Sializng Tg Lnng to mui lvo l vo wtng
l Ri pa n 6 6 44 J4 :0 9
5
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6
8
H K K AN AN O OU OU Of LU
fN ING fLO fLOW W
aragccn t ake aragccn ake a east hal hal an hour hou r of of of dul practce each im on s down a the piano before i bgn o be n ohr word, ach ohe owpoducig acii qures an ntial nvesmnt of aeon befo befoee t t begns o be joyabe One need such disposable acaion eey o eo complex acvtes I f a peso i oo tied, anxios or acks he discplne o overcome overcome that nta nt a obstac, he or she wll have see for omthJg ha athogh ss oyabe is moe mo e accessib. Th s where "passive leisur acvties come n o jst hag out wth fed read a unchalenng book or n h et does o reuire much in he way of an uprn energy otY does no demad sklls cncetraon h he cosmpon of passve leisure becomes al oo often the opion f coic not only for adolesces, but for adults as wel ab we C
A
he onlystrategy o l p fre tme. As hese pa ino habts, habt s, thy bn hae dene eect o th ualiy of le as a whoe Those who ea o ry on ambig o pas te me, for stce ma) nd hmeves caugh a hab ha ereres wih h job th famiy ad evet aly wh thr ow welbeig People who vew elevo mo on han he aerage ed aso o have wore obs and wosee reaionshps wos rea ionshps a largescae sdy Germany, t was foun ound d ha he more oe peope report r eport rad r adng ng boo te more ow eperieces eperieces they clam o hv, wh h oppo oppoe e trnd was ound for watchig lvsion. he st ow was repored by idivduas who read a 0 and watched lttle V th ast by those who read eldm and watchd oftn f course, uch correlatons do not carily mea ha hab o passve lesure caus bad obs bad retioships and so on It s ily that he casal lns tart om he other nd: lonly pople wh dssasg obs wll l ther fee m wh passive esure Or hose who cao d low ohese n heir ives o udemadig isur acviis B n human deveopment cauaon i uuay crcua wha was an ec he begnnng evualy urs no a cause A abusive paet ma oce hs chld adop a deee bad o pressed aggesson; as he chd grow up, t s th sle o deense aher ha the al raua that mgh make ea�1 for him n turn to bcom a abusve pare So adoptg habis of passivc lsur is n U a eect o pre o probm, bt becomes a cause in is ow right whch cs furher opios for improvg he ualy of lfe he prase "d d ccuses has become a omonpae to describe how the Roman pr managd o eep e populace cond dring he long cenues of s decl By poidng eogh ood to eep e bode aed ad enogh specaces to eep he nd enteraned e rulng caes ere able avoid social ure ulikely ha hs polcy was consciously adopted but wdepread applca
0
FINDI NG FOW
ion seems to ave worked It woud o have been eithe he rs or the last time ha prig leiue oppoiies kep a communty from uraeig te W h rst sora o the \Ves, he Gk Hoous, decrbes hw At, kng Lydia i ia Mir itroduced bal games ome thee ouand years ago as a ay o dsrac hs sub jecs whe a ie of d cops caused us in the hung popuaion. e pla aoped agaist e famine was to egage in games oe day o enrely as not o eel any cavig fr food he wroe, "and te next day to eat ad abstain fm games n hi way they passed eigheen years A simiar pattern develped in Constantinople during e wanng of the Byzanine Byzanine Empie To ke ep the ciiens hpp grea chario races wee held in the ci. The bes drivers b came rich and famous an they were auomaically lcted o the Snat In enral ica bfor th Spaih cnqus aya eveloped laborat games simiar aketbaU, wich kept specar specar bu} fr fr week n n ed our tme disefanchsed miorie depend o pos an eteraimen a aenue scial molibasketball, bae ba oxig and popula music absorb surplu pycic eney wile proming walth an fame Depending o o' pepece o ca intepet i i O te oppo ite ways ne ca see i hes istaces leisure beig used as an "opiae of he masse, o paaprase wat a ai abou reigon one can see em as creave response [Q dangerous siations impeious imp eious o more m ore efectve efectve slios he recor eems o ugge that a ocie begns o rly lisrand pll o passi lsoly heavily on lisr when i has bcome bco me incapabl incap abl of f frig rig mea igul rduci upa i nember Thu brad and cir cus is a pl f l res h popnes he dislin of oce nly mporarily. Comporay eampl proide some inigh ito wha apps in suc instances For eampl, many indgeou people in Noh Amerca have lost he oppori o expeiece low n wok and communal life
ISK ISKS S AND OO OOUNIES UNIES Of ISU
7
and seek to ecaptur n leure acitis ha mimic he aler ejoyabe lifety Young aa me ued o fee a heir best wen ridng ate ir sheep er e esa of e Souhwet o wen parcipaing i weklng cemona igng and dancing ow at such exprinces exprinces ae e ree ant, they aemp o recapure ow y driig alcohol and h acing ow e deer highway i soupdup cas. h umber ftac faaiies may o e hghr han Ose utai earlier in trbal warfare or wile eperdng but they seem mre pontle e uit ar goig thrugh a simlar dangeou transi ion ung peopl wh can n longer perience he ecitemen of hunng al and rapng bar the amobile as a tool fr scapig bredm and fcusing on a purposeul gal Apparently thre are cmmunie in the Acic that have no roads cnncing em any oher plac, bu have buil miles of roa for the excluve purpose of rag racing In Saud Aabia e poled young cons of oi barons nd iding camels pass and try o reive teir itere by racing bradew adlacs n e trackess deert, or on the ewas o Ryadh. he productv ace become oo ue and meaigess lesure wil pick up the ack wil ake up pogssey more me, and ry on ncreasingl crea singly y more elaborae arical smulaon ere a indidua indidual l wo con conon oned ed wh e teiiy of of heir obs escap productve rsponsibiiies algeher to pursu a life of ow in lesue his dos nt necessarily reuire a ea deal of mony here ar welraied engi neers wh leave their job and wash dihs in resaurans during e wier o hey can aod r do rck climbing all mmr here ae coonies of surfr n all he beacs wh gd wavs wh live handomouh s 1y can cram in a mch w as possible o ther oar urala ocial scienis, Jim acbh irwed doens of ocea alor who spend yea afer yar navigatig amog the slands of e Sou Pacic, many f em ow
FND NG FOW
RISS AND OPPORUNIS EISURE
ing nog ecep the boat nto whc hy'v nvested all th saings. \·Ve h un out of mony for food o e p, thy Sp i a pot o do odd jos untl they a ln s supps, th thy cas of on he ext ouny was ah to thw o sponsi CJs o a humm ie, e a it advno I had to do somthing with fe esde vegetae," says on of these modn argonaus t wa a ae t do one eay g g n m lfe; big ad mmo rabl, ay anth O in e wods o aoth sao: Mode clzaton ha found ao V ngtus an a ug vari et f Ih:lIizd ntrtanent t ttllat u ss and hlp u ap fo th pprn bdo the ah d sun and wnd and tas. Sag ns to th ancnt ltes ndvual not aandon jos altogeh, ut shit thc emphass fom work to eisu as he cene of ther lves. Oe eo ok cbe dss xhilaatng 1fdispin f h p a anig fo et of lfe you wn se as oug tat a agains youself . t cms
ab o rng h es hey seah u thy nd a po duve endeavor ha also aows tem uld as mu Aow a pib ito vs h oe opios sm ss sas h s s t muh o ms by ecoming a wkh by scapg no lsu ful tm ot f us hwee a co tnt companali ou c io bing b and outin ertanmt n esng xample of hw lw e out of wok and nto lsu s pdd n th udy o an An m muny y nnela Dll Fa and auso Main of th Unvit of lan hy rwd f-s memes o a td my Pont rnta a mo muntan lage whe pepl hv as lesi e<, t ll wk t t dtal ass uh a hdng atle gwng ohards and wodwng h yh)lst sked th th geneaons of illges t dese when an hw the pri Hw n the s (s g
2.
ig
Disribuin of Fow Ii in a hrnria ami (") om Po rz, Gsson Vay ay
easie to w te batles te world." And aoher fomc
businman who movd to e mounans t b a ane I woud ha ad a gat da o money in orpat li u I ealied o day that I wan't njyng t I wa't havng th nd of expeienes tht k f ewadng SlW tht l poties wr mixd u p spedng Is f my hr i the f . . The yes w sppg y. I njoy big carpent. I liv whre it's quit nd beauti and I lm most eey ngt �e ht y wn re laxaon and alb l ty wll man mo to my f.ulliy than h ata thng I an no lng them
..
e ca mo fom busissman c3>t is an am ple of e n of cav adust tt som people
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Pr
Childe
Sou Ad3U:d fm ee e \ aimii 198.
7
NDI NG OW
T ISS AND OPOUNS ISUR
The oldest generaion repoed the ms equent ow xpe renes, and e majori o he volved wk: ung hay he meadws, xing he ba, bakig bread g cws work ng n he arde n. The mddle eeao-whh uded he ewee f o and sx year old-epored equal aons of ow o wok an m leisue avtie such as wathing movies, going o vaaons, readg , or sng The ndhidren in he yongest geneao she a pa en ppoite o a o er granpaents: hy pted the eest ccurrences w an mst o it came m leue. Daning, moryle acing, an watching were sme o e mst en avee enjment. (igre oes no shw hw uch low each roup repe; nly h he percentage w hat a reprte n iher wrk r l eisure N all he generanal ierences in P Trenaz ae due o social change Sme t is a feaure o oal deve opme nta paer ha ever eerao pae hoh: yon pope ar aay mre depn den f r enoyment on aa rsk an smuatin Bt i ao era ha hee oal deree are aed oune u n degi n a and eoo ao uh ae he olde gnaions si nd a angl halng in ad nal podce a, herea he h dren and ndhl dre neanly bored by wha hey ee a rreevan chore o eeane a a ay of avoding phi enpy In the Uned Saes traitna cmmuntie le he Ah ad he Menoe hae een ae eep ok a nd fw f rm tin spd . the evera rtines thr f arming life i icut t kn hen wrk stps an eiur bgin Mt fr ime" activitie uh a weaing, capent singing r re ading are uel an pucive e her n a 'teria sia r spirita cr this achievement has een a he prie remainng ebald n ambe r a ere areed a a po in o echnlgca and pi rita devepmen tat ow ee uan I h he n ly ay peseve he ne o a j ol and poduve ex is-
)
7
ee? O is it pss e t renvnt l f h: nes hese tras hn ontnng evln chane? To ake he e ue o fee o need devoe as uh ingenui an aenton to as oe ould o one' job Ate esre ha hep a peson ro does no oe as. In he pas l sure as j used b�ase it ae peopl an op pon o e xpe rment ad o deveop skls. n a beore ee and he ar beame pof essional zd a grat ea f scenic research pet painting ad musical mpsition as aied o n a pe n' re i Gregr Mene i h amus genei primns as a hbby Bnamin Frankin as e b interest n a b escripon o grind lee an xpriment it l ightn ng ods Emily Dickinsn rt her supe pet t cra ord n he n lif e Nwady n ly xpets arc pps be eeed n ch iue; amaers ar rded r enwrin g ino eld reeed f te speciais B ut amaeurtse who d som ehing beaus hey loe o do add e nje nt an d interest thr on ie ad o everody e se s. It nt js eaodi nay nddual h a ae t make eatve ue o ese_ I o at-te sng h ab r, he poer ad a ings ha ah ule par ula dn ad reon he rt f Omon pople triving o xess he bes kl n he t re om rk and maintenance che It is icut o i aine ho the u be i acor had ued ee ime simp y f passi enrann nsad nd ng n an pprtnit xpre eauty an d knl dge. Curenty aut perent of all he nnreneae energy e usee leccit gai e paper an meal prous-i eig se primari r le u e. Co sruin an wateng g cue, prn ng 1gazins, yi g es t acatin resrts pucig an isi ui g shs, bu i lding an fueing pweboats an ss takes a good dea planetary resuces Ionica lly it seems that h mh ha p piness and enoyen e ge ro lese as no reaion a
76
'IN DIN G fLOW
lli nything, 'egivl ltoto the amou of maril erg onsumed whie doig it Lowkey acviies tha eqe nvsnets of ski knowedg nd emoos on or pa re jst s ewdng s hos ha s up a 10[ of eqip me and exnal eneg istead o ou ow psyhic enegy. ving good coneaon gadenng adig poer, vouneig n hospitl or eaing somehg new exhust few soces and a leas s eoybe s thngs ht onsum tn times s many eos J st as he excellenc of an indvidul le depnds to a larg extent on how free time usd, so he qaliY of a soci e hnge on what it<; memer do in thi leisure im Subrban communites can be so depngly lnd bause on ha reaon to beliv th,l bend th impressive cads ing rom e emed lawns nobody s doing anything in esting Thr nte ountis wher oe get impession from talkng eve with membs o the societl ie tht esids mony f:Hi, hon vaaons and gossip thee is o tht much ele ha egges thi ttenon \Vres thee sil ome aeas n wold whee oe nds reted poession nhnted wh ll poe who olct nciet volme 1ei lbry o ms who py msicl nstmets or we dow he storis of th vilage perving he et eaons of ther ncestors whl ddig o hem ay case, we hae sen tha t the soil s well s th n dividal vl habts o leise ct as oth cts nd s cass hen the lfstle of a social OUp beoms obsoete, whn wok us ino borng rotne nd omnity responibii ties lose ei menng t is lkely tht lisue wil become nrasngly moe mpotant And i soie bomes dpnde on entetanment, t is kely that will e less pyhic ener le t ope rtively with d1C technologcl nd economc chalenges that wl ieitly is It my seem contran to ae aarms abot e enttn mt indut at a time when t is so sessl i he US.
H SKS AND OPP OTUNITI S 0 ' LlI SU.
