107080292_1

October 2009

Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore Metropolitan City

Prepared for

Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Partnership Vienna International Center, Austria

www.teriin.org www.teriuniversity.ac.in

© TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) University

Suggested format for citation T E R I (The Energy and Resources Institute) University. 2009 Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines for Energy Efficiency, Bangalore City TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) University. 53 pp. [Project Report No. 2009BS03]

For more information

T E R I ( Th T h e E n e r g y a n d R e s o u r c e s I n s t it it u t e ) University

Centre for Research on Sustainable Building Science Group (CRSBS) IHC Complex, 110 003 IHC Complex, Lodhi Road New Delhi, India

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www.teriuniversity.ac.in India +91 • New Delhi (0) 11

T E R I U n i v e r s i t y P r o j e ct ct T e a m

Ms. Minni Mehrotra Ms. Mili Majumdar Mr. Pradeep Kumar Ms. Priyanka Kochhar Dr. Hina Zia Mr. T Senthil Kumar Mr. Nitish Poonia Mr. Kiriti Sahoo T E R I U n i v e r s i t y P r o j e ct ct A d v i s o r

Dr. A Ravindra, Advisor to Chief Minister of Karnataka (Urban Affairs) Mr. P R Dasgupta, I A S (Retd), Senior Advisor & Coordinator for TERI South Regional Centre Secretarial Assistance

Ms. Jyothi

Acknowledgements We are thankful to the Government of Karnataka officials for their full co-operation and support to carry this project in Bangalore city. We would like to thank: 1.

Sri Bharat Lal Meena, I.A.S, Commissioner, Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Narasimha Raja Square, Bangalore – 560 002

2.

Sri Thirukangowdru, Joint Director Town, Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Narasimha Raja Square, Bangalore – 560 002

3.

Sri Siddaiah, I.A.S, Commissioner, Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah Road, Kumara Park West, Bangalore – 560 020

4.

Sri R. Rangaswamy, Executive Engineer (Electrical) Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah Road, Kumara Park West, Bangalore – 560 020

5.

Sri T. D. Nanjundappa, Engineer Officer-III, Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah Road, Kumara Park West, Bangalore – 560 020

6.

Sri Tushar Girinath, MD, Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited, K R Circle Bangalore - 560 001

7.

Sri B. N. Sathyaprema Kumar, General Manager (HRD), Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited, K R Circle Bangalore - 560 001

8.

Sri Shivananda Murthy H G, MD, Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd., No.19, Maj. Gen. A D Loghanathan, INA Cross, Queen's road., road., Bangalore - 560052.

9.

Dr H. Naganagouda, Assistant General Manager, Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd., No.19, Maj. Gen. A D Loghanathan, INA Cross, Queen's road., Bangalore - 560052.

Table of Contents CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION ................................................... ..................1 1.1 Location and Topography of Bangalore........................................ ............... 1 1.2 Climate .................................. ........................................... ......................... 2

CHAPTER 2

BANGALORE INFRASTRUCTURE AND STATISTICS .....................3 2.1 Institutional Framework of Bangalore.......................... ................................ 3 2.1.1 Elected ULBS in Bangalore ................................... ...................... 4 2.1.2 Coverage of Area of various ULBs under BMA.......................... 4 2.2 Population growth in Bangalore .......................................... ......................... 5 2.3 Land Use Pattern in Bangalore............................................... ...................... 6

C H A P T E R 3 E N E R G Y S C E N A R I O I N B A N G A L O R E C I T Y . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . 1 0 3.1 Current Energy Consumption Analysis ...................................... ................ 11 3.2 Current Practices to achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City 11 3.3 AT&C Losses in Bangalore Metropolitan Area ................................ ......... 12 3.4 Existing Energy Tariff ....................................... ..................................... .... 12 3.5 Existing Building Practices in Bangalore.................................. ................. 16 3.6 Existing Commercial Building Energy Audit data from Bangalore city.... 21 CHAPTER 4

EXISTING POLICIES AND REGULATIONS IN BANGALORE AND AT NATION LEVEL IN INDIA TO ACHIEVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY & I N T E G R A T E R E N E W A B L E E N E R G Y I N B U I L D I N G S . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 2 2 4.1 Analysis ...................................................................... .............................. 23 4.2 Renewable Energy Integration at Karnataka State level ............................ 25 4.3 Energy Conservation Policies at National level ....................................... .. 27 4.3.1 Voluntary guidelines – ECBC........................................... ......... 27 4.3.2 National Building Code........................ ...................................... 28 4.3.3 Energy labelling of appliances .......................................... ......... 28 4.3.4 The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).................... 28 4.3.5 The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)............. 28 4.3.6 Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)....... 29 4.3.7 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Mission on Sustainable Habitats ........................................ ........................... 29 4.3.8 Scheme for star rating of office buildings.................................. 30 4.4 Key Issues & Concerns............................................................... ................ 31

CHAPTER 5 INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES ........................... .................. 32 5.1 United Kingdom Regulatory Framework.......................................... ......... 32 5.2 Singapore Regulations and Energy efficiency............................ ................ 38 5.2.1 Air Conditioned Buildings .................................. ....................... 39 5.2.2 Non Air Conditioned Buildings .................................. ............... 39 5.2.3 Air conditioning system ................................................. ............ 40 5.2.4 Switching Control ........................................ .............................. 40 5.2.5 Energy Metering................................................... ...................... 40 5.3 Australia Energy Efficiency Framework..................................... ...................... 40 5.3.1 Energy Policies:................................................... ....................... 41 5.3.2 Sample benchmarks: .................................... .............................. 43 5.3.3 Day lighting............................. ........................................... ........ 44 5.4 IRELAND................................................................. .................................. 44 5.4.1 Building Energy Rating (BER): .................................... ............. 45 5.4.2 Artificial Lighting ........................................ .............................. 45 5.4.3 Heating Ventilation and Air conditioning:.................... ............. 46 5.4.4 Renewable Energy Policies:............................................... ........ 46 5.5 Japan ......................................... ............................................... ............ 46 5.5.1 Energy Policies:................................................... ....................... 46

2 Development of Environmental Building Policies, Regulations and Guidelines for Bangalore city

5.5.2 White Goods – Energy Efficiency Standards............................. 46 5.5.3 Day lighting.............................. ........................................... ....... 47 5.5.4 Ventilation................ ........................................... ....................... 47 5.5.5 Thermal Comfort Criteria.................................... ....................... 47 5.6 Netherlands Regulatory Framework ...................................... ........................... 48 5.6.1 Thermal Comfort Criteria.................................... ....................... 49 5.7 Sweden Regulatory Framework...................................... .................................. 49 5.7.1 Building Envelope............................. ......................................... 49 5.7.2 Production and distribution of heat: ...................................... ..... 49 5.7.3 Benchmarks:......................................... ...................................... 50 5.7.4 Day lighting.............................. ........................................... ....... 50 5.7.5 Ventilation:............................. ........................................... ......... 50 5.7.6 Thermal Comfort Criteria.................................... ....................... 51 5.8 Observations & Recommendations for Bangalore City.................................... 52

3 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city

List of Tables T A B L E 1:

AREA AND POPULATION OF KEY JURISDICTIONS IN BANGALORE URBAN DISTRICT (SOURCE: B ANGALORE METROPOLITAN REGION REVISED STRUCTURE PLAN 2031) .......................................... ............................ 6

T A B L E 2:

E X I S T I N G A N D P R O P O S E D L A N D U S E I N B A N G A L O R E . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 7

T A B L E 3:

MONTHLY AND ANNUAL ELECTRICITY DEMAND OF BANGALORE CITY IN THE FY 2 0 0 8 . ( S O U R C E B E S C O M ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0

T A B L E 4:

INDICATES THE DEMAND AND DISTRIBUTION OF POWER IN BANGALORE M E T R O P O L I T A N A R E A ( B M A ) B Y V A R I O U S C O N S U M E R S I N F Y 2007 – 2 0 0 8 . (SOURCE : BESCOM) ............................................ .............................10

TABLE 5: T A B L E 6:

A T & C L O S S E S I N B A N G A L O R E M E T R O P O L I T A N A R E A ( B M A ) . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . 1 2 E X T E R I O R O P E N S P A C E / S E T B A C K S I N M E T R E S F O R R E S I D E N T I A L , COMMERCIAL PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC , TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION AND

PUBLIC UTILITY BUILDINGS UPTO 9.5 MTRS. IN HEIGHT (SOURCE:

B A N G A L O R E B U I L D I N G B Y E L AW S 2 0 0 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 T A B L E 7:

B U I L D I N G B Y E - L A W S – 2 0 0 3 E X T E R I O R O P E N S P A C E S / S E T B A C K S F O R RESIDENTIAL , COMMERCIAL PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC , TRAFFIC & T RANSPORTATION , PUBLIC UTILITY BUILDINGS ABOVE 9.5 MTS. IN HEIGHT (SOURCE : BANGALORE BUILDING BYE LAWS 2003)................................24

T A B L E 8:

COVERAGE FAR FOR RESIDENTIAL , COMMERCIAL , PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC , TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITY BUILDING (SOURCE : B A N G A L O R E B U I L D I N G B Y E L AW S 2 0 0 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5

T A B L E 9:

POWER PURCHASED BY BESCOM FROM VARIOUS SOURCES , INCLUDING RENEWABLE ENERGY (SOURCE: BESCOM) ........................................... 26

List of Figures F I G U R E 1: S H O W S C I T Y O F B A N G A L O R E I N S O U T H E A S T K A R N A T A K A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (SOURCE BANGALORE METROPOLITAN REGION REVISED STRUCTURE PLAN – 2031).......... ............ ........... ............ . ........... ........... ............ ........2 F I G U R E 2: S H O W S B A N G A L O R E M E T R O P O L I T A N R E G I O N (BMR) A N D I T S T H R E E DISTRICTS

...... ............ ............ ........... .......... .. ............ ........... .....3

F I G U R E 3: S H O W S B A N G A L O R E M E T R O P O L I T A N A R E A (BMA) W H E R E T H E REEEP P R O J E C T R E S U L T S W I L L B E I M P L E M E N T E D . ( S O U R C E JNNURM C I T Y D E V E L O P M E N T P L A N F O R B A N G A L O R E ) . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . 5 F I G U R E 4: S H O W S D E N S I T Y P R O F I L E O F B A N G A L O R E M E T R O P O L I T A N R E G I O N (BMR) ...... ............ ........... ...... ............ ........... ...... ............ .......... 6 F I G U R E 5: S H O W S E X I S T I N G L A N D U S E P A T T E R N O F B A N G A L O R E C I T Y (S O U R C E JNNURM C DP F O R B A N G A L O R E ) . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . 8 F I G U R E 6: S H O W S P R O P O S E D L A N D U S E P A T T E R N O F B A N G A L O R E C I T Y ( S O U R C E JNNURM C DP F O R B A N G A L O R E ) . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . 9

C HAPTER 1 Introduction Bangalore, capital city of Karnataka is the fifth largest metropolitan city of India. Bangalore city is located in South India in the state of Karnataka. The city is well known – nationally and int ernationally – as a destination of choice for high –technology industries. It is a city that has transformed itself from a “pensioners’ paradise” to a modern thriving cosmopolitan metropolis. Thus, Bangalore has noticed a significant immigration of population. Growth of the city has brought with it challenges commonly associated with unpredicted growth, traffic congestion, urban sprawl, shortage of water and electricity supply and many more. In line with the approach to make the developing city into an international metropolis, the city needs to adopt stringent regulations and guidelines to achieve sustainability. The objective of this project under REEEP is to achieve energy efficiency and integrate renewable energy in buildings to attain energy security in Bangalore city. This report covers the current environment analysis in Bangalore city with respect to land use pattern, population, energy consumption by different building typologies, existing building regulations and energy related policies in Bangalore city and at nation level in India. The report also covers existing good practices and policies of other countries which were studied in this phase, which could be considered as examples for Bangalore city.

