1
ANMESI. Nos irve pa b cuál s qj rincipl p qe l pc!n"e cu# cu#ee $ $% % &n &n' '( ( ) pa pa &no &no* * cul cul s l ( (+, +, #e - au./c/01 ) cu2s 1 us 34&(%i5s6 7&8a9os 1 "e ap:+, (o+ in;r9c/01 <=l #e - >u? ) 4c@A& 4c@A& #e - au./c/01 au./c/01 6 6 L6
B/(r/l CD./&,E nFrC+ +#sG %(aH!n(os CD./&o /&osG ciruIJsK6 B/(r/l M(OI/&,E P6 Q%/ Q%/oIJ #e Ripocu/E P (S &%u>Cn"e ./Ino%/&+ , Te #&no*1 s &ausG P Ue #e 9a= oIVi5G P Te o.Wj, Xru&aCn"e , P Te o.Wj, #e 9a= %aW9Y%/&6 iP6 Q+ +? ? #e &H H! !1Z 1Z,, #e Ripo Ripoc cu u/ /EE pa a &n no* o* qe +? Te in(aW[6 /iP /iP 6 \n" \n"* *# #n" n"s s ;aH] ;aH]>/ >/aV aVs s #e Ripo Ripoc cu u/6 /6 i^6 i^6 \vr vr/Iu /Iua s s &n. &n./c /c/ /= =ss #e #e % %8aj 8aj,,6
Clasifcaón geer d la !"#$%a &'()(*+ d ,-.ón
_e .i`/#1 1 r8s 'X%i5sG qe 1 qs qe Vc/a1 #e &8c/01 #l pc!n"e pc!n"e pa 5a 5a - I+, #e au./c/01 6 Q1 s r8s #e cWC%rJ cWC%rJGG au./C%rJ (nl ) au./C%rJ au./C%rJ 5o&l G l a>/&a l %dH', #e `]Xc/01 G (n, ) pXG pX G V4&%i5aCn"e V4&%i5aCn"e G l V'(+, 8"$/+, #4n#e #e aVc/c/01 'X%i5 #l in.i`/.u, 3+,G qe 5 in;r9an+, P , 4c]be , n, 1 &+ &,6 Q1 &aX/,G 1 s r8s X%i5s os V'(+os qe Te 8%!=1 XVe UWnc/01 au./%i5 n, VqW!V1 &8c/01 &8c/01 #l pc!n"eG pc!n"e G $P in"r`!=e 'X%i`/+? #l 3+6
1
Esquema pruebas funcionales de la audición: Con voz ACUMETRíA
PRUEBAS SUBJETIVAS
Con diapaon!
Voz no"#a$% C$ai&i'a'i(n d! F!$d#ann Voz )a*a% C$ai&i'a'i(n d! L+',! -!)!" Rinn! Bin. /!$$0 S',1a)a', Bonni!" Li#ina"
A'2#!3"ía Tona$ S2p"a$i#ina"
AUDIOMETRíA SUBJETIVA
PRUEBAS FUNCIONALES DE LA AUDICIÓN
A'2#!3"ía Vo'a$
Li#ina" S2p"a$i#ina"
U#)"a$! d! vía a0"!a U#)"a$! d! vía (!a U#)"a$! d! di'on&o"3 Fo1$!" S4I4S4I4 U#)"a$ d! d!3!''i(n d! $a voz C2"va d! in3!$!.i)i$idad
R!&$!*o '('$!o!3ap!dia$ I#p!dan'io#!3"ía PRUEBAS OBJETIVAS
AUDIOMETRíA OBJETIVA
A'2#!3"ía d! "!p2!3a !$0'3"i'a
Ti#pano#!3"ía Po3!n'ia$! !vo'ado a2di3ivo E$!'3"o'o'$!o."a&ía P"2!)a d! p"o#on3o"io
D! 3"on'o!n'0&a$o o d! $a3!n'ia 'o"3a 6B4E4R4A49 D! $a3!n'ia #!dia Co"3i'a$! o 3a"dío
O3o!#iion! a'53i'a 6!pon37n!a 8 !vo'ada9 P"od2'3o d! di3o"i(n a'53i'a
/ E012345678N9
_e #"rHina1 +os %ipos #e 3c/01E Q3 Q3 c c/0 /01 1 U J/& J/&E E &n &n/ /"e "e 1 in4 in4& &c/ c/01 01 f( f(+ +,, #e !l !l G c/& c/&%r %r/* /*sG sG gh gh9G 9G i1a i1a9c 9c/ /= =sG sG 9; 9;r r9 9c/ c/= =s6 s66666G G p>p p>pc c/0 /01 1 fV/=s Xu&an+, Wn(os +oos 1 l 9(/#e ) #an"e #l k\Q f&n. f&n.u&( u&(,, au./%i au./%i5, 5, "rn "rn, , ) mo& mo&/ / f%. f%./c/ /c/nl nl G `/#emo `/#emo& &/G /G H/co&0/&6 %./c/nl ) &1 `/#emo&/, Te #1 V>PZa 1 l Xi="eG Xi="e G H!n%s qe H/co&0/& Te V>PZ &1 ciruIJ6 Q3c/01 cWCD%r/&E 3c/01 #e UWnc/01 #l J+, p C./, #e 5, , p C./, #e in%rWCn(os6 ./an"e cWC%rJ Te 8%!=e #e cuan%PA&c/01 cuan%PA&c/01 r!n(%i5 *& #l I+, #e au./c/01 6 \@ po#9os v P 3/"e Wn Ripocu/ #e %anH//01 fJ+, "rn, ), C./, , Wn Ripocu/ #e 4*pc/01 fJ+, in"rn, ), `JsG ) Te #1 v s UVcnc/s qe (1 "+s6
2
Esquema pruebas funcionales de la audición: Con voz ACUMETRíA
PRUEBAS SUBJETIVAS
Con diapaon!
Voz no"#a$% C$ai&i'a'i(n d! F!$d#ann Voz )a*a% C$ai&i'a'i(n d! L+',! -!)!" Rinn! Bin. /!$$0 S',1a)a', Bonni!" Li#ina"
A'2#!3"ía Tona$ S2p"a$i#ina"
AUDIOMETRíA SUBJETIVA
PRUEBAS FUNCIONALES DE LA AUDICIÓN
A'2#!3"ía Vo'a$
Li#ina" S2p"a$i#ina"
U#)"a$! d! vía a0"!a U#)"a$! d! vía (!a U#)"a$! d! di'on&o"3 Fo1$!" S4I4S4I4 U#)"a$ d! d!3!''i(n d! $a voz C2"va d! in3!$!.i)i$idad
R!&$!*o '('$!o!3ap!dia$ I#p!dan'io#!3"ía PRUEBAS OBJETIVAS
AUDIOMETRíA OBJETIVA
A'2#!3"ía d! "!p2!3a !$0'3"i'a
Ti#pano#!3"ía Po3!n'ia$! !vo'ado a2di3ivo E$!'3"o'o'$!o."a&ía P"2!)a d! p"o#on3o"io
D! 3"on'o!n'0&a$o o d! $a3!n'ia 'o"3a 6B4E4R4A49 D! $a3!n'ia #!dia Co"3i'a$! o 3a"dío
O3o!#iion! a'53i'a 6!pon37n!a 8 !vo'ada9 P"od2'3o d! di3o"i(n a'53i'a
/ E012345678N9
_e #"rHina1 +os %ipos #e 3c/01E Q3 Q3 c c/0 /01 1 U J/& J/&E E &n &n/ /"e "e 1 in4 in4& &c/ c/01 01 f( f(+ +,, #e !l !l G c/& c/&%r %r/* /*sG sG gh gh9G 9G i1a i1a9c 9c/ /= =sG sG 9; 9;r r9 9c/ c/= =s6 s66666G G p>p p>pc c/0 /01 1 fV/=s Xu&an+, Wn(os +oos 1 l 9(/#e ) #an"e #l k\Q f&n. f&n.u&( u&(,, au./%i au./%i5, 5, "rn "rn, , ) mo& mo&/ / f%. f%./c/ /c/nl nl G `/#emo `/#emo& &/G /G H/co&0/&6 %./c/nl ) &1 `/#emo&/, Te #1 V>PZa 1 l Xi="eG Xi="e G H!n%s qe H/co&0/& Te V>PZ &1 ciruIJ6 Q3c/01 cWCD%r/&E 3c/01 #e UWnc/01 #l J+, p C./, #e 5, , p C./, #e in%rWCn(os6 ./an"e cWC%rJ Te 8%!=e #e cuan%PA&c/01 cuan%PA&c/01 r!n(%i5 *& #l I+, #e au./c/01 6 \@ po#9os v P 3/"e Wn Ripocu/ #e %anH//01 fJ+, "rn, ), C./, , Wn Ripocu/ #e 4*pc/01 fJ+, in"rn, ), `JsG ) Te #1 v s UVcnc/s qe (1 "+s6
2
Q3c/01 Q3c/01 U J/&E J/&E 3c/01 1 l .'(, E
Te Ii &beZ 1 l +, &n%ar/, 3aG i1 9v D( Te V%i l 4, ) ar%a9os tc/ %Ysar]8U pe pe &w] &w] Iin Iino o #l #l k\Q k\Q f&n f&n.u .u&( &(,, au./% au./%i5, i5, " "rn rn, , pa pa Xri Xri l &n.u&(,6 _e in%o.u*e l 4Dc', 1 l J+, &1 W1 ;o&, #e >- pa `/u>PZc/01 #l &n.u&(, ) %dHpan,6 3c/ 3 c/01 01 1 l $ix,E
Te Ii &beZ 1 l +, &n%ar/, 3aG i1 9v D( Te V%i l 4, ) ar%a9os tc/ %Ys8aj,U pe &w]Iino #l k\Q f&n.u&(, au./%i5, "rn, pa Xri l &n.u&(,6 _e in%o.u*e l 4Dc', 1 l J+, &1 W1 ;o&, #e >- pa `/u>PZc/01 #l &n.u&(, ) %dHpan,6 \ v*sG s =*ar/ &8c/01 #e os p.Vs pa qe &Hrb1 qe n, .2eG 3n+2s riC,6