77
Msic, m ovies, shon nd teson g i n hd ey om al or he wold. Vdeo stors mshroom on pactilly v lok, edcng dlC raks ofhe employed. Or id loo to medi briies as modes r steer hir lves by ad ou onsiosness s lled wih ifomo bot doigs of ahletes d move stas ow cn all ths sss e hrml? fwe ssess treds oly fom the po of viw of acal oom lne, hn thr is nohing wong. Bu one ount" lso the ongtrm ffec of gen;ton addited to pssve entertaimnt th osy piu will look gim indeed How to void th dang of poazing li into work tht is inglss beaue it unr and leisre hat is man ingls aue t has no prpos? One possile way out s uggeted y he xampe of the creative individls dscued in th pios chapter n their lives, wok nd play a indisile as they e r people lving i n tditiona oties But unke e ltte eatve psons hve no etrenched io oen momen n tim They e he est kowledge om h pst nd h preset t dscoer way of eig n he tr o he exten ha w can le om them, is no onge ay aso dd ee me \¥ork itslf eoms as oyale s is, ad when oe ds ; eak fom , esre s lkly e true retio inead of a scheme or dlling the mnd. I fone's j o s yond dmpion he othr solion is to mk su tat ee time at eas will be a real oppoi o ofor exporing the potenial of the self and h nvnment. Luckily, the world is absolutely fl11 of teresng things o do. nly lck o imgnation o ck of engy snd in the way Othrwse eh of LS cold be a poet or musician an inntor or ploe, an amate schoar cen tist rst, o oll
RLATIONSHPS AND QUALITY 0 L
SIX
9
ng was stng aone n he then havng akst and eadng pap hen the page signaled she aed he happness 5 on a sa whre s sa an ery happy hen the net sgnal aed at I : sh was sll alon soking a grette saddened y the hoght a he son was ao o e away t a difeent ty Now he hapiness ha fallen to a � At 1 :0 n the aenon aah was aone amng th lVng rom happiness dwn t I . By : P.M she s n the akad swmmng wth the gandchldren happiness s a perfet 7 ut ess han an ho ate, as she s ang the sn a d tng ead a ook whil he ganhiden splash h Wh 'atr he happness ang s wn [0 2 agan "My daghJIlaw should ae hose at n han mo" sh wes n �he ESM sponse shet A we moe hugh the ay, hnng ao people and nteang wth them pay onstant s on o moods .
.
Relationships and the Quality of Life
\hen hinkng abou what auses the est and he wost moods n lfe, chanes ae yo wold th nk of othe people. A lor or spouse can ma yo f wnely aed but aso itated and depessed; hlden a e a lessing < pan; a wor fom he bss can mae ak a ay Of a l he ngs we nomally d inteaon with othes s the least pe dctable At one mom t s ow the ne apathy 3ety eaxaton o edom Bease of the power a ntea tins hae on ou mind lnians hae deeped foms of psychtherpy that depen n mamizng pleasant enon tes wth thes Thee s no out that well-eing s eeply ane to eatonshps and ha conscosnss esnates t the feeda we eee frm he peope Fo eaple, Saah one of he peple w sdie with he Epeence Samplng Meho, a 10 on a Saay mn·
mst soetes pepe epen on the soal ontet o an en greae etent han in he tehnologcal est e e iee that h ndida shu e e ee eeop hs o he ptential and at leas sine Rsseau we ae me to hink of se as a peerse obsale o pesona llmen Ln onast the adtional view, spall in sa, as een tha th ndval is nothng ntl shapd an ened hogh ntaton with othes nia pvs one of the leaes eamples of how his woks. he assa Hndu cu e has taken gea pans o nsr that m inany t od age memes onfo to appopa deals of ehaio e nd pesn s pded onsiosy and eleraty dng a sees f cletie eens hese evns ae sa1:kal, l )e as that are ndamental and ompsoy I the f� f a n, wtes ynn ar Sms help o shae de a aduts y ging the new ules f n dut or eah sesse step n ife. h nda psyhoaalyt adh Kaa wt half face tiously kar a he rght te at the gh time:
�
8
FINING FOW
The concpualizaion of e hman li cycl foding in a erie of tag, wih ach ag having i uniqu "ta and he d or an ordy pogio thogh he ag i an blihd par of raditiona Indan ough . . o o h maj or hrs of hee ril h e gadual ingation o h child ino ociy, wih h a i wr, baing im o a mead movmn tha ak th child awa rom h oiginal mohr-ifan mbioi ino he ldgd mmrhip o h commuiy But ocialaio no on hap bhavior i alo mold concion o h xpcaion ad apiraon of te c r, o ha w el ham w hn oh ob our ailing and gui whn w fe ha w have lt oh down Hr oo clur di normoly in m of ow dp h l dpnd on inalied community epcaion; or in anc Japan hav everal wod to dcri n had ing o dpndnc oblion and poibiliy h ar dcul to ranla ino Englih beca i ou ocial nvi ronmnt we hav no larnd o perienc uch ling o e am n n pa accordng o Shinao Ry, a per cpive Japan journali h pical ndividual "wan o go wrevr oth go; even whn h go o he bach wim h avoid h ncowdd plac bu chooe a po wh popl ac praccaly on op of o anohr i no difcult o wh w are o nmhd in ou o cial mili boh mnall and pyicall v our prima rlaion h ap ha live in Aian jungl and avan na av larnd ha n they a accpd b h op thy wo' liv long; a oitary aboon will oon all p to lopad or ha Our anc rald a long ime ago a hy wre ocial animal tha y depndd o h grop no ony or protcion bu alo fo laing h amn ti o lif h G wod idot original man omon wo lived b himl i wa amd ta c of om co
LAONSIPS AN QUALIY O FE
8
ny intactio uch a pron wold b mall incom pn n conmpoay pliat ocii hi nowldg i o deepl ingrained ha a pon who li o ao i aumd o be a wi or a nomal po wod no choo o lav company o oh unl orced o do o cau ntcio a o impoa o kping con cioune in baanc i mpoa to udad how hy affct and o a how o urn hem no poiiv ah han ngativ pinc wi verting ele one can no jo raionhip for f \V m xpnd a certain amou o pchic nrgy o ap hr bn f w do o w nding oulv in th ho o a chaac in who cocldd ht ll wa oh popl laionhip 1 lad o ord i coco iad of pychic nropy ha o mee a lea wo condion Th o nd om compabiliy bwn our goal and h o he oh pon o pon Thi alway dicul n pricipl, given ta ach pacipan in th acion i bond o puru i or her eiert Nvthl in mot iaion i on loo o i on can dicove a a a hrd o hard goal h cond codition for a ccel nio ha on b willing o inv antion in te oh pon goalnot an a a ihr coniding tha pchic energy h mo nial and cac rorc w own \Vhn hee condon a m, i i pobl o g t mo vaa rult rom bing wih ot pop�o xprienc h ow tat com rom opmal nacion
A
h mo poiiv peienc pop por ar al hos wi ind Thi epecially u 3dolcnt ( r ) bu i rmain u alo n t la a o if Popl ar gnrall mch happ d more motivated wh wih find gadl o wha ty a doing v dig and ouhold cho which dpss mood wh don alone or wih h fam com poiiv princ wn don with riend i not diic o wh hi
8
RATIONHP AND TH QUAY OF F
FNDNG FOW
shouJ e te ase. \t frend the ontons for an opt mal nteraon ar sally mamze We oose them be ase we see ther goals as ompatl wth Ors, an thc relaonshp s one of eqalty Frienshps are expete o prove mal enes wth no eterna onstrants that mght lea explotaton leally frenshps are never sta t: tey prove ever new emotonal an nelletua smu laton so that the relatonshp oes not fae nto horeom or apath W t nw thngs atvtes an avenres; we eveop new atus as, an vales we get to ow ens more eepl an ntmatel Vle man low atv tes are enjoyale only n the shor run, ease ther hal lngs ar soon ehauste frens offer potentally nnte stmulaton throughout lf honng or eotonal an n telletual slls f orse, ths eal s not aheve ve on Insta of promotng owth, ensps oten prove a safe ooon where or self-mage an e preseve wthot ever havng to hange The speral soaty of eenage peer grops suuran lus an ofee kthes professonal assoatons rnng es, gves a sootng sense of eng part of a l-ne st of people wthout emanng effort or growth n naton of ths trn s shown n r where we see that onentraton s usually sgan lower wt frens tan n sote Aparentl menal effort rarl nvolv n ypa frenl eratons In the worst ass whn a prson wth othr los s omes to epen exlsvel on other rootless nvas for emotonal supprt frenshp an e estrtve Uran gangs elnent gups an errs els are usually mae p of nvuals whher eause of her own fal or ease of rmstanes�have not fon a nhe in any ommny an hav only eah other to onrm ther ent ts n sh ases grow also happns as a rslt of C rela tonshp fom the on of vew of the major s malgnant growt
Figu
How Teager Quai of Eri Chag Dire Soa Co 0 ;
Srng
COlce!on Mv
0) 0. '
0' o 01 -0.2 0· 0·
n • \ P
• W frnd�
The 0 oint i ts !1 fr h ava quly of exerie rrted thogu t wk. lings of ines n ngh vy siniintly wors lone, an beer wit friends; mtit i very igl wit ns. Sml tens are hid om ll ESM uie, wht wih dul o n in hi ounry o bro izniyi n L� 84
ompare to the othe man fcaus of soal nvron ment however, frcnshps ofcr O e most emoonal rewarng ontxs n UC mmeate present, an the greatest opporues for evelopng one's potenal n the long ontemporay lfe however, s not vey sutale for sustanng frenshps In me atonal soees a pcrson remans n onat hroghout all of hs or her lfe wh the ens ma n hlhoo e geographal an soal moly n e nte States s hs almost mposse ur hgh shool ens ar not he sam as se we mae n grae shool an ollege ienhp are resue one moe en one oves om one jo to another om one y to C next, an age transn rnshps eome vr more speral La of u ns s oen the man omplaint of people on ontng an emotona rss n te seon half of fe
90
FINDING FLOW
nice dy essrs us tht we exist ecuse othe peop noic us nd are cncened ot o welfare. hus te fndamentl uncion o even the most rone encountes s rni 7liltf1n1c, whc s ndspensal es conscosness dsintea intO cas In ne wi suc easons people in gne port muc owe moods when one than when ey ae wi otes They ee ess appy less ceerl less stong nd mOC oed, more passive more lonely The only dimensin f eperinc ha tends to e hger one is concenttin \hen irst ring bot tese ptterns, many tlOght pesn e incrdos: Ths cnot be tre," thy sy, "/ lov to be n nd sck Ot soide when 1 cn" I n fct i is possib t e to k solit, but it oes nt cme eas· iy If on is an rtit cienist or witer; or if one has a hbby r rich inner ife, ten bing lone is not ony enjoyable bt ncssay Reatively few individas owever mste the mentl oos tht wl mak is possile Most peple as ovrstme teir aiy tolJ so de se nduced n Gmany by Elzbet Noleumnn shows e amsng engs o wic we go o dlud orsees in hs respec She showed tousand espondnts O pres of a mountan andscpe. ne pc eturd a madow cowded wi ies e o he sme scene bt wih only a few people hen se asked wO sions e ft ws: n whc of these wo pa(es wd you prr t spend your oidys? Abo 60 pecent chos th dsd medw nd only 34 percen he cwded on h scond questin ws n which o tese two pces d y think most mn would prfe spend thei hoidays" thi, 6 1 pecent nwered tt te crowded scene wod be their comptriots' fst chice nd l pcent he lonely one 1 ere as in mny sima situtions, on n lern more bout tre preferencs by istening to w pople sy others wnt rathe han to what tey am tey w1t thmselves
REATONSP S AND TH QUAn O F LIFE
91
Hhhr we lik e slide or n however in our mes we mst b abe o pt up with som o it t s dct to ean math o pcice the pin pgam 1 compt r g ur t e prpose o ne's ife whn r pepe are arnd The concntraon eqed rdr ugs in conscosness s easiy irpted bY ; exrnous wod, b y he ncessy o py ttntn to ;oer psn Tus we find t doescn who feel that they mst alwys b with friendsand e re usul) youngrs whose famies provid ittl emtona suppoend nO hv the pchic energy ncessa} for compl eing ven wth p ior menl ptitd the dd of solide pvnts thm frm dveoping their talents. If it is te tt oneiness ha bn a constn thet to u mnkind, strngers hav been no less of a proem Gener y we ssme ht pople who dier rom by nsip lnage, race reigion, education, social csswl have gas at crssprposs from ors and erfore mus be wched wi suspicion. ay umn grous usuay as sumed a ey we he ny e humans, nd those w ho did no sae the cule were not Even tog geneticaly we ae al lated ctural drnce V seed to renorce or isoon om ech otr. Becse f tis wenever differen gups h v come into contct tey have been t fn ble t ignre ch thrs umnity nd re e ter" as an nemy tt in cs f ned cd b dstroyed wtht OO mch c ompunc tion is is tu not ny of eadhnters in Nw in L f osnn Srb nd Msims, is Cathoics nd Ptstnts nd n in�ny of the conic btween cs and creeds brly immring undr th rface f civilz tio he rst re mting po of dvese i identis wee h great cties rse ot eight thsnd years g in many dieent pas o he world fom Cin to nd o
94
FNDING FLOW
direed personalits n urnt psyhologia eseac ex toveson and intovesion a onsided e mOS stab pesonai taits that difeena pope fom e � oth md that can b iaby measured Usaly ech 01 s tnds to be o o e othe eie ong t nat wth popl ut fing lost when alon o nding deight n solitude but nabl o elate o people Vich one of thse 1)s s os liey to ge h bst out of life? ut sudes oid onsistent eidnc that otgoing, ove peope a happier, mo heeful less stessd, moe sene mo at peace wih msls than introerts Te onsion ses that etrovrswho a oght to e born no madget a bter dal in ife aand In s case, oweve, I ha soe svations abot how h data ave be itpreted n of the manfesations of xtrovsion is to put a positv sn on thngs whi iovets ae moe po to be resed in dsing he nn stats o te qai of xeince ight b siiar in boh goups and on} the eprting iffes A t soluon is suggstd by th sudy of eave md vias nsad o ing ith xtr o intovrts s pop se t prss both tais n pcess going abot their lives the sterotyp o th "sota g nis is song and does a a basis in fat ftr al one must gnal be aloe in oe to wie pain o do x iments in a labrator Yet over and ov agan cratv indivdals stress mpotance o seeng pop, heaig popl, hangng idas and getting to now anothe prso's work. h physist Jon Achad heee pesses ths poin wh gat dietnss: f Yt don't kick things aou wth peop yo a out of i Nobody I aways sy an b ayboy without somboy eing arund noer otanding scintis Fman Dyson pesss wth a nac opposte phass of this dotomy i his wor He poin t the doo of his ofc an says:
LAIONI PS AND T H QUALY OF LlFi
95
Scice is a vy gaius sness i essenially the dffenc beee havng ts door op and avig t su \A/ 1 am doing since I h'Ve t doo opn . Yo want o b al cilC time talin g wth pople . bcaus i is oly hy iterang wih ot pople that you ge anyhing inesting on t is esential a comm nal entpis The a new thngs apping al the m and yo should kp aast an kep yoslf awar of wa s going on. You ms be ostanly akig. B, of ous wriing is dient. Vn I am witng hav te door sht and en the oo mh sound coms tho gh, so v o wn I am wrg I go and h i he libra It is . solitay gam
on R the CEO of Cico who has led his company scsflly hugh som bunt ties, as ult t al ao been nnedrecte reon and intnse soia intactio into his daiy tin I'l an ay moing y J gt p at ; always ge ot o th sower abo 530, ad I tplly y o wo ihr a
hom or a ofie a thats whn I o a goo bi of my thinking and pioi setting . I t o kep a easonaby ie uni 30 o 1:. Then you gt n olved in los of tansations. If you a chairman o the opany i like ng a trbal iftain People come ito you oe and alk to you Even n the v piae am of he ats e abiity to itrat is ssnial he sclo na oltn desibes wl th o of soabili in r wo ou ally cm' wok entirly alone in you place Yo want to a a low atis com an tal things oer wth you: "How dos that si yo Y ha to have som SOT[ of eback You an sing etily by
96
FIN DING flOW
yoursel . tn cvennally yo now wn ou gi to show yo have o ave a wl neork You hav t gt to know gal popl you hav to gt t ow ole wo work i o d who are inolvd And ou ay wat to d ot whee yo wsh t e par o i or not part it ut yo annot hlp eing part f a llowshp yo now? The way ths rative ndviduals cofro lie suggsts that i s ossbe to be bo extroeted ad nvrtd a th sam tie In fat xprssing t ll rag fro innro ouer-dieede mig be the omal way of bng an. \"'at is anoral is to gt oed n at on o th ends of this onnum, and ern ife ony as a gegao, o onl as a soltar big Cetai ly temeame ad soialization will ush uS in one or t thr diretio and afte a wh i beomes easy o a i wi these ondioig frcs and lea to rlish itr soial intraion or sold ut no oh. To do so owevr rtais the ful rage o what humans an eerene, ad diminshes the ossities of joyment in lif
- SEVE N
Changing the Patterns of Life
A
ew years :g a
cihy-ree-yar-ol a wr e one of mt tuhig lttr I :v ever rived fr a readr. Aftr " rld \V ar I, wrt he had a sldie in th ld artile stained n the Sth hy ed hr t p�dl th gn arriag and ater nuvr they oftn hhd thm ad playd gae p Drng ho gae
h clt
he ad hat nly p
t
e o
,
10
CHANGING H 'ATRNS OJ
NDI NG OW
a was so amazing aout Linus Pauling is ta even at iey yeas of age h kpt he ethusiasm an ciost o a youg chl Evehng he d o sai was bubbing wth eergy Dspie the arly avest and he lat ar h ded 3n ovious i d vive And there W no ee ao ow h did t n is ow wors: "I just wn ahad dong what I ie to o" Som will nd uc 11 attitd iresosil how CH omone aord the seindulgence of doing only what h liks to do? But th poit is a auling�and th many othe who shae hs attitlk o do amost vrig, o matte w icult o tria ncldng the higs they a foced t do The only ting ty etly don't ik is wastig time o it is nO that thir lif s obectivly tter a }ors o mne bt a thr nsasm o t is sh a most o what they o nds providng m wi w eperecs Recently the ha n a ot wittn aout how pople a bo h wi a ay a sa tpamn, a thre i not that mc one an o chang it you ae o b a appy person you wil stay that wY no matt how much ad luck you ncounter If you are no, a strike of good luc ma lit you moo fo a sort whl bt yo will soo rn t h lukewarm aveag moosene dome by gnes I f this wee then i wold e hopess to ty changing the ality of ons ie Bt ti erinit sc naio is coect ony insofa as t extovet exbeanc ta s on miaken or hapness is concernd hat seems indeed a fairy sta t o a prson's chaact s diren sy howevr if by happiness we mean t le obv10us enjoent of le that ow povides . a rae M logia dy of tenagers o instance Jl Hke ound tat abot 60 pecn th ao lcns ort t sam euncy of w over a nwk rio masue to ya aart thos who had mch o i alie stil had i later a thoe w had lttl
11
bnc.
