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Wireless Wire Wirele les ss electricity ele electri ctrici city ty & longitudinal long longit itud udin ina al electric elec lectric tric waves wav waves L.M.D L.M. L.M.D. D.. p p rr ee ss ee nn tt ee dd bb y y
Dr. Dr. Eng. Eng. Roberto Roberto Handwerker Handwerker DELTA Milan, Milan, Italy Ital Italyy -- 2011 2011 2011 All All All rights right rightss reserved reser reserved ved DELTA Ingegneria Ingegneria®®-- Milan,
Presentation
engine ineer er Rob Robert erto o Handw Ha ndwerk erker, er,, DELTA Ingegneria®® of eng Hand Handwer werker ker, a consultin consu lting g profe professio ssional nal adv anced e otechnics, nics, consulting lting profession al in advanced adva nced electr electro ellectrotech ectrotechn technics, ics, thermodynamics & energetics, aallssoo tteecchhnniiccaall aaddvviissoorr ttoo iittaalliiaann JJuuddggeess
Disclaimer Disclaimer::
Warning ! •• The The following following experiments experiments make make use use of of electrical energy:: please please don’t try to replicate them unless You are trained trained and wellexperienced electrotechnics pr esence nce h igh volta vo ltages ges and experienced experienced in in electrotechnics: electrote electrotechnics: chnics:: the the the prese presence presen ce of high high voltages volt ages and currents curr curren ents ts could cou could ld cause cau cause se You You You serious ser seriou ious s injuring inju injurin ring g and and and may may may even even even be be be fatal fata fatall !! R ica ion p ime cci Y isk Reep pllic liic caattio ion no off pr pr prreesseen ntteed d eexxp peerrim imeen nttss o orr cir circ irccu uiits ittss aatt Yo Yo Yo ou urr o own wn rris iskk !! ex periments ents ar e verifiable verif iable repl icable e by •• However, Howeve However, r, the the shown shown experim experi exp erimen ments ts are are verifi verifiabl able e and and replicabl replic replicabl able by some so meon one e wh who o ha has s th the e ri righ ghtt me mean ans s an and d kn know ow--ho how w .. som meone eo ne means ea ns Col elec city arbi ary eaninng g on onlly that the hher ere •• The The term ter term “Co Cold el electr ectri trici city” ty” is ar arbitr bitrar trar ra ry y, m mea me he
presented current effects are different from usual AC current ones.
First some quotes … quotes… “Each one sees what he carries in his heart.” - JJoohhaannnn W gaanngg vvoonn G hee ((11774499--11883322)) Woollffga fg Gooeetthe th “E “Eve very Tru uth pa pas ssses ses se s th thro roug ugh h th thr stag age s.. Fi Fir rrst, st, st “Ev very erryy Tr Truth ru pass es three hrree st stag ta ge es. es Firs t,, it is ridiculed. Sec Se Second, itit is violently opposed. And third, it is accepted as self evident”. - Arthur Arthur Schopenhauer Schopenhauer (1788-1860) (1788-1860) “Be silent, if you choose; but when it is necessary, sp speak - and sp speak iin n su such a wa way th that people will remember it.” - Wo Wolf gang ng Amad eus ss Mo Moza rt (175 6-17 1791 91) Wolf Wolfga lfga gang ng Am Amad Amadeu adeu eus Moza Mozart zart rt (1 (175 (17567566-17 1791 91))) “The pr present is theirs; th the fu future, fo for which I have really worked, is is mine.” - Ni Niko la Tesl aa (1 (185 6-19 1943 43) Niko Nikola kola la Te Tesl Tesla sla (185 (18568566-19 1943 43))) “Don “D on’t ’t car care e abou aboutt th them em,, just just wat watch ch an and d pass pass by” by” - Dante Dante Alighieri Alighieri (1265-1321) (1265-1321)
.. .and a few general notes ...and ψ φ
• Experiments were realised by use of low-budget of low-budget equipment, small power laboratory apparatus, partially using scrap scrap parts. • Electric field: field this term includes both dielectric (ψ) and [5]. magnetic (φ) fields[5] • All All construction construction and and particular particular design design of presented Teslaexperiments experiments apparatus by DELTA DELTA Ingegneria Ingegneria®® .
