100911017-Presidents-of-India.pdf

Presidents of India

Contents Articles List of Presidents of India

1

Rajendra Prasad

6

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

11

Zakir Hussain (politician)

17

V. V. Giri

20

Mohammad Hidayatullah

23

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

27

Basappa Danappa Jatti

29

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

32

Zail Singh

35

R. Venkataraman

38

Shankar Dayal Sharma

43

K. R. Narayanan

46

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

63

Pratibha Patil

74

Pranab Mukherjee

80

References Article Sources and Contributors

91

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

94

Article Licenses License

95

Contents Articles List of Presidents of India

1

Rajendra Prasad

6


11


17

V. V. Giri

20


23


27


29


32

Zail Singh

35

R. Venkataraman

38


43

K. R. Narayanan

46


63

Pratibha Patil

74

Pranab Mukherjee

80

References Article Sources and Contributors

91


94

Article Licenses License

95

List of Presidents of India

1

List of Presidents of India The President of India is the head of state and first citizen of India. The President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of India.[1] Although the president is vested such powers by the constitution of India, the position is largely a ceremonial role and the executive powers are de facto exercised by the Cabinet Ministers and Prime Minister.[2] The post of President is known in Hindi as Rashtrapati, a Sanskrit neologism meaning "lord of the realm". The President is elected by an electoral college composed of elected members of the parliament houses, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, and also members of the Vidhan Sabha, the state legislative assemblies. [1]

The Main Gate of Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official residence of the President of India

There have been 12 Presidents of India since the introduction of the post in 1950. The post was established when India was declared as a republic with the adoption of the Indian constitution. [3] Apart from these twelve, three acting presidents have also been in office for short periods of time. Varahagiri Venkata Giri became Acting President of India in 1969 following the death of Zakir Hussain, who died in office. Giri was elected President a few months later. He remains the only person to have held office both as a president and acting president. The President may remain in office for a tenure of five years, as stated by article 56, part V, of the constitution of India. In the case where a president's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president, the vice president assumes office. By article 70 of part V, the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the president where this is not possible, or in any other unexpected contingency. [1] Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, is the only person to have held office for two terms. [4] Seven presidents have been members of a political party before being elected. Six of these were active party members of the Indian National Congress. The Janata Party has had one member, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, who later became president. Two presidents, Zakir Hussain and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, have died in office. Their vice-presidents functioned as acting president until a new president was elected. Following Hussain's death, two acting presidents held office until the new president, Varahagiri Venkata Giri, was elected. Varahagiri Venkata Giri himself, Hussain's vice president, was the first acting president. When Giri resigned to take part in the presidential elections, he was superseded by Muhammad Hidayatullah as acting president. [5] The current President is Pranab Mukherjee elected on 25th July 2012. Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister, Foreign Minister, Defence Minister and Deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission. He originally comes from West Bengal.The ex- president, Pratibha Patil, who was in office till 25th July 2012, was elected as the 12th President of India in 2007. She is also the first woman to serve as President of India.[6]


2

Presidents This list is numbered based on Presidents elected after winning an Indian Presidential election. The terms of Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Muhammad Hidayatullah, and Basappa Danappa Jatti, who have functioned as acting presidents, are therefore not numbered. The President of India does not represent any political party, and the Political party column below indicates the party (if any) that the president was a member of before being elected. The colours used in the table indicate the following: • The symbol (*) with a light brown background indicates an Acting President of India. #

Name

Portrait

Took

Left

Vice President

Notes

office

office

1 Rajendra Prasad (1884 € 1963)

26 January 1950

13 May 1962

Sarvepalli 1952 election page & 1957 election page Radhakrishnan Prasad was the first President of independent India from [7][8] Bihar. He was also an independence activist of the Indian [9] Independence Movement. Prasad was the only president to serve [4] for two terms in office.

2

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888 € 1975)

13 May 1962

13 May 1967

Zakir Hussain

1962 election page Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher, writer, a Knight of the Realm and also held the position of vice chancellor of the Andhra [10] University and Banaras Hindu University. He was also made a [11] Knight of the Golden Army of Angels by Pope Paul VI.

3

Zakir Hussain (1897 € 1969)

13 May 1967

3 May 1969

Varahagiri Venkata Giri

1967 election page Hussain was vice chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and [12] a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna. He died before his term of office was ended.

Varahagiri Venkata Giri * (1894 € 1980)

3 May 1969

20 July 1969

Giri was appointed as Acting President of India f ollowing the death [13] of Hussain. He resigned in a few months to take part in the [5] presidential elections.

Muhammad Hidayatullah * (1905 € 1992)

20 July 1969

24 August 1969

Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India, and was a [14] recipient of the Order of the British Empire. He served as Acting President of India until the election of Giri as the President of India.

4

Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1894 € 1980)

24 August 1969

24 August 1974

Gopal Swarup Pathak

1969 election page Giri is the only person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, and has functioned as Indian Minister of Labour and High [15] Commissioner to Ceylon (Sri Lanka).

5

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1905 € 1977)

24 August 1974

11 February 1977


1974 election page Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before his term of office ended, and was [16] the second Indian president to have died during a term of office.

Basappa Danappa Jatti * (1912 € 2002)

11 February 1977

25 July 1977

Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed's term of office, and was sworn in as Acting President of India upon Ahmed's death. He earlier functioned as the Chief Minister for the State of [16][17] Mysore.


3

6

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1913 € 1996)

25 July 1977

25 July 1982

Muhammad Hidayatullah

7

Giani Zail Singh (1916 € 1994)

25 July 1982

25 July 1987

Ramaswamy 1982 election page Venkataraman In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of chief Minister of [19] Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister.

8

Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1910 € 2009)

25 July 1987

25 July 1992

Shankar Dayal 1987 election page Sharma In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his [20] involvement in the India's independence movement. After his release, he was elected to independent India•s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of [21] Defence.

9

Shankar Dayal Sharma (1918 € 1999)

25 July 1992

25 July 1997

Kocheril Raman 1992 election page Narayanan Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He has also served as the governor of [22] Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra.

10 Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1920 € 2005)

25 July 1997

25 July 2002

Krishan Kant

1997 election page Narayanan served as India's ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science [23] and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities. He [24] was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University.

11

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1931 € )

25 July 2002

25 July 2007

Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

2002 election page Kalam, is a scientist who played a leading role in the development [25] of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs. He also received the Bharat Ratna. Kalam was affectionately known as [26][27][28] the People's President .

12

Pratibha Patil (1934 € )

25 July 2007

25 July

Mohammad Hamid Ansari

2007 election page Patil is the first woman to become the President of India. She was [29][30] also the first female Governor of Rajasthan.

Pranab

25 July

Elect

Mukherjee

2012

13

(1935€ )

2012


1977 election page N.S.Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State. Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to [18] get elected from Andhra Pradesh. He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India.

2012 election page Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister, Foreign Minister, Defence Minister and Deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission.


References General • "Former Presidents" [31]. President•s Secretariat. Retrieved 29 November 2008. • "List of Presidents/Vice Presidents" [32]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 29 November 2008. Specific [1] "The Constitution of India" (http:/ / lawmin.nic.in/ legislative/ Art1-242 (1-88).doc) (.doc). Ministry of Law and Justice of India. . Retrieved 4 January 2009. [2] "India gets first woman president since independence" (http:/ / www.bbc.co.uk/ worldservice/ learningenglish/ newsenglish/ witn/ 2007/ 07/ 070725_india_president.shtml). BBC News. 25 July 2007. . Retrieved 30 November 2008. [3] "1950: India becomes a republic" (http:/ / news.bbc.co.uk/ onthisday/ hi/ dates/ stories/ january/ 26/ newsid_3475000/ 3475569.stm). BBC News. 26 January 1950. . Retrieved 6 January 2009. [4] Harish Khare (6 December 2006). "Selecting the next Rashtrapati" (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ 2006/ 12/ 06/ stories/ 2006120603561000. htm). The Hindu. India. . Retrieved 30 November 2008. [5] Shekhar Iyer (25 June 2007). "Shekhawat will not resign to contest poll" (http:/ / www.hindustantimes.com/ StoryPage/ StoryPage. aspx?sectionName=&id=2ee3bdc7-6ec2-409a-a4d5-48294361d566&MatchID1=4875&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=3&MatchType1=1& SeriesID1=1229&PrimaryID=4875&Headline=Shekhawat+will+not+resign+to+contest+poll). Hindustan Times. India. . Retrieved 4 January 2009. [6] "First female president for India" (http:/ / news.bbc.co.uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 6909979. stm). BBC News. 21 July 2007. . Retrieved 4 December 2008. [7] "Dr. Rajendra Prasad" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ 2002/ 05/ 07/ stories/ 2002050700690800. htm). The Hindu. India. 7 May 1952. . Retrieved 30 November 2008. [8] "Republic Day" (http:/ / www.time.com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,811816,00. html). Time. 6 February 1950. . Retrieved 30 November 2008. [9] "Rajendra Prasad's birth anniversary celebrated" (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ 2006/ 12/ 10/ stories/ 2006121013240200. htm). The Hindu. India. 10 December 2006. . Retrieved 30 November 2008. [10] Ramachandra Guha (15 April 2006). "Why Amartya Sen should become the next president of India" (http:/ / www.telegraphindia.com/ 1060415/ asp/ opinion/ story_6099278. asp). The Telegraph. . Retrieved 30 November 2008. [11] "Dr S. Radhakrishnan" (http:/ / www.tribuneindia.com/ 2000/ 20000130/ spectrum/ main2.htm). The Sunday Tribune. 30 January 2000. . Retrieved 30 November 2008. [12] "Zakir Husain, Dr." (http:/ / vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/ zakir.asp). Vice President's Secretariat. . Retrieved 30 November 2008. [13] "Shekhawat need not compare himself to Giri: Shashi Bhushan" (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ 2007/ 07/ 12/ stories/ 2007071260671200. htm). The Hindu. India. 12 July 2007. . Retrieved 30 November 2008. [14] "Hidayatullah, Shri M" (http:/ / vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/ hiday.asp). Vice President's Secretariat. . Retrieved 30 November 2008. [15] "Giri, Shri Varahagiri Venkata" (http:/ / vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/ giri.asp). Vice President's Secretariat. . Retrieved 30 November 2008. [16] "Gallery of Indian Presidents" (http:/ / pib.nic.in/ archieve/ others/ gal.html). Press Information Bureau of the Government of India. . Retrieved 30 November 2008. [17] "Jatti, Shri Basappa Danappa" (http:/ / vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/ jati.asp). Vice President's Secretariat. . Retrieved 30 November 2008. [18] Bhargava, G.S.. "Making of the Prez € Congress chief selects PM as well as President" (http:/ / www.tribuneindia.com/ 2007/ 20070730/ edit.htm). The Tribune (India). . Retrieved 6 January 2009. [19] Wolpert, Stanley A. (1999). India (http:/ / books.google.lk/ books?id=nHnOERqf-MQC&pg=PA217&lpg=PA217& dq="Giani+Zail+ Singh"+punjabi&ct=result#PPA217,M1). University of California Press. p. 217. . Retrieved 3 January 2009. [20] Hazarika, Sanjoy (17 July 1987). "Man In The News; India's Mild New President: Ramaswamy Venkataraman" (http:/ / query.nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage.html?res=9B0DEEDD1239F934A25754C0A961948260& n=Top/ News/ World/ Countries and Territories/ India). The New York Times. . Retrieved 6 January 2009. [21] "Venkataraman, Shri R." (http:/ / vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/ venkat.asp). Vice President's Secretariat. . Retrieved 6 January 2009. [22] Navtej Sarna (27 December 1999). "Former President Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma passes away" (http:/ / www.indianembassy.org/ pic/ PR_1999/ December_99/ PR_Dec_27(1)_1999.html). Embassy of India, Washington D.C.. . Retrieved 6 December 2008. [23] "Narayanan, Shri K, R" (http:/ / vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/ krn.asp). Vice President's Secretariat. . Retrieved 6 December 2008. [24] "The BJP's aim was to get rid of me" (http:/ / www.nuke.humanrightskerala.com/ modules.php?op=modload& name=News& file=article&sid=5097). Confederation of Human Rights Organizations. . Retrieved 6 January 2009. [25] Ramana, M. V.; Reddy, C. Rammanohar (2002). Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=IjZA-bQde1wC& pg=RA1-PA169&dq="Abdul+ Kalam"+""Pokhran-II"). New Delhi: Orient Longman. p. 169. . [26] Tyagi, Kavita; Misra, Padma. Basic Technical Communication (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=N3ixJ62qwqcC&pg=PA124). PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. p. 124. ISBN 978-81-203-4238-5. . Retrieved 2 May 2012. [27] "'Kalam was real people's President'" (http:/ / www.hindustantimes.com/ StoryPage/ FullcoverageStoryPage. aspx?id=d1dfada8-d9b3-4783-ad6a-44f56165dd9fWho will be India's next President_Special). Hindustan Times. Indo-Asian News Service. 24 July 2007. . Retrieved 2 May 2012.

4

List of Presidents of India [28] Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (14 April 2007). "The people's President does it again" (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ 2007/ 04/ 14/ stories/ 2007041411130100. htm). The Hindu (Chennai, India). . Retrieved 2 May 2012. [29] Emily Wax (22 July 2007). "Female President Elected in India" (http:/ / www.washingtonpost.com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2007/ 07/ 21/ AR2007072100525. html). The Washington Post . . Retrieved 2 December 2008. [30] "Pratibha Patil is Rajasthan•s first woman governor" (http:/ / www.expressindia.com/ news/ fullstory.php?newsid=38190). Express India. 8 November 2008. . Retrieved 6 December 2008. [31] http:/ / presidentofindia.nic.in/ formerpresidents.html [32] http:/ / www.eci.gov.in/ miscellaneous_statistics/ presidents_1952.asp

External links • Official website of the President of India (http:/ / presidentofindia.nic.in/ ) • Rediff.com € Presidents of India (http:/ / im.rediff.com/ news/ 2007/ jul/ 25kbk.gif) • The Hindu € A presidential poll in the coalition age (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ 2007/ 07/ 18/ stories/ 2007071855791100.htm) • Zee News: Former Presidents (http:/ / www.zeenews.com/ news383392.html)

5

Rajendra Prasad

6

Rajendra Prasad Rajendra Prasad

1st President of India In office

26 January 1950 € 13 May 1962 Prime Minister

Jawaharlal Nehru

Vice President


Preceded by

Position Established

Succeeded by

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Personal details

Born

3 December 1884 Ziradei, Bihar, India

Died

28 February 1963 (aged 78) Patna, Bihar

Political party

Indian National Congress

Spouse(s)

Rajvanshi Devi

Alma mater

University of Calcutta

Rajendra Prasad (pronunciation; 3 December 1884 €

28 February 1963) was an Indian politician and educator. He was one of the architects of the Indian Republic, having served as the president of the Constituent Assembly and later as the first president of independent India. Prasad is the only president to have been elected twice for the office.[1] During the independence movement, he left his practice of law and joined the Congress Party, playing a prominent role in the Indian Independence Movement. Before serving as the president of the Constituent Assembly that drafted the constitution, he had served as Minister of Food and Agriculture in the year 1946 in the Interim national Government.