aly a ltl o yas Bt the raini pcnt changd oer t sam r haf orng sigcantly ore o (measre as highhalnge, i xpei nces) haf ss Thos whose eqency of ow ineasd ar late pnt mo tim stung and ls n av lesur an h leels of concenaon slfstm enjoy mnt an es as signicanly i a at of he teags whose frq of rasedalhough o . e \o OP had eportd e ualit of years ar t IS Importa not hat he tns whos ow peece incease d not rport bng happir a os ho ecease beaus of get difencs n the o dimnsions of xren it afe to concud at he appinss reportd y low o gop was m shalow and lss aunic Ths suggsts that i is inded ossible impr qualty of ons ife y isng syi lat ae moe likly to poduc fow actVtes
[\:0
Becase or most of ob is su a al part o l, t is ssnal a s acvt b as noyale ad waig as ossible t many opl fel ta a ng as they get dcnt p y and som ec rity, i docs not matt how oring o ae nat. g ter o uh a ade owever amouns o t owig away amos pecen os wang le A sce o es is goig t take toule of m ak g su tat we enoy our wk it makcs sns for ach of us take n ti responsibliy Galy ee ar e main rasns ta os a snted Th st s a ob s ontit os o goo to anyone, and in fact it may e armfl ome gonment mployees, highpressur salesmen, an scins wokig i s ike amamns or the tobacco ndus ave age In some havy nia o lerae what ey do fo a I. vmg The s econd ason is that t wok is boing and r. no vai o callnge Afte a w a, n; It pdes n ca o it n' ep and aU i ovides is a lig
"
0
FINDNG FOW
stagnaton rater tan gowth T trd roblem with obs s tat tey are often stressfl; especially wen one cant get aong with on's speiso or coeages who eect oo much or do not recognize ones contribons. Cona to poplar opinion concerns for more mone ad secrity ar say no as imortat as tese tree in dtermnng wheter one wi be saised with ones ob o nt Eve if we dot wan to admit t e abiity to overcome mos obstaces is thn our ands. e cant bame am, socie or isr f o work is meanngess, dul, or strss f Admitted tere are not oo Ian optios hn e re ai: hat or job s seess, or aca harmfl Peaps the oly oice is to qi as qucl as possible, even at the cost of severe nancia ardsip. n terms of the boom ine of ones ife it is alas a better dea to do sometng one feels good about tan somethng hat may make s maeriay comforabe but emoonay miserable Suc decisions are notoriously dct and eire grea ones with ones Hanah endt has shown wit regad to Adof ic mann and he other employees of the Nazi xermination camps it is eas o disise te rsponsbiit for eve te cod�blooded mrde of tosands wt te exse "I on work ere." he pschoogists Ann Coby and \Viiam Damon ave dscrbed man idividas who hav gone to extreme engts to mae ter wok meanigfl people who have eft a norma existence in ordr to dedcate emseves to mak ng a dfeenc in te lives of others One sch erson s si ade o was driing from one loaying and boring service ob to anothe on he West oast with o prospects for anyhing beer. en duing a visit to Mexico se saw the garbage is at te otskrts of Cidad Jae, where hdreds of omeess rchins survived by savengig. Susie fod ere peope who wre even more despeae han se was ad discovered she ad te power to sho e cidren a bettr a ive se bi a mission hose among
CANGNG AENS OF IF
0
he rese stated a schoo and a clnc and became own as the Qeen of the Dmps Sort of mang sch a dramac swic ere
ND ING FOW
and achieveent Here too oe needs to epend lditio:1 sychic eerg o reap the desired beets. \Viho ut some efort a ul ob il just sa} d ull. The basc solutio is qite sie It 'olvs ag ose aenton to each step nvoed n the job and the asking: Is is step necessar) Vho needs i? If t s reall necessay ca i be oe beer, faster oe ecen)? H'hat addtonal ses co uld ae my contibutio more valable Our attiude to work us ual) nvolves spndig a lot o eort yng to cut coes and do as little as possibe. B tha s a shosighed strategy Lf one spe the same ao un of attention trig to nd ways to 1Ccompish mor on the ob, one would enjoy working moreand probbly be more sccessul at it too Een some of the mos imptan disoveies come about whn the sentist, paying attention to a routine process notices something ne and unusua that needs be explained \Vlhe C. Roengen discovered radiaon whe he noced at soe photogaphic egatives showed sgs of being exposed even in the absence o ght; Aexande Feming discovere eiln hen he oticed at bacteial c ulUes wee ess ese on dshes that ha ot been cleaned and ee oy; Rosay Yalo disoveed the adioimm unoassay techique afte she noice hat diabecs absorbed isuln slowe than ormal atients isead of aste as i ha been assed. n all hese casesand he records o scence ae ll of siibr ones-a humd event is ransformed nto a
mao discove that cnges the way we live becase someone paid ore attenon to it than e siion seemed to warrant If Archimedes, oering himself into the bah, had only tho ught, "Da I go the oor wet agin, lt ill the missus say?" hankind might have had o wait another ew hundred years to understand the prnciple of uid displace men As alow describes her own eperiece: "Somthing comes u, 1d )Ol ecognze ha t has happee Sounds simple, bu most of liS are usualy too dstracted to recogize when soething h'ppes
CaNGNG H ,aTNS Of L
mine changes can reslt i gat discoveres so sal adjuset can u a rouine job oe deas ito professional erformace oe can look oard o w acipao each mornng Frst, one ust pay ateno so a to uner san horoughy hat s hapenng ad WhY secod i is sse1 not to accept passivey ha hat is hapening is the n} ay o do e job; then one needs to eerain alterna ves ad to xpeen th hem until a be way is ound \hen employees are promoed to more challengig posos, it s usally because they followed thse steps i ther prevos jobs But even i f no one else notices he worker who uses sychic energ this way will have a more satising ob ne of he clearest eamples have eve seen wa whe I did esearch in a factor hee audiovisual eqipment was being assembled on a produton lne Mos of te workers on the line were bored and looked down on eir job as somethng beneath them Then e Rco, ho ha a completely dferet e o hat he was dong J Ie acually hought his ob as dclt and tat i took ea skil to do t e he as ght Athough he had do the same sort o bog tas as eveyone else he ha traie hmself to do it wth he ecoomy and he elegance o a vroso About our hude imes each day a ovie camera wou stop at hs saon and Rico ha fothree secos o check whether the son ystem met specicaons Ove a pero ofyears, eperienting th tools and p:erns of moton he had been able o reduce the verage ime t ook hi to chec each amera eneight seconds He s as proud of this accomlihment as an mpc ahlet old be if af er the same mer of ears spe prpring, he cold rea he foro second mark in the meter sprint co did ot get a medal for his record and redcing the time to do is job did not iprove production, because the line still kep moving at the old speed. t he love he ehilaatio of us ing his skills ly "Its beer than anythng elsea whole lot bette than watchig " d because he sense that he
0
ND NG FW
was getting close o his imt i the presen jo was takig vening crss for a diploma tha wuld pn lP new op tios fo hm in eectronic enginrng It il com as no srpise tat the same typ of appoach is eeded fo sovng e prom o stess a ork, sic stress is derima to achevig ow I common usage, te wrd stress" appies both to the tnsion we fel, and t is eternal causs This ambiiy leads t the errnes as smpn that tenal stess ms inetay s in p!chc discomo Bt he agai e s no ontoone rlaton e e ojecv ad e sbctiv; xa stress (which to avod consio w mght call srain) need no lead to ngtve expriences It is tue hat pple feel anxios wen hy percei te chalenges in a siatin as far excdng r sis, ad a they ant o avoid axiey at al cost B th prcpio of caenges ad sls rss on a subjectiv valaon a is amnable to chang At ork, thr ae as many sorces f srain as ere ae in life itlf: unpectd crises igh expectaons, nslble pobem f al srts H dos on ep them from bcomig sss? rs step conss i sabishg poies amog dmands that crd ito conscosess The moe esposiblites one has, t more essentia i becomes kow what is truy impoan d wha is nt Sccess pepe en mak lists or lowcas of all the thin hey ave to do, and ucy decde hc tasks they ca deegate or forget abot, ad ic ones hy have to acI pesonaly ad n wat odr omtims ths act es te frm f a rita, hch li a ias sees in part as a eassrance that thng are undr conr Jhn Rd CEO of Ciicorp, spends time each moing setting his prrities. am a gea lster e says, I hav wety sts of ings o do al me I I eve ave ve e mis I si and ma ists of igs a I sld be wong abot " But it is no necessay o b s systemaic some peope t their memoy and experince and ake their choices mor int
CHANGNG TH 'ANS F i
0 7
ively The imprtant thing is t dvep a personal strate to sme kind o rder r prioriies are set, som pople wi cnrnt rst the easiest tas on he ist and ear the desk o mo dct oes others pceed n erse ord because hy eel that ar daing i togh ims the asie os wil ake ca of themseves Bo srategies rk, but for difret pepl whats important i fr each persn t nd u hich one t est ig abe to creat rde amog e arios demads hat cowd pon coscosess w go a ong ay oward preventing sress e x sp is o mach ons sks wth havr chaenges av ben idend. ·ere w b tasks we fee incompetent to da wthcan they be delgated somene lse Can YOl lea the skis ruired in tme an y get hp Can e ask asformd o on up ito simpe parts Usay h answe to on of tse qestions wil provd a souon a transfos a ptenay stssl siaion ino a l epeince. Non of ths will happn hevr i one responds to e strain passivey ike a rabbit ozen by the headights f an oncoming car ne m ivs attnn t e ordg of tss no e anayss of what s qied to compe em, no h sategies of sotion Ony y eercisig cont can strss b avided d hie eeryone has h psychic energy nded to cpe ih strain f larn t use it cars o creativ individuas giv some of th es exampls o ow on ca shap ork o one's n eqimets Most ceave pesons don foo a caree laid out r em, t inent [ir o as they go aong Aists inent thir n stye of paining, cmposrs heir on micl ses reative scientist deveop n eds of science, ad mak it pssie o eir sccess to av careers in thm. hre wr no radiologiss before ongn and ther was o nuear medicne befor Yaow and hr ceas pihat d her were no auto wkers bfor enre prencurs ik eny Frd uit P the rst productin ins
d
d
8
FINDN G FOW
vusly vy few peple can sar entrey ew lies f work; most o us will folow the ob descipton of cOvntio careers Bt eve e most route ob can beet om he knd o ansfrmng enegy that ceave individ als ig o wa ey do. Gerge lein, a " biologist who heads rewned resea deparme at he Karolinska nstiute in Stock olm llstrates wel how sch people appoac er work ein lkes wH he does enormosly, ye there are w pes ofis jb hat he haes e is waing at airport terminals whc he has to do oen ecase o hs ve sy schedle of ieationa meeings The othe aspec e de tests is wriing the e\itable an prposals to govemet agecies that prde the ndig for hs research eam These to oig as were depeing s psychc eergy and buldng p dsstfacton with hs work Yet they could nt be avoided hen lein had a ash o ispration: Vha if he comned hes tasks? I e cod we is gra apcations while waiig for planes he wold sav half e time previously devoted boring tasks o mplement this srat he bougt e best ke tae recoder he cold nd, ad startd to dicte grant proposals whi waiig or inching oard at arpor soms ies These aspecs f is b are stll objectively wha ey wee efore bu becase h ook conro len tasformed em amos into a Ue is ow a callenge to dictate as mch as pssle whie wat ing ad instead of feelg that he is wastig me at a borg task he eels eergied n every airlne ight oe sees dzes of men and women working o their lapop mpers or addig cums of s or highightng tehnical acles they are reading Dos i mean a ike erge Klei they e enerd y hvng mbed ravel wi wrk t depends o whethe they fee obged to do so, o wheer hey have adopted his strategy to sae me or gai efiency. In the s case working o the plane is lkey to be stressful rather ha
CANG NG PATNS OF
9
owpoding. f t is someig one eels one as o do, t wod perhaps be better to look at the clouds elow, read a magaze, o chat wth a fellow passeger tad Beside� ork, the o maor aea that impacs o e qa of fe e nd of relationships we ae. And there is ofte a coc beeen hese two s tha a perso who lovs wk ay egec amy and frends, and ie ersa. The netor acob Rabinow desciig ow his we fees oen gnored ehs wha all people dvoted ther work woul say m so inoved n a idea I'm worng on get caried away that I'm all by myself ' m no lisning to what anybody says 10re not payng aeon to anybody. d ted to dri away rom people t cold b that if I wer not an invenor u had a roune jb Jd a ome ad d pay more aento to sped more tme them So maybe people who do like heir obs love thei home mor
There is qite a bi o uth to his remark, and the reaso is smple Gie tha :enon is a limtd resorce, when one goal akes up al Our psychic enegy there s none le Ovr Nereless, it is difcult o be happy i f one neglecrs eit� e of ese o dimensios Many people married o ther Jobs ae aware o i and nd wa o compensaing i ther by choo1 an nderstandng spose or by be ng e . arefl 1 ther atetion Linus Pa was vey oe abou Isse "I was onate I elieve ha my
Wfe felt her duty n life ad her pleasue i life wold come
om her familyher husband ad chld e Ad at the way she could st contrbte oud be o see o it hat 1 wold not be botheed y he poblems 'oled n the hosehold; tha she would sete al of hese problems suc