1.1

Location and Topography of Bangalore Bangalore is situated in the southeast region of Karnataka State in South India, at an average elevation of 920m above mean sea level. It is positioned at 12.97°N, 77.56°E. The topography of Bangalore is flat except for a ridge in th e middle running NNE - SSW. The highest point in Bangalore is Doddabettahalli, which is 962 m and lies on this ridge. There are no major rivers running through the City. The river Arkavathi (a tributary of the Kaveri) passes near Nandi Hills, 60 km north of Bangalore, while the river Kaveri has its nearest approach near Srirangapatnam,


southwest of Bangalore. Bangalore has a number of freshwater lakes and water tanks, the largest of which are Madivala Tank, Hebbal Lake, Ulsoor Lake, and Sankey Tank.

Figure 1: Shows city of Bangalore in South East Karnataka (Source Bangalore Metropolit an Region Revised Structu re Plan – 2031)

1.2

Climate Due to its high altitude, Bangalore enjoys a pleasant climate through out the year. The city falls under moderate climate zone of India. The Air temperature ranges between 33deg. C and 16deg. C, with an average annual of 24deg.C. Neither summer nor winter season is extreme. The city receives adequate rainfall of about 860mm.


Chapter 2 Bangalore Infrastructure and Statistics The Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR) covers an area of 8005 sq. kms and houses a population of approximately 8.4 million according to 2001 census. The BMR is constituted of three districts namely, Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural and Ramanagaram (Figure 2) T h i s p r o j e ct w i ll b e im p l e m e n t e d i n B a n g a lo r e U r b a n D i st r i c t a r e a / B a n g a l o r e M e t r o p o l it a n Ar e a ( B M A) w h i c h i s u n d e r t h e j u r i s d i ct i o n o f BB M P ( Br u h a t B a n g a l o r e M a h a n a g a r a P a l ik e ) a n d B D A ( B a n g a lo r e D e ve lo p m e n t Ar e a ) .

Figure 2: Shows Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR) and its three districts

2.1Institutional Framework of Bangalore There are a number of institutions performing municipal and urban development functions in the Bangalore Metropolitan Area. These institutions can be categorized as Urban Local bodies (ULB), Statutory Authorities, & Government departments.


2.1.1 Elected ULBS in Bangalore i) BMP (City Corporation) ii) Bommanahalli (City Municipal Corporation), CMC iii) Byatarayanapura (CMC) iv) Dasarahalli (CMC) v) KR Puram (CMC) vi) Mahedevapura (CMC) vii) RR Nagar (CMC) viii) Yelahanka (CMC) ix) Kengeri (TMC) While the ULBs surrounding BMP share about 60 per cent of Greater Bangalore’s area of 560 sq. km, their share of total population is only about 22 percent. The five-fold density levels of BMP (19016 persons/sq.km) compared to surrounding ULBs (3600 persons/sq.km) is indicative of the concentration of population and activity in BMP. However, all the ULBs have shown a significant population growth (many have more than doubled in size) in the last decade. Following are the Statutory Authorities of Bangalore

i) ii) iii)

Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority iv) Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board v) Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation vi) Lake Development Authority vii) Karnataka Slum Clearance Board viii) Karnataka Urban infrastructure Development and Finance Corporation ix) Bangalore International Airport Area Planning Authority

2.1.2 Coverage of Area of various ULBs under BMA Area covered under Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) is shown in table below. (Source, JNNURM – City Development Plan for Bangalore) ULB / CMC BMP Bommanahalli

Area (sq. Km) 226.2 43.6

Byatarayanapura

47

Dasarahalli

38

KR Puram

21.3

5 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city Mahedevapura

46.2

RR Nagar

66

Yelahanka

38.8

Kengeri BIAAPA (Bangalore International Airport

34 792

Area Planning Authority)

Total

1353.1

BBMP covers an area of about 800 sq. km and houses a population of approximately 6.8 million. The whole of BBMP area including some of the surrounding areas, termed as Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) comes under the planning jurisdiction of Bangalore Development Authority (BDA). Th e s t u d y i n t h i s p r o j e c t is t h u s a p p l ic a b l e t o B M A ( B a n g a lo r e m e t r o p o l i ta n Ar e a ) . F i g 4 .

Figure 3: Shows Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) where the REEEP project results will be implemented. (Source JNNURM City Development Plan for Bangalore)

2.2 Population growth in Bangalore As one of the world's fastest growing cities, Bangalore Metropolitan Area is experiencing a rapid increase in population. It is anticipated by 2021 population of Bangalore city will be 9.97 Millions. The population of Bangalore increased from 41.30 lakh to 56.86 lakh during the decade 1991-2001, representing a decadal


increase of 37.7%, which made Bangalore one of the fastestgrowing Indian metropolises, after New Delhi (Capital of India). Table 1: Area and population of key jurisdictions in Bangalore Urban District (Source: Bangalore Metropolitan Region Revised Structure Plan 2031) Jurisdiction

BMA (Bangalore Metropolitan Area)

Area (Sq.Kms) 1307

Population 2001 (in Million) 6.17

Projected population i n 2011 8.83

Projected population in 2021 9.97

Density of population in centre of BMA area represented by BMP (Bangalore Mahanagar Palike) has highest density of approximately 19000 persons /sq. kms. However, the average urban density is 4697 persons/sq. km. The density of Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) is less as compared to central BMP, as it covers rural areas and green belt in periphery.

Figure 4: Shows density profile of Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR)

2.3 Land Use Pattern in Bangalore Bangalore city has developed spatially in a concentric manner. There are five major zones that are observed in the present land usage pattern. Z o n e 1- T h e co r e a r e a consists of traditional business areas,

administrative centre and the central Business district.

7 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city Z o n e 2 – T h e P e r i – Ce n t r a l a r e a , has old residential areas

planned around the core area. Z o n e 3 - T h e R e c e n t e x t e n s i o n s of the city (past 3 – 5 years)

flanking both sides of the outer ring road. Z o n e 4 – T h e N e w l a y o u t s , have developed in the periphery

of the city, with small vacant lands and agricultural lands. Z o n e 5 - T h e G r e e n b e l t a n d a g r i c u l tu r a l a r e a , in the city’s

outskirts including small villages. A comparative assessment of future land use pattern and current land use pattern based on surveys conducted in 2003 is given below. (Source BDA) Table 2: Existing and proposed land use in Bangalore Land use

Proposed Land use

Distribution

Existing Land

Distribution

(2011) sq. km

(%)

use (2003) sq.

(%)

km Residential

243.69

43.16

159.76

37.91

Commercial

16.43

2.91

12.83

3.04

Industrial

38.44

6.81

58.83

13.96

open spaces

77.88

13.79

13.10

3.11

public and semi

49.08

8.69

46.56

11.05

public utilities

0.00

2.49

0.59

offices and services

0.00

4.27

1.01

116.97

20.72

88.31

20.96

22.14

3.92

35.26

8.37

564.63

100.00

421.41

100.00

public uses

transport and communication Unclassified Total Agriculture lake and tank

649.24 39.02

Quarry

9.61

Vacant

187.72

Total Source: Master Plan by Bangalore Development Authority (BDA)

1,307.00


Figure 5: shows existing land use pattern of Bangalore City (Source JNNURM CDP for Bangalore)

It is to be noted that the Permissible land uses in residential category are: Plotted residential developments, villas, semi detached houses, apartments, hostels, dharmashala, multi dwelling housing, service apartments, group housing. Permissible land uses in commercial category are: All types of shops, markets, shopping complexes, offices, Hotels, Convention centres, Cinema, Exhibition areas, Hospitals, entertainment centres, banks, gyms etc (Reference Volume 3 Zoning Regulations of Revised master Plan 2015) Permissible land uses in industrial category are: House hold industry, light industries, heavy industries, service industries like R&D labs, IT, BT, BPO activities, medium industries (Reference Volume 3 Zoning Regulations of Revised master Plan 2015)


Figure 6: Shows proposed land use pattern of Bangalore City (Source JNNURM CDP for Bangalore)

It is observed that both in existing and proposed land use pattern residential buildings have the highest percentage in Bangalore followed by transport, industrial, open spaces and others.


Chapter 3 Energy Scenario in Bangalore city Bangalore was electrified in August 1905. In 19 20, the power consumption of Bangalore was 2.5MU and the maximum demand was 100MW.As in any other developing city, energy demand in the city of Bangalore has been increasing every year. Growth in industry, IT parks, research and education institutes, housing and the salubrious climate of Bangalore has affected power supply and its availability. Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is responsible for power transmission in the Karnataka State. The Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM) is responsible for power distribution in Bangalore Metropolitan Area (Urban District). Data collected from BESCOM for for total demand of energy in Bangalore city in the FY 2008 is given below.

Table 3: Monthly and annual electricity demand of Bangalore city in the FY 2008. (Source BESCOM) Months

Total Demand Demand in Bangalore

Demand Peak Load (MW)

city (MkWh) (MkWh) January-08

680

1640

February-08

685

1655

March-08

725

1680

April-08

905

1661

May-08

905

1691

June-08

822

1684

July-08

800

1634

August-08

736

1670

September-08

740

1693

October-08

736

1651

November-08 November-0 8

693

1633

December-08 December-0 8

738

1641

9165

19933 19933

Total (Annual )

Table 4: Indicates the demand and distribution of power in Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) by various consumers in FY 2007 – 2008. (Source: BESCOM) Buil ding Categories Categori es

Sales (MkWh)

Percentage (%)

Residential

2684

32.8%

Commercial

2459

30%

Industrial

2425

29.6%

11 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city Irrigation & Agriculture Water Supply / Street lighting Others

Total

3.1

69

0.8%

444

5.4%

91

1.1%

8172

Current Energy Energy Consumption Analysis As can be seen in the land use pattern, residential area is highest in Bangalore city, and energy consumed by residential area is also highest followed by commercial and industrial sector. However, it is important to observe that th at the intensity of power consumed by commercial sector is much higher than any other building sector. The intensity of energy usage /sq. km of built up area in residential is 16kWh/m 2, commercial has 159kWh/m2 and Industrial has 42kWh/m2. Thus it is very important to attain energy efficient commercial buildings in the city of Bangalore. Moreover, the commercial building area is increasing every year in Bangalore, with more and more buildings with high glazed area which are more energy intensive than old office buildings. To calculate the energy intensity of various building typologies following data is used: 1. For residential buildings, from BDA total plot area under residential land use was collected. This is 159.76 sq.kms. Average FAR in Bangalore considered is 1. Therefore total residential built up area is 159760m 2 2. From BESCOM, electricity consumed from residential area was collected. This is 2684 MU. 3. Thus annual energy intensity of residential buildings in Bangalore city is = 2684*1000kWh/ 159760m 2 = 16 kWh/m2 Following similar calculations for commercial and industrial building sector it is found out that energy intensity for commercial buildings is 159 kWh/m2/annum in Bangalore and that for industrial is 42 kWh/m2/annum. Thus developing regulations and guidelines for commercial buildings will be a very important part of this project.

