PROJECT REPORT ON
TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT FAULT MONITORING
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of degree of BACHEOR O! TECHNOO"# $N EECTR$CA EN"N$EER$N"
EECTR$CA EECTR$ CA %EPART&ENT %EPART&ENT
R$&T'$NST$T(TE O! EN"$NEER$N" ) TECHNOO"# &AN%$"OB$N%"ARH
PROJECT REPORT ON
TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT FAULT MONITORING Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of degree of BACHEOR O! TECHNOO"# $N EECTR$CA EN"N$EER$N"
SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
&R*&*S "$
RAN+EER ,(&AR -./012311304
HEA% O! ECTR$CA
SA(RA+ SA(RA+ ,(&AR
-./012311354
%EPART&ENT %EPART&ENT
SH#A& SH#A& ,(&AR
-./0123113 -./01 23113/4 /4
S(&$T CHA(HAN -./012311364 +$PO+E ,(&AR -./012311714
EECTR$CA EECTR$ CA %EPART&ENT %EPART&ENT
R$&T'$NST$T(TE O! EN"$NEER$N" ) TECHNOO"# &AN%$"OB$N%"ARH
PROJECT REPORT ON
TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT FAULT MONITORING Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of degree of BACHEOR O! TECHNOO"# $N EECTR$CA EN"N$EER$N"
SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
&R*&*S "$
RAN+EER ,(&AR -./012311304
HEA% O! ECTR$CA
SA(RA+ SA(RA+ ,(&AR
-./012311354
%EPART&ENT %EPART&ENT
SH#A& SH#A& ,(&AR
-./0123113 -./01 23113/4 /4
S(&$T CHA(HAN -./012311364 +$PO+E ,(&AR -./012311714
EECTR$CA EECTR$ CA %EPART&ENT %EPART&ENT
R$&T'$NST$T(TE O! EN"$NEER$N" ) TECHNOO"# &AN%$"OB$N%"ARH
PREFACE
Thi8 pro9e:t ha8 been :ompo8ed with aim of :o;ering a part of B'TECH -ele:tri:al engineerin engineering4 g4 8
e ma>e thi8 thi8 pro9 pro9e: e:tt repor reportt inte intere8 re8ti ting ng and and lear learni ning ng e?perien:e for the u8* The report ha8 been e?plained with the help of diagram8 and figure* The 8ub9e:t matter ha8 been :ompiled in a 8imple illu8trati;e and lu:id manner* @e e?pre88 than>8 to e;er
Acknowledgement
@e are 8tudent '711. bat:h would li>e to than> the ele:tri:al department for arranging 8u:h a well managed pro9e:t wor> on tran8mi88ion line fault monitoring whi:h i8 highl< benefi:ial to the 8tudent8 in :our8e of time* @e 8in:erel< a:>nowledge the :ooperation and :omplete 8upport pro;ided b< &r* &*S "$ -HO%= EE %EPT*4 and all Tea:her8 of ele:tri:al department*
@e ta>e thi8 opportunit< to e?tend our heartfelt than>8 to EECTR$CA %EPART&ENT
RAN+EER ,(&AR
-
4
SA(RA+ ,(&AR
-
4
SH#A& ,(&AR
-
4
S(&$T CHA(HAN
-
4
+$PO+E ,(&AR
-
4
CERT$!$CATE @e herb< :ertif< that the wor> whi:h i8 being pre8ented in the pro9e:t entitled -Tran8mi88ion line fault monitoring4 b< Ran;eer= Sh done b< our group *
HO% -EECTR$CA %EPT*4
-ETERNA !AC(T#4
CONTENTS
3* $ntrodu:tion to the Pro9e:t 7* Component i8t* -i4* Power Suppl< for the :ir:uit* -ii4 * +oltage regulator -iii4* %iode -i;4* Re:tifier -;4* Tran8former* -;i4* Re8i8tor8* -;ii4* Capa:itor8* -;iii4* &i:ro :ontroller /123 -i?4* :d di8pla< * Ad;antage of 8<8tem 0* !urther impro;ement 2* Bibliograph<*
Intod!ct"on:
$n thi8 pro9e:t we will monitor tran8mi88ion line fault* The 8tead< 8tate operating mode of a power 8<8tem i8 balan:ed 'pha8e a:* Howe;er= due to 8udden e?ternal or internal :hange8 in the 8<8tem = thi8 :ondition i8 di8rupted* @hen the in8ulation of the 8<8tem fail8 at one or more point8 or a :ondu:ting ob9e:t :ome8 in :onta:t with a li;e point = a 8hort :ir:uit or fault o::ur8* The :au8e8 of fault8 are numerou8 = e*g*= lighting = hea;< wind8 = tree8 falling a:ro88 line8 = ;ehi:le8 :olliding with tower8 or pole8= bird8= line brea>8= et:* A fault in;ol;ing all the three pha8e8 i8 >nown a8 8nown a8 un8ing on monitoring
the8e fault8 during
o::urring on tran8mi88ion line* $n thi8 pro9e:t we indi:ate the fault on C%* The8e fault8 are monitoring b< u8ing mi:ro:ontroller* @e u8ed 35D7 C% di8pla< to indi:ate fault* @e u8ed &i:ro:ontroller /123* /123 i8 / bit 8ingle :hip CP(* $t :ontain8 inbuilt / >b RO& and 725 bed fault at different lo:ation8* @e di8pla< fault8 at C%* @e :onne:ted C% 35D7 at port1* @e :onne:ted RS=R@ and EN at pin p7*2= p7*0 and p7* re8pe:ti;el<* @e fir8t of all 8tep down the ;oltage then will gi;e to re:tifier* !or re:tifi:ation purpo8e we will u8e $N011. diode* After re:tifi:ation we filtered %C 8uppl<* After re:tifi:ation we will :on;ert 37 ; to 2; u8ing &./12* ./ indi:ate ;e ;oltage and 2;*!or the regulated power 8uppl< we u8e $C ./12 a8 a regulator to pro;ide a fi? 2 ;olt power 8uppl< .
Step down transformer LCD 16*2 AC to dc ciruit
Microcontroller 8051 AC to dc ciruit
Step down transformer
AC to dc ciruit
Step down transformer
BOC, %$"RA& O! TRANS&$SS$ON $NE !A(T &ON$TOR$N" Pec#!t"on$
@hile wiring= a88embl< and in8tallation of the :ir:uit =ma>e 8ure that
good qualit< wire8*
7* u8e good qualit< rela< * $ron 8oldering temperature 8hould be below 21 degree :ent* 0*(8e good qualit< 8oldering wire*
BASIC COMPONENTS
There are number of ba8i: :omponent8 = u8ing in thi8 pro9e:t the8e are F -i4* Power Suppl< for the :ir:uit* -ii4 * +oltage regulator -iii4* %iode -i;4* Re:tifier -;4* Tran8former* -;i4* Re8i8tor8* -;ii4* Capa:itor8* -;iii4* &i:ro :ontroller /123 -i?4* :d di8pla<
FAULT %&owe eng"nee"ng':
$n an ele:tri: power 8<8tem= a fault i8 an< abnormal flow of ele:tri: :urrent* !or e?ample a 8hort :ir:uit i8 a fault in whi:h :urrent flow ber8 and other de;i:e8 to limit the lo88 of 8er;i:e due to a failure* $n a pol
8implif
There are ;ariou8 t
T#n$"ent (#!lt$ :
A tran8ient fault i8 a fault that i8 no longer pre8ent if power i8 di8:onne:ted for a 8hort time* &an< fault8 in o;erhead power line8 are tran8ient in nature* At the o::urren:e of a fault power 8<8tem prote:tion operate8 to i8olate area of the fault* A tran8ient fault will then :lear and the power line :an be returned to 8er;i:e* T
•
momentar< tree :onta:t bird or other animal :onta:t
•
lightning 8tri>e
•
:ondu:tor :la8h
$n ele:tri:it< tran8mi88ion and di8tribution 8<8tem8 an automati: re:lo8e fun:tion i8 :ommonl< u8ed on o;erhead line8 to attempt to re8tore power in the e;ent of a tran8ient fault* Thi8 fun:tionalit< i8 not a8 :ommon on underground 8<8tem8 a8 fault8 there are t a8 fault :urrent i8 generated*