1
NDNG FOW
a way that I coud dev al of my tim to y wo" But fw peopeand epcialy fw wOenould a 1hl\e a omae a Paulng in hi espct more reaisti veu to i way to balan th man inglnss of the rwads w ge from wo ad from rtiohip For espie the fact ha almot eveone ais the amy i the mos mporant coe n ther lives ver ewspeiay few menbehav as if thi wre the case rue mot marid men ar onvind ha hir lves ar deiat to e family an om a matrial sandpoit ths ght te But it take more han food in the idg an [o ar in he gaag o keep a amy gong A group o people is kpt togehr by wO kd of enrgy: mateial ey provided by ood, warmth, physica ar, and moy; an the phc en of peope inesng aenio in each othe goa. Unle pare an chlen shae ida mo tion aciviis, memori, ad drams their rlatonhp wil suive ony bau i satiie matral need. a pyhic ntt, it wi s ony a he mos primiive e mazigly enough man pople rfus to ee this poin The mo wipread atde sm be tha as long as ma trial eeds ar provided for, a famiy will tak care of itlf it wil be a warm harmoious prmaent reug in a cold and dangerou worl It is er common to meet succe men in hir late rti ad ies who ar sned whn their wivs uddly la o their ildre gt ito eios troule Didn' thy always ov ther famiy? Didn't they ies al hei ener to mae hm happy? u, y neer had more ha a few mut each ay o ak but how could thy have doe oherwi, wih al the dmand from the job The uSal asumpion w make i a to achiee areer uce qur a geat deal o coos inesten of though and nrg. amily rtionship, by cotrat ar natura s thy dmand ie mntal effrt po will onne to be upportie, chiren wi keep mndng their
CHANGNG H 'ATN Of
11
parntmor o lssbecau i how famiies a sup pose o usiessmen now tha vn mst uccesl cmpany need contant atto, bcaue exerna an in tea onditions ar aways hangig ad ne to be ad jusd t. Entopy is a st fator, and if it is not attendd th compan} wil iolve Ye many of hm aume tha famiies are somehow eentnpy canno touch thm and o thy ae immune change Ther wre om gouds o such a bl wh familie were kp othr by extrna bon of oia contol a y ra bos of reigiou or ehica commint. Contractual olgatio have the advaae of main reaonhip pdctabl and savin n by cluding opion an the d for osan negotiatio hn marriage wa suppoed to e forevr i i o contan rt maita Now ha th integiy of he amly ha become a atr of persoal choi it canot uive xcep though the regula inio of p}hic er he new kind o family i lnerabl unle i can poide inrsic rwa is memer en mil} interactio povide ow i i in h elfret f ryo o ontiu the laionship. Yt becau familis r tan o much f grantd few pople hav arned to tranform e od e that ou because o tea obgations into nw O that ho ecause of the njoyment th provie hn as hom exhautd om thir job they hop hat big wih the family wll b a efortl, reaxing ivigoratng epeience ut o d ow in fami} reaions uire as ch kll a n ay othe compx activity he aadian author Robtson Davie dscrie one of h reaos hi marrag of four ear ha een o rewaring hakepa ha playe an xtraordinary role in ou mariag as a uc of utatios a joks an rfrenes, which ar athomes I fee that I am ucommony uc}
H AUOT ERSONAY
17
abslely nothing o o one elt as r oi g h: tr me a rahe eera siaon to n.
=EGH
\en e re ale t nfrn life i suh invlvmnt and enthusiasm e an e aid t have ahieved a <uttli e sonal ty.
utoeli" is a od mo o Creek roos: D/O (se l f an (gal) A < oei c ativiy is one o for its ow a eae o eince t is e man al For iane if I layed gm hess ria y to enjoy the game that ame oud e an atotli exeriene me; hereas if I played fr mny or to aieve a om e itive rnking in th he old h same game ould be ri ly that i moivtd by an ousde goal i to onalty, autotelic enotes an iiviual who gnlly does ig for teir ow ae rther han in or o aci eve some bcr extenal goa Of ouse n ne is l a ei c ecaus e al av to thin ven if e on' en j o em ither ot a en f duty or neces Bt the re is a grad'tion, ranging from individuals h amst never fel ut hat tey do orth dong for its own sake, to othrs wh feel that most anyhing hy is imotant nd vlable n is on rght I is to ee late individuals a th t aOei c als n auotei person matral ossessons n i e e ainment, omfrt or fame ease s c o h he r she does is aray rearng. Bese sc ersn eeience o in work, in famly life hn inerating th eope n eating and eve hen aln wi h nothing t o they ae l deendent on e extl re ard tht keep others mtiva te O go n t a lf coms of d l n meaninglss rotine hey a moe aonomos and indeendent eae ey cannt e as easiy manilated w thas rwars om outsi. t same time thy are mr involv ith everythng
es
The Autoteic Personalit y
Other thing eing equal a lf led with comlex ow ;Civitis i moe worth livig than onc spet conuming a ive entertainment In th word of a woman desciin g wha e creer means to he: "To be totally aorbed n what ou ae oing and enjo it so much that you do't wan t e ong anything l. I on't s e ow l sr vve f thy don' expernce oethi g le tha. " Or a he htian ann Vodward say f hs wor, wih invves tryin to undersn the dynam f the Ameran S ou th :
It ineret me I is ;1 ure of satisfatin heing omethng that one ink s mortant \Vtho suc a consi u sness or oivto ees to m tht ife coul be rathe dul nd prose e, nd I wou't wa to aemp that kn of lfe. Of ompete eis re sy, of having
8
NDN OW
T ATOEC 'SONA"
round m eue e r ll immer i e rren o le B how n one d u i meone i oel? T be meod beve peron er long period o m in m dieren iuaon A o e" o e knd po· gi u i no er pprprie, in pr be w i uh uee expee ha i would be rele e or po k hi or er epne A pnged inew o queionnaire m help bu pree o ue a more indir maur ordig o he heo pron ould b ow when 1CY pere boh hllenge in gin iio nd hei l o e hig So one w o mg ow u oL pon i i b comn he equn wih wi he r bg i a hghalnge higil iion ovr wee o png e xpeien amplig Nhod e d ee ar pple who repor being i hi iuion oer 7 pere o he me and hr le h peen. We um h h ormer re more oeli h he lr Ung i mod we n oo a wh digie pe
ig rnag ofTi c S in ari is b Ai Tage s
• Sn(lyig bb o Sports
V
9
gu rcnag im Sn in Vaios Aii b nA agr
• !bb . TV
pe f Al-Gl
p woe epeiee r min uoei o oe wo rrel perine hi e. Fr ine in one d w ook a gop o udred e alened eeag, ad di vided hem ino wo goup who n high alenge hgll repo duig wee wa n e upper uaril e aei up and naed hm wih wh were in he lwe qurile he nonuoi grop) Ten we kd e queion Ae e o goup o olee uig hir m i dirn h mo iga o eween e wo grup re hown n g re ad Ea uoei eenger pen on e rge I pre o wking ime uding, whih i per eng poin moe ha a een in he oer group p ae eah perenge poin i rughl quian ne w n a in wee e el n p elee ho ing he or Te oher dferee ivoe hobbie whee e r
�
2 6
FNDN fOW
wi ite dirn propeties . Hydrogen and oxyg gases oig wat. Or sodi and <hoine omig sodium cloide Qite dieren substacs om he eemets [ha[ cmbined to m the compods So ev sice the I have spe m o my me tyig bettr o ndstand hemist And this mens �ally o understad he wold, the ae of e unierse t s mpotant o ntce that Paling was not a chid prodigy who asoished his edes wih incal b ilian n d Ie prsued his intrss on is ow without reogmt ltte spp a sard hm on a ong ad pducve e was a determntion to pricip;t s flly s possbe in he lfe aod him aze endeso, who has deoed her adt ife o starg organiaions fo the protctio of h niroment sch as Citiens o lean r desribs vvidly h ade o joyos nees sc peope shae: W'en [ was fve-you ow, lik where yo js open yor yes d k ud and sy "ow wh an nredb tip is is! \at he hel is going o? Vat am I supposed to be doing hee 've hd that questin i m all my life Ad I oe it It mas e dy very fesh nd en eer mong you wak p ad its lke the daw of creation.
But nt eeyone is fortunate to hav as mh e psyhi ee as Pauig o enderson Nos of s have ld to sa p o aetion o ope with the immediate demands of livig and hav itte of it e over t be inerested i the ate the iers our pla i the COSIS, or in aig se tht wil ot register as a gain o o ledger o f immedi a goals Ye wiho disntesed itrst ife s u nerest g. Thr is no room i fo wonde noelt, srp�ise or transndig he limts imposed by or fears and peJudces.
H ATO _OMA"
12 7
f one hs fid Q deveop cisi nd st in he early yeas i i a good idea to acqe them ow, beo it is too to improe the qai ofif T do so s faiy as n prnciple, but mor dict i pacic Yet t s s woh yng h irst step s to de\eop the hbit o ding whteer neds b done wit ncenated atteon, wit sk rath han nea. En h most rutine ask ik washing dishes, drssing or mowig the law become moe rewading if we approah thm wi the cae t would tae to mak a wr of a The 1t step s to transfr sm pshi energy e day fom asks that we don' Ii dog o m passie esre, no somethng we neve did before or somethng we oy doig but don't do oen nugh becase it sms too muh troble he ae ieraly millions of poaly ineresting thngs in tle world to see to do ea abo But ey dot becom acualy inteesng un we dte attnon o m Mny people will sy this advi is uselss [Q them becaus they aready hae so many dmands o er tim that they absol cnot aford to do anything new o in teresng. im sress has beome one of mos popla compai of he day B more oen than o i is an exse or not aking contol of our live ow many of the hngs ha we do ar realy necssay? ow any of the demands cold be reduced i f e pt sme nr int priiti ing, organiing, ad sreamlnng th roues that ow frie away o atention It is that if we et time run thugh o ngers we wil sn hve none eft e st ea hsband i carll) not so muc in orde o achee wealth nd secri in some disant ture bt in oder o enoy if n he hee and ow ime s what oe mst nd in order dveop interest ad ciosi o enoy life or ts own sake. The her eay m tat resoc is th biiy o cotrol psychi enegy ntead of wating o an xerna stims o chalenge o gab
28
NDNG OW
our io, e must o cocentte it mo o le il Tis biliy is eted o itees by feedbc oop of muul custio reforcmn f you re nteesd i somethng you il focus o t n if you focus no o hng t s ey you l come ieresed n i My o the hngs d iteesg e o so y nur, bu ecuse e o t trouble of pyig tetion o em i oe rs o oe m, ies d miners e o vr ppeing Nor re mos pope util e ou bout hei livs d hough. Running mr o limbig mou, te gme of bidge or ines dr re rhr borg eept o hos o e inveted eough tteto o rlie ei itic complexi one focss on y segm of rli ptly nite rnge of opporitie for ctiophyic menl o eotioni eveled for our sil to gge ih hr s ever good use for eing bored o corol tteon mes o cool experc d herfor e qui o e noio ee osciouse ony h e nd to . eno cs s le ee oute ents ou experece of em Ho mu sess expeiece pds moe o ho e e conol etio on ht ppes o us e eect of physic pi of mone oss, of sil snub depeds o o much enton e py to i, ho much room e o or it i consciousness. he mor psychi energy e ives i pil ee e more re i bcome d e moe etopy it irdces in coscoess To dey, reprss or ierprt sh eve is o souion eiher becue he ifoi ll p smoldig i e eesses of he mid diig y pyhc rg o eep i from spedig i beer to loo ufferig rig in he eye coedge d repe is prsc d e ge busy s soo s posiLle focusig o hin oose o s 0. sdy of people o ecme every hdcppe by i�ese o y ccidesd o prpegcProfesso
TE ATOC ERSONATY
29
Fuo ssimini h em ou th sevl hd dpted remrbly o ei gey cimed h ei ives h become bte s reu o h icp \ istnguishe suc iividul is hy decided o mse i imio oug n uprecented dscpie of i pychc engy ey ee o ve o om the smpes ss ie dessg ig und e ouse nd g c ose ho d e n fr eyod JUS egoig gi the bsic ts of l Oe becm imming icto ohes ecme ccouns tvd o py teio chess orets nd simmig mees o bme rchery chpio hoog m hchir h sme bili o som rgc siio ito lest oebe one i shon by vicims f errorist ho survive soiy coemcnt o prisos in coerio cmp. I such codiios the ouside rel" vironment is o brre d dehumnig s o idue dspir in mos peope ose ho suive re gor seecvely eter coions d o reirc eir eion o n n ne lif i oy o emsve is eser o o so f you no poy memcs, or some oer sysm of symos h los you o coert do mel o iou y ibe, meri props se exmpes sugges h o eeds e to coto enon pricipe ny ll or diiple oe mste on oe on il sere: medio nd pryr if on s so in cied; eercise rb mil s for hoe o prefer conerg on phic sil y spcilitio or expetise on ds joyble d on m impov ones oledge or tie he ipor hig heve is he itude ord hese disciins. f pry in odr to be holy o erce o develop srog pr mscls o les o be oedgele n g1t del of he be is lost. The impo hig s eoy e civ fo is o se d o o h mts is not he rslt bu e cool oe is cung oer o's enton
fN NG fW
Nrally, aento is drect by geneti nstrucon oca convnns, an ha we ad a chldn Theefoe t is nOt w who decide wha t bcoe awae of, wa nfomaton wl reac coniune. As a rst, ou ivs ar no ors i ay meanng ses; most of what w xeriene wil have een pogrammed fr us. \e lear wa is suposed t be wr seeing wha is no; what to re membe and wha o foet; what to fc whn we see a bat, a lag, or a peron who wosis God y difrnt rite; we learn wha is supposed t be worh livng and ng fr. hrough the years, our expernce wil llw the rpt wrttn by bol ogy and cuture. ·e only way t tak o\r th wnrship of life i by leaing di yhic enr i n lin with ur wn ineni
NINE The Love of Fate