3.2

Current Practices Practices to achieve Energy Energy Efficiency in Bangalore Bangalore City In order to meet the current energy demand of Bangalore metropolitan and to reduce the gap between demand and supply of power, KPTCL and BESCOM are establishing infrastructure indicated in the 11th Five year Plan and are also


upgrading operation and maintenance facilities. There are some existing policies and programmes to achieve energy efficiency at city level, state level and nation level. These are described below. Following are the energy efficiency measures taken at city level 1. AT&C losses are reduced 2. Integration of a few energy efficiency features in building regulations of Bangalore. 3. Integration of few renewable energy features in building regulations of Bangalore. 4. Existing electricity tariff plan, provides lower rate for buildings that are more energy efficient than others. 5. Current some best design practices followed in Bangalore city.

3.3

AT&C Losses in Bangalore Metropolitan Area Data from BESCOM show significant reduction in Aggregate Technical & Commercial (AT & C) losses i n Bangalore city. (Table 5)

Table 5: AT&C Losses in Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) Year

3.4

AT & C Losses (%)

2003 – 04

14.14

2005 – 05

12.16

2005 – 06

12.20

2006 – 07

8.63

2007 – 08

9.85

Existing Energy Tariff On analyzing the intensity of energy usage by various building typologies, it is observed that though the residential areas have highest energy sales, the intensity of energy demand /m2 is lowest. In Bangalore intensity of energy us age /sq. m of built up area in residential is 16kWh/m2, commercial has 159kWh/m2 and Industrial has 42kWh/m2. Thus, electricity tariffs in Bangalore are staggered such t hat those individuals who use more energy per month pay higher rates of energy tariff.

13 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city This greatly incentivizes energy conservation, since electricity bills will be significantly higher for buildings that use greater amount of electricity.

Residences: Tarif f Schedule LT-1 (Low Tension) Applicable to - Installations serviced under Bhagyajyothi and Kutirajyothi (BJ/KJ) schemes, for economically weaker section Energy charges (including recovery towards service main charges)

355 paise per unit subject to a monthly minimum of Rs.30 per installation per month

Tariff Schedule LT-2(a)(i) (Low Tension) Applicable to - For residences coming under the category other than the BJ/KJ schemes Fixed charges per month

For the first kW

Rs 20/-

For every additional kW

Rs 30/-

For the first 30 units

185 paise/unit

For the next 70 units

Energy charges per month

290 paise / unit


360 paise/unit


420 paise/unit


445 paise/ unit

For consumption exceeding 400 units

470 paise / unit

Tariff Schedule HT-4 (a) (High Tension) Applicable to - Residential apartments and colonies availing power supply from H.T. li ne Demand charges

Rs.100/- per kVA of billing demand

Energy charges

330 paise/unit


Institutes: Tariff Schedule LT-2(a)(i) (Low Tension) Applicable to - Schools, Colleges, Educational institutions run by State/Central Govt.,/Local Bodies, for Charitable Institutions and Hospital, Dispensaries, Health Centres and religious establishments run by Charitable Institutions Fixed charges per month

Energy charges per month

For the first kW

Rs 20/-

For every additional kW

Rs 30/-

For the first 30 units

185 paise/unit


290 paise / unit


360 paise/unit


420 paise/unit


445 paise/ unit

For consumption exceeding 400 units

470 paise / unit

Tarif f Schedule LT-2(b) (Low Tension) Applicable to - The installations of Private Professional and other private educational institutions including aided, unaided institutions having only lighting or combined lighting & heating, and motive power Fixed charges

Rs.30 Per KW subject to a minimum of Rs.60 per month For the first 100 units

Energy charges


For the next 200 units For the Balance units

415 paise per unit

465 paise per unit

490 paise per unit

525 paise per unit

Tariff Schedule HT-2(a)(i) (High Tension) Applicable to - Universities, Educational Institutions belonging to Government, Local bodies, Aided Institutions, Hostels of all Educational Institutions Demand charges Energy Charges

Rs.180/kVA of billing demand/month For the first one lakh units

380 paise per unit

For the balance units

430 paise per unit

Tariff Schedule HT-2(b)(i) (High Tension) Applicable to - Educational Institutions, Un-aided Educational Institutions other than those maintained by Government and Local Bodies Demand charges Energy Charges

Rs.200/kVA of billing demand/month For the first two lakh units

485 paise per unit


515 paise per unit


Offices: Tarif f Schedule LT-3(i) (Low Tension) Applicable to - All offices, Police Stations, Commercial Complexes, Information Technology (IT) enabled services, I.T. based medical transcription centers Fixed charges per month Energy charges

Fixed charges Rs. 35 per KW For the first 50 units

505 paise/unit

For the Balance units

600 paise/unit

Demand based tariff (optional) where sanctioned load is above 5 KW but below 50 KW Fixed charges

Rs. 50 per KW

Energy charges

As above

Tarif f Schedule LT-5(i) (Low Tension) Applicable to - Heating & Motive power (including lighting) installations of Information Technology industries engaged in development of hardware & Software Fixed charges

for 5 HP & below

for above 5 HP & below 40 HP for 40 HP & above but below 67

i) Rs. 25 per HP

ii) Rs. 30 per HP

iii) Rs. 40 per HP

HP for 67 HP & above

iv) Rs. 110 per HP

Tariff Schedule HT-2(a)(i) (High Tension) Applicable to - Information Technology Industries engaged in development of Hardware & Software Demand charges Energy Charges

Rs.180/kVA of billing demand/month For the first one lakh units

380 paise per unit


430 paise per unit

Tariff Schedule HT-2(b)(i) (High Tension) Applicable to - All offices, Banks, Commercial Multi-storied buildings, Information Technology (IT) enabled services and I.T. based medical transcription centers Demand charges Energy Charges

Rs.200/kVA of billing demand/month For the first two lakh units

485 paise per unit


515 paise per unit

Note: •

High Tension Supply is applicable to Bulk Power Supply of Voltages of 11KV (including 2.3/4.6 KV) and above at Standard High Voltage or Extra High Voltages when the Contract Demand is 50 KW / 67 HP and above

•

Low Tension Supply is applicable for 400 Volts Three Phase and 230Volts Single Phase Supply

•

100 paise = 1 Rs (Indian Rupee)


3.5

Existing Building Practices in Bangalore Practicing service consultants, architects and manufacturers from Bangalore city were interviewed to understand the existing building industry practices in the city of Bangalore. As summary of the interview from various stakeholders is described below:

L ig h t i n g S y s t e m s :

Given below is the abstract of the discussions held with various electrical consultants in conjunction with their past projects related to designing lighting systems – It has been found that the inefficient incandescent lamps which were dominating the market across various sectors earlier are rapidly phasing out and currently the lamps which are predominantly installed are CFLs (Compact Fluorescent Lamps) and TFLs (Tubular Fluorescent Lamps). Electronic ballasts are also becoming more common now a day. Usage of highly efficient lamps such as T-5 is still very limited and that too is confined to office spaces only. People still have the notion that CFLs are the most energy efficient lamps. Lack of awareness and technical knowledge among the client, architects, vendors and the lighting consultants about the efficient lighting systems is slowing down the transformation from energy inefficient to energy efficient lighting solutions. Only 20-25% of lighting consultants, actually understands the energy efficiency in the lighting schemes, but then they too don’t have their final say in the selection of luminaires and lamps, as it is mostly decided by the architects and their aesthetical perceptions.

Application of lighting controls such as dimmable ballasts, occupancy sensors, and daylight sensors is catching up gradually in IT (information technology), commercial and hospitality buildings. Due to the higher initial investment, which is about 20% higher in comparison, and longer payback periods, lighting controls are not ve ry popular in residential and institutional building sectors. Also in a very few projects the LCC (life cycle cost) analysis is carried out by the consultants. In the absence of LCC analysis clients are not very keen and sure to opt for controls in the lighting scheme to save energy. One of the major obstructions in achieving energy efficiency in lighting systems which came up is the ownership rights of the building. Most of the IT office buildings, commercial buildings are leased out properties. Either the lighting systems come in a

17 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city preinstalled package with the building or in a few cases the tenant gets opportunity to install the lighting system himself. In the first case the owner usually is not worried about the operating costs of the building as i t will be recovered from the tenant so efficiency is no concern for them. In the second case tenant opts for the efficient lighting systems only if there is possibility of recovering the investment in their tenure-ship period. Also the marketing strategies of the manufacturers are not focused on energy efficiency; hence the awareness and the technical knowledge are not transferred from manufacturers to the vendors, architect, consultants etc. It was suggested by the consultants that energy star rating system for the lighting fixtures should be in place to make it simpler for the buyers, who without much of technical knowledge can also go for the efficiency in lighting schemes. Street lighting scheme in and around Bangalore city utilizes high pressure sodium vapour lamps, metal halide lamps, which have high efficacies and are integrated with the timer controls. Also majority of the traffic signal lighting are integrated with the solar photovoltaic. Suggestions: Following are few suggestion made by the consultants to achieve energy efficiency in the lighting system – Sensitization workshops on energy efficient solutions should be held to educate the clients so that they will start demanding efficient solutions, as clients, in most of the cases are the final decision making authorities. Energy star rating of the lighting fixtures should be put in place, which will make it easier for non-technical people also to go for energy efficiency. There should be some baseline benchmarks in the building byelaws for efficiency in lighting systems pertaining to lamp efficacies, ballasts, sensor applications etc.

S o la r E n e r g y :

In the current scenario in Bangalore, solar energy is being tapped for both thermal and electricity generation applications. Thermal application of solar energy is quite popular and in great demand in the city as Bangalore being located in moderate climate zone has a huge demand of hot water during early hours of the day through out the year. Also the recovery period on the investment is shorter for solar thermal application due to higher efficiencies. There are almost 90-100 manufacturers in and around Bangalore who produces solar water heating systems.


On the other hand electricity generation from solar photovoltaic requires high initial investments and with longer pay back periods, it is currently installed in very selective projects only.

