SUBJECT: SUBJECT: SCIENCE
FORM: 5
TOPIC: MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON LIVING THINGS
CLASSIFICATIONS CLASSI FICATIONS OF MICROORGANI MICR OORGANISMS SMS
o
Type Type of microorganisms
-
Definition: Tiny living thing that !"nn#t $% %%n $y n"&%' %y% , but !"n $% %%n $y %l%!t(#n )i!(#!#*%+ They are also known as )i!(#$%+ S#)% #, )i!(#$% "(% h"(),-l. $-t #)% #, th%) "(% -%,-l t##
-
Classification: There are 5 )"in g(#-* for microbes:
o
a) B"!t%(i"
Beruk
b) P(#t#/#"
P ergi
c) F-ngi
Filipina
d) Alg"%
Angkat
e) Vi(-%
Van
Characteristics of various type of o f microorganisms 0+ B"!t%(i"
Definition: 1n' )"ll%t living thing can be %%n $y %l%!t(#n )i!(#!#*% , have the i)*l%t t(-!t-(%, and have the l"(g%t n-)$%( ")#ng th% ,iv% g(#-* #, )i!(#$%+
Sie: Consists only one cell !about "#$ to %" micrometer)
Shape: There are four general shapes: a) C#!!i
Cium
b) B"!ili
Baboon
c) S*i(ili"
Sampai
d) Vi$(i#
Vietnam
Structure:
&utrition: Some ome bacte cteria h"v% !hl#(#* !hl#(#*hyl hylll , so they !"n )"&% th%i( %i( #2n ,## ,##' $y *h#t#ynth%i *(#!%+ Some of bacteria don't have chlorophyll, so they have to be: a) S"*(#*hyt% - g%t ,##' ,(#) '%!"ying )"tt%( b) P"("it%
- g%t ,##' ,(#) #th%( living #(g"ni)
(espiration: Some Some of bact bacter eria ia carr carry y out out "%(#$i! (%*i("ti#n , and and some some of them them carr carry y out out "n"%(#$i! (%*i("ti#n # (eproduction: a) y $in"(y ,ii#n
b) y *#(%
*abitat: acteria live in any '")* places# 1+ P(#t#/#"
Definition: Ani)"l which are )"'% -* #, #nly #n% !%ll # They are -ni!%ll-l"(# +ample: ")#%$", *"(")%!i-) and etc#
Sie: Consists only one cell !about $ to $" micrometer) Shape: *ave various shapes, but mostly they have irregular shape !no fied shape) Structure:
&utrition: Some of protooa live as *"("it% # +#g: plasmodium+ Some of them obtain ,##' ,(#) th%i( -((#-n'ing # +#g: amoeba and paramecium+ Some of protooa )"&% th%i( #2n ,##'+ (espiration:
.ll of protooa carry out "%(#$i! (%*i("ti#n (eproduction: a) y $in"(y ,ii#n
b) y "%3-"l (%*(#'-!ti#n 4*#(% ,#()"ti#n
c) y %3-"l (%*(#'-!ti#n 4!#n6-g"ti#n
*abitat: /rotooa live independently in any *#n'. (iv%(. '")* #il #( in #th%( #(g"ni) , and they liv% in !#l#ni% +ercise: %# &ame the five main groups of microorganisms # acteria can live in unfavorable conditions# 0nder such conditions, they11111# 2# 3abel the part of bacteria below
4# Sie of protooa is about11111111 $# 5hat is the shape of paramecium6 ############################
7+ F-ngi
Definition: /lants which '# n#t h"v% chlorophyll# They include mushrooms, moulds and yeast# They '# n#t h"v% root, stems or leaves Sie: Some of them are large !i#e mushroom), and some of them are tiny !i#e moulds and yeast) Shape: *ave various shapes: i- round ball ii- long filaments iii- oval-shaped Structure:
&utrition: 7ost of fungi live as *"("it% 4i+% )#-l' #( "*(#*hyt% 4i+% )-!#( # (espiration: 7ost of fungi carry out "%(#$i! (%*i("ti#n (eproduction: a) y *#(% 8ungi such a mushrooms form spores within their caps# 7ucor form sporangium !containing spores)# 5hen it ripe, it bursts open and disperses the spore# b) y $-''ing