\ethe we ie i r n les wl ae a mark on e nvrse . Eh peson's brt makes ries tat expa n t socal evioment: pares, sbl igs, rve and ends are e by nd we grow r acns leave a id o nqns indd s n Or consumer dsions ak a iny irn in the n pliia dsions aft th fue e communy, and eac kid o ma i sl ighly the oal iy of human wllbing. Prsn wh livs r uli h to rdue enry in he nisns f hse who ome in onac wih h e; h wh dev a hir pych enry t in r rsr nd rndzin hi w l d h sum l nry. One nn le life h is tuly xln wh eeling a ne bens sthng greater an mre pClnan[ han onese. Thi s n oncl sin th is n o a he vris reii on h hve iven eann people's lves l rou te long pcs human histry. Nwa-
3 2
NDNG W
das sil had om th grat advacs bought bu b scin ad tecolo w ar in dagr of fogtng his insight. he Uited Sas ad he her tehologially advad soieies dvidis ad aeialism ha al mO ompletely previled ov ;llegiae th ommu ad t spiital value t is signiCt that Dr njamin po whos advc abo chid raring was so mmensy inlunal amog a ea o genaons o parnt n he wlght o hs l du tha he te plad air on aing chlden to b ntterd indivdualits was suh a good ida. H now fl hat i is at least a etial or thm o la to wok r a omon good, ad :eciat religion, at, and he oth ineffable aect of lif. n fac, he warnig sgns ha we ha becom too am od of orsels ae many example i h iabliy of pop [Q fo commtmns which has resuld in ha th ura populaton n dopd ounts spending hr lvs aon and i he dissotion of suh a hgh poporion of mariags ohe h inreasing disilusiomnt ha pol rpo, i uey aftr surey with most of th insiutios hat we had pviosy ttd and wih the idiiduals who lead hem Mor ad mor, we sem to b or had i h sand o aoid haing bad new wihdawg into gatd communitis pocd b) amed repon a good prsona lif is imossble whi sayng aloo of a coupt soc as orat new and hos who ha id ude cnt da tohip hav found Lt would be so muh eaier i f we w spoibe oly for orle nfortaly higs do' wok at way A aiv esposibiliy or th of hmakd ad o th world of which we ar a pat, s a ncsary ingrdin of a good l h eal challeng hoer s to rdc nopy in oe urrounig hou icrasg t on onsiousnss Th Buddhist hae good p of adc a to how hi an
T V A
133
b donc: " Ac always as ifth of the Uir dpdd on wha you did, whl laghing at youelf o nng a whatevyo do maks any dince. It i h siou playls thi combatio of ocrn ad hmiliy, tha make it osibl to be oth gagd ad C< H'cfre at ame tim \Vi this attitd oe doe no eed t win fel coe· helpig o maitai ode in th unise beoms is ow ward gardl o cosquncs Then i s posbl o nd joy n whe ghg a osng bae in a good ,USC. r sep Lt ofthis mpa i to ga a a dradig of o' ehe imag ach pso deelop a who h o she is e ould' gt vy ar witu a self. But h downsde of h eliag is that a a it mrgs in early hldhood i begi to ontrol the est o conciounss Bau w id olve with bliing t b he nral ss of ou bing h s incasngy appas o b O only the mot imrtan among h contn of on scousss, butat las or ome popleth oly on worh pag attenion o Th danger i that o' ntir pyhic eegy will go ward satisig the d of the agia tity w hav oul cated hi might ot b too bad i the self we ing io beg is a aoable eti. But childrn who a absed may grow p uCing a hopss, or vndiciv, imag o slf; hilde who are indulgd wtho being lovd ay creae naisisc lv A lf may gow (Q b insatiabl or ha a cpletel xaggad idea of i impotace Psos who own sch a disOrd sf vrthes fl complled [0 sais it ds. I thy hk thy eed mo power, o moey, r love, o adtr, they will do evcrying to ai that ed v byod what i good or hm n th og nll . I h Ce a peos pychc ngy directd by a ilcoivd ego i likely O ase ropy in the enionmen a wl as within concosness ing wthout a sen ofself a n anima wil \ itse until i biological eds are atfd but o much rthr. It A
1
NDNG fLOW
wl aak a y nd tS rrtory h o a mate, bt when th mav ar akn are of t wl r howvr a man vlos a elfmae ad on owr or walth thr re no limts to hs erto He wll uru th oal st by the self elentlely vn f he has o ruin hi health n the ro ven if he l to dstroy oer eol alon th way. t not so srr, then, that so ay rlo hav amd th o for the aue o human nhan h radal a s to r e o y o alow t o dat res If w re to hd our nd y v u food s and all th vae that men trv for, th o w vntually have no ay n what to do, ad wll hrivl and de But her no way to omletely do away with th o and tll survve h only vale atenav o follow a ss adal oue and ma U that one to now o's s, and ura t uas s o o sarat those that rally h u to nava thouh le, om oe maat ow hat sout fom thm ad ma or lve mera hen aked what ha en h most dfult obstale to ovrome n s rr th novls ihard tern aswrd I k t that hy at of mye, that art whh desrbed y uh word as va r, ens of not n rad a I houd omaron wh oth and o o I've d athr hard to dln a And Ive n u ta th ha be nouh a ostv o nal m to ouer a kind of bons and rentme . whih Iv sn aralyz oleae of mn es wo ar mor ifted than v ft it n mylf. nd v had t earn to ou that I wou ay that he ostal Qnee o a of u, th ef ot3e o a oo lf ol Yt w lear to v wth , d lke ys nd a Wy to
H OV A
5
st te srn ong o t nds th lf can come a ed, a hepr, a rok po whh o uld a Jlng l . Srn gos on to dcr how a a wrte h can tam th nrdld go and make it do cratv wok: O cous ther ar thnTS in myself . whc know ar bad man tted weak th, hat or he oth thng I can raw trgth rom at . 1 can ransom tm Thy' ouc of sn. A a I sa arl e wrtr aes and ey'e h mara
O d not be an tst o ranorm th "1hy parts of th e nto a dpr undetandng of th uman odton H'e all hav th opony to us ambton th ned t be lovdvn aggressvnen consrctv way wi o g arrd away y thm Onc w ralz what ur mos ae, w ot far thm ay ongr [n tad of tag them rouy, w can smJ w compason a arogan of s of OUf magaon. \, o't ave to eed her ravnous hung cpt on ou own rm when to do o hlps us aciv somcthng wothwhl Of or th s air s; an done Eve sinc th Dp oac artd gvng th nible advc Kow thyslf" om hr thousa ya ago peopl who thought abot th gs agrd that on m rt come to ow and thn masr go bor marng on a goo lf. Yt w a mad v prog drco of se owdge Al oo oftn to who extol mot oudly the virtu of eessn tu out [0 e Iotvatd y gred 1d mbtion In ou cntu, te pojt of elf-knowldg has ee Ot srongly dntd wit Frudan analyss. Shapd by th radcal cm of bwar ya, pyhoanalyss st sgh modsty: ofe lfknowdg wtho aspg to tl what one houd do wth it oce attand. A th unrtan i ofrd roound a t wa was aso
INDNG FOW
amps The mora mplicain of ese ampes s ar} dferen but the mae he point that enoying wa e does is no a sufient rason fr ding it Flw is sorc f chic energy in that it focses aen tin and mtivaes actin Like ther frms f enrgy i is neuralit can be sd for onstucive r dstruiv pur poses. re Cn be sed to wam us up on a cold nigh or it an be usd brn dwn the house The sae is tru eerity or nucear ener Mang energy available o man use is an imoan ampisent, b eaing how ( se it wl is a least as ssentia. hus in creating a god life it is not nough strive fr enjo}'able gals bt lso hose gal that wil redc the sum total enopy in the wrld S where is one [Q nd such goas? It has een the ask of rgons to den enpy as i apples o human ars t was caled "sn and t nsised n ehao tha harmed e eson e ommuny, or s values Al socties tha have srvivd have had dene posive goas drect th en rg} of heir peple; make thm eecve the} raed supaal beng wh mmuncad te rules of right and wrong bhavior thrugh visions apprtions ad txs dic aed to special individuals like oss, Mhamd r Jseph mth Thse goas could no be justied nly in ers of our ives he and now bcause i on}' efe of ou ans were the ones we uld obsee n ths ie Cmon sense would dtae a we get as muh plasue and maeral advantage as we ca, even if we ust e ruhless in th prcess. Yet a coiy woud be desr}'ed if eveyon W motvated by shee slshness s al rligions ad [0 prvd a scenario fr wa happens [0 thse who act nly n rs of sinterestsuch as bing reincarnated in a lower form of if, or being frgoen, o gong t hel One man chalenges of our tie s dsovr new bass for anscendent gals tha t th whaever se e now abt the wrd new ve meaning t ife, if
H LOV O AT
141
yo wil bu one tat wil srve s for rese and th near uejust as ear yths have hled r Ctrs o mak snse f hir exstene relying h iages metaphrs and fs ow them But jst as th elemens f Ps mhs wr believed t be true those who sed hm, hav als o believe in th trh f his new dispen ation n th pas it was the pophes who vied the ns at gav power o e belefs o the mmunt Draw g on aiar iages ey ntmated that a supeme bng was speaing through he t l the people hw thy shuld behave and what the world bend r senss was ike here ma sill be prphs in t e uture claming knw uh things but it is lss ikely ha they will b believed One nsqnce of depnding n science fo slving mtria ls and on dmra o soving poia cons s a we have aed t dsrst the ison f a singe ndidual no matt ow nspired orse, the "ct o pesna iy i stil vey much aiv bu t s more teered y ealhy skepticism A dibe reveation wuld have o ave h[ lemet consnsus we h ome to expect from scinti truh and fm democra deisin making nsead of waiing fr prophcts we a disovr he oundatins on whic t buid a good life o the wledg sentss and othe hincrs a owly acumuang r are enough in abot ow the nverse ncons t ow wha nd of acins sppr the increase of compley and order, and what kind ead oward destruion \e ar rediscveing hw all frs f life depnd o each ohr and on he evi rmn w pecsely ah acn prdues a eal ratin How dicult i is reate rdr and use energ d hw eas it is waste i in disord \>Ve ea tha h onseuenes o acons ma nt e mmediaey visib, bt ay have efecs in ditant connetins, ecase evring ha exiss s part of an nronneed sysem 1uch o ths has ben arady aid in one wa anther in he religions o
;
h
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the Plains Lin tibes th Bddhit t Zstrans, and numb er bei sd a carfl san o if \ cotmporry science s is a systemaic expressio of these facts n a langug that has uhorty in our tes Bur re r ls thr, perhaps more citing isights lae i me scice For isnc th ims f reviy might suggest a way t rcncil th monothisti blifs tht hve been so sccssful in th lat /o millnia and the m frgmentd, iiscrac polyhisic forms y rece Th disdatage f polyteism as bee a whe ee actaly beev in the xstnc of sparat spiris emrges emons nd gs ah i its own chractr n shr f uthriy t cause a geat eal of conso nd dssiin f enn mng the cmpeng spirita entits stua o sngle God we by e sraelites the hrstians r h Mslims eordr he believer' cnsciosness reeasing tremenus amont f sycic rgy, which swept ther is sie Hwvr, e wnsd f mism s tht by specing a sigle suprme being it tended vlp into rigd asm ht relativiy ad th m rcnt discvris abo ct geomies my sgges s ht e same realiy may cgd dier ul s se n de pdig n th esectv f th viwr, he ag f vsion the time frame and the scal f obation one might se very ifrnt picres f e same udrlyng th hus tee s o d to rd s erey visons an insigh tha di rom th ls eand s chlden yt we aso o that te ar ocally vlid, mprary man[tions of a single derlying process of ormos cmplxit. ay e reet strnds converge oun the ocess of evoluon roiclly, wi D"n's oseaons wer justly see a thrat o ndamnlist Christian religio th idea that over vey long prods f tim colgicl sys tems ad th strctre f orisS ten ord icrsing
TH OV An
43
ompey ha givn he to severa scintists that i vere is nt rul� by chas ut concls a menng Stry Oe f th ris t eess hs cecin s the Jsu paontoogst irr eihard e harin whos gave 1 lyriclan prhaps xcssvy yri clesco of evluion from tmic ds ilions ys ago uic o md ad srt i hat h caled th Omga int, his qivalnt fr he traioal conct f sols oining wth the srm being in hvn Tilads vison as ided by most scienss bt sm f he me dns onessc as C. H. \Vaddi, Ju Huley, d heodoss oznskytok t r eri sly one form or ohr evolving complxiy ha the makng of a myth robust nough to hag a faih n or instace Jos th no of the poi ccieho s hmself to s u a ist d umns s scen tissp t ast yas of his lif srgglng to udrstad how st if my hol the ky to the c hs ords:
f/
I ve cotid to e teesed i some . me nd mental uesos bot crativt ilf . I see u as prod of th procs of volion J would say cretive ou. e hav no bcome prcess tself or prt of oess itse And s om a percve I ve becme intrested i nvral vion the phnom n? voltio in telf as manifst n ha call prbolog; volutio voluon o th physica, chemical ord ioogca eoluon d mebiogcl evo of the anmi_ d n J'm bginig o rt abut hat cal tleogc< voluton hich i voltion wth a prpose o m uose no, O might sy s o ry o udrstd ouon reat i prposl y
0
It s t so to se ary ht lies beyond tse nw hor ons that are jst openng p ut ritrs and scintist are bginning t c tgther sn t migt ead ino te
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fuure e of tese eorts seem fanci as be par o of the ream of maginaio For intne, Nadelein Enge as woe o he novels fo cildren po here evens in te cells of h body pre historical suggles aong uman carcter, whic i r elect cosmic con it twen pernr beigs. Ad s s precty wre ha scice ction se it a ethical consqueces. ve whe h characters in te k ue ad are abot to be elfed y e forcs of evil se beieves tat: "You have get hm out in some knd of hope J don't ike oples books. Books hat ke ou ik lifes not ot ling' wat eave em hnkg yea tis edaor s dicult bu i s o t, and t s ultmatey joyl hn cibald \eeler, oe of he mos distnished phsicsts of this cen speds s tme puzzlg about ow we pa a vital pa in rnin about the materia ord tat seems to xt objectivel outside ad apart from our selv Bnjam ck, th mient peditriin, is ting to redene spiituali i tem that mak sese fo r imes Ad thn tee a tse wo lie the economist ad activist He Hndrn, ave adoptd a uly freeform prsonal philosoph i hich thei dent sen as a mome tay embodiment o e ogoig stream of ife