B u i ld i n g m a t e r i a l s a n d a r c h i t ec t u r a l d e s i g n s t r a t e g i es :

Given below is the abstract of few discussions held with various architects and manufacturers working in and around Bangalore for quite a long time – Commonly used building materials in Bangalore city, under various categories, are as follows – W a l ls : Bricks, Solid Concrete Blocks (used in almost 60% of

the construction works), Hollow Concrete Blocks, Hollow Clay Blocks, Glass as in structural glazing (all the I T buildings and commercial buildings) etc Windows/Glazing: R e s i d e n t ia l S e c t o r – In residential sector buildings, single

glazed windows along with clear glass is in common practice. Some people also go for tinted glass with various shades with an objective to change the mood of the space and to maintain visual privacy from outside. Glass and frame selection are not guided by the thermal properties in this sector. Usage of double glazing in this sector is miniscule. Co m m e r c ia l S e ct o r – In Commercial sector only in 25% of the cases double glazing with high performance glass is installed. Out of the rest 75%, in 80% cases it is single glazing and 20% it is double glazing with normal tinted glass. Single glazing consists of 70% clear glass and 30% shaded glass. Glass selection criteria is mostly governed by the virtue of providing the inside view of the space from outside. In very few shopping malls the client have put up reflective glasses with better thermal properties but double glazing is still not in practice across the sector. O f f ic e B u i l d i n g s – Most of the IT office buildings located in Bangalore are installed with double glazed windows R o o f s : RCC (reinforced cement concrete) is very commonly

used in roofs, hollow clay blocks along with the RCC is also practiced. Provision of providing light colour reflective coating or surfaces to reflect back the solar radiation on the roof top is not in use. F l o o r s : Vitrified tiles, locally available granite, marble etc.

19 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city Selection of the building materials is mostly governed by initial costs, availability, aesthetical appearance, and the longevity of the material. Thermal properties such as conductance, SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient) and U value (overall heat transfer coefficient) of the material are not very popular terms in the market and only a handful of architect actually give them priority while selecting the materials. Material selection is more of a way of expressing the architectural style for archit ects. Lack of awareness and technical knowledge of the material properties is quite a hindrance in constructing energy efficient buildings, as it’s a well known fact that building skin plays a m ajor role in deciding the cooling or heating demand of any building. Bangalore being located in the moderate climate zone has got a huge potential in achieving energy efficiency in building sector by utilizing the solar passive building design techniques to achieve thermal and visual comfort in the built environment and reducing it’s dependency on the active systems. For almost nine months, during a year, weather is very pleasant in the city and natural ventilation is sufficient to maintain the required thermal comforts. There are architects who are incorporating solar passive design techniques in their projects, but as a whole, the quantum of such work, is not much reflected on the city scale. In small scale projects the climate responsive design is much more reflected than in the large scale projects developed by leading builders. One of the key reasons behind it is that the western building style and material practices, dominates in majority of the projects in this rapidly growing IT city of India. Client like MNCs and other Corporates seeks similar kind of structures, i.e. all glazed facades, built in US and European countries. Other possible reason for providing glazing on the entire facade on each side of the building can be seen as a result of occupying of one floor by 3-4 clients and each of them asks for a view from the builder. In that case to increases the saleability of their property builders usually provides glazing on all the facades. Positive side of the coin is that there are few corporates and their number is increasing gradually who proactively approaches all the leading manufacturers and consultants to adopt best available energy efficiency solutions in their upcoming projects. Energy efficiency is not a very common topic of discussion in the meetings held between client, architect, and various consultants such as HVAC, electrical, plumbing etc. Hardly there exists any iterative design process where inputs of various consultants and architect are incorporated in the designs and reworked to achieve energy efficiency. In absence of energy


modelling in most of the projects, clients are not aware of the operating costs of the building and they end up paying huge energy bills. In the residential building sector, builders do not feel themselves accountable for the energy performance benchmarks of a building, as they are not the end users. Also there are no existing energy performance benchmarks for the buildings in the bye-laws. S u g g e s t i o n s : Following are few suggestions by the

manufacturers and architects to achieve energy efficiency in buildings in Bangalore city – 1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

Cool roof and green roof concept should be introduced in the bye-laws Baseline should be established to define minimum daylight levels to be achieved in all the spaces considering the Bangalore climatic conditions. Usage of unnecessary glass needs to be curbed down in the upcoming structures. Manufacturer needs to get their materials/products tested in the certified laboratories and should put all the required properties of the materials in front of the buyers and help them choosing better performing materials to achieve energy efficiency. It was also suggested that embodied energy data for various materials should be available to everybody. Energy star rating of buildings which will guide the users about the energy performance of the building once it is fully occupied should be placed in bye-laws to make it easy for non-technical people also to go for energy efficient buildings.

H V AC ( H e a t i n g V e n t i la t i o n a n d Ai r C o n d i t io n i n g )

Given below is a summary of interview taken with o ne of the oldest and most renowned HVAC consultant in Bangalore city. Earlier in Bangalore city all the centralised HVAC systems were water cooled systems. When market for centralized air conditioning grew, and scarcity of water increased and designers started selecting air cooled chillers. When energy crisis occurred, people again preferred water cooled condensers. Nowadays in the city of Bangalore hybrid systems are most common which use a combination of water cooled and air cooled chillers. Air cooled chillers in Bangalore are comparatively efficient than in other cities in India with

21 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city predominant hot and dry climate, this is due to favourable ambient conditions in Bangalore. In day use building, consultants are using chillers to produce ice in the night which can then be used for cooling during day time.

Suggestion

Indirect evaporative cooling is not common in Bangalore, this should be practiced more to provide cooling effect near to air conditioning. It was also suggested that metering from different kind of consumptions in buildings should be made mandatory as part of building regulations.

3.6

Existing Commercial & Residential Building Energy Audit data from Bangalore city The energy audits of buildings in Bangalore have shown very different energy consumption patterns depending upon the design and construction of the bui lding. Audit of old commercial buildings with no integration of energy efficiency features have predicted very high Energy Performance Index (EPI) in the range of 300 kWh/m 2/annum. Energy audit of ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code) compliant buildings have shown an EPI in the range of 150 kWh/m2/annum. Energy audit of some solar passive buildings designed in Bangalore city have shown EPI as low as 75Kwh/m2/annum. Bangalore city falls under Moderate climate zone of India, and hence the outside weather conditions are very favourable for naturally ventilated buildings. Integration of solar passive architecture techniques and natural ventilation to achieve thermal comfort in commercial buildings can reduce dependence on air conditioning thus resulting in lower EPI or lower energy consumption by the building. The solar passive building audited in Bangalore had all circulation areas, reception, dinning hall naturally ventilated which helped reduce annual energy consumption while maintaining the required thermal comfort. Energy audit reports of residential buildings in Bangalore show different trend in different seasons of the year. The average house hold electricity consumption in respect to refrigerators and air conditioners in various seaso ns in Bangalore city is given below:

Household Avg. Energy Consumption (kWh) Bangalore

Autumn

Winter

Spring

Summer

237.7

218.9

233.5

252.0


Chapter 4, Existing Policies and Regulations in Bangalore and at Nation level in India to achieve Energy Efficiency & Integrate Renewable Energy in Buildings License is required from Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), if a person intends to erect or re-erect a building or make material alterations. Following are the existing building bye laws in Bangalore city to integrate energy efficiency/ sustainability measures: 1. While granting license, the Authority imposes a condition that at least two trees are grown in the sites where the site area exceeds 200 sq.mt. in the interest of improving the environment of the area. 2. Open spaces: Every room intended for human habitation shall abut on an interior or exterior open space or open verandah open to such interior or exterior open space. This has been integrated to achieve natural ventilation and natural daylight, the regulations specify proper design of ventilation and lighting system in all habitable and basement areas, mezzanine floor etc. Minimum aggregate area of openings excluding doors shall not be less than 1/6th of the floor area in the case of residential buildings. In the case of other public buildings like business houses, educational buildings, offices, institutional and hospital buildings, the minimum aggregate area of openings shall be not less than 1/5th of the floor area. The area of openings shall be increased by 25% in the case of kitchen. No portion of the room shall be assumed to be lighted if it is more than 7.5 m from the opening. Though this clause has been integrated in the building bye laws, it is felt t hat this is not enough to integrate daylight and to achieve reduct ion in electricity consumption due to efficient window design. 3. Exterior open spaces/ set backs, coverage, floor area ratio, numbers of floors and heights - The set backs required on all the sides of building/s, maximum plot coverage, maximum FAR, maximum number of floors, maximum height of buildings that are permissible for d ifferent dimensioned sites and widths of roads are set out in Tables 4, 5 and 6 given below. This has also been integrated to achieve natural daylight and ventilation in buildings. However, these set backs and height restrictions need to be evaluated for their performance. 4. The Bangalore building codes include specific regulations for multi-storeyed residential buildings, group housing, row

23 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city housing projects and more of which are being constructed in BBMP area. Such regulations require significant open space (not less than ½ the building’s height between structures).Road width for different heights of buildings are also specified. 5. Solar water heating and solar lighting to be provided for various building typologies is recommended in the building bye laws. The bye laws provide recommendation on quantity of hot water required by different building typologies, based on the size of construction. 6. Solar photovoltaic lights are required to be installed in multi unit residential buildings for lighting the set backs, driveways and internal corridor lights. However, these are not mandatory clauses.

4.1

Analysis It is observed that in the current building bye laws of Bangalore, except some clauses which aim to achieve natural light and ventilation in all habitable spaces, there are no clauses as such to achieve energy efficient buildings in the city. Currently there are no benchmarks of energy consumption for different building typologies in Bangalore city. Development of Energy Performance Benchmarks is very crucial to attain energy efficiency in building sector. There are two ways to achieve energy efficiency in Bangalore metropolitan: 1. Create awareness among architects and independent builders regarding energy efficient design principles. 2. Integration of energy efficiency requirements, benchmarks and renewable energy within the existing building codes of Bangalore. Also, currently the building bye laws of Bangalore do not integrate ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code) framed by BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency), Ministry of Power, Govt. of India. The code needs to be integrated to achieve energy efficiency in the city. The building bye laws can also integrate some features of National Green Building Rating System “GRIHA”. This will further help to achieve energy efficient and sustainable buildings in Bangalore city. Recommendations to integrate these standards in the building bye laws of Bangalore will be a part of this project. Some international best practices which could be adopted i n Bangalore will also be explored.


Thus, there is a need to create guidelines, regulation, to achieve energy efficient buildings, which can be integrated within the existing building bye laws. These regulations will be supported by lifecycle cost analysis for easier implementation. Table 6: Exterior Open Space/ Setbacks in Metres for Residential, Commercial Public and Semi-Public, Traffic and Transportation and Public Utility Buildings Up to 9.5 metres. in Height (Source: Bangalore Building Bye Laws 2003) Depth of

Residenti al

Commercial

T& T.P.U. &

Width of

site in

Public and Semi-

site in

Public and

mtrs.

Public

mtrs.

Semi Publi c

Front

Rear

Front

Rear

Front

Rear

Upto 6

1.00

-

1.00

-

1.50

-

Over 6

1.00

1.00

1.50

-

1.50

1.50

upto 9 Over 9

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

3.00

1.50

3.00

1.50

3.00

1.50

3.00

1.50

Left

Right

Left

Right

Left

Right

Upto 6

-

1.00

-

-

-

1.50

Over 6

1.00

1.00

-

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.75

1.50

1.50

3.00

1.50

3.00

2.00

3.00

2.50

3.50

2.50

4.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

4.00

3.00

4.50

3.50

4.50

Over 9

Over 12 upto 18

4.00

3.00

3.50

3.00

4.50

2.00

upto 24 Over 24

T & T.P.U. &

upto 12

upto 18 Over 18

Commercial

upto 9

upto 12 Over 12

Residenti al

Over 18 upto 24

5.00

3.50

4.50

3.00

6.00

3.00

Over 24

Abréviations T & T = Trafic & Transportation, P.U. = Public utility

Table 7: Building Bye-Laws – 2003 Exterior open spaces/set backs for Residential, Commercial public and Semi-public, Traffic & Transportation, Public utility buildings above 9.5 mts. in height (Source: Bangalore Building Bye Laws 2003) SL. No

Height of Buildi ng in metres.