Brief Brief introduction to Dr.Tesla ““master master of of lightning lightning”” • Nikola Tesla Tesla (1856-1943): forgotten serbian serbian genius, emigrant and later U.S. citizen, great scientist, inventor and phylanthroper “invented” “invented” the XX Century with his his • • • • •
AC AC polyphase system AC AC induction motor motor Tesla turbine Radio apparatus apparatus More than than 700 patents issued
• Question Question:: can an electrical electrical device work work by by only only one wire
or or even without without wires as stated stated by by Nikola Tesla more than a century century ago ?
? el. wire
neon
motor
Some analogies in Nature ((from from physics ): physics): Ocean waves:: pressure pressure waves waves (tsunami) (tsunami) E TEM TEM
water tsunami
v E LMD LMD
longitudinal waves E
x(t) oscillation
v
transverse waves B
c
E x(t) osci llation
v(t) propagation v(t) propagation oscillation perpendicular oscillation oscillation parallel parallel to propagation to propagation
Seismic waves: primary primary waves waves (P) (P) and and secondary secondary waves waves (S) (S) S
v 2 2
v11
P earth (slice) S P
S: transverse waves - or “shear” P: longitudinal waves - or or ”compression” ”compression” Propagation through core is only for type “ P” “P” waves possible (similar to to sound waves), these travel faster than type “ S” waves, that is: “S” V P P =√ ((k + 4/3δ )/ ρ ) , V ss = √ ( δ / ρ )
where where k: k: elast. elast. norm.modulus, norm.modulus, δ δ:: elast. elast. tang.mod, tang.mod, ρ ρ:: density density of of means means
Sound waves: pressure pressure waves waves in in fluids fluids or or in in solids solids air
Sound speed in different elements at 20°C in [m/s]: air: 343 air: water: 1480 v glass: 5300 ether(*): c [12] (*) according to N.Tesla[12]
In solids: V LL =√ (E/ ρ ) , V T T = √ (G/ ρ ) with with E E> >G G (always) (always) In fluids: V LL =√ (E a / gas const.), const.), V T a ρ ), in gases: V LL =√ ( γ RT/M) ((γ RT/M gas T =0 1/v 2 2 ∂ 2 2 u/ ∂t 2 2 =
2 2 u
(wave eq.) where: u(x,t) scalar; v = √ (k/ ρ )
N.B.: SOME TESLA EXPERIMENTS WERE ALWAYS CONSIDERED AS IMPOSSIBLE TO REPLICATE.
Dielectric waves: charge charge density density variation variation waves waves Some experimental experimental results results:: electric wire
i
(fragmentation stripes)
x
longitudinal waves [8] by longitudinal Test Test made on electric conductors’ fragmentation[8] electrodynamic forces: wires wires showed showed peculiar stress/break peculiar stress/break patterns patterns (parallel (parallel stripes) stripes) rather than than heat/fusion patterns.
In HYDRODYNAMIC ” HYDRODYNAMIC ANALOGY ” between In physics physics exists exists the the “ “HYDRODYNAMIC ANALOGY” electrotechnics and and hydraulics hydraulics..
x
Let Let us begin with the experiments experiments::
1) Tesla ’s ““stout stout bars circuit Tesla’s circuit”” • This experiment shows curious electricity phenomena, according to Tesla and also called “ Tesla currents”; “Tesla The validity of
v = R. i
“Ohm’s law”
to this case should be closely investigated by the “Academic World”. [2] Tesla’s Tesla’s 1893 1893 original original circuit circuit [2]
• The shunted lamps in the circuit light up at full brightness even
“ Cold “ Cold electricity “: “Cold electricity“: 12V 12V
with circuit shorted by a heavy copper bar: • current evidently evidently doesn’t doesn’t follow the bar path (smaller Ω) as normal, preferring the lamp filament (greater Ω). • Lamps rated for
different voltages work at full brightness at the same time (*)
230V 230V
1200V 1200V
(*) (*) The The Neon Neon tube tube lights lights up up without without usual usual “starter” “starter” circuit circuit
The ““possibile” possibile” short -circuit short-circuit • Ohm’s Law : v = R. i (v = Z. i , where Z: impedance) • It should be v11= 0 and and so so even v22= 0
but it is evidently v 2 ≠ 0 because lamps are lit
v 2 ≠ 0
v11
v22
Halogen lamp lit immersed in water water A SPECIAL FEATURE by DELTA Ingegneria®®:: • A A striking striking effect is observed by shunting a lamp to the circuit (right) and immersing it in water : the 230V / 100W rated lamp lits at its full brightness (*); the same lamp type (left) is working by ordinary AC household mains (230V/50Hz,1~); the emitted household mains Tesla Tesla current current light colours are different: the bars left light is is reddish, the right one blueish. lamp (*) (*) some some lamp lamp types types lit lit even even with with broken filament ..
