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ARrrEoLoSrrvourd pounuiru Po KNTNSKoM
ARCHAEOLOGICAL GUIDEBOOK IN THE KNIN AREA
Kninski muzej
Nakladnik: Publisher: Kninski muzej i Autobusnikolodvor Zagreb The Krrin Museumand The Main Bus StationZagreb Za nakladnika: Editor: DraZenkoSamardZi6i Vjekoslav Karara T€kstvodiia: T€xt of the guidebook: Katarina GugoRumBtajn Struini suradnik: Professionalco-worker: Drago Margu5 Lektor: Languageeditor: Marko Menduii6 PrijeYodna engleski: Englishtranslation: Marijana Cvitanovid Fotografije: Photographs: ZoranAlajbegi Arhiv Kninskogmuzeja TheArchives of the Knin Museum,Kdn Tehnitka i gralidka obrada: Technical and graphical design: Zvonimir leli6 Tisak: Preparationsand Print: IIRIHO Tisak,Zagreb Naklada: Published: 1000primjeraka in 1000copies
KNINSKI MUZEJ THE KNIN MUSEUM - KNIN Prvo izdarje First edition
Tiskanjearheoloskogvodita potpomogloje: Ministarstvo kulture, Hrvatska akademijaznanostii umjetnosti, Hrvatska turistiCkazajednica, OpdinaBiskupija, Turistiika zajednicaSibensko- kninskeZupanije
The sponsorswho en.bled the printing ofthis guidbook: MINISTRY OF CULTURE THE FOUNDATION OF CROATIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCEAND ART CROATIAN TOURIST BOARD. THE MAIN OFFICE THE MUNICIPALITY OF BISKUPIJA THE TOURISTBOARDOF THE SIBENSKO- KNI\SKA COUNTY
KNIN, 2004.
ZEMLJOPISNE I HIDROGEOLOSKE ZNAEAJKE KNINSKOG PODRUCJA
GEOGTT\PHICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KNIN AREA
S v o j i m s D rej S t a j e m k n i n s k o podrudje se nalazi na prostoru sjeveme Dalmacije. Sa sjevera omeduju ga planinskimasiviPljcicvicci Orlovicc,sa istokaDinarete Prominesjugai Komasa zapada. Spomenuti planinski predjeli kninskog podrudja ispresijcani su plodnin.r poljima: na krajnjcm zapadu smjcitcno jc Mokro polje, u centralnom dijclu krinskog podrudjalQrinsko polje, Kosovo polje na kajnjem jugu, te manji dio Cctinskog polja na istoku. lznimno bogaturcljcfnu sliku popunili su i rijeini tokovi: Krka i njene pritoke, uvijek bogate vodom, u srediSnjem dijelu Krin'kog polja. /rmanjr u krrjnjem zapadnomte Cetina na istodnom dijelu kdnskog podrudja, sto je bio razlog naseljenostiod najranijeproilosti.
The areaofKnin is situatedin the teritory of North Dalmatia. From thc north it is surroundcdby thc mountain rangcs.rf Pljciir rca and Orlor ica. from the east by Dinara, from the south by Promina and from thc north by Koma. Thesemountainousregions of thc Kdn area are cut up by forlilc ficlds: in the fufther west there is Mokro polje, in the centralpan ofl{nin areathereis Kninsko polje, Kosovo polje is situatedat the far southem pafi and the smaller part of Cctinskopolje in the east.Very dch relief hasbeenfilledby river flows: Krka andits affluents alwaysrich in water,in the very centreof Kninsko polje, Zmaqa in the far westempaft and Cetinain the eastem part of the l(nin area,what has been the reason to inhabit this area since early history
Kanjon rijeke Zrmanje The caq)on ofthe firet Zrmanja
Promahamoli prostoroko rijeke Krke kao dio okrbenog prostoraDinarida n a n J e m u s e s u d e l j a v auj d v i j e megastrukturnejedinice: Adriatik i Dinarik, koje idu linijom gomjeg toka Zrmanje, Kosova i Petova polja do dolinewbeu izvori5nojzoniCikole.
KanjonrijekeKrke Thecanyonofthe verKtka Prema hidrogeolobkimznadajkama stijena u slijevnom podmdju Krke izdvajajuse sllevovi: Butiinice,Krdiia, Kosovdice, Cikole, Gudude i kao prostomonajve6i izrar.nislijev rijeke Krke. Osim tih voda izvan orografskog slijeva hidrogeolo5komslijevu rijeke ponome K-rkepripadaju r odejugoistoeno od Craho\a u Bosni i Hercegovini. i podzemnevode uzvodnogdijela doline rijedice Vrbe, pdtoke Cikole, te vode gomjeg toka rijeke Zrmanje koje su izvorom Viljacka u izrar.nojvezi s vodamaKrke.
If the areaaroundthe river Krka is obserrr'ed asa partofthekarstregionofthe Dinaric mountains, two megastructural units areconfronted there.Adriatic and Dinaric,whichstretchalongtheline ofthe upper flow- of Zrmanja, Kosovo and Penovopoljeas farastheralleyVrbain thespringzoneofCikola.Accordingto the hydro - geologicalcharactedstics of the rocks in the wate6 of Krka the following w a t e r s h e d sc a n b e d e p i c t e d : t h e w a t e r s h e d so f B u t i Z n i c a , K r d i i , Kosovdica,Cikola,Gududa.aswell asthe biggestone,accordingto area- the direct watelshed of thedverKrka. Besidethesewate$outsidetheorogmphic wate$hedthe undergroundstleamwaters soutl - eastof Grahovoin Bosniaand Hezegovina, the undergroundwaters of the upsteampart ofthe valleyof a small river Vrba,the affluentof Cikola,aswell asthewaters oI theupperIlowoftherir er Zrmanjawhicharein a directconnection with waters of Krka belong to the hydrogeological watershed of the ri\er Krka. The sourceof the river Krka is situated alongtheedgeofKninskopolje,atthefoot of the Dinara mountain,three and a half km north - eastfrom Knin. It consistsof threepermanent springs: Glavni izvor (The Main Spring), Mali izvor (The Small Spring)and Tre6i izvor (TheThird Spring).Glavniizvor rs situatedin the cave (a siphon ) under 22 meters high, in winter noisy and in summerwaterlessTopoljskislap,Veliki buk or Krdidaslap. TheriverKrka is 72.5 km long - the length of freshwaterflow rs 49, and brackish 23.5 km. In the pan of the flow Krkareceives fieshwaler fiveaffluents: Kreic( 10.5lan).Koso\aica (12.5 km), Orasnica(5.3 km), Butismca (39 km) andCikolawith Vrba(37.8km), and in the sunkenpaxt of the mouth the river Gududa(7 km). ln theKnin areathere arc five out of seven karst (havertine) waterfallsoftheriverKrka.BiluSi6abuk is lhe first\ alerlallto uhich Krkaflowsin winding but peacefulflow through the canyonof60 to 200min widdr.
Izvoriitc rijeke Krke nalazise uz rub Kninskogpolja, u podnoZjuplanrne Dinare,tri i pol kilometlasjeveroistodno od Kdna. Sastojiseod tri stalnaizvom: Glavni izvor, Mali izvor i Tre6i izvor. Glavni izvor nalazise u Spilji ( sifonu) podno22 m visokogzimi budnoga ljeti bezvodnogTopoljskog slapa, Velikog bukaili Krdiia slapa.RijekaKrka dugale 72,5km - duZinaslatkovodnog vodotoka je 49, a bodatog23,5 kilometara.U slatkovodnomdijelu toka prima pet p r i t o k a : K r i i i ( 1 0 .5 l m ) . K o s o r i i c u ( 1 2 . 5k r n l -O r a i n i c u { 5 - 3L m ) .B u l i s n i c u (39 km) i Cikolu s Vrbom(37,8 km), a u potopljenomdijeluuiiarijcku Gududu(7 podruijunalaziscpct km';.\a kninskom od sedamsedrenihslapovarijeke Krke. Biluiida buk prvi je slapdo kojcg Krka tede vijugavim ali mimim tokom kroz kanjonSirineod 60do200m.
Manojlovaiki slapovi The Manoj lov ac *,aterJitlls
Today's appearanceof Biluiida buk and the waterflow has been changed four l i m e sb ) t h em i n i n go I r r a re r t i n eb a r r i e r s to prevent floods in Kninsko polje. It consistsof two main steps and several half- stepsin a length of300 m, with an entiredifferenceof22.4 m in height. The width ofthe waterfall is about 100m, but mosto fthe) ear-duringa lou -waterler el. water is overflowingthroughthe gorgeof the width of only thirty meters. Two kilometersdownstreamthe Biluiica buk, at the exit of the canyon,Krka becomes wider aurdforms 400 m wide and 1300m long Coriia jezero (lale). The lake ha' b c c nb u i l tb y l i l t i n gt h et r a v e n i n b ea n i e r of the Brljan watefall. The water of the lake overflows the waterfall of the total hcightof 15.5m. Downstream,on its way,atthe distanceof about three kilomete$ in a magnificent canyon,I(rka makesthrcewaterfalls:
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Danainji izgled Biluii6a buka r r o d o t o k ai z r n i j c n j ejnc u d e r i r in r v r a t a miniranjem scdrenih barijera radi sprijedavanjapoplavau Kninskompolju. Sastoji se ud drijc glarnc stepcnicei nekolikomcdustepcnica naduZirriod 300 m, s ukupnom visinskomrazlikom od 2 2 - 4r n .S i r i n as l a p a j eo k o 1 0 0m . r l i v e i i dio godinc, za niska vodostaja,voda se preljcva kroz usjek3irincsvegatridesetak metara. Dva kilometra nizvodno od Bilu5iia bukana izlazu iz kanjonaKrka sc prosiruje u 400 m iiroko i 1300 m dugo Coriia jezcro. Jczcro jc nastalo podizanjem sedrene barijerc slapa Brljan. Voda jczera prcljeva sc preko slapaukupnevisine 15,5m. Nizvodnije Krkanasvomputuna razdaljiniod oko tri kilornctrau velidanstvenomkanjonutvon tri slapiita: Manojlovadkislapovi,slap Roinjaki Miljackaslap.
Manojlovadki slapovi (The Manojlovac waterf'alls),Slap RoSnjak(The RoSnjak waterl'all) and Miljacka slap (The Miljacka waterfall). Thc Manojlovacwaterfbllsarethe highestand the most beautiful watcrfalls ofthe river Krka. They consistofa range of trnvertinebaniers of the entire height of 59.6m with themain wated'allof 32.2 m in height. The length of watcrfalls rs abotlt500,andthe width about80 metels. Onc kilometer downstrcam the Manoj loviia waterfalls, where the canyonis decperand nanoucr. there i. the lowest watcrfall RoSnjak,hidden rn untouchednature.It consistsof one 40meter wide stcp and of only 8.4 m rn height. About I km downslrcam the Roinjak watcrl'all thcre is Miljacka waterf'all.