Exterior open spaces / set-backs to be left on all sides (Front, Rear and Sides) in metres.

1

Above 9.5 upto 12

4.5

2

Above 12 upto 15

5.0

3

Above 15 upto 18

6.0

4

Above 18 upto 21

7.0

5

Above 21 upto 24

8.0

6

Above 24 upto 27

9.0

7

Above 27 upto 30

10.0

8

Above 30 upto 35

11.0

9

Above 35 upto 40

12.0

10

Above 40 upto 45

13.0

11

Above 45 upto 50

14.0

12

Above 50

16.0


Table 8: Coverage far for Residential, Commercial, Public and Semi-public, Traffic & Transportation and public utility building (Source: Bangalore Building Bye Laws 2003) Plot Area

Residential

Commercial

in Sq. mts.

Public & Semi Public

Road widt h

T&T & Public Utilities

(Mtrs)

Plot

F.A.R

Plot

F.A.R

Plot

F.A.R

Coverage

Max.

Coverage

Max.

Coverage

Max.

Max.

Max.

Max.

A – Intensely Developed Area Upto 240

65%

0.75

65%

1.00

60%

1.00

Upto 6

Over 240

60%

0.75

60%

1.00

55%

1.00

Over 6 upto 9

60%

1.00

60%

1.25

50%

1.00

Over 9 upto 12

60%

1.00

60%

1.25

50%

1.25

Over 12 upto 15

60%

1.25

55%

1.50

45%

1.25

Over 15

Upto 500 Over 500 Upto 750 Over 750 Upto 1000 Over 1000

B – Moderately Developed Area Upto 240

65%

1.00

65%

1.25

60%

1.00

Upto 9

Over 240

60%

1.25

60%

1.50

55%

1.25

Over 9 upto 12

60%

1.25

60%

1.50

50%

1.25

Over 12 upto 15

60%

1.50

60%

1.75

50%

1.50

Over 15 upto 18

60%

1.75

55%

1.75

45%

1.50

Over 18


C- Sparsely Developed Area Upto 240

65%

1.00

65%

1.25

60%

1.25

Upto 9

Over 240

60%

1.25

60%

1.50

55%

1.50

Over 9 upto 12

60%

1.50

60%

1.75

50%

1.50

Over 12 upto 15

60%

1.50

60%

1.75

50%

1.80

Over 15 upto 18

60%

2.00

55%

2.00

45%

1.80

Over 18


4.2

Renewable Energy Integration at Karnataka State level


INDIA is the only country in the world havi ng separate Ministry for development of renewable energy sources in the world. Ministry of New and Renewable Sources of Energy (MNRE), New Delhi is the Secretariat for promoting renewable energy sources in the country. MNRE forms different National Programmes to mainstream renewable energy sources in each state in the country. These are canalized through state nodal agencies. Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd. (KREDL) is the state nodal agency of MNRE in Karnataka. KREDL is currently promoting projects to harness energy from wind, small hydro, solar energy, biomass and energy recovery from waste through private investment. KREDL advices Government of Karnataka for policies to be adopted to ensure systematic growth of projects for harnessing energy from renewable energy sources. One of the National Programmes of MNRE is Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Programme, under which MNRE is providing subsidy and other facilities to encourage the use of solar energy devices. This programme is being channelized in Karnataka by KREDL. It is e st im ate d th at in the M od er ate clim ate zo ne of Bangalor e, the households consume nearly 200 0M W of energy in the m orning hou rs for heating wa ter alone. Extensive uses of solar w ater heaters in Bang alore can a lone save m uch electrical energy w hich could then be used for the indu strial activity currently being affected by shortage of power.

P o t e n t i a l fr o m w i n d e n e r g y in K a r n a t a k a a t s t a t e l e ve l is assessed to be 1662 MW. K a r n a t a k a P o w e r Co r p o r a t io n L i m i t e d ( K P CL ) h a s e s t a b l i s h e d a v a i la b i l it y o f 7 0 0 M W o f s m a l l h y d r o p o w e r p o t e n t i a l i n K a r n a t a k a S t a t e . Currently more than

450 Million Units of electrical energy has been generated from small hydro power projects in the state. B io m a s s i s a ls o o n e o f t h e r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e o f en e r g y a n d b i o m a s s p o w e r p r o j e c t o f 8 1M W h a v e b e e n c o m m i s s io n e d i n K a r n a t a k a St a t e .

In the city of Bangalore, BESCOM purchases power from various sources. Table below shows power purchased by BESCOM from various sources, including Renewable Energy. Table 9: Power purchased by BESCOM from various sources, including Renewable Energy (Source: BESCOM)


SN

SOURCE

Energy Purchased in MU 2007-08

2008-09

1

Hydel Power

6395

5761

2

Thermal Power

8798

9048

3

Lignite Power

1269

1108

4

Atomic Energy

327

343

5

Conventional Energy

662

574

6

Non-Conventional Energy

457

305

7

Wind Mill Energy

1292

1438

8

Diesel Generating

2006

4435

9

UI Charges

384

695

10

Short term Open Access Charges

39

723

19834

200435

TOTAL

It is seen in the above table, that renewable energy also holds a high percentage in the electricity purchased by BESCOM. This is very good; however, this is at the central level, there is a huge potential which need to be explored to integrate renewable energy at individual building level in Bangalore city. This project will frame such guidelines, policies for integration of renewable energy at individual building level.

4.3

Energy Conservation Policies at National level Energy the lifeline of mankind is a vital input for economic growth. The energy consumption in India is about 3% of global total. The demand of electricity in country has been growing at the rate of 7 to 8% annually. The need of energy cons ervation in India assumes a greater significance because of increasing gap between demand and supply. There are few incentives and policies at National, level that are applicable for buildings in Bangalore city. But these are not enough to achieve Bangalore as an energy efficient sustainable city.

4.3.1 Voluntary guidelines – ECBC The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) is a national voluntary guideline for designing more energy efficient buildings. It is applicable for commercial buildings with connected load demand above 500KW. The code recommends efficiency for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, building envelope performance, interior and exterior lighting systems, hot water provision, electrical power and motors.


While the ECBC is a voluntary code that any building can choose to meet, Bangalore currently has no provision for mandating or encouraging voluntary adoption of ECBC guidelines.

4.3.2 National Building Code While the National Building Code is not integrated with the Energy Conservation Building Code, it does incorporate some aspects of energy conservation and energy efficiency both through design, materials choices, and construction practices, though few of these are actually mandatory. In particular, the National Building Code is referred with respect to artificial lighting, natural ventilation and air conditioning. However, it needs to be checked if these requirements are being followed and if building control authorities are checking for compliance when plans are submitted for building permission.

4.3.3 Energy labelling of appliances The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under Ministry of Power (MoP), has several programs to set labels and energy efficient standards for refrigerators, air conditioners, motors and other appliances. Energy labelling on voluntary basis for refrigerators and tubular fluorescent lighting was launched in 2006. Labelled products have been in the market since 2006.

4.3.4 The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) MoEF has established mandatory norms and standards for environmental clearance of large construction projects. All new construction projects are appraised on the basis of the norms and standards by both the Expert Appraisal Committees (EACs) at MoEF and State Expert Appraisal Committees (SEACs) at the State/ UT level. The EACs/ SEACs grade the projects as Platinum (90-100 points), Gold (80-89 points), Silver (60-79 points) and Bronze (40-59 points), depending on the points achieved. The detailed criteria for gradation and the expected performance standard are provided in the manual. The State Pollutions Control Boards verify the compliance of the Environmental Management Plan and the observance of the criteria of gradation by the project proponents.

4.3.5 The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) MNRE initiated several programmes focusing on the utilization of renewable energy sources in buildings. The MNRE has a solar buildings programme that provides financial support for the

29 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city design and construction of energy efficient and solar passive buildings. The MNRE has launched and incentivised GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) as a national rating system.

4.3.6 Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) Endorsed by the MNRE, GRIHA is a five star rating system for green buildings which stresses on passive solar techniques for optimizing indoor visual and thermal comfort. In order to address energy efficiency, GRIHA encourages optimisation of building design to reduce conventional energy demand and further optimise energy performance of the building within specified comfort limits. A building is assessed on its predicted performance over its entire life cycle from inception through operation. GRIHA integrates all relevant Indian codes and standards for buildings and acts as a tool to facilitate implementation of the same.

4.3.7 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Mission on Sustainable Habitats As a response to combat the impacts of climate change, the Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change has released India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) on June 30, 2008. The NAPCC, along with its eight missions 1, serves as the first country-wide framework o n climate change with the approval and support of the Government of India. These eight NAPCC missions map out long term and integrated strategies to achieve key national goals from the climate change perspective. The NAPCC identifies measures that promote development objective of the country while producing co benefits that address climate change effectively. The National Mission on Sustainable Habitat comprises three components, namely, • Promoting energy efficiency in the residential and commercial sector • Management of municipal solid wastes, and • Promotion of urban public transport In an attempt to promote energy in the residential and commercial sectors, the mission emphasises on the extension of the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), use of energy 1

The eight missions of the NAPCC are: National Solar Mission, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, National Water Mission, National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, National Mission for a Green India, National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture, and National Mission for Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change


efficient appliances and creation of mechanisms that would help finance demand side management. In essence, the NAPCC gives a further boost to exiting initiatives on green and energy efficient buildings and construction in India.

4.3.8 Scheme for star rating of office buildings In order to accelerate the Energy Efficiency activities in commercial buildings, the Bureau of Energy efficiency (BEE) has developed the scheme for star rating of buildings. The programme is based on actual performance of the building, in terms of specific energy usage (in kWh/sq m/year) with the following highlights: •

•

•

•

•

The Programme would rate office buildings on a 1-5 star scale, with 5-Star labelled buildings being the most energy efficient. Initially, the programme shall target the following 3 climatic zones for air-conditioned and non- air-conditioned office buildings; Warm and Humid o o Composite Hot and Dry o However, shall subsequently be extended to other climatic zones and building types. Energy Performance Index (EPI) in kWh / sq m/ year is considered for rating the building. Bandwidths for Energy Performance Index for different climatic zones have been developed based on percentage air-conditioned space. For example buildings in composite climate zone like New Delhi with air conditioned area greater than 50% of the built up area, the bandwidths of EPI range is between 190-90 kWh/sq m/year. Thus, a building would get a 5-Star rating if the EPI falls below 90kWh/sq m/year and 1 Star if it is between 165-190 kWh/sq m/year. Similarly for buildings in warm and humid climatic zone like Chennai, the bandwidths of EPI range between 200-100 kWh/sq m/year. The building shall get a 5-Star rating if its EPI is below 100 kWh/sq m/year and 1 Star if it is between 200-175 kWh/sq m/year. For buildings with air conditioned area less than 50% of their built up area, in a composite climatic zone, the bandwidths of EPI range between 80-40 kWh/sq m/year. Similarly for buildings in warm and humid climatic zone like Chennai, have bandwidths of EPI ranging between 85-45 kWh/sq m/year.

