EXERCISE 12 Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System
Time Allotment: 2–3 hours in lab plus time outside of lab.
Multimedia Resources: See Appendix B for Guide to Multimedia Resource Distributors. Anatomy of a Runner (Structure and Function of the Lower L imb) (DE: 38 minutes, DVD) Human Musculature video (PE: 23 minutes, Cadaver Dissection Video Series for Human Anatomy and Physiology DVD) Major Skeletal Muscles and Their Actions (DE: 19 minutes, DVD) The New Living Body: Muscles (FHS: 20 minutes, DVD, 3-year streaming webcast) Practice Anatomy Lab™ 3.0 (PAL) (PE: DVD, Website)
Laboratory Materials Ordering information is based on a lab size of 24 students, working in groups of 4. A list of supply house addresses appears in Appendix A.
Prosected human cadaver (if available) Human torso models and/or anatomical charts of human
musculature Disposable gloves 6–12 tubes of body (or face) paint
6–12 1-inch-wide artist’s brushes Human Musculature video
Advance Preparation
1. Set out models models of the human human torso torso and upper upper and lower lower limbs. It helps helps to have have the muscles muscles labeled labeled on some of the models. Have model keys available. 2. Set out out anatom anatomical ical chart chartss of human human muscul musculatu ature. re. 3. If possible, possible, have a prosected prosected human human cadaver cadaver available. available. Be prepared prepared to inform students as as to which muscles should be identified.
Comments and Pitfalls
1. Identification Identification of the the intercostal intercostal and and abdominal abdominal oblique oblique muscles muscles will will be much much easier if students carefully observe muscle fiber directions.
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Answers to Pre-Lab Quiz (p. 181)
1. a, agonist
5. a, lo lower li limb
2. Directio Direction n of muscle muscle fibers, fibers, relative relative size of muscles, muscles, location of muscle, number of origins, location location of origin and insertion, shape of muscle, action of muscle
6. a, biceps biceps brachii brachii 7. c, rectus abdominis abdominis 8. gast gastro rocn cnem emiu iuss
3. True
9. b, glut gluteu euss max maxim imus us
4. c, trunk
10. False
Dissection and Identification of Cat Muscles Time Allotment:
Skin removal—1 hour; Cat dissection—4–6 hours + (depends on detail required) Solutions: Carboglycerine solution 30 grams fungicide (Benomyl, Sigma-Aldrich) 250 milliliters glycerine 1 liter water Mix together and store in a closed container.
Laboratory Materials Ordering information is based on a lab size of 24 students, working in groups of 2 or 4. A list of supply house addresses appears ap pears in Appendix A.
Lab coat or apron Disposable gloves 6–12 preserved and injected cats
6–12 dissection trays and instruments 6–12 name tags and large plastic bags
Paper towels Embalming fluid Organic debris container
Advance Preparation
1. If you are using using cats as the dissection dissection animal, animal, order them them well in advance, advance, as they they may be in in short supply. 2. Make arrangement arrangementss for appropriate appropriate storage, storage, disposal, disposal, and cleanup cleanup of dissection dissection materials. materials. Check Check 89
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with the Department of Health or the Department of Environmental Protection, or their counterparts, for state regulations. Designate a disposal container for organic debris, set up a dishwashing area with hot soapy water and sponges, and provide lab disinfectant such as Wavicide01 (Carolina) or 10% bleach solution for washing down the lab benches. 3. Set out disposable disposable gloves, gloves, dissecting dissecting kits, dissection dissection trays, trays, plastic plastic storage bags, bags, and name name tags. 4. Set out disse dissectio ction n animals animals (one (one per group group of 2 to 4 students) students).. 5. Set out carboglycerine solution or extra embalming fluid for use if the dissection animal dries out.
Comments and Pitfalls
1. Be sure that students students understand understand that that the skin skin is to be removed removed in one one piece. piece. 2. Emphasize Emphasize the use of of the blunt probe as a dissecting dissecting instrumen instrument, t, rather than than the scalpel. scalpel. Cut only when everyone in the group agrees that a cut should be made! 3. Cat fur tends to clog the sinks. Emphasiz Emphasizee the correct correct disposal disposal of organic organic debris. debris. 4. Students Students often “invent” “invent” muscles muscles by tearing tearing tissue apart. apart. Emphasize Emphasize that they they should should be separating separating muscles by breaking through the surrounding connective tissue. 5. Sometimes Sometimes the dissection dissection animal animal is in very poor condition, condition, in which which case the the student should should exchange it for a different specimen. 6. To prevent prevent damage damage to muscles muscles during skinning, skinning, separate separate skin from from underlying underlying tissues tissues by inserting inserting a blunt probe into the skin incision in the neck. Continue to use the probe to separate skin from underlying tissues before cutting the skin.