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Manojlovadkislapovinajviii su i It consistsof thrcebiggerand numcrous najljepSislapovirijeke Krke. Sastojcsc smallersteps ofthetotalheight of23.8m, od niza sedrenihbarijeraukupncvisrne river narrowedinto the bcdbetwcenhigh 59,6m s glavnimslapomvisinc32,2m. rocks covered with lush DuZinaslapovajeoko500,a Sirinaoko80 Submcditeranean vegetation. metara. The travertine watcrfalls are Kilomctar nizvodnood Manojlovadkih biodynamicformationwhich grow even slapova,gdjeje kanjonsvc dublji i uZi today,thanksto permancnt"making of nalazi se skriven u ncdimutoj prirodi travertine" andthereforcthcyarecalled najniZislapRoinjak.Sastojiseod jedne "live travertine".In thearcaaroundKnin, stcpeniceSirineoko 40 m i visinesamo out of today'sriver floq in the areaof 8,4 m. Oko kilometar nizvodno od earlierriver flow which was activeln a Ro5njaka nalaziseMiljackaslap.Graden je od tri veic i brojnihmanjihstepenrca geologicaldevelopmcnt,the travertine which is about 125.000yearsold was ukupne visinc 23,8 m, stijeSnjenihu found,andit is called"dead travertine". koritu rijckc iznedu visokih stijena Trarenincis a lrequentphenomenon in obraslihbujnim submediteranskim the surfhceflows of Dinaric karst,but raslinjem. only exceptionallyit makesthe layers Kanjon rijeke Krke nastaoje za whichfor thewaterfallstheway theyarc vrijemc posljednje Wurmske olcdbc onthedverKrka. (prijc 18.000godina)kadaje razinamora The canyonof the river Krka was built bila oko 120 - 125 metaraniZa od (18.000 duringlast Wurm'sunfreezing danainjc. Korito rijeke usijecalosc u ycarsago)whenthe sealevelwas about kriku zaravan sjevernodalmatinsku 120- 125mete$lowerthan today. r e k l o n s ki l i t o l o i k i p r e d i s p o n i r a n i r n smjcrovima pri kraju Wurma kao posljedica velikekolidineleda. otapanja
Zbog op6egotapanjaledene kore na planetiZemlji doBloje do dizanjarante moraza 90 - 95 metarau holocenu(prije 8.500 godina).U to wijeme dolazi do potapanjadanasnjejadranskeobalekada je oblikovanouiie rjekeKrke. Istowemeno, radi porasta temperature, nastaju po sebni hidroloSki, geomorfoloSki,biocenoloiki i drugi prirodni uvjeti povoljni zataloZenjesedre u kanjonu.U tom trenutkuzapodelasu velidanstvenagraditeljska djela duZ vodotoka, sto dovodi do potapanjau56a djeke Cikole, nastajanjaVisovadkog jezerate modvara,barai poplavnihlivada u uzvodnom dijelu kanjona Krke. TaloZenjem kalcijevogkarbonata iz vode stvara se sedra ili havertin koja gradi pragove,pokrivade,brade,zastore,spilje i druge geomorfoloSke oblike koji su temeljni fenomeni okosnicadanasnje h i d r o g e o l o S k e i p e j z a Z n e sl i k e Nacionalnog parka( Krka),
The river bed was cut into the north Dalmatian karst plateau through tectonically and lithologically predisposeddirectionsattheendofwurrn as a consequenceof melting larger quantities ofice. Becauseof generalmeltingof icy cover on theplanetEarth,thesea- levelrose90 - 95 met€$ in Holocene(8.500 yean ago).At that time the Adriatic coastsank when the mouth of the river Krka was formed,At the sametime, becausethe temperaturerose, special hydrological, geomorphological, biocenological and other natural conditions appear,suitable for sedimentationof favertine in the canyon. In that moment, the magnificent constructional works started along the waterflow,which led to the sinking ofthe mouthofthe riverCikola,theappearance j ezeroandswamps, ofthe lakeVisovadko pondsandflood meadowsin theupstream partofthe canyonofKrka.
Kanjon rijeke Krke snimlj€n iz zraka The canyon of the river Krka - photograph takenfrom the ait
S e d r e n a s l a p i S t a s u b i o d i n a mi d k a tvorevina. koja stalnim oscdravanlen'r rastui danastc ih nazivamo"Ziva sedra". Nl protoruoko Knina. i,/\iln JanJSlrjcg r, 'dotokarijckc.napodruejunekadaSnjcg vodotokakojije bio aktivanu geoloSkom razvoju, nalazimo sedru starosti oko 125.000godina,a nazivamojc "mrtva sedra". Scdra je desta pojava u povrSinskim tokovima dinarskog kr5a, ali samo i/u/ctno graJi naslage kojc stvaraju slapovckakvisunarijeciKrki. Poslupnouz sedrotvorcekoji su mijcnjali rijeku.i tovjekje svojrm trudornrnijcnjuo stanisla i krajobmz uz Krku gradcii nasclJa, ceste.mostove,mlinove,utvrdci BoZjc hramove. Za gradnju je koristio prirodnc materijaleiz svog okoliSai tako posezao za sedrom, materijalom vrlo lakim za oblikovanje,a dovoljnotvrdim graderinaciji narnostaci ,/adugovjcanost govorc o tisuiljetnoj prisutnostiao\jcka naovlm prostonma.
By sedimentation of calqium carbonate from water, thc gypsum or travertine which forms thresholds, blankcts,beards,curtains,cavesandothcr gcomorphologicalforms has beenmade, which are a basic phcnomenonand a skeletonof today'shydrogcological and picture landscape of the National Park "Krka". Gradually, together with travertinc makersrvhichhave changcdthc river, thc man lras also changed thc habitats and landscape at Krka in his elforts,building scttlements, roads,mills, fortsand God's lcrnlles. He uscsnaturrl marcrialsflorn his enviromnent for buildingand he also takes travertinc, the rnaterial which is vcry easy to form and tough cnough for long - lastingbuildings, whose rcmnants talk abouta thousand-ycar-long prcscnce ofa humanbeingin thisarea.
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HISTORIJAT ARHEOLOSKIH ISTRAZIVANJA NA KNINSKOM PODRUdJU
THE HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCHESIN THE KNIN ARXA
Prva arhcoloika istraZivanjana kninskompodruijuveZusezakraj 19.sr., kad istodobno s idejom narodnog preporoda zapodinjc veii interes za kultumo nasljede.Nositelji tih pr,,ih projekatabili su tadasnjiZupnici,poput fia Luje Maruna,fra DaneKlariia, fra S t j e p a nZal a l o v i c a1.x 8 5g. o d i n kaa d j eu Kninu osnovan"Odbor za istraTivanje starinau kninskojokolici'-.oznaeila Je r podetaksustavnijcg istraZivanja. Od tadaseistrazivaoveii broj antidkih,a o s o b i t o s r c d n j o r j e k o v n i Iho k a l i r e r a , poput Burnuma i Mokrog Polja, Biskupije,Kapitula,Otona,Plavna,Sv. Spasa na izvoru Cetine. IstraZivadki uspjehje bio izuzctnovelik, tako da sc dvijc godine kasnije, 1887. goornc, o s n o v a l o i " K ni ns k o s t a r i n a r s k o drustvo".kojcjc irnaloza cilj podupirari istrazivanja i novcznanst\cne spoznajc. je Kako prikupljcnu gradu trebalo dostojnosmjestiti,sagradena je i zgrada koja jc postala"Prvi muzej hwatskih spomcnika".
The first archaeological rcsearchesin the Knin arca startedat the end of the l9'" ccntury when a bigger interest for cultural heritage started sinrultaneouslywith thc idea of National Revival.The represcntatives ofthcse fiIst projectswere the pricsts ofthat time, for cxample,I Lujo Marun, f'. DaneKlarii, f. StjepanZlatovii. Thc ycar 1885, when thr.'"Board lor Researchcs ofAntiquiries in the KninArca" was foundcd,is theycar which marked the beginning of more systemicresearches. Sincethen,a largernumbcrofancienranq espcciallymcdieval localities,sucil as Bumum and Mokro poljc. Biskupija. Kapitul, Otok, Plavno, Sv. Spas at thc springofCetina hasbeenrescarched. The succcss of rescarches was extrcmcly hugc, so two years lateq in 1887, the "Knin Antiquity Society" was founded, which aimed to support the rcsearches and neu .cientific achievements. Since the gathcredmaterialwas supposedto be decently placed, the building which became"The First Museum of Croatian Monumcnts"wasbuilt. Coincidentally, thc museum was changingits location,both in Knin durrng World War II and outside Knin- The collection was movcd to Sinj, then to Split, and then, finally, in 1976,it was placedin a new buildingwhich is called today "The Museunr of Croatian ArchaeologicalMonuments". There are the most important tr]oDLtmcnts from the Krin Area, which forrn thc main part of pclmanentexhibition l: Lujo Marun, thefoun.ler ofthe .L-irst M useum o;fCroatian Archaeologi cal Monufients Knifi museun, Knin fra l,ujo ]Iarun, osnivaC,,Prvog muzeja hrvatskih arheoloSkihspomenika", Kninskimuzej,Knin
Igrom sudbinemuzejje mijenjaosvolu lokaciju,kakou samomKninu,u vrijeme Drugogsvjetskog rutai vanKnina. Zbirkabiva prebadena u Sinj,a potomu Split, da bi se konadno,1976.godine, naSlau novoj zgradi-koja danasnosi naziv "Muzej hrvatskih arheolo3kih s p o m e n i k a " .U n j e m u s e n a l a z e najznadajniji spomenici s kninskog podrudja,koji dine i glavninu stalnog postava.Iskopavanjanakon Marunove srnni nastavljadr. StjepanGunjaia. najprije manjim zahvatima, da bi pedesetih godina20.st.zapoaela re\izija na svim onim poloZajimana kojima se ranije ishazivalo.Doslo se do novih otkri6a, kojima dugujemo i neke nove spoznaje, kojesupostalepredm€tmogih struinihi znansrvenih obrada. Uzdomaie bilo je i sranih isrrazi\ aaa koji su p o \ r e m e n o p r o ro d i l i i s t r a Z i v a n j a prapovijesnih i antidkih poloLaja. Uz rekognosciranja su se w5ila i temeljita r e k o g n o s c i r a ntjear e n a .z a h v a l j u j u c i kojima imamotlorisnesituacije!eiine gradinskihutvrdenja,kako na prostoru eila\e sjevemeDalmacije.tako i na kninskompodrudju( WemerButtler,A. Fortis,L Woldrichi dr.)
The excavationsafter the death of Lulo Matun were continued by Stjepan Gunjada, Ph.D., at first in smallerworks, and in the fifties of the 20. centurythe revisionstartedon all thepositionswhere the researcheshad been conducted belore.Therewerenew discoveries, to which we owe somenew facts,which became the subject of numerous professionaland scientificelaborations. Besidenationalresearchers therewerethe f o r e i g n o n e s , w h o o c a ss i o n a l y performed theresearches of pre-historical and ancientpositions.Togetherwith the researchesthere were also the thorough recognitions of the ground; tharks to themthe ground- plan situationsof the majorityof forts,both in the axeaof the wholeNonh Dalmatiaand in rhe l(rin area (Werner Buttler, A. Fortis, I. Woldrich and the others) have been preserved upto presenttime. The need to continue the researches, but also the care aboutthe p r o l e c t i o n o f e xi sl i ng l o c a l i t i e s . stimulated the initiative to found a museumwhichwouldbe placedin Knin, andwhoselocationwouldn'tbechanged, where by the found material would remainin Knin. In 1969the "Domicile Museumof the Knin Area was founded;in 1973 the museum changed its name in "The Museumof the Knin Area ', underwhich it was active up to 1998, when the museum wasA flerliberation ofKnin,in a police military action "Oluja", the activity of dre Museumon rcsearchand gathedng the renamed into "The Kdn
Museum". After liberationof Knin, in a military policeaction"Oluja", the activityof the Museumonresearch andsathednsthe
Thefortress oJ Knin Kninska tvralava
Potrebazanastavkom istlazivanja, ali i skrb o za5titipostojeiihpoloZaja, pokenulo je inicijatiru za osnivanjem muzejakoji bi djelovaou Kninu,i kojemu se lokacija ne bi mijenjala, dime bi pronadenagraalaostalau Kn inu.
materialhascontinued.ln theperiodfrom the foundingof the museumup to now therehavebeenseveralconservations and preventive protectionoflocalities,aswell as recognitionsard probings of the gound, andthesystemicrcsearches have still beenperformed.
Zgrade Kninskog muzeja na kninskoj tvralavi,Knin The buildings ofThe Knin Museum in lhe forrrcess of Krrin, Knirr
Godine1969.osnivase Zavidajnimuzej kninske krajine, koji 1973. godine mijenjanazivu Muzejkninskekrajine. pod kojim djeluje sve do 1998.,kada dolazi do promjenenaziva u Kninski muzeJ. NakonDomovinskograta i oslobaclanla K n i n a u r o j n o r e d a r s t v c n oaj k c i j i "Olujar,. rad Muzeja na istrazivanjui prikupljanju graalese nastavlja.U pado danas, razdobljuod osnutkamuzeja p r o v e d e n oj e v i S e k o n z e r v a c i j ai preventivnih zaStita lokaliteta, te rckognosciranjai sondimnjaterena,a provedena su a i dalje se provode.i susta\.na istrazivanja.