31 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city •

•

4.4

The Star rating Programme provides public recognition to energy efficient buildings, and creates a “demand side” pull for such buildings. Buildings with a connected load of 500 kW are considered for BEE star rating scheme. EPI is kWh/sq.mt/year in terms of purchased & generated electricity divided by built up area in sq.mt. However the total electricity does not include electricity generated from on-site renewable sources such as solar photovoltaic etc.

Key Issues & Concerns Some of the key issues and concerns which have come forward in this report are mentioned below: 1. Bangalore Metropolitan is no more a small city, it has extended its limits to 1353 sq. kms integrating the neighbouring CMCs and TMC. Thus the results of this project will be integrated in the entire Bangalore Metropolitan Area which covers an area of 1353 sq.kms. 2. Majority of Bangalore’s energy consumption is used by residential sector followed by commercial and industrial. 3. While the commercial sector uses less energy than the residential, the commercial sector is much more energy intensive, in terms of kWh/m2. Thus, improving energy efficiency of commercial and industrial buildings will be very important in Bangalore city. 4. Implementation of ECBC, GRIHA and other efficient designs is very limited in Bangalore. Very few builders & architects construct energy efficient buildings. Infact designers do not refer also to the ECBC code. In terms of energy efficiency or sustainability the only common practice is solar water heaters and rain water harvesting in the city of Bangalore. 5. Bangalore due to its Moderate climate zone, can easily achieve energy efficiency, however, these policies and guidelines need to be developed.


Chapter 5 International Case Studies Seven countries were selected to study their existing building regulations and policies to integrate energy efficiency. These are United Kingdom (UK), Singapore, Australia, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden. This chapter briefly describes the important features learnt from the international case studies.

5.1

United Kingdom Regulatory Framework There are 4 parts of to the UK building regulations relating to energy, L1A for new dwellings, L1B for refurbished dwellings, L2A for new non dwellings, L2B for refurbishments of non dwellings. There are certain common criteria which are followed in all the above mentioned regulations. These are: 1. Criterion 1: The calculated Building CO2 Emission Rate (BER) for the building as constructed must not be greater than the Target Emission Rate (TER), procedure for which is defined in the regulations. For individual dwellings < 450sqm - The Standard Assessment Procedure for the Energy Rating of Dwellings (SAP 2005) has to be used For individual dwelling > 450sqm and non dwellings - The Government’s Simplified Building Energy Model (SBEM) or using an Approved Dynamic Simulation Model (DSM) software packages have to be used. 2. Criterion 2: The performance of building fabric, ventilation, cooling, heating, lighting, hot water system should be better than the efficiencies recommended by regulations and standards. 3. Criterion 3: Those parts of the building which are not provided with comfort cooling systems have appropriate passive control measures to limit solar gains. 4. Criterion 4(Quality of construction and commissioning): The dwelling should be constructed and equipped such that the performance is consistent with the predicted DER (Dwelling Emission Rate) or BER (Building Emission Rate).

33 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city 5. Criterion 5 (providing information): Necessary provisions to be made to enable energy efficient operation of the building. For Residential building typology, weather new construction or existing construction applying for refurbishments, following is the summary of regulations to be followed: Subm ission of Energy Perform ance Certificate is a must

The performance of the building fabric and the fixed building services should be better than set in the standards. This is intended to place limits on design flexibility to discourage excessive and inappropriate trade off e.g. buildings with poor insulation standards offset by renewable energy systems with uncertain service lines. There are set minimum energy performance requirements for new buildings, in the form of target CO2 emi ssion rates. (arising from heating, hot water, ventilation and lighting.) The predicted rate of CO2 emissions from a new dwelling should not be greater than the Target Emission Rate (TER, which is determined by the procedures set out in the building regulations. TER is the minimum energy performance requirement. It is the mass of CO2 emitted per year per square meter of useful floor area of the building (Kg/m2/year).the procedure used to calculate or the software used has to be shown as part of submission. A final calculation of DER is carried out to reflect any changes in performance between design and construction and to demonstrate that the building as constructed meets the TER. There is a limit on design flexibility in order to achieve the TER. Building envelope needs to be much better than the standards in order to achieve the TER. Thus the U value of building envelope has to better than the standards. Standards and guidelines for air permeability, limiting thermal bridging and air leakage need to be followed. Air pressure tests and commissioning are carried out for each new dwelling constructed. This is not applicable for non ac buildings in Bangalore, but could be adopted for A/C buildings. Efficien cy of ho t w at er sy st em applia n ce a re recom m en ded

Fixed air conditioners should have an energy efficiency classification equal to or better than the regulations.


Fixed internal lighting fittings will show compliance to the regulations on providing lighting fixtures that only take lamps with luminous efficacy more than 40lumen per circuit Watt. Circuit Watt means the power consumed in lighting circuits by lamps, their associate gear and power factor correction equipment. For external lighting the regulation suggests either lamp capacity should be less than 150W per lighting fitting and the light should automatically switch off when there is enough daylight, or lamps having an efficacy of more than 40lumens per circuit Watt should be used. As per the standards for new dwelling, provision should be made to limit the internal temperature rise due to solar gains. This can be done by an appropriate combination of window size and orientation, solar protection through shading and other solar control measures, ventilation (day and night) and high thermal capacity. There are procedures which help designers to check whether solar gains are in excess or in control. There is a code of practice for day lighting which gives guidance on maintaining adequate levels of day lighting. The regulations demand a balance between daylight and solar gain. The building regulations do not specify minimum daylight requirements, however, reducing window area produces conflicting impacts on the predicted CO2 emissions: reduced solar gains but increased use of electric lighting. To demonstrate appropriate construction procedures are followed, a report demonstrating the construction checklist is submitted. The owner of the building should be provi ded be provided by sufficient information about the building and its maintenance requirements, so that the building is operated in such a manner, so as to use no more fuel and power than is reasonable in the circumstances. This information is a part of the H o m e I n f o r m a t io n Pa ck .

An energy rating has to be prepared and fixed in a conspicuous place in the dwelling. The calculations are carried out according to the approved procedures. T h e r e i s a s e p a r a t e r e g u l a t io n f o r p o w e r a n d fu e l c o n s e r v a t i o n i n e x i s t in g d w e l li n g s . Th i s i s k n o w n a s L1B.

35 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city The Secretary of State approves methodology of calculation of energy performance of buildings. This is achieved in the form of target CO2 emission rates. When a building is erected it should not exceed its target CO2 emission rate. This applies to an existing building, where the useful floor area is more than 1000m2, where the proposed building work includes an extension or an increase in the installed capacity of a fixed building service, change of material in an existing dwelling, or change of function. Most of the regulations defined in new dwellings, is applicable for existing buildings also. Following is the summary of regulations for existing dwellings: The person, who is carrying out the work, shall provide to the local authority a notice which specifies: The target CO2 emission rate for the building, The calculated CO2 emission rate of the building as constructed. There is a restriction on the area of windows, roof windows and doors, such that the sum of these does not exceed 25% of the extension floor area. There are guidelines for Heating and lighting in the extension areas. The area weighted u value of all the elements in the extension should not be greater than the recommended values. There are U values recommended for all the building envelope parts including, walls, roof, floor, windows, roof windows and doors. If in the existing dwelling, there is an extension of heating or hot water system, it is required that the equipment should be installed with efficiencies recommended in Standards. The aim is to discourage an existing appliance being replacement by a significantly less carbon efficient one. The heating and hot water systems should be commissioned, so that at completion, the system and the controls are working in order and can operate efficiently to conserve power and fuel. Heating is not prominent in Bangalore, however, it would be very essential to add the clause of commissioning of all commercial buildings in Bangalore, and that the commissioning certificate to be attached with completion certificate. Efficiency/ energy performance of mechanical ventilation systems is defined in the regulation. For a fixed household air conditioner, it is required to provide a unit equal or better than those specified under the labelling scheme.


Efficient electric lighting to be achieved by selection of lamps such that luminous efficacy is greater than 40 lumens per circuit watt. Circuit Watt means power consumed in lighting circuits, by lamps and their control gears, and associated power factor correction equipment. For external lighting, efficiency to be achieved by use of lamp that should not exceed 150Watt per light fitting. Lights should automatically switch off when there is daylight. Lighting fittings should have sockets that can only be used with lamps having an efficacy more than 400 lumens per circuit Watt. The building fabric should be constructed, so that there are no avoidable thermal bridges in the insulation layers caused by gaps. Reasonable provisions are also required to reduce unwanted air leakage through new envelope parts. Up gradation of thermal building elements, should be upgraded such that technically and functionally it is feasible with a simple pay back period of no greater than 15 years. As in case of new dwellings, on completion of work, the owner of the dwelling should be provided with sufficient information about the building and its maintenance requirements, such that the building is operated in such a manner, so that it does not consume more power and fuel that reasonable. This has to be a part of H o m e I n f o r m a t io n Pa c k . B u i ld i n g r e g u la t io n f o r Co n s e r v a t i o n o f f u e l a n d p o w e r f o r n e w b u i ld in g s o t h e r t h a n d w e lli n g s is L 2 A

The Secretary of State approves methodology of calculation of energy performance of buildings. This is achieved in the form of target CO2 emission rates. When a building is erected it should not exceed its target CO2 emission rate. Person who is carrying out the work should submit to the local authority a notice specifying: The target CO2 emission rate for the building, and The calculated CO2 emission rate for the buildi ng as constructed. Building emission Rate (BER) submission should be accompanied by report, signed by a qualified person, detailing how the emission factors have been derived. As explained earlier, the five criterions are applicable for all other buildings also other than dwellings. These are explained below:

37 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city 1.

Criterion 1: The calculated Building CO2 Emission Rate (BER) for the building as constructed must not be greater than the Target Emission Rate (TER), procedure for which is defined in the regulations.

2. Criterion 2: The performance of building fabric, ventilation, cooling, hating, lighting, hot water system should be better than the efficiencies recommended by regulations and standards. Limits for air permeability allowed are also mentioned. In buildings with a total useful area more than 1000m2, automatic meter reading and data collection facilities should be provided. Energy meters to be installed at various end use categories (heating, lighting, etc) which contribute 90% of annual energy consumption. Efficiencies of heating, cooling, mechanical ventilation, hot water system to be met as per the regulations. The Air Handling Units should be capable to achieve a s p e c if ic f a n p o w e r at 25% of design flow rate no greater than that achieved at 100% design flow rate. Ventilation system fans rated at more than 1100Watt, to be equipped with variable speed drives. In office, industrial and storage areas, lighting to be provided with average initial efficacy of not less than 45 Luminaire - lumen per circuit Watt. In all other spaces, average initial (100 hours) lamp efficacy should not be less than 50 lamp lumen / circuit Watt. There are guidelines to integrate lighting controls for energy conservation. 3. Criterion 3: Those parts of the building which are not provided with comfort cooling systems h ave appropriate passive control measures to limit solar gains. 4. Criterion 4(Quality of construction and commissioning): Performance of the building as built is consistent with that predicted in BER. Procedures and documents have to be submitted to local authorities to ensure that this criterion is met. The building envelope should be constructed of a reasonable quality such that the insulation is reasonably continuous and air permeability is maintained. All buildings that are not dwellings are subject to pressure tests to check the air permeability of building envelope. The person carrying out work shall provide a notice confirming that the fixed building services have been commissioned as per the approved procedures.