O oc ee ke an extatial Im r isitig fo a wile Ad I'm aso Uan om ve emo tioaly atached to te specics d so I have incaated myself at this te But also ha a inite pet to mself It kind of ags togete quite easi for me sounds ippa, but e thig is tat this sptual practice f0 me t may seem tat such pa eubeance is otg mo t re to past perstitios o a pa t ei in rincaaton <1ien abdctions, or etrasesory pecepton h ssctial dffeence is tht ew ge believers tke te
fait lteral wile te people am uoig kn at ey are speang tphricy, using pprxtin to an un derying reali they eiee i, but cannot epress ade quately e ould be e st to reif ter nsgts, believing hem to be iteral tue he no tat thir owledge is tself eovin and i a few years might hae be expressd i erely differet terms It is oe tng for evoluto to help u envision te r wit rerenc to the past and aoter to give s drectos fo creatig a meaningl, sasig existec ry, one of te reasos tradtioal religons have had suc a powel hold on uma cosciosess is that e peroaled cosmic forcesfor nstance by claimig tha God creatd us Hs image, us a king it possible for tousands o Christa painters to repreen im as benign old ptrirh Ad pe haps re prtnty, tey nt eh idiiduals life a dgnity ad the promise of eteiy This is indeed a ad ct t The pcess of evolutio as e uderstand it n rk stastically on large nr, ad as nothg to say about individuals; it is rn y determism coupld wit1 chance istad of pupose and free will Tus it appeas to be n rid doctine th o chace to inspire a perso to organie his or her life it reference to it. Yet he digs of science ma have pel tin o say to eac of us n the rst pace, te mae L increasingy aare of o q ach pen is o ol n the particuar y the igrediets of te geeic code ave been ined, edig ntrtin for developg uprecedcntd phyc nd nt traits. But aso uniue the time and te place n hic his partcular orgaism has bee e ncounter lfe Because an dividual becomes a peson only tin a phsica socal, ad culral contet, when and e we hppn t be born denes sgle codinate of xiece tat o oe else sares hus each of us i esponsibl for oe particlar poit i
�NOTES
Chapter 1 ,. Audcn. A xceelll s of reecions on Auden's poy :md o is pl i nepoay liae aC i Heht ( 1 99) . 4· Systemai phenoolog Te oeal nd piial bases fo e ais Ide n s vol a e fond, fo ins i sikszenial [990, ' 93 ); sikseiali ad siksi (198); siksenial Rau ( )· 5 Baboon. A deaild despon o e acis of feeging iaes is gven i l ( [ 90) dail civis of pasns in e sO o Fe dig e Mid ges e epoed n L o di 979. 6 Direne i daiy if e e hisoians assoid wi e iew /ies pio e sdy o how odia peo ivd n di isoical pods n x of e gene is vis and age ( 9) 8 E. P. Tomo opso ([ 96 3) gives so of e os \i desitios o how d; lif caged as :1 esl o indstiaio i Egnd 9 l I. e sos o e aa pesen i is a ae
NOS
OS
Cape Amecas want to work. hese sue resus are om Yanklovic ( 9) , and they have been eplied by siiar pate i othe COres Fo he abialence about wok sec Csksze nmihalyi a LeFeve (1 989); a the aloge beween the Grma ocal sciests is in Noelleea and Strumpe l ( 1984)' Noelle-euman ierpreted the nk be willigness o wok and a posve lifestle as evece hat "work makes o happy, wheeas Srumpel Udestd th gnal preferece or lesur to mean tat "wo mak ou hppy 50 The isory of work. For som ineesng insights as t ow wo as angd oe te eries see, o insce, Baudel (98) ; L :d DeVoe 1968) Norberg 993); V}n (987) Table 3. RlL� con.eg how Aern teeagers learn atttdes a ills releant to hei uture ocpaos wee obained in h course of a veea longitdinal su of al most fOr thousand tudents in iddl and hg school acoss he Uned State, wic was sponsord by Ie Sloan Foation (Biwell e a!. 1992) The egave expereces assocaed with acvities hat :re eire lke wor no lke pl:Y wer plo in eail by Jennier Shmi ( 997· 6 5 Wme w. Gee ffee es i e epeee o wo ae epote in Larson nd cads (99 Anne Wels (1988) ou te ierences in seleseem bee mothes who workd full me and pat ie. Unemployment. ESM tudies of unemplo)'ed o in the Unid Kgdom wee onducd by John H:woth I a woth ad Dker 99). h aonal sue sudie o unemploy a poed in ngehart (199)
aper 5 Leisue is dageous The pshiats' wanig was r ported in PbI'] ( 958) for simila argents see Gssn (967) Kuy a Csiksnmay ( 99)
°·
Suy eosis The eeene is in rnczi (190; see also Boye (1955 Catell (1955 Rei hs. he d ffeces fo ewee di\iduas who wr ue eaders a those who wee eqe ewers are reporte i oelleNeuman ( 996 Heus. See Pr;tn WJ, Boo I C ap 9 Leise cltu eclie. o some of e istorcal e idence see Kelly (198) som of t cr cross-cuual :teial is Inghillri (993' eise-centee lies The stdy by beh is eportd i Macbeth (988); the qote fo the ocean sailor is in Pir sg () that om the ock limbe is in Csientmai 95) Eeg se leise Te dig th t us of nn ewable enegy in leisure is negaely elated to appies a leas fo on is pod in Graf ct al. (98)
haper 6 hepeuc ect cmpis The eerence i th work of Lwisoh ( 982) -Weste emphss the scil ctext he impor tace of beloig o a ocal ewo ia s scusse by Hat (199) Kka (9 Maot (976) Japan by awa (1996 eba (196 Mars ad Kiayama (991 es Fo he mportance of rindship sasng lie se Mes (1992) Sexui How eleie forces throughou evolution have shaped ou seal emoos attitudes a behaviors is well described in Buss (994). For a cultual histor o hua eual see L Sg (19) h ploitation sali is discssed in Marcse (95) Family The compostion of famili in l Middle Ages is desbed in e o adui (979) Other os of fal arangements ae discussed in Edwards (99); Ierlih (1985 Mitteaue and idr (98 88 s n i Ie mily These dis ar fro th reseac, al rey eoe seveal es by Larso and cards (1994)
MOS 56
1 7
MOS
88 Compex families. Th thorecal noton fcompexy was appled to he fmily sys by Kvn R:hunde (n prss). See aso Carll, Schneider, and sikszentmihaly ( 99<» siks7-hayi d Rathunle ( 1 993); Csikszennihal and Rahunde (in press; Huang (1996) fr or ndings hat use ths ncept Sorey and slte h genralied panoa of he Dbas s dscrbed by Re Fortune 92 [3) The ncep of onsaon as a means o reay maintenane was deveoped by the soilogists Ptr Brger and homas Luan 196' Preerece r slary seey he sey n ueston is repord n Nlleeumann and Kohe 993 p. 50)· Talet and stude D: ha sw hw sudents who cannot sand beng alone hae obl devoping their alents s pesented in Cssntmhalyi Rahunde, and \¥halen (993) 9' Fear f sagers The Frnch histoan hilpp Aes de sbd he danges inurred by mdal student in aris (Aries, 196 The threat wmn wng he eets n t seenteenh nu s menoned b orberg (199) 3 9 · Vit aiv Hnnah Arnd (9) dissses th dffrene in worldviws impied by an acve as agns a pla e snn ewee innrdiected" and outreced was f l appeaed Risman Glazr and Denney (190 e typly erovesn versus nrerin" was deeoped by arl Jung 194; fo s u measuremn s Csta and Mrae 1984. 94· Exrover happie sarch suggestig that extrvers tend o be mre saised with he ves s repred by yrs 199
Chapter 7 98 Fifteen percet o the ppaon or ts ure, see ast nte Chapr 2 . 98 Gamsci. A <y eadabe bigraphy his Ialian plitica heris s y re (197)
00 Freqe w he sdy ported here was done by oe ner (1996) 10 Why jbs ae rested The deas menond n tis secn Irgely dere om the many years ounsling wih bs ness anags ha I arrid u wth the Unirty f Chiag smmr ension program in Val olorado 0 Lies eated oers The biographes ndiduas w xcpna oral snsivity were collecd and ana lyzed by Clby and amon (1992) °3. Makg obs mr meaig. On f the earest and sll ost nsghtl acunt how wrkers wh ar prod tr jobs tink is he seis o nterews llectd by Sds ee (74) 06. Stess ad r. he physilgist I an Sly was the s identi eustress" r he positie alu manageable sess o the rgnism h optma psychlogica rspose o sran is wdely invesgaed (ely 96) 1 ow i reanships The qoe dscrbng a mers en omen when playng wth her hild comes fm Aison and uncan 988
hapter 8 1 6. T be toly absbed . . he quote is fm Aison and unan 988. 23 Socia note n embryolo neoeny refer t adan of develpmen in human nants as mprd [Q other primates and mammal speies hs is suppsed to a lw or re leang ro ur as he nevous sysm aes n nteratn wh the envirnmnt raer than n h islaton of th wmb eer 98) neoeny s an ension f his ncep the tendeny or sm yung pp t benet from a lngr perid mauran protected whn the family (sknmhayi and Rathund n press). 28. Aenon. he mpotance o cnrolling attnn, r p_ chic enrgy, s ndaenta t ang harge o ones lie Some of he hnkng reeant ths laim an be found in Csikszenihaly (978, ]993) .
58
NOS
128. B d prplei. Faus assi and s tea at te Universty of Mila ave inteiewed a gea number o i u sck by tgey, such as pee w hae bee aapli, r blid (g, Massimn, a ee Fae [992 Conta o wha ne gh expect, any su juas ar abe o eoy r ves e afte a tg acidet tan tey d before See aso Dieer d iener (996) Conversely, researc wih y wnnr Bkmn Cats and Jao Bulma 198) sugges ta bnng suen ancial fune does not pove h:ppiness hese resul onm te d wisdm tat it s nt Wh happens a person that detrines e quali of life bu wt a persn maes happen
- REFE RENCE S
Cter 9 1 ommuiy an ii uliy S the st itant reent smnt abu the lc of invlveent with vaes gTetr thn h n y Bh et al (985, [99[) Lsh ( 1 990) or onts n the n eessity t eat new values ld es lose credibilit see assni n Delle Ee (99 13 3 Se a bef despon o ow te se vlvs hnty n ntgenea s gven Csszeialyi (1993 is ietzce (882] 3 Nsc's ccep 974) F \aslow's hughts o te same subec, see aslow ( 97 , ad fr ogers' see Rogers ( 969) 39 J Oppeeimer's qoe, and Ie prbem of ndin flw in ttv at\'ts s susse in Csikszntmhay (985) Cszmha n Lasn (1978. 143 voi. Se he pineers who hae etee e utn thuht the realm f an a on h n "n ( 944 apbe (96 j l ley (947 .xy ([894); J hnstn 198 Teilhard de Chari (965) 14 God ad ev l he iepit ny tey, is discussed Aexder (98) urhe ( 986); Cpb 1 95); illiams 1988
amr fa
Aa-G, W. S [994. £\pJring he oel py. hD dss, nverst Chicag Aexander D 98 bolo ofmol New Y: ine De }er Allison, M T., and M . C. Dunca 1988 " oen, work, an flow In Optima Eperitc: PS'hologiul studie ofjJ in S1', edite by M. Cszemihalyi nd I. S Csikehal Ne Yor Cab dge nve Pess, pp 18 ltan j 198 Babon moh a nfs. amride, Mass: Haard Uiesi ress en H 1956 Th h dtiOIl. Ccag: Unt of Cia ess ries 96! Cnresfc/Jbo. Ne Yok Ve A�kawa K. 1996. Tbe :pric ojnt£'ce (ml indp'lIdect (be sf-cosul A A1n�'(fl 1/ C/I( erC/ {d m. P ss nisity f Ciao Bh . R Maden \ ian, A r ad S Tptn 195 Pt7S oe h Berkeley Calif Uniesity ona Press. 991 Te god oce New Yk: A Knopf Berer, L an T. L umann 196 ht / ono eIl Gaen C NY Achor s
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Bron -I. 94+ Ceai Olto New York Mo
f
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Salle, U.: Open C ourt, pp. 4 1 3-63. mpos J , an K C Brret 98+ owrd w ur
tanng of emoton ad heir eelpmnt Eoons gnn II havor edite by C E Izard, . Ka an R B Zjn CHbridg UK Cambi ivrsit re l" 3 . rrol, M. , chnider, and Nt Cskent) 996 he ai d)1c 0 {lls' etio Pap ubmit ted forpublcation. The Universi of Chicago Cae J P 1955 Th hod ndrme ho1lyic Re 4"39-43 ·
m
6
Coe 99 Mvin eperi, ad ad cht KO big chol t/en D d niverity f icao Col A an \V amon 1992 S do e ew Yor The Free r. olman L. '994 ein a tacer Emoton and oma ep rienc whe achg gite cildre Ged Cb 3 8, no 3:[62 Cta J n R R /Cae 198 Prsnalit a a lilon dterminat of we-e I Emoon n adu dpmu, editd b C Z. atst and . r. Newbuy Pk ali: Sag Cikzential, !. 9 5 Bon 'edo d (ie San Fran ci Joe-Ba 1978 ttntion (1 e wolistic approach bavior I Se of CiII it by K S oe ad J L Sge ew York Pem pp 335-58 1985 Rltios on ejoymnt i Biol { Nedii 2 8 no. 4:4997 988 Moain ad ceaivt: owad a s)thi trucral nd nrgitic aroac t coition N in hlog 6, no 97 1990 : Th pholo ofopl eece New ork Ircr and Row [99 The ling se phlfr tbe tbird ienim ew Yor Harpllin 996. C,.rnth1i: Iml tbe pc)l ocoe vntin ew or arprColln Csinmial, M an I S CsszcmihlY, e 1988 pi l expec: P% gal tlies ofo in cciues Nw r ambre ivrsity Press siknial M an R Ga 980. e exence offom in al li fCmun jb 80-+ Csinial M., and R Laron. 1 98 ntrnic war n schl cime Cu l deliY 24, no 33 2 3 198+ Uig le ew Yor asic Boo 1987 iiy rbilit o t exprience ampling mtd J1 of I nd \el Deae ' 5, no
Q"(
9 ; , 6) 6
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Csiksehalyi , M ad. ere. 989. Oimal eerec in ork and sr ]ol of P/i oial ybolo 5, . 8152. Csikszenmihalyi, M. ad K Rathde 199 msr of w in d lif. [n Nsk posium on otiV(o 4°58 7 Licl eb. Uniers f easka Press I ress The deelet of te ers: erietal rsecte the tgeesis of sychl gical cmleity Tboretil Mo of Humn DoI ditd by R. M eer l. doo of Chid Devlopment New rk: iey Csizeihal M ad E Rchbrg- al tn 9 81 Th nig oftbings D0stic yols th l ew Yrk: Cabidge iersity Press Csiks7entmihalyi, M K Rahnde, ad S. \al e 99. TIlnt tegrs Tbe oo ofsess nd file Yk Cabridg Uiersit Pess. Das, Z and Fage . 99. A hist Of W0 i b s Cambridg, Mass: Harard niersty Press lle Fae ad assi '988 Te chab ng f w i wrk an lere ptiml ice ho i i eit by M C sizeal nd L S Csikze hal New ok: Cambdg Uiersi Press 93! '4 deries M, ed 199 The xpienc ofpbopbolo. Cambrdge U: Cambrdge Uiersit Press Dr, ad C Dinr. 199 Mst l arc ay. cbolog il Science 7 8 f· Edwards, J . cd 969. f"i� d chng ew Yrk led A f Frecz, S '95 Sday erses. I Fb iti to tb heo iques of pcho(Iys eited by S. erc 77. : orth ress ie G [973 0io Gi L of oJtio ew Yk Schocn Boos Forte, R F 193 93 Sorcere ofo). ew r uttn all agr, \·V. 19 93. The power ofplace w r Iig shp o bougb motio tios New York: Pseid Pess. Gadne, -I . 9 I of mi Th h of multipl integnces w Yrk sic ks.