Zgrada "Prvog muzeja hrvatskih arheoloskihspomenika",Knin The building of "The Fircl M.rseum o.f Croatiw Archaeological Monuments", Knin
ARHEOLOSKI POLOZAJI I MATERIJALNI OSTACI NA KNINSKOM PODRUEJU PRAPO VIJESNA RAZD OBLJA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL POSITIONS AND MATERIAL REMNANTS IN THE KNIN AREA PREHISTONC PERIODS
prethodile Pojaviprvihljudskihzajednica suklimatskepromjenekoje subile deste, usljed kojih se javljaju prvi hominidi, nositeljipaleolitidkihkultura.Tragovrsu im nadeni iskljudivo u pe6inskim nastambama.O njihor,u boravku na osnovimaterijalnih tragovaznamoisa podrudjalireg krinskog U Kijevu, najistodnijojop6ini,udaljenoj25 km od Knina,nalaziseGospodskapedina.
The changesof climate, which weravery frequent,had appeared before the first humancommunities.Thanks to those changesthe first hominides appeared- the representativesof paleolithicalcultures.Their traceswere foundin thecavesonly.Abouttheirstay accordingto materialtraceswe also find out froma widerKnin area.In Kijevo,the most eastemmunicipality,25 km away from Kdn, there is the cave called GospodskapeCina. Thearchaeological researches weredone in thiscave;at thatoccasion thefragment offlint toolswerefound.As anaccidental find thercis - theprehistoric bone qvil wich could be placedin the period of earlierPaleolithicperiod,accordingto its agebefore35,000B.C. In thatlocalitytherewererecordedsome laterprehistorical periods,amongwhich the OlderIron Age is the youngestone. Each of theseperiods showedcertain specificfearure"which can be sccnin a different featment of objects, which scrvedthe humansocietiesin a certain period, and which experiencedtheir evolutionexactlyatthesametimewhenit happened to thefirsthumanspecies. Duringthe4"'millenniumB.C.the paleolithicway of eaming of the first nomadswas rcplacedby a new agricultural- cattle-raisingway of carning.The consequence of sucha way of eaming, which was stressedby n u m e r o u sc l i m a t c c h a g e s ,i s t h e dcvelopment of differcntmatefial culture whichhadexisteduptothatmoment. For the first time,theclay products- /r? ceramics- appeared. lt hasbecomewith time,accordingto thedifferencein shape anddccoration, arecognizable symbolof
U njoj su provedena arheoloika istraZivanja, prigodomkojih su otkrivenr ulomci grubih posuda,te ulomaka kremenog oruda.Kao sluiajannalazje prapovijesnokoitano \ilo, koje je, po njegovim karakteristikama,moguie svrstatiu razdobljemladegpaleolitika,u vrijeme prije 35.000g.
Ulaz u Cospodskupedinunedalekood izvora Cetine The entr.tnce into Gospodskopeiina in the ticini9 of the source of Cetina
UnutrasnjostCospodske pedinena izvoruCetine Theinner sideof Gospodska peiina st the sourceof Cetina
Na tom poloZajuzabiljeZena su i kasnija prapovijesnarazdoblja.od kojih je na1mlade sranjeZeljeznodoba.Svakood tih razdoblja pokazalo je odredene specifienosri Stoseoeitujui u drugadijoj obradrpredmeta. kojimasu se ljudske zajedniceu odredenom razdobljusluZile, a kojesu.upravokaoi prveljudskevrste, doZivljavale svojuevoluciju. Tijekom 4. tis. pdje Krista paleolitidki nadin privredivanja prvih nomada zamjenjujese novim zemljoradnidko stodarskim nadinom privredivanla. Posljedica takvognatinaprivredivanja. k o j e j e b i l o p o r e n c i r a n ob r o j n i m k i i m ar s ki m p r o m j e n a m ar.a r u o i 1 e drugadije materijalne kulture od dotadasnje. Prvi put sejavljajuproizvodiod glinekerami ka. Onapostaj. u."..nor,!r.ru razlidilostioblikai ukrasa,prepoznatljiv znak mnogih etnidkih zajednica, ali i jedna od osnovana kojoj se zasnovala trgovinai me
many ethnic groups,but also one of the bases on which trade and mutual exchange were founded. Throush exceptional richness of ceramic shaoesln the Knin area(accordingto researches doneso far)theperiodsofEneolithicand EarlyBronzeAgehavebeenmarked. Theperiodof the I l'" millemium B.C. is the time when chanseshad happened, connected with the arrival of new inlabitants,the representatives of copperIt's also the begiruting of new lbrms of senlement. The hilts. which alreadyhavenatual defensiv€features wereinhabited,andtheirsensitiveplaces are enstrengrhened by forming the delencewalls.In this way $e lonified settlements were foLrnded. Not far from them, there are grave mounds- ttmrrrs which in groups form the whole necropolises, beinga recognisable mark ol especially appreciated culr of dead citizensofthattime. Evenlater,attheendofthe 2'and in the beginningof the l" millenmum B.C.moresignificantchanges didn't
lzuzctnimbogatstvom kcramidkihoblika na kninskom podrudju (sudeii prema dosadabnjojistraZenosti)obiljeZenasu posebicc razdoblja eneolitika i ranog brondanogdoba. R a z d o b l j e2 . t i s . p r i j e K r i s t a r rijerrejc kad se dogadajupromjene vezanevz dolazaknovog stanovni5tva, nositeljabakra. Podetakje to i novih oblika naseljavanja.Naseljavajuse uzviSenjakoja imaju vc6 prirodna obrambenasvojstva,a osjetljivijaim se mjestaosiguravaju fonniranjembedema. Nastajutako utvrdenanaselja.Nedaleko od njih nalazesei grobnihumci- tuntuli, koji u skupinama tvoreditavenekropole, postaju6i prepoznatljivim znakom p o s e b n o g aS t o v a n j ak u l t a m r t v i h tadasnjihstanovnika. Do vetih promjena u nadinustanovanja nije doilo ni kasnije, potkraj 2. i poietkoml. tis.prijcKrista.kaddanaSnji prostorditaveHrvatskc,posebicenjenog juga, nastavajubrojnezajedniceko.1e se na povijesnojpozornicipojavljuju pod zajednidkimimenom l1ira. Kninsko podrudjeu to davno doba obilje)uje dominacijadvajuvelikihilirskihplemena - Liburna i D€lmata. Libumr su nastanjivaliprostor sjeverozapadno od rijekeKrke svedo RaSeu Istri,a Delmati prostorizmedurijeke Krke do Neretve. Granicamedu njima, u kulturolo3kom pogledu,nije bila strogoodredena,Sto potvrduju i dosadaSnjaarheoloika istraZivanja. Na osnori proredenihistmTi\anjamo2e Tivojtrgovinii segovoritio medusobnoj razmjeniizmeduova dva ilirskanaroda, te kultumim utjecajimakoji su stmjali medunjima.ali i onimutjecajima koji su dolazili od drugih ilirskih narodnosnih s k u p i n a .T u m u l i - g r o b n i h u m c i i gradinskautvrdenja prisutni su na ditavomkninskompodrudju.
PrapovijesnokoSlanoSiloiz Gospodskr pefine na izvoru Cetine. Muzej cetinskr krajin€, Sinj Prehistoric bone aril from Gospodska peiina at the source of Cetina, The Museum ofcetiha's Hinte and, Sihj
happen,whcn today'sareaof the whole C r o a t i a , e s p e c i a l il tys s o u t h , w e r e inhabited by numeroustribes which appeared at the historicalstageunderthe commonnameoflll).nans.ln thatancient time the arcaof Knin was markedby a dominationof two big Illyriantribes- the Liburnians and the Delmats. The Libumians inhabitedthe areanorth westerly from the river Krka as far as Raia in Istria,and the Delmatsthe area from the river Krka to Neretva.The borderbetweenthem, in culturological view,wasn'tstrictlydetermined, whathas been confirmed in archaeological rcsearches fal so Accordingto the conductedresearches we cantalk aboutmutuallive tradeand exchangebetweenthese two lllyrian tribes,aswell asaboutculturalinfluences which were flowing betweenthem,but also aboutthoseinfluenceswhich were comingfrom the otherIllyrian people's groups.Tumuls - the gravemoundsand fortified settlements werepresentin the wholeKlin area.
Dobar dio tih prapovijesnihpoloZajaje rekognosciranjem terena ubiciran, ali, naZalost,dosad vrlo malo ili nikako istazivan.Takvipoloiaji suuglavnomuz polja. u izrazitokamenitompodruaju izdvojeni nekoliko stotina metam od danaSnjih naselja. Podrutje najgudie koncentracijesu proslori Knina. Ljubada, Biskupije. Kaldrmei Uzdolja, Stoje i mzumljrvo, jer su dobri Tivotniuvjeri.a kasnijci v a Z n c r i m s k e k o m u n i k a c i j e t, o m u pogodovali.
A significant part of thesc prehistorical localities has becn determined by recognition of the ground, but, unfortunately, very little or almost nothing hasbeenrescarchedso far. These localitiesaremosrlyalongthefields-in a strictly stonoarea,scparatedsolneseveral hLrndred meters from the present settlements. The area of the highest concenlralionare lhe areas of Knin, Ljubad, Biskupija, Kaldrma and Uzdolje, what is understandable,
Posudciz razdoblja encolitika (bakrenog)doba iz Otona kod Knina, Kninski muzcj, Knin The vessclsfrom Eneolithic (CoppeOAgefrolt Okrn ear Khitt, The Khin Muscum, Kni
Arhcolo5ko istra2ivanje na jednom takvomtumulupod nazivom Ljubad Velika gromila je polvrdiloda se Inozc datirati u razdoblje Zeljeznogdoba, oko 800. g. pr Kr. kad je i znadajnedalekog gradinskog utvrdenja na Ljubadu bio i/uzctno \clik. u rrijeme kada jc utvrdcnjcbilo najguScenaseljeno. Na uZem kninskom podrudju nalaze se dva znadajnagradinska uwrdenja koja seZu od vremcna eneolitika (bakreno doba), pa svcdo rimskogwemena. Prvoje utvrdenjcna visoravaniSv. Spas, sjeveroistodno od kninske tvrdave, todnijeu njcnornproduietku.
bccausegood living conditions,and later, important Roman communications, contributedto that. The archaeologicalrescarchin one sucha tunul called Ljubai - Velika gromila c o n l i r r n etdh a tt h ep c r i o do f I r o nA g c i n fhe ycar 800 B.C. ean he dctcnnincd, whentheimpoftanceof ncar'y gradina(a fbrt) in Ljubad was extrcmely imporrant, the timc when the fort had thc higest populationdensiry In a narrower Knin arca therc are lwo importantforts which originatedfrom thc Eneolithic (Coppcr Age). as lar as rhe Romantimes-
Djelomianounistertumul na polozajuVelikegromilena Ljubatu. Partly destroyedturnul at the locali0t of Gludins at Ljubui
Na tom poloZajunalazilose gradinsko naselje od lremena eneolitika, kroz srednjebrondanodoba,prekoZeljeznog doba,pa svedo kasneantike. I s t r a Z i v a n j ap r o v e d e n a n a o v o m lokalitetuotkdlasudaje gradinaopasana praporijesnim bedemom.kojeg se je velitina,,adr7ala i u antici.reje posluzio i zakasnijuobranuantiekoga gradaNinie. ostacikojegsupronadeniupravoovdje.
Keramiika posuda s kraja 1. tis. prii€ Krista, Kninski muzej, Knin The cera ric wssel at the end ofthe 1st millennium 8.C.. The Knih Museum. Knin
The fiISt fodification is at the plateauof Sv. Spas,north-easterly from the Knin fortress,more preciselyin its extension.The fortified settlementwas situated in that location - liom the Eneolithicpedod, thrcugh the Middle BronzeAge, thenIron Age, as far asthe lateAncientTimes
The researchcs conducred at this locality have discovcred that thc fbrtified s e l t l c m e n$l u s p r o r e c l c d b) prchi.roric defcnsive wall. whosesizewasprcsewed to theAncient Times,and it serycdfor the latcrdefen!col'theancicnttownol Ninia, rvhose remains werc found cxactly here.The oldcstmaterialwhichorisinates from this position are thc fiagmints of Eneolithicceramics. T h e c e r a r n i c s i s c h a r a c t e r i s c db y sphcricalarnphoraswith tubularncck and with wide ribbon-shapedhandles.It is, as a rule, decoratedwith bclts of parallel lines made by the print of rope (the techniqucFurchenstich
PlatovisoravaniSv.Spasa,,Knin The.flatnessofthe plateau ofSv. Spas,Knin Najsta ji matcrijal koji potjedc sa ovog poloZajaulomci su encolitidkekcramike, koju karakteriziraju kuglaste anfore s cJevastimvratom i sa 3irokim vrpdastim ruilcama. Rcdovito jc ukraSena pojascrirnl usporednihcnt i,/vedenirn u d u b l j i v a n j e m k o n o p c a ( t e hn i k a furchcnstich),
The periodof the Middle Bronze Age rs rcpresentcdby a discovery of bronze dagger, which has a triangular shapeandcmphasizedrib in thc middle. In the vicinity of thc mentioncdlocality, ontheeastcntpartoftheKnin flcld,above the watcrf'allof Krdii and its gorge, the other lonificd settlementofTopolje has bcensrtuatcd-
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Tlorisnasituacijagrtdine S\'.Spasu Kninu. Tlte grouhd - plan situatio,, oJ the fortified s.nlenent ofsu SpasiI Khin
Razdoblje srednjeg brondanog doba zastupljenoje nalazom brondanog bodeZa,koji irna trokutasti oblik i istaknutorebropo sredini.