5. Criterion 5 (providing information): Necessary provisions to be made to enable energy efficient operation of the building. The owner of the building should be provided with sufficient information about the building, the fixed building services, and their maintenance requirements, so that the building can be operated in such a manner so as to conserve maximum fuel and power.

5.2

Singapore Regulations and Energy efficiency Within the Building Regulations of Singapore, there are separate sections for lighting, ventilation and energy efficiency which outline requirements to be met by new buildings in Singapore. These are summarized below. 1. Lighting to be adequately provided in the building, to protect people from injury, due to isolation from natural lighting or lack of artificial lighting. Artificial lighting has to comply with a separate code of Practice for Artificial Lighting of Buildings. To integrate natural lighting an aggregate light transmitting area of not less than 10% of the floor area of the room should be provided. Also, to promote energy efficiency, use of only artificial lights is discouraged. 2. Residential buildings should be provided with adequate natural lighting. There is a separate section on ventilation in the building regulations, to protect people from loss of amenity due to lack of fresh air. 1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

Mechanical ventilation or air conditioning system should comply with the ventilation rates given in a separate code of practice for Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning in Buildings. Natural ventilation to be provided by means of openings with an aggregate area of not less than 5% of the floor area of the room. In case of car parking above the ground, 15% of the floor area of the car park is required to be ventilated. Windows should be located such that they open to the exterior of the building or an adjoining open space; and in case of above ground car park, cross ventilation through out the car park should be achieved. In residential units, mechanical ventilation may be provided in bathroom, toilet or lavatory and basement.


Recommendations provided in the Energy Efficiency Section are summarized below: 1. The buildings have to be designed to reduce:   





2.

Solar heat gain through the roof. Solar heat gain through the building envelope. Air leakage through doors, windows, and other openings on building envelope. Energy consumption of lighting, air conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems and, Energy wastage through adequate provisions of switching means.

Commercial buildings with an aggregate floor area of more than 500m2 shall be installed or equipped with means to facilitate the collection of energy consumption data. There are separate guidelines to achieve Energy Efficiency in Air Conditioned buildings, and separate requirements for non air conditioned buildings, this is very similar to the case of Bangalore.

Air Conditioned Buildings 1.

The envelope thermal transfer value (ETTV) of the building, as determined by the set procedures should not exceed 50W/m2. 2. In respect of roofs with skylight, the roof thermal transfer value (RTTV) as determined by procedures laid down by the Commissioner of Building Control, shall not exceed 50W//m2. Maximum thermal transmittance for roof of air conditioned buildings is also recommended in the guidelines, corresponding to various weight groups.

Non Air Conditioned Buildings 1.

Maximum thermal transmittance (U value) of the ro of are also recommended in the building regulations. These are not as stringent as those for air conditioned buildings. These requirements are not applicable for buildings less than 500m2 of floor area. 2. All windows on the building envelope shall not exceed the air leakage rates as specified in t he Standards.


Air conditioning system Where the cooling capacity of any air conditioning system exceeds 30kW, the equipment has to comply with the relevant energy efficiency standards.

Switching Control Air conditioning system is required to be equipped with manual switches, timers or automatic controllers for shutting off part of the air conditioning system during periods of non occupancy or reduction in heat load. Lighting control for artificial lighting shall be provided in accordance with the Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency Standard. In any hotel building, a control device has to be installed to automatically switch off the lighting and reduce or switch off air conditioning when guest room is not occupied.

Energy Metering For buildings used as office, shops, hotel or a combination thereof, suitable means for monitoring of energy consumption is to be provided to all incoming power supply to a building and the sub circuits serving: • • • • • • • •

5.3

A central air conditioning system, A major mechanical ventilation system, A vertical transportation system, A water pumping system General power supply to tenancy areas General lighting supply to tenancy areas General power supply to owners premises General lighting supply to owners premises.

Australia Energy Efficiency Framework In the Australian Building Regulations, there is a separate section on Energy Efficiency In Australia it was accepted a minimum standard of energy efficiency performance needs to be regulated. For example, a developer who intends to sell a house or building is not concerned about the ongoing energy costs that the occupier is to bear, and as many energy features can not be easily retrofitted,

41 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city it is more effective to include them initially. Regulations requiring energy efficient performance will act to prevent this. Thermal property requirements for building fabric are defined. These have been defined according to building classification and climate zone.

Energy Policies: The Building Code of Australia (BCA) has the following requirements for the buildings to follow: Performan ce requirem ents:

The building regulations of Australia have two types o f performance requirements as specified in the Building Code of Australia, BCA. : 1. A building and its services must have energy efficient features appropriate to the following requirements: The geographic location of the building; and The effects of nearby permanent features such as topography, structures and buildings The function of the building and its usage including its services The internal environment of the building Utilization of building solar radiation for heating and controlled to minimize energy for cooling The sealing of the building envelope against air leakage. air movement utilization in order to assist heating and cooling the source of energy for operation of building services • •

•

• •

•

•

•

2. A building and its services must have appropriate features that facilitate the maintenance of systems and components useful to the function and building usage which excludes single occupancy dwellings. M e t h o d s fo r v e r i fi ca t i o n o f B u i l d in g p e r f o r m a n c e :

1. In order to verify building performance for single occupancy dwellings and its services, compliance has to be demonstrated using Accurate, a Residential Energy Rating Software for Australia developed by CSIRO. In this regard an averaging of energy ratings must be carried out in MJ/m2.annum or points. Depending on the climatic zones, dwellings have to achieve 3.5 to 4 stars in this regard. 2. Annual energy consumption of the proposed building with the proposed services should not be more than the limits set out in the code across 7 different building typologies excluding dwellings. 3. Verification using a reference building


Compliance is verified when it is determined using a thermal calculation method that the annual energy consumptio n of the proposed building is not more than the annual energy consumption of a reference building. The annual energy consumption must be calculated for the reference building, using: The Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions (these are detailed permissible efficiency limits for building fabric, HVAC systems, ventilation openings, external glazing, artificial lighting, hot water supply systems and infiltration) A solar absorptance of 0.7 for the external walls and roofs; and The maximum lamp power density or maximum illumination power density without any increase for a motion detector, corridor lighting timer, manual dimming system, programmable dimming system, dynamic dimming system, fixed dimming system, daylight sensor or dynamic lighting control device; and thermal calculation method for both the proposed building and the reference building require the following information. Detailed specifications regarding the inputs to be used in the calculation for the list below are also given in BCA. •

•

•

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

Location, being either the location where the building is to be constructed if appropriate climatic data is available, or the nearest location with similar climatic conditions in the same climate zone, for which climatic data is available; and Information on adjacent structures and features of the building Environmental conditions such as ground reflectivity, sky and ground form factors, temperature of external bounding surfaces, air velocities across external surfaces of the building Building orientation, roof form, external doors, floor plan, including the location of glazing, ground to lowest floor arrangement, dimensions of external, internal and separating walls, number of storeys, intermediate floors of the building In the building, information on surface density of envelope walls over 220 kg/m 2 and degree of building sealing given Information regarding the space, floor coverings, internal shading devices, their criteria such as colour and their operation Number and sizes of lifts and escalators present in the building

43 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city Range and type of services and energy sources for building Internal artificial lighting levels and internal power o loads Internal air-conditioning zones o Daily and annual profiles of building occupancy, o operation of services Internal relative humidity range; and o Supply hot water temperature and rate; and o System resistances for fans and pumps; and Outdoor air economy cycle provision. The output of annual energy consumption has to be in terms of annual energy consumption for lighting, heating, cooling, air handling, ventilation, lifts and hot water supply. To these figures, conversions factors for electricity are applied to get a total annual energy consumption figure. The constants for conductance and solar heat gain have been included in the regulations o

• • •

Sample benchmarks: The maximum permissible energy consumption limits for offices in Melbourne city are 640MJ/ m 2/annum (gas or oil) and 540MJ/ m2/annum (electricity) and for shops and restaurants have higher permissible limits of 1010 and 1440(gas and oil), 870 and 1040(electricity) respectively A space within a building used by occupants is to be provided with artificial lighting consistent with its function or use which, when activated in the absence of suitable natural light, will enable safe movement. Artificial lighting must not exceed the “Maximum Lamp Power Density” as included in the building code, for example in a bathroom, dressing room or the like, provide an average artificial light source efficacy of not less than 40 Lumens/W. Artificial lighting of a room or space in a Class 3 building must be individually operated by a switch or other control device.

A mechanical ventilation system must follow the following regulations: It should be capable of being inactivated when the building or part of the building served by that system is not occupied; and When serving a conditioned space, not to provide mechanical ventilation in excess of the minimum quantity required by Part F4 by more than 50% other than where there is— Additional unconditioned outside air supplied— to o provide free cooling; or to balance required exhaust •

•


o

o

o

ventilation such as toilet exhaust; or to balance process exhaust such as from a health-care building or laboratory; or additional exhaust ventilation needed to balance the required mechanical ventilation; or an energy reclaiming system that preconditions outside air It should follow the standards mentioned in the code regarding maximum fan motor power to flow rate ratio, minimum thermal efficiency of a water heater, minimum energy efficiency ratio for refrigerant chillers and minimum energy efficiency ratio for packaged air conditioning equipment.

Day lighting •

•

5.4

Natural lighting must be provided in habitable rooms, classrooms in primary or secondary schoo ls and all playrooms or childhood centre. Natural lighting must be provided by windows such that— 10% of the floor area of the room; and are open to the sky or face a court or other space open to the sky or an open veranda, carport etc

IRELAND Under the energy policies of the codes, principal conservation requirements outline the following for heat retention & thermal insulation: 1. It prescribes methods of determining the thermal insulation properties of the associated building materials and provision of thermal insulation/ controlling devices for achieving energy efficiency and economy 2. The standard thermal transmittance (U-value) values for various building components along with calculation methods for determining the overall U-values for various conditions/ circumstances should be accounted. 3. Generic standards should be followed to conserve energy with respect to the ratio of open and closed spaces in buildings, etc. 4. Installation of Building artificial lighting systems – design and construction of which use the most reasonable amounts of fuel and power must be in place 5. Reasonable provisions for controlling the above systems are also required as per the regulations 6. “Sustainable Energy Ireland” (SEI) will allow building developers to easily meet this requirement by evaluating their building within the framework SEI has been created.


5.4.1

Building Energy Rating (BER): The Building Energy Rating has been outlined in the energy regulations of the building code. Following are the guidelines that are accounted in this rating system: 1. Building design for high energy performance and limit the amount of energy required for the building operation and practicable low CO2 emissions. 2. Energy usage for Space and water heating systems must be limited but without compromising user requirements 3. To avoid excessive heat losses and local condensation problems, provision should be made to limit local thermal bridging, e.g. around windows, doors and other wall openings, at junctions between elements and at other locations. 4. Avoiding Solar Over-heating : Buildings should be designed and constructed so that to rely on natural ventilation and avoid thermal discomfort due to overheating caused by solar gain, and those spaces that incorporate mechanical ventilation or cooling do not require excessive plant capacity to maintain the desired space conditions.

