10_Testbank

The Cosmic Perspective, 7e (Bennett et al.) Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds Worlds

10.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following correctly describes the meaning of albedo? albedo? ) !he lower the albedo" the more light the surface reflects" and the less it absorbs. #) !he higher the albedo" the more light the surface reflects" and the less it absorbs. C) !he higher the albedo" the more light the surface absorbs. $) !he higher the albedo" the more light the surface emits. %) !he higher the albedo" the more light the atmosphere absorbs. nswer& # ') Which of the following worlds has the most substantial atmosphere? ) Mercury #) (enus C) the Moon $) Mars %) %arth nswer& # ) Which of the following planets has the least substantial atmosphere? ) (enus #) %arth C) Mars $) *eptune %) Mercury nswer& % +) Which of the following worlds has the greatest difference in temperature between its ,no atmosphere, temperature and its actual temperature? ) Mercury #) (enus C) %arth $) the Moon %) Mars nswer& # ) Why does (enus (enus hae such a great difference in temperature between its ,no atmosphere, temperature and its actual temperature? ) /t has a slow rotation. #) /t is so close to the un. C) /t has a large amount of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere. $) /t has a high leel of olcanic actiity. %) /t has no cooling effects from oceans. nswer& C 1

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3) Which planet e4periences the greatest change between its actual day temperature and actual night temperature? ) Mercury #) (enus C) %arth $) Mars nswer&  5) %arth6s stratosphere is heated primarily by which process? ) Conection from the %arth6s surface. #) bsorption of infrared radiation by greenhouse gases. C) bsorption of isible light by o7one. $) bsorption of ultraiolet radiation by o7one. %) toms and molecules absorb infrared sunlight. nswer& $ 8) uppose %arth6s atmosphere had no greenhouse gases. !hen %arth6s aerage surface temperature would be ) '0 9" which is well below free7ing. #) '5 9" or about the free7ing point for water. C) '8 9" or about  9 cooler than it is now. $) '88 9" or about the same as it is now. %) ': 9" or about  9 warmer than it is now. nswer&  :) What are greenhouse are greenhouse gases? gases? ) gases that absorb isible light #) gases that absorb ultraiolet light C) gases that absorb infrared light $) gases that transmit isible light %) gases that transmit infrared light nswer& C 10) Which of the following gases absorbs ultraiolet light best? ) carbon dio4ide #) nitrogen C) o4ygen $) hydrogen %) o7one nswer& %

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11) ; rays from the un6s corona ) are absorbed in %arth6s troposphere. #) are absorbed in %arth6s thermosphere. C) cause meteor showers. $) brea< apart o7one in the stratosphere. %) generally reach %arth6s surface and fry us. nswer& # 1') =ow does the greenhouse effect worreenhouse gases transmit isible light" allowing it to heat the surface" but then absorb infrared light from %arth" trapping the heat near the surface. #) !he higher pressure of the thic< atmosphere at lower altitudes traps heat in more effectiely. effectiely. C) 7one transmits isible light" allowing it to heat the surface" but then absorbs most of the infrared heat" trapping the heat near the surface. $) >reenhouse gases absorb ; rays and ultraiolet light from the un" which then heat the atmosphere and the surface. %) >reenhouse gases absorb infrared light from the un" which then heats the atmosphere and the surface. nswer&  1) !he proper order of the layers of a generic atmosphere from lowest altitude to highest is ) troposphere" stratosphere" e4osphere" thermosphere. #) troposphere" stratosphere" thermosphere" e4osphere. C) stratosphere" troposphere" e4osphere" thermosphere. $) stratosphere" troposphere" thermosphere" e4osphere. %) none of the aboe nswer& # 1+) What is the e4osphere? ) the lowest layer in the atmosphere #) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs optical light C) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs ultraiolet $) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs ab sorbs ; rays %) the highest layer in the atmosphere nswer& % 1) What is the thermosphere? ) the lowest layer in the atmosphere #) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs optical light C) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs ultraiolet $) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs ab sorbs ; rays %) the highest layer in the atmosphere nswer& $

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13) What is the stratosphere? ) the lowest layer in the atmosphere #) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs optical light C) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs ultraiolet $) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs ab sorbs ; rays %) the highest layer in the atmosphere nswer& C 15) What is the troposphere? ) the lowest layer in the atmosphere #) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs optical light C) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs ultraiolet $) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs ab sorbs ; rays %) the highest layer in the atmosphere nswer&  18) Which of the following planets has a stratosphere? ) Mercury #) (enus C) %arth $) Mars %) all of the aboe nswer& C 1:) Which of the following planets has an e4osphere? ) Mercury #) (enus C) %arth $) Mars %) all of the aboe nswer& % '0) !he thermosphere is warm because it ) absorbs ; rays. #) absorbs infrared light. C) absorbs isible light. $) contains greenhouse gases. %) absorbs ultraiolet light. nswer&  '1) @ltraiolet light is absorbed in the ) e4osphere. #) thermosphere. C) stratosphere. $) troposphere. %) none of the aboe nswer& C 4