Rajendra Prasad

Early life Rajendra Prasad was born in Zeradei, in the Siwan district of Bihar near CHHAPRA. His father Mahadev Sahai, was a scholar of both the Persian and Sanskrit languages, while his mother, Kamleshwari Devi, was a religious woman who would tell stories from the Ramayana to her son. [2] Student life

When Prasad was five years old, his parents placed him under the tutelage of a Moulavi, an accomplished Muslim scholar, to learn the Persian language, Hindi and arithmetic. After the completion of traditional elementary education, Prasad was sent to the Chapra District School and at a small age of 12, he was married to Rajavanshi Devi. He, along with his elder brother Mahendra Prasad, then went to study at T.K. Ghosh's Academy in Patna for a period of two years.He secured first in the entrance examination to the University of Calcutta and was awarded Rs.30 per month as a scholarship. He joined the Presidency College, Kolkata in 1902, initially as a science student. He passed Intermediate level classes then called as F. A. under the University of Calcutta in March 1904. Later he decided to focus on the arts and did his M.A. in Economics with first division from the University of Calcutta in December 1907. There he lived with his brother in the Eden Hindu Hostel. A devoted student as well as a public activist, he was an active member of The Dawn Society. [3] It was due to his sense of duty towards his family and education that he refused to join Servants of India Society. Rajendra Prasad was instrumental [4] in the formation of the Bihari Students Conference in 1906 in the hall of the Patna College.It was the first organization of its kind in India and produced some of the eminent leaders of Bihar like Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha and Sri Krishna Sinha.

Career As a teacher

Rajendra Prasad served in various educational institutions as a teacher. After completing his MA in economics, he became a professor of English at the Langat Singh College in Muzaffarpur, Bihar and went on to become the principal. However later on he left the college for his legal studies. In 1909, while pursuing his law studies in Kolkata he also worked as Professor of Economics at Calcutta City College. In 1915, Prasad appeared in the examination of Masters in Law, passed the examination and won a gold medal. He then completed his Doctorate in Law.

7

Rajendra Prasad

8

As a lawyer

In the year 1916, he joined the High Court of Bihar and Orissa. Later in the year 1917, he was appointed as one of the first members of the Senate and Syndicate of the Patna University. He also used to practice law at Bhagalpur, the famous silk-town of Bihar.Bhagalpur is located in the southern region of Bihar. It is one of the oldest districts of Bihar.and is situated in the Ganga basin at 141 ft above the sea level. Role in the Independence Movement

Prasad had formally joined the Indian National Congress way back in the year 1911. During the Lucknow Session of Indian National Congress held in 1916, he met Mahatma Gandhi. During one of the fact-finding missions at Champaran, Mahatma Gandhi asked him to come with his volunteers. He was so greatly moved by the dedication, courage, and conviction of Mahatma Gandhi that as soon as the motion of Non-Cooperation was passed by Indian National Congress in 1920, he retired his lucrative career of lawyer as well as his duties in the university to aid the movement.

(Sitting L to R)Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha during Mahatama Gandhi's 1917 Champaran Satyagraha

He also responded to the call by Gandhi to boycott Western educational establishments by asking his son, Mrityunjaya Prasad, to drop out of his studies and enroll himself in Bihar Vidyapeeth, an institution he along with his colleagues founded on the traditional Indian model.[5]

Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, and Rajendra Prasad (Center) at the AICC Session, April 1939

During the course of the independent movement, he interacted with Dr Rahul Sankrityayan, a writer, and polymath. Rahul Sankrityayan was greatly influenced by Prasad's intellectual prowess, finding him to be a guide and guru. In many of his articles he mentioned about his meeting with Sankrityayan and narrated about their him. He wrote articles for the revolutionary publications Searchlight and the Desh and collected funds for these papers. He toured widely, explaining, lecturing, and exhorting the principles of the independence movement.

He took an active role in helping the affected people during the 1914 floods that struck Bihar and Bengal. When an earthquake affected Bihar on 15 January 1934, Prasad was in jail. During that period, he passed on the relief work to his close colleague Anugrah Narayan Sinha. [6] He was released two days later and set up Bihar Central Relief Committee on 17 January 1934, and took the task of raising funds to

Rajendra Prasad help the people himself. During the May 31, 1935 Quetta earthquake, when he was forbidden to leave the country due to government's order he set up Quetta Central Relief Committee in Sindh and Punjab under his own presidentship. He was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress during the Bombay session in October 1934. He again became the president when Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose resigned in 1939. On 8 August 1942, Congress passed the Quit India Resolution in Bombay which led to the arrest of many Indian leaders. He was arrested from Sadaqat Ashram, Patna and sent to Bankipur Jail. After remaining incarcerated for nearly three years, he was released on 15 June 1945. After the formation of Interim Government of 12 nominated ministers under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru on Sep 2 1946, he got the Food and Agriculture department. Later, he was elected the President of Constituent Assembly on 11 December 1946. Again on 17 November 1947 he became Congress President for a third time after Jivatram Kripalani submitted resignation. Two and a half years after independence, on January 26, 1950, the Constitution of independent India was ratified and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected the nation's first President.He served as the President of constituent assembly. Prasad acted independently of politics, following the expected role of the president as per the constitution. Following the tussle over the enactment of the Hindu Code Bill, he took a more active role in state affairs. In 1962, after serving twelve years as the president, he announced his decision to retire. After relinquishing the office of the President of India on May 1962, he returned to Patna on 14 May 1962 and preferred to stay in the campus of Bihar Vidyapeeth. [7] He was subsequently awarded the Bharat Ratna, the nation's highest civilian award. He died on 28 February 1963. [8]

Literary contributions • • • • • •

Satyagraha at Champaran (1922) India Divided (1946) Atmakatha (1946), his autobiography written during his 3-year prison term in Bankipur Jail Mahatma Gandhi and Bihar, Some Reminisences" (1949) Bapu ke Kadmon Mein (1954) Since Independence (published in 1960)

References [1] "The President of India: Former Presidents" (http:/ / presidentofindia.nic.in/ formerpresidents.html). President's Secretariat . National Informatics Centre. . Retrieved June 30, 2012. [2] Presidents of India, 1950-2003 - Janak Raj Jai - Google Books (http:/ / books.google.co.in/ books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA1& dq=rajendra+prasad&hl=en&ei=cPqZTY3tKpHprQf_69X9Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1& ved=0CDUQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q&f=false) [3] €•‚ƒ „ …† € ‡•‡ˆ: ‰Š† €‹„ Œƒ Žƒ ƒ „ - Rajendra Prasad, Tara Sinha - Google Books (http:/ / books.google.co.in/ books?id=XsynRkUMJT4C& printsec=frontcover&dq=rajendra+prasad&hl=en&ei=1KKZTYa8PIL5cbrtmJIH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8& ved=0CFIQ6AEwBzgU#v=onepage&q&f=false) [4] Rajendra Prasad:First President of India, "INDIA TODAY" (http:/ / indiatoday.intoday.in/ story/ rajendra-prasad-first-president-of-india/ 1/ 203958.html) [5] Atul Sethi, "Distant dads?" The Times of India (Aug 12 2007) (http:/ / timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ Deep_Focus/ Distant_dads/ articleshow/ 2274611. cms) [6] Kamat. "Great freedom Fighters" (http:/ / www.kamat.com/ kalranga/ freedom/ congress/ c127.htm). Kamat's archive. . Retrieved 2006-02-25. [7] About Rajendra Smriti Sanghralaya, Sadakat Ashram, Patna, Bihar, India (http:/ / rss.bih.nic.in/ rss_about.htm) [8] http:/ / www.indianpoliticians.com/ profile/ 1/ Indian Politicians Biography

9

Rajendra Prasad

Further reading • Rajendra Prasad, first President of India, by Kewalram Lalchand Panjabi. Published by Macmillan, 1960. • Rajendra Prasad: twelve years of triumph and despair , by Rajendra Lal Handa. Published by Sterling Publishers, 1979. • Dr Rajendra Prasad, Correspondence and Select Documents, by Rajendra Prasad, Valmiki Choudhary. Published by Allied Publishers, 1984. ISBN 81-7023-002-0. Excerpts (http:/ / books.google.co.in/ books?id=Vx5xI8MOeO0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dr+Rajendra+Prasad) (Vol. 1-Vol. 10) • Dr Rajendra Prasad by India Parliament. Lok Sabha. Published by Lok Sabha Secretariat, 1990. • Rajendra Prasad and the Indian freedom struggle, 1917-1947 , by Nirmal Kumar. Published by Patriot Publishers, 1991. ISBN 81-7050-128-8. • Dr Rajendra Prasad: Political Thinkers Of Modern India, by V. Grover. Published by Deep & Deep Publications, 1993. • First Citizens of India, Dr Rajendra Prasad to Dr Shanker Dayal Sharma: Profile and Bibliography, by A. B. Kohli. Published by Reliance Pub. House, 1995. ISBN 81-85972-71-0.

External links • Nation remembers Rajendra Prasad on 125th birth anniversary (http:/ / jaibihar.com/ nation-remembers-rajendra-prasad-on-125th-birth-anniversary/ 14960/ ) • Tributes to first president on 124th birth anniversary (http:/ / jaibihar.com/ tributes-to-first-president-on-124th-birth-anniversary/ 1098/ ) • Stamp Of Dr.Rajendra Prasad Released By India Post (http:/ / www.collectindianstamps.com/ 2011/ 02/ philatelic-tribute-to-drrajendra-prasad.html) • Works by or about Rajendra Prasad (http:/ / worldcat.org/ identities/ lccn-n50-22518) in libraries (WorldCat catalog) • (http:/ / rss.bih.nic.in/ rss_about.htm)

10


11

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

€•‚ƒ„…‚…† •‡ˆ‡‰†•Š‹‚Œ‚

€•‚ƒ„…†‚†‡•ˆ‰ˆŠ‹Œ‚ BR Kt OM FBA

President of India In office

13 May 1962 € 13 May 1967 Prime Minister

Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting) Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting) Indira Gandhi

Vice President

Zakir Hussain

Preceded by

Rajendra Prasad

Succeeded by

Zakir Hussain

Vice President of India In office

13 May 1952 € 12 May 1962 President

Rajendra Prasad

Preceded by

Position established

Succeeded by

Zakir Hussain Personal details

Born

5 September 1888 Thiruttani, Tamil Nadu, India

Died

17 April 1975 (aged 86) Chennai, India

Political party

Independent


12 Spouse(s)

Sivakamu, Lady Radhakrishnan

Children

Five daughters One son

Alma mater

Voorhees College Madras Christian College

Profession

Philosopher Professor

Religion

Hinduism

pronunciation (5 September 1888, Tiruttani, Tamil Nadu € 17 April 1975) was an Indian philosopher and statesman who was the President of India from 1962 to 1967 [1]. He was the first Vice President of India (1952 € 1962). Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

One of India's most influential scholars of comparative religion and philosophy, Radhakrishnan is thought of as having built a bridge between the East and the West by showing that the philosophical systems of each tradition are comprehensible within the terms of the other. He wrote authoritative exegeses of India's religious and philosophical literature for the English speaking world. His academic appointments included the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta (1921 € 1931) and Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics at Oxford University (1936 € 1952). Dr Radhakrishnan was knighted in 1931 but ceased to use the title "Sir" after India attained independence. [2] Among the many other honours he received were the Bharat Ratna (1954) and the Order of Merit (1963). His birthday is celebrated in India as Teachers' Day on 5 September.

Early life and education Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born in a poor Telugu Brahmin family at Tiruttani, a town in then Madras Presidency, British India, now in Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, 84 km to the northwest of Madras (now Chennai). [3] His father's name was Sarvepalli Veeraswami [3] and his mother's name was Sitamma. [3] His early years were spent in Tirutani and Tirupati. His father was a subordinate revenue official in the service of a local zamindar (landlord). His primary education was at Primary Board High School at Tirutani. In 1896 he moved to the Hermansburg Evangelical Lutheral Mission School in Tirupati.[4] Radhakrishnan was awarded scholarships throughout his academic life. He joined Voorhees College in Vellore but switched to the Madras Christian College at the age of 17. He graduated from there in 1906 with a Master's degree in Philosophy, being one of its most distinguished alumni. [5] Radhakrishnan wrote his thesis for the M.A. degree on "The Ethics of the Vedanta and its Metaphysical Presuppositions". [6] He was afraid that this M.A. thesis would offend his philosophy professor, Dr. Alfred George Hogg. Instead, Hogg commended Radhakrishnan on doing an excellent job. Radhakrishnan's M.A. thesis was published when he was only 20. Radhakrishnan studied philosophy by chance rather than by choice. Being a financially constrained student at the time, when a cousin, after graduating from the same college, passed on his textbooks in philosophy to Radhakrishnan, it automatically decided his academic course. [7][8] Later on he felt deep interest in his subject and wrote many acclaimed works on philosophy, both Eastern and Western.

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Marriage

Radhakrishnan was married to Sivakamu, [9] a distant cousin, at the age of 16. [10] As per tradition the marriage was arranged by the family. The couple had five daughters and a son, Sarvepalli Gopal. Sarvepalli Gopal went on to a notable career as a historian. Sivakami died in 1956. They were married for over 51 years. [11]

Career In April 1909,Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was appointed to the Department of Philosophy at the Madras Presidency College. Thereafter, in 1918, Radhakrishnan was selected as Professor of Philosophy by the University of Mysore. By that time he had written many articles for journals of repute like The Quest , Journal of Philosophy and the International Journal of Ethics. He also completed his first book, The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore. He believed Tagore's philosophy to be the "genuine manifestation of the Indian spirit". Radhakrishnan's second book, The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy was published in 1920. In 1921 he was appointed as a professor in philosophy to occupy the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta. Radhakrishnan represented the University of Calcutta at the Congress of the Universities of the British Empire in June 1926 and the Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan drawn by Bujjai and International Congress of Philosophy at Harvard University in signed by Radhakrishnan in Telugu as September 1926. Another important academic event during this period "Radhakrishnaiah". was the invitation to deliver the Hibbert Lecture on the ideals of life which he delivered at Harris Manchester College, Oxford in 1929 and which was subsequently published in book form as An Idealist View of Life. In 1929 Radhakrishnan was invited to take the post vacated by Principal J. Estlin Carpenter at Harris Manchester College. This gave him the opportunity to lecture to the students of the University of Oxford on Comparative Religion. For his services to education he was knighted by George V in the June 1931 Birthday Honours, [12] and formally invested with his honour by the Governor-General of India, the Earl of Willingdon, in April 1932. [13] However, he ceased to use the title after Indian independence, [14]:9 preferring instead his academic title of 'Doctor'. He was the Vice-Chancellor of Andhra University from 1931 to 1936. In 1936 Radhakrishnan was named Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at the University of Oxford, and was elected a Fellow of All Souls College. In 1939 Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya invited him to succeed him as the Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University (BHU).[15] He served as its Vice-Chancellor till January 1948. When India became independent in 1947, Radhakrishnan represented India at UNESCO (1946 € 52) and was later Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union, from 1949 to 1952. He was also elected to the Constituent Assembly of India. Radhakrishnan was elected as the first Vice President of India in 1952. [11] He was elected as the second President of India (1962 € 1967). When he became President, some of his students and friends requested him to allow them to celebrate his birthday, 5 September. He replied, "Instead of celebrating my birthday, it would be my proud privilege if 5 September is observed as Teachers' Day." His birthday has since been celebrated as Teachers' Day in India. [16]

13


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Along with Ghanshyam Das Birla and some other social workers in the pre-independence era, Radhakrishnan formed the Krishnarpan Charity Trust.

Philosophy Radhakrishnan stated that Western philosophers, despite all claims to objectivity, were influenced by theological influences of their own culture. [17] He wrote books on Indian philosophy according to Western academic standards, and made all efforts for the West to give serious consideration to Indian philosophy. In his book An Idealist View of Life, he made a powerful case for the importance of intuitive thinking as opposed to purely intellectual forms of thought. He is well known for his commentaries on the Prasthana Trayi namely, the Bhagavadgita, the Upanishads and the Brahma Sutra. It is not God that is worshipped but the authority that claims to speak in His name. Sin becomes disobedience to authority not violation of integrity.

