= C> A C?
= 1.000.000 A -.000.000 = 1A-
= 0,5 sete%ah
kita ketahui, maka 7ungsi knsumsi untuk Bahid dapat kita tentukan sebagai berikut 9 > = a + mp;?, sehingga > = 500.000 + 0,5?. adi awaban untuk 7ungsi knsumsin)a >=500.000 + 0,5?
Kasus 6
Diketahui Fungsi permintaan suatu barang , P = 15 – Q, Fungsi penawaran suatu barang P = 3 + 0,5 Q. (arang tsb dikenakan paak sebesar 30 dari harga ua% # berarti t = 0,3 P &. "entukan titik keseimbangan #$arga dan um%ah barang& sebe%um dan sesudah dibebani paak prprsina% ' (erapa um%ah paak )ang diterima pemerintah ' Jawab : →
ebe%um paak
→
%ihat kasus 1
P = E Q = /
→
esudah paak
7ungsi 7ungsi permintaan permintaan P = 15 – Q Fungsi penawaran P = 3 + 0,5 Q + t P = 3 + 0,5 Q + 0,3P
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3 + 0,5Q 0,
P=
5 →
0
P = ,-/ +
Q
Kasus 7. Diketahui :
Permintaan 9 P = 12 – Q Penawaran 9 P = 2 + 0,25 Q t = 20% dan Q keseimbangan sebe%um dan sesudah paak' Ditanyakan : a. berapa P dan
b. (erapa paak )ang ditanggung knsumen, prdusen dan pemerintah ' Penyelesaian : a. Sebelum paak
Pd = Ps 1-*Q = -+0,-5Q 1-*- = 0,-5Q+Q 10 = 1,-5Q !e " #
Pe= 1-*Q Pe= 1-*/ Pe" 4
maka $!e%Pe& " $#%4&
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Sesu'ah paak
Persamaan penawaran)a akan berubah, sementara persamaan permintaann)a tetap P"12(! atau !" 12(P Penawaran sesudah paak # t = 20%= 0.20 & Ps = - + 0,-5 Q + t Ps = - + 0,-5 Q + 0,-0 P P – 0,-0P 0,-0P = - + 0,-5Q 0,/P = - + 0,-5 Q P "2%5 ) 5*16! atau ! " # + 3%2P b. Kese Keseim imba ban, n,an an Pasa Pasa-- : Pd = = P s
Pe " 12(! Pe " 12(7%24 Pe " 4%76
1- * Q = -.5 + 5A12Q 1- * -.5 = 5A12Q + Q 1.5 = -1A12Q Q = #-1A12& 9 .5 .5 !e = 7%24 Keseimbangan sesudah paak9 Q’ e = 7,24 dan "itik sesudah paak # !e%Pe& " $7%24 / 4%76& KurGan)a 9
•
P’ e = 12 7,24 = 4,76
(esar paak )ang diterima pemerintah setiap unit barang T=t P’ e = 0,20
×
7,24 = 1,45
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b. (erapakah harga keseimbangan keseimbangan dan um%ah keseimbangan keseimbangan sete%ah paak '8 ;. (esar paak )ang ditanggung knsumen, knsumen, prdusen, dan pemerintah '8 Jawab :
a. $arga Keseimbangan sebe%um Paak Qd = Qs *P + -0 =P *-P = *-0 P0 = 10 "itik Keseimbangan H 0 # 10 , 10 & b. $arga Keseimbangan Keseimbangan ete%ah Paak Qd = Qs 6 r Qd = Qs 6 # 1 + 50 & *Q + -0 = Q # 1, 5 & *Q + -0 = 1,5Q *-,5Q = *-0 Q1 =/ "itik keseimbangan paak H 1 # / , 1-& ;. Paak Knsumen "k = # P1 * P0 & 6 Q1 "k = # 1-– 10 & 6 / "k = 12 Paak Prdusen "p = # P0 – P & 6 Q1 P = # Ps & Q1 P = Q P = / P = / Paak Pemerintah "t = "k + "p "t = 12 + 12 "t = 3-
Q Q Q0
= *P + -0 = *10 + -0 = 10
P = *Q + -0 P = */ + -0 P1 = 1-
"p = # P0 – P & 6 Q1 "p = # 10 – / & 6 / "p = # - & 6 / "p = 12
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b. $arga Keseimbangan Keseimbangan sete%ah subsidi Qd = Qs – Qd = Qs – 1,5 1- – Q = 3 + 0,5Q – 1,5 1- – Q = 1,5 + 0,5Q *1,5 Q = *10,5 Q1 = "itik keseimbangan paak H 1 # , 5 &
P P P1
= 1- – Q = 1- – = 5
;. ubsidi Knsumen k = # P1 – P0 & 6 Q1 k = # 2 – 5 & 6 k = ubsidi Prdusen p = # P0 – P & 6 Q1 P = # Ps & Q1 P = 3 + 0,5Q P = 3 + 0,5 #& P = 2,5 ubsidi Pemerintah t = k + p t = + 3,5 t = 10,5
p = # P – P0 & 6 Q1 p = # 2,5 – 2 & 6 p = # 0,5 & 6 p = 3,5
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"itik Keseimbangan H 0 # 5,5 , 10,5 & b. $arga Keseimbangan Keseimbangan sete%ah subsidi Qd = Qs – Qd = Qs – 5 12 – Q =Q+5–5 * -Q = *12 Q1 =/ "itik keseimbangan paak H 1 # / , / &