Answers to Activity Questions Activity 8: Dissecting Trunk and Neck Muscles Muscles of the Abdominal Wall (p. 220)
2. The fibers of the internal internal oblique oblique run obliquely, obliquely, from the the lateral aspect aspect downward downward as they approach approach the midline. The fibers of the external oblique run at right angles to the fibers of the internal oblique. Superficial Muscles of the Shoulder and Dorsal Trunk and Neck (p. 221)
1. The clavotrapezius clavotrapezius appears appears to originate originate on on the occipital occipital bone. This This is similar similar to a part of of the origin origin of the trapezius muscle in humans. The three cat muscles seem to have the same functions as the human trapezius muscle. 2. In humans humans the levator levator scapulae elevates the the scapula and and bends the the neck laterally laterally if the scapula is is fixed. 3. The clavodeltoid clavodeltoid inserts inserts on the proximal proximal end end of the ulna. ulna. This muscle muscle is used used to flex the the lower forelimb in walking. Activity 9: Dissecting Forelimb Muscles Muscles of the Lateral Surface (p. 223) Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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1. The triceps triceps muscle muscle has has a similar similar function function in in cats and humans. humans. Muscles of the Medial Surface (p. 225)
1. The bicep bicepss brachii brachii has has only one one head head in the cat. cat.
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Activity 10: Dissecting Hindlimb Muscles Posterolateral Hindlimb Muscles (p. 227)
5. In humans humans the semimembran semimembranosus osus is also medial medial to and partially partially obscured obscured by the semitendinosu semitendinosus. s. The human semimembranosus inserts on the tibia, but not on the femur. Anteromedial Hindlimb Muscles (p. 228)
2. The origin of of the rectus rectus femoris in humans is is the anterior anterior inferior inferior iliac spine and just above above the acetabulum. 3. The human human gracilis gracilis muscle muscle has a very similar similar origin origin and insertion insertion..
Answer to Group Challenge: Muscle IDs (p. 215) Origin
Insertion
Muscle
Primary action
Zygomatic arch and maxilla
Angle and ramus of the mandible
Masseter
Prime mover of jaw closure
Anterio Anteriorr surface surface of of ribs ribs 3–5 Coracoid Coracoid process process of the the scapula
Pector Pectorali aliss minor minor With With ribs ribs fixed, fixed, draws draws scapula forward and inferiorly
Inferior Inferior border border of of rib rib above above Superior Superior border border of of rib rib below
External intercostals
Pulls ribs toward each other to elevate the rib cage
Distal portion of anterior humerus
Coronoid process of the ulna
Brachialis
A major flexor of the forearm
Anterior inferior iliac spine and superior margin of acetabulum
Tibial tuberosity and patella
Rectus femoris
Extends the knee and flexes the thigh at the hip
By two heads from medial and lateral condyles of femur
Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Gast Gastro rocn cnem emiu iuss
Plan Planta tarr flex flexes es the the foo foott when when the knee is extended
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REVIEW SHEET EXERCISE 12 Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System
Name ________________________ Lab Time/Date _________________ Classification of Skeletal Muscles 1. Several criteria were given relative to the naming of muscles. For each muscle name, choose from the key all criteria on which the name is based. Some responses may be used more than once. Key: e, e, g
1.
gluteus maximus
a. action of the muscle
a, g
2.
adductor magnus
b. shape of the muscle
d, e muscle
3.
biceps femoris
c. location of the origin and/or insertion of the
e, f
4.
transversus ab abdominis
d. number of of or origins
a, c, e
5.
exte extens nsor or carp carpii uln ulnar aris is
e. loca locati tion on of the the mus muscl clee rel relat ativ ivee to to a bon bonee or or bod body y region
b
6.
trapezius
f.
direction in which the muscle fibers run relative to some imaginary line
e, f
7.
rectus femoris
e, f
8.
external oblique
g. relative size of the muscle
2. Match the key terms to the muscles and movements described below. Some responses may be used more than once. Key: a.
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prime mover (agonist)
b.
antagonist
c.
synergist
d.
fixator
a
1.
term for the biceps brachii during elbow flexion
c
2.
term that describes the relation of the brachialis to the biceps brachii during elbow flexion
b
3.