Accordingto thematerialevidencefound in thefortifiedsettlement, andbecause of thelack ofresearches, it canbe supposed that the fortified settlementhad boon inhabitedthroughoutthe whole Metal prehistorical periods.
Bakrenesjekire s jednom oitricom i otvorom za nasaalivanjena drzak i mali trokutasi bodei iz Topolja kod Knina Copper axes teith one blade and the openingfor placing on a helve Md a srnall tfiangxlar daggerfrom Topof nen Knin,
Nedalekood spomenutogpoloZaja,na istodnojstranikninskogpolja, iznadslapa Krdidai njegovogklanca,nalazisedrugo gradinsko gradina utvrdenje. Topoljska Na osnovimaterijalnih nalazapronadenih na gradini.a u nedostalku isbazivanja mozesc pretpostavitida je ovaj polo2aj bio naseljen kroz sva metalnodobna prapovijesnarazdoblja.Posebiceje bogatozastupljenorazdobljeeneolitika (bakrenog doba)i Zeljeznog doba,o demu namsvjcdode sjekiras nalazi6 bakrenih jednom oStricom i otvorom za nasadivanjena &Zak i mali trokutasti bodeZ.
The ageof Eneolithicand Iron Age has beenwell represented: rhe findsof six copper axes with one blade and the openingforplacingon ahelveanda small triangulardaggerwitnessaboutit. ln a way it is understandable, because populationdensitywasthenmuchbigger there. The SecondMetalAge, the BronzeAge, fromthefonifiedsenlement ofTopolj.is represented by two bronzespiral-glasseslike appendages, as well as by eight ribbonJikebangleswith cross-section In a shapeofa two-groove rcof,
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D r u g o m e t a l n o d o b n o r a z do bl j e . brondano doba, s Topoljske gradine predstavljaju dva brondana privjeska, te osam spiralnonaodarasta vrpdastihnarukvicas presjekomu obliku dvoslivnogkrova. Zadnje prapovijesnorazdoblje,Zeljezno je gradiniobilje2eno doba.na topoljskoj nastavkom iivota tadaBnjegilirskog d e l m a t s k o g s t a n o v n i S t v ak .o j e j e ostvarivalobrojneekonomskei kultume odnose,sadi saudaljenimhelenistidkim svijetom.Jaki helenistidke utjecajisu stizali iz sameGrdke putemrazmjene i trgovine.Primjerjednogtakvogimporta je grdko - ilirska kacigapronadenana gradini,datiranau 5. st.prijeKdsta.
The last prehistorical age.the lron Age. on the fortified settlementof Topolj was characterizedby continuation of life of Illyrian citizens of that time called Delmats, which achieved numerous economicandculturalrelationships, now evenwith a distantHellenicworld. Strong Hellenicinfluences came lrom Greece throughexchangeandtrade.The example ofoneofsuchimporlsisa Creek- Illyrian helmetfoundin thefortifiedsettlem€nt in the5"'cenhuyB.C.
Prapovijesna gradinau Topoljukod Knina Theprchistoricqlfortifted setllernerrtin TbpoAneat Knin
ANTIKA I STAROKRSEANSKO RAZDOBLJE
TIIE ANCIENT TIMES AND TIIE OLD _ CHRISTIAN PERIOD
Tijekom 3. st. prije Krista na tim istim gradinskim utvrdenjima narodnosna skupinaDelmatadodekujei pwe rimske prodorei s njimasesukobljava. Jedanod koji najznadajniih sukoba.za se i veTe jadanazodnostantikena ovomprostoru, svakakoje Oktavijanovilirski pohodod 35. do 33. god. pr. Krista. S pravomse moZe reii da je to i wijeme stvame prisutnosti antike,do konadnogsloma manjeodstoljeca kasnije. ilirskogotpora. gubenjem Batonovaustankaod 6. - 9. g. posl. Krista. Nakon pobjedeRimljani p o l o r a v a j u i l i r s k o s t a n on r i S t ro i postupnoprovoderomanizaciju. Nekaod gradinskih utvrdenih naselja i dalje produZavaju Zivot u rimsko vrijeme,ali sad pod novom administrativnom u p r a v o mt.c p o n o r i m p r i n c i p i m ai zakonimagmditeljstva.Primjer jednog je i visoravanSveti takvognaseljavanja gdjeje kasnoantidka Spas, bila smjestena Ninia. Stoie Ninia bila, mozemosamo nagadati.Za vjcrovati je da se jednostavno radiloo csstrumu- \Nrd| U vrijeme rimskog osvajanja ditavo kninskopodrudjebilo je mjestosukoba. Dajetobilotakosvjedodii dinjenicada se u neposrednojblizini Knina, 16 km sjeverozapadno na poloiaju Burnum danasIvoievci,uz cestu,kojavodiprema Zadrq nalaze ostacijednogod najveiih rojnihpostaja logoraXl. rimskelegije. DrZi se da je graclnjustalnog logora zapodeo tadasnji rimski namjesnik je PublijeKomelije Dolabela.Ispodetka to bio zemljanilogor,koji se vrcmcnom i Sirio. udwSdivao
Dudng the 3'ucenturyB.C. the people's group of Delmatsfacedthe first Roman breakthroughs. But one of the most impodantconflictswhich is connencted with strongerpresenceof the Anaient Times in this area is definitely the Octavian'sIllynan descentfrom 35 to 33 B.C.It canbe saidwith dght thatit is the time of real presenceof the Ancient Times,up to the final collapseoflllynan resistence, less than a aenturylater,by from lbesuppression ofBatons rebellion to A.D. After the victory the Romans 6 9 subduedthe Illyrian population and graduallyintroduccd Romanization. Some of the fortified settlementsstill prolongedlife in Romantime, but now govgmment, undera new administrative and under new principles and architoctuallaws.Theexampleof sucha settlementis thi] plateauof Sv. Spas, whereNinia from the lateAncientTimes was situated.We can only hy to guess whatNinia was.It canbe supposed thatit was simply a casbum a fo ification. Du ngRomanconquest thewholeareaof Krin was a place of conflict. The remnantsof one of the biggestmilitary s l a t i o n s - c a r r p s - o fIt Ih' R e o m a nl e g i o n which are situated in the immediate vicinityof Knin, 16km nofth- westerlyat t h ep o s i t i oonf B ur n u m- t o d a yl r o \ e v c i . along the road which leads to Zadar witnessabutthat. This unique locality from the Ancient Times has been known recently,and accordingto recentresearches, by the romnants of an amphitheatre from AncientTimes,andwich hasbeenoneof threediscovsred amphitheahes in Croatia so t'ar Thc discoveryof the epigraphic monument, atthesouthementrance ofthe w i t h t h e n a m e amphitheatre ofVe.pcsian-
Ovaj izniman antidki lokalitet poznatje odnedavna i po, ostacima antidkog amfiteatra,koji jc do sada jedan od tri otkrivena na podrudju Hrvatske. Pronalazakepigrafidkog spomenika,na .luZnom ulazu u amflteatar s imenom Vespazijana,jednoga od rimskih carcva, uv1eravanas da je i vrijcme gradnje spomenutogobjekta u 76. i 77. god. po.
Kr Ne treba iskljuditi i izuzetno bogatu gradevinskudjelatnosti za vrijemecara Klaudija, za wijemc kojegajc nrogu6c vezatiijednuod fazaugradnjiamfiteatra. Nalazioscu granidnom podrudjuizmerlu DelmataiLibuma.
one ofthe Roman empero$, tells us that the time ofthe building ofthe mentioned facilityis 76'"and77.A.D. An extremely richarchitecrluralaclivir) duringthelime of the emperor Claudius shouldn't be ruled out. lt is possible to cofirect with this period onc of the phases in the constructionof tho amphitheatre. It was situatedin the borderareabetwcen the Delmatsard the Libumians. This was confirmed by the legionary inscdptrons from the 1"'centuryB.C., as well as the stone monumentswhich originate from area (The gmvestones, the column's bases, an altar, The heads of Rornan Divinities Neptune and Jupiter and the othcrs).
Ostaci rimskog amfit€atra u Burnumu (lvoievci). Knin The rcmnuntso_ftheRomanahphithedatrein Bumum (Ivoievci),Knin
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Arhitektonski ostacilukova koji su prvotno prip.dali vojnom logoru, na kojem j€ kasnije iztriklo civilno naseljeBurnum (lvosevci,Knin) The architectural remnants ofthe command building ofthe Roman military comp in Burnum (Ivo'evci), Knin
Tosunampotvrdiliilegionarskinatpisrrz l. st.pr. Krista,te kamenispomenicikoji potjeiu s tog podrudja( nadgrobne stele, baze stupova,Zrtvenik,glava rimskog bozanstvaNeptunai Jupitera, te&ugi ). Danasse na tom polozajurnoguvidjeti o s t a c i d v a l u k a r i m s k o gp r e t o r i j a . zapovjednezgradelogora. Na SirempodrudjuKninapoznatojevi3e spomenikakoji svjedodeo rimskom boravku.bilo da je rijcd o nalazima antidkc keramikena vei postojeiim gradinskim utvrdenjimakoji pokazuju kontinuitet od prctpovijestido antike (Oton, Plavno, Golubid, Vrbnik, Topolje,Vrpolje), bilo daje rijei pak,o arhitekturi,gospodarskim zdanjimatipa vi IIs r usti cs, r egi stit anlh
It is supposed thattheRomargovernorat that time PubliusComeliusDollabella started the building of a permanent military camp. which was being strengthened andmadewiderin time.The epigraphicmonuments witnessaboutthe fact that it had happenedsomewhere at the end l'' century B.C. By form€r researches it was possibleto distinguish two phasetherewasa smaller,andlatera biggercampin whichthe pretorium(the commandbuildingofthe membersofthe emperor's bodyguard)wasincluded. Today,the remnantsof two archesof Romanpretoriumofthe commandcamp buildingcanbeseenin thatpositionthere. ln the wider area of Knin there are numerousmonumentswhich witness presence, aboutRoman eithertheyarcthe
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arheoloSkim istraZivanjima. Primjer:ce takva vila u Orli6u, je u svom sastar.u pored gospodarskihzgrada imala i rcnnalno avoriSte{kupalilo.bazen.tc loZiSte). Nedarnim istraziranjem otkrirenoje slidno takvo zdanjc u Kijcvu. Ta j c k a s n o a n t i i kvai l a dana: najreiirn dijclomistraZcnobjekt,koji se sastojiod prostorijeipet )itnicakoje su centra)ne pridodaneobjektuu drugoj fazi gradnjc. Na kasnoantidkoj vili u tijeku je zastita postojeiihzidova. Velik je broj i onih nascljatlpa vicusamanjih mjcsta nastalih bliZe komunikacijama. Kapitul je jedno takvo srrani nascljesmjesteno na jugoistoenoj je Kninskogpolja.Lokalitct 1885.godine presjcklaZeljcznidkaprugakoja vodi za Split.
findsoftheAncicntTimesceramicson the existingfortified settlemcntwhich show thc continuity from prehistory to the AncientTimes(Oton, Plavno,Golubii, Vrbnik, Topolj, Vrpolje), or the architecture,economicbuildings of the villa rustica typc registcred in the archaeological researches, For example, s u c ha v i l l ai n O r l i i h a d b , e s i dre' c o n o m i c building,the thermalcomplex( a bath,a poolandthe fireroom). Thcreis a largenumbcrofthe settlements of prcastypc - smallcrresortsfounded closcdto communications. Kapitul is one of those placcs situatedin the southeasternsideofKninskopolje.Thelocality was cut up in 1885by the railwayroad whichledtoSplit.