P P P1
= 12 – Q = 12 * / =/
;. ubsidi Knsumen k = # P0 – P1 & 6 Q1 k = # 10,5 – /& 6 / k = -0 ubsidi Prdusen p = # P0 – P & 6 Q1 P = # Ps & Q1 P = Q + 5 P = / + 5 P = 13 ubsidi Pemerintah t = k + p t = -0 + -/ t = /
p = # P – P0 & 6 Q1 p = # 13– 10,5 & 6 / p = # 3,5 & 6 / p = -/
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Qd = 12 * #-,/3& Qd = 12 * /,01 Qd = , adi, keseimbangan pasar ter;ipta pada harga !p. -,/3 dan um%ah , unit barang. Kasus 12
ika diketahui 7ungsi penerimaan din)atakan da%am persamaan ! = *Q -+ 10Q dan 7ungsi bia)a din)atakan da%am persamaan > = – 3Q - + 5Q +10. Pada tingkat prduksi berapa unit teradi titik pu%ang pkk' Jawab :
Diketahui 9 ! = *Q- + 10Q dan > = – 3Q- + 5Q +10 )arat (HP 9 ! = > Persamaan 9 *Q- + 10Q = – 3Q- + 5Q +10 *Q- + 10Q + 3Q - * 5Q *10 = 0 -Q- + 5Q *10 = 0 Diper%eh a = -, b = 5 dan ; = *10 Di;ari dengan rumus ab; Q1,- = * b J I b - – a; -a Q1,- = * 5 J I 5- – #-*10& -#-& Q1,- = *5 J I -5 + /0 Q1,- = *5 J I 105 Q1 = *5 + 10,-5 = 1,31 Q- = *5 – 10,-5 = *3,/1 #tidak terpakai& ubsti ubstitus tusii Pe = 1,31 1,31 ke ke sa%ah sa%ah satu satu persam persamaan aan 9
! = *Q *Q- + 10Q
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Frmu%a keseimbangan 9
Qd 12 – P-P- + P3PPPe
ubsti ubstitus tusii Pe = -,/3 -,/3 ke sa%a sa%ahh satu satu pers persama amaan an 9
Pers Persam amaa aann Pena Penawa wara rann sete sete%a %ahh paa paakk 9
Frmu%a keseimbangan 9
= = = = =
Qs */ + -P12 + / - - A 3 = / I/ = -,/3
Qd Qd Qd Qe
= 12 – P= 12 * #-,/3& = 12 * /,01 = ,
"
Qs = */ + -P Qs = */ + -#P – -& Qs = */ + -#P - – P + & Qs = */ + -P - – /P + / QLs = -P- – /P
Qd 12 – P-P- + P- * /P * 12 3P- * /P * 12
= Qs = -P- – /P = 0 = 0
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a Ntau
k = *b- + a; a k = *#5& + #-*10& #-& k = *-5 * /0 / k = *105 / k = *13,1-5 adi, kerugian minimum # min& ada%ah !p. #13,1-5& Kasus 15
ika diketahui 7ungsi penerimaan din)atakan da%am persamaan ! = *3Q - + 15Q dan 7ungsi bia)a din)atakan da%am persamaan > = – Q - + 5Q +10, tentukan%ah persamaan keuntungann)a8. (erapakah keuntunganAkerugian keuntunganAkerugian maksimumAminimum' maksimumAminimum' Jawab :
Frmu%a 9 = ! * >
M
Diper%eh a = *-, b = 10 dan ; = *10
= *3Q- + 15Q – #– Q - + 5Q +10& = *3Q- + Q- + 15Q * 5Q *10 = *-Q- + 10Q *10
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•
•
um%ah keramik )ang dihasi%kan pada bu%an ke 1an = a1 + #n*1& b a1- = 5000 + #1-*1&300 = 5000 + #11& 300 = 5000 + 3300 = /300 buah keramik um%ah keramik )ang te%ah dihasi%kan se%ama 1 tahun pertama prduksi D1- =
n
#ai + a1-&
2
12
=
2
#5000 + /300&
= 2 #13.000& = ./00 Kasus 17
Di Kta Kta N pada tahun tahun -000 -000 um%ah um%ah pendud pendudukn ukn)a )a seban) seban)ak ak -.000. -.000.000 000 iwa iwa dan menuru menurutt histr histris is perhitungan tingkat pertumbuhan pendudukn)a sebesar - A tahun. (erapa um%ah penduduk di Kta N tahun -00' Diketahui 9
Pi
= -.000.000
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Kasus 1#
tk barang P". pada bu%an 1 sama dengan 10, sete%ah dihitung rata*rata permintaan barang tersebut ia%ah . (erapakah stk barang pada bu%an ke*2. Jawab :
U n= a + ( n −1 ) b U 6=10 + ( 6−1 ) 7
= 10 + 35 = 5 Kasus 1
ika (apak ames ingin mendepsitkan uangn)a di bank sebesar !p. 5.000.000 dengan tingkat bunga 1- pertahun dimaemukkan, berapakah ni%ai tta% depsit (apak ames pada akhir tahun ke*3 ' Dari tta% tersebut berapakah pendapatan bungan)a ' Jawab :