€

•

"Reading a book gives us the habit of solitary reflection and true enjoyment" "When we think we learn we cease to know" "A literary genius, it is said, resembles all, though no one resembles him."

Awards Radhakrishnan was appointed a Knight Bachelor in 1931. [12] He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1938. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954 [18] and the Order of Merit in 1963. He received the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in 1961 and the Templeton Prize in 1975, a few months before his death. He donated the entire amount of the Templeton Prize to Oxford University. In 1989, the university instituted the Radhakrishnan Scholarships in his memory. The scholarships were later renamed the "Radhakrishnan Chevening Scholarships". Radhakrishnan was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature for five consecutive years from 1933 € 1937, although he did not win. His nominator was Hjalmar Hammarskj‚ld, father of Dag Hammarskj‚ld. [19]

Criticism Radhakrishnan is considered one of the nationalist leaders, a group of individuals characterised by having made extravagant claims on behalf of Hindu culture. [20]

Works by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan • Indian Philosophy [21] (1923) Vol.1, 738 pages. Vol 2, 807 pages. Oxford University Press. • The Hindu View of Life (1926), 92 pages • An Idealist View of Life (1929), 351 pages • Review: E.A. Burtt (Cornell University), The Philosophical Review, Vol. 44, No. 2, (Mar., 1935), pp. 205 € 207 "Those who have read the author's previous volumes or have heard him speak are accustomed to associate with him warmth and vigor of style, penetrating flashes of keen analysis, and detailed familiarity with past and present philosophies in both east and west. In these respects none will find the book disappointing." • • • • • •

Eastern Religions and Western Thought (1939), Oxford University Press, 396 pages Religion and Society (1947), George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, 242 pages The Bhagavadg€t•: with an introductory essay, Sanskrit text, English translation and notes (1948), 388 pages The Dhammapada (1950), 194 pages, Oxford University Press The Principal Upanishads (1953), 958 pages, HarperCollins Publishers Limited Recovery of Faith (1956), 205 pages

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan • A Source Book in Indian Philosophy (1957), 683 pages, Princeton University Press • Review: E.A. Burtt (Cornell University), The Philosophical Review, Vol. 67, No. 3, (July 1958), pp. 411 € 412 "I believe this is the first time I have written a review when no negative criticism of any kind seemed to me warranted. ... No one interested in Indian thought who does not expect to master the original materials can dispense with this book." • Religion, Science & Culture [22] (1968), 121 pages

Works on Radhakrishnan Several books have been published on Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: • Schilpp, Paul Arthur (1992) [1952, Tudor]. The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan [23]. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0792-8. 52. • Minor, Robert Neil (1987). Radhakrishnan: a religious biography [24]. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-88706-554-6. • Gopal, Sarvepalli (1989). Radhakrishnan: a biography [25]. Unwin Hyman. ISBN 0-04-440449-2. • Pappu, S.S. Rama Rao (1995). New Essays in the Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Delhi: South Asia Books. ISBN 978-81-7030-461-6.

References [1] Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: The Philosopher President, Press Information Bureau, Government of India (http:/ / pib.nic.in/ feature/ feyr98/ fe0898/ f2808981.html) [2] The Great Philosophers of India, By Kuttan, Published by Authorhouse (http:/ / books.google.co.in/ books?id=nERVRxj22W0C& pg=PA169&dq=s+radhakrishnan+knighted&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1TcJUOeFHOe5iQeR953lCQ&ved=0CEYQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=s radhakrishnan knighted&f=false) [3] "TeluguOne" (http:/ / www.teluguone.com/ splevents/ general/ index. jsp?filename=srkrishna05.htm). TeluguOne. . Retrieved 2011-08-31. [4] Sarvepalli Gopal: Radhakrishnan; a Biography (1989) p. 11 [5] Sarvepalli Gopal: Radhakrishnan; a Biography (1989) p.15 [6] Sarvepalli Gopal: Radhakrishnan; a Biography (1989) p.17 [7] The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1952) p.6 [8] Sarvepalli Gopal: Radhakrishnan; a Biography (1989) p.14 [9] Radhakrishnan's wife's name is spelled differently in different sources. It is spelled Sivakamu by Sarvepalli Gopal (1989); Sivakamuamma by Mamta Anand (2006); and still differently by others. [10] Sarvepalli Gopal: Radhakrishnan; a Biography (1989) p. 12 [11] TeluguOne (http:/ / www.teluguone.com/ splevents/ general/ index. jsp?filename=srkrishna05.htm) [12] "Viewing Page 3624 of Issue 33722" (http:/ / www.london-gazette.co.uk/ issues/ 33722/ supplements/ 3624). London-gazette.co.uk. 1931-06-02. . Retrieved 2011-08-31. [13] "Viewing Page 2398 of Issue 33816" (http:/ / www.london-gazette.co.uk/ issues/ 33816/ pages/ 2398). London-gazette.co.uk. 1932-04-12. . Retrieved 2011-08-31. [14] Banerji, Anjan Kumar (1991). Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a centenary tribute (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=bvfWAAAAMAAJ). Varanasi, India: Banaras Hindu University. . OCLC 28967355. Page 9 states: "In 1931.... He was knighted that year, but ceased to use the title after Independence." [15] Murty, K. Satchidananda; Ashok Vohra (1990). Radhakrishnan: his life and ideas (http:/ / books.google.co.in/ books?id=x6FsaptULgAC&pg=PA90&dq=Madan+Mohan+Malaviya&cd=20#v=onepage& q=Madan Mohan Malaviya&f=false). SUNY Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-7914-0343-2. . [16] "Teachers' Day" (http:/ / www.festivalsofindia.in/ id/ td). Festivalsofindia.in. . Retrieved 2011-08-31. [17] Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles Moore (eds.), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989, 610 € 639 [18] "Padma Awards Directory (1954 € 2007)" (http:/ / www.mha.nic.in/ pdfs/ PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf). Ministry of Home Affairs. . Retrieved 26 November 2010. [19] "Nobel Database" (http:/ / nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/ literature/ nomination/ nomination.php?key1=candcountry&log1=LIKE& string1=IN&action=advsearch&log10=OR&key2=candname&log2=LIKE&string2=&log11=OR&key3=candname&log3=LIKE& string3=&startyear=&endyear=&order1=year&order2=nomname&order3=cand1name&submit2.x=7&submit2.y=8). Nobelprize.org. . Retrieved 2011-08-31. [20] Mazumdar, Sucheta. Kaiwar, Vasant. From Orientalism to Postcolonialism. Routledge 2009, page 36. "....Indian nationalist leaders continued to operate within the categorical field generated by politicized religion.....Extravagant claims were made on behalf of Oriental

15

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan civilization. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's statement - "[t]he Vedanta is not a religion but religion itself in its "most universal and deepest significance" - is fairly typical." [21] http:/ / archive.org/ details/ Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan.Indian.Philosophy.Volume.1-2 [22] http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=vsuCDRLeou8C [23] http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=cDdpTcyJtxMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=8120807928& cd=1#v=onepage& q=&f=false [24] http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=2LzRkWABC6sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=radhakrishnan&cd=5#v=onepage&q=&f=false [25] http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=ryluAAAAMAAJ&q=radhakrishnan&dq=radhakrishnan&cd=7 Anand, Mamta. S. Radhakrishnan His Life and Works . New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. 2006. Print.

External links • "The Legend of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" (http:/ / www.sarvepalli.com/ dr-sarvepalli-radhakrishnan) • "Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan- The philosopher president" (http:/ / pib.nic.in/ feature/ feyr98/ fe0898/ f2808981.html), Press Information Bureau, Government of India • "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888 ‚1975)" (http:/ / www.iep.utm.edu/ radhakri/ ) by Michael Hawley, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Zakir Hussain (politician) Zakir Hussain

€•‚ƒ „… †‡ˆ

President of India In office

13 May 1967 € 3 May 1969 Prime Minister

Indira Gandhi

Vice President


Preceded by


Succeeded by

Varahagiri Venkata Giri (Acting) Vice President of India In office



Preceded by


Succeeded by

Varahagiri Venkata Giri Governor of Bihar In office

6 July 1957 € 11 May 1962 Chief Minister

Krishna Sinha Deep Narayan Singh

Preceded by

R. R. Diwakar

Succeeded by

Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar Personal details

Born

8 February 1897 [1] Hyderabad State now Andhra Pradesh, British India

Died

3 May 1969 (aged 72) New Delhi, Delhi, India

Political party

Independent

Spouse(s)

Shahjehan Begum

Alma mater

Aligarh Muslim University University of Delhi Jamia Millia Islamia or National Islamic University Humboldt University of Berlin

Religion

Islam

Zakir Hussain pronunciation (Telugu:

ŽˆŠ•‚‘€‚€’“‚)(Urdu: €•‚ƒ „… †‡ˆ, ; 8 February 1897 € 3 May 1969) was

the third President of India, from 13 May 1967 until his death on 3 May 1969. He was the first elected Muslim president of India. He was awarded the highest Indian national honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1963.


Early life and background Zakir Hussain was born in Hyderabad Deccan, India. [1] His ancestors were among the Rohilla Afghan from Rohilkhand. His family migrated from Hyderabad to Kaimganj, Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh. His father died when he was ten years old, and his mother died in 1911 when he was fourteen years old. He attended Islamia High School, Etawah, and was then educated at the Anglo-Muhammadan Oriental College (now Aligarh Muslim University), where he was a prominent student leader. [2]

Career Hussain, then only 23, was among the small group of students and teachers who founded a National Muslim University, first founded in Aligarh on Friday 29 October 1920 then shifted to Karol Bagh, New Delhi in 1925, then after shifted again on 1 March 1935 in Jamia Nagar, New Delhi and named it Jamia Millia Islamia (a central university). He subsequently went to Germany to obtain a PhD from the Frederick William University of Berlin in Economics. While in Germany, Hussain was instrumental in bringing out the anthology of arguably the greatest Urdu poet Mirza Assadullah Khan "Ghalib" (1797 € 1868).[3] He returned to India to head the Jamia Millia Islamia which was facing closure in 1927. He continued in that position for the next twenty-one years providing academic and managerial leadership to an institution that was intimately involved with India's struggle for freedom from the British Rule and experimented with value-based education on the lines advocated by Mahatma Gandhi and Hakim Ajmal Khan. [4] During this period he continued to engage himself with movements for educational reforms in India and was particularly active in the affairs of his old alma mater the MAO College, now the Aligarh Muslim University. During this period Hussain emerged as one of the most prominent educational thinkers and practitioners of modern India. His personal sacrifice and untiring efforts to keep the Jamia afloat in very adverse circumstances won him appreciation of even his arch political rivals like Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Soon after India attained independence, Hussain agreed to be the Vice chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University which was facing trying times in post partition India because of active involvement of a section of its teachers and students in the movement for creation of Pakistan, where incidentally Hussain's relatives brother Dr Mahmood Hussain,nephew Anwar Hussain(who was very close to him from childhood)and son in law of Dr. Mahmood Hussain General Rahimuddin Khan would migrate to and achieve eminence. Dr Hussain, again, provided leadership during a critical phase of the history of the University at Aligarh from 1948 € 1956. Soon after completing his term as Vice Chancellor he was nominated as a member of the Upper House of Indian Parliament in 1956, a position he vacated in 1957 to become Governor of the State of Bihar. After serving as the Governor of Bihar from 1957 to 1962, and as the second Vice President of India from 1962 to 1967, Hussain was elected President of India on 13 May 1967. In his inaugural speech he said that the whole of India was his home and all its people were his family. [5] Hussain died on 3 May 1969, the first Indian President to die in office. He is buried on the campus of the Jamia Millia Islamia (or Central University) in New Delhi.

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References [1]

Zakir Husain (http:/ / www.britannica.com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 277416/ Zakir-Husain), Encyclopƒdia Britannica Online, 12 Feb 2012,

,

retrieved 13 May 2012 ƒi„„ul‡asan (1999). "Dr. Zakir Hussain, quest for truth" (http:/ [2] F„r…q†, Z / books.google.com/ books?id=uzNnwUasQ3wC&pg=PA20& lpg=PA20&dq="Islamia+High+School"). Chapter 2 € Islamia High School Etawah. APH Publishing. . Retrieved 20 October 2010. [3] Zakir Saheb by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Zakir Sahab Zatti Yadain, Edited by Dr. Abid Raza Bedar, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library, Patna, 1993, p. 165-168 [4] Zakir Sahab Aur Hakim Ajmal Khan by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Dr. Zakir Hussain Khan € Hayat, Fikr Aur Aman, Edited by Professor Abdul Ghaffar Shakil & Dr. Khaliq Anjum, Karnataka Urdu Academy, Bangalore, 1999. p. 157-174 [5] Zakir Sahib ki Insan Dosti by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Dr. Zakir Hussain Hayat wa Khidmat, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library, Patna, 2000, page 97-108

External links • Minority minister, V-C read Fatiha at Dr Zakir Hussain•s grave (http:/ / www.twocircles.net/ 2010feb08/ minority_minister_v_c_read_fatiha_dr_zakir_hussain_s_grave.html) € TCN News • Dr. Zakir Hussain Biography (http:/ / www.gloriousindia.com/ biographies/ dr_zakir_hussain.html)

V. V. Giri

20

V. V. Giri Varahagiri Venkata Giri 4th President of India In office

3 May 1969 € 20 July 1969 Prime Minister

Indira Gandhi

Vice President

Gopal Swarup Pathak

Preceded by

Mohammad Hidayatullah (Acting)

Succeeded by

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed In office

24 August 1969 € 24 August 1974 Acting President of India In office

3 May 1969 € 20 July 1969 Prime Minister

Indira Gandhi

Preceded by

Zakir Hussain

Succeeded by

Mohammad Hidayatullah (Acting) Vice President of India In office


Zakir Hussain

Preceded by

Zakir Hussain

Succeeded by

Gopal Swarup Pathak Governor of Karnataka In office

2 April 1965 € 13 May 1967 Chief Minister

Siddavanahalli Nijalingappa

Preceded by

Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh

Succeeded by

Gopal Swarup Pathak Governor of Kerala In office

1 July 1960 € 2 April 1965 Chief Minister

Pattom Thanu Pillai R. Sankar

Preceded by

Burgula Ramakrishna Rao

Succeeded by

Ajit Prasad Jain Governor of Uttar Pradesh In office

10 June 1956 € 30 June 1960 Chief Minister

Sampurnanand

V. V. Giri

21 Preceded by

Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi

Succeeded by

Burgula Ramakrishna Rao Personal details

Born

10 August 1894 Berhampur, British Raj (now India)

Died

23 June 1980 (aged 85) Madras, India

Political party

Indian National Congress (1916 € present)

Other political

Sinn Fˆin (Before 1916)

affiliations Spouse(s)

Saraswati Bai

Alma mater

University College Dublin

Religion

Hinduism

Signature

(pronunciation; 10 August 1894 € 23 June 1980), commonly known as V. V. Giri, was the fourth President of the Republic of India from 24 August 1969 to 23 August 1974. He was also Acting President of India from 3 May 1969 to 20 July 1969, before becoming actual president. Varahagiri Venkata Giri

Early life He was born to Varahagiri Venkata Jogaiah, [1] residing in Brahmapur (Berhampur) in the Ganjam district of the erstwhile Madras Presidency. The town and district are now part of the state of Orissa. His father was an eminent lawyer and migrated to Brahmapur from Chintalapalli village, now part of East Godavari District - Andhra Pradesh State. In 1913, he went to University College Dublin to study law, but was expelled from Ireland in 1916 after becoming involved with the Sinn Fˆin movement. Involvement which brought him into close contact with ‰amon de Valera, Michael Collins, Patrick Pearse, Desmond FitzGerald, Eoin MacNeill, James Connolly and others.