Pe$"$tent (#!lt :
A per8i8tent fault doe8 not di8appear when power i8 di8:onne:ted* !ault8 in underground power :able8 are often per8i8tent* (nderground power line8 are not affe:ted b< tree8 or lightning= 8o fault8= when the< o::ur= are probabl< due to damage* $n 8u:h :a8e8= if the line i8 re:onne:ted= it i8 li>el< to be onl< damaged further*
S)mmet"c (#!lt:
A 8
A$)mmet"c (#!lt:
An a8
Common t
Three T
•
line-to-line ' a 8hort :ir:uit between line8= :au8ed b< ioniation of air= or when line8 :ome into ph<8i:al :onta:t= for e?ample due to a bro>en in8ulator *
•
line-to-ground ' a 8hort :ir:uit between one line and ground= ;er< often :au8ed b< ph<8i:al :onta:t= for e?ample due to lightning or other 8torm damage
•
double line-to-ground ' two line8 :ome into :onta:t with the ground -and ea:h other4= al8o :ommonl< due to 8torm damage*
S"ngle l"ne to go!nd (#!lt:
$n thi8 fault out of three pha8e8 an< one of the line i8 grounded* @hen thi8 fault o::ur8 thi8 fault 8en8e b< mi:ro:ontroller and 8end to the C% 8:reen and we :an dete:t thi8 fault ea8il< *
Single line to ground fault
T*O+LINE TO GROUND FAULT:
$n thi8 fault out of three pha8e8 an< two of the line i8 grounded* @hen thi8 fault o::ur8 thi8 fault 8en8e b< mi:ro:ontroller and 8end to the C% 8:reen and we :an dete:t thi8 fault ea8il<*
Two line to ground fault
LINE TO LINE FAULT:
$n thi8 fault out of three pha8e8 an< two of the line are tou:h to ea:h other* @hen thi8 fault o::ur thi8 fault 8en8e b< mi:ro:ontroller and 8end to the C% 8:reen and we :an dete:t thi8 fault ea8il<*
ine to line fault
Components: DESCRIPTION OF POWER SUPPLY: Thi8 :ir:uit i8 a 8mall 37 ;olt8 power 8uppl<= whi:h i8 u8eful when e?perimenting with digital ele:troni:8* Small ine?pen8i;e wall tran8former8 with ;ariable output ;oltage are a;ailable from an< ele:troni:8 8hop* Tho8e tran8former8 are ea8il< a;ailable= but u8uall< their ;oltage regulation i8 ;er< poor= whi:h ma>e8 them not ;er< u8able for digital :ir:uit e?perimenter unle88 a better regulation :an be a:hie;ed in 8ome wa<* The following :ir:uit i8 the an8wer to the problem* Thi8 :ir:uit :an gi;e 37+ output at about 3A :urrent* The :ir:uit ha8 o;erload and terminal prote:tion*
1!00"
220v ac
12# dc
#olta$e re$ulator
"805 !"00 uf
1000 uf
Step down tran8former -:entre tapped4 Cir:uit
diagram of power 8uppl<
*ok"ng o( &owe $!&&l) c"c!"t:
$n thi8 pro9e:t we u8e for power 8uppl< u8e ;ariou8 :omponent8 8u:h a8 :entre tapped 8tep down tran8former= diode= ele:trol
M"cocontolle :
A mi:ro:ontroller -8ometime8 abbre;iated KC= uC or &C(4 i8 a 8mall :omputer on a 8ingle integrated :ir:uit :ontaining a pro:e88or :ore= memor<= and programmable inputLoutput peripheral8* Program memor< in the form of NOR fla8h or OTP RO& i8 al8o often in:luded on :hip= a8 well a8 a t