Mozaikantiakcvile u Orli6u ( 2. - krai 4. st.) Thehosaic of the ancientvilla in Orlii (the 2" to the endof the 4" century)
TomprigodomscnaiSlonarimske legionarskenaQise, koji su potvrdili prctpostavku, dajei Kapitulbiojcdnaod postajarimskc vojskc na putu prcma Bumumu. Pronadenoje ukupno 8 natpisapdpadnika Xl rimskelcgijei 26 nadgrobnih natpisa.
At that occasionthe Romanlcgionary inscriptionswcre found, which have confirmedthe presumptionthat Kapitul wasoneofthc stationsofRomanarmyon its way to Bunrum.Eight inscriptionsof thc membcrsol'thel l" Romanlegionand 26tombstoncs werefoundaltogether
Na potezuod Tepljuha,koji senalazina krajnjem jugu, do Kapitula na jugoistodnojstrani Kninskog polja, legionarski natpisi su rcgistdmniI u Mokrom Polju, Patlenima, a najsjevemijeu Strmici. Citavotadainje kninsko podrudjeodito je bilo dio legijskog podrudja pod nazivom territorium legionis. Svojimdolaskom Rimljanisu postupnomijenjali naiin Zivota ilirskih starosjedilaca,kojr sc vrcmenomromaniziraju. A rimskavojska j e o d i g r a l av a Z n uu l o g u i u S i r e n j u kscanstva, diji se pouzdani tragovi nalazena krajnjemjugoistodnomdijelu Kosova polja, u mjestu Biskupija, na poloZaju Katida bajami, gdje su istrazivanjaotkrilajednobrodnucrkvu s prostranom polukruZnom apsidom. Na osnovipronadene kameneplastikekapitelai pilastras urezanimkrizem,te drugihgradevinskih el€menata koji su
The valleywith Mokro polje is_situated at theutmostwesternpartofthe SibenikKnin county,18 km northwesterlyfrom Knin, in which the continuity of life duringalmostall periodsof pre-history throughtheAncientTimesand as far as the MiddleAgescanbe traced.Two old Croatianlocalitieshavebeendiscovered theresofar.Dudngold Christianperiodat the positionofSudevicitherewasan old Christianchurchwhichbelongto thetype of one - aisledbuildingswith poligonal apse,narthexandtranceptwhichgivesa buildingancircularshape. FromTepljuh,whichis situatedin thefar south,to Kapitulin thesouth-eastem side of Kninsko polje, the legionary insc ptions were also registeredrn Mokro polje, Patleni and in the most no(hem part in Strmica. The whole former area of the Knin area was obviouslyapart oflegion
KasnoantiCka vila rustikau mjestuKijevu,3. 4. st.po. Kr, Thevilla ruslicafromthelsteAncientin Kijevo,3-- 4'" cenluryA. D.
popmtili ovaj objekt kao i zdanjekole jedjelomidnoistraZenodo samecrkve, mogu6aje datacija u vrij€me 5. st. Pronalazakkasnoantidkog sarkofagana poloZaju pod nedalekom nazivomVelikai Mala crkvina, dokaz je kontinuitetu kultnog mjesta, gdje se na ostacima ranije, starokrS6anske crkve, gradi starohwatska. Poja5njenjeza to \alazi se u likovnom prikazudva mitoloskakonjana prcdnjoj strani sarkofaga,te prikazu uezanog kriZa na naknadnoudinjenompoklopcu istog.Pwi prikazupu6ujena dinjenicuda je sarkofagantidkogpodrijetla,a dugi da je dobioprenamjenu zapotrebekr56anske zajednice. Na krajnjemzapadnomdijelu Sibensko kninskeiupanije,18km. sjeverozapadno od Knina, smjeitena je udolina s Mokrim Poljemu kojoj semoZepratiti kontinuitctZivotatijekom gotovosvih razdobljaprapovijesti,kroz antikui sve do u srednjivijek.
area under the name of territoium legionis. On their arrival the Romans were gadually changingtheway of life ofthe Illyrian natives,which were Romanized with time. The Romanarmy playedan i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n s p r e a d i n gt h e Christianity,whose reliable traces are placedin the utmostsoutheastem part of Kosovo polje; in the place called Biskupija,atthelocalityofKati6a bajami, where the researcheshave discoveredan one - aisledchurchwith spacious half-circledapse. Accordingto found stoneplastics- a capitalanda pilasterwith a carvedcross, as well as otherconstructional elements whichaccompaniedthis object,aswell as a mansionwhichwaspartlyresearched up to the churchitself, it is possiblethat it originates fromthe5"'century.
Ulomak starokrSdanskognamjeitaja s lokaliteta Suievi6i u Mokrom polju, Muzej hrvatskih arheoloSkihspomenika,Split Thefrdgment of old Christiafi churchfurniturc from the locality ofSuteviti in Mokro polje, The Museum oJ Croatian Archaeological Monuments, Split
Anlitki sarkolhgkoji ic doiivio prenamjenuu starokritanski,s poloZajaCrkvin:ru Biskupi.ii.NIuzejhrvatskiharhcoloikihspomenika, Split The Anlique sarcoplwgus trhich ',as cohverted into the old Christian one, fron the pkrcc in Crkvinu in Biskupija. The Muteun ol Croatian Archqeobgical Monunents, Split.
Tu su, zasad, otkrivena dva s t a r o k r i i a n s k a p o 1 oZa . j aT. i j e k o m slroLriiJn:,koSrazdubljr n.r poloTrju Sudcvi6i postojala je stalokriianska crkva, koja pripada tipu jcclnobrodnih gradevina s poligonalnom apsidom. naftcksom i transeptom koji gradevtnr dajckru2nioblik. PuJtrT:ri u Vagi(ima ie Jrugi starokriaanski poloTaj, koji sc nalazi nedalcko od prethodnog. Poztat Je za s a d aj c , l i n op o d e k o r r i i r n i mr r l o r n c i r n l kamcncplastike,za koju seprctpostavlja da 1e pripadala starokri6anskomztlanyu n a L o i c m u r c k l r e d \ r o j ei . r r a T i \ r n i d . Oba ranokritanska poloiaja u Mokom polju datin ju seu drugupolovicu6. st
Thc 11i:corery of larr Antrque satcophagus on the nearbylocality callcd VelikaandMalacrkvinais thereasonwhy the continuationof a positionhas bccn seen very oflcn, fiom the latc old Christianchurch to theold Croatianorrc. The explanationfbrthis canbe seenin thc relief of trvo mythological horseson thc f'ront side of a sarcophagus,and in fre relief of a carvedcrosson the lid of the samesarcophaguswhich was rnadelater on. The first rclicf inclicatesthe fact thaf t h e s i r r c L J p h a gr U . sl r o n r r h e \ n c i ( n l Times,andtheothershowsthe fact that it rvasconvertedfol thenccclsofChristran community.
SREDNJOVJEKOVNO RAZDOBLJE Padomzapadnog rimskogcarsrva47o. godine,prostorditavesj. Dalmacije,tako i kninsko podrudje,zauzimajuIstodni Goti.Tadakasnoantidka uporiStapostaju dobrobmnjenaistodnogotska srediSta. Uz vedpostojede neki poloZajiscjavljajupo prvi put.te s\oju slratesku vrsc l'unkciju tijekomcijeiog6. sl. Takavpolo2ajjc Knin - Greblje smjeSten na sjevcroistodnojvisoravni Sv. Spas,na rubnon dijelu danainjegagradskog naselja.Otkrivenjc sludajnoprilikorr gradnjc viie obiteljskih kuia. Nakon kra6eg prekida gmditeljskih zahvata, provedcnoje istmzivanje,kojc je otkrilo 218 grobova iz vrcnrenamne seobe naroda,okvimodatiranihkrozcijelo6. st. N L r jer i i b r o j g r o b o v a p r i p a d a oj e autohtonomromaniziranom Zivlju, a samo je nekoliko grobova pripadalo lstocnimGolima. Mcdu najznaiajnije nalazekoji potjedus nekropolesu tri pojasne kopde istoanogotske provcnijencije.
Pojasncukrasne kopie istoanogotske provenijencijes poloiaja Knin - creblje. Muzej hrvatskih arheoloskihspomcnika, Split The decoralive belt clasps o_fprovefiance of fie Eastern Goth\ Iront the h'.olitt, of Khitt Grehlje, The Museum ofCroqtiah
THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD When the Westem Roman Empire collapsedin 476, the arcaof the whole NorthDalmatia,aswell asthc Knin area, wasconquercd bytheEastcmGoths. Then, the strongholdsftom the late Ancicnt Tirres becamewell - defended cente$ofthe EastcrnGoths. Withalready existing,somelocalitiesappearcd for the first time, and they were pcrforming performing thcirstralegic function during the whole 6"' century.Such a position Knin - Grebljc is situatedon the north platealL eastcrn ofSy. Spas,at theedgeof t o d a y ' s u r b a n s e t t l e m e n t .I t w a s discoveredaccidentallyduring building of some family houses.After shorter inlerruptionof archileclural operation. the rcsearchwas conductcdwhich discovercd 218 tombsfrom thc time of e a r l y m i g r a t i o n s , a p pr ox i m a t e l y originatedfromthewholc6"'centuryThe biggestnumberofgravcsbelongcdto the autochthonousRomanisedpopulation, and only a fcw gravesbelongedto the Eastern Goths. Three belt clasps ot provcnanaeof the Eastem Goths are amonglhe mosl impoflantdiscoveries whichoriginatcfiom thenccropolis. lndividual discoveriesof the samc provenance havcbeenknownfrom other thrce positions(Plavno, Burnum and Biskupija).The mentionedmaterialhas been made by a quality combined - the tecbriqueoffiligreeandpolychromy inserting the semi-preciousstones almandinc. TheAvarsandtheCroatsleft thetracesofthe lastmigrationin our area duringthe7"'ccntury The presenceof Avariancthnicumwas recordedin the golden jewelry of Mediterranean- Byzantinc features, whichwasin useatthebeginningofthe 7' century,and it originareslrom Golubi6. It was made in the piercing tcchnique, so,possibly,it wasmadcin the workshops of oneof Dalmatiancitics.
Pojedinadninalazi iste provenijencije poznati su s jos tri poloZaja(Plavno, Burnum i Biskupija). Spomenuti materijal je izraden kvalitetnom k o m b i n i r a n o mt e h n i k o mf i l i g r a n ai polihromije - ulaganje poludragog kamenja-almandina. Tragoveposljednjeseobenaroda,tijekom 7.st.. nana3em podruijuostavilisuAvari i Hrvati. Pdsutnostavarskogetnikuma zablljei.er'a je u zlatnoj gamituri - bizantskogobiljeZja,koja mediteransko jebilau uporabipodetkom7. st.apotjede iz Golubida. Izradenaje tehnikomna proboj,teje wlo mogu6edaje izradenau radionicamajednog od dalmatinskih gradova. Prvi inajznaiajnijistarohnarskipolozaj smjeiten na podrudju grada Knrna svakakoje kninska tvralava koja podecimasvojegradnjesezeu 9. st. Bila je aministrativnoi vojno srediste.U njenomproduZetkuna sjevernomdijelu r i s o r a v a n iS v . S p a s s m j e i t e n aj e starohrvatskanekropola. ArheoloSki istraZivanaSezdesetihgodina.Na tom poloZajuje otkriveno228 starohrvatskih grobovau kojimaje pronadenvelik broj - prstenjai nausnica. nakitnihpredmeta
Thefirst andmostimportantold Croatian localitysituatedin the areaof the city of Knin is definitely the Knin fortress, whosebuildingstartedin the9'"century.It wasan adminishativeandmilitary centle. In its extension on thenorthempartofthe plateauof Sv. Spasthereis a Croatian necropolis.It was archaeologically researched inthe sixties.228oldCroatian graveswere discoveredin that area,in whichlotsof itemsofjewelry - ringsand earings- havebeen found. Together with graves,thebasicremainsof church architecture have been discovered, for which there is a possibilitythat theyhad belongedto the old CroatianAge.Anotherarchaeological localiq,calledTvrtlaya - Podgradehas beendiscovered underthe Kdn fortess recenrly. whichis possiblelo see.Since lhee\cavation5 arestillinprocess there.it could be mentioned as a medieval complexofaprofaneaharacter sofar. In the ilnmediate vicinity of a former localitythereis alsotheotherone,notless important, known as Kapitul. It is situatedat the confluenceofthe affluent Kosovdicainto theriver Krka.At theend ofthe 19'"centurydwingtheconstruction of the railway for Split, the bishop's basilicalike complexwith a monastery wasdiscovered. Accordingto some facts, the complex becamea new episcopalcentle of the Knin dioceseattheendofthe 13'"century. The basilicahas the orientation eastwest,sothatthemainenhance wasplaced on th€ axis towardswest.lts fagadeand thebackpartarcknown.