term for the triceps brachii during elbow flexion
b
4.
term for the iliopsoas during hip extension
a
5.
term for the gluteus maximus during hip extension when walking up stairs Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
6.
d
terms terms for the the rotato rotatorr cuff muscl muscles es and and deltoid deltoid when when the the elbow elbow is is flexed flexed and and the hand grabs a tabletop to lift the table
Muscles of the Head and Neck 3. Using choices from the key on the right, correctly identify muscles provided with leader lines on the diagram. Key:
a. buccinator b. corrug corrugat ator or supe superci rcilii lii c. depr depres esso sorr ang angul ulii oris oris d. depre depresso ssorr labi labiii infe inferio rioris ris e. front frontal al belly belly of epicr epicran anius ius f. leva levato torr lab labii ii supe superi rior oris is g. masseter h. mentalis i.
occi occipi pita tall bell belly y of epi epicr cran aniu iuss
j.
orbicularis orbicularis oculi
k. orbi orbicu cula lari riss oris oris l.
platysma
m. trap trapez eziu iuss n. zygo zygoma mati ticu cuss maj major or and minor 4. Using the key provided in question 3, identify the muscles described below. (Not all the terms from question 3 will be used.) n
1.
used in smiling
a
2.
used to suck in your cheeks
j
3.
used in blinking and squinting
c (l) (l )
4.
used to pout (pulls the corners of the mouth downward)
e
5.
raises your eyebrows for a questioning expression
b
6.
used to form the vertical frown crease on the forehead
k
7.
your “kisser” Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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g
8.
prime mover to raise the mandible
l
9.
tenses skin of the neck during shaving
Muscles of the Trunk 5. Correctly identify both intact and transected (cut) muscles depicted in the diagram, using the key on the right. (Not all listed terms will be used in this exercise.) Key:
a. biceps bra bracchii b. brachialis c. deltoi toid (c (cut) ut) d. exte extern rnal al int inter erco cost stal alss e. exte extern rnal al obli obliqu quee f. inte intern rnal al obli obliqu quee g. lati latiss ssim imus us dors dorsii h. pect pector oral alis is maj major or (cu (cut) t) i. pect pector oral alis is minor inor j. rectus abdominis abdominis k. rhomboids l. serr serrat atus us ant anter erio iorr m. subs ubscapul pularis ris n. tran transv sver ersu suss abdo abdomi mini niss
6. Using the key provided in question 5, identify the major muscles described below. (Not all terms will be used.)
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J
1. a maj major or spin spinee fle flexo xorr
g
2. prime prime mov mover er for for pulli pulling ng the the arm post posteri eriorl orly y
h
3. prime prime move moverr for for sho should ulder er flexio flexion n
e, f, n, n , (j) ( j)
4.
i
5. pulls pulls the the shou shoulde lderr backw backward ard and and down downwa ward rd
c
6. prime prime move moverr of shoul shoulde derr abdu abducti ction on
g, h
7.
assume major responsibility responsibility for forming forming the abdominal abdominal girdle (three pairs of muscles) muscles)
important important in shoulder shoulder adduction; adduction; antagonists antagonists of the shoulder shoulder abductor abductor (two muscles) muscles)
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l
8. move movess the scapu scapula la forwa forward rd and down downwa ward rd
d
9.
o
10. 10. exten extends ds the the head head
k
11. pull the the scapul scapulae ae medial medially ly
small, small, inspir inspirato atory ry muscle muscless between between the the ribs; ribs; elevat elevatee the ribs ribs
Muscles of the Upper Limb 7. Using the terms from the key on the right, correctly identify all muscles provided with leader lines in the diagram below. (Not all listed terms will be used in this exercise.) Key:
a. bice biceps ps brac brachi hiii b. brac rachial ialis c. brac brachi hior orad adia iali liss d. exten extensor sor car carpi pi radi radiali aliss longus longus e. exte extens nsor or digi digito toru rum m f. flex flexor or carp carpii radi radial alis is g. flex flexor or car carpi pi uln ulnar aris is h. flexor flexor digi digitor torum um super superfic ficial ialis is i.
flex flexor or poll pollic icis is long longus us
j.
palmaris palmaris longus
k. pron pronat ator or quad quadra ratu tuss l.
