10_MARI4398_07_C10

EXERCISE 10 Articulations and Body Movements

Time Allotment: 1 hour.

Multimedia Resources: See Appendix B for Guide to Multimedia Resource Distributors. Anatomy of a Runner (Structure and Function of the Lower Limb) (DE: 38 minutes, DVD) Bones and Joints (FHS: 20 minutes, DVD, 3-year streaming webcast) Practice Anatomy Lab™ 3.0 (PAL) (PE: DVD, Website)

Laboratory Materials Ordering information is based on a lab size of 24 students, working in groups of 4. A list of supply house addresses appears in Appendix A.

Articulated skeleton Skull Fresh diarthrotic beef or pork joint or preserved preserved joints joints

Disposable gloves Anatomical charts of joints X rays of normal and arthritic joints

Water balloons and clamps Functional models of hip, shoulder, and knee joints

Advance Preparation

1. If you have have a local source, source, obtain obtain a sagittally sagittally sawed, fresh fresh diarthrotic diarthrotic beef knee knee joint from from a butcher butcher or meat packing company. Alternatively, pig’s feet with phalanges sectioned frontally could be used. Refrigerate or freeze until use. Preserved joints could be used instead. Have disposable gloves available. 2. Have Have availabl availablee the articula articulated ted skelet skeleton on and isolate isolated d skull. skull. 3. Set out any available available anatomical anatomical charts of of joint types, types, models of joint types, types, etc., that are available. available. 4. Display Display any avail available able X rays rays of normal normal and arthrit arthritic ic joints. joints. 5. There are several several methods methods of joint joint classification classification.. If your text and and the lab manual manual use different different systems, decide on the preferred system for your course. 6. Have Have water water ballo balloons ons and and clamp clampss availab available. le.

Comments and Pitfalls

1. Some students students may have trouble trouble interpreting interpreting the movement movementss in Figure 10.6. 10.6. It may help help to have the the students perform all of these movements together during lab. 2. Students may may be confused confused by movement movement at at the shoulder shoulder joint. Flexion Flexion occurs occurs when the the arm is moved moved Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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forward and upward, and extension returns the arm to the anatomical position.

Answers to Pre-Lab Quiz (p. 153)

1. Holds bones bones together; together; allows allows the rigid skeleton skeleton some some flexibility flexibility so that gross gross body movements can occur 2. c, amoun amountt of move movemen mentt allowed allowed by by the joint joint 3. synovial 4. fibrous 5. True 6. insertion 7. a, ball ball-a -and nd-s -soc ocke kett 8. a, ab abduct uction 9. rotation 10. 10. Fals Falsee

Answers to Activity Questions Activity 4: Demonstrating the Importance of Friction-Reducing Structures (p. 156)

4. The fluid-filled fluid-filled sac sac greatly greatly reduces reduces the friction friction between between the the two surfaces. surfaces. The The water water balloon balloon represents a synovial cavity, bursae, or tendon sheaths. The fists represent two articulating bones on opposite sides of a synovial cavity. They may also represent muscles, tendons, or ligaments in the case of bursae and tendon sheaths.

Answer to Group Challenge: Articulations: “Simon Says” (p. 163) 16 3)

1. Name of joint (any two)

Movements allowed

elbow (hinge)

flexion and extension

proximal an and distal radioulnar (pivot)

rotation

atlas and dens of axis (pivot)

rotation

interphalangeal/finger (h (hinge)


ankle (hinge)

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

interphalangeal/toe (hinge)


temporomandibular (m (modified hi hinge)

rotation


Movements allowed

Movements allowed

carpometacarpal of digit 1 (saddle)

flexion, extension

abduction, adduction

metacarpophalangeal/knuckles (c (condylar)

flexion, ex extension

abduction, ad adduction

atlanto-occipital (condylar)

flexion, extension

lateral flexion, circumduction

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Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

wrist (condylar)

flexion, extension


tibiofemoral/knee (modified hinge)

flexion, extension

some rotation

metatarsophalangeal (condylar)

flexion, extension



Movements allowed

Movements allowed

Movements allowed

shou should lder er (bal (balll-an andd-so sock cket et))

flex flexio ion, n, exte extens nsio ion n

abdu abduct ctio ion, n, addu adduct ctio ion n

circ circum umdu duct ctio ion, n, rota rotati tion on

hip (ball-and-socket)

flexion, extension


circumduction, rotation

sternoclavicular

(shallow saddle)

moves in all axes


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REVIEW SHEET EXERCISE 10 Articulations and Body Movements

Name ________________________ Lab Time/Date _________________ Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial Joints 1. Use the key to identify the joint types described below. Some responses may be used more than once. Key: a. cartilaginous

b. b. fibrous

c. c. synovial

a; cartilag cart ilagino inous us

1. typicall typically y allows allows a slight slight degre degreee of move movemen mentt


2. includes joints between between the vertebral vertebral bodies and the the pubic symphysis symphysis

b; fibrous fibr ous

3. essen essentia tiall lly y immova immovable ble join joints ts

b; fibrous fibr ous

4. sutures sutures are are the the most most remem remembere bered d exampl examples es


5. characte characterize rized d by cartilage cartilage connec connecting ting the the bony portion portionss

c; synovia syn oviall

6. all characterize characterized d by a fibrous articular articular capsule capsule lined lined with a synovial synovial membrane surrounding a joint cavity


7. all are freely freely movab movable le or or diarth diarthroti roticc

b; fibrous fibr ous

8. bone regio regions ns are unite united d by fibrous fibrous conne connectiv ctivee tissue tissue


9. include include the the hip, hip, knee, knee, and elbow elbow joints joints

2. Describe the tissue type and function of the following structures or tissues in relation to a synovial joint, and label the structures structures indicated indicated by leader lines in the diagram. diagram. (Use an appropriate appropriate reference.)