Q1 Wn mo&/ nr9l "=9os qe v l k\Q f&G "%WG po/c/01 ) V>!ve ) l %dHpan, f&G "%WG po/c/01 f&0n&a5, , &$v,G V>!vsG &n, >WHino,G ) 9`]>/+?6 Q1 Wn mo&/ p(OI/&G p(OI/&G P l k\Q (S i1a9+,G WWc/01 WWc/01 G (ap01 #e *rWC1 *rWC1 G %W9VsG crpos crpos %axosG666 %axosG666 y 1 l %dHpan, Te %!=e qe v P ta) 4;c/0 4;c/01 1 G P s HW) Ir,G Ir,G zn,G P n, Te ve 9`]>/+? 9`]>/+? G P n, 3/"e 3/"e &n, >WHino, fn, Te ve cuan+, ta) Wn 4;c/016 M%s 3c/=s #e in"VDs {>d$/&, 1 s r8s #e 9`]>/+?G qe 1E
|r8 #e }a5 fRi4rV/01 1 l %dHpan,E v9os l 9`iH!n(, #l %dHpan,G P Te Hve l &n, >WHino,G &#n o/c'a s nr9l nr9l G P n, Te Hve Hve G ta) Wn Ripocu/ Ripocu/ #e %anH %anH//01 //01 6
|r8 #e |>/~h fRi4rV/01 1 l %dHpan,6
|r8 #e •€be fRipV/01 1 l %dHpan,G &n%ar/, r8 #e 5>5G 5>5 G Te o.u*e RWn.iH!n(, #l %dHpan,6
:
:;?"ic@
3c/01 cWCD%r/& Te #ar 5o&l , in%rWCn(>Cn"eE
‚1 ‚1 5,E 5,E 5, 5, n nr9 r9l l G { {PA PA& &c/ c/01 01 #e ƒ. ƒ.9a 9a$1 $1 ) 5, 5, 8ajG 8ajG {PA&c/01 #e „{…e6
‚1 ./ap=sE †bG 7i$=eG ‡inˆG ‰2Š6
Ql $/+, 2 l J+, #e +os ;r9sG p l &aHin, A/OI/&,G %avDs #e `J ‹ŒV f%anH//01 , %avDs #e os Ros #l c=,G `J OT f4*pc/016 5'=+?"A@ Bc Te #ar 1 Wn i1 rW/+osG $P &osG Te 2e ./*1 l pc!n"e pXs #e cu%, 8s ./%in( ./(anc/ f5, {Ru{…+ fŽ ?‡G 5, nr9l f‘’ ?‡ ) 5, Uee f“”?‡6 _e H!eZ *& #l H/9, ) 5a9os 2jn+nos pa #"rHina cuan(os C%os s &ap #e V4%i s pXs qe 5a9os ./c!n+, f./(anc/ #e ./criHinc/01G TI1 l V'(+, 5a9os l I+, #e Ripocu/6 ./(anc/ Te i$/c/ ’ C%os &1 5, nr9l ) 8Tr5a9os , qe V/"eG &+ C%, qe nos *&a9os l pc!n"e 1 ’ ?‡6 au./c/01 s nr9l ’ C%osG ./cV( C%osG C./ n%Ve – —6G in"n n%Ve –˜‘ c—6G ) ~ml Cnos #e ˜‘ c—6 5'=+?"A@ D(?"'=e(F Te Te #1 V>PZa C./an"e Vs #e 8], &1 ./%in(s UVcnc/sG 8ars C(á>/&s &1 ./%in(s UVcnc/sG /(, #e ‰(01 qe cn( &1 Wn o& qe 5arJ UVcnc/ t( –˜6™™ B ) l 9no 9no& &. ./, /, #e _%rWš› _%rWš›1 1 qe s W1 in% in%rW rWC Cn( n(,, #e c c+ + qe <= <= UVcnc/sG 4, , 9Ys u%]>PZ+, 1 1 os ./ap=s6 os .,Ga)+ 1 Wns tqW]s C(á>/&s #e +os a9s W$/+s W1 9an,G qe cn(a1 &1 ./%in( ;r9G Io ) 4,G ) t*œs `]Xa
;
H/"1 $/+os ./%in(s UVcnc/s6 7'(a1 HW) %]2s pa 8"= Wn 5 5 c/ c/01 01 a a3i 3i9 9+ + ) Tnc Tnc] ] #e au./ au./c/ c/01 01 an" an"ss #e t t* * Wn Wn au./C au./C%r %rJ6 J6 \#9Ys \#9YsGG nos a€u+ a€u+ ./FV ./FVnc/ nc/a a n%Ve n%Ve Wn Ripocu Ripocu/ / #e %anH//01 f"+ `J ‹ŒVG Ripocu/ #e 4*pc/01 f"+ `J OT6 s r8s cWCD%r/&s &1 ./ap=s 9Ys iHp,:an"s 1 s #e †bG 7i$=eG ‡inˆ ) ‰2Š6
1< -EBER FUND FUNDAM AMEN ENTO TO M?TODO
SÍMBOLOS
NORMAL IPOACUSIA DE TRANSMISIÓN
IPOACUSIA DE PERCEPCIÓN
IPOACUSIA MIHTA
E=p$ E=p$o" o"aa $a adi adi'i 'i(n (n po po"" vía vía (!a (!a44 Va$o" a$o"an ando do i ,a8 $a3!"a$iza'i(n d!$ onido a n oído> o no> !n 'ada na d! $a &"!'!n'ia4 Ba! d!$ diapa(n vi)"an3! !n !$ v0"3i'! d!$ '"7n!o o !n $a $ín!a #!dia d! $a &"!n3! !n !$ na'i#i!n3o d!$ p!$o4 P"!.n3a" po" @0 oído p!"'i)! #7 &!"3! !$ onido4 S! p!d!n !=p$o"a" 3oda $a &!n3! 'on !$ vi)"ado" d!$ adi(#!3"o !n $a &"!n3!> dando 1 dB po" !n'i#a d!$ #)"a$ d!3!"#inado po" vía (!a4 F$!',a di"i.ida ,a'ia !$ oído @! p!"'i)! !$ onido4 a8 $a3!"a$iza'i(n Si.no i.a$% no ,a8 $a3!"a$iza'i(n4
2< RINNE Co#pa"a $a adi'i(n po" vía (!a 8 vía a0"!a !n 'ada na d! $a &"!'!n'ia Ba! d!$ diapa(n vi)"an3! !n #a3oid! ,a3a @! d!*a d! oí"$o4 In#!dia3a#!n3! d!p0> in vo$v!" a .o$p!a"> ! !=p$o"a $a vía a0"!a> ap"o=i#ando $a "a#a a$ 'ond'3o4 P"!.n3a" i v!$v! a oí" !$ onido4
Si.no poi3ivo% p!"'i)! !$ onido po" vía a0"!a d!p0 d! $a (!a4 Si.no n!.a3ivo No p!"'i)! !$ onido po" vía a0"!a d!p0 d! $a (!a4 E$ onido no ! $a3!"a$iza4 S! o8! i.a$ !n 69 S! o8! $a vi)"a'i(n !n !$ ai"! d!p0 a#)o oído o !n $a 'a)!za4 @! '!a $a 'ond''i(n (!a 6#!*o" adi'i(n po" vía a0"!a94 En ,ipoa'ia ni$a3!"a$ o )i$a3!"a$ ai#03"i'a> 6G9 No ! o8!n $a vi)"a'ion! !n !$ ai"! ,a8 $a3!"a$iza'i(n a$ oído !n&!"#o o p!o"4 d!p0 @! '!a $a 'ond''i(n (!a4 Co#pa"a3iva#!n3! 03! o8! #7 @! !$ oído Fa$o 6G9 'ando !=i3! ,ipoa'ia d! ano o #!*o" po"@! no ! pi!"d!n p!"'!p'i(n p"o&nda !n n oído4 vi)"a'ion! a 3"av0 d!$ oído #!dio 8o !=3!"no a$3!"ado4 En ,ipoa'ia )i$a3!"a$ i#03"i'a> !$ onido no ! $a3!"a$iza4 S! o8! #7 &!"3! !n !$ oído no"#a$ o #!*o"4 Si 69 S! o8! $a vi)"a'i(n !n !$ ai"! d!p0 ! )i$a3!"a$ i#03"i'a no ! $a3!"a$iza> o no ! @! '!a $a 'ond''i(n (!a> p!"o ,a)i!ndo o8! i ! p"o&nda4 p!"'i)ido 03a d"an3! n 3i!#po a'o"3ado "!p!'3o a$ no"#a$4 S! $a3!"a$iza o no !.5n @! vía !37 #7 6G9 No ! o8! $a vi)"a'ion! !n !$ ai"! a$3!"ada !n d!3!"#inada &"!'!n'ia4 d!p0 @! '!a $a 'ond''i(n (!a4
Hl@ 19 J"#$%a a'=>?"ica d K$Le ODP
:< BIN/ FUNDAMENTO
METODO
SMBOLOS
NORMAL IPOACUSIA DE TRANSMISIÓN IPOACUSIA DE PERCEPCIÓN IPOACUSIA MIHTA