water
2) ““Flat Flat spiral Tesla Coil Coil””
bulb
• A good good Tesla’s flat flat spiral [3] Coil (“pancake coil”) coil”)[3] shows shows striking features: features:
lamp emits light and
repels the human hand, but attracts a suspended metal strip: • The hand “feels” a kind
of “pressure” of “pressure” coming from the lamp.
GND
Generator
• The original Tesla 1900
patent n.649621 for “ Trasmitting Trasmitting electrical “Trasmitting energy ” ”. energy”.
Tesla pancake coil
A A Tesla Tesla lecture lecture - about 1890 Dielectric Dielectric longitudinal longitudinal waves, waves, devoid devoid of of magnetic magnetic component, component, emitted emitted [10].. from from aa spherical spherical antenna have have been been yet observed observed in past[10]
Transmission of of energy with T.C. “ Art of “Art of transmitting energy ” energy in the medium medium” by only one wire and even without wires:
neon
WIRELESS. lamps
motors [1] are lit and electric motors run lamps[1]
L.M.D. and T.E.M. fields of a T.C .: T.C.: E ≠ 0
spherical antenna E ≠0 E
mV, mA
B=0
Quantitative Quantitative voltage and and current current measures measures ( (mV, mV mV , mA) mA) with photomultiplier photomultiplier and and iron iron cored cored coil coil:: around E E” ” is around the the T.C. T.C. dielectric dielectric field field “ “E” prevailing over B” , which is over magnetic field field “ “B”, is practically nil. nil. Qualitative measures measures:: LED LED resonance resonance detector detector indicates presence of dielectric field whereas compass indicator stands still still..
B=0
Original Tesla’s 1901 patent n.685957 for “ receiving ENERGY ” “receiving ENERGY” from a metal plate Tesla stout bars circuit
Tesla’s lecture lecture before before AIEE AIEE - 1891 1891
3) Utilizing electrical energy • Apparatus Apparatus for for utilizing WIRELESS energy by an insulated plate and a series-connected-toearth neon lamp (i.e. it transceives POWER , not only a weak signal )
plate
RADIANT ENERGY from T.C.
neon
GND
• Variant of apparatus for energy by a for utilizing WIRELESS energy spherical antenna sferica and and an electric motor grounded grounded (only one wire): receives POWER
RADIANT ENERGY from T.C.
plate
sphere (lamp bulb) current
motor
GND
• Conversion of WIRELESS energy L.M.D.waves
i
rectifier
E sphere
i +
motor GND
0 motor current
L.M.D. waves energy is converted in the rectifier to electrical current for the motor
4) ““Vacuum Vacuum tube Tesla Coil Coil”” • A special feature from DELTA Ingegneria®®:
additional drive coil
flat spiral Tesla coil energized by vacuum tube with an additional drive coil added to the primary, instead of the spark-gap. vacuum tube
The energy field of a T.C. • Tesla Coil’s energy field lights up a neon tube to power its its full brightness without without transmission wires, wires, that that is is
small power power coil
WIRELESS : transmission of ENERGY , not only signal MAGNETODIELECTRIC: is the “ ddual ual of of ELECTROMAGNETIC”
5) Mutual effects between T.Coils • Mutual effects of XMTR and RCVR: a neon tube tube near each Tesla coil shows that if RCVR coil is first switched on and then off the corresponding neon tube turns first ON and then OFF whereas the neon of the XMTR turns OFF and then ON .
The two T.C.s are communicating !