Golden set oJjewel'!from Golubii near Knin. The Museum of Croatiah Art haeological M(,tlu,fien^, Split Zlatna garnitura nakita iz Colubiaa kod Knina. Muzej hrvatskih arheoloikih spomcnike, Split
Uz grobovcsuotkrivenii temeljniostaci crkvone arhitekture, za koje se nc iskljuduje moguia pripadnost starohrvatskomdobu. Pod kninskom tvrdavomotkrivcnje zadnjihgodinajos jcdanarheoloski lokalitet. kojije moguic pod vidjcti, nazivom Tyralaya Podgratle. KakoistraZivanja nanjemujoStrajui nUe moguic preciznomu odreditinamjenu, zasad se mo2c govoriti o profanog srednjovjekovnom kompleksu karaktera. U ncposrednoj blizini prethodnog lokalitctn a a l a z is e i d r u g i .n e m a n j e je znaiajan.nazivomKapitul.Smjesrcn nautokupritokeKosovdice u rijekuKrku. Potkraj 19. st. prigodom gradnje Teljeznitkeprugeza Split.otkrivcnje b i s k u p s k ib a z i l i k a l n i k o r r p l e k s s a samostanom.
NauSniceprona(lenena starohrvatskoj nekropoli S* Spasu Kninu. Muzej hrvatskih arheolo5kihspomenika,Split EaffingsJbund oh an old - Cnatian ne.ropolis ofSv. Spasin Knin, The The Museum o.f Croatian Archaeological Monuments,Split
Po svemusude6ikomplekspredkraj 13. st. postaje novo biskupskosrediSte kninskebiskupije.Bazilikaje orjentacile istok - zapad,tako da se glavni ulaz nalazio premazapadu.Poznatojenjeno je vi5e prodeljekao i zadelje.Pronadeno primjerakakameneplastikeod kojih se svojomvaZnoSdu istidconaj s natpisom naprilaznomstubistuambonadatimnogu 969. - 986. godinu, koji spominJe hrvatskogknczaDr2islava.
Severalspecimens of stoneplasticshave becn found, out of which the most impoftant one, is the one with an inscription at the accessstairway of ambon from 969 - 986, in which the CroatianprinccDrZislavwasmentioned. Today,aftersomanycenturies thatpassed in theKrin area,it is believedthatthefirst seatof Croatianbishopsince 1040was exactlyinthisplace. In thesouth- eastofKnin,in theareaof7km-distant Kosovo polje, there rs Biskupija.Thelocalitywasnamedaftera formerpropertyof the Croatianbishop, latercalledthe bishopof Knin. The first researches ofthat localitystanedin 1886. The toponympet cfikvah consistedof Crkvina, Stupovi, LopuSkaglavica. Bukorovi6a podvornica andSvTrojica. At the loaalityof Crkvinathereare two churchfacilitiestoday.Oneofthem is the churchof NaIa Gospa,situatednot far away from the architecturalremainsof theold Croatianbasilicaof Sv. Marija. anditwas built in thepedodfrom 1933to 1938. Theground- planfor thechurchofNaia Gospa was made by a sculptor lvan MeStrovi6 whoorganized its decoration. Thechurchis architecturally verysimple, both from the outside and inside. Accordingto its architecturalfeaturesit belongsto the simpler church forms, which couldbc foundin the areaof the wholeDalmatianhinterland. lts inte or ls full of frescos,whose author is Jozo Kljakovi6.ThereliefwhichshowsChrist on the fagade is a work of Andro Krstulovi6,accordingto the ideaof Ivan MeStrovic. Immediately in ftont ofNaSaGospathere is abasilica ofSv.Marija whichis oneof five churches.It was built in the 9' centurywhenit had its analogues in the similar objects throughout former Croatianprincipality. It wasn'tonly onc of the biggest,but probablyoncofthefiIst old Christian
Danasse,nakontolikih stoljeiakoja su pro3la,na kninskompodrudjuvjerujeda Je upravona ovom mjestubilo prvotno sjedistehrvatskog biskupaod 1040.g. Jugoistodno od Knina,na prostoru7 km udaljenog Kosova polja, nalazi se Biskupija. Lokalitet je dobio ime po nekada3njem posjeduhrvatskogbisl-upa, kasnijeprozvanog kninskim. Prvaistaiivanja togalokalitetazapodela su 1886. godine.Toponimpet crikvah dinili su Crkvina, Stupovi, Lopu5ka glavica,Bukoroyidapodvornica,i Sv. Trojica. Na poloZajuCrkvinanalazese danasdvacrkvenazdanja.Jednood njih je crkvaNaie Gospe,smjeitenanedaleko arhitektonskih ostataka staxohruatske bazilike Sv. Marije, a gradenaje u razdobljuod 1933.do 1938.godine. Nacn za crkw NaSeGospeizradioje kipar Ivan MeStrovi6koji je i likovno osmislionjezinouredenje.
facilities.Accordingto its architectual shapethe basilica has a longitudinal, three-aisled and three-apses shape.It is chamcterizedby registeredpresbytery (duringa massit is a part ol churchfor cleryy).Northofthebasiliaatheremnants of the facilitiescanbe seenwhich made thecomplexof monastery. Time of building,both of the monastery andthechurch,is in thesecondhalfofthe 8'"to theendofthe 10"century. From this localiq,the stoneplasticsand epigraphic monuments have been distinguished by itsnumerousness. The other localirycalled Stupoyi is situatednorthofthe mentionedposition, at the distance of only a few hundred mete$.Thepositionitselfisoneelevation - a smallhead,wherethe remainsofthe old Croatianchurch architecturehave beenfound.
Natpis na ploiama ambona koji spominjehrvatske knezoveSvetoslavai Driislava sa Kapituln (10. st,)Muzej hrvatskih arheoloikih spomenika,Split The inscription on the plates of ambon in t'ich the Croatian prihces Svetislav and Dfiislav from Kipilul( 10 "' century)werc ,nentioneil, The museuh, of Croatian Archaeological Monumefits, Split
jednostavna, Crkvajearhitektonski kako u vanjskorrtakoiunutrainjcrn uredenju. jcdnostavnih Craditeljski spadau red crkvenih oblika, kakvi se nalaze na podrudju ditavc Dalmatinske zagore. joj je ispunjenafreskama UnutraSnjost je autorkojih Jozo Kljakovii. Reljefni prikazKrista na prodeljudjeloje Andre Krstulovi6a, po idejnoj zamisli Ivana MeStrovi6a. Neposredno ispredNaie Gospenalazrse bazilikaSv. Marijc, kojaje jednaod pet crkava.Sagradena u vrijeme9. st.kadaje svoje analogije imala i u slidnrm objektima po tadaSnjoj hrvatskoj kneZevini. The itrsctrrtion on the plates ofamhon Jiom Kapitul( I0'^ century)wetementioned.The museum of Croatian Archaeological Momtments,Split Natpis na ploiama ambona sa Kapitula (10. st.) Muzej hrvatskih arheoloskih spomenika,Split The cxisting church has a name of Sv.
Arhitektonski ostacibazilike sv, Marije i samostanapokraj nje. ( druga pol. 8. do kraja 10. st. ) The archilectural remai s ofthe bosilica ofSv, Maria and the monastery next to it ( the seco d half ofthe g" to the end of the l|n centur .
Cecilija,it's ofa basilicaltypewith three aislesand threeapses,with a baseof a church - tower and a pre-aisle Westwerk. The interior of basilicawas filled with pylonswhoseremainsarevisibleandset in the equal spans from each other Plastics and sculpture have been presentedin a largestnumber in the ocalityof Stupovi.The decoration from the churchin Stupoviis similar to the fragmentsof fumiture,whereBranimt's name from Mud and Nin has been mentioned in inscriptions. Thethirdpositionis LopuSkaglavica..lt is the name for an elevationwhich is raisedin themiddleofKosovopolje.That is, at the same time, the position of longitudinal church of an elongated rectangle with apre-aisle, withouta belltowerTherearesimilaritiesofthe church in Lopuika glavicawith the rest of the Croatianprincipality,for example,in fuZinice,in thefencewith theinscription ofthe princeTrpimirin theperiod 845.846.
Ona nije bila samo jedna od najvedih nego vjerojatno i jedna od prvih starokrs6anskihobjekata na ovom prostoru.Po svomarhitektonskom obliku je bazilika longitudinalna. rrobrodnai je upisani troapsidalna. Karakterizira prezbiterij(prilikom sluZenjamise dio crkve namijenjenkleru). Sjevemo od bazilikevidljivi su ostacizgradakoje su sadinjavalesamostanskikompleks. Vrijeme graclnje,i samostanai crkve, padau&ugu polovicu8.do kaja 10.st.S ovog lokaliteta brojnoE6u se istidu plastika kamena i epigra lliki spomen ici. Sjevemijeod spomenutogpoloZaja,na udaljenostiod svega nekoliko stotina metara,smje5tenje &ugi lokalitet pod nazivomStupovi. SampoloZajje jedno uzviSenje- glavica,gdje su pronadeni ostacistarohrvatske crkvenearhitekture.
The researches, conductedat the end of the lastcentury,revealedthegravesin and aroundthe church which mostly gave jewellery.Accordingto the featues and decoratir e elements ofchurchfumiture, it is possibleto trace the changeof PreRomanesqueinto Romanesqueperiod, most probablyup to the end of the 13'r' century. The remainsof the church have been presewedand clearly presentedto the visitors. The fourth church is in the locality of Bukorovieapodyornica.It hasn'tbeen fully researched, and it has only partly been preserved.It is an one - aisled, longitudinal building with an orientation west east.Thebeginningofthe churchis supposedto be in the year 870. The remains,preserved in thefoundations, are now underthegroound.
Arhitektonskiostacibazilikesv.Cecilijena polozajuStupovi.(890.9.) Thearchitecturalremainsof the basilicaoJ Sv.Cecilijaal theposition of Stupo|i (890A,D.)
Postojeiacrkva nosi titular sveteCecilije, bazilikalnogje tipa, s tri brodai tri apside, s bazom zvonika i predbrodom westwerkom. Unutrasnjost bazilike su ispLutjavalipiloni, kojih su ostacividljivi u jednakim razmacimajedan od drugog. Najveiu zastupljenost s lokaliteta Stupovi pokazalaje plastika i skulptum. Dekoracija i,, crkr e na Srupovimaje jednaka s ulomcima namjestajagdje se s p o m i n j eu n a t p i s i mB a r a n i m i r o r ui m e i to rz Muia i Nina. Temeljni arhitektonskiostacicrkve sukonzcrrr'uanr i mogu6eihje vidjcti.
Kamenica za imersiju, Muzej hrvatskih arheoloSkihspomenika,Split Stone yesselfor baptism by imme^iofi. The Maseum of Croatidn Archaeological Monuments, Split
Forthc fifth old Croatianchurchthereare only guessingsin professionalliterature, becausethe real research hasn't been conducted thcre. The architectural fragments which were found at the position of the orthodox church Sy. Trojica are cxactly under it, and because of them there is a possibility of the existenceofan old Croatianchurch ofan eight-leaf shape. The researches, unfortunately, have never b ecn conducted. At the utmost wcstem part of Kosovo polje, at its edge,and immediatelyin the r i c i n i q o f t h e r o a d w h i c h l e a d sf r o m Knin to Sibenik, the position Uzdolje. That loaalityhasbeenknown not only asa medievallocality,but it was also famous in the Ancient Times, as a plot ofland of the ll'" legion, which had its seat in Bumum (IvoSevci),asit hasalreadybecn said.The churchwasfound intheposition i r rU z d o l j ea: c c o r d i nrBo r h ei n 5 c r i p t i oi n rhepre-Romancsque architrave lheprince Muncimt built or rebuilt that church as his fbundationin 895.