'') !he ionosphere is a layer of ioni7ed gas that is ) aboe the e4osphere. #) between the thermosphere and the e4osphere. C) within the thermosphere. $) within the stratosphere. %) within the troposphere. nswer& C ') !he s
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'5) !here are no aurora on (enus (enus because it ) lac
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') Which of the following factors could e4plain a gradual warming trend in a planet6s climate? ) a decreasing albedo #) a decrease in the amount of greenhouse gases C) a decrease in the brightness of the un $) a maDor olcanic eruption that increases the albedo of the planet by ma

8) Which of the following is not one one of the four maDor factors that can cause a long-term change in a planet6s climate? ) the fact that the un has gradually grown brighter oer the past + billion years #) a change in the planet6s a4is tilt C) a change in the planet6s abundance of greenhouse gases $) a change in the amount of dust particles suspended in the planet6s p lanet6s atmosphere %) a change in the strength of the planet6s magnetic field nswer& % :) What is the main reason mountaintops are so cold? ) !he air is thinner at higher altitudes. #) Mountaintops are aboe much of the greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. C) !he winds are stronger at higher altitudes. $) !here is more water apor at higher altitudes" causing there to be more snow. %) ll of the aboe are true. nswer& # +0) Why isn6t %arth6s atmosphere mostly hydrogen? ) %arth formed too close to the un for any planetesimals to hae hydrogen. #) ll the hydrogen was blasted away during the early bombardment stage of the solar system. C) Eight gases such as hydrogen moe faster than heaier gases and escape from %arth6s graitational field. $) !he hydrogen is fro7en in the polar ice caps. %) ll the hydrogen reacted with o4ygen and formed the oceans. nswer& C +1) !he atmosphere on Mercury is due to ) olcanic outgassing. #) eaporation. C) sublimation. $) bombardment. %) !here is no detectable atmosphere on Mercury. Mercury. nswer& $ +') Why is Mars red? ) /t is made primarily of red clay. #) /ts surface roc
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+) (enus (enus may hae started with an ocean6s worth of water. Where is its water now? ) !he original water remains apori7ed in the atmosphere due to (enus6s (enus6s intense heat. #) Most of the water is fro7en beneath the surface. C) Most of the water combined with roc
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+8) Why would the weather become more seere as the greenhouse effect increased? ) Warming Warming would increase the eaporation of the oceans" leading to more water in the atmosphere and more freuent and seere storms. #) Warming Warming of the planet would lead to terrible droughts and reduce the amount of water on %arth. C) Warming Warming would dry out the atmosphere and the crust" leading to deastation of %arth through more meteor bombardment and olcanism. $) !he depleted o7one layer would let in more particles from the solar wind. %) all of the aboe nswer&  +:) f the four gases C'" ='" *'" and '" which are greenhouse gases? ) only C' #) C' and =' C) C' and *' $) all e4cept ' %) all four nswer& # 0) %arth6s atmosphere contains only small amounts of carbon dio4ide because ) %arth6s olcanoes did not outgas as much carbon dio4ide as those on (enus and Mars. #) most of the carbon dio4ide was lost during the age of bombardment. C) chemical reactions with other gases destroyed the carbon dio4ide and replaced it with the nitrogen that is in the atmosphere now. $) carbon dio4ide dissoles in water" and most of it is now contained in the oceans and carbonate roc
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) /f %arth were to warm up a bit" what would happen? ) Carbonate materials would form in the oceans more rapidly" the atmospheric C' content would decrease" and the greenhouse g reenhouse effect would weaeological eidence points to a history of e4tended ice ages in %arth6s history. history. =ow did %arth recoer from this snowball phase? ) !he increased ice coerage on %arth6s surface absorbed more sunlight than water and roc
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10.' !rueGBalse Questions 1) ne bar of of atmosphere is roughly eual to %arth6s atmospheric pressure at sea leel. nswer& !A@% ') (enus (enus has a thic
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10. hort nswer Questions 1) #riefly describe the three factors that would determine planetary temperatures in the absence of greenhouse gases. nswer& /n the absence of greenhouse gases" the factors determining the the planet6s temperature are its distance from the un" which determines how much sunlight it receies per suare meterH its albedo" how much sunlight that is reflected instead of absorbed by the surfaceH and how fast it rotates" which determines how the temperature differs between day and night. ') #riefly describe how the greenhouse the greenhouse effect ma
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8) =ow would the atmospheric temperature structure differ from the generic structure if a planet had a reasonably thic< atmosphere but no ultraiolet-absorbing gases? Which of the terrestrial planets hae this structure? nswer& /t would hae no stratosphere. (enus (enus and Mars both are li
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Use these processes for the following questions. . outgas outgassi sing ng from from olc olcan anoe oess #. eapo eapora rati tion on and subli sublima mati tion on C. bom bombar bardment $. ther therma mall esca escape pe %. chemical chemical reac reactio tions ns with with surfa surface ce materi material al 13) Which of the aboe processes is the primary source of the atmospheres on both the Moon and Mercury? nswer& C 15) Which process e4plains why the atmospheric pressure on Mars is greater during its southern hemisphere summer than at other times of its year? nswer& # 18) Which process is the primary source of the atmospheric gases on (enus? (enus? nswer&  1:) Which process is the primary source of the atmospheric gases on %arth? nswer&  '0) Which process e4plains why none of the terrestrial planets hae much atomic or molecular hydrogen in their atmospheres? nswer& $ '1) Why did %arth retain most of its water while (enus (enus and Mars lost theirs? nswer& !he basic answer is that %arth was at Dust the right right distance to retain water as liuid. (enus lost its water bec ause it was too hot. t its closer pro4imity to the un" (enus was warm enough to
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') Why does %arth hae so little carbon dio4ide d io4ide in its atmosphere" when %arth should hae outgassed about as much of it as (enus? nswer& !he answer to this uestion uestion is that %arth %arth has oceans. Carbon dio4ide can dissole in in water" and the oceans actually contain much more carbon dio4ide than the atmosphere. a tmosphere. =oweer" most of the carbon dio4ide is loc
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'8) Kou Kou are wal