pron ronator tor teres
m. supi supina nato torr n. tric tricep epss bra brach chii ii 8. Use the key provided in question 7 to identify the muscles described below. (Not all terms will be used.) a
1. flexes flexes the forea forearm rm and supin supinates ates the the hand
m
2. synergis synergistt for supinat supinating ing the the hand hand
b, c
3. forearm flexors; no role role in supination supination (two muscles) muscles)
n
4. elbo elbow w ext exten enso sorr
f
5. power power wrist wrist flexor flexor and abducto abductorr
h
6. flexes flexes wrist wrist and and middl middlee phalan phalanges ges
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97
k, l
7. pronate pronate the hand hand (two muscle muscles) s)
i
8. flex flexes es the the thum thumb b
d, e
9. extend extend and abduc abductt the wrist wrist (two (two muscles) muscles)
e
10. extends extends the wrist wrist and and digit digitss
j
11. flat muscle muscle that is a weak weak wrist flexor; tenses skin skin of palm palm
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Muscles of the Lower Limb 9. Using the terms from the key on the right, correctly identify all muscles provided with leader lines in the diagram below. (Not all listed terms will be used in this exercise.)
Key:
a. adduc ductor grou group p b. bice biceps ps fem femoris oris c. exten extensor sor digit digitoru orum m longu longuss d. fibu fibula lari riss brev brevis is e. fibu fibula lari riss lon longu guss f. flex flexor or hal hallu luci ciss long longus us g. gast gastro rocn cnem emiu iuss h. glut gluteu euss maxi maximu muss i. glut luteus me mediu dius j. rectus femoris femoris k. semi semime memb mbra rano nosu suss l.
sem semitendi ndinosu osus
m. sole soleu us n. tens tensor or fas fasci ciae ae lat latae ae o. tibi tibial alis is ante anteri rior or p. tibi tibial alis is post poster erio iorr . vast vastus us late latera rali liss 10. Use the key provided in question 9 to identify the muscles described below. (Not all terms will be used.) f
1.
flexes flexes the great great toe toe and and inve inverts rts the the ankl anklee
d, e
2.
lateral lateral compa compartm rtment ent muscl muscles es that that plantar plantar flex flex and and evert evert the the ankle ankle (two muscles)
i, n
3.
abduct abduct the the thigh thigh to to take take the “at ease” ease” stance stance (two (two muscl muscles) es)
h
4.
used used to exte extend nd the the hip hip when when clim climbin bing g stairs stairs
g, m
5.
prime prime mover moverss of ankle ankle planta plantarr flexion flexion (two muscle muscles) s)
p
6.
majo majorr foot foot inve invert rter er
o
7.
prime prime move moverr of dor dorsif siflex lexion ion of the the foot foot
a
8.
adduct adduct the thigh, thigh, as when when stand standing ing at attentio attention n
c
9.
ext extends the toes
b, k, l
10. 10.
exten extend d thigh thigh and and flex flex knee knee (three (three musc muscles les))
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j
99
11. 11.
exte extend ndss knee knee and and flex flexes es thig thigh h
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General Review: Muscle Recognition 11. Identify each lettered muscle in this diagram of the human anterior superficial musculature by matching its letter with one of the following muscle names: jj
1. addu adduct ctor or long longus us
g
2. bice biceps ps brac brachi hiii
i
3. 3. brac brachi hior orad adia iali liss
e
4. deltoid
s
5. exten extensor sor digit digitoru orum m longu longuss
ee
6. exte extern rnal al obli obliqu quee
r
7. fibu fibula lari riss long longus us
j
8. flexo flexorr carp carpii radia radiali liss
l
9. flex flexor or carp carpii ulna ulnari riss
u
10. 10. fronta frontall belly belly of epic epicran ranius ius
ll
11. 11. gast gastro rocn cnem emiu iuss
kk
12. grac racilis lis
m
13. ilio liopsoa soas
ff
14. 14. inte intern rnal al obl obliq ique ue
cc
15. 15. lati latiss ssim imus us dor dorsi si
b
16. masset seter
v
17. 17. orbi orbicu cula lari riss oculi oculi
x
18. 18. orbi orbicu cula lari riss oris oris
k
19. 19. palm palmar aris is long longus us
n
20. pectin tineus
aa
21. 21. pect pector oral alis is majo majorr
c
22. plat latysma sma
h
23. 23. pron pronat ator or tere teress
dd
24. 24. rect rectus us abdo abdomi mini niss
o
25. 25. rect rectus us femo femori riss
ii
26. sar sartor torius
bb
27. 27. serr serrat atus us ante anteri rior or
mm
28. soleus
z
29. 29. sterno sternocl cleid eidom omast astoid oid
y
30. 30. ster sterno nohy hyoi oid d Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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a
31. 31. temp tempor oral alis is
hh
32. 32. tenso tensorr fas fasci ciae ae latae latae
t
33. 33. tibi tibial alis is ante anteri rior or
gg
34. 34. transv transver ersus sus abd abdom omini iniss
d
35. trap rapezius ius
f
36. 36. tric tricep epss bra brach chii ii
p
37. 37. vast vastus us lat later eral alis is
q
38. 38. vast vastus us medi medial alis is
w
39. 39. zygo zygom matic aticus us
12. Identify each lettered muscle in this diagram of the human posterior superficial musculature by matching its letter with one of the following muscle names:
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t
1.