E=p$o"a !n 'ada oído $a va"ia'i(n !n $a adi'i(n po" vía (!a in o)3"i" 8 o)3"8!ndo !$ 'ond'3o adi3ivo 653i$ pa"a d!')"i" n Rinn! &a$o 6G94 Ba! d!$ diapa(n vi)"an3! !n #a3oid!> 'ando 8a no $o oi.a in d!*a" d! ap$i'a"$o> !$ *!3o ! in3"od'! d!do índi'! !n !$ 'ond'3o adi3ivo !=3!"no4 Si.no poi3ivo 69% p!"'i)! d! n!vo !$ onido po" vía (!a 3"a $a o)3"''i(n4 Si.no n!.a3ivo 6G9% no p!"'i)! d! n!vo !$ onido po" $a vía (!a 3"a $a o)3"''i(n 69 V!$v! a oí" !$ onido a$ 3apa" !$ 'ond'3o adi3ivo !=3!"no4 6G9 No v!$v! a oí" !$ onido a$ 3apa" !$ 'ond'3o adi3ivo !=3!"no4 69 V!$v! a oí"$o i !$ ."ado d! ,ipoa'ia no ! !v!"o4 E$ 3i!#po d! adi'i(n po" vía (!a ! #7 'o"3o @! !$ no"#a$4 69 o 6G9 d!p!ndi!ndo d!$ ."ado d! ,ipoa'ia @! p"!do#in!4
;< /ELLE E=p$o"a !n 'ada oído $a in&$!n'ia d! $a #ovi$idad d! $a 'ad!na oi'$a" !n $a adi'i(n po" vía (!a4 Ba! d!$ diapa(n !n #a3oid!> ! 'o#pa"a $a adi'i(n po" vía (!a in ap$i'a" ,ip!"p"!i(n 8 ap$i'7ndo$a 6p!"a d! Po$i3z!" 8 va$a$va94 La ,ip!"p"!i(n di&i'$3a $a #ovi$idad d! $a 'ad!na oi'$a"4 Si.no poi3ivo 69% p!"'i)! d! n!vo !$ onido 3"a $a ,ip!"p"!i(n4 Si.no n!.a3ivo 6G9% no p!"'i)! d! n!vo !$ onido 3"a $a ,ip!"p"!i(n4 69 V!$v! a oí" !$ onido> $a 'ad!na oi'$a" ! #(vi$4 6G9 No v!$v! a oí"$o 6! p"od'! #7 "i.id!z !n !$ 'ad!na oi'$a"94 69 V!$v! a oí"$o 6#ovi$idad !n !$ 'ad!na oi'$a"94 69 o 6G9 d!p!ndi!ndo d!$ ."ado d! ,ipoa'ia @! p"!do#in!4
Hl@ /9 J"#$%a a'=>?"ica d QD(R $T*
U 3V8C8W75. IXYJ:Z678 [E\ ]I^3 E_H:`N3. Qs 5>uc/01 #l J+, u%]>PZan+, W1 in%rWCn(, #nHin+, mo&/, , `/#emo&/,6 Q"e o*.iH!n(, 4rH/"e `/u>PZa l &n.u&(, au./%i5, "rn, fk\Q ) 1 - ;n+,G CXan #l %dHpan, ) &1 , F&%ua l ./InO%/&, p `//01 .iV&( #e ./%in(s p(oIJs6 Qs Wn r8 in+G cWž V>PZc/01 a4ns 25 Wnos Hi$u(os ) n, VqW!Ve $inI1 %ip, #e Vpac/01 p pe #l pc!n"e6 7>PZc/01 #e M(o&/E
M8Tr5a9os l GL$Tlón ,-i?DB ) p>pa9os l 9(/#s6
./an"e l }/#emo&/, 3a9os l b5:. _e #be V.uci in"n/+? #e >- 1 l >ua +n#e Te 3 l pc!n"e6 &beZ "rHin 1 W1 &n,G qe pa - in%o.u&c/01 Te Vc'XVeG p —Ÿi5os #e R/I!=eG #e W1 4c', Y%/&,6 /{t, &n, Te in%o.u*e p l k\Q f&n.u&(, au./%i5, "rn,G H!n%s Te %&c/n #l pb01 au./%i5, pa ¡V&%PA&a¡ l %a¢&(, ) @ oIa >i=a l
J
rPAc/, #e n%+ &1 l ;n+, #l &n.u&(,G +n#e Te ncn% l %dHpan,6 ‚n{>W/+ 3c/01 G Te V%i l mo&/, ) Te #T{t l 4Dc', #e Y%/&,6
B9os #e #&:a C./an"e mo&/ s ./FVn"s p(oIJs qe F&(a1 au./c/01 ) qe n, ta1 /+, ./Ino%/&+s , %(+s V`/aCn"e ) qe p , (an(, VH/%iV9os l 4c/>/( M£G #e (l 9a= qeE Q1 l pb01 aWr/c'aE (o+s s p(oIJs qe F&(a1 ./{t %ru&%WG 1 UWn+aCn(>Cn"e 9;r9c/=s &n<Œ$/(sG %aW9%/9osG inF&c/=sG %W9Vs6
Q1 l ‚n.u&(, \u./%i5, Q"rn,E #&:a9os l ¤29 9Ys &H1 qe s 8%ru&c/01 , (apnaH!n(, p *rWC1 G crpos %axosG i1a9c/=sG &oYI'osG %V/sG Ÿ/%/s "rnsG o(o/sG o"9sG #r9%/%/sK
M8Tr5a9os =er,(@ ?DGfPic@ 6 ‚H8aV9os qe "Š dn"I ) &1 Xn &c/01 G qe Te `/u>PZ l %r/nI', >WHino,G pas Y&c/+G l 9an, #l 9w],G l a$], ¥Xo,G (g6 K TI1 #cripc/01 an(0H/&6 &:a9os VTnc/ #e >JqW/+, 1 &aj #l J+, C./,G anIVe f#e & 9+, , ¦'lG c/&%r/*s , {2o/s f9an{ts ¤an&sG s a1maV9os ) V`/aV9os 1 anaH=/s P Te nos t in;r9+, #e &au #e ./{ts anr9>/+#s6 s 4;c/=s - Ÿos tZos Te a1ma1 TI1 l cu.an"e &rVpn.!n"e6 •aX!Œ1 …9os #e 8Tr5a P 3/"1 /Inos #e Ÿ/%/s C./sG cVciH!n(os anr92s qe #1 &rVpn# W1 &2"(9G VTnc/ #e %'8os #e .VnaeK Q1 &, #e .u+ XVe 4;c/01 %iHp$/&G V>PZaV9os Wn %iHpanC%rJ6
g V7MWAN]h:H475 O:j\Ek3 EVAJE^ A\. \@ ?DG,()=+?"@ s Wn r8 #ar+ pa 8"= in;r9c/01 *& #e V/01 #l J+, C./,G UWnc/01 #e %Hp #e Qu(qW/,G in"Ir/+? ) 9`]>/+? #e CXan %iHp$/&G ) &n%i$W/+? #e &#n o/c'a6
K
Qs Wn r8 X%i56 |a V>PZa %iHpanC%rJ Te inTe: Wn( #e Wn n+ 1 l &n.u&(, au./%i5, "rn, t( 8"= W1 T, …rCD%/&,6 |o"r/rCn"eG Te ¡a>/&¡ V/01 pa ;c]>/(a 8Tr5c/01 #l &Hp,:aH!n(, #l /"9 UVn"e os &aX/os #e ./{t V/01 6 G
Wan"e l aC1 G 4n n, #be t¤aG 9vTeG $P %aG ž qe (2s 9`iH!n(os #1 &aX/a V/01 1 l J+, C./, ) arja V'(+os in&rV&(os6 G
G
os 5Vs 8"$/+osG cWr5s a9+s %iHpanoIa9s Te &Hpaa1 &1 s cWr5s p%01 G 1 +n#e Te 5a1 os /IW!n"s paC%os6
V/01 1 qe Te &a1Z l 5 93i9, #e &H>/anc/6 Ql 5 #e &H>/anc/ 93i9 ;r9 , 4¥l #e cWr56
: meo +F,p+i s Wn r8 #ar+ pa 5a &n%&c/01 Ve§j #l Hc', (a4./l &9, V( W1 %dH', n, f¨ “ ?‡G l cul Te o.u*e #e ;r9 iH'(= 1 a8os J+os in#4n.!n"Cn"e #l J+, 1 l qe Te o.-Z& l %dH', p , qe r8 #e V>PZaTe #e ;r9 ip]"l f%iH', ) C./c/01 #e &n%&c/01 1 l
H/9, J+, , &n%"l f%iH', c%/&, 1 W1 J+, ) C./c/01 #e &n%&c/01 1 l Ÿ,6 Qs Wn r8 X%i56 G
Q( r8 t #e V>PZaTe &1 l %iHpan0C%,G #e H/9 9a= qe %iHpanC%rJG Te inTe: 1 l k\Q n+ t( Ta l &n.u&(,G ) &n%i$uc/01 Te H/"e rW/+, ¤an&, ) Te 5 V( 1 s UVcnc/s #e ‘™G –™™G ˜™™ ) ™™ B6
_P n, apaV*e Ve§j, ta) qe 5a po]¤2e VTnc/ #e 3u++, 1 &a`/+? %iHp$/&G ./rWpc/01 #e &#n o/c'aG 4;c/01 %iHp$/&G mo{2o/sG Ripocu/ =WoTnr/l V%o&o{2aG paá>//s ;c/l , 2/01 *n%l #e s `Js *n#n"s #e `J au./%i56
G
q J4tA Vut54bA. H+v d &'(ión ?w%f"ic@9
‚1 %dHpan, in"I,E _e VI/% W1 riC %iHpanoIa9G &n%i$uc/01 Te 2e /#e l pc!n"e qe V>/*e Wn 9a$/X #e 5>5G V>PZan+, W1 TIWn+, %iHpanoIa9 qe 5arJ tc/ s V/=s =%i5s6 \ &n%i$uc/01 Te 2e /#e l pc!n"e qe V>/*e Wn 9a$/X #e #©>uc/01 G V>PZan+, W1 "* %iHpanoIa9 qe 5arJ tc/ s V/=s po/%i5s6 ƒWnc/01 •'8r/& nr9lE 5ar/c/01 #e V/01 1 ––‘ +| %s &+ Wn #e s 9a$/Xs6 ‚1 %dHpan, 4;+,E _e in(aW Wn V/01 #e ª™ +| ) Te 2e /#e l pc!n"e qe V>/*e Wns 9a$/Xs #e #©>uc/01 fŽ ) Te ve &9, 5 ./Hi$W¢n+, V/01 t( +|G P 2 t( ( V/01E ƒWnc/01 %'8r/& nr9l 6 •aX!Œ1 Te #e V>PZa &1 V/01 #e ™ +|6
x Hy6NbA [: hE^67z {^V|5 Su}~:V|A.