*abitat: 8ungi live in '")* '"(& habitats# +ample: 7ucor grows on damp stale bread placed in the dark 8+ Alg"%
Definition: 9ery simple plants which h"v% chlorophyll# .lgae '# n#t have root, stems or leaves Sie: Some of them are large !i#e seaweed), and some of them are tiny !i#e diatoms, euglena and etc) Shape: *ave various shapes: i- round ball ii- long filaments iii- oval-shaped iv- network-like structure Structure:
&utrition: .lgae *#% !hl#(#*hyll , so that they can make their own food by photosynthesis# (espiration: 7ost of fungi carry out "%(#$i! (%*i("ti#n (eproduction: a) y "%3-"l (%*(#'-!ti#n 4$in"(y ,ii#n
b) y "%3-"l (%*(#'-!ti#n 4,("g)%nt"ti#n .lgae reproduced by breaking a long filament into two# c) y %3-"l (%*(#'-!ti#n 4!#n6-g"ti#n
*abitat: .lgae live in ,(%h 2"t%(. "lt 2"t%(. '")* #il #( #n '")* $"(& #, t(%%+ 5+ Vi(-
Definition: Smallest microorganisms and it '# n#t (%*i(% , '# n#t %3!(%t% 2"t% *(#'-!t , "n' '# n#t *#% n-!l%-. !%ll )%)$("n% "n' !yt#*l") Sie: .bout "#" "#4 micrometer, and can be seen #nly by %l%!t(#n microscope Shape: *ave various shapes, maybe in spherical, rectangular or rod-shaped Structure:
&utrition: 9iruses live as *"("it% in living cell# (eproduction:
*abitat: 9iruses live #nly in living cell# +ercise: %# *ow do fungi continue its generation under adverse condition6 # 5hy algae look greenish6 2# 5hat a different between algae and tree6 4# 5hich of microorganisms cannot survive outside living cells6 .# acteria # .lgae
C# 9iruses D# /rotooa
;# State 7 *(#*%(ti% of viruses which are not characteristics of living things
FACTOR 9HICH AFFECTS TO THE GRO9TH OF MICROORGANISM
There are $ main factors that affect the growth of microorganism: 0+ N-t(i%nt
7icroorganisms need n-t(i%nt t# liv% , and they get it by being: " "-t#t(#*hi! $ "*(#*hyti! ! *"("iti! 1+ H-)i'ity
7icroorganisms n%%' living *l"!% 2ith high l%v%l #, h-)i'ity # That means, they n%%' )#it-(% #( 2"t%( t# liv% , and they 2ill 'i% i, th%y '# n#t g%t 2"t%( for a period of time# *owever, #)% $"!t%(i" can live in a place 2ith#-t 2"t%( *(%%n!% by ,#()ing *#(%# 8or amoeba, they form !yt !spore with outer ring)# 7+ Light M#t #, vi(-. ,-ngi "n' *(#t#/#" and #)% #, $"!t%(i" prefer 'i) #( '"(& h"$it"t , while "lg"% "n' ,%2 #, $"!t%(i" tend to live in $(ight *l"!% in!% th%y h"v% !hl#(#*hyll t# !"((y #-t *h#t#ynth%i *(#!%+ 8+ T%)*%("t-(% M#t -it"$l% t%)*%("t-(% for the microorganism's growth and live is about 7;
5+ *H v"l-%
7ost of microorganisms prefer to liv% in n%-t("l )%'i-) 4*H = ;
USEFUL MICROORGANISMS
0+ In th% Dig%ti#n #, F##'
Some bacteria and protooa help herbivores !e#g: rabbit, goat, cows and etc) and termites digest their food They produce an enyme called !%ll-l#% to help herbivores and termites 'ig%t !%ll-l#% int# gl-!#% enyme !%ll-l#% gl-!#% cellulase 1+ In D%!"y 1+0 F#()"ti#n #, h-)-
Some of saprophytic bacteria and fungi decompose organic matter into humus 1+1 P(#'-!ti#n #, $i#g" "n' ,%(tili/%(
Some of saprophytic bacteria decompose organic waste !e#g: waste from oil palm, paddy and coconut) and turn it into )%th"n% gas 1+7 Di*#"l #, #il *ill
Some of bacteria break up oil spills and decompose it into less harmful substance# 7+ In M%'i!in% 7+0 Anti$i#ti!