Tesla Coil resonance frequencies • There are two different main resonance frequencies f 0 and f 1, where f 1 = 1,57. f 0 ; for instance f 0 = 1 MHz and f 1 = 1,57 1,57 MHz; MHz; the relationship is therefore:
f 1 = f 0 . π / 2
( π = 3,141…)
Frequencies relationship expressed by by wave wave lenghts lenghts λ : proportional as circle radius radius to to arc arc
π / 2
1
Light effects with a T.C T.C.. • The apparatus produces produces curious beautiful light effects, like brushes and streamers, in the lamp bulb bulb at at top top terminal terminal of of secondary coil showing different [1]. colours [1]
sun
lamp
Tesla ““discharge discharge coil coil”” [1] coil • A peculiar Tesla[1] produces produces curious light effects, effects, not visible by daylight but present and visible in the dark: “brushes” and “streamers”; between between the terminals, white electric streams appear instead of blue or violet ones as by usual HV air discharges, discharges, which are not felt by hand despite voltage rises to hundreds of kiloVolts, and are felt only if the terminals are are directly touched.
generator
A few ’ ’s equations few words about about Maxwell Maxwell’s •• The The original original quaternion Maxwell’s Maxwell’s electromagnetism electromagnetism equations equations were were later modified and modified and simplified with simplified with the the introduction introduction of of vectors by by Heaviside Heaviside and and Gibbs”. Gibbs”. •• Quaternions Quaternions have have 4 terms: terms: •• Vectors Vectors have have only only 3 terms: terms:
q = a+bi +c j +d k (by (by Hamilton) Hamilton) v = ai+b j+c k (cartesian (cartesian space) space)
• Calculation rules rules are not not the the same same in in the the two two systems systems,, for for -----
instance: instance: Quaternions Quaternions have have anti-commutative anti-commutative property: property: i.j= i.j= -- j.i j.i Vectors Vectors however however have have commutative commutative property: property: i.j= i.j= j.i j.i The The sum sum of of quaternions quaternions q1=a+bi+c q1=a+bi+c j+dk j+dk and and q2=a-bi-c q2=a-bi-c j-dk j-dk gives gives q=q1+q2=2a q=q1+q2=2a which which is is but but aa scalar scalar not not equal equal to to zero zero The The sum sum of of vectors vectors v1=ai+b v1=ai+b j+ck j+ck and and v2=-ai-b v2=-ai-b j-ck j-ck gives gives v=v1+v2=0 v=v1+v2=0 that that is is zero; zero; in in other other words words q1+q2=2a q1+q2=2a but but v1+v2=0 v1+v2=0 as as an example, example, so: so:
-> -> results are not the same same and so the the involved involved equations
Maxwell ’ ’s equations in today ’ ’s differential form are:
. E = ρ / ε0
.B=0 x E = - ∂ / ∂ t B + ∂ / ∂ t E c 2 x B = j/ ε0
Dielectric flux theorem Magnetic flux theorem Faraday’s law Ampére’s law
where: E = dielectric field; B = magnetic field; ρ = charge density; ε 0 0 = dielectric constant in vacuum; ∂ / ∂ t = time partial derivative; j = current density. and “Lorenz gauge” . A gauge” would then then arbitrarily fixed as: . A ++ 1/c 1/c 2 2 . ∂ / ∂t = 0 So So the the equations equations of of scalar scalar potential potential φ and vectorial potential A are: are: 2 ∂2 2 φ / ∂t 2 2 - 1/c 2
2 2 φ
2 ∂2 2 1/c 2 A / ∂t 2 2 -
2 2
= ρ / ε0 0
A = μ 0 0 J
It It is is observed observed that, that, by by the the so-called so-called “gauge freedom” in in choosing choosing vectorial φ ,, by vectorial potential potential A A ee scalar scalar φ by introducing introducing aa “scalar “scalar gauge gauge function ψ (x,t)” potentials A A ee φ x,t)” and and the the following potentials φ
A = A + ψ
and φ = φ - ∂ / ∂t ψ and it it descends descends that that E E and and B B vectorial vectorial fields fields are are unvaried; unvaried; it it is is therefore therefore Lorenz gauge” ,, possible possible to to choose, choose, instead instead of of former former “ “Lorenz Coulomb gauge” . A = 0 the the “ (in vacuum) vacuum) that that is: is: “Coulomb gauge” (in And And so so to to obtain obtain for for the the scalar potential:
2 φ
= - ρ / ε0
“Poisson’s equation”
whose whose solution, solution, the the “instantaneous ” Coulomb Coulomb potential potential associated associated to to [11] as charge charge density, density, would would but but violate violate the “causality” [11] as the the variation variation of of such such potential potential would would imply imply everywhere everywhere an an instantaneous instantaneous charge charge variation. variation. The The results results obtained obtained by by two two “gauges” are are therefore therefore different. different.