It is a simpleone- aisledpre-Romanesque churchl the graveyardof Sv. Luka is situated around that church today. The (and protection) necessary conservation ofthewallshasbeendoneonthechurch.
Arhit€ktotrski ostaci jednobrodne longitudinalnecrkve s poloZajaLopuska glavica( 850.g. ) The architectural rcrhaifis of an one-aisled loagindinal church from the locaw of Lopuika glivica (the end of lhe 11"century to the end of rte 1l' centur!)
Tre6ipoloZajje LopuSkaglavica.Naziv je to za uzviSenjekoje se izdiZeposred Kosova polja. To je ujedno i poloZaj longitudinalne crkve izduZenog pravokutnika s predbrodom, bez zvonika. Crkvi na Lopuskoj glavici. pronalazimoslidnostii na preostalom dijelu hwatskekneZevine,primjericeu RiZinicama,i to na ogradi s natpisom knezaTrpimirau vrijeme od ( 845. 846.). Istraiivanja,provedenakajem prodlog stolje6a,otkrila su u i oko crkve grobove koji su uglavnomdali nakitnimaterijal. Po karakteristikama i dekorativnim elementima crkvenognamjeStaja moguce je pratitislijedpredromanike u romaniku, vrlovjerojatnosvedokaja 13.st. Ostaci crkve su konzervirani i jasnoYidljivi. posjetiteljima
In the most eastern part of the municipalityof KijevoandCivljanethere is the churchof Sv, Spas.Becauseof its preservationand architecturalshapesit belongs to the well - presewedo1d Croatianchurches"of westerncorps" with a bell-tower at the faqade and Westwerk- pre-aisle.Typologically,the church is an one-aisledlongitudinal building with a sanctuarywith threeapses in a shapeof elongatedtrefoil, andwith the remnants of the bell-tower at thefagadeand Westwerk - pre-aisle. Typologically, thechurchis anone-aisled longirudinal buildingwitha sanctuary with threeapsesin a shapeof elongated trefoil,andwith theremnantsofthe belltower at the fagade.The outer walls are characterized by a division with round supportingpillars.
Theearringfound in thegravefrom the position of Lopuika glavica TheMvseum of CroartanArchaeologicalMonuments, Split Naulnicapronailenau grobus poloiaja Lopuskaglavica.Muzej hrvatskih arheoloikibspomenikr,Split
eetvrta crkvaje na poloZajuBukorovita podyornice. Nijc do kraja istraz€na,a saeu\ana je samo djclomiino. J c d n o b r o d n aj e t o , l o n g i t u d i n a l n a gradevina, orijentacije zapad - istok. Poietak gradnjecrkre rjcruje se da je godinaE70.Ostaci.sacuranru temeljimadanassupodzemljom. Peta starohnvatskacrkva je u strudnoj jer pravog litemturisamopretpostavljena, istrazivanja nije bilo. Arhitcktonski ulomci koji su pronadcni na poloZaju parohijalne crkv€ Sv, Trojica upravo ispodnje. dalisupregostaviti postojanje o s m e r o li s ne s t a r o h r v a t s k e c r k v e . I s t r a Z i v a n j a , n a 2 a l o s t ,n i k a d n r s u provedcna. Na krajnjem zapadnom dijelu Kosova polja, na njegovomrubu, a neposrednou blizini ccste koja vodi od Krina prcma jc polo.iajUzdolje. Sibenikusmjesten Ne samo da je poznat kao srednjovjckovnilokalitet,nagoje poznati u a n t i c i k. a oT e m l j i s l X e I l c g i j e .k o j a j e . kako sejc vei reklo, svojesjcdiSteimala u Bumumu ( Ivo5evci). Na polo2ajuu Uzdolju pronadcnuje i crkva koja, na osnovi natpisa na predromanidkomarhitravu ima titular Sv. lvana koju 895. godine kncz M u n c i m i rg r a d i i l i o b n a v l j ak a o s r o j u jc toj ednobrodna zaduZbinu.Jednostavna prcdromanidkacrkva oko koje sc danas nalazi groblje Sv. Lukc. Na crkvi je izvr3cnai potrcbnakonzcrvacija( zastita) zidova. U najistoinijerndijelu opiine Kijcvo i Civljanc nalazi sc predromaniika crkva Sv. Spasa. Po svojoj oduvanosti i arhitektonskim oblicirra, spada u red dobro oduvanih starohrvatskih crkvi "zapadnog korpusa" - sa zvonikom na prodeljui westwcrkom prcdbrodom. T i p o l o Sk i c r k v a j e j e d n o b r o d n a longitudinalnagradevinas troapsidalnim svctiitem u obliku produzenogtrolista,te ostacima zvonika na prodclju. Vanjske zidove karakterizira rasdlanjcnjeoblim potpomjacima.
The found architraveof the altar's partition wall, togetherwith the mentioned architecturalfeatures, has solvedthe problcmof timc olorigin. On the mcntionedinscriptionfrom a beam the praf'ectCastikawas mentionedas a donorin the9"'cenh[y.In thatinscription it wasestablished thatthcprefectGastika built a churchforthesalvationofhis soul, hismotherNemira andsons.Thanksto its way ofbuilding,togethcrwith numerous selptures aroundthechurch,thechurchof Sv. Spasis thc biggestold Croatian necropolisand it also showsthe direct connectionwith the churchesfrom the nearbyBiskupija. At theutmostnorthempartofthe Sibenik - Knin county,15 km awayfrom Krin, thereis the localityof Plavno.Thc fiIst rescarches cver conductedwere at the positionofDurida groblje (a graveyard) or Mealine.At thatoccasionthcremnants of the old Christianand old Croatian architecturcwere discovered.Sincethe traccsof walls haven'tbeenfound,it is still a questionwhethcrit is onc facility orthcrcaretwodifferentones.
The architeclural remains ofthe church of S1'.Iwtt ftoht Uzdolje (895 A,D.) Arhitoktonski ostacicrkve Sv. Ivana iz Uzdolja ( 895.g. )
namjestajas Ulomcistarokrsaanskog poloiajaVagidiu Mokrompolju, Muzej hrvatskiharheoloskihspom€nika, Split Thefragmentsof old Christianchurch fumiture from thepositian Vagii i in Mokro polje, TheMaseumof Croatian A rchaeological Mohuhents, Split Pronadeni arhitav oltame pregrade uz navedena arhitektonska obiljeZja razrij ebioj e i problemdatacije.Dotidru natpis sa grede spominje ZupanaGastiku kao donatorau wij eme 9.st. Tim natpisom sepotvrdujedaje ZupanGastikasagradio crkvu za spas duie svoje, majke mu Nemire i sinova. Svojim nadinom gradnje, uz brojne ukope oko crkve, koji je uvrstavaju u najve6u starohrvatsku nekropolu. Sv. Spasapokazuje izravne veze sacrkvamaiz nedalekeBiskupr.ye. Na krajnjemsjevemomdijelu libenskokninske Zupanije, 15 km udaljen od Kdna, poloZajje lokalitetaPlavno. Prva isfiaiivanja koja su ikad provedenabila su na poloZaju Duri6a groblje ili Mealine.
Besidearchitecture,morc matedal finds originate from the samelocality, among which the fragmented sword find has been especiallyimportant,one of 13 found swords in the area of medieval whichoriginates Dalmatian Croatja. from thesecond halfoIthe8'-to thebeginning ofthe l0'r'century In the medievallocaliryof Vrpolje Greblje the architectue of a smaller facility was noticed,in which several medievaltombswere found, with a finds that indicatethe origin to the late Middle Ages. The role of majority of fortified setllements hasbeenchanged overtime. Wlile one of them had died when the Ancient Times was establishedin this area,andin theotherpafisatthe endofthe late Ancient Times, some of them survivedup to thelateMiddleAges.The axchitectwal heritage of the Arcient Times,which developed the buildingby usingpre-carpented stoneconnectedwith lime and sand,found its full application evenduring
Crkva Sv.Spasana izvoru Cetin€( 9. st.) Thech rch of Sv.Spasdt the sourceof Cetina(9" century)
Tom prigodomsu otkriveniostaci s t a r o k r S 6 a n s k ei s t a r o h r v a t s k e arhitekture. Kakosenisupronaililraeovi zidovaostalojeupitnojeli rijedojednom zdanjuiliseradio dvarazlidita. potjede Uz arhilekturu. s istogpoloZaja viSe materijalnihnalazaod kojih 1e osobito znadajanfragmentiraninalaz maia. jedanod l3 pronadenihmaieva na podrudju srednjovjekovne Dalmatinske Hrvatske.Njih je moguie datirati u vrijeme od 8. 10. st, I na poloTajuVrpolje lrednjovjekovnom Grebljeuodenaje suhozidnaarhit€ktura manjegobjekta.u kojojje pronadeno viSe grobova.s nalazima srednjovjekovnih koji upu6ujuna dataciju svedo u kasnr srcdnjivijek.
Fragmentiran maa s poloiaja Meiline u Plavnu. Muzej hrvatskih arheolofkih spomenika,Split Thefragmented swordfrom the locali4t of Meilina in Plavno. The Museu of Ctuatisn A rc haeological M onumenls, Spli I
Thegraveftorh theMiddleAgest the positionof Yrpolje- Grebue grobnapolozaju Srednjovjekovni Vrpolje - Greblj€ the late Middle Ages. Respectingthe principlcsof medievalarchitecture, the former settlementsbecame strong fortificationscharactedsed by a systemof defensivewalls and towers along the dwellingfacilities.Thetowerswere asa rule, very high, often of a squaredor round shapedgroundplan. The height, both of the walls and towers in such fortifications,oftendictatedthe defence of the fortresses.Thc characteristic featureof thosefeudal forts was their naturalpositionon the cmphasized and proteatedpositionswhich dominatedthe area, what resultedin their spatiality, becausethey were built for a smaller numbcrof people.For capturing, the enemy had to climb the defended position, One of theseforts is Bradida utvrda, 5iluatcd abovetheplacecalledBiskupija. al lhe posilionof a smallerrock.from where it controlledthe importantroad communications which passedthrough and thereforeits rolc of the observation post over the sufiounding arca was determined.The fort was erected probablyduringthe14*century.
Uloga ve6ine gradinskih naselja mijenjala setijekom vremena.Dok sena jednima Zivot gasiudvr5denjemantikena ovim prostorima, a na drugima krajem kasneantike,nekepreZivljavajusve do u kasnisrednjivijek. Graditeljsko nasljetleantidkogwemena, koje je njegovalo gadnju uporabom pritesanog kamena vezanog vapnom r pijeskom,na5loje svoju punuprimjenu r tijekom kasnoga srednjeg vijeka. Po5tuju6i principe srednjovj ekovnog graditeljstva, nekadainjanaseljapostaju duste fortifikacije koje odlikuje sustav obrambenihzidova i kula uz starnbene prostore.Kule su redovitobile visoke, desto kvadratidnog i kruZnog docrta. Visina i zidovai kula na takvim utwdama destojediktirala i obranuutwda. Osobina tih feudalnih utvrdenja bio je njihov p r i r o d n i s m j e i t a j n a i s t a k n u t i mi za5tidenim poloZajima koji su dominirali u prostoru, sto je svakako rezultiralo i njihovom prostomoBdu,jer su bile gratlenezamanji broj lj udi. Za njihovo osvajanjeneprijateljse je hebaopopetinabranjenipoloZaj.
Under the Dinara range, north of the source of the river Cetina, the forhess Glavas is situated.It wasbuilt during the 14'andatthebeginningofthe l5'"century andit protectedtheway to Bosnia. The fortress consists of more separate parts which ended in round tower, respectingthe featuresofthe ground.The tower has been significantly damaged, but it can be noticed that it has three floors andit endedin battlements. Not far away from the place called Kistanje there are the architectural remains of Trolenj or Cutevo town. Thatis thetownofthe Subii family.built during the 14" century.According to the architecturalrermants you can seetle tower 10m high and with severalfloors, which is missingthefinal part ofthe wall. ln the immediateviciniry of Kistanje thereis the forhessofZeievo. It hasbeen supposedthat this fortresshad beenbuilt by the family ofthe PrincesofBribh - the Subi6s,in order to control an important communicationtowardsRavnikotari.
Utvrda Trolenj ili Cudevoistolno od mj€staKistanje ( 14.st.) Theforlress of TruSerrjor Cutevoeastofthe placeKistonje(11' century).