Diketahui 9 P = !p. 5.000.000E i = 1- per tahunE n = 3 Fn = P#1 = i&n F3 = !p. 5.000.000 #1+ 0,1-& 3 = !p. 5.000.000 #1,1-&3 = !p. .0-.20 Pendapatan bunga maemukn)a ada%ah !p. .0-.20 * !p. 5.000.000 = !p.-.0-.20
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150 −100
Ed =
100 400 −500
=−2,5
500
Hd = * -,5 #tanda minus han)a menunukan arah perubahan )ang negati7 )aitu si7at hubungan antara harga dan kuantitas ber%awanan arah&
100
150
Kasus 22
Saikn)a harga barang barang dari !p -00 menadi !p -50, -50, men)ebabkan bertambahn)a bertambahn)a um%ah barang )ang ditawarkan dari 150 unit menadi -00 unit. (erapakah besarn)a ke7isien e%astistas harga penawarann)a' Jawab :
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rata*rata#NF>& pada tingkat prduksi tadi.erta bia)a
(erdasarkan rumus titik ekstrim parab%a, > minimum teradi pada kedudukan Q = *bA-a = -A = 2 nit (esarn)a > minimum = -Q- – - Q + 10- = -#2& - – -#2& + 10- = 30 Ntau > minimum dapat uga di;ari dengan rumus rdinat titik ekstrim parab%a, )aitu >min = bU*a;A*a = -U – #-
-&A*#-&=*-0A*/=30 e%anutn)a, pada Q = 2 Besarnya biaya total total rata-rata N> = > 9 Q = 30 9 2 = 5
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Kasus 26
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%aba = "! * "> = .000.00 * 5.500.000 = 3.500.000 (i%a han)a han)a memprduksi memprduksi 1.500 1.500 unit unit maka akan menga%ami menga%ami kerugian kerugian sebesar sebesar 9 !ugi = "! * "> = 1.000 #1.500& * 1.000.000 + 500 # 1.500& = 1.500.000 * 1.50.000 = -50.000
Kasus 27
uatu perusahaan mnp%i menghadapi permintaan terhadap barang )ang dihasi%kan ditunukkan %eh
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b. $arga dan um%ah barang )ang harus dipi%ih perusahaan mnp%i agar ter;apai kndisi keseimbangan perusahaan mnp%i #perusahaan tersebut diper%eh %aba maksimumArugi minimum&. ;. :aba maksim maksimumAru umArugi gi minimum minimum perusahaan perusahaan mnp%i mnp%i tersebut. tersebut. Jawab :
a. Pers Persam amaa aann kurG kurGaa perm permin inta taan an indi indiGi Gidu du peru perusa saha haan an mn mnp p%i %i sama sama deng dengan an pers persam amaa aann kurG kurGaa permintaan pasar, )aitu9 P = 500 – 10Q. Karena di pasar mnp%i han)a ada satu perusahaan )ang berperasi. b. $arga dan um%ah barang pada kndisi keseimbangan perusahaan mnp%i ter;apai pada saat .
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<> N> 20
NT>
0 -5
D 0
100 -00 --0
(erdasarkan in7rmasi pada gra7ik tersebut, tentukanE
Q #unit&
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209 (erapa um%ah am )ang harus diprduksi untuk men;apai %aba maksima%' (erapa besar %aba maksima%' Jawab
Da%am pasar persaingan sempurna, prdusen ada%ah penerima harga # price # price taker &. &. Karena itu 7ungsi penerimaan tta% "! "! = P 6 Q = 20Q
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Q=/0 ui turunan kedua 11 = *23.-0 O 0 #maksimum keuntungan& adi Q )ang memberikan keuntungan maksimum Q = /0 unit. b& (esarn)a keuntungan maksimum9 maksimum9 3 \ = *Q *--0-0Q + 3.5-.00Q – 300.000
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"! = P.Q P = -0 – 1A-Q "! = #-0 – 1A-Q&Q 1A-Q&Q "! = -0 – 1A-Q 1A-Q
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ada%ah integra% dari penerimaan marina%
!
= ]
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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