offi:e ma:hine8= applian:e8= power tool8= and to<8* B< redu:ing the 8ie and :o8t :ompared to a de8ign that u8e8 a 8eparate mi:ropro:e88or= memor<= and inputLoutput de;i:e8= mi:ro:ontroller8 ma>e it e:onomi:al to digitall< :ontrol e;en more de;i:e8 and pro:e88e8* &i?ed 8ignal mi:ro:ontroller8 are :ommon= integrating analog :omponent8 needed to :ontrol non'digital ele:troni: 8<8tem8* Some mi:ro:ontroller8 ma< u8e four'bit word8 and operate at :lo:> rate frequen:ie8 a8 low a8 0 >H= for low power :on8umption -millwatt8 or mi:rowatt84* The< will generall< ha;e the abilit< to retain fun:tionalit< while waiting for an e;ent 8u:h a8 a button pre88 or other interruptI power :on8umption while 8leeping -CP( :lo:> and mo8t peripheral8 off4 ma< be 9u8t nanowatt8= ma>ing man< of them well 8uited for long la8ting batter< appli:ation8* Other mi:ro:ontroller8 ma< 8er;e performan:e':riti:al role8= where the< ma< need to a:t more li>e a digital 8ignal pro:e88or -%SP4= with higher :lo:> 8peed8 and power :on8umption
M"cocontolle ,-./:
The $ntel /123 i8 an /'bit mi:ro:ontroller whi:h mean8 that mo8t a;ailable operation8 are limited to / bit8* There are ba8i: G8ie8G of the /123 Short= Standard= and E?tended* The Short and Standard :hip8 are often a;ailable in %$P form= but the E?tended /123 model8 often ha;e a different form fa:tor= and are not Gdrop'in :ompatibleG* All the8e thing8 are :alled /123 be:au8e the< :an all be programmed u8ing /123 a88embl< language= and the< all 8hare :ertain feature8 -although the different model8 all ha;e their own 8pe:ial feature84* Some of the feature8 that ha;e made the /123 popular are
•
/'bit data bu8
•
35'bit addre88 bu8
•
7 general purpo8e regi8ter8 ea:h of / bit8
•
35 bit timer8 -u8uall< 7= but ma< ha;e more= or le884*
•
internal and 7 e?ternal interrupt8*
•
Bit a8 well a8 b
•
!our /'bit port8= -8hort model8 ha;e two /'bit port84*
•
35'bit program :ounter and data pointer
INTEL ,-./ P"n de$c"&t"on o( "ntel ,-,.:
There are four port8 in $ntel /1/2*
PORT P/ %P"n$ / to ,': The port P3 i8 a general purpo8e inputLoutput port whi:h
:an be u8ed for a ;ariet< of interfa:ing ta8>8* The other port8 P1= P7 and P ha;e dual role8 or additional fun:tion8 a88o:iated with them ba8ed upon the :onte?t of their u8age*
PORT P0 %P"n$ /- to /1' PORT P a:t8 a8 a normal $O port= but Port P ha8
additional fun:tion8 8u:h a8= 8erial tran8mit and re:ei;e pin8= 7 e?ternal interrupt pin8= 7 e?ternal :ounter input8= read and write pin8 for memor< a::e88*
PORT P2 %&"n$ 2/ to 2,' : PORT P7 :an al8o be u8ed a8 a general purpo8e / bit
port when no e?ternal memor< i8 pre8ent= but if e?ternal memor< a::e88 i8 required then PORT P7 will a:t a8 an addre88 bu8 in :on9un:tion with PORT P1 to a::e88 e?ternal memor<* PORT P7 a:t8 a8 A/'A32= a8 :an be 8een from fig 3*3 PORT P- %&"n$ 02 to 03' PORT P1 :an be u8ed a8 a general purpo8e / bit port
when no e?ternal memor< i8 pre8ent= but if e?ternal memor< a::e88 i8 required then PORT P1 a:t8 a8 a multiple?ed addre88 and data bu8 that :an be u8ed to a::e88 e?ternal memor< in :on9un:tion with PORT P7* P1 a:t8 a8 A%1'A%.*
B#$"c P"n$
PIN 3: P$N 6 i8 the re8et pin whi:h i8 u8ed re8et the mi:ro:ontrollerM8 internal