There are common antibiotics in world. which are: a) /enicillin !prepared from penicillium notatum bacteria) b) Streptomycin !prepared from streptomyces griseus bacteria) .ntibiotics !"n #nly &ill bacteria 7+1 V"!!in%
9accines are *(%*"(%' ,(#) '%"' #( v%(y 2%"& $"!t%(i" "n' vi(-% #
8+ In Ag(i!-lt-(% 8+0 M"t-(ing #, t#$"!!# l%"v%
acteria used to make tobacco leaves mature, so that they can emit desirable smell and taste# 8+1 Nit(#g%n !y!l%
Nit(#g%n>,i3ing $"!t%(i"
&itrogen gas
D%nit(i,ying $"!t%(i"
&itrates
/lant and animal proteins
Nit(i,ying $"!t%(i"
.mmonium compounds
B"!t%(i" #, '%!"y
Fig-(% 8+1> A 4Si)*l% nit(#g%n !y!l% 8+7 P(#'-!ti#n #, !h%)i!"l ,(#) "lg"%
Some algae used to produce beneficial chemicals for human beings# 8or the eample: a) beta-carotene which has anti cancer properties b) fatty acids which make cholesterol level in human's blood become low 5+ In In'-t(y 5+0 M"&ing $(%"' "n' !"&%
>east is used in the making breads and cakes# east will reacts with sugar to produce "l!#h#l 4%th"n#l. !"($#n 'i#3i'% "n' %n%(gy # y the way, this process is known as ,%()%nt"ti#n+ enyme y%"t ? -g"( !"($#n 'i#3i'% ? %th"n#l ? %n%(gy ymase C"($#n 'i#3i'% released makes the dough rise, so that breads and cakes become very soft#
5+1 M"&ing %th"n#l
>east is also used to produce alcohol !ethanol) instead of carbon dioide# $#2 P(#'-!ti#n #, vin%g"(. "n' y#gh-(t Vin%g"( !ethanoic acid) is prepared by using bacteria to change ethanol into ethanoic acid#
bacteria
%th"n#l 4"l!#h#l ? #3yg%n
%th"n#i! "!i' 4vin%g"( ? 2"t%(
@#gh-(t !contains l"!ti! "!i') is prepared by the action of bacteria on milk# acteria will reacts with lactose in milk and turns it into lactic acid# l"!t#%
bacteria
l"!ti! "!i'
5+8 P(#'-!ti#n #, #y "-!% S#y "-!% is produced from the fermentation of a miture containing mould, yeast, flour and soy beans# Salt is added to make it become salty#
+ercise: %# 3ist all factors affect to the growth of microorganism # 5hich microorganisms that can live in bright place6 2# Tell the range of air humidity which most of microorganisms are very active# 4# 5hat is true about microorganisms6 .# *igh temperature will kills microorganisms but low temperature will make them inactive # .ll microorganism grow faster in dry conditions C# .ll microorganism cannot produce their own nutrients D# .ll microorganism can be seen under light microscope $#
p* 2 @ @ %"
3ight right right Dark Dark
7oisture 7oist Dry 7oist Dry
HARMFUL EFFECT B@ MICROORGANISMS
- 7icroorganisms which can cause disease called *"th#g%n+ They can be either bacteria or viruses or fungi or protooa# > efore that, 'i%"% can be defined as "ny !#n'iti#n 2hi!h "!tiv%ly h"() th% n#()"l ,-n!ti#ning #, th% $#'y+ 0+ Di%"% C"-%' $y B"!t%(i" DISEASE
METHOD OF INFECTION
%#Tuberculosis !atuk kering)
%# Through food # Through infected air breathed into the lung
# Cholera !Taun)
%# Through contaminated water and food#
2# Aonorrhoea
%# Through seual intercourse
4# Syphillis
%# Through seual intercourse
$# Tooth decay
%# Through food's waste on the teeth's surface#
S@MPTOM %# /atient loss weight and appetite for food # /atient coughs often, and in advanced he coughs out of blood# %# /atient has severe diarrhoea and vomits # /atient feels giddy and pain in abdomen 2# *is body becomes dehydrated# %# 8or male, his testis becomes inflamed and enlarged# *e feels pain during urination# # 8or female, she has painful vagina and uterus# %# /atient has fever and non-itchy rash on the body# # /atient has sores on the penis or vagina 2# /atient has sore throat and pain in the bones and =oint# %# /atient feels pain for infected teeth since teeth's pulp is badly inflamed