x.1 {^7]h:H475 V8NA\ 27•IN5O .
Ql X%i5, s 8"= os $iv2s Hd$i9os #e in"n/+? os qe Wn 4n s &ap #e 4c]Xi %dH'os c%/&os VTn(+os 1 ;r9 #e (nos Wos6 | , (an(, l «¬‡® ¯°±® ²³¬´±\7 G TS in"n/+? Hd$i9 qe Te 4c]beG l CnosG l ‘µ #e os (nos VTn(+os6 s UVcnc/s u%]>PZ+s 5a1 ##e –˜‘ B t( ”™™ B6 os 5Vs 8"$/+os Te a1ma1 1 l ¶·¸³°‰¶¬\G 1 & r)o os &rVpn.!n"s l J+, #V{t,G 1 & @€w os &rVpn.!n"s l J+, PZqW!+,6 }a9os V>PZa C./c/01 p }J \ŒVG p }J ¹T , ‚aHp, ]XVeG C./an"e (a5o*sG #e (l 9a= qe 8"n.V9os os WX2s ‹ŒVosG OTos ) #e &aHp, >]XVe6
MODALIDAD DE EHPLORACIÓN AUDIOM?TRICA VA 6in !n#a'a"a"9 VA 6!n#a'a"ada9 VO 6in !n#a'a"a"9 VO 6!n#a'a"ada9 UCL 6vía a0"!a9 Ca#po $i)"! vía a0"!a in adí&ono Ca#po $i)"! vía a0"!a 'on adí&ono
ODO DERECO 6"o*o9
ODO IUIERDO TRAO DE UNIÓN 6az$9 ENTRE SMBOLOS H
6'o$o" v!"d!9
T"azo 'on3ino T"azo 'on3ino T"azo di'on3ino T"azo di'on3ino T"azo 'on3ino T"azo 'on3ino
6'o$o" v!"d!9
T"azo 'on3ino
Q
_i8oIJ #e au./C%rJ (nl >iHina
@|75 5:O5 7º®²»¼\½³¾N Q ²\ |¿ºÀ\6
1
be V>PZaTe 1 noa9,w/Iu+ ) &1 W1 au./0C%,6 G
‚o&c/01 #e os &&os l pc!n"e6
G
»n./&a9os l pc!n"e qe &n%i$uc/01 G 5 cu{ta Wnos $/+osG 25an"e 9an, cuan+, cV qe ¢e l $/+, aWnqe T HW) #ÁX]>Cn"eG ) 8 cuan+, #e #e dœ,6
‚C1Za9os p l Cj J+, ) UVcnc/ –™™ B6 |VTn(a l (n, Wn in"n/+? ˜Ž ?‡ W4r/ l WXl 4+,G pa TIWarnos qe l pc!n"e , ¢e6
G
G
‡aja 1 pos #e – ?‡ t( qe l pc!n"e #e #e Vpn#G 'Xi n(n*s 1 pos #e ‘ ?‡ t( 8"= #e $5, V(6
G
_e &n/# WXl #e au./c/01 W1 (n, W, l 5 l qe Te ¢e l ‘µ #e s v*s qe Te VTn(6
G ‚n%i$ua
%u./an+, s UVcnc/s –‘™G ˜™™G Ž™™G ™™G ’™™G ”™™G5>v VTn(a UVcnc/ #e –™™ ) p Â%i9, VTn(a ‘™G ˜‘ ) –˜‘ B6
‚ |75 85 à 7º®²»¼\½³°N Q ²\ |¿ºÀ\ G ‚o&a l `]X+ 1 9(/#s #l J+, 3aG `/(a &o&aœ, XVe l 4, ) qe n, (oqe l pb01 aWr/c'a6 G
N, #be 9vTe .Wan"e r8
G
Q1 &, #e qe n, + &o&aTe 1 l 9(/#s s VFr]¤2e &o&aœ, p nci9 qe p #8aj, #l H/9,G pa `/(a qe Te /%Äe 1 l c,6
G
|a 8"= l WXl p `J OT TIWi l H/9, o*.iH!n(, qe l TIW/+, pa 8"= `J ‹ŒV
ƒ EN•Ab54•EV3 OA2„5678 [: 25 J4t5
11
_e o.u*e cuan+, os $/+os VTn(+os p `J ‹ŒVG 1 4c]X/+os p l J+, &n%"l pwi #e Wn in"n/+? #"rHin+6 b9os $9&aa G) …@ †‡m+@ !HVe qeE ./FVnc/ #e WX2s 1 `J ‹ŒV #l J+, Cj 1 Vc/01 &1 l J+, 4G T /Iul , W4r/ os ?‡6
•aX!Œ1 cuan+, ./FVnc/ n%Ve `J OT #l Cj J+, 1 Vc/01 &1 `J ‹ŒV #l 4 J+, s /Iul , W4r/ ?‡6
J) …@ ˆ‰+@ Te #be $9&aa !HVe pa 8"= `J OT Vl G cuan+, os WX2s #e `J OT .PÅV1 #e `J ‹ŒV #l H/9, J+, 1 9Ys #e – ?‡6 Q$9&aaV9os l J+, Cj pa 8"= `J OT #l J+, 4G P l WXl 8"$/+, &inc/#e &1 l #l J+, qe n, tXJa9os $9&a+,G , V4%iV9os $9&aan+, l J+, &n%"l 6
Txl #e $9&aaH!n(, !HVe Te VTn( p `J ‹ŒV6 _e $9&a &1 os aWr/c'aVs 1 a8s `Js6 |a $9&aa p `J ‹ŒV &o&a9os os aWr/c'aVs #e H/9 ;r9 qe 1 8"nc/01 #l WXl (nl >iHina6 |a $9&aa p `J OT &o&a9os l `]X+ XVe l 9(/#s #l J+, aHina ) l aWr/c'a #e `J ‹ŒV 1 l J+, &n%ar/,G cW/+an+, qe l aWr/c'a &rVpn.!n"e l J+, 1 l qe …9os a>/&+, l `]X+ q#e XVe CÆ] #l pc!n"e i1 qe &apTe l &anl au./%i5,6 QH2a9os l CD(o+, #e CT(G p T l CD(o+, qe TIW W1 $9&aaH!n(, F&%i5, i1 &rV r!, #e XV$9&aaH!n(,6
x./. {^7]h:H475 V8NA\ S{J4A27•IN5O 6
s r8s W>iHinaVs 1 qs qe Te V>PZa1 in"n/+#s W4r/Vs l WXl #e au./c/01 G =*ar/, pa #"rHina l 7an, inH/&, #l pc!n"e ) 1 o&>PZc/01 #l r/<1 #e 2/01 G aWCn(an+, Vc//01 ./InO%/& #e Bipocu/s NWoTnr/2s6 s 9Ys u%]>PZ+s 1E G "rHinc/01 #l ¿Xl #e 2%/6 G |r8 #e ƒÇ26 G |r8 #e È´È»6 12
|r8 #e ƒ%/6 \u./C%rJ #e ( UVcnc/ \u./C%rJ #e ‡Á›D) G
Qq9Y%/&aCn"eG 3/"1 Ž &"rJs #e 4ewWœ8c/=s , ./(/=s W>iHinaVsE –6 /(/01 TI1 l e #e s UVcnc/sE %W #e W1 $/+, anr9>Cn"e 4c]X/+,G , W1 $/+, (9+, p W1 rW/+,G (g6 9Ys &noc/+ #e (s ./(/=s s DCn"e a , 1 Ÿos &os a?iŽ@ ,-i?DB@ 6
Ql V{>u(aH!n(, s l Fn0Cn, #e a4c]XiH!n(, #e Wn Tnc/01 n 9až qe #e W1 J+, nr9l pa H/9 &an%/+? #e %dH', UJ/&, fin"n/+? #e $/+,6 Q( Tnc/01 #e T #9Ys +o6
Qs W1 Fn0Cn, qe ocWrVe 1 Ripocu/s #e 4*pc/01 o&/n+s p 2/01 &o{2a f&o{2p%Js &1 2/01 #e s *Á>'s c]>/+s "rns6
Ql J+, &1 V{>u(aH!n(, 4c]be Wn 9až Tnc/01 n qe W1 J+, nr9l pa H/9 &an%/+? #e %dH', UJ/&,6