adductor magnus
u
2.
biceps fe femoris
b
3.
brachialis
c
4.
brachioradialis
m
5.
deltoid
d
6.
exte extens nsor or carp carpii rad radia iali liss lon longu guss
f
7.
exte extens nsor or carp carpii ulna ulnari riss
g
8.
exten tensor sor dig digiitoru orum
q
9.
external ob oblique
e
10. 10.
flex flexor or carp carpii uln ulnar aris is
i
11. 11.
gastrocnemius
s
12.
glut luteus maxim ximus
r
13.
gluteus me medius
v
14.
gracilis
h
15. 15.
ilio ilioti tibi bial al trac tractt (ten (tendo don) n)
n
16.
infraspinatus
p
17.
latiss tissim imu us dorsi rsi
j
18. 18.
occi occipi pita tall bell belly y of epic epicra rani nius us
x
19.
sem semime imembran ranosu osus
w
20.
sem semite itendino inosus sus
k
21. 21.
ster sterno nocl clei eido dom masto astoid id
o
22.
teres ma major Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
l
23 23.
trapezius
a
24.
tric riceps brac rachii
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General Review: Muscle Descriptions 13. Identify the muscles described by completing the following statements. Use an appropriate reference as needed.
1. The deltoid
, vastus lateralis
, gluteus maximus
glu teuss medius mediu s , and gluteu
are commonly used for intramuscular injections (four muscles). 2. The The inser insertio tion n tendo tendon n of the quadriceps
group contains a large sesamoid bone, the patella.
3. The triceps triceps surae surae insert insert in common common into into the the calcaneal
tendon.
4. The bulk of the the tissue tissue of of a muscl musclee tends tends to lie proximal causes to move.
to the part of the body it
5. The extri extrinsic nsic muscl muscles es of the the hand hand origin originate ate on the the humerus, radius, and ulna . 6. Most flexor flexor muscl muscles es are are locat located ed on on the the anterior extensors are located posteriorly
aspect of the body; most . An exception to this generalization is the
extensor-flexor musculature of the knee
.
Dissection and Identification: Cat Muscles
Many human muscles are modified from those of the cat (or any quadruped) as a result of the requirements of an upright posture. The following questions refer to these differences. 14. How does the human trapezius muscle differ from the cat’s? Cat’s trapezius is tripartite (clavo-, acromio-, and spino- portions); the human trapezius is a single muscle.
15. How does the deltoid differ? Cat has three deltoid muscles, the clavodeltoid, acromiodeltoid, and spinodeltoid. The human has a single deltoid muscle.
16. How do the size and orientation of the human gluteus maximus muscle differ from that in the cat? The human gluteus maximus muscle originates on the dorsal ilium, sacrum, and coccyx and inserts on the proximal femur and iliotibial tract as it runs inferolaterally; it forms the bulk of buttock mass. The cat gluteus maximus muscle originates on the sacrum and inserts on the proximal femur; it is a 103
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smaller triangular muscle that runs laterally.
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17. Explain these differences in cat and human muscles in terms of differences in function. The large human gluteus maximus muscle is the major extensor of the thigh, most powerful when the thigh is flexed. It is generally inactive during standing and walking. It also laterally rotates and abducts the thigh. The cat gluteus maximus muscle is much smaller in relation to the size of the cat. Its function is to abduct the thigh.
18. The human rectus abdominis is definitely divided by four transverse tendons (tendinous intersections). These tendons are absent or difficult to identify in the cat. How do these tendons affect the human upright posture? These tendons support the abdominal muscular wall so that the viscera are not allowed to become pendulous in the upright posture of humans.
19. Match the terms in column B to the descriptions in column A.
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Column A
Column B
a
1.
to separate muscles
a. dissect
c
2.
to fold back a muscle
b. embalm
d
3.
to cut through a muscle
c. reflect
e
4.
to preserve tissue
d. transect
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