Quaternions, by use of informatics, simplify complicated manual calculation and allow allow up to to 55% 55% memory memory space space saving, saving, for example example in: in: q [6] - computer computer graphics graphics [6]
q = a+bi +c j +d k
-- aerospace aerospace navigation navigation
Use of quaternions could be made in Maxwell’s equations • Moreover, two well known expressions of Maxwell’s equations (where B and E are respectively magnetic and dielectric vectorial fields) are:
B = x A
and
E E = - φ - ∂ / ∂t A
dielectric scalar potential φ and dielectric vector potential A potential A curiously were often considered to be only only mere mere mathematical abstractions rather than having physical meaning .
Application of quaternions of quaternions in Maxwell’s equations: [7] it According According to to some some physics[7] it would would be possible to derive derive Maxwell’s Maxwell’s equations equations from from aa single single vector vector potential potential quaternion, quaternion, that that is: is:
à where: where:
= ( i φ /c /c , A )
à == μ μ 0 0 J
22
,,
ρ J == (( ic ic ρ ,, J ))
by by respect respect of of “Lorenz gauge” descends an an extension extension of of gauge” itit descends Maxwell’s Maxwell’s equations: equations: this this implies implies the the existence, existence, besides besides transverse electromagnetic electromagnetic waves waves (T.E.M.), (T.E.M.), also also of longitudinal of longitudinal dielectric dielectric waves waves (L.M.D.), (L.M.D.), whose whose scalar scalar potential potential φ is is related related to to its its own own dielectric dielectric field field E E by by the the following following equation: equation:
E =
φ
By By employ employ of quaternions of quaternions and and adoption adoption of “Lorenz of “Lorenz gauge” gauge”,, Maxwell’s Maxwell’s equations can therefore therefore be reduced reduced to the only only two two following: following: 2 ∂2 2 E 2 1/c 2 / ∂t 2
/ ∂t ) E = -1/ ε 0 0 ( ρ + 1/c 2 2 ∂J 2 2 ∂2 2 B / ∂t 2 2 2 B = μ ( 1/c 2 x J ) 0 0 2 2
Introducing Introducing generic scalar field Σ , current intensity is:
J =
Σ
be considered following “gauge” transformation: 2 ∂Σ / ∂t ρ’ = ρ + 1/c 2
and and
J’ = J -
Σ
be it noted that scalar Σ satisfies satisfies following following wave equation which which [11]:: propagates propagates with with speed speed “c” in in ether ether [11] 2 ∂2 2 Σ 2 1/c 2 / ∂t 2
2 2 Σ =
-(
.J + ∂ ρ / ∂t )
This This implies that that distribution of a scalar scalar wave wave Σ induces a charge density ρ and current intensity J intensity J (having (having speed speed “c”): “c”): 2 ∂Σ / ∂t and ρ = - 1/c 2
J =
Σ
even if charge ρ and current J are current J are not not present in in a particular zone; E capacitor this this would would also also explain explain the the working working principle principle of of the the electric electric capacitor by capacitor by also also keeping keeping in in mind mind the the theories theories of of [5],, according J.P.Steinmetz J.P.Steinmetz[5] according to to whom whom dielectric field between between two two conductors conductors wouldn’t wouldn’t only only be be confined confined to to its its surfaces, surfaces, but but it it is is distributed distributed in in the the space space between between them, them, such as as in in the the case case of of opposed opposed capacitor’s capacitor’s plates. plates.