_1 W(os Ripoc/&os ) - Ripocu/ n, 2s 4rH/"e d t( W1 #"rHin+, WXl f‘?‡G p H,G 4, pwi #e Te WXl ¢1 É9Ys #e , nr9lÊG ./criHinan+, HW) X!1 cuqW! 5ar/c/01 #e $/+, Ë, 1 cuan(, H!eZ T 9Ys in"n, f”‘ ?‡G , T Ž‘ ?‡ p nci9 #l WXl &n/#+, H, V'( HW) 92(, pa l nFr9, in{>u, +o, fI/cu/G É, ¢e #9/+,Ê6
Qn%Ve l WXl au./%i5, ) l WXl +o, 3/"e W1 an, .inH/&, Hu{t, 9Ys V.uc/+, #e , nr9l 6
@[:H:4•IN5678 [E\ u•Q4A\ [: •8\EV75 à 7º®²»¼\½³°N Q ²\ |¿ºÀ\6
#"rHinc/01 #l WXl #e 92%/ f¿½ s =*ar/ pa &no* l 7an, inH/&,6 be V>PZaTe 1 noa9,w/Iu+ ) &1 W1 au./0C%,6 1:
G
_Ì, Te V>PZ p `J ‹ŒV6
G
‚o&c/01 #e os &&os l pc!n"e6
G
»n%ru&c/=s l pc!n"eE É\t 5 d Wn Tr!e #e $/+os Ues qe aWCn(a1 #e 5>WC1Í 25an"e 9an, cuan+, Tp qe P , aWCn(, 9Ys 2e 92(aS V>Cn"eÊ6
G
_e VTn(a1 (nos WosG H4eZan+, p l Cj J+, ) UVcnc/ –™™ BG #e &,: .Wc/01 G in"n/+? p nci9 #l WXl ) Te incVCn(a1 1 in"n/+? t( qe l pc!n"e 25an"e 9an, , Te 2 l 93i9, $ivl #e >/+ #l au./0C%,6
G
_e V/"e 1 s UVcnc/s =*ar/s pa 8"= cWr5 #e 92%/ #e &+ J+,6
‚ J4t5 3 HEH [: ]\:O à 7º®²»¼\½³°N Q ²\ |¿ºÀ\6
Q"e "~G a9+, (aX!Œ1 #e 8an*e X/aWl G Te u%]>PZ pa #"rHina P Ripocu/ =WoTnr/l %!=e - r/<1 1 &O{2 in./&an+, P l J+, +ax+, %!=e V{>u(aH!n(,6 r8 Te V>PZ <=>Cn"e an"e VTnc/ #e Ripocu/ W$]"l ž qe &n/"e 1 qWipaa , /Iua Tnc/01 n qe 4c]be l J+, an, &1 4c]X/+ p l J+, +ax+,6 Qs #ciG &Hpa W1 (n, W, 1 Wn, #e os J+os &1 in"n/+? n =*ar/ qe Vc/ pa "= H/9 Tnc/01 1 l J+, (,6 be V>PZaTe noa9,w/Iu+ ) &1 W1 au./0C%, G
‚o&c/01 #e os &&os l pc!n"e6
G
Q3>/&a9os V`/aCn"e l pc!n"e qe t #e in./&arnos cuan+, ¢e os +os $/+os H/9 in"n/+? p os +os J+os6
G
|VTn(a9os W1 (n, W, f–™™ , ˜™™ B 1 l J+, an, ˜ ?‡ XVe WXl ) 5a9os 'X!n+, in"n/+? #l (n, VTn(+, 1 l J+, +ax+, #e ‘ 1 ‘ ?‡G t( qe l pc!n"e nos in./& qe 4c]be os +os $/+os H/9 in"n/+?6
G
Q1 s Ripocu/s #e %anH//01 ) 1 s =WoTnr/2s V%o&o{2aVs s >d=s 8"$/+s 1 pa2sG H!n%s qe 1 s 1;
Ripocu/s =WoTnr/2s #e %ip, &o{2aG l tb V{>u(aH!n(,G s >d=s 8"$/+s 1 &$v<n"s6
ƒ J4t5 [: SIS à 7º®²»¼\½³°N Q ²\ |¿ºÀ\6
Q"e "~ Te 8 1 #"&(a incVCn(os #e in"n/+? qe T1 CnVs os qe W1 nr9¢n"e po.rJ #"&(a6 Ql au./0C%, u%]>PZa #be in{>Wi l sÎÏaVe #cu+,6 G
‚o&c/01 #e os &&os l pc!n"e
G
_e VTn( W1 (n, W, ) &n%i$u, fUVcnc/s #e ‘™G –™™G˜™™ ) ™™ B in"n/+? T2&c/n+ f˜ ?‡ XVe WXl ) #e ;r9 2(r/ incVCn( – ?‡ f&1 .Wc/01 #e ˜™ 9s6 _P %!=e V{>u(aH!n(, l J+, 4c]be l aWCn(, #e in"n/+?G 4, P n, , %!=e l (n, Te ¢e #e ;r9 &n%i$uG i1 incVCn(,6
G
Qn%Va9os l '+ ) Te in%rW¢e l pc!n"e pa qe 'Te &+ ve qe / W1 aWCn(, 1 in"n/+?G ) , 1 l &, qe , taž …{t, i$C./(aCn"e #Ds #l (n, s qe Te &n(X]>PZ6 _e &n%i$ l n%VnaH!n(, VTn(an+, Tr!s #e (os #e Ž ) ˜ ?‡6
‚uan+, 5aža9os V>PZa r8 #ez$/%i5 l &n(+ Te p=e *,6 6 G os V'(+os Te &Haa1 &1E _P l p*n(ae #e c!e:os s #l ’µ l –™µ Te &n/# qe r8 s po/%i5 ) qe 3/"e 2/01 &o{2a6 }Vs #l ˜µ l ’µ Te &n/#a1 po&, &n{>W¢n"s _P l p*n(ae s #l l ˜µ Te &n/# =%i5 r8 ) p , (an(, n, 3/"e V{>u(aH!n(,6
1
‘ J4tA [: 5VI’5
ƒ%/ au./%i5 f;%/ po"%iH'(r/ ./Hi$uc/01 #e au./c/01 qe ocWrVe #Ds #e Wn 3po/c/01 n+ W1 rW/+, in"n,6 ‚uan+, apaV*e ;%/ au./%i5 l W(, 1m Tnc/01 #e n#ciH!n(,G qe <=>Cn"e Te &Hpax #e cFn,6 •ancWr/+, l %!Hp,G Hi$u(os - tsG Te VcW4 au./c/01 nr9l 6 |#e in"rV(aTe &9, p, V`/, Ripocu/ p %aW9 c%/&,G Vv]¤2e6 |a cuan%PA&a V./po/c/01 l #"r/, au./%i5, p rW/+,E •~ |žT ) Ÿs r8s #e ;%/ au./%i56 J4t5 3 HEH [: JE“:O
_/"9Y%/& #e r8E _e V>PZa Wn au./C%rJ (nl pa 8"= os WX2s Q%iH'c/01 #e Wn, #e os +os J+os &1 W1 $/+, #e –™™ B p `J ‹ŒV –™ ?‡ p nci9 #l WXl au./%i5, #e 4n .Wan"e Ž Hi$u(os ÐWin*e TIWn+os #e Vpo, "rHinc/01 #l WXl au./%i5, p `J OT #e UVcnc/ –™™ 74%i (o+os os pos 1 l J+, &n%"l 6 _P #Ds #e %iH'c/01 n, ta1 &aJ+, os WX2s l W(, n, %!=e V./po/c/01 p#* %aW9 c%/&,6 _P ta) Wn &aJ+ W4r/ – ?‡ Te #e TIWa qe l W(, %!=e V./po/c/01 ( p#* %aW9 c%/&,6 _P l WXl (S n%Ve ‘ ) – ?‡ p #8aj, #l riH/%i5, s .u+o V./po/c/01 l %aW9 c%/&,6
J4t5 3 HEH [: ”IS8
_/"9Y%/& #e r8E 7>PZc/01 #e Wn au./C%rJ pa 8"nc/01 #e WX2s6
1J
Q%iH'c/01 #e W1 J+, 1 UVcnc/ ˜™™ ) ” ?‡ #e in"n/+? p nci9 WXl 7po, #e ˜ Hi$u(os N5 #"rHinc/01 #l WXl #e ™™ _e V>PZ , H/9, 1 l J+, &n%"l 6 os cr/"r/os 1 iH]aVs r8 an"r/G – ?‡ #e 4Œ./+ in./&a1 V./po/c/01 l %aW9 c%/&,