regi8ter8 and port8 upon 8tarting up* -Pin 8hould be held high for 7 ma:hine :<:le8*4 PINS /, 4 /3 The /123 ha8 a built'in o8:illator amplifier hen:e we need to onl<
:onne:t a :r<8tal at the8e pin8 to pro;ide :lo:> pul8e8 to the :ir:uit*
PIN 5- #nd 2- Pin8 01 and 71 are +CC and ground re8pe:ti;el<* The /123 :hip
need8 2+ 211mA to fun:tion properl<= although there are lower powered ;er8ion8 li>e the Atmel 7123 whi:h i8 a 8:aled down ;er8ion of the /123 whi:h run8 on +*
PINS 236 0- 4 0/ A8 de8:ribed in the feature8 of the /123= thi8 :hip :ontain8 a
built'in fla8h memor<* $n order to program thi8 we need to 8uppl< a ;oltage of 37+ at pin 3* $f e?ternal memor< i8 :onne:ted then P$N 3= al8o :alled EAL+PP= 8hould be :onne:ted to ground to indi:ate the pre8en:e of e?ternal memor<* P$N 1 i8 :alled AE -addre88 lat:h enable4= whi:h i8 u8ed when multiple memor< :hip8 are :onne:ted to the :ontroller and onl< one of them need8 to be 8ele:ted* @e will deal with thi8 in depth in the later :hapter8* P$N 76 i8 :alled PSEN* Thi8 i8 Gprogram 8ele:t enableG* $n order to u8e the e?ternal memor< it i8 required to pro;ide the low ;oltage -14 on both PSEN and EA pin8*
SYSTMATIC DIGRAM OF ,-./ MICROCONTROLLER *IT7 /892 LCD DISPLAY:
/123 &$CROCONTROER @$TH 35D7 C% %$SPA#
OLTAGE REGULATOR :
A de;i:e that maintain8 the terminal ;oltage of a generator or other ;oltage 8our:e within required limit8 de8pite ;ariation8 in input ;oltage or load* Al8o >nown a8 automati: ;oltage regulatorI ;oltage 8tabilier* +oltage regulator8 are u8ed on di8tribution feeder8 to maintain ;oltage :on8tant= irre8pe:ti;e of :hange8 in either load :urrent or 8uppl< ;oltage* +oltage ;ariation8 mu8t be minimied for the effi:ient operation of indu8trial equipment and for the
8ati8fa:tor< fun:tioning of dome8ti: applian:e8= tele;i8ion in parti:ular* +oltage i8 :ontrolled at the 8<8tem generator8= but thi8 alone i8 inadequate be:au8e ea:h generator 8upplie8 man< feeder8 of di;er8e impedan:e and load :hara:teri8ti:8* Regulator8 are applied either in 8ub8tation8 to :ontrol ;oltage on a bu8 or indi;idual feeder or on the line to reregulate the outl the ;oltage*
DIODE: A %iode i8 a two'terminal ele:troni: :omponent that :ondu:t8 ele:tri: :urrent in onl< one dire:tion* The term u8uall< refer8 to a 8emi:ondu:tor diode= the mo8t :ommon t
The mo8t :ommon fun:tion of a diode i8 to allow an ele:tri: :urrent to pa88 in one dire:tion -:alled the diode8 forward bia8 dire:tion4 while blo:>ing :urrent in the oppo8ite dire:tion -the reverse dire:tion4* Thu8= the diode :an be thought of a8 an ele:troni: ;er8ion of a :he:> ;al;e* Thi8 unidire:tional beha;ior i8 :alled re:tifi:ation= and i8 u8ed to :on;ert alternating :urrent to dire:t :urrent= and to e?tra:t modulation from radio 8ignal8 in radio re:ei;er8* TRANSFORMER:
A tran8former i8 a de;i:e that tran8fer8 ele:tri:al energ< from one :ir:uit to another through indu:ti;el< :oupled :ondu:tor8the tran8former8 :oil8* A ;ar
In t;e &o
Cente t#& t#n$(ome:
A :enter tap i8 a :onne:tion made to a point half wa< along a winding of a tran8former or indu:tor = or along the element of a re8i8tor or a potentiometer * Tap8 are 8ometime8 u8ed on indu:tor8 for the :oupling of 8ignal8= and ma< not ne:e88aril< be at the half'wa< point= but rather= :lo8er to one end* A :ommon appli:ation of thi8 i8 in the Hartle< o8:illator * $ndu:tor8 with tap8 al8o permit the tran8formation of the amplitude of alternating :urrent -AC4 ;oltage8 for the
purpo8e of power :on;er8ion= in whi:h :a8e= the< are referred to a8 autotran8former8= 8in:e there i8 onl< one winding* An e?ample of an autotran8former i8 an automobile ignition :oil* Potentiometer tapping pro;ide8 one or more :onne:tion8 along the de;i:e8 element= along with the u8ual :onne:tion8 at ea:h of the two end8 of the element= and the 8lider :onne:tion* Potentiometer tap8 allow for :ir:uit fun:tion8 that would otherwi8e not be a;ailable with the u8ual :on8tru:tion of 9u8t the two end :onne:tion8 and one 8lider :onne:tion
Centre tapped tran8former
RESISTOR:
A re8i8tor i8 a two'terminal ele:troni: :omponent that produ:e8 a ;oltage a:ro88 it8 terminal8 that i8 proportional to the ele:tri: :urrent through it in a::ordan:e with Ohm8 law V IR Re8i8tor8 are element8 of ele:tri:al networ>8 and ele:troni: :ir:uit8 and are ubiquitou8 in mo8t ele:troni: equipment* Pra:ti:al re8i8tor8 :an be made of ;ariou8
:ompound8 and film8= a8 well a8 re8i8tan:e wire -wire made of a high're8i8ti;it< allo<= 8u:h a8 ni:>el':hrome4*
In t;"$ &o
Carbon re8i8tor i8 di;ided into three t
CAPACITORS:
A :apa:itor :an 8tore :harge= and it8 :apa:it< to 8tore :harge i8 :alled :apa:itan:e* Capa:itor8 :on8i8t of two :ondu:ting plate8= 8eparated b< an in8ulating material ->nown a8 diele:tri:4* The two plate8 are 9oined with two lead8* The diele:tri: :ould be air= mi:a= paper= :erami:= pole paper :apa:itor= mi:a :apa:itor et:*
Capa:itor8 :an be broadl< :la88ified in two :ategorie8= i*e*= Ele:trol
In t;e &o
Electol)t"c C#&#c"to:
An ele:trol
The< are u8ed in relati;el< high':urrent and low'frequen:< ele:tri:al :ir:uit8= parti:ularl< in power 8uppl< filter8= where the< 8tore :harge needed to moderate output ;oltage and :urrent flu:tuation8 in re:tifier output* The< are al8o widel< u8ed a8 :oupling :apa:itor8 in :ir:uit8 where AC 8hould be :ondu:ted but %C 8hould not* There are two t
Ele:trol8 whi:h limit their u8e* The ;oltage applied to them mu8t be polariedI one 8pe:ified terminal mu8t alwa<8 ha;e po8iti;e potential with re8pe:t to the other* Therefore the< :annot be u8ed with AC 8ignal8 without a %C bia8* The< al8o ha;e ;er< low brea>down ;oltage= higher lea>age :urrent and indu:tan:e= poorer toleran:e8 and temperature range and 8horter lifetime8 :ompared to other t
LCD DISPLAY:
A liquid :r<8tal di8pla< -C%4 i8 a thin= flat ele:troni: ;i8ual di8pla< that u8e8 the light modulating propertie8 of liquid :r<8tal8 -C84* C8 do not emit light dire:tl<* The< are u8ed in a wide range of appli:ation8 in:luding :omputer monitor8= tele;i8ion= in8trument panel8= air:raft :o:>pit di8pla<8= 8ignage= et:* The< are :ommon in :on8umer de;i:e8 8u:h a8 ;ideo pla8= wat:he8= :al:ulator8= and telephone8* C%8 ha;e di8pla:ed :athode ra< tube -CRT4 di8pla<8 in mo8t appli:ation8* The< are u8uall< more :ompa:t= lightweight= portable= le88 e?pen8i;e= more reliable= and ea8ier on the elight4 or refle:tor to produ:e image8 in :olour or mono:hrome*
$n the pro9e:t we u8e 35D7 :d 8:reen* S:hemati: diagram of 35D7 i8 gi;en below whi:h i8 :onne:ted to the mi:ro:ontroller*
7D35 l:d di8pla< C"c!"t De$c"&t"on:
Abo;e i8 the quite 8imple 8:hemati:* The C% panel8 Enable and Regi8ter Sele:t i8 :onne:ted to the Control Port* The Control Port i8 an open :olle:tor L open drain output* @hile mo8t Parallel Port8 ha;e internal pull'up re8i8tor8= there are a few whi:h dont* Therefore b< in:orporating the two 31, e?ternal pull up re8i8tor8= the :ir:uit i8 more portable for a wider range of :omputer8= 8ome of whi:h ma< ha;e no internal pull up re8i8tor8* @e ma>e no effort to pla:e the %ata bu8 into re;er8e dire:tion* Therefore we hard wire the RL@ line of the C% panel= into write mode* Thi8 will :au8e no bu8 :onfli:t8 on the data line8* A8 a re8ult we :annot read ba:> the C%8 internal Bu8< !lag whi:h tell8 u8 if the C% ha8 a::epted and fini8hed pro:e88ing the la8t in8tru:tion* Thi8 problem i8 o;er:ome b< in8erting >nown dela<8 into our program*
Cir:uit %iagram of :d The 31> Potentiometer :ontrol8 the :ontra8t of the C% panel* Nothing fan:< here* A8 with all the e?ample8= $;e left the power 8uppl< out* #ou :an u8e a ben:h power 8uppl< 8et to 2; or u8e a onboard 2 regulator* Remember a few de':oupling :apa:itor8= e8pe:iall< if ing properl<*
DETAIL OF E?UIPMENTS USE IN SYSTEM
Sr*no
Equipment name
Spe:ifi:ation
uantit<
3
Tran8former -:entre tap4
771L37;=.21ma
2
7
%iode
3N011.=3amp
31
Capa:itor
35;=21;=3111uf=0.1uf=31uf
33
0
Re8i8tan:e
01ohm
.
2
+oltage regulator
$C'./12
2
5
ed
.
Cr<8tal
37mh
3
/
Batter<
6;
3
6
Thermo:ouple
31
&i:ro:ontroller
/123
3
33
:d
35D7
3
37
Conne:ting wire
5
3
A8 need
ADANTAGE OF SYSTEM: /> Con;entional fault dete:tor8 re8pon8e i8 8low in nature and e;en the< might not be able to dete:t the fault due to low le;el of fault :urrent* Howe;er= de8igned networ> :ould perform well e;en in the pre8en:e of :on8iderable amount of fault re8i8tan:e* 2> $t i8 more a::urate= reliable= than :on;entional 8<8tem* 0> &inimie the energ< :on8umption of di8tributed 8en8or parti:ipating in fault management* 5> B< thi8 8<8tem 8hort :ir:uit fault8 are relati;el< ea8< to dete:t and lo:ate the fault po8ition* .> @e :an al8o prote:t tran8former u8ing o;erheating de;i:e and po8ition of tran8former al8o lo:ate* 8> $t i8 ea8< to in8tall and u8e in 8<8tem refurbi8hment*
FURT7ER IMPROEMENTS: /> @e :an u8e the wirele88 te:hnique for fault indi:ation* 2> Thi8 model :an be modified for long di8tan:e tran8mi88ion fault8* 0> . %it& t&e &elp of t&is model we can determine t&e location
of a fault on a transmission line 'etween a master station and a remote station.