TREATMENTPREVENTION %# Can be treated b y using antibiotics !i#e streptomycin and isoniaid) # Can be prevented through immuniation by CA vaccine
%# /atient given saline drip and antibiotic # *ow to prevent from being infected6 i - Aet vaccine ii - oil all drinking water iii - Cover all food iv -
%# Can be treated b y using antibiotics !i#e penicillin) # Can be prevented by avoid having se with prostitutes#
%# Can be prevented by: < - *aving a diet low in sugars ii - 5ash your mouth and brush your teeth after eating#
T"$l% +8 A 4Di%"% C"-%' $y B"!t%(i"
1+ Di%"% C"-%' $y Vi(-% DISEASE %#Common cold !Selsema)
# Dengue fever !Demam denggi)
2# .
METHOD OF INFECTION %# Through contaminated air !when people around sneees)
S@MPTOM
%# /atient gets cough, fever, running nose and red or watery eyes # /atient has a sore throat 2# /atient becomes weak %# Through .edes %# /atient has high mosuito !in=ect the fever# virus into patient's # leeding in nose blood) and gums 2# /ain in the bones, =oints, muscles and eyes 4# lue marks appear on the body %# Through 2 ways: %# /atient has fever i -Seual and diarrhoea, and intercourse coughs very often# ii - Sharing of # /atient has loss syringes during appetite for food drug addicts and weight# iii-
TREATMENTPREVENTION %# &B /(B/+( T(+.T7+&T # Can be prevented by: i - having proper diet ii - have fresh and clean air iii- keep away from the crowd
%# &B /(B/+( T(+.T7+&T # *ow to prevent from being infected6 i - eep our living place clean ii - Destroy .edes mosuito's habitat iii - 8ogging
%# &B /(B/+( T(+.T7+&T # Can be prevented by having healthy clean life#
T"$l% +8 B 4Di%"% C"-%' $y Vi(-%
+gg are laid singly in stagnant water
+gg are hatched and becomes larva
.dult mosuito has black stripes on the abdomen and legs
3arva grows and becomes pupa
Li,% Cy!l% #, A%'% M#-it# 7+ Di%"% C"-%' $y F-ngi DISEASE
METHOD OF INFECTION
S@MPTOM
TREATMENTPREVENTION %# Can be treated b y suitable anti-fungal drugs # Can be prevented by: i - keep the body clean and dry ii - avoid direct contact with infected person # iii - do not share towel or comb %# Can be treated b y suitable anti-fungal drugs # Can be prevented by: i - keep the body clean and dry ii - avoid direct contact with infected person # iii - do not share towel or comb
%#Tinea !/anau)
%# Through spore of the fungus
%# 5hitish patches appears on the infected skin !usually face or back of the body)
# (ingworm !urap)
%# Through spore of the fungus
%# . reddish area appears on the infected skin #
T"$l% +8 C 4Di%"% C"-%' $y F-ngi 8+ Di%"% C"-%' $y P(#t#/#" DISEASE %#7alaria !Demam kepialu)
METHOD OF INFECTION %# Through .nopheles mosuito !in=ect parasitic protooon plasmodium into blood)
S@MPTOM %# /atient has high temperature at intervals # .fter fever, patient feels very cold and shivers# 2# Aot rapid pulse rate 4# Aot very liitle urine, which is very yellow#
TREATMENTPREVENTION %# Can be treated by suitable drugs such as plasmoquine, quinine, or chloroquine # Can be prevented by: i - fogging ii - eep our living place clean
T"$l% +8 D 4Di%"% C"-%' $y P(#t#/#" 5+ Th% T("n)ii#n #, Di%"%
- Diseases transmitted from one person to another b y FIVE 2"y: i>
By Ai(
By 9"t%(
By F##'
By C#nt"!t
By V%!t#(