Utvrda Glavassmjestenapod obroncima Dinare ( 14. i 15. st. ) Thert)rtess Glarrai situated un.ler the slopesod Dinara (14' and |t" cennry)
Jedna od takvih utvrda je Braiida u t v r d a , s m j e S t c n ap o v i S c m j e s t a Biskupija, na poloZaju manje stijene, odakle je kontroliralavazne cestovne komunikacijekoje su tuda prolazilc,a time je bila odredenanjena uloga osmatadnice nadokolnimprostorom.Po svemusudcdiutvrdajapodignuta tijckom 14.st. Pod dinarskim masivom,sjevemo od izvorarijeke Cctine,smjcitenaje utvrda Glava5. Sagradenaje tijekom 14. i podetkom15. st. i Stitilaje put prcma Bosni.Utvrdasc sastojiod viSezasebnih dijelovakoji supo5tujuiiobiljeZjaterena, z a v r S a v a l io k r u g l o m k u l o m . I a k o prilidnooite6ena,mozesezamijetitidaje kula bila trokatnate da je zavriavala kruni5tem.Nedalckood mjestaKistanla, nalazcsearhitektonski osraci TroSenja ili Cutevograda.Gradjc ro obitetji(ubiia, s a g r a d e tni j e k o r n1 4 . s t . N a o s n o r i a r h i t e k t o n s k i ho s t a t a k au o d a v a s c vi3ekatnakula visoka l0 m, ko1o1 nedostaje zavrSnidio zida. U neposrednoj blizini Kistanjasmjcstena jc i utvrdaZeievo.
It consists ofthe prcserved roundtowerrn a heightof some8 m. Sincethe towerrs the only architecturalremains and it doesn't havc some other architectural parts,it canbe supposcd that the fortress hadtheroleoftheobservingpost.
Braiiia utvrda ahovethc pluce Biskupija (lY" century) Braiida utvrda povisemjesta Biskupija ( 19,st, )
Pretpostavlja se da juje podiglaobitelj bribirskih knezova Subi6a. kako bi kontrolirali vaZnu komunikaciju prema Raurim kotarima. Sastoji se od kule okruglogoblikasaduvane u visini od oko 8 m. Budu6idajekulajediniarhitektonski ostatak te nema drugih arhitektonskih dijelova, za pretpostavitije da je utvrda imalauloguosmatradnice. I utvrda Keglevid ili Kegelj grad, smje5lenaimad kanjonarijekeZrmanje. plijenisvojomvelidinom.Smjeitenajena ulazuu Mokro Poljei sastojiseodvi5e arhitektonskih dijelova. od kojih je najboljesaduvana kvadrama kula,u visini je od oko l0 m. Utvrda podignuta Tasigurnokajem 13. i podetkom14. stolje6a, u wijeme uspona velikaike obiteljiKeglevid.
The fortress of Keglevid or Kegelj town, situated above the canyon of the river Zrmanja, attracts the attention by its size. It is situated at tle entrancc m Mokro polje ard it consistsof more architectural paxts, out of which the squaretower in the height ofabout 10 m has been best preserved. The fortress was built for sureat the end ofthe l3'h and at the beginningofthe l4'hcentury, at the time ofbig rise ofthe nobleman's family ofKeglevi6.
Utvrda Z€aevou blizini mjestr Kistanje ( 14.st. ) ThefortressZeteto i the vicinity ofthe place Kistaje (14' ce tury)
ZAKLJUCAK
CONCLUSION
U vodidusepokuiaodati cjelovitprikaz r a z v o j a m a t e r iaj l n o g i d u h o v n o g nasljcda. od pojareprvihoblikaorudanajstarijihrazdobljaprapovijesti,preko pojave novih oblika graditcljstvarazdobljaantike,pojaveprvih kSianskih zajednica- starokrsdanskog razdoblja, zlatarskihdostignuda- seobe naroda, starohrvatskog nasljeda- ranogsredn1eg vijeka, do vremenautvrdenihposjeda hrvatskih feudalnih obitelji - kasnog (razvijenog)srednjegvijeka.Materijalni tragovi koje su ostavilerazlidite narodnosnc zajedn ice.a koji suu r odiius vciirn ili manjirnuspjchom zabiljcTeni. rczultatsu dosadaSnjeg dugogodi;njcg istraZivanja kninskogpodrudja.Za nckc od tih poloZajamoZemore6ida su dobro dokumentirani, dok veiini predstoje daljnjaistraZivanja u skorojbudu6nosti.
This guidebookhas tded to offer a fulI suweyofthedevelopment ofmaterialand spiritualheritage,from theappearance of thefirst formsoftools- theoldestpedods of prehistorythroughthe appearance of ncwwaysofbuilding- theAncientTimes, the appearanceof the first Christian communities- the old Christianperiod, old. Croatian heritage, the goldsmoths achievements, migrations- the early MiddleAges.The materialtmceswhich different folk comnrunitiesand which havebeenmentionedin the guidebook with moreor lesssuccess, havebeenthe resultof researches for manyyears.For someoftheselocalitiesit canbe saidthat they have been well documented, whereby the majority of them arc expectin8furtherresearches in the ncar future.
Utvrda Keglcvidili Kegeljgrad ( kraj 13.ipoCet|k 14.st. ) The fortress of Keglevit ot KegeAhttn (the erd (tthe t 3'nand the beginnihg ofthe llt' cenrury)
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MARASOVICI.Craditcljstvo starohnatskog tlobau Dalmaci.ji. Split 1994.,193 210; D. JELOVINn, Starohrvatskcnckropole. Splil 1976..26 -27;I STI.statisliaki tipoloiko - top.rgr af.ki plcglcdslirr(.hn.rt.k ilr nJu.nic.l na podlu(:jul{ll. SIIPIIy8-9.Zagreb1963., l0l I I lJ;I-. MAIIUN. Ruievinocrkve Sv. l.uke na Uzclolju kod Knina si! pisanom uspomcnomknczaMutimira.SllP novaser. I, Zagreb Knrn 1927.- 71 78;V. I)ELONGA, Natpis:upanaIvarlaiz Uzdolia kocl Knina, Starohrvatska,prosvijeta ser. I /25, Splir 1998..7 36: C. IVEKOVIC. KapitulkrajKnina.SHPLr3 ,1.Zagreb Knin 1 q 2 7 .2. 5 2 - 2 7 1 :S . L ; U \ J A a A . T i n r e n s i a archaeologica- historica topogftfica I, / g r c h 1 0 5 8 .l ( 1 5- l 0 4 L l l ^ l ) l ( . O . l d n c i sllllohn'atske bazilikcna glavici"Stupovi"u B i s k u p i jki o d K n i n a ,S H P K n i n I 9 0 . 7 2 ;J . MEDINI, I'rovinciaLiburnia, DiadoralX. Zadar 191't0.. 361 - 435 do Nerctvc.SIIPL?,Y. Knrll 18q5., l.tb 145; f.R \Dl( . 'lbpografidke crticc o starohrvatskim T u l a n i i r m .ur D , r l r n r . i j |i . l . r f i n rg r i l d o r r m a na kopnuod VclcbitaDo Ncrclve.SHP I/1, K n r n 1 8 q 5 . .l . l x 1 4 5 : 4 . N 4 I L O S Ll\( . f lkva Sv. Marijc rrauzolcj i drrrri hn'atskih vladara u tsiskupiji 1970. 93 l30.kod Knina, splir 2002.5 32; L PETRICIIOLI, ( r'lra Sr.:p.rsrr na rrclu (ctine. prosvjetascr Ill. sv.22. Split Starohrvatska 1995..22:S. Knina. Split 2002..5 32: K. CUGO RUMSIAJN, Srednjovjckovnr arhcoloiki lokalilct Vryoljc Grebljc, (jlasnik Sv. Anlc. god. IV br I( 6)., Knin 2 t 0 1 . K n i n 2 o u . l . .4 0 4l: Ll{ADl(. 'fopografiikc crlice o starohrvatskim TunJnijrmau DulrnacrlrI rlirrrrrrgrcdo\irnir nn kopnuod Vclebitado Ncrclvc.SHP I /1. Knin 1895., I0-15: P I'Al('. Hn,atski klaljevskigrad Knin,Knin I998..I l0 - I 12;
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V A. Uglciii. The Typological- stylrstrc A al):i.,'l thcfdslern (iothi.Je\clryin r h c A r e r o l R o n r c nP r o r i n e co l D a l n r a t i i r , R| | ,/d lv. TrrJarlqqo. 20r - )25: cunJaerD. Jelovina.The Old ('rottian Hcritagc. 7a$eb l,976, L Petricioli. thc church of Sv. S p a . a t h r s p r i n g o f C e t i n lJh. c o l d - a r o a l n i [ducation,scr.III, sv. 22. Split 1995,22;S. (iunjaia. Thc Rcmainsol'thc Churchof Sv. Cecilijain Stupoviin Biskupta, SIIP lll./5, Zagreb 1955, 65 124; ISTI, Thc OId CroaliarlClhurchal1dGrrvcyard in Lopuika g l a v i c aS. l l P l l l / 3 .Z a g r e b 1 . 9 5 4 , 7- 3 0 ; D . Jelurina.Thc Old ('routirrnNciropoliscs. Snlir lqTr'. l6 27: lbid.. rhc slalr\lrc typological- lopographicrcviervof thc old Croatiancan ings at the arcaol the Republio of Croalia.SHPIII/8-9,Zagrcb 1961,101 l l R : A . M i l u ; e r i i . r h c c h u r e h l fS r . M a r r 1 i . r . lhe lnausol('urn and tllc (ourl oI Croalirll mlcrsin BiskupijancarKnin. SpliI2002.5 32; K. (iugo Rumitajn. A Mcdicval ArchaeologicalLocality Vlpoljc. 'lbpograplric Notcs on th0 Old Croatian Districts in Dalmatia and Old Cities on Creblje.'lhc Messenger S\,.Ante , a ycar IV n r . I ( 6 ) .K n i n 2 0 0 1 K , n i n2 0 0 1 . 4 0 4 l . - . Marun,'lhc Ruinsofthc ( hurchofSr'. Luka in Uzdoljc ncar Knin with a WrittetrMen]ory of thc PrinceMutimiq SHP a ncw seriesI, -,1 -R: Zagrch Knin 1427. C l r c k o ri c KapitulncarKnin. SHI'l/3-,1.Zagreb Knin - 27l: S.Gunjar:a. 1927,252 T i n i e n s i a a r ' c h a e o l o g i c -a h i s t o r i c a topogralical, Zagreb l95ll, I05 - 164, t. Radi6.Thc Remnantsol lhc Old Croatian Basilicaon Glavica"Stupovi" in Biskup!a ncar Knin. SIIP,Knin, I90, 72; J. Mcdini, ProvinciaI-iburnia,DiadoralX, Zadar1980. 363 -,1351F. Radii, I-hcTopographic Notcs on thcOId CroatianDistriotsin Dalnatiaand O l d ( ' i l i c J u n I h c I . r n d l i " n r V c l c b i tt o N e r e t v dS,l l Pl / 1 ,K n i n 1 1 3 9 l50, l 5 ; P P a i i . A Croatianlloyal Town of Knin. Knin 1998, ll0 I I 2:Abbreviations: ARR - Archaeologicalpaperu'orksand discussions HID /rrgtch - H)Jrogcoluti(dI Sncicl] Zagreb RFFZd. - I-hc paperworks of thc Philosophical Facultyin Zadar SIIP - Thc old Croaliancducation systcrn VAHD Gazettc fbr arohacology and Dalmatian history
(Krinskimuzei) tsBN q5l-q7q06-2-X
CIP Katalogizacija u publikaciji Nacionalnai svctLiiliinaknjiZnicaZagrcb UDK 903/904( 497.sKnin ) (036)"63" GUGO, Kata na podrucjuA r h e o l o i kri o d i i p o k n i n s k o m Archaeological guidcbook in thc Knin area / Katarina Gugo R u m ; t a i n. p r i j e r o dn a e n g l e s M kiarijana C\ ilanovict: fologrllljeZoranAlrjbeS . - Knin: Kninski muzej ; Z^gtcb . Autobusni kolodvor Zagrcb, 2004. ( Klinski rnuzcj) ISB\ q53-q7q0o-2-X - - Kdn i okolica I. ArheoloSkabaitina II. Knin i okolica- - Arheoloska bastina
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KninskimuzejKnin TheKnin Museum Knin