J4t5 [: A^AJV5678 V8: [:bA HEH [: b5–5OH
•aX!Œ1 a9+ r8 #e #&aiH!n(, (nl6 \+ap(c/01 f;%/ 4V%iH'(r/G _e 9a$PÅ( &9, 4Œ./+ #e Iu#eZ au./%i5 1 l WXl cuan+, Vc]Xi9os c!e:, %!Hp, W1 %dH', >iHina
r8 #e ;%/ nos in./& cuan+, Wn p(oIJ =WoTnr/l s 7%o&o{2a ž qe cuan+, l =r`/, au./%i5, (S F&(+, ) l J+, 4c]be 1 (n, W, #e ;r9 &n%i$ ) .Wan"e W1 #"rHin+, Z, #e %!Hp,G #jaS #e &n.uci Txl #l H/9, tc!n+, qe T iH4*p%]¤2e pa l pc!n"e6 Q1 &n./c/=s nr92sG ¥X =r`/o au./%i5 s &ap #e %anH/%i l iH', =r`/o, 1 qe Te t &o.PA&+, l %dH', n, &n%i$u,G p , Cnos .Wan"e ’ TIWn+os i1 ;%/aTe6
7º®²»¼\½³°N Q ²\ |¿ºÀ\ be V>PZaTe 1 noa9,w/Iu+ ) &1 W1 au./0C%,6
1K
G
‚o&c/01 #e os &&os l pc!n"e6
G
|.i9os l pc!n"e qe 25an"e 9an, f, 9an"n riH/+, l '+ H!n%s / W1 (n, W, qe 2e 5a9os VTn(a ) qe 8aef, #e #e 'a cuan+, n, , /G 5>`!n+, 25an(a l XZ,f, u%]>PZa l '+ cuan+, , / #e $5,6 Q(, t #e t*œ, t( qe "rHi=9os r86
G
|VTn(a9os W1 (n, W, $ivl WXl G P l pc!n"e nos in;r9 qe , (S ¢n+,G , 9an"=9os .Wan"e W1 Hi$u(,Í P l "rHina l Hi$u(, , /Ie ¢n+,G r8 t zn>PZ+,6 |, P #j #e d l (n, .Wan"e l Hi$u(,G , aWCn(a9os ‘ ?‡ i1 apa l (n, ) &C1Za9os &n(a $5aCn"e l Hi$u(,Í P #j #e dœ, #e $5, 1 l %ancW, #l Hi$u(, 5>v9os incVCn(a Txl 1 ‘ ?‡G ) &n%i$ua9os @ t( qe l pc!n"e s &ap #e d l (n, .Wan"e W1 Hi$u(, i1 qe "na9os =*/+? #e aWCn(a Txl 6
‚Hpaa9os os V'(+os 8"$/+os &1 os (¤2c/+osE »ncVCn(os #e ˜‘ ?‡E =%i5,6 »ncVCn(os #e ˜‘ 9Ys ?‡E po/%i5os6
M%s r8s qe nos in./&a1 P 2/01 s &o{2a , V%o&o{2a 1E
•~ #e ~
•~ #e #&aiH!n(, #l Ve§j, (a4./l fVe§Ñ #&a) "~
HEH [: h:H—
‚uan+, ./FVnc/ n%Ve 2e WXl #l Ve§j, c%/&, ) l WXl (nl >iHina 1 s UVcnc/s 3+s f‘™G –™™G ˜™™ ) ™™ B s Cn #e ’ ?‡ s &Hp%]¤2e &1 3/"nc/ #e V{>u(aH!n(, 1 s Ripocu/s =WoTnr/2s &1 F&(c/01 &o{2aG (, Te #nHin ˜+v d h+v™
1
Gsi?DBG P s W4r/ ’ ?‡ n, 3/"e V{>u(aH!n(, ) (, Te #nHin ˜+v d h+v™ +Ža?DB
HEH [E\ [:b7•EV3 [E\ O:j\Ek3 EVAJE^7A\ š`[H› 3 O:j\E_ [:bA HEH
Tn&#na &n%&c/01 #l Hc', (a4./l &1 W1 %dH', n, #e –s #e .Wc/01 ) v P &n%&c/01 #l %r]8, #&‹e 6 _P H/(? #e r8 f‘Tˆ in"n/+? #e &n%&c/01 #l Hc', #l %r]8, &‹e 9Ys #l ‘µ &1 V4&(, &n%&c/01 i$/c/l 6 Q(aV9os an"e W1 #&aiH!n(, po/%i5, #l Ve§j, (a4./l qe nos in./& Wn 2/01 V%o&o{2a fÒ6 W1 {RÏa$n9 v%]X'a6 ‚uan+, Te &n/Ie V( #e &n%&c/01 Huc'a "n#nc/ s +ap(c/01 G ./Hi$Wi aH>/%u? #e V( H!n%s Te %iH'6 s UVcnc/s 8ajs VTn(a1 Wn Hd$i9 +ap(c/01 G H!n%s qe s UVcnc/s (s %!=1 /+ +ap(c/01 6 _e V>PZ – ?‡ p nci9 #l WXl #l Ve§j, ) .Wan"e – TIWn+os ) Te 5 &9, po/%i5 ./Hi$uc/01 #e ‘µ #e aH>/%u?G in./&n+oTe H/9 pwi #e ‘ TIWn+os6 _e 5 &9, po/%i5, cuan+, (, u*#e 1 s UVcnc/s ‘™ ) –™™ B6
Ql WXl #l Ve§j, c%/&, s ql 1 l qe V( qWi52e l –µ #e aH>/%u? #e V( 93i96 Ql WXl Te ncn% n%Ve “–™ ?‡ p nci9 #l WXl au./CD%r/&,6
1
œ. {^7]h:H475 [: A\V5 O:ZE675
‚H2Cn( l %u./, #e UVcnc/s pa `J ‹ŒV #e ”6™™ ˜6™™ BG &1 , qe 4rH/"e %u./a Zn 8l #e &O{26 Q( Zn Te " 1 l $vciH!n(, A/OI/&,G 1 l %aW9%/9, c%/&, ) 1 os %(aH!n(os &1 #"rHin+os ;r9&os6 |a V>PZc/01 #l %u./, =*/( #e Wn &>]Xc/01 HW) Vc/ ) &H2j ) p Ÿ, +, l `]X+ OT, 1 s UVcnc/s s HW) ./UJc]l 6
R. {^7]h:H475 [: QžŸžY
Ql pc!n"e %Z - /, $ivl au./%i5, &1 W1 au./0C%, au(VI/%+ #e `J ‹ŒV 1 (n, &n%i$u, ) ./&n%i$u,6 Qs #e & u%]>PZc/01 pqe os V'(+os 1 #e ./UJc]l 5>uc/01 ) a>/&X]>/+? Y&%/& >iH/(+6 _us &a&"rJ%/&s 1E 2
Ql /, pc!n"e &n% in"n/+? #l $/+, p C./, #e W1 '+ \u(9Y%/&aCn"e l apa(, 5 pan+, p &+ UVcnc/ _!HVe H!eZ p l J+, PZqW!+, 1 UVcnc/s Iavs pa %u./a (o+s s UVcnc/s #e ./{t, J+, ) #Ds s #l #V{t, |#e H/%i $/+, &n%i$u, , n%V&,:+, _Ì, Te V>PZ p `J ‹ŒV •!=e +os 9an+os % 9a=j+os p l 3+G Wn, pa iH4.i qe pTe #e Wn UVcnc/ #"rHin+ t( qe qa9os ) Ÿ, pa #*n# #e 9a= Xru& – ?‡6 Ql riC, s %]l pa %u./a +ap(c/01 ) l TIWn+, &9, r8 pa #c'Xri iH'+Vs
7º®²»¼\½³°N Q ²\ |¿ºÀ\
_e 3>/& l pc!n"e qe cuan+, / #be 'a l Lm01 ) #be #ja #e 'aœ, cuan+, #e #e d6 s UVcnc/s 3+s 1E ‘™G –™™G ˜™™G Ž™™G ™™G ’™™ ) ”™™ B ISA&G qe .]XWj l /, apa(,G s Wn >d= qX+6