Career Upon returning to India, he became heavily involved in the labour movement, becoming general secretary and then president of the All-India Railwaymen's Federation and twice serving as president of the All-India Trade Union Congress. Giri became a member of the Imperial Legislative Assembly in 1934. [2] In the 1936 General Election in Madras, Giri was put up as the Congress candidate in Bobbili against the Raja of Bobbili and he won that election. He became minister of labour and industries in 1937 for the Congress Party government formed by C. Rajagopalachari in the Madras Presidency. When the Congress governments resigned in 1942, he returned to the labour movement as part of the quit India movement and was imprisoned by the British. He was lodged in Rajahmundry jail. After India gained independence, he was first appointed high commissioner to Ceylon and then successfully ran for parliament in 1952. He was elected for 1st Lok Sabha from Pathapatnam Lok Sabha Constituency [3] and served as minister of labour until resigning in 1954.

V. V. Giri The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE) was founded in 1957 by a distinguished group of academicians and public men engaged in promoting the study of labour and industrial relations. The team was headed by Shri Giri. He served successfully as governor of Uttar Pradesh (1957 € 1960), Kerala (1960 € 1965) and Mysore (1965 € 1967). He was elected as the third Vice President of India in 1967. Giri became acting president of India in 1969 upon the death in office of Zakir Hussain and decided to run for that position in the ensuing election. The Congress Party Official leadership led by Kamraj chose to support Neelam Sanjiva Reddy for the position, but he was able to prevail anyway being the chosen candidate for Indira Gandhi who controlled the government, serving until 1974. He received India's highest civilian decoration, the Bharat Ratna, in 1975. [4] He was a prolific writer and a good orator. He has written books on 'Industrial Relations' and 'Labour problems in Indian Industry'.

References [1] Luminaries of 20th century, Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University, Hyderabad, 2nd volume, pages 680-1. [2] Narasingha P. Sil, Giri, Varahagiri Venkata (1894€ 1980), trade unionist and president of India in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004) [3] List of members of 1st Lok Sabha (http:/ / parliamentofindia.nic.in/ ls/ lok01/ alpha/ 01lsg.htm) [4] "Padma Awards Directory (1954-2007)" (http:/ / www.mha.nic.in/ pdfs/ PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf). Ministry of Home Affairs. . Retrieved 7 December 2010.

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Mohammad Hidayatullah Mohammad Hidayatullah

‘ ’† … ’“…•”Š‘ † •’

‰Š‹ ‡ Œ‡Ž Ž ‘’“OBE Acting President of India In office

20 July 1969 € 24 August 1969 Prime Minister

Indira Gandhi

Preceded by

Varahagiri Venkata Giri (Acting President of India)

Succeeded by

Varahagiri Venkata Giri Vice President of India In office

20 August 1977 € 20 August 1982 President


Preceded by


Succeeded by

Ramaswamy Venkataraman Chief Justice of India In office

25 February 1968 € 16 December 1970 Preceded by

Kailas Nath Wanchoo

Succeeded by

Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah Personal details

Born

17 December 1905 Lucknow, British Raj (now India)

Died

18 September 1992 (aged 86) Mumbai, India

Political party

Independent

Spouse(s)

Shrimati Pushpa Shah

Alma mater

Nagpur University Trinity College, Cambridge Lincoln's Inn

Mohammad Hidayatullah pronunciation,

OBE (Hindi: ‘ ’† … ’“…•”Š‘ † •’ , Urdu: ‰Š‹‡ Œ‡Ž Ž ‘’“) (December 17 1905 18 September 1992) was the eleventh Chief Justice of India, serving from February 25, 1968 to December 16, 1970, and the sixth Vice-President of India, serving from August 20, 1977 to August 20, 1982. He also served as the Acting President of India from July 20, 1969 to August 24, 1969.


Early life and education Hidayatullah was born in 1905 in the well-known family of Khan Bahadur Hafiz Mohammed Wilayatullah, an upper-class family.[1][2] His father was a poet of all-India repute who wrote poems in Urdu and probably it must have been from him that Justice Hidayatullah got his love for language and literature. Wilayatullah was Gold medallist of Aligarh Muslim University in 1897 besting famous mathematician Ziauddin, a favourite of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He served till 1928 in ICS and from 1929-33 as member of Central Legislative Assembly. Hidaytullah's elder brothers Mohammed Ikramullah (ICS, later Foreign Secretary, Pakistan) and Ahmedullah (ICS, retired as Chairman, Tariff Board) were scholars as well as sportsmen. He on the other hand excelled in Urdu poetry. [3] After completing primary education at the Government High School of Raipur in 1922, Hidayatullah attended Morris College in Nagpur, where he was nominated as the Phillip's Scholar in 1926. Following the trend of Indians studying British law abroad, Hidayatullah attended Trinity College at the University of Cambridge from 1927 to 1930. Here he secured the 2nd order of merit and was awarded a Gold Medal for his performance in 1930. He was called to the Bar from Lincoln's Inn when he was just 25 years old. He was awarded LL.D. (Honoris Causa) from University of the Philippines and D. Litt. (Honoris Causa) from University of Bhopal(now Barkatullah University) and University of Kakatiya. His son Arshad Hidayatullah is a Senior Counsel at Supreme Court of India. While at Cambridge, Hidayatullah was elected and served as the President of the Indian Majlis in 1929. Also while here, he pursued English and Law Tripos from the renowned Lincoln's Inn. In addition he secured a place of Barrister-at-Law in 1930.

Judicial Career After graduation, Hidayatullah returned to India and enrolled as Advocate of the High Court of Central Provinces and Berar at Nagpur on 19th July 1930. On 2nd August 1943, he became the Advocate General of Central Provinces and Berar (now Madhya Pradesh) and continued to hold the said post till he was appointed as Additional Judge of that High Court on 24th June 1946. [4] Hidayatullah was the youngest Advocate General of a State, Madhya Pradesh, in 1943 and the youngest Chief Justice of a High Court when he was appointed to the Madhya Pradesh High Court in 1954. In 1946, Hidayatullah was appointed as a judge at the Nagpur High Court, where he served until being elevated to Chief Justice of the Nagpur High Court in 1954. Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice here until 1956, and was subsequently appointed the Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in November 1956. Following this longstanding experience in the state's court circuit, Hidayatullah was eventually elevated as a Justice to the Supreme Court of India in December 1958. In his time he was the youngest judge of the Supreme Court of India. After serving as a Justice for nearly 10 years, Hidayatullah took oath as Chief Justice of India on 28 February 1968 - becoming the first Muslim Chief Justice of India. He retired from this position on 16 December 1970 [1][2].

Other roles Presidency

During his term as the Chief Justice of India, the then President of India, Dr Zakir Hussain died suddenly, in harness, on May 3, 1969. Then Vice President of India Mr.V V Giri became the acting President. V V Giri resigned to take part in Presidential elections. Justice Hidayatullah then served as the President of India being ex-officio Chief Justice of India for a short period from 20 July to 24 August. The visit of President of the United States Mr. Richard Nixon to India made his Presidential term historic.

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Mohammad Hidayatullah After his retirement, Justice Hidayatullah was elected as the Vice-President of India by a consensus among different parties and occupied that high office with distinction from 1979 to August 1984. During his tenure as the Vice-President he won the respect of all concerned for his impartiality and independence. Having served at all of these positions made Hidayatullah unique among other members of Indian history. Justice Hidayatullah became the only person to have served in all three offices of Chief Justice of India, President of India, and the Vice President of India. [1][2] During his long tenure in the Supreme Court he was a party to a number of landmark judgments including the judgment in Golaknath v. State of Punjab which took the view that the Parliament had no power to cut down the Fundamental Rights by constitutional amendment. His judgment in the case of Ranjit D. Udeshi[5] dealing with the law of obscenity, displayed a flair for literature which is not so common among our judges. Career in Nagpur

Before becoming involved in national politics and serving as Supreme Court Justice, Hidayatullah was involved in local and state affairs. The following are some of the committee positions he held: • • • • •

Member of the Nagpur Municipal Committee (1931 € 1933) Member of the Nagpur University's Executive and Academic Councils (1934 € 1953) Member of the Nagpur Improvement Trust (1943 € 1945) Member of the Nagpur Bar Council (1943 € 1946) Chief Commissioner of the Madhya Pradesh Bharat Scouts and Guides (1950 € 1953)

Many of these positions, as well as those of High Court Justice were held prior to Indian Independence, they were all considered service to Great Britain, thus Hidayatullah was conferred the honor of Order of British Empire by the Royal Family of Britain in 1946. Teaching

Having received an education at one of the premier legal institutions of the time, Hidayatullah was able to segue into an academic career not long after returning to India. In 1935, he took a teaching post at University College of Law where he taught until 1943. Later he served as Dean of the Faculty of Law at Nagpur University from 1949 to 1953. In addition, he served as Faculty of Law at various other institutions throughout the 1950s: Sagar University, Court Vikram University, and the prestigious Aligarh Muslim University. Post-retirement Hidayatullah renewed his interest in Boy Scouts and served as Chief Scout of the All India Boy Scouts Association from 1982 to 1992. [6]

Institutions He was the president of Indian Law Institute, International Law Association (Indian Branch), Indian Society of International Law from 1968 to 1970. He also presided ) Indian Red Cross Society in 1982. He was closely associated with Hunger Project of USA, World Association of Orphans and Abandoned Children (Geneva), and Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues (1982-84). The Hidayatullah National Law University at Naya Raipur is named after him.

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Books • Democracy in India and the Judicial Process, 1966 by Asia Publishing House (1967). [7] • The South-West Africa Case,Published 1967 by Asia Publishing House (1966). • Judicial Methods Published for the Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies by National Publishing House (1970). • A Judge's Miscellany, N. M. Tripathi (1972). • USA and India: All India Reporter (1977). • A Judge's Miscellany (Second Series) N. M. Tripathi(1972). • The Fifth and Sixth Schedules to the Constitution of India, Ashok Pub. House • My own Boswell (Autobiography) Arnold-Heinemann (1980). • Editor, Mulla's Mohammedan Law • Constitutional law of India: Bar Council of India Trust (1984). • Right to property and the Indian Constitution: Calcutta University (1984). • Justice Hidayatullah on commercial laws: Deep & Deep (1982).

Awards • • • • •

Order of the British Empire, 1946, Order of Yugoslav Flag with Sash, 1970, Medallion and Plaque of Merit Philconsa, Manila, 1970 and Knight of Mark Twain, 1971; Honored with …Proud Past Alumni" in the list of 42 members, from "Allahabad University Alumni Association", NCR, Ghaziabad (Greater Noida) Chapter 2007-2008 registered under society act 1860 with registration no. 407/2000[8].

Legacy In his honor, the Hidayatullah National Law University was established in 2003, in his home town of Raipur, in the state of Chhattisgarh.[9]

Notes Hidayatullah National Law University [1] "M. Hidayatullah" (http:/ / www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/ judges/ bio/ mhidayatullah.htm). www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in. . Retrieved 2008-06-08. [2] "EBC article on J. Hidayatullah" (http:/ / www.ebc-india.com/ lawyer/ articles/ 92v4a2.htm). www.ebc-india.com. . Retrieved 2008-06-08. [3] http:/ / www.ebc-india.com/ lawyer/ articles/ 92v4a1.htm Full Court Reference in Memory of The Late Justice M. Hidayatullah by M.H. Kania, Chief Justice of India: (1992) 4 SCC (Jour) 1 [4] http:/ / www.hnlu.ac.in/ home/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=71 [5] Ranjit D. Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1965 SC 881 [6] http:/ / boyscoutsindia.org/ aboutus.html [7] http:/ / www.getcited.org/ mbrx/ PT/ 2/ MBR/ 10156330 Books by M. Hidayatullah: getCITED [8] "He is Proud Past Alumni Allahabad University" (http:/ / auaa.in/ ?page_id=31). Allahabad university Alumni Association web page say [9] http:/ / www.hnlu.ac.in/ home/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=71

est in 2005

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External links • J. Hidayatullah's (http:/ / www.mapsofindia.com/ who-is-who/ government-politics/ muhammad-hidayatullah. html)

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 5th President of India In office

24 August 1974 € 11 February 1977 Prime Minister

Indira Gandhi

Vice President


Preceded by


Succeeded by

Basappa Danappa Jatti (Acting) Personal details

Born

13 May 1905 Delhi, India)

Died

11 February 1977 (aged 71) New Delhi, India

Political party


Spouse(s)

Begum Abida Ahmed

Children

3

Alma mater

St Catharine's College, Cambridge St. Stephen's College, Delhi

Profession

Lawyer

Religion

Islam

(Assamese: €•‚ƒ„ …„†‡ ˆ‰† ˆŠ‹Œ„ pronunciation (13 May 1905 € 11 February 1977) was the fifth President of India from 1974 to 1977. [1][2] Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

Early life and background Fakhruddin's grandfather, Khaliluddin Ali Ahmed, of Kacharighat near Golaghat, Assam, married in one of the families who were the relics of Emperor Aurangzeb's bid to conquer Assam [3] Ahmed was born on 13 May 1905, in Hauz Qazi area in Old Delhi, India. [2] His father was Col. Zalnur Ali who married the daughter of the Nawab of Loharu in Delhi [4] His family was a well known Assamese Muslim family. He started his education in the Government High School from Gonda district, Uttar Pradesh, India. He matriculated from the Delhi Government High School and after a short stint at the St. Stephen's College, Delhi, then affiliated with the University of the Punjab, went to England for higher education in 1923 continuing studies at St Catharine's College, Cambridge and was called to the Bar from the Inner Temple of London.. He started legal practice in the Lahore High Court in 1928. [2][4]


Political years He met Jawaharlal Nehru in England in 1925. He joined the Indian National Congress and actively participated in the Indian freedom movement. In 1942 he was arrested in the Quit India movement and sentenced to 3 1/2 years' imprisonment.[2] He was a member of the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee from 1936 and of AICC from 1947 to 74, and remained the Minister of Finance, Revenue and labour in the 1938 Gopinath Bordoloi Ministry. After Independence he was elected to the Rajya Sabha (1952 € 1953) and thereafter became Advocate-General of the Government of Assam. He was elected on Congress ticket to the Assam Legislative Assembly on two terms (1957 € 1962) and (1962 € 1967). Subsequently, he was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Barpeta constituency, Assam in 1967 and again in 1971. In the Central Cabinet he was given important portfolios relating to Food and Agriculture, Cooperation, Education, Industrial Development and Company Laws. Picked for the presidency by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1974, and on 20 August 1974, he became the second Muslim to be elected President. He is known to have issued the proclamation of emergency by signing the papers at midnight after a meeting with Indira Gandhi the same day. He used his constitutional authority as head of state to allow her to rule by decree once Emergency in India was proclaimed in 1975. He is well known among Indian diplomats for his visit to Sudan in 1975 where the whole town showed up to see him. He was the second Indian president to die in office, on 11 February 1977. Today his grave lies right across Parliament of India, next to Sunhari Masjid , at Sansas chowk, in New Delhi.

Honors He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Pristina, in Kosovo in 1975, during his visit to Yugoslavia. He was elected President of the Assam Football Association and the Assam Cricket Association for several terms; he was also the Vice-President of the Assam Sports Council. In April 1967, he was elected President of the All India Cricket Association. He was a member of the Delhi Golf Club and the Delhi Gymkhana Club from 1961.