NCS
G raef, S M\1anaa ii ad M Csi zetmhalyi . 981 nerg csumo in leisre and cied haies. n one cOstio edd by D Cat t al w Yrk Praeg Gsse, 967 schdn ics f leisre. I Le nd tl hlh A phic i
isu Sudies 1 267 echt A 1993. hien w Tbe o of Auden Ca bridge Mass arrd ivrsity Pess. drics In ress T eclg f ain i Laia an C casia we h metastac brast cacer: A pilo sudy. I h Bi metig oftb Socie fo ensCcle Reseh editd by J . Chriler Hei, C 1996 ad acbivemnt i mahai PhD diss . , i ersiy f Chicago Hekr J. 99 Eloing opimal poni vlopmnt longiudinl sud of dolsc diss U ie sity of Cago Herlihy D '98. Mdie hOebo Cabidge Mass arard Ui ersit Pess ag M. P-L 9 9 iy one Id soil devlopmIt i aolsc/ce Ph .D dss rsity of Chicago ft O '993 w, ad family n A h ofwm i he it by N Z D:Vi ad A arge Cam hrdge Mas. aad Univsity r 55 Hxley J 97 Eoluion d ehics. d Pil Press Hly, T H 1894. Elutio nd etbi nd ohe w k le ghilleri P 1993 Slezie sicol ogi ca bi-crale ers a met dlla essit iniual social. U cas dei Navajo. V slzioe psicolog umn ditd by F. Massiini d . ghillri. Mila: Cra Libraria Il Ih l leri , P '995 U soetiv, peoli olone culule r Ital T
66
REFNC
egi P assimn an Dee Fave '92. ma vita e stregie adav nei non vdent In Vedere e, eite y D aa ilan aly raco Angei. ietce F l' 88z] 97 The y ie ew Yor Vintage. ocNe 995 A WA Spring Surey Aensach nst e r Demoskoe 996 aonen de Gcsoschung. n Lesgl: Ei vrgeee g?, eted A. eeau a L. uh. padcn: Wesdescer Veag p. 1 -6 oee-eumann E ad R. Kocer, ds 993 b Jhrh de DNokope 8499 unich ema: .G 5a NoelleNemann E. an B Strumpe 98+ / Arei K Mbt A1'eit glblb nic Pieper Veag. Noeg K. '99 osites A bito ofwe i th W eted y Zemo Davis and age amidge, ass: avad nivesity ress p. 48-74 er 996 time stops ow ctiv rite x ino theo tt h.. diss Te Fieldig situte isig R 977 Crsng ues an teir cure qi 87, o :6-8 Psychiatr oup o te Advancemet o 98 b pchi itet i lere-m acivitie o. 39 Rahunde K n press Fami cotext and taete adoesces op a eperience n podutive aci\ites. J07 ojeab i adolce. Reiger D. 99 k i G·teEolg ; Ma! Offeng Germa: enao Veag Resman D N Glazer, a . Denne The 1ely wd. ew ok: oeday oges 969 reedom to lea. omus, Oio Chaes Me Sahins D 97 Stoe Age cQ hicago 997 oer and paes: xpong invoement Scmidt ees ad expeience o aoescents in wok and ay eetngs o the Aeri &ioal Reab Assoiaion Boston ass Seye 96. The s ofi· ew Yor cGraw-i. 966. Tbe of love. vols cago: nivesiy o hicago ress.
J
RRNCE
67
Sige, J 1966 Dadreamig A intdtio to be xperma/ d of ir ri. New Yor Rando ouse. 98 Ddreig tY ord U Oxfod ni vesiy ress Stein G. L . C. mieci Danels a S A. Jacson, 99 Psychoojca atecedents o ow in eceatona spots Pero d oial pbolo ei" 2 I no 2 I 2- 5aai A, d 96 Te e of time Dai actiies of1 and ur poplatio" i welve . ais ouon Teiad de Cain P 96 Tb pbomno of New Yok: arpe a ow eel S 974 Working. New Yor Panheon. Tomso, P 1963 mkig of b Eglsb oring New Yor Vkg. evno . and J revino 99 Fow in coputer-med ated commcation Cmmt eeacb 9, no 9-· Vee 987 he Roman pire. n Fm Pg Rome Byt edite P Veyne amidge /ass The Bela Press pp - ° Weste ], an J. arocco 99 ning wor into pay Imcatons o iocompter sotwae aning. Joual of '9 no. 46 es 988 Seesteem an opma eperiee. ptml pe;ne Pbological studi ofow (OiOss, eed y siksntmayi and 5. siksennihalyi New Yo: amridge nivesit ress, p }Z 7-4 T iiams, G 1 98 uxes "Evoutio a ehics in socioi oogical pespecive Zgo no. 48-407 aneovic D Iy8 New es in merican lie Searcing or eumen i a wold 1nc pside-down holog od] ' 5 , o. 459
170
ND
nxiy, ow and, 3 I , 33 Aphy, ow d 3 3 3 Aiede 104 Arndt H ana, 02 5° 56 A s Pl ppe 56 rttle '3. 8 50 51 Aosl, ow and, 31 , 3-33 Ai, id\d' poio n i oxl n '3 , , 50 15 5 As-Arn udn f steem ad ahmt in 4 Anr Ed 6162 on S Pych rg Aud \ -. I uolc e n 130 in den S- 23; i c diidus 4-6 df initon of, 18 drinon o 1S3; d lomen of 1 2 30 disin teted teet , 125-27 x amplng 1hod s d g 8-; mly nd 12223, 157 ppiess and 2 2; pyh nry ad 23-26 27-30, 57 syi opy r d;ed y, 1 3 qal o prin ad 122 n vry adiapd po 1-29 5; e dd o do 7; n v o rs, 9
y
y
Boo: cii o 5; oa ontext and 5, 80
ND
B
q
Bioogi pro if dr ind y, Bld po pi nqy dlned y 9. 5/ loom nj m n 5 1 o, Nis 45 Bordo, ow d 3 ' 3 3 12 Badb Nom 15 1/ Bddim on aboi of oa o a happ , -25; on rduing pyi entopy '233 , Dd ' 5 zane Epir pasv iur ud y, 70
ss
i, J, 5 I C, Dond, 6 ire) Car. S Dring ae d ff, 26 allegs kll al:md wt or ow 303 5 ll mated w rdig tre 07 Chdasek, Chmical processes i dr ind y 4 Croni dprion See pr Cogv a opration. S Th kg Coy, Ann 0-3 Coin ibi y o fo 1 3 2 Com uniy{s) idivdulim ad materam \'r all
171
in to, 233, 5 ; D ofwe ua i op g of rgr r n d 647, 53 dd y, 923 Delle Fave, Amondl a, 73-74 omanon. See Relaton Dpron Oro nd, s ; solimde and 1, 42 43 Cpl fariles, 9 55 89 onnaon \dy a DeVe aten 0 1 d 37 39; ow Dicki son E} 75 332 frds 8, 83; iird r, i u od and. 90, 91 thinking ol c rson iy, 25-7 dg 8 R (Lro nd Cnne. See Eoion; Rards 53 Gos Tinkin ans (elae 89 onro low a, 3, 32-33 ozansy Td 43 Oerion ow d 67, 6, Dr g Epr Spig 1 14-15 ual o pri· Meod d ng, 153 c of 37 3S-39; lity ul orin o 37, manenane nd 3 80, 3 394 53" 5 6; i o 9 12 o iv idi\das: as a Dr pay and, 33 s or lc, 226; ovrsio s o iur te 65 rss nreron n unn Margart ris 5; wor pd y ," 107 Dyson Fr 663 95 a nd\dls ow ad, ', 5; surroundng ad Eatrn rio, on oi o gos o ci hpp 4 Clre al ntext and 3 ne, 2425 SUIl ud 79-8 , 50 dhis; H ndim Eang qaly o xprinc o f )l li Sr xprin 5 36 3 38; me spen on Dmon, \Via 02-3 9 I Dan, 5 aing dsorder, ltde ad Drwin, Carl, 42 50 2 Davs Robro 2 Educaion. See \Vork Zemn, 6 1 24, l), Ego. St elf 49 Emann, Ad, 0, Daydra ing, ! at work 9, 3940 0 ig nd 5
x
q y
x
v q
y
1 72
INDEX
Emoions I7-zz 15; asc 8 50 concentrao and 17 dulity of 8 goals nd, z6 heredit nd, 8, 5on h mans developing, 8; negaive lZ; objecity of 7-8 psychic energy an 15 ulity of life deermined y, 4 suecti of, 78 hoghts nd, z6. See alo appiness nrY usc eise acvties an 75-76 55 Enterinme idstry, deleterios effects o 7677 See (/o Teevision nvironment qulity o exei ene and 43-46 53 SM xpence ampling Mthod ESP, 3 Everyday acties. See Eperiences Evil ad good, mtte and en erg ad, 4647 58/ Evoo, '42-3 45 46-47 58
xecise aliy of experience of 39; ime spent on 39 Eotec 7 Epecttions selfesteem nd, 23Z4
xprincs: mmonlities n, 5 ieences in, 68 49 goals d, 13; indi\'idality an 7-8 optima see Flow uliy o life deter mined y conte of 8 rel
INX
ionships inluencing 4 5 3-4 50 See alo Leisre actvities; Maennce cvities; rodctive ciies; Quality o f exeience Experience Samping Meto (SM) 5-6 atotelic persoaiy sdied with, 1 8-Z2 driving suded wih, 53 famy studed with 88 ualiy of experience sded with 44 rl ionshps sdied wih, 78-79; work atitdes std ied with 49 5355, 57 59 '5
xinsic motvaon 23 Exovesion: happness ad, 94; as heedita [ 00 in roversion verss 93-96 r 56
Fmy, 8589 atotec e solity nd, [2-23 57 complex 89 56 xi ene Smpg etod sng 88; ow in 3 forms of 85-87 55" fiendshis in, 85 moods 43 445 8788 pschic eergy and, 88-8 3; ua ofexperence an 43 87-88 [53; eirements for sccessf, 88-89 Ilo-r3; s social coeX, wok and, 6z63 Se alo Marige tionships Fage Arlette 6 49
Fate love of, [ 3840 eedac fow ctivies po viding immedate 3 Emotons Feelings. iee Fenczi Sando 65 Flemg exade r04 low, 8-3; aused chidren and 98[00 adolescets nd, r0-O chlenges and skills in ance and 30-3 I , 5Z chgig at tes of life and, 97 5 coeratio and 3-31 constructive or destructive pposes of, 3 940 conversion and 4-5 ce aive individals, 4 ' 51 defniton of, 8-9 i famly [3 ow acivitics d 30, 33-3 5 frequncy o 3334 5 fiends and, 88; goals and 2 9-3 0, '37-38 growh nd 3 3 - 3 3 hppiness n 3 1 el s sepation fom [47 iusrtios of 970 immediae feed ack fom 30; sue civ iies and 3839 6669 7 -74 77; od age d 97-98 pain and 46-47, 5 3 arentng nd, I lZ-I 3 passve leisure ad 38-39 prevence of, 98 psychc enery nd, 3 3; sychopahology and, 4 , 5 Z ; reltioships and, 4 8-8 [095;
73
work n 36 37 38 59 6-6 tO, 5 7 ow activites, 30 3334 5 Focs. Concertion Fo rt, 75 Ford enry, 07 otune Reo, 89 ocaul Michel, W Frctal gometres, I4Z Franklin, Benmin 8 75 FrankliJohn Hope 6 ee ime See Lesre acvitis red, Sigmnd, 4 135 iens 883 adolescents a 4z 8 83 concetra ton nd 8, 83 as destc tive 8 withn mily, 85; ow and, 8-8z gols d, 3 moility nd sstaing o, 83 qua of experene of, 43 53 a/so Rea oships Full} fnctioning perO, Rogrs on [ 38-39 utr, psychc r invested In, '47 amng as poor use of lese ime 65 69 Gadner, owrd, 17 5 Gender dfferences n experi ence of wor, 5658 [54 eperencs shapd y 67 mintnance actves, - in moods in niles 43 445 87-8 8 in sefeseem nd wok, 56-58, 54 eneis Se eredity
174
ND.