_e ./cu"e cul s l WXl #l pc!n"e P l /&, 9Ys *&an, l , l 9Ys 2j+,6 Q(, &aV*e #e iHp,:anc/ ž qe ( au./C%rJ n, (S in./&+ pa ta l WXl •aX!Œ1 Te ./cu"e cul s ./FVnc/ qe #e T &n/#+ nr9l n%Ve /&, ) /&,6 _e *p( qe (S n%Ve “ ) – ?‡ !n+, Cn 1 s UVcnc/s Iu+s6 Ó<G %s l %u./, #e Hu{tos J+os &1 l au./0C%, #e ‡Á›D)G RPZ, /IW!n"e {PA&c/01E
C'"B@ ?DG E os %Z+os &1 $/+, &n%i$u, ) ./&n%i$u, Te W4rp=1 6 Q"e %ip, #e %Z+, &rVpn#e 4ns &1 au./c/01 nr9l , &1 Ripocu/s #e %anH//01 6
21
C'"B@ ?DG 79 _e W4rp=1 os +os %Z+os 1 s UVcnc/s ‘™ ) –™™ ) 1 l V(, #e UVcnc/s l $/+, &n%i$u, q+ – ˜ ?‡ p #8aj, #l ./&n%i$u,G %d/&, #e s 2/=s &o{2aVs
C'"B@ ?DG I79 cWr5 #e $/+, &n%i$u, #c!n#e 1 (o+s s UVcnc/s 1 Vc/01 &1 8"$/+ &1 $/+, ./&n%i$u,6 »n./& +ap(c/01 p(OI/& HW) `/#n"e p 2/01 V%o&o{2a
22
C'"B@ ?DG 9 Qs Wn CeZ{ #e ³» ) ´³» &1 #*n, #e –‘ ˜‘ ?‡ #e Wn cWr5 &1 V4&(, Ÿ ##e s riCs UVcnc/s6
Q1 W1 ‘µ &rVpn#e Ripocu/s &o{2aVs ) 1 Ÿ, ‘µ &rVpn#e Ripocu/s V%o&o{2aVs6
C'"B@ ?DG 9 Ql %Z+, &1 $/+, &n%i$u, s Cj qe l #l ./&n%i$u,6 _2e T l %Z+, #e 4ns qe p#*1 Wn Ripocu/ pJqW/& , 1 iH'+Vs6
2:
u%]>/+? #e "e apa(, `!=e ++ p 8"nc/01 #e +(os #e cWr5 qe ;a5V*1 l (po./InO%/&,E Q1 Tpac/=s #e /&os inFr/Vs ‘ ?‡ Te #e &n/#a 3/"nc/ #e V{>u(aH!n(, aWnqe n, Te taž 8"$/+, p Ÿs r8s Q1 Tpac/=s #e /&os W4r/Vs – ?‡ ./criHinc/01 pa os &aX/os #e in"n/+? s 9 &9, ocWrVe 1 s VÔX/cu/s aWnqe (aX!Œ1 ocWriS 1 s 4ns anc/ans qe n, n%!n#1 X!1 r8 Q1 l &, #e iH'+VsG cWr5 TIWiS /Iul $ivl aWnqe ta9os #*n# Xru&aCn"e – ?‡ #e in"n/+? s l pc!n"e (S &n"(an+, p nci9 #e - WXl pa iH'a Ripocu/6 _P 3/"e +ap(c/01 p(OI/& ) 9an"=9os UVcnc/G l WXl #e au./c/01 5 #*n.!n+, pa'%inaCn"e6 Q( 3c/01 n, #e Wan(a au./C%rJ {Y/& p , qe n, (S HW) ./UWn./+ aWnqeG P Te ./p=e #l apa(aeG #e T %]l 6
x.U. {^7]h:H475 |3bA\ ¡ 28’]{^7]h:H475. x.U.1. {^7]h:H475 |3bA\ 3 28’]{^7h:H475.
Q( r8 cuan%PA& ./criHinc/01 vœ8l ) p (an(,G l ÉVn.iH!n(,Ê #e au./c/01 6
2;
|#e V>PZaTeE Q1 &aHp, >]XVeE noa9,w/Iu+ ) $/+, H/%/+, p os (a5o*s6 Q1 &aHp, >]XVe Te H/#e ./criHinc/01 &1 ) i1 au.J;nosG &1 , i1 rW/+os aX!n(2s pa iH'a &n./c/=s #e cu{t &1 Vc/01 TxlrW/+, &noc/+s6 | `J ‹ŒVE 1 noa9,w/Iu+ ) u%]>PZan+, aWr/c'aVs #e ;r9 9n, , XinaWl | `J OTE 1 noa9,w/Iu+ ) &1 l `]X+ a>/&+, 1 l 9(/#s6
Q1 ( r8 Te …9os #e 8"= os /IW!n"s WX2sE ¿Xl #e #"&c/01 #e 5,E cuan+, Te ¢e 5, 4, n, Te n%!n#e ¿Xl #e #"&c/01 #e pXE cuan+, Te &n"( &rV&(aCn"e riC pX ¿Xl #e in">/I]X]>/+? [ ¿Xl #e 7*pc/01 vœ8l f¿7}Ecuan+, Te &n"( &rV&(aCn"e l ‘µ #e s pXs VTn(+s ¿Xl 93i9 ./criHinc/01E Wn(, #e in"n/+? 5o&l 1 l qe l W(, &a1Z 93i9 &apc/+? #e &HVn/01 6
\1man+, (os WX2s po#9os 8"= s ./FVn"s cWr5s #e in">/I]X]>/+?6 •Dc$/& Ã 7>PZc/01 #e r86
G)r¢e(F,£ d i"DD(aión Te u%]>PZa1 >/(s |a ta l p>/8s #e ˜‘ pXs o
o
o
o
o
|#1 u%]>PZaTe 5ar/s >/(s #e pXsG s 9Ys &%u2s 1 s #e Õ 7o #e ‚#ns ) }/&(r/ arV,6 }!=1 I8+s 1 W1 ½ 4, #1 paTe #e `i5 5,G 1 "e &, `/I]aV9os qe l `C%, n, XVpTe l ÉÊ , 2Ie Zn j ) qe n, #1 2 $%os X/os6 »n;r9a9os l pc!n"eE É\t 5 d Wn Tr!e #e pXsG VJ(s TI1 s 5až cu{tan+, aWnqe n, "na1 Tn%/+, pa }?6Ê ‚C1Za r8 pan+, >/( #e pXs Wn in"n/+? ˜Ž ?‡ XVe WXl 6 _e &H!1Z p l J+, Cj _P V/"e &rV&(aCn"eG 8aja – ?‡ ) VTn(a Ÿ6 ‚n%i$ua 2
o
8ajan+, ) VTn(an+, Wn pX &+ – ?‡ t( qe V( T in&rV&(6 _'Xi n(n*s –‘ ?‡6 |VTn(a pXs )G P V/"e s G 8aja ‘ ?‡ ) V4%i t( qe Ì, V/( ˜ pXs6 Ql ¿7} (aS in"n/+? qe V/( &rV&(aCn"e ˜ #e s pXs6
(o+oIJ pa ta ¤f;D¤@ i"DD(aión E o
_'Xi in"n/+? #e Txl Ž‘?‡ p nci9 #l ¿7} t+, V`/aCn"e6
o
|a Wn >/(6
o
‚n(X]>PZa os rVs
o
•rHin+ >/( a1ma9os in"n/+? qe Te t p+, r8 ) l $C, #e pXs V4%/+s &rV&(aCn"eG H'%i>/&an+, p cu%, pa n&n%a l p*n(ae6
(o+oIJ pa t* l@ '"B@ c)<*+F@ E o o o o o o o
»$/c/a9os r8 – ?‡ p nci9 #l ¿7} |VTn(a9os Wn >/( &H2( \1ma9os os rVs &n(X]>PZan+, s n, &n"(+s ) s ;+s \1ma9os 1 ISA& os c!e:os p cu%, 1 in"n/+?6 _'Xi9os – ?‡ ) V4%i9os ‚n%i$ua9os l p, an"r/ t( l WXl in&09o+, , –™ ?‡ •Za9os cWr5 W$!n+, os Wn(os
\Ž,-i)=+?"@ eP¤ac,ra¥@. o o
o
_e u%]>PZ l rW/+, ¤an&, , Cj l _4{Ö N/Te6 _e $9&a cuan+, 3/"e Wn ./FVnc/ #e ?‡ n%Ve l WXl #e 7*pc/01 }œ8l #l J+, %u./+, ) `J OT #l J+, &n%ar/,6 74%i9os C(o+oIJ an"r/rCn"e #cr/( pa 8"= cWr5 &H2(6
Formula E = IS(OP) – AI + (AO)O!