Further reading • Speeches of President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1980. • My eleven years with Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , by F. A. A. Rehmaney. S. Chand, 1979.

References [1] Former Presidents (http:/ / presidentofindia.nic.in/ formerpresidents.html) President of India website. [2] Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1905-1977): Biography (http:/ / www.rrtd.nic.in/ fakhruddinaliahmed.htm) RRTC, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India). [3] indiapicks.com (http:/ / www.indiapicks.com/ stamps/ Presidnts_PMs/ FA_Ahmed.htm) [4] indohistory.com (http:/ / www.indohistory.com/ fakhruddin_ali_ahmed.html)

• Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , by M. A. Naidu, 1975 • Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , by Attar Chand. Pub. Homeland, 1975. • Janak Raj Jai (2003). "Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed" (http:/ / books.google.co.in/ books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC& pg=PA101&dq=Fakhruddin+Ali+Ahmed&hl=en&ei=PlBqTs2JB4PLrQesgrDPBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result& ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed&f=false). Presidents of India, 1950-2003. Daya Books. p. 101. ISBN 81-87498-65-X.

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External links • Fifth Lok Sabha Members Official Bioprofile (http:/ / 164.100.47.132/ LssNew/ biodata_1_12/ 1702.htm)

Basappa Danappa Jatti Basappa Danappa Jatti €•‚ƒ‚ „…†‚ƒ‚ ‡ˆƒˆ‰

‡–‰† ‰• …•‰† ‰• ‚Š† Š— Acting President of India In office

11 February 1977 € 25 July 1977 Prime Minister

Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai

Preceded by


Succeeded by


Vice President of India In office

1 September 1974 € 25 July 1977 President


Preceded by

Gopal Swarup Pathak

Succeeded by

Mohammad Hidayatullah Governor of Orissa In office

8 November 1972 € 20 August 1974 Chief Minister

Nandini Satpathy

Preceded by

Gatikrishna Mishra

Succeeded by

Gatikrishna Mishra

Lieutenant Governor of Pondicherry In office

14 October 1968 € 7 November 1972 Chief Minister

Hasan Farook

Preceded by

Sayaji Laxman Silam

Succeeded by

Chhedilal

Chief Minister of Mysore In office

16 May 1958 € 9 March 1962 Governor

Jayachamaraja Wodeyar

Preceded by

Siddavanahalli Nijalingappa

Succeeded by

S. R. Kanthi Personal details



30 Born

10 September 1913 Savalagi, British Raj (now India)

Died

7 May 2002 (aged 88)

Political party


Alma mater

Shivaji University

Religion

Hinduism

pronunciation (Kannada:

€•‚ƒ‚ „…†‚ƒ‚ ‡ˆƒˆ‰,

Hindi: ‡–‰† ‰• …•‰† ‰• ‚Š† Š— ; 10 September

1912 € 7 June 2002) was the fifth Vice President of India. He was Acting President of India from 11 February 1977 to 25 July 1977. The soft-spoken Jatti rose from a humble beginning as a Municipality member to India •s second-highest office during a five-decade-long chequered political career.

Biography Born in a Kannadiga Lingayat Banajiga family at Savalgi in Jamkhandi Taluk of Bijapur district, Jatti entered politics as a Municipality member at Jamakhandi in 1940 and later became its President. He was eventually elected to the Jamakhandi State Legislature. A graduate in law from Rajaram College, in Kolhapur when it was affiliated with the then University of Bombay, he practised for a brief period as a pleader in Jamakhandi. He was appointed minister of Jamakhandi state, and subsequently became its Chief Minister. On 8 March 1948 after Jamakhandi was merged with Bombay state, he returned to legal practice and continued it for 20 months. Jatti was also nominated as member of the Bombay State Legislative Assembly to represent the merged area, and, within a week of his nomination, he was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the then Bombay Chief Minister, B G Kher. He worked in that capacity for a couple of years. After the 1952 general elections, he was appointed Minister of Health and Labour of the then Bombay Government and held that post till the reorganisation of states. Jatti became member of the Mysore Legislative Assembly after the reorganisation and was Chairman of the Land Reforms Committee. He became Chief Minister of Mysore in 1958 and continued in that office until 1962. Re-elected from Jamkhandi constituency in the third general elections, Jatti was appointed Finance Minister on 2 July 1962 in the S.Nijalingappa Ministry. He was re-elected to the fourth Assembly from the same constituency and appointed as Minister of Food and Civil Supplies. Jatti subsequently moved onto the national scene and was appointed as Lieutenant Governor of Pondicherry in 1968. He became Orissa Governor in 1973 and, in 1974, assumed office as the fifth Vice-President until 1980. He became acting President for a brief period after the death of Fakruddin Ali Ahmed. After leaving the office as Vice-President, Jatti continued to be in the limelight as a keen observer of the political situation in the country.


Religious activities A deeply religious man, Jatti was the founder president of the "Basava Samithi", a religious organisation which propagated the preachings of 12th century saint, philosopher and Hindu refomer Basaveshwara. He was also involved in various organisations concerned with social activities.

External links • B.D. Jatti [1]

References [1] http:/ / www.dailyexcelsior.com/ 02june08/ national.htm#4

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Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 6th President of India In office

25 July 1977 € 25 July 1982 Prime Minister

Morarji Desai Charan Singh Indira Gandhi

Vice President

Basappa Danappa Jatti Mohammad Hidayatullah

Preceded by

Basappa Danappa Jatti (Acting)

Succeeded by

Zail Singh Speaker of the Lok Sabha In office

26 March 1977 € 13 July 1977 Preceded by

Bali Ram Bhagat

Succeeded by

Kawdoor Sadananda Hegde In office

17 March 1967 € 19 July 1969 Preceded by

Sardar Hukam Singh

Succeeded by

Gurdial Singh Dhillon Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh In office

12 March 1962 € 20 February 1964 Governor

Bhim Sen Sachar Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh

Preceded by

Damodaram Sanjivayya

Succeeded by

Kasu Brahmananda Reddy In office

1 November 1956 € 11 January 1960 Governor

Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Bhim Sen Sachar

Preceded by

Burgula Ramakrishna Rao (Hyderabad) Bezawada Gopala Reddy (Andhra)

Succeeded by

Damodaram Sanjivayya Personal details


33 Born

13 May 1913 Illur, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Andhra Pradesh, India)

Died

1 June 1996 (aged 83) Bangalore, India

Political party

Janata Party (1977 € present)

Other political

Indian National Congress (Before 1977)

affiliations Alma mater

Government Arts College, Anantapur

pronunciation (19 May 1913 - 1 June 1996) was the sixth President of India, serving from 1977 to 1982 and was the only person to be elected President unopposed [1]. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

Reddy was born in Illur village of district Anantapur in the state of Andhra Pradesh. He had his primary education at the High School run by Theosophical Society Adyar, Madras. The spiritual atmosphere of the school left a deep impact on his mind. He joined the Government Arts College at Anantapur (then an affiliate of the University of Madras) for his higher studies. Mahatma Gandhi's visit to Anantapur in July 1929 influenced Reddy, who discarded his foreign clothes and took to Khadi as his dress. He gave up his studies and joined the Indian Independence Movement in 1931 as a member of the Congress Party. He was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1946 and became the Secretary of the Madras Congress Legislature Party. In 1947, he became a Member of the Indian Constituent Assembly. He was Minister for Prohibition, Housing and Forests in the composite state of Madras from 1949 to 1951. He was elected as President of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee in 1951. In 1952, he was elected as a Member of the Rajya Sabha. He served as the first chief minister of Andhra Pradesh in October 1956 and again from 1962 to 1964. He also served as President of the Indian National Congress from 1959 to 1962. The degree of Honorary Doctor of Laws was conferred on him by the Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi in 1958. On 9 June 1964, He was appointed a Member of the Union Cabinet and took over the portfolio of Steel and Mines. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in November, 1964. He was Union Minister of Transport, Civil Aviation, Shipping and Tourism from January 1966 to March 1967 in the Cabinet. He was Elected to the Lok Sabha from Hindupur constituency in Andhra Pradesh. He was elected Speaker of Lok Sabha on 17 March 1967, where he won unprecedented acclaim and admiration. In 1969, following the death of Zakir Hussain, then President of India, Sanjiva Reddy was nominated as the official candidate of Congress party. Even before the election he resigned from his Lok Sabha speakership in order not to take advantage of a position while contesting for another as a party candidate. However Indira Gandhi, knowing that Sanjiva Reddy was too independent a person to toe her line, took the stance of allowing the party electors to vote according to their conscience, rather than asking to vote for the party candidate. This actually implied her support to V.V.Giri and Sanjiva Reddy lost the election. He retired from active politics, returned to his native village Illuru to take up what was always close to his heart, and his fore-fathers occupation of farming. He entered active politics again in 1975 along with Jayaprakash Narayan. In March 1977, he fought the Lok Sabha election from Nandyal constituency in Andhra Pradesh as a Janata Party candidate. He was the only non-Congress candidate to get elected from Andhra Pradesh. He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977. He was elected President by the electoral college in July 1977. He was the youngest President and also the only unanimous President of India up to now. He died in Bangalore, India in 1996.His grandson is an Indian Revenue Service officer of the 1992 batch.


External links • Bio details on Congress Sandesh website accessed at [2] 26 July 2006 • Biographical details of Past Presidents of India at http:/ / pastpresidentsofindia.indiapress.org/ ] • Biographical details of Speakers of Lok Sabha at http:/ / speakerloksabha.nic.in/ former/ Nsanjivareddy.asp

References [1] "Sanjiva Reddy only President elected unopposed" (http:/ / www.thehindu.com/ news/ national/ article3529044.ece?homepage=true). The Hindu. . [2] http:/ / www.congresssandesh.com/ AICC/ pastpresidents.htm

34

Zail Singh

35

Zail Singh Zail Singh

€• ‚ ƒ „…† ‡ ‚˜  –“„ ’

7th President of India In office

July 25, 1982 € July 25, 1987 Prime Minister

Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi

Vice President

Mohammad Hidayatullah Ramaswamy Venkataraman

Preceded by


Succeeded by

Ramaswamy Venkataraman Minister of Home Affairs In office

January 14, 1980 € June 22, 1982 Prime Minister

Indira Gandhi

Preceded by

Yashwantrao Chavan

Succeeded by

Ramaswamy Venkataraman

Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement In office

March 12, 1983 € September 6, 1986 Preceded by

Fidel Castro

Succeeded by

Robert Mugabe Personal details

Born

May 5, 1916 Sandhwan, British Raj

Died

December 25, 1994 (aged 78) Chandigarh, India

Political party


Alma mater

Shaheed Sikh Missionary College

Religion

Sikhism

Giani Zail Singh pronunciation (Punjabi: €• ‚ ƒ „…† ‡ , Hindi: ‚˜  –“„ ’ ; May 5, 1916 € December 25, 1994) was an Indian politician and member of the Congress Party. He served as the seventh President of India. His term was marked by Operation Blue Star, the assassination of Indira Gandhi, and the 1984 anti-Sikh riots. [1] He died of injuries in 1994 after a car accident.

Zail Singh

Early Life He was born in Sandhwan, Faridkot district on May 5, 1916 to Kishan Singh. He was a Sikh by religion, was given the title of Giani, as he was educated and learned about Guru Granth Sahib at Shaheed Sikh Missionary College in Amritsar. However, he did not have formal secular education. [2]

State Politics (1947-1971) In 1947, with the reorganization of India along secular lines an, he opposed Harindar Singh, ruler of Faridkot State and was incarcerated and tortured for five years. [3] He was called on to be the Revenue Minister of the recently formed Patiala and East Punjab States Union, under Chief Minister Gian Singh Rarewala in 1949 and later became Minister of Agriculture in 1951. From 1956 to 1962, he was a member of the Rajya Sabha.

Chief Minister of Punjab (1972-77) Zail Singh was elected as a Congress Chief Minister of Punjab in 1972. [4] He arranged massive religious gatherings, started public functions with a traditional Sikh prayer, inaugurated a highway named after Guru Gobind Singh, and named a township after the Guru's son. [5]. He created a life long pension scheme for the freedom fighters of the state. He repatriated the remains of Udham Singh from London, armaments and articles belonging to Guru Gobind Singh.

Central Government In 1980, Zail Singh was elected to the 7th Lok Sabha, and appointed to join Indira Gandhi's cabinet as Minister for Home Affairs. [1] He is believed to have worked with her to promote the personality of Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale at the expense of the Akali Dal leadership.

President of India In 1982 he was unanimously nominated to serve as the President. Nonetheless, some in the media felt that the president had been chosen for being an Indira loyalist rather than an eminent person. …If my leader had said I should pick up a broom and be a sweeper, I would have done that. She chose me to be President, †[6] Singh was quoted to have said after his election. He took the oath of office on July 25, 1982. He served beside Gandhi, and protocol dictated that he should be briefed every week by her on the affairs of the state. The day before Operation Blue Star, he met with Gandhi for more than an hour, but she omitted even sharing a word about her plan. [7] Following the operation he was pressured to resign from his post by Sikhs. He decided against resignation fearing to aggravate the situation on advice from Yogi Bhajan. He was subsequently called before the Akal Takhat to apologize and explain his inaction at the desecration of the Harimandir Sahib and killing of innocent Sikhs. Indira Gandhi was assassinated in 1984, and he appointed Rajiv Gandhi as Prime Minister. [8]

Latter Term His remaining term was full of controversies on account of his soured relations with prime minister Rajiv Gandhi. During this time, he ensured that the prime minister adhered to protocols and forced him to remove KK Tewary, a congress MP who alleged on the floor of the Lok Sabha that the president had sheltered terrorists in the Rashtrapati Bhawan.[9] Singh refused assent to the "Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill" in 1986 to show his opposition to the bill. The bill was later withdrawn by the V.P. Singh Government in 1990. [10] Singh is believed to have contemplated the dismissal of the Rajiv Gandhi Government due to the corruption charges leveled against the Prime Minister and kickbacks in the Bofors scandal.

36

Zail Singh

Death On November 29, 1994 Zail Singh was involved in a serious vehicle accident near Kiratpur Sahib in Ropar District on his way to the Anandpur Sahib. He later died at the Post Graduate Institute, Chandigarh on 25 December 1994 and was cremated at the Raj Ghat Memorial near Old Delhi. [11]

References [1] Zail Singh, 78, First Sikh Sikh To Hold India's Presidency. Presidency. The New York Times. 1994-12-26. 1994-12-26. Retrieved 2011-26-10. http:/ http:/ / www.nytimes. www.nytimes.com/ com/ 1994/ 12/ 12/ 26/ 26/ obituaries/ obituaries/ zail-singh-78-first-sikh-to-hold-india-s-presidency. zail-singh-78-first-sikh-to-hold-india-s-presidency.html html [2] "Zail Singh." Encyclopƒdia Encyclopƒdia Britannica. Encyclopƒdia Encyclopƒdia Britannica Online. Online. Encyclopƒdia Britannica Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. . gh>. [3] [3] A.C. A.C. Auro Aurora ra,, …Punjab Riyasti Praja Mandal †, The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, ed. Harbans Singh, Vol. III, Patiala, India, Punjabi University, 1997, p. 278. [4] Sangat Singh, The Sikhs in History, New Delhi, Uncommon Uncommon Books, 1999, pp. pp. 350-54; Khushwant Singh, Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839-2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, pp. 315-17. [5] Khushwant Singh, Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Sikhs, Volume II: 1839-2004, 1839-2004, New Delhi, Oxford University University Press, 2004, p. 355. 355. [6] 10 stories that changed changed in our lifetime. India Today. Today. 2008-12-19. 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2011-26-10. 2011-26-10. http:/ / indiatoday.intoday. indiatoday.intoday.in/ in/ site/ site/ Story/ Story/ 23077/ 23077/ 10+stories+ 10+stories+that+ that+changed+ changed+in+ in+our+ our+lifetime. lifetime.html?complete=1 html?complete=1 [7] Khushwant Singh, Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Sikhs, Volume II: 1839-2004, 1839-2004, New Delhi, Oxford University University Press, 2004, p. 359-60. 359-60. [8] Harjot Harjot Singh, Singh, …Zail Singh, Giani†, The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, ed. Harbans Singh, Vol. IV, Patiala, India, Punjabi University, 1997, pp. 456-57. [9] "Presiden "Presidential tial Years Years of Zail Singh" Singh" (http:/ (http:/ / www.outlookindia. www.outlookindia.com/ com/ article.aspx?202610). article.aspx?202610). outlook india. . Retrieved 13 June 2012. [10] "Show "Show Of Dissen Dissent" t" (http:/ (http:/ / archives.digitaltoday. archives.digitaltoday.in/ in/ indiatoday/ indiatoday/ 20060612/ nation5. 20060612/ nation5.html). html). India Today. . Retrieved 13 June 2012. [11] [11] Harjot Harjot Singh Singh,, …Zail Singh, Giani†, The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, ed. Harbans Singh, Vol. IV, Patiala, India, Punjabi University, 1997, p. 457.