I N D•
loal cure, strangeness of strangers redued by 92 oals, 22-25 osve ve deve 39 is oeng ew ases for rascenen 4047 as ern religios o alion o to achieve happines, 22 emoon nd, 6 ow ad 30, 3738 earc of 23; moo ad 23 5; prophe and 141 pchic enery ad 23 25, 3-37 pschi negenrop an 2 2 scee ad 4 47 selfeseem d 3 - 5 hogh d 6 Goo and evl mer and en ergyand 146-47, 158" Good lie illusrao of 23 Grmsci, Aonio, 989 reece Stt Ancin Greece roomig: quality of epe ene of, 37 38, 39; ime pent o 9 ro flow and 3 3-B; ownersip of oes actions 137-4 Hippe people, pscic enr discipined by, 1289 '58 Hppiness 8- 22 5 ; a oelic pesony and 1 2 s oom line, 8-0 Eas en regions on relinuis igogoals for, 45; eveyay ativities and J 7 39 erovert and 2 2 94
ow and }2 ; iends ad, 43, 53 otte winners, 8 mterial wellbeing verss, 20; oter eelgs in eng 12 2; pesoal ualies reled o, 20 2 i self and 1 343 selfrepos of 9ZO r I Z 2 , 5 seual relaionhips and 84-85 1 55 Har Lyn, 79 Hayor Jo, 8 Hedri, Cnhi, 3 eiserg \erer, 45 ell, s separio rom ow, '47
Hedeson Hael 16 '4 Heredity: emotons and 8 r 5; exroversion a, 0 Herodous 7 Hinduism: o abolio of goal o chieve hppiness, 425 on nidals posito i soal conte 13 79-80 '50 '55 Hobi: ow and 67 68 qualiy o eperiee o 39 y eegers 8, 190; ime spent on ' z , 39 Holon Nia 95 ouse emoional proe o oms o -5 ousewok qual o eper ee of 37 38 39 selfes eem and, 58, 5 1 time spe o, 9 I umanisi psycolo ow ersip of ones acions ad, 13740
untergaerers oduive tviti of 15 Hxlejulin 43 ndia idual poson in oial oe n '3 7980 5, 1 ndividuality comuiy ad spirit valus vrsus 1 3, 18/ eperences shaped U 78 glr Rol 5859 nner requiredess, Malow o )8 Ienos, 23 S a oal eao. Srr Reaoips Innsi movaion, 2 3 nrversion eroversion and, 93-96 56 nut: passive leisure and 71 wok a 2 ames \m, 'il Japan indiuals poion in soci otext in 8 jung arl, 93 16 Kaar Sadir 798 Kein eoe, 108 adurie, e oy 5 85-86, 149" aon Reed 7 88 1 3 eisure ciies 9, 121 , 64-77 aie e pssive, 69 ommo peope , 75 ult of enoying 666 75 54"; expets and
175
75 low an, 38-39 69 7174 77 ve etered arud, 71-73 nonrenew able energ use ad 7-76 5 5 " ; psci ee nd 9; pcic enop nd, 656 qulity o expence o, 5, 37 3839; qualiy o society ad, 76-77 societies relng o, 66 67 76 me spent o, 1 2 wok , 77 wor comed wh 7475 77 work separated om 63, 73-74 rt a Active leiure Passive leisure gle adelee, ' Fanz 4 Lg eion o 2 ps egred w science or 34 ucontrllable actors etermining, 4 ee also Ex peences oos qliy o experene , 43-46 15 3 Lottery wines happness i, 158/ ove of fe 13840 MaceJm 71-] 2 Maon (sige 23 Mtenance ies 9 11', I j quli of eper ee o 37 38; time spen on, '0- u a Drivig ang rooming; Hose wok Maruse Heber, 84 Maage 85 87 !ow in - ! . et also amil
176
NDEX NDIX
ari, Mcm 150 Mar, Kar, 9, 5 1 70 alow Abraham 138 3 ai in, Fo 04, 73-74 58 {riasm commuiy and spiril valus vrsus 3-33 58/ happines r· ss, Matr ad nerg. goo and vil an 6H 158 aya, pave liure ued by, 70 dia conpton Sre Read· ing Tlviio aneia, wr ad, 52 en, regory 75 Mennones work an leise acvis combined by, 74-75 r\ en proucive a and I . t o Gdr dffr· cs tal opatios S Tik IIg iler, Brenda 1 24 on} appiss ad, 58 tme as, 89 onoteism relatit an '4
Mo: i fai l 3 45 87-88 solide and 9 Mthes: fw in, l elfe· t i thse working llti, 4, '51 S,so atng; \Voen oivation adoscn lacig, 5j-56; conenraion an 27 eveyday actJie .
ad 37 39; trisic, 3 ; goals and, 2 2- 2 3 , 25 rn· sic 23 psyc etropy and lak f, z 3; work md 56 Mves: qualiy f xpn of, 39 ti pe on 39 oa \olfgag madus, ,8
Mc aking: low an, 6768; uality o expeience of, 39; m spnt o, 1 2, 3 9 Naiv ican, paie lue ad, 77' ajo, passve liu ad, 7-71 Neou yt, prin shaped by, itzch, 38 139 oelleumann, Elzath < No Eit (artre) 8 [ onrenewable nrg lisure actvis ad, 776 [55
Offr, Fank, 4 O ag, ow n, 97-98 Oppenimer, Robe, 139, 158 Optial prn et ow Outc ruird n, alow on, 38 ai, w ad, 464 7, 3 araplegic ppl, pS}chc energ diiplied b, 2829 I 8 Parenng, low i 1213. See ao 1\ ths
ascal, a, Pai lesre ave leiure su, 669 ow and, 3839 a proble 6 66, 68-7 777; sociie rely ig o, 66, 6971 7677 by tenager, 1 18-2 See nl eadng leviion sng Pas interpreng tuhs of, 3 scnc ned wit, 3 Palng Lnu, 6 9910, 09-, 26 Popl S ationhip Psia W" (Herodou, 7 ersoal car S Groom i g Phenomnogical pilosopy 4-5
Pbmomol fMa Tb Tl ad Chardin), 43 Plurali, stangnes o sang educd y 9 Po rna taly diribu· o ofow actiite in 7)-74
omodeism sfpercepon of happns criticized by, 20 ' litrat societe soitude ad, 8, 156; wor ad, 5 rima ts: cvis f 5; socia co and 8 rioriie r redud b et· ting, 067 Productie acvitie - I I , 3 ' jail; psychc engy ad, 9 alit of eprinc of, 5, 36 37 38 m spe on 10. S a Convrsation aig Work
1 77
Prophe goals and, 14 Psychic energy: auolic p. oalit)' ad, 1 2 3-6, ' 2 7-3 1 57; for ncntration 7-28; motions and 5 xperiences hapd by 6 amily and 8889, 101 3 flow an
3 1-32;
ture and,
47 goas ad, 3, 2 36-37 leisure acis and 9; maintenance aciv tis ad, 9 parting an I ' 2 ; productive activitis and, 9 raoip ad, 8 I, 3637 hikg and, work an 103 Psycic nropy: atotlic pcr· onaliy an 3 I cocn an h rucig, 1333; lack of movaton and, 3 leisure acivitis and 666 gaive eo tio and, 22 rducing n work 3 solide an 89 Psychc egtopy, ' goas ad 2 posiv mo ons and 2 sychopatoog ow an 4', 5 W ychotrapy ef· owldge and ' 3 6 ubc pac, as soia cot, 1314
Qualiy o epince 349 aciv lsre and 1222 atoelic peona ad, 1 2 z; conctrao an, 37, 39; creat and, 4',
7
NDtX
150; extoverion vrus Quality xprience (com.) trvcsion ad 936, 156; 52; ay f eek and ow ow a a ' 10 10-1 -1 5 abi abi , 4 n d g an a ivin ing ; riv r 5 3; 3 7, 1 6- 6 4 ity f commien 5 3 eric eric Sampling and J!; cic cnry -411 ; 0-4 ying g, 0 ldyin etho od sld Meth and 1 13637 quaity f famil a 87-88; w and cnce a a 23 1 5 3 4040 -41; appie and 37 ruiments for, 1; sexua 39 e aciitie and 37 39, 8 8 85, 155" societa societa di di 339 lcatins and 43-6, fee fe encesin ncesin 3 79 791 1 50 50,, 5 3; maintanc maintanc actvitie actvitie 155" tangrs and, 913 and 37, 38; mtivati and 5/ 5/ tim tim spent spent in, 3-14 37 39 productiv at\itis 1 50 webein webeing g and 779; a a 36 37, 3 8; uality uality f lili i wok wok,, 1 1 31 w vr and, 94; rlaionhip , 09-10 ee als Family; and 42-43, 5 3 l and lide ide nds ariage Slide and, 41-2 53; ytematic Rela, mnotheim and 2 rlatin t thr activies Rlaxato low and 3 15 a 35-36; im of day ad Reponsibilit for humannd -77 46- 46 ' 3 cienc cienc a, a, 5 5-6 -6 ua ua of life: cOn cOnt t of xp riences eemining, ; qal Rsaats: ua of ei ence f f , 39; me me spn , ity xprnce an 31; 39 aton ato n and 3- ofxeienc 5 0 0;; hinng an emon Resng qalit ofxeienc f, 5 3 7 38; me me pent on 9 etmnng, tm aoca arse 8 53 " Rchads arse io and -13 Riman, Dad 934 Rcwll, Nman 93 Raino Ra inow waco aco 61 12 5 Rntgn Wilhelm 0, Rathue, Kevin 15 >07 Reag w and 9 a Rges Rg es,, Cal, 3-39 por usc isr tim 5 Romance, Roman ce, quali princ 155 ; qua f xpeie xpeienc nc 3 , 37 3 39 te spe on Rman Empire ee Acent 9 12 Rome Rd,j R d,jh hn n 3 95, 0 Rms of ho, mtal Renh 779 xpri le of 5 ence Samling ethd stdyg 7-79; prs prs Roueau, eanacque 79 Ryu intar 0 e ece cedd by, by, , 5, ' 3-
INDtX
Sahlins Marhal 150 Saka 43 Snmsknra, dia an and d 79 980 80
Sart Sar teej jan anPaul ul 1 920 8 1 Sa adi di Aab baa a ass ssiv ivee e essu uee and 7 Schmt enne 1 Schwok e Work Sc n nce: goa oalls an a nd, 4 1 14 47; 7; p paas ie i eaate tedd w wii 34 4;; r ruuhs o, 3 Self: Se lf: dvl lpm pmen entt o o s s ee o off I B-Hi go od lif good lifee an d, and, 1 34-3); happin ineess a an nd, 3 4-35 power and, 134; self lf o ow wle leddge and and 1 3 5 5337. S also Auto tottel elic ic p pee o ona nalliy iy Selfeteem Sef fst ste em m go goaals ls a and nd,, 2 33-224 5 1 ; ho hous usew ewr rkk and and,, 58 5 8 5 ;; wo worki rkinng wm wmn a 5658, 5 Sf Sf we wege ge,, 337 Sely Hans 57 Sx xal r r a a i i : hap ap ee and 8 85 5 5"; ualiof uali of iece f 39 Sing Si ngr r I 55 55 Singer Sin ger ome ome 1 5 1 ki kills cha halllen lenge ge aalan lanc cd d w wiith o o ow w, 30 033 , 1 5 2 ; ch c hal al-lng ln ges m maatc tc d w h h ed eduucg t, 107 Socia So cia co connx xtt 3-1 -1 , 10 0 cu ull di iffer ereenc ncee i n ' 3 78 7 8 15° 15°, 1 1 e/I Rlanhips Sociazg. nvsaon Scal neoty 122-23 '57"
7
Soca lXitin, exprces a y 7 Soiet cia ctex a 3 79 79-8 -8 5 155 3 Sue 83 conc conc and 90 9'j cosato and , 56 56;; deleter fect of -42 9- 53" hirical attide wad, 88; moods ad 90; preferenc o 90 in prlit crate cit 89; pychic cntopy and, 9 as social ntxt, tlratig ad enyig 43 1 ee l Relat ato onhi hip ps
Siitual eney 3 Spiitual vae vidalim and aeralim esu a giance 3-33, 58 S S kk Be ea am m 3 ' ' Spor: w , 67 by tag t ag 18 1 9 120; me spent n 12 Se, Se , Rcha Rcha 3-35 Strand, ar 62 Sta St ang nge es, s, 9 3 , 5; com com munitis nd 9293; aca o wit with h 9; ar of of 91 1 56 56 ;; pJur ur lis lis ad 9 Sres matchig skll with chal legs rducng 07; stg piitis dcig 17; i wrk, 10 1067, 13, 157 Sture S ture fPyhogi WeBeing, Be ing, Tb (B (Brra ab bur ur), 1 5 ' Sying y alescns 8 19. o Vok
INDE
NDE
Scide, oide and 89 Sday eris 65 5 Srroudi. Lcins
Uneoyment, nb�i\ e fec fe c of, of, 5859 1 5 Se Wrk
Taet vl of 27-28 1 oltde and , 56 alkg. S Cnvesain Teenags Se Adoeet Teilhard de hardin, Pere 3 elevio: ele vio: adlescen ad lescen watch g, g, 18, 11 1 20 20;; w , 67, 68, 69; a po po e o o leire lei re i ime me 65 69 1 qali qali of eei eeiee ee 37 3 7 38 3 e pent on 1 rke Std 17 Tero psy sy en er disciied 2 9 herea Mther 23 Thinking 8; ae and ef fet and 6 ncentain ad 628 emoin ad 6; w ad 67 68 al ad, 6; injg an 7, 5 ; yc ycc c eerg eerg d, 256 uaity lif ad 4 ad Tmp E P. 8 9" ogh See Thinking ime alocatin of 8-1 atotec peona ad, 7; oney a, B ime f day uality o exeri n ad, 4-4 4-47 7 1) 3 3 Tanta Se Driing Trt 3
ad, ie 0 Veteran detrucveess of ac tin f 19 Voltaire 2 Wddion C H, 14 Wti wnerhip f nes and 40 \ells, ne 7, 15 154'/ heelerJo Arciald 4
oen: ew y, 5 maintenace activi tie and, I efesteem and and -8, 4' S Geder dier n \¥n \¥ ng, g, aia aia,, 1 5 Wwa C an, 16- 7 ork 43; amialent a ad tward 4 1 4' 4' daydeag at, , 0; Exe rence Sa Sa g etod studng 49 555 57 59 1 fil and, 62-63; nding noey in 03 w ad 36 37 38, 616 11 57 nder differee in eperence o 58, goa and 13 hisoica direute of, 60 histoy f wrk ad 0-5 60, 1 54 54 leisre actiti actiti coed w, 7-7 77
leiue acties epaated fo 63, ma ao o nJ J v � o 6; n unmpIO) and 89 unmpIO) 1 54/ objective objective onditio f 960; chic er 13-6 p�y entopy rdced in, 1 ualiy o eperinc of, 2- 36 7 38 9 inip -14 eiips ver,
81
10 ren of 01 6 1 7 7 ha hag g t t .
one s
rqlcmens, 107-9;
�ress n, 0 2 , 10 106 6-7. I T 3 ; me spel n 9 10 ; work hlis and, 6 3 , 7 ; young people and -6 15 4 WorkaholiSII 6 3 . 7 3 \-ory, fl fl w and 3 1 33
Yalw Ran 14 07
11 \.) S SII SZ SZE EP PII ·U U I pOs py py a/ < <i i a Cni\-ciy htag. ag. i !I :J ho ' u f a n mb mb ht bok, i l l u d i g Lw b�sng ad aad dm m s a le l bc' o aolla / ' ' Euat a t ajna A o S( S ( A 1 1r r 'ibu aazi a C\pap, ; l 'i e" a t"s h stOi fr ad tn ad po ) r v:i an gag iv in hiag, inoi
Ivololi Iv ig g SCt>(�Y, �Y,
lw 7: Acn
T \ }k