- God ’s creation is vast God’s vast:: a lot has to be discovered discovered;; last last but but not not least least aa quote: quote: “The “The flight flight of of machines machines heavier heavier than than air air is is not not practicable practicable and and is is insignificant, insignificant, ifif not not utterly utterly impossible.” impossible.” -- Simon Simon Newcomb, Newcomb, 1902. 1902.
visit website: www.deltaavalon.com Videos on YouTube: “Wireless power 1 & 2” etc. user: HorizonDelta
Bibliography Bibliography and and references [1] [1] Dr. Nikola Tesla: Tesla: “Experiments “Experiments with with AC AC of of VHF VHF and and their their application application to to methods methods of of artificial artificial illumination”, illumination”, 1891 1891 [2] [2] Dr. Dr. Nikola Tesla: “On “On light light and and other other HF HF phenomena”, phenomena”, lecture lecture delivered delivered at at Franklin Franklin Institute, Institute, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, feb.1893 feb.1893 [3] [3] Dr. Dr. Nikola Nikola Tesla: Tesla: “The “The true true wireless”, wireless”, Electrical Electrical Experimenter, Experimenter, may 1919 1919 [4] [4] Hugo Hugo Gernsback: “Faster “Faster than than light light !”, !”, Everyday Everyday science science and and mechanics mechanics -- vol.2 vol.2 n.12, n.12, nov.1931 nov.1931 [5] [5] Dr. Dr. Charles P. P. Steinmetz: Steinmetz: “Electric 1914 “Electric discharges, waves etc.” etc.”,, 1914 [6] [6] Dr. Dr. Eng. Eng. Roberto Roberto Handwerker Handwerker et et al.: al.: ”Rotazione ”Rotazione di di solidi solidi mediante mediante quaternioni” for quaternioni” for Elements Elements of of informatics, informatics, Milan Milan Polytechnic, Polytechnic, Faculty Faculty of of Engineering, Engineering, Milan, Milan, Italy, Italy, 1990 1990 (in (in italian) italian) [7] [7] Arbab Arbab I.A. I.A. & & Satti Satti Z.A., Z.A., “On “On the the the the generalized generalized Maxwell Maxwell equations equations & & their their prediction prediction of of electroscalar…”,Omdurman electroscalar…”,Omdurman Univ.,2009 Univ.,2009
Bibliography Bibliography and and references [8] [8] J. J. Nasilowski: Nasilowski: “Phenomena “Phenomena connected connected with with the the disintegration disintegration of of conductors…” conductors…”,, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, Elektrotechniczny, 1961 (in polnish) [9] [9] Dr. Dr. Eng. Eng. Roberto Roberto Handwerker: Handwerker: ”Longitudinal ”Longitudinal dielectric dielectric waves waves in in aa Tesla Tesla coil coil and and quaternionic quaternionic Maxwell’s Maxwell’s equations”, equations”, revised revised and and enlarged enlarged edition, edition, Milan, Milan, 2011 2011 [10] [10] G.F. G.F. Ignatiev Ignatiev & & V.A. V.A. Leus: Leus: “Instantaneous “Instantaneous action action at at aa distance distance in in modern modern physics: physics: pro pro and and contra” contra”,, Nova Nova Science, Science, Hauppage, Hauppage, N.Y.,1999 N.Y.,1999 [11] [11] Prof. Prof. D. D. Mendeleev: Mendeleev: “An “An attempt attempt towards towards aa chemical chemical conception conception of of the the ether” (trans. ether” (trans. from from Russian Russian by by G. G. Kamensky Kamensky (Imperial (Imperial Mint, Mint, St. St. Petersburg), Petersburg), Longmans, Longmans, Green Green & & Co. Co. N.Y.,1904 N.Y.,1904 [12] [12] Dr. Dr. Nikola Nikola Tesla: Tesla: “Nikola “Nikola Tesla Tesla tells tells of of new new radio radio theories” theories”,, interview interview with with N. N. Tesla, N.Y. Herald Tribune, 22 Sept.1929. ** ** **
Also Also from from the the Author Author (in (in English): English):
“ LONGITUDINAL LONGITUDINAL DIELECTRIC WAVES IN A TESLA COIL “LONGITUDINAL COIL AND QUATERNIONIC MAXWELL ’ S EQUATIONS ” ” MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS”