37

R. Venkataraman

38

R. Venkataraman Ramaswamy Venkataraman



Rajiv Gandhi Vishwanath Pratap Singh Chandra Shekhar Narasimha Rao

Vice President


Preceded by

Zail Singh

Succeeded by

Shankar Dayal Sharma Vice President of India In office

20 August 1982 € 27 July 1987 President

Zail Singh

Preceded by


Succeeded by

Shankar Dayal Sharma Minister of Home Affairs In office

22 June 1982 € 2 September 1982 Prime Minister

Indira Gandhi

Preceded by

Zail Singh

Succeeded by

Prakash Chandra Sethi Minister of Defence In office

15 January 1982 € 2 August 1984 Prime Minister

Indira Gandhi

R. Venkataraman

39 Preceded by

Indira Gandhi

Succeeded by

Shankarrao Chavan Minister of Finance In office

14 January 1980 € 15 January 1982 Prime Minister

Indira Gandhi

Preceded by

Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna

Succeeded by

Pranab Mukherjee Personal details

Born

4 December 1910 Rajamadam, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Tamil Nadu, India)

Died

27 January 2009 (aged 98) New Delhi, India

Political party


Spouse(s)

Janaki Venkataraman

Alma mater

Loyola College, Madras Madras Law College

Profession

Lawyer

Religion

Hinduism

Signature

(Tamil: Ž•‡€Šƒ‡† ƒ‘‚‰’‚•‡‚ pronunciation, 4 December 1910 € 27 January 2009) was an Indian lawyer, Indian independence activist and politician who served as a Union minister and as the eighth President of India. [2] Venkataraman was born in Rajamadam village in Tanjore district, Madras Presidency. He studied law and practised in the Madras High Court and the Supreme Court of India. In his young age, he was an activist of the Indian independence movement and participated in the Quit India Movement. He was appointed member of the Constituent Assembly and the provisional cabinet. He was elected to Lok L ok Sabha four times and served as Union Finance Minister and Defence Minister. In 1984, he was elected the seventh Vice-President of India and in 1987, he became the 8th President of India and served from 1987 to 1992. He also served as a State minister under K. Kamaraj and M. Bhaktavatsalam. Ramaswamy Venkataraman [1]

R. Venkataraman

Early life Venkataraman was born in Rajamadam village near in Pattukottai, near Tanjore district in Tamil Nadu. He had his school education in Govt Boys Higher Secondary School, Pattukottai & College education in National College Higher Secondary School at Trichy. Educated locally and in the city of Madras (now Chennai), Venkataraman obtained his Master Degree in Economics from Loyola College, Madras. He later qualified in Law from the Law College, Madras. Venkataraman was enrolled in the Madras High Court in 1935 and in the Supreme Court in 1951. [3] While practicing law, Venkataraman was drawn into the movemen t for India's freedom from Britain's colonial subjugation. His active participation in the Indian National Congress's celebrated resistance to the British Government, the Quit India Movement of 1942, resulted in his detention for two years under the Defence of India Rules. Venkataraman's interest in the law continued during this period. In 1946, when the transfer of power from British to Indian hands was imminent, the Government of India included him in the panel of lawyers sent to Malaya and Singapore to defend Indian nationals charged with offences of collaboration during the Japanese occupation of those two places. In the years 1947 to 1950, Venkataraman served as Secretary of the Madras Provincial Bar Federation.

Political career Law and trade union activity led to Venkataraman's increasing association with politics. He was a member of constituent assembly that drafted India's constitution. In 1950 he was elected to free India's Provisional Parliament (1950 € 1952) and to the First Parliament (1952 € 1957). During his term of legislative activity, Venkataraman attended the 1952 Session of the Metal Trades Committee of International Labour Organisation as a workers' delegate. He was a member of the Indian Parliamentary Delegation to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference in New Zealand. Venkataraman was also Secretary to the Congress Parliamentary Party in 1953-1954. Although re-elected to Parliament in 1957, Venkataraman resigned his seat in the Lok Sabha to join the State Government of Madras as a Minister. There Shri Venkataraman held the portfolios of Industries, Labour, Cooperation, Power, Transport and Commercial Taxes from 1957 to 1967. During this time, he was also Leader of the Upper House, namely, the Madras Legislative Council. As Minister of Industries

Venkataraman was appointed a Member of the Union Planning Commission in 1967 and was entrusted the subjects of Industry, Labour, power, Transport, Communications, Railways. He held that office until 1971. In 1977, Venkataraman was elected to the Lok Sabha from Madras (South) Constituency and served as an Opposition Member of Parliament and Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee. Venkataraman was also, variously, a member of the Political Affairs Committee and the Economic Affairs Committee of the Union Cabinet; Governor, International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the Asian Development Bank. Venkataraman was a Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly in 1953, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960 and 1961. He was Leader of the Indian Delegation to the 42nd Session of the International Labour Conference at Geneva (1958) and represented India in the Inter Parliamentary Conference in Vienna (1978). He was a member of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal from 1955 to 1979 and was its President from 1968 to 1979. In 1980, Venkataraman was re-elected to the Lok Sabha and was appointed Union Minister of Finance in the Government headed by Smt. Indira Gandhi. He was later appointed Union Minister of Defence, here he is credited for initiating India's missile programme, he shifted A P J Abdul Kalam from space programme to the missile programme, and consolidated the entire missile system, naming it as Integrated Guided Missile Development Program.[4] Later he was to serve as Vice-President of India and then as a President of India starting 1987, where he

40

R. Venkataraman had the unique distinction of working with four prime ministers, and appointing three of them: V P Singh, Chandra Shekhar and P V Narasimha Rao, during his five-year term, which saw the advent of coalition politics in India. [5][6]

Honours and accolades Venkataraman received the Doctorate of Law (Honoris Causa) from University of Madras, the Doctorate of Law (Honoris Causa) from Nagarjuna University. He is Honorary Fellow, Madras Medical College; Doctor of Social Sciences, University of Roorkee; Doctor of Law (Honoris Causa) from University of Burdwan. He was awarded The Tamra Patra for participation in the freedom struggle, the Soviet Land Prize for his travelogue on K. Kamaraj's visit to the Socialist countries. He was the recipient of a Souvenir from the Secretary-General of the United Nations for distinguished service as President of the U.N. Administrative Tribunal. The title of "Sat Seva Ratna" was conferred on him by His Holiness the Sankaracharya of Kancheepuram.

Death On 12 January 2009, Venkataraman was admitted to the Army Research and Referral Hospital with complaints of Urosepsis (a toxic condition caused by the extravasation of urine into bodily tissues). [7] His condition grew critical on 20 January, when he was detected with low blood pressure and E. coli tract infection. Venkataraman died at the Army Research and Referral Hospital, New Delhi on 27 January 2009 at 1430 IST [7] due to multiple organ failure at the age of 98. [8] With Venkataraman's death, Abdul Kalam became the only surviving former President of India.A. Kalam is a great personalty.

Works • Role of Planning in Industrial Development , by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Govt. of India Press, 1969. • The Role of a Private Member of Parliament , by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Harold Laski Institute of Political Science, 1986. • My Presidential Years - R Venkataraman, by R Venkataraman. 1995. HarperCollins/Indus. ISBN 81-7223-202-0. • R. Venkataraman on Contemporary Issues, by Ramaswami Venkataraman, K. Venkatasubramanian. Published by Variant Communications, 1996. • Relevance of Gandhi: And Other Essays, by K Swaminathan, Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Gandhigram Trust, 1998.

Books on R. Venkataraman • President R. Venkataraman, by Nand Gopal Chaudhry. Published by Manas Publications, 1987. ISBN 81-7049-018-9. • The Great Humanist Ramaswami Venkataraman, by Attar Chand. Published by Gian Pub. House, 1987. ISBN 81-212-0106-3. • So May India be Great: Selected Speeches and Writings of President R. Venkataraman, by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1990. • Selected Speeches, 1984€ 87, 10 September 1984-14 May 1987: 10 September 1984-14 May 1987, by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1991. • President R. Venkataraman Selected Speeches: July 1987-December 1989., by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1991.

41

R. Venkataraman

Notes [1] http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ 2009/ 01/ 28/ stories/ 2009012861430100. htm [2] http:/ / pastpresidentsofindia.indiapress.org/ venkat.html [3] Venkataraman presided over the change to era of coalitions (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ 2009/ 01/ 28/ stories/ 2009012861861400. htm) The Hindu, 28 January 2009. [4] Venkataraman responsible for shaping missile programme: Kalam (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ thehindu/ holnus/ 001200901272126. htm) The Hindu, 27 January 2009. [5] Former President Venkataraman passes away (http:/ / timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ India/ Ex-President_Venkataraman_dies/ articleshow/ 4036007. cms) The Times of India , 28 January 2009. [6] Former President R Venkataraman passes away (http:/ / www.indianexpress.com/ news/ former-president-r-venkataraman-passes-away/ 415704/ ) Indian Express, 27 January 2009. [7] "Former President R Venkataraman dies" (http:/ / www.ndtv.com/ convergence/ ndtv/ story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090081563). NDTV . . [8] "Former President Venkataraman dead" (http:/ / www.sindhtoday.net/ south-asia/ 56521.htm). Sindh Today. 27 January 2009. .

References • "Ramaswamy Venkataraman:Eighth President of India" (http:/ / www.timesonline.co.uk/ tol/ comment/ obituaries/ article5613765.ece). The Times. 30 January 2009.

External links • R.Venkatraman's Journey (http:/ / www.patrika.com/ Venkatraman/ index.html'''Late) • Post - presidential Career of R. venkatraman (http:/ / www.patrika.com/ Venkatraman/ index.html) • maintained by RV Foundation (http:/ / www.presidentvenkataraman.in), a Trust founded by him and administered by the family.

42


43

Shankar Dayal Sharma Shankar Dayal Sharma

™„ Œ€ …”• ™€† •



Narasimha Rao Atal Bihari Vajpayee H. D. Deve Gowda Inder Kumar Gujral

Vice President

Kocheril Raman Narayanan

Preceded by


Succeeded by

Kocheril Raman Narayanan Vice President of India In office

3 September 1987 € 25 July 1992 President


Preceded by


Succeeded by

Kocheril Raman Narayanan Governor of Maharashtra In office

3 April 1986 € 2 September 1987 Chief Minister

Shankarrao Chavan

Preceded by

Kona Prabhakar Rao

Succeeded by

Kasu Brahmananda Reddy Governor of Punjab Administrator of Chandigarh In office

26 November 1985 € 2 April 1986


44 Chief Minister

Surjit Singh Barnala

Preceded by

Hokishe Sema

Succeeded by

Siddhartha Shankar Ray Governor of Andhra Pradesh In office

29 August 1984 € 26 November 1985 Chief Minister

Nadendla Bhaskara Rao Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao

Preceded by

Thakur Ram Lal

Succeeded by

Kumudben Manishankar Joshi Personal details

Born

19 August 1918 Bhopal, in the princely state of Bhopal (now India)

Died

26 December 1999 (aged 81) New Delhi, India

Political party


Spouse(s)

Vimala Sharma

Children

Two sons One daughter

Alma mater

Allahabad University Agra College Panjab University, Chandigarh University of Lucknow Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Harvard University

Signature

pronunciation (Hindi: ™„ Œ€ …”• ™€† • ; 19 August 1918 - 26 December 1999) was the ninth President of India serving from 1992 to 1997. Prior to his presidency, Dr Sharma had been the eighth Vice President of India, serving under President Ramaswamy Venkataraman. He was also Chief Minister (1952 € 1956), and Cabinet Minister (1956 € 1967), holding the portfolios of Education, Law, Public Works, Industry and Commerce, National Resources and Separate Revenue. He was the President of the Indian National Congress in 1972-1974 and returned to government as Union Minister for Communications from 1974 to 1977. Shankar Dayal Sharma

The International Bar Association presented Dr. Sharma with the 'Living Legends of Law Award of Recognition' for his outstanding contribution to the legal profession internationally and for commitment to the rule of law. [1] Dr. Sharma was born in Bhopal, then the capital of the princely state of Bhopal.

Education and early life Sharma comes from the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Sharma received his education at St. John's College, Agra College, Punjab University and Lucknow University. He obtained his Ph.D. in Law from Fitzwilliam College. Sharma was awarded the Chakravarti Gold Medal for Social Service by Lucknow University. Dr. Sharma taught Law at Lucknow University and at Cambridge University. While at Cambridge, Dr. Sharma was Treasurer of the Tagore Society and the Cambridge Majlis. [2] He taught law at Cambridge University from 1946 to 1947. He was Honored as …Proud Past Alumni" in the list of 42 members, from "Allahabad University Alumni Association", Ghaziabad.[3]


Political initiation During the 1940s he was involved in the struggle for Indian independence from the British, and joined the Indian National Congress, a party which he would remain loyal to for the rest of his life. In 1952 he became the chief minister of the Bhopal state and served in that position until the state reorganization of 1956, when Bhopal state merged with several other states to form the state of Madhya Pradesh.

Active political life During the 1960s Sharma supported Indira Gandhi's quest for leadership of the Congress Party. He served in her cabinet as the minister for Communication from 1974-77. In 1971 and 1980 he won a Lok Sabha seat from Bhopal. Later on, he was given a variety of ceremonial posts. In 1984 he began serving as a governor of Indian states, first in Andhra Pradesh. During this time, his daughter Geetanjali Maken and son-in-law Lalit Maken, a young member of parliament and a promising political leader, were killed by Sikh militants. In 1985, he left Andhra Pradesh and became governor of Punjab during a time of violence between the Indian government and Sikh militants, many of whom lived in Punjab. He left Punjab in 1986 and took up his final governorship in Maharashtra. He remained governor of that state until 1987 when he was elected for a 5-year term as the eighth Vice-President of India and chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Sharma was known to be a stickler for parliamentary norms. He is known to have broken down in the Rajya Sabha while witnessing the members of the house create a din on a political issue. His grief brought back some order into the proceedings of the house.

Presidential election Sharma served as Vice-President until 1992, when he was elected President.He received 66% of the votes in the electoral college, defeating George Gilbert Swell. During his last year as President, it was his responsibility to swear in three prime ministers. He did not run for a second term as President.