2J
7×È·¯®¸°_E Q1 Ripocu/s #e %anH//01 cWr5 s #e s H/9s &a&"rJ%/&s #e nr9l 4, #Z+ 1 ?‡ TI1 l WXl #e au./c/01 qe VTn"e l pc!n"e 4, Te 2 &a1Za l –™µ #e ./criHinc/01 6 Q1 Ripocu/s =WoTnr/2s #e %ip, &o{2aG l V{>u(aH!n(, t*e qe pwi #e c!e: in"n/+? l pc!n"e ./criHi=e Cn &an%/+? #e pXs cuan(, 9až T in"n/+? &1 qe Te H/"1 p , qe Te #cr]be Wn cWr5 1 &aHpanG n, 2an+, ./criHina l –™µ6 Q1 Ripocu/s =WoTnr/2s #e %ip, V%o&o{2aG Te ;r9 Wn cWr5 1 CT(G s #e (o+s s cWr5s &1 qe Cnos ./criHinc/01 Te &n/IeG l ¤29 ( #Ds #e &O{2G 1 l pa Ø´³» , 1 `J au./%i56
x.g {^7]h:H475 JE^75H4b5 x.g.1. 6O:ENIX 3 647tA^3 {^V|3 8N5VA\
2K
Ql X%i5, #l cr]8+, au./%i5, s l ./Ino%/&, ) %(aH!n(, V&, #e Ripocu/ in;an%]l 6 _e ta1 #ar+, oIa9s #e cr]8+, au./%i5, ) 1 Qpax &H//01 #e #"&c/01 V&, #e Ripocu/ f‚°×|QB 8, e –ÙÚ’ W1 mo&, #e cr]8+, au./%i5, 1 $ixos &1 ;&(Vs #e r!, #e Ripocu/ 6 \&%u>Cn"e Te V>PZ W1 cr]8+, W$ivl in#4n.!n"Cn"e #e P 3/"e r!, , n, #e Ripocu/6
(o+os
os
£N
os in./&+Vs #e r!, 1 p¤c/01 =n(l 1E
B/(r/ ;aH]>/a #e Ripocu/ =WoTnr/l &n<Œ$/( , in(aW+ 1 riC in;anc/6 »nF&c/=s in%au"rins f¯M7½B ;r9c/=s ca=eÛc/2s |, l nciH!n(, inFr/ –6‘™ I Bi4œX]>ir'Xi=H/ Iave ¿, #e ;r9&os Üm03/&os $inI/%/s 8&"r/an Bip3//qŒH/& 4rin(l }n%]c/01 C&$/& .Wan"e 9s #e ‘ .Js Q%/I9s oc/+os dn.Cs qe cWT1 &1 Ripocu/6
x.g./. H:6NbA [: E02345678 E {^7828’75 IAVI\ x.g./.1. h:V8^8 Su}~:V|8 SI OEYWEV5 C8X^678NA^5 A\ S8NI^39 ‚9, au./C%rJ #e 8Tr5c/01 #e &n.u&(6 _e 8 1 8Tr5a os &aX/os o.uc/+os 1 l &Hp,:aH!n(, #l $ix, l Vc]Xi W1 %iH', n,6 Q(os #1 TE Ve§j,Vi(r/,6 Ve§j, &o{2p>4Xl 6 Ve§j, #e 9`iH!n(,6 Ve§j, #l an(,6 Ve§j, #e rV Ve§j, #e u&c/01 C8 OEYWEV5 C8X^678NA^5 A\ S8NI^39 ‚9,E "~ #e Ve§j, #e r!n(c/01 &n./c/n+ , au./C%rJ &1 VUZ, `/ulE Te &n./c/n l $ix, an"e W1 $/+,
2
%avDs #e W1 %iH', `/ul qe #be o&>PZaG Te u%]>PZ 1 $ixos #e ‘’ CTs ) t( os –” CTs6 Ql %iH', Te VTn( 1 &aHp, >]XVe6 Ql $ix, #be (a #!e:, ) %anqW], Tn(+, XVe s o.]s #e 9.VeG UVn"e l $ix, Te &o& W1 a€u+an"e qe 9an%!=e - "nc/01 G <=>Cn"e &1 W1 ÆuI"e ) l 3+ Te /% #%YsG U #l &aHp, `/ul #l $ix,6 G
au./C%rJ &1 &%uc/01 ) >./&6 Qs %]l pwi #e os Ž axosG u.!n+, T %]l t( os ” axos6 Ql $ix, #be (a 1 W1 aX!n"e innrPZ+, ) Vc]be W1 %iH', n, %avDs #e aWr/c'aVs , (a5o*s W1 C%, #e ./(anc/6 \l 4c]Xi l %iH', n,G l $ix, #be V>PZa W1 Æ,G &o&a !eZs 1 H4&beZsG A{ts 1 &ajK
{^7]h:V45 V8NA\ 27•IN5O
\ pwi #e os ’ axos #e +?G Te t*e /Iul qe 1 os .'(os6 28’]{^7]h:H475
_e #b1 u%]>PZa pXs qe l $ix, &n,Z&6 _1 %]2s A{ts #e .]XWjos , pXs cr/(s &1 l .]XWj, nci96 Ba) qe 5>uaE G WXl #e in">/I]X]>/+?6 G l p*n(ae #e ./criHinc/01 6 G 93i9 in">/I]X]>/+?6
_e #be in./&a qe >/( , qe pXs Te u%]>PZa1 6
x.g././. h:V8^8 ]}~:V|8
2
Q(os CD(o+os Te u%]>PZa1 pa #"&c/01 #e os &aX/os A/OI/&, in.uc/+os p %iH', c%/&, 1 l ÝG Ý»G `Js ) *n%os au./%i5os6
7MJE^A67]h:H475 f%iHpanC%rJ ) Ve§j, (a4./l J5HC fn+ } rincip>Cn"e ) "nc/ , in"r5os n%Ve n+s 3V3•IS78E 5Z{VbA f&9, ( &O{2 W3HE67A\E [: EVA^3 EV}\: E\:CH43C36\84575 fQs W1 CD(o+, IVi5, p , qe Te `/( t*œ6
s vn(ajs #e (os CD(o+os 1E a>/&c/01 cuqW! +?G ##e os riCos .Js #e `/+6 a>/&c/01 1 #eAc!nc/s Cn(2sG au%/(sG (g6 ( Tn]X]>/+? in;r9c/01 (poISA&6
¦. H:6NbA [: hE^678 {^V|5 ]}~:V|A. ¦.1.
W3HE67A\E :|3bA^8
|Þnc/l Q5o&+, #e •, ‚VXl G gnoc/+, &9, ‡Q\ , ¶‡7 VVTn( V( =Wß2D&%r/& #l Ø´³» pa ) #e `J au./%i5 t( l (, *VXl G V( qe ocWrVe 1 os riCos – –‘ H]>/TIWn+os #Ds #e qe W1 %iH', n, au./%i5, t /+, >]b+, p &n.u&c/01 ‹ŒV - OT _e &a&"rPZ p VTn(c/01 #e ‘ “ /&os #e n+ po/%i5s qe VVTn(a1 inc$PZc/01 =Wl , inap/s o&>PZ+s 1 5ar/os Wn(os , a, #e `J au./%i56 9.WVe #l /"9 au./%i5, F&( s V(s #l ¶‡7 G s V(s 1 l $ix, ) l .'(, 1 ./FVn"s6 \Wnqe n, s Wn r8 #e Tn]X]>/+? au./%i5G 5> in"Ir/+? #e `J au./%i5 ##e l J+, "rn, t( l (, *VXl 6 VTnc/ Xu( #e n+ } &1 l %iH', ++, Ž‘ ?‡ à uI!Ve Wn au./c/01 nr9l 6 auTnc/ #e s n+s n, s in./&+ 8>u(, #e 4Œ./+ au./%i5G V9%WVe @ &9, Ÿos ¤29s #e %ip, =WOI/&,G #1 F&(a V( ) 9o.PA&a VTnc/ , auTnc/ #e s n+s6
:
¦./.
3V3•IS78E 5Z{VbA
s mßH//=s c%/&s 1 $/+os <=+os 1 l J+, in"rn, p l 9`iH!n(, #e s *Á>'s c]>/+s "rns &9, V( W1 %iH', c%/&, V`/,6 _- VTnc/ in./& qe l C&a$/9, V=Wl s &ap #e Vpn# l $/+, 1 ;r9 nr9l 6 V( qe s <=+ 1 &O{2G VqW!Ve #e W1 J+, C./, ) "rn, anosG &ap*s #e %anH/%i l $/+, H/%/+, l H/cO;n,6 _e ncn%a1 VTn"s 1 qs 4ns qe %!=1 l WXl au./%i5, 1 Ž ?‡à , Cj ) auTn"s 1 qW!=s "na1 WX2s 9ažVs qe Ž Ž‘ ?‡à }n(ajsE Qs Wn r8 X%i5Í iH2eÍ A¤2eÍ Vo.uc]¤2eÍ /+Í #e V( au(9Y%/&G n, VqW!Ve &9a noa9,w/Iu+ P l $ivl #e rW/+, #l C./, aX!n"e s inFr/ ŽÚ ?‡ â6 iH/(c/=sE _Ì, + V( #e W1 V 4c@A& 1 &O{26 os ¤29s #e J+, C./, t*1 qe H//01 n, Te VTn"e 6 \>/&c/=s {>d$/&sE s mßH//=s 1 HW) u%]>PZ+s 1 (aHPZae #e =n(os p T Wn r8 ;Yc]l ) /+ #e V>PZa ) p T W1 ./FVnc/+ #e p(oIJ &o{2a ) =Wl 6 Q(s r8s (aX!Œ1 1 #e Ia1 u%]>/+? pa l 9$/(V, #e 4Œ./+ au./%i5 p Üm3/c/+? ) p rW/+,6
:1
AE§39 OES{\VA^8 ]QHENI^8 E 2A J4¨CVbA [: 62A:
:2
::
:;
:
:J
:K
:
:
;
;1
;2
;:
;;
;
;J
;K
;
;