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) !rocess ) !rocess of "cience: /f "cience: /f there is a particularly cold winter in Minnesota one year" does this mean that global warming is wrong" or has h as ended? nswer& *o. >lobal warming is the term for the the long term Fdecades) increase of the surface temperature aeraged oer the whole %arth and a prediction for the future increase of this long term" global aerage" not a short term Fone season) effect in one location Fhere" Minnesota). +) !rocess +) !rocess of "cience: Climate "cience: Climate models can match the historical record of the global temperature on %arth and conclude that human6s increase of atmospheric C' is responsible for global warming. =ow might you test this conclusion? nswer& !he same climate models that that match the historical record record show no increase in the %arth6s aerage temperature if they do not include an increase of atmospheric C' at the leels that we raity gets much wea
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) /n the conte4t of a planetary atmosphere" what is a bar ? ) the surface pressure on any planet #) a description of the atmospheric composition on %arth C) a place where lawyers can get sodas and other drin
11) Which of the following general statements about light and %arth6s atmosphere is not true? true? ) ;-rays from the un are absorbed in the thermosphere. #) (isible (isible light from the un is absorbed in the e4osphere. C) @ltraiolet from the un is absorbed in the stratosphere. $) /nfrared light emitted by %arth itself is absorbed in the troposphere. nswer& # 1') What is a magnetosphere? magnetosphere? ) a region of space around a planet in which the planet6s magnetic field can trap charged particles #) the layer of a planet in which its magnetic field is generated C) the uppermost layer of any planetary atmosphere $) he region in a planet6s atmosphere in which auroras occur nswer&  1) What is the difference between weather and and climate? climate? ) Weather Weather refers to atmospheric conditions co nditions in the troposphere" while climate refers to atmospheric conditions in the stratosphere. #) Weather Weather is something that we can control" and climate is not. C) Weather Weather refers to small storms and climate refers to large storms. $) Weather Weather refers to short-term changes in wind" rain" and temperature" while climate c limate refers to the long-term aerage of weather. nswer&  1+) Which of the following describes a primary role of global of global circulation circulation cells in cells in a planet6s atmosphere? ) !hey transport heat from the euator toward the poles. #) !hey create seere weather such as thunde rstorms. C) !hey cause air to be dierted into hurricane-li
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13) Which of the following best describes the nature and origin of the atmospheres of the Moon and Mercury? ) !hey hae thin tropospheres only" with gas coming from eaporation and sublimation. #) !hey hae thin e4ospheres only" with gas coming from impacts of subatomic particles and photons. C) !hey hae only small amounts of gas" all of which is leftoer from outgassing long ago. $) !hey hae ery thin atmospheres produced by outgassing" but still hae the layers of a troposphere" thermosphere" and e4osphere. nswer& # 15) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the seasons on Mars? ) >lobal winds tend to blow from the summer p ole toward the winter pole" sometimes initiating global sand storms. #) !he polar caps shrin< in summer and grow in winter. winter. C) s on %arth" the seasons are caused primarily by a4is tilt and orbital distance has irtually no effect. $) !he seasons last almost twice as long on Mars as on %arth. nswer& C 18) Why is Mars red? ) Chemical reactions between surface roc< and atmospheric o4ygen literally rusted the surface. #) Martian olcanoes released a much redder laa than olcanoes on %arth. C) !he red color of Mars is a result of the scattering of light in the Martian s
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'1) Which of the following statements about o7one Fin %arth6s stratosphere) is not true? true? ) 7one is a form of o4ygen. #) !he presence of o7one was crucial to the origin of life some + billion years ago. ago . C) 7one absorbs harmful ultraiolet light from the un. $) !he origin of the ,o7one hole, oer ntarctic ntarctic has been traced to human-made CBCs. nswer& # '') =ow did molecular o4ygen F') get into %arth6s atmosphere? ) /t was released by life through the process p rocess of photosynthesis. #) /t was captured from the solar nebula. C) /t was outgassed from olcanoes. $) /t came from chemical reactions with surface roc
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10. Mastering stronomy Concept Qui7 1) Which of the following general statements about %arth6s atmosphere is not true? true? ) !he sea leel temperature depends primarily on the total amount of gas in our atmosphere. #) tmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. C) %en in low-%arth orbit" some atmospheric gas is still present. $) tmospheric tmospheric scattering of light e4plains why our daytime sreenhouse gases absorb ;-rays and ultraiolet light from the un" and this absorbed radiation then heats the atmosphere and the surface. #)  planet6s surface absorbs isible sunlight and an d returns this absorbed energy to space as infrared light. >reenhouse gases slow the escape of this infrared radiation" which thereby heats the lower atmosphere. C) >reenhouse gases absorb infrared light coming from the un" and this absorbed sunlight heats the lower atmosphere and the surface. $) !he greenhouse effect is caused primarily by o7one" which absorbs ultraiolet light and thereby ma
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3) /n ery general terms" how do the temperature structures of the atmospheres of (enus (enus and Mars differ from that of %arth? ) !hey lac< ;-ray absorbing thermospheres. #) !hey lac< ultraiolet-absorbing stratospheres. C) !heir atmospheres are similar in structure to %arth6s" but with much higher temperatures. $) !emperatures !emperatures in their tropospheres increase with altitude" rather than decreasing with altitude. nswer& # 5) $oes (enus (enus hae auroras around its poles" li
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1') Why do we thin< that (enus has so much more atmospheric gas than %arth? ) (enus (enus has gained much more gas through outgassing than has h as %arth. #) #ecause of its lac< of magnetic field" (enus (enus has been able to gain gas through the impacts of solar wind particles" while %arth has not gained g as in this way. C) %arth has lost much more gas to thermal escape than has (enus. (enus. $) Most of the gases that hae been released from olcanoes on %arth later returned to the surface. nswer& $ 1) Why is thermal escape thermal escape of of atmospheric gas much easier from the Moon than from %arth? ) !he Moon6s aerage surface temperature is lower than %arth6s. #) !he Moon lac