Illness and death During the last five years of his life, Sharma suffered from ill health. On 26 December 1999, he suffered a massive heart attack and was admitted to a hospital in New Delhi, where he died. He was cremated at Karma Bhumi. Dr. Sharma is survived by his son Satish Dayal Sharma from his first wife and a son Ashutosh Dayal Sharma, from his second wife, Smt. Vimala Sharma.

References [1] http:/ / www.gloriousindia.com/ biographies/ shankar_dayal_sharma.html [2] "Cambrige Majlis" (http:/ / www8.open.ac.uk/ researchprojects/ makingbritain/ content/ cambridge-majlis), The Open University , , retrieved February 15, 2012 [3] "Allahabad University Alumni Association (NCR Ghaziabad-Noida Chapter): "Proud Past Alumni (Almamator)" List" (http:/ / allduniv. academia.edu/ DrVivekKumarPandey/ Books/ 520689/ Allahabad_University_Alumni_Association_NCR_Ghaziabad-Noida_Chapter_Proud_Past_Alumni_Almamator_List), Allahabad University Alumni Association, , retrieved February 15, 2012

45


46

External links • Bio details (not updated) from Congress Sandesh at (http:/ / www.congresssandesh.com/ AICC/ pastpresidents. htm) accessed 26 July 2006

K. R. Narayanan Kocheril Raman Narayanan 10th President of India In office


Inder Kumar Gujral Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Vice President

Krishan Kant

Preceded by


Succeeded by

Abdul Kalam Vice President of India In office

21 August 1992 € 24 July 1997 President


Preceded by


Succeeded by

Krishan Kant Personal details

Born

27 October 1920 Perumthanam, Travancore, British India (now in Kerala, India)

Died

9 November 2005 (aged 85) New Delhi, India

Political party


Alma mater

University of Kerala (B.A., M.A.) London School of Economics (B.Sc)

Religion

Hinduism

Signature

Kocheril Raman Narayanan pronunciation (Malayalam:

, 27 October 1920 € 9 November

€•‚ƒ‚ „…†‡ …ˆ‰Š ‹ˆ…ˆŒŠ

2005), also known as K. R. Narayanan, was the tenth President of India. He was the first Dalit, and the first Malayali, to have been President. Born in Perumthanam, Uzhavoor village, in the princely state of Travancore (present day Kottayam district, Kerala), and after a brief stint with journalism and then studying political science at the London School of Economics with the assistance of a scholarship, Narayanan began his career in India as a member of the Indian Foreign Service under

K. R. Narayanan the Nehru administration. He served as ambassador to Japan, United Kingdom, Thailand, Turkey, People's Republic of China and United States of America and was referred by Nehru as "the best diplomat of the country". [1] He entered politics at Indira Gandhi's request and won three successive general elections to the Lok Sabha and served as a Minister of State in the Union Cabinet under former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. Elected as the ninth Vice-President in 1992, Narayanan went on to become the President of India in 1997. Narayanan is regarded as an independent and assertive President who set several precedents and enlarged the scope of the highest constitutional office. He described himself as a "working President" who worked "within the four corners of the Constitution"; something midway between an "executive President" who has direct power and a "rubber-stamp President" who endorses government decisions without question or deliberation. [2] He used his discretionary powers as a President and deviated from convention and precedent in many situations, including - but not limited to ‚ the appointment of the Prime Minister in a hung Parliament, in dismissing a state government and imposing President's rule there at the suggestion of the Union Cabinet, and during the Kargil conflict. He presided over the golden jubilee celebrations of Indian independence and in the country's general election of 1998 became the first Indian President to vote when in office, setting another new precedent.

Early life K. R. Narayanan was born in a small thatched hut at Perumthanam, Uzhavoor, as the fourth of seven children of Kocheril Raman Vaidyar, a physician practicing the traditional Indian medical systems of Siddha and Ayurveda, and Punnaththuraveettil Paappiyamma. His family (belonging to the Paravan caste, whose members are assigned the task of plucking coconuts as per the caste system) was poor, but his father was respected for his medical acumen. He was born on 27 October 1920, but his uncle, who accompanied him on his first day in school, did not know his actual date of birth, and arbitrarily chose 27 October 1920 for the records; Narayanan later chose to let it remain official. Narayanan had his early schooling in Uzhavoor at the Government Lower Primary School, Kurichithanam (where he enrolled on 5 May 1927) and Our Lady of Lourdes Upper Primary School, Uzhavoor (1931 € 35). He walked to school for about 15 kilometres daily through paddy fields, and was often unable to pay the modest fees. He often listened to school lessons while standing outside the classroom, having been barred from attending because tuition fees were outstanding. The family lacked money to buy books and his elder brother K. R. Neelakantan, who was confined to home as he was suffering from asthma, used to borrow books from other students, copy them down, and give them to Narayanan. He matriculated from St. Mary's High School, Kuravilangad (1936 € 37) (he had studied at St. John's High School, Koothattukulam (1935 € 36) previously). He completed his intermediate at C. M. S. College, Kottayam (1938 € 40), aided by a scholarship from the Travencore Royal family. Narayanan obtained his B. A. (Honours) and M.A. in English literature from the University of Travancore (1940 € 43) (present day University of Kerala), standing first in the university (thus becoming the first Dalit to obtain this degree with first class in Travancore). With his family facing grave difficulties, he left for Delhi and worked for some time as a journalist with The Hindu and The Times of India (1944 € 45). During this time he once interviewed Mahatma Gandhi [3] in Bombay on his own volition (10 April 1945).Narayanan then went to England (1945) and studied political science under Harold Laski at the London School of Economics (LSE); [4] he also attended lectures by Karl Popper, Lionel Robbins, and Friedrich Hayek. He obtained the honours degree of B. Sc. (Economics) with a specialisation in political science, helped by a scholarship from J. R. D. Tata. [5] During his years in London, he (along with fellow student K. N. Raj) was active in the India League under V. K. Krishna Menon. He was also the London correspondent of the Social Welfare Weekly published by K. M. Munshi. He shared lodgings with K. N. Raj and Veerasamy Ringadoo (who later became the first President of Mauritius); another close friend was Pierre Trudeau (who later became Prime minister of Canada).

47

K. R. Narayanan

Diplomat and academician When Narayanan returned to India in 1948, Laski gave him a letter of introduction to Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Years later he narrated [6] how he began his career in the public service: When I finished with LSE, Laski, of his own, gave me a letter of introduction for Panditji. On reaching Delhi I sought an appointment with the PM. I suppose, because I was an Indian student returning home from London, I was given a time-slot. It was here in Parliament House that he met me. We talked for a few minutes about London and things like that and I could soon see that it was time for me to leave. So I said goodbye and as I left the room I handed over the letter from Laski, and stepped out into the great circular corridor outside. When I was half way round, I heard the sound of someone clapping from the direction I had just come. I turned to see Panditji [Nehru] beckoning me to come back. He had opened the letter as I left his room and read it. [Nehru asked:] "Why didn't you give this to me earlier?" [and KRN replied:] "Well, sir, I am sorry. I thought it would be enough if I just handed it over while leaving." After a few more questions, he asked me to see him again and very soon I found myself entering the Indian Foreign Service. In 1949, he joined the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) on Nehru's request.[7] He worked as a diplomat in the embassies at Rangoon, Tokyo, London, Canberra, and Hanoi. He was the Indian ambassador to Thailand (1967 € 69), Turkey (1973 € 75), and the People's Republic of China (1976 € 78). He taught at the Delhi School of Economics (DSE) (1954), and was Jawaharlal Nehru fellow (1970 € 72) and secretary to the ministry of external affairs (1976). He retired in 1978. After his retirement, he served as the Vice-Chancellor of Jawaharlal K. R. Narayanan with then President of Russia Nehru University (JNU) in New Delhi from 3 January 1979 - 14 Vladimir Putin on 3 October 2000. October 1980; he would later describe this experience as the foundation for his public life.[8] Subsequently he was called back from retirement to serve as Indian Ambassador to the United States from 1980 € 84, under the Indira Gandhi administration. Narayanan's tenures as Indian ambassador to China, the first such high level Indian diplomatic posting in that country after the 1962 Sino-Indian War, and to the USA where he helped arrange Ms. Gandhi's landmark 1982 visit to Washington during the Reagan presidency helped mend India's strained relations with both these countries.[9][10] Nehru, who had also been the Minister for External Affairs during his 16 years as PM, held that K. R. Narayanan was "the best diplomat of the country."(1955)

Family While working in Rangoon, Burma (Myanmar), K. R. Narayanan met Ma Tint Tint, whom he later married in Delhi on 8 June 1951. Ma Tint Tint was active in the YWCA and on hearing that Narayanan was a student of Laski, approached him to speak on political freedom before her circle of acquaintances. Their marriage needed a special dispensation from Nehru per Indian law, because Narayanan was in the IFS and she was a foreigner. Ma Tint Tint adopted the Indian name Usha and became an Indian citizen. Usha Narayanan (1923 € 2008) worked on several social welfare programs for women and children in India. She also translated and published several Burmese short stories; a collection of translated stories by Thein Pe Myint, titled Sweet and Sour , appeared in 1998. She is the only woman of foreign origin to have become the First Lady. They have two daughters, Ms. Chitra Narayanan (Indian ambassador to Switzerland and The Holy See) [11] and Amrita.

48

K. R. Narayanan

Parliamentarian, Union Minister and Vice-President Narayanan entered politics at the request of Indira Gandhi and won three successive general elections to the Lok Sabha in 1984, 1989, and 1991, as a representative of the Ottapalam constituency in Palakkad, Kerala, on an Congress ticket. He was a Minister of State in the Union cabinet under Rajiv Gandhi, holding the portfolios of Planning (1985), External Affairs (1985 € 86), and Science and Technology (1986 € 89). As a Member of Parliament, he resisted international pressure to tighten patent controls in India. He sat in the opposition benches when the Congress was voted out of power during 1989-91. Narayanan was not included in the cabinet when the Congress returned to power in 1991. K. Karunakaran, Congress Chief Minister of Kerala, a political adversary of his, informed Narayanan that he was not made a minister because of him being a "Communist fellow-traveller". He did not, however, respond when Narayanan pointed out that he had defeated Communist candidates (A. K. Balan and Lenin Rajendran, the latter twice) in all three elections. [8] K. R. Narayanan was elected as the Vice-President of India on 21 August 1992, under the Presidency of Shankar Dayal Sharma. His name had been proposed initially by V. P. Singh, former Prime Minister and the then leader of the Janata Dal parliamentary party. The Janata Dal and the Left Front had jointly declared him as their candidate, and this had later garnered support from the Congress under P. V. Narasimha Rao, leading to a unanimous decision on his election. On his relationship with the Left front, Narayanan later clarified [8] that he was neither a devotee nor a blind opponent of Communism; they had known of his ideological differences, but had supported him as Vice-President (and later as President) because of special political circumstances that prevailed in the country. He had benefited from their support, and in turn, their political positions had gained acceptability. When the Babri Masjid was demolished on 6 December 1992, he described the event as the "greatest tragedy India has faced since the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi". [2]

Presidency K. R. Narayanan was elected to the Presidency of India [12] (17 July 1997) with 95% of the votes in the electoral college, as a result of the Presidential poll on 14 July. This is the only Presidential election to have been held with a minority government holding power at the centre. T. N. Seshan was the sole opposing candidate, and all major parties save the Shiv Sena supported his candidature., [13] while Seshan alleged that Narayanan had been elected solely for being a Dalit. He was sworn in as the President of India (25 July 1997) by Chief Justice J. S. Verma in the Central Hall of Parliament. In his inaugural address, [14] he said: That the nation has found a consensus for its highest office in some one who has sprung from the grass-roots of our society and grown up in the dust and heat of this sacred land is symbolic of the fact that the concerns of the common man have now moved to the centre stage of our social and political life. It is this larger significance of my election rather than any personal sense of honour that makes me rejoice on this occasion. Golden jubilee of independence The principal event of the golden jubilee of Indian independence was President K. R. Narayanan's midnight address to the nation [15] during the special session of Parliament convened on the night of 14 August; in this address, he identified the establishment of a democratic system of government and politics to be the greatest achievement of India since independence. The following morning, Prime Minister I. K. Gujral, addressing the nation [16] from the ramparts of the Red Fort, said: When Gandhiji dreamt of India's future, he had said that the country will attain the real freedom only on the day when a Dalit would become the President of this country. This is our great fortune that today on the eve of golden jubilee of independence, we have been able to fulfil this dream of Gandhiji. In the person of Shri K. R. Narayanan we have been able to fulfil the dream of Gandhiji. Our President of

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K. R. Narayanan whom the whole country is proud of, is from a very poor and downtrodden family and today he has endowed the Rashtrapati Bhavan with a new pride and respect. It is a matter of further happiness that the President has a very high place among the intellectuals of this country. This is a feather in the cap of our democracy that the backward sections of the society today are attaining their rightful place in society. All the countrymen today whether they are from minorities, scheduled castes [Dalits], or scheduled tribes [Adivasis]-- are working unitedly for the development of the country. Participation in the elections In the general elections of 1998, K. R. Narayanan became the first sitting President to vote (16 February 1998), casting his vote at a polling booth in a school within the Rashtrapati Bhavan complex after standing in a queue like an ordinary citizen. He insisted on casting his vote, despite the departure from precedent being pointed out to him. Narayanan sought to change what was a long-standing practice of Indian presidents not voting during general elections.[17][18] He also exercised his franchise as President in the 1999 general elections. Golden jubilee of the Republic President K. R. Narayanan's address to the nation [19] on the golden jubilee of the Indian Republic (26 January 2000) is considered a landmark: [20] it was the first time[21] a President attempted to analyse, with due concern for growing disparities, the several ways in which the country had failed [22] to provide economic justice to the Indian people, particularly the rural and agrarian population; he also stated that discontent was breeding and frustrations erupting in violence among the deprived sections of society. In his address to Parliament [23] later that day, he praised the work of B. R. Ambedkar on the Indian constitution and cautioned against attempts to change its basic structure, concurring with Ambedkar's preference for accountability and responsibility over the stability of the government. He reiterated this in stronger terms in his next Republic day address (2001); [24] on this occasion, he took exception to certain proposals seeking to abridge the franchise, and pointed out the wisdom of reposing faith in the common men and women of India as a whole, rather than in some elite section of society. In these addresses, he articulated opinions which departed in many ways from certain views of the A. B. Vajpayee government.[18][25] Exercise of Presidential discretion

President Narayanan introduced the important practice of explaining to the nation (by means of Rashtrapati Bhavan communiquˆs) the thinking that led to the various decisions he took while exercising his discretionary powers; this has led to openness and transparency in the functioning of the President. Appointment of the Prime minister and dissolution of Parliament During his Presidency, Narayanan dissolved the Lok Sabha twice after determining through consultations across the political spectrum, that no one was in a position to secure the confidence of the house. Congress president Sitaram Kesri withdrew his party's support of the I. K. Gujral government and staked his claim to form the government on 28 November 1997. Gujral advised Narayanan of the dissolution of the Lok Sabha. Pre sident Narayanan determined that no one would be able to secure a majority in the Lok Sabha and accepted Gujral's advice [26] (4 December). In the ensuing general elections, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) emerged as the single largest party, leading the largest pre-election coalition, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), and the coalition leader Vajpayee staked his claim to form the government, though at that point he did not have a majority. Narayanan asked Vajpayee to furnish letters of support to demonstrate the NDA's ability to secure a majority. Vajpayee was able to meet this demand after support for the NDA grew, and subsequently he was appointed Prime Minister [27] (15 March 1998) on the condition (which was met) that a vote of confidence be secured within 10 days. [17] One of the coalition partners supporting the minority government (the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam under J. Jayalalithaa) wrote a letter to the President withdrawing support on 14 April 1999, and Narayanan advised Vajpayee to seek a vote of confidence in the Lok Sabha. This motion was defeated (17 April). Both Vajpayee and