___ ligament: Dense fibrous connective tissue; attaches bones __ _______________ _________ __________ ___________ _________ ____ together; reinforces joints __________ tendon: Dense fibrous connective tissue attaching tendon to bone; reinforces the joint capsule as it spans a joint

articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage; reduces friction where bones bone s articul art iculate ate

synovial membrane: Loose connective tissue; produces synovial fluid, which decreases friction within the joint capsule

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bursa: Fluid-filled synovial sac, which cushions the tendon where it crosses cross es the bone

3. Match the joint subcategories in column B with their descriptions in column A, and place an asterisk (*) beside all choices that are examples of synovial joints. Some responses may be used more than once. Column A

Column B

1.

join jointt betw betwee een n skul skulll bone boness

a. ball ball-a -and nd-s -soc ocke kett

d; pivot piv ot *

2.

joint joint betwe between en the axis axis and and atlas atlas

b. condylar

a; ball-and-sock ball-an d-socket et*

3.

hip joint

c. hinge

e; plane pla ne

4.

interver intervertebr tebral al joints joints (betwee (between n artic articular ular processe processes) s) d. pivot

b; ccond ondylar ylar* *

5.

joint joint betwe between en forea forearm rm bones bones and wrist wrist

e. plane

c; hing h inge* e*

6.

elbow

f. saddle

c; hing h inge* e*

7.

inte interp rpha hala lang ngea eall join joints ts

g. suture

e; plane pla ne

8.

inte nterca rcarpal joi join nts

h. symphysis

c; hing h inge* e*

9.

joint joint betwe between en talus talus and tibia tibia/fi /fibul bulaa

i.

synchondrosis

j.

syndesmosis syndesmosis

g; sutu su ture re

b; condyl con dylar ar*

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joint joint between between skull skull and vertebra vertebrall column column

c; hing h inge* e*

11. 11.

join jointt bet betwe ween en jaw jaw and and skul skulll

b; ccond ondylar ylar* *

12. 12.

joints joints betwe between en prox proxim imal al pha phalan lange gess and and metacarpal bones

i; synchondro synch ondrosis sis

13. 13.

epiph epiphyse yseal al plat platee of a child child’s ’s long long bone bone

a; ball-and-socket *

14.

a multiaxial joint

b; condyl con dylar ar*

, f; saddle*

15. biaxi biaxial al joints joints

c; hing h inge* e*

, d; pivot* piv ot*

16. 16. unia uniaxi xial al joi joint ntss

4. Indicate the number of planes in which each of the following joint types can move. one

in uniaxial joints, two in biaxial joints, three or more directions


in multiaxial joints

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5. What characteristics do all joints have in common? All consist of bony regions held together by fibrous or cartilaginous connective tissue, or by a joint capsule

Selected Synovial Joints 6. Which joint, the hip or the knee, is more stable? Hip

Name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the hip joint. Deep socket for femur

and strongly reinforced articular capsule

Name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the knee. The menisci

and ligaments and tendons crossing joint

7. The diagram shows a frontal section of the hip joint. Identify its major structural elements by using the letters in the key. Key:

a. acetabular labrum b. articular capsule c. articular cartilage d. coxal bone e. head of femur f. ligament of the head of the femur g. synovial cavity

8. The shoulder joint is built for mobility. List four factors that contribute to the large range of motion at the shoulder:

1. The large head of the humerus moves easily against the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula.

2. The glenoid labrum only slightly deepens the glenoid cavity.

3. The articular capsule is thin and loose.

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4. There are few ligaments that strengthen the joint.

9. In which direction does the shoulder usually dislocate? Forward and downward


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Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints 10. Which letter on the adjacent diagram marks the origin

of the muscle? A Which letter marks the insertion? B Insert the words origin and insertion into the following sentence: During muscle contraction, the insertion toward the orig or igin in

moves

.

11. Complete the descriptions below the diagrams by inserting the type of movement in each answer blank.

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Joint Disorders 12. What structural joint changes are common among elderly people? Degenerative changes (adhesions and bone spurs) begin to “sprout up” in diarthrotic joints; intervertebral discs begin to degenerate. These changes lead to increased joint stiffness and pain. 13. Define the following terms.

s prain: Ligaments reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching, or torn away from the bony attachment. dislocation: Bones are ar e forced out of their normal positions in a joint cavity.

14. What types of tissue damage might you expect to find in a dislocated joint? Torn Torn or stressed stressed ligament ligamentss and inflamma inflammati tion. on. The joint capsule capsule and ligame ligaments nts may remain stretched. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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10_MARI4398_07_C10

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