15) Which of the following best e4plain what we thin< happened to outgassed water apor on (enus? ) @ltraiolet light split the water molecules" and the hydrogen then escaped to space. #) Water Water was remoed from the atmosphere by chemical reactions with surface roc<. C) /t is fro7en as water ice in craters near the poles. $) /t turned into carbon dio4ide by reacting with nitrogen in (enus6s (enus6s atmosphere. nswer&  18) What would happen to %arth if we somehow moed our planet to the orbit of (enus? (enus? ) !emperatures !emperatures would rise only slightly" slightly" but enough eno ugh to melt the polar caps. #) !he fact that we hae oceans would moderate the temperature change due to moing our planet" so temperature would hardly change at all. C) #eing so much closer to the un would almost immediately cause the surface of %arth to melt" and all our cities would then be destroyed by the hot laa. $) %arth would suffer a runaway greenhouse effect and become as hot or hotter than (enus. (enus. nswer& $ 1:) $euterium is much more abundant on (enus than %arth. What do we thin< this fact tells us about (enus? ) that it once had a much stronger magnetic field than it does today #) that the greenhouse effect on (enus must hae been much wea
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'') Which two factors are critical to the e4istence of the carbon dio4ide FC') cycle on %arth? ) life and atmospheric o4ygen #) life and actie olcanism C) plate tectonics and liuid water oceans $) actie olcanism and actie tectonics nswer& C ') uppose %arth were to cool down a little. =ow would the carbon dio4ide cycle tend to restore temperatures to normal? ) Cooler temperatures cause olcanoes to become more actie" so they release more carbon dio4ide into the atmosphere than they do when temperatures are warmer. #) Cooler temperatures allow carbon dio4ide to form rain and rain out of the atmosphere. C) Cooler temperatures mean more ice and more erosion" which somehow ma
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10_Testbank

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