9ectors: .nimals carry pathogens in their bodies# 8or eample: .edes mosuito, houseflies, rats, dogs and etc Diseases transmitted through their bite into human's blood or carrying pathogen onto the food# Diseases transmitted by vectors: dengue fever, malaria and cholera
PREVENTION OF DISEASES CAUSED B@ MICROORGANISMS
0+ P(%v%nti#n th(#-gh th% C#nt(#l #, V%!t#(
Common vectors, their pathogens and diseases transmitted by them can be shown as following table: V%!t#( Aedes mosuito Anopheles mosuito *ousefly (ats
P"th#g%n 9irus /rotooa !plasmodium) acteria 8leas T"$l% + A 4V%!t#( "n' it 'i%"%
0+0 C#nt(#l #, H#-%,li%
To control houseflies, we must: a) &%%* our surrounding cleans b) !#v%( our foods c) th(#2 organic waste into plastic bags and tied it up for disposal d) *("y insecticides to keep away the adult fly away e) &%%* manure and compost heaps far away from houses# 0+1 C#nt(#l #, M#-it#%
To control mosuitoes, we must: a) '("in marshes and unused ponds b) !l%"n the house from opened empty tins and coconut shells c) *-t anti-larva chemicals or into ponds, drains and stagnant water d) !"((y out fogging around living places e) ,i3 wire gaue at doors and windows f) l%%* under a mosuito net 1+ P(%v%nti#n th(#-gh St%(ili/"ti#n D%,initi#n #, St%(ili/"ti#n:
Destruction of pathogens and their spores in a substance or ob=ect Ty*% #, t%(ili/"ti#n:
a) h%"t b) !h%)i!"l
Di%"% Dengue fever 7alaria Cholera /lague
c) ("'i"ti#n 1+0 St%(ili/"ti#n -ing H%"t " B#iling
- oiling a substance or an ob=ect in water for " minutes will kill all bacteria cells and many spores# - Surgical instruments in clinics or hospital are usually sterilied in this way# $ A-t#!l"v%
- .n autoclave is a steam sterilier# The things to be sterilied are kept in closed container and steam under high pressure and temperature of %"FC for %$-" minutes - .ll the bacteria and spores will be destroyed in this way# ! D(y "i( #v%n
-
-
- /owerful chemicals to destroy pathogens -
- .pplied to lamp in surgical operating theatre and lab for air steriliing# $ G"))" ("y >
- 8oods that have been sterilied in this way can be kept for a long period of time and it is safe to eat# 7+ P(%v%nti#n th(#-gh I))-ni/"ti#n D%,initi#n #, I))-ni/"ti#n:
/rocess of increasing a person's resistance to a particular infection by using antibodies D%,initi#n #, Anti$#'i%:
- Chemical substance produced from white blood cells to destroy pathogen or neutralie the toins produced by pathogen# +ach of antibody acts on a particular pathogen# Ty*% #, i))-nity:
a) N"t-("l - (efer to situation when a *%(#n (%!#v%(%' ,(#) "n in,%!ti#n , "nti$#'i% produced by the person's body to fight that infection (%)"in in th% *%(#n $l##' for months or even for hisEher whole life# - 5hen same infection comes back again, the person has antibody to fight back b) A(ti,i!i"l - (efer to a situation when a person given a v"!!in"ti#n , Gin=ecting a dead or weak pathogens into the person's body to stimulate hisEher body to produce antibodyH - .rtificial immunity also can be gained when a person is given an in=ection contains antibody# c) P"iv% - /art of artificial immunity - Can be done by in=ecting antibody !usually contains antiserum) directly into a person's body - +ffect of this immunity is fast but temporary# d) A!tiv% - Can be either natural or artificial immunity - Can be done by having antibody after recover from infection or vaccination - +ffect of this immunity is slow but permanent#
TREATMENT OF DISEASES CAUSED B@ MICROORGANISMS
0+ Anti$i#ti! 1+ Anti%(-) 7+ Ch%)#th%("*y 8+ R"'i#th%("*y 5+ S-(g%(y