5.4.2

Artificial Lighting Under the artificial lighting system, following provisions should be made as described in the code: 1. Energy efficient artificial lighting systems (other than emergency lighting, display lighting or specialist process lighting) and adequate control of these systems should be provided 2. Lighting controls should be in place to encourage maximum use of daylight and avoid unnecessary artificial lighting, particularly when spaces are unoccupied. 3. The guidance in relation to the efficiency and control of artificial lighting need not be applied Where the total design lighting load does not exceed 1000 W 4. There should be provisions for local manually operated switches in easily accessible positions within each working area or at boundaries between working areas and general circulation routes. The distance on plan from any local switch to the luminaries it controls should generally be not more than 8 metres, or 3 times the height of the light fitting above the floor if this is greater; 5. Daylight-linked photo-electric must be provided for switching or dimming for lighting adjacent to windows or other sources of natural light 6. Provision for remote controlled switches operated by infra red transmitter, sonic, ultrasonic or telephone handset controls must be there


7. There should be automatic switching systems which switch the lighting off when they sense the absence of occupants 8. Time-controlled switches must be installed in the spaces to control lighting demand.

5.4.3

Heating Ventilation and Air conditioning: 1.

The guidance in relation to ACMV systems is not applicable to the areas less than 200 m2 treated by an Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) system 2. ACMV systems can be considered to be adequately sized if the specific fan power (SFP) is less than the values givenFor ACMV systems in new buildings, the SFP sho uld be no greater than 2.0 W/litre/second.

5.4.4

Renewable Energy Policies: The Greener Homes Scheme provides assistance to homeowners who intend to purchase a new renewable energy heating system for either new or existing homes. The scheme is administered by Sustainable Energy Ireland and aims to increase the use of renewable energy and sustainable energy technologies in Irish homes over the next 5 years.

5.5

Japan 5.5.1

Energy Policies: Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE) evaluates the natural energy utilization in a building through the following parameters: 1. Natural light: Planning for natural light systems that use sunlight in place of lighting equipment ( e.g., light shelves, top lights, and high side lights) should be there. 2. Natural ventilation: Planning for the use of natural ventilation and ventilation systems that are effective in replacing the use of air conditioning equipment and reduce cooling loads (e.g., automatic dampers, night purging, ventilation systems linked to atria, solar chimney ventilation towers, etc.) 3. Geo-thermal energy: Planning for the use of geo-thermal heat usage systems that are effective in replacing the use of air conditioning equipment and reduce heating and cooling loads. (cool and heat tube pits)

5.5.2

White Goods – Energy Efficiency Standards Energy Saving Labelling Program (ESLP) was launched on August 21, 2000 in Japan under the Energy Conservation Law (launched in 1999). According to the Energy Conservation Law, energy efficiency labelling of designated products is mandatory.

47 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city The label has to contain the product name, model, energy consumption efficiency ratio and power/fuel consumption. Because the ESLP is based on the Top Runner Program TRP, it is necessary to underline, that TRP differs from similar programs in most other countries because it does not impose minimum energy performance standards for particular appliances. The Japanese standards set a lower limit for the sales-weighted average efficiency for each product category per manufacturer and importer, while each appliance has to meet the standards with most other country systems.

5.5.3

Day lighting Assessment criteria by CASBEE 1. Daylight Factor - The daylight factor is derived from two reference charts – one for ordinary openings such as windows in a wall, and the other for skylights and other forms. 2. Openings by orientation 3. Daylight devices

5.5.4

Ventilation The SHASE – 102-1997 Ventilation Standard and Commentary and the building Standards Law govern the ventilation requirements of building in Japan. The parameters that are considered for ventilation provision performance under CASBEE are Ventilation rate Natural ventilation performance Consideration of outside air intake Air supply planning (Not applicable at the preliminary design stage) • • •

5.5.5

Thermal Comfort Criteria Assessment criteria by CASBEE: The following parameters are evaluated for Thermal performance of the building envelopeRoom Temperature Setting Building perimeter performance Zoned Control performance Temperature and Humidity control Individual control Allowance for after-hours air-conditioning Monitoring systems Humidity control Type of Air conditioning system • • • • • • • • •

The criteria of Temperature & humidity control, Individual control, Allowance for after-hours air-conditioning and Monitoring systems are not applicable during the Preliminary design stage.


5.6

Netherlands Regulatory Framework Present Building Regulations/Codes: Energy economy for the Netherlands is primarily concentrated on retaining the heat in the building. The relevant codes followed for the insulation requirements are NEN -1068 & NEN – 2686. As per the above mentioned codes following are the requirements to be followed in the building construction: 1. The maximum percentage of area in relation to the floor area of the building need to be defined to comply with thermal insulation requirements. 2. In residential buildings 25% and for non-residential buildings 40% of the total area is limited for doors, windows and their frames where minimum thermal resistance of the area is 0.11 m2.K / W. An additional area of 4% can be added which does not have to comply with any thermal insulation requirements. 3. Artificial Lighting in the enclosed common circulation areas limits minimum provision for 10 lux as standard. 4. Renewable Energy resources have not been defined as requirement in the built environment consciousness regarding the gain and contribution of this instrument has been recognised towards the country’s commitments for Kyoto protocol. 5. As part of Day lighting requirement and outside view, there must be an equivalent daylight area of 10% minimum of the floor area in residential area or 0.5 m2 in any residential room. Similarly, 7% of the floor area of the residential area or 0.35 m2 in any residential room is mandatory for accommodation buildings. 6. There must be minimum 2m from the boundary of the site for the areas providing natural lighting. The obstruction angle to be observed is not smaller than 25° for every separate segment as specified in NEN 2057. 7. In the Ventilation requirement, openings for ventilation must be a minimum of 2 metres from the boundary of the property and the discharge must be directly to the open air. Minimum capacity of such systems have been prescribed for general openings, near cooking appliances, toilets, bathrooms, common circulation spaces, enclosed waste storage spaces, etc. The minimum ventilation and rapid ventilation rates follows (natural or mechanical) for different spaces including office spaces should be followed as mentioned in the building regulations.


5.6.1

Thermal Comfort Criteria The thermal comfort segment is addressed as a part of the Energy conservation requirement which defines the Thermal insulation requirements of materials used for various types of buildings and spaces. The internal and external constructions of a bathroom, toilet room or residential area shall have an air flow rate that does not exceed 0.2m3/s. The Thermal Insulation Code is NEN 1068 and thermal insulation requirements are based on - External temperature 10°C to -5°C and Internal temperature 22°C.

5.7

Sweden Regulatory Framework Present R egulations:

Buildings shall be designed so that the energy requirement is limited by low heat losses, efficient use of heat and efficient use of electricity. Building heat losses have to be limited which can be regulated through the following design requirements:

5.7.1

Building Envelope The surface related heat loss is calculated for external building elements that are in contact with heated indoor air. Corrections for contact with ground, windows not exposed to solar radiation and thermal bridges are applied to the area weighted average U value calculated. The building envelope has to be airtight with average air leakage rate not more than 0.8 l/s m 2 for dwellings and 1.6 l/s m 2 for other spaces at ± 50 Pa of air pressure.

5.7.2

Production and distribution of heat: The building heat losses are regulated by efficient boiler systems, insulation of hot water distribution pipes, limit on the temperature level of water that is used as a heating medium to 55 °C, protection of heating systems against heat losses, and their control systems Efficient use of heat is regulated through the following design requirements: Buildings in which the energy requirement for heating the ventilation air exceeds 2 MWh annually shall be provided with special arrangements which limit energy losses by not less than 50% if the heat energy requirement Is substantially supplied by oil, coal, gas or peat, or o o Is wholly or partly supplied by electricity during the period November to March inclusive. •

1. Special arrangements to limit the heat losses can be attributed to: A ventilation heat exchanger, A heat pump or • •


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A solar heating installation Or if other constructional measures are taken which give the equivalent reduction of the energy requirement for heating.

2. Efficient use of electricity is regulated through the foll owing design requirements: Building services installations which require electrical energy shall be designed so that the power requirement is limited and energy is used efficiently. These will include low power and energy requirement for ventilation, fixed lighting, electric heaters and motors. The Board’s handbook efficient use of electricity in buildings may serve as guidance

5.7.3

Benchmarks: Typical heating energy consumption is as follows: Typical villa heating : 15 000 kWh/year (new detached house) New apartment house: 120 kWh/m2 /year Old apartment house: 250 kWh/m2 /year Typical 2 room apartment water heating: 2-3000 kWh/year •

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5.7.4

Day lighting A general figure which may be applied is that the area of the window pane in a space should be not less than 10% of the floor area. If parts of the building or other buildings obscure daylight by more than 200, the glazed area should be increased. A simplified method for checking that the glazed area is appropriate is given in Swedish Standard SS 91 42 01 (1).

5.7.5

Ventilation: In order to limit the heat losses through mechanical ventilation, regulation has been imposed on the thermal insulation and air tightness of ventilation systems and on their control systems •

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Under the ventilation requirement, minimum rate of flow of extracted air has been highlighted in t he code for different spaces which should be followed. In the duration of usage, rooms shall have continual air change. The rate of flow of outside air shall be not less than 0.35 l/s per m2 of floor area. The indoor air velocity should not be higher than 0.15 m/s in the occupied zone during the heating season and not higher than 0.25 m/s at other times. In a case where lift well has natural ventilation, the aggregate area of the ventilation openings should be not less than 0.01 m2/m2 well areas.

51 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city •

In a situation when the garage has natural ventilation and the floor area is greater than 50 m2, the aggregate area of the ventilation openings should be not less than 0.03 m2/m2 floor area when the number of parking movements/space < 1 during the busiest 8 hour period. When parking traffic is of greater intensity, the aggregate area of ventilation openings should be not less than 0.06 m2/m2 floor area. If the garage has natural ventilation and the floor area in the garage is less than 50 m2, the aggregate area of the ventilation openings should be not less than 0.002 m2/m2 floor area

Air intakes and ventilation systems should be designed and constructed, so that the recommended values regarding the quality of outside air are not exceeded for the supplied air. Quality of air is defined in terms o f highest allowable content in air of sulphur dioxide, soot (floating particles), nitrogen dioxide,

5.7.6

Thermal Comfort Criteria The requirement of the mandatory provision is complied with if the building is designed so that, at the design outside temperature, The lowest directional operative temperature in the occupied zone will be 180C in habitable rooms and workrooms and 200C in sanitary accommodation and in institutional premises, and in rooms for children in day nurseries and nursery schools and for the elderly in service buildings The differences in directional operative temperature at different points in the occupied zone of the room will not exceed 5 K The surface temperature of the floor in the occupied zone of a room will be not less than 160C (in sanitary accommodation not less than 180C and in premises intended for children not less than 200C) and not more than 270C, and The air velocity in the occupied zone of a room will not exceed 0.15 m/s. (BFS 1998:38) •

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For spaces in dwellings, offices and similar, the requirement can usually be considered to have been complied with if the space has a normal window area and is heated by radiators, ceiling or under floor heating and the effect of thermal bridges has been taken into consideration in designing the building.

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