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K. R. Narayanan the Leader of the Opposition, Congress president Sonia Gandhi, then staked claims to form the government. Narayanan asked the NDA and the Congress party to show proof of support since the loss of the confidence vote. When evidence from neither party was forthcoming, Narayanan informed the Prime minister that fresh elections seemed to be the only way to resolve the crisis in governance. The Lok Sabha was then dissolved at Vajpayee's advice[28] (26 April). (In the ensuing general elections, the NDA secured a majority and Vajpayee was reappointed Prime minister[29] (11 October 1999) in a straightforward manner.) In these decisions, President Narayanan set a new precedent concerning the appointment of a Prime minister ‚ if no party or pre-election coalition had a majority, then a person would be appointed Prime minister only if he was able to convince the President (through letters of support from allied parties) of his ability to secure the confidence of the house. In doing so, he diverged from the actions of his predecessors who had been faced with the task of appointing a Prime minister from a hung parliament, Presidents N. Sanjiva Reddy, R. Venkataraman, and Shankar Dayal Sharma: the latter two had followed the practice of inviting the leader of the single largest party or pre-election coalition to form the government without investigating their ability to secure the confidence of the house. Imposition of President's rule President Narayanan returned for reconsideration the advices from the Union cabinet to impose President's rule in a state, in accordance with Article 356, in two instances: one from the Gujral government (22 October 1997) seeking to dismiss the Kalyan Singh government in Uttar Pradesh, [30] and the other from the Vajpayee government (25 September 1998) seeking to dismiss the Rabri Devi government in Bihar. [31] In both instances, he cited the Supreme court judgement of 1994 on S. R. Bommai vs. Union of India and exercised his discretion. In both cases, the cabinet honoured the President's reservations. These remain the only occasions when a President urged such a reconsideration, and has set an important precedent concerning federalism and the rights of state governments. Kargil conflict A military conflict was developed in Kargil on the Line of Control (LoC) with Pakistan in May 1999. The Vajpayee government had lost a no-confidence vote in Lok Sabha earlier that year and the opposition failed to form the next government. The Lok Sabha had been dissolved and a caretaker government was in office. This caused a problem with democratic accountability, as every major government decision is expected to be discussed, deliberated and consented by the parliament. Narayanan suggested to Vajpayee that the Rajya Sabha be convened to discuss the conflict, as demanded by several opposition parties (citing the precedent of Nehru convening a parliamentary session on Vajpayee's demand during the Sino-Indian war in 1962 ) though there was no precedent of convening the Rajya Sabha in isolation during an interregnum. [32] Further, Narayanan was briefed by the chiefs of the three arms of the Indian Armed Forces on the conduct of the conflict. His Republic day address next year [19] began by paying homage to the soldiers who had died defending the nation. Concern for social and economic justice

President Narayanan in his speeches consistently sought to remind the nation of its duties and obligations towards the Dalits and Adivasis, the minorities, and the poor and downtrodden. He called the nation's attention to various recalcitrant social ills and evils, such as atrocities against women and children, caste discrimination and the ingrained attitudes it nurtured, abuse of the environment and public utilities, corruption and lack of accountability in the delivery of public services, religious fundamentalism, advertisement-driven consumerism, and flouting of human rights, and lamented the absence of public concern, political debate, and civic action to address them. Drawing from the experiences of his own home state Kerala, he pointed out that education was at the root of human and economic development. He hoped that the establishment would not fear the awakening of the masses through education, and spoke of the need to have faith in the people. [2][19][33] President Narayanan spoke on various occasions on the condition of the Dalits, Adivasis, and other backward sections of society, and the various iniquities they faced (often in defiance of law), such as denial of civic amenities, ostracism, harassment and violence (particularly against women), and displacement by ill-conceived development

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K. R. Narayanan projects.[19][24][34] He felt that the policy of reservations for the backward sections in education and the public sector had remained unfulfilled due to administrative distortions and narrow interpretations, and needed to be implemented with renewed vigour and sincerity; apprehensive of what he described as a counter-revolution among some privileged sections seeking to reverse progressive policies, he reminded the nation that these benefits were not charity, but had been provided by way of human rights and social justice to sections constituting a large portion of the population and contributing to the economy as landless agricultural labourers and industrial workers. [19] In his 2002 Republic day address,[35] he drew attention to the Bhopal declaration [36] on the Dalit and Adivasi agenda for the 21st century and spoke of the necessity of the private sector adopting policies to promote equitable representation of the backward sections in their enterprises. In a governmental note on higher judicial appointments (which leaked to the press; [37] January 1999), he observed that eligible persons from the backward sections were available and that their under-representation or non-representation was not justifiable; [38] K. G. Balakrishnan, a Dalit, was elevated to the Supreme court (8 June 2000), the fourth such instance, and the only one since 1989. He felt that Ambedkar's exhortation to "educate, organise, agitate" continued to be relevant; with the Dalits forming a quarter of the population in a democracy with universal adult franchise, he felt that the ultimate destiny of the backward sections lay in the hands of the backward sections themselves, organised socially and politically. [34] When the Australian missionary and social worker Graham Staines and his two minor sons were burned alive (22 January 1999), President Narayanan condemned it as a barbarous crime belonging to the world's inventory of black deeds.[39] Towards the end of his Presidency, communal riots broke out in Gujarat (February 2002). President Narayanan was deeply pained and anguished, and described it as a grave crisis of the society and the nation; he called it the duty of every Indian to strive to restore peace and thus preserve and strengthen the foundations of the state and the tradition of tolerance. He did not stand the election for a second Presidential term due to the lack of support from the ruling government. After the demission of Presidential office, he lent his support to alternative globalisation movements like the World Social Forum. [40][41][42] After he had left the Presidency, and after the Vajpayee government had been voted out of power in the general elections of May 2004, in an interview on the third anniversary of the riots (in February 2005), he said; [8] There was governmental and administrative support for the communal riots in Gujarat. I gave several letters to Prime Minister Vajpayee in this regard on this issue. I met him personally and talked to him directly. But Vajpayee did not do anything effective. I requested him to send the army to Gujarat and suppress the riots. The military was sent, but they were not given powers to shoot. If the military was given powers to shoot at the perpetrators of violence, recurrence of tragedies in Gujarat could have been avoided. However, both the state(the Narendra Modi government) and central government did not do so. I feel there was a conspiracy involving the state and central governments behind the Gujarat riots. He also stated that constitutional limits on his powers had prevented him from doing anything further. [43] Throughout his Presidency, Narayanan adopted the policy of not visiting places of worship or godmen/godwomen; he is the only President to have followed this practice. Demission of office

As Narayanan's tenure neared its end, various sections of public opinion looked forward to a second term of his Presidency. The NDA had a slender majority in the electoral college. Narayanan offered to be a consensus candidate. The Opposition parties (including the Congress, the Left Front, Janata Dal (Secular), and various regional parties) supported a second term for him, and Sonia Gandhi met him to request his candidature; Vajpayee then met Narayanan, informed him that there was no consensus within the NDA on the question, and advised against his

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K. R. Narayanan candidature. The NDA then proposed to elevate the Vice-President Krishan Kant as a consensus; this drew support from the Opposition and an agreement to this effect was conveyed by Vajpayee's representative to the Congress. However, within a day, the NDA unable to reach an internal consensus, decided to propose another candidate Dr.P. C. Alexander. Alexander's candidature drew disapproval of the Opposition parties. The Opposition parties approached Narayanan and renewed their request to seek a second term. The NDA then put forth a third candidate Abdul Kalam as their official choice, without seeking consensus; one opposition party (the Samajwadi Party under Mulayam Singh Yadav) dissipated the unity of the Opposition by supporting this proposal. Narayanan opted himself out from a contest at this point. [44][45] When asked about these events later, [8] Narayanan accused the BJP of scuttling a second term of his Presidency. In his farewell address to the nation [46] (24 July 2002), K. R. Narayanan set his hopes for social action and progress on the service of the nation by its youth. He reflected on his varied experiences of the essential goodness and wisdom of the Indian people, recalling how he had grown up in Uzhavoor among adherents of several religions, how religious tolerance and harmony had prevailed, how upper-caste Hindus and well-off Christians had helped him in his early studies, and how upper-caste Hindus as well as Christians and Muslims had worked together enthusiastically for his election campaigns in Ottapalam. He said that the credibility and endurance of India's unity and democracy are founded on its tradition of tolerance, and spoke of the need for Hindus, who form the majority, to express the traditional spirit of their religion. Reflecting on his Presidency, K. R. Narayanan said: [8] As the President of India, I had lots of experiences that were full of pain and helplessness. There were occasions when I could do nothing for people and for the nation. These experiences have pained me a lot. They have depressed me a lot. I have agonised because of the limitations of power. Power and the helplessness surrounding it are a peculiar tragedy, in fact.

Subsequent life After his retirement as President, K. R. Narayanan, along with his wife Usha, lived his remaining years in a central Delhi bungalow (on 34 Prithviraj Road). At the World Social Forum (WSF) in Mumbai (21 January 2004), he lent his support to the alternative globalisation movement. Addressing the forum at its concluding session, he praised the WSF for demanding freedom in its most comprehensive form, and was happy that people had assembled under an important idea, rather than for narrow political ends; after reflecting on corporations displacing governments in various countries, and on how Mahatma Gandhi had fought British colonisers non-violently with the strength of the masses, he predicted that vocal masses the world over would successfully fight by non-violent means the capturing of the world's resources by a few corporations in the name of globalisation. He urged the people to struggle against power corporates and militarism and fight those aspects of globalisation which were against the interests of the people; he hailed people's power as a renascent factor of international politics. K. R. Narayanan dedicated (15 February 2005) his tharavaadu at Uzhavoor to the Santhigiri Ashram in Pothencode for the purpose of establishing the Navajyothisree Karunakara Guru research centre for Siddha and Ayurveda. [47] This turned out to be his last return to Uzhavoor. K. R. Narayanan died on 9 November 2005 at the Army Research and Referral Hospital, New Delhi, after being briefly ill with pneumonia and consequent renal failure. He was cremated with full state honors at sunset the following day; the last rites were performed by his nephew Dr. P. V. Ramachandran, at Ekta sthal on the banks of the River Yamuna (adjacent to Shanti van, the memorial of his mentor Jawaharlal Nehru). His daughter, Chitra (Indian ambassador to Switzerland & The Holy See), on behalf of her mother (Usha), sister (Amrita), and the rest of his family, expressed her appreciation for the outpouring of grief from all over the country and abroad; she added that K. R. Narayanan would be remembered for his great love for the nation and for his

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K. R. Narayanan immense moral strength and courage. Four siblings, K. R. Gowri, K. R. Bhargavi, K. R. Bharathi, and K. R. Bhaskaran, survived him; two elder brothers had died when Narayanan was in his twenties. His elder sister Gowri (a homoeopath, who remained unmarried) and his younger brother Bhaskaran (a teacher, also unmarried) had been living in Uzhavoor. Villagers of Uzhavoor marched silently to the tharavaadu of K. R. Narayanan and paid him reverent homage. From the sidelines of society About his life and its message,[48] K. R. Narayanan said: I see and understand both the symbolic as well as the substantive elements of my life. Sometimes I visualise it as a journey of an individual from a remote village on the sidelines of society to the hub of social standing. But at the same time I also realise that my life encapsulates the ability of the democratic system to accommodate and empower marginalised sections of society. Narayanan died in New Delhi at the age of 85.

The K. R. Narayanan Foundation The K. R. Narayanan Foundation [49] (K.R.N.F) founded in December 2005, aims at propagating the ideals and perpetuating the memory of K. R. Narayanan. K.R.N.F is a mission of collective action to provide better future to the most vulnerable sections of Kerala Society - women, children, disabled persons, the aged and other disadvantaged groups - by providing educational training, protecting their health and environment, improving their living conditions and strengthneing their family and community. The paradigms of K.R.N.F revolves around five crucial elements; • research and development on science and technology for the dissemination of eco-friendly rural technology to the poor • human resource development • attitudinal change and self management • economic empowerment to the poor. The Foundation is to identify and honor the best in areas of national importance like Integrity in Public Life, Journalism, Civil Service, Medical Science, Social Service, Literature, Sports, Entertainment, Politics etc. K.R.N.F is also producing a documentary (both in Malayalam and English) on the life of K. R. Narayanan, entitled The Footprints Of Survival [50], aimed at propagating the ideals and perpetuating the memory of K.R.Narayanan. This documentary will be directed by Mr. Sunny Joseph, a senior journalist. The script will be based on a biography of the late President written by Eby J. Jose, who is also the General Secretary of the K.R.N.F. The Foundation has planned to distribute DVD copies of the creative work to all schools, colleges and public libraries. The Foundation General Secretary Eby J. Jose [51] has written a biography of the late president titled K. R. Narayanan Bharathathinte Suryathejassu [52]. It is written in Malayalam, the mother tongue of Dr. K. R. Narayanan. This book traces the not-so-rosy paths through which this great man had to travel.

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K. R. Narayanan

References [1] Manmohan Singh: Condolence message (http:/ / pmindia.nic.in/ prelease/ pcontent.asp?id=351). Retrieved 24 February 2006. [2] Interview (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ thehindu/ nic/ narayanankr.pdf) with K. R. Narayanan on Independence day, 15 Aug. 1998; by N. Ram, Editor, Frontline ["K. R. Narayanan in conversation with N. Ram", The Hindu, 10 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006]. [3] K. R. Narayanan's interview with M. K. Gandhi, 10 Apr. 1945; given in full in H. Y. Sharada Prasad: "How an interview with Gandhi was spiked" (http:/ / www.iht.com/ getina/ files/ 271049.html), The Asian Age, n.d. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [4] LSE counts K. R. Narayanan among its distinguished alumni (http:/ / www.lse.ac.uk/ collections/ LSEIndia/ pastAndPresent.htm); his portrait (http:/ / www.lse.edu/ collections/ pressAndInformationOffice/ newsAndEvents/ archives/ 2000-2002/ pressrelease-india.htm) has been unveiled and placed in a position of honour; B. R. Ambedkar is the only other Indian to have been similarly honoured. . Retrieved 24 February 2006. [5] Some of his experiences as a Tata fellow are recounted here (http:/ / www.tata.com/ 0_about_us/ history/ lasting_legacies/ 20040811_k_narayanan.htm). . Retrieved 24 February 2006. [6] Gopalkrishna Gandhi: "A remarkable life-story" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ thehindu/ thscrip/ print.pl?file=20051202005812900. htm& date=fl2224/ &prd=fline&), Frontline 22 (24), 5-18 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [7] Haresh Pandya: "K. R. Narayanan: Indian president from downtrodden caste" (http:/ / www.guardian.co.uk/ india/ story/ 0,,1652976,00. html), The Guardian, 29 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2006. [8] P. T. Thomas: "Interview with K. R. Narayanan", Maanavasamskruthi 1 (8), February 2005, in Malayalam. English translation of part of the interview, at CHRO web page: Part I (http:/ / www.nuke.humanrightskerala.com/ modules. php?op=modload& name=News&file=article& sid=5090); Part II (http:/ / www.nuke.humanrightskerala.com/ modules.php?op=modload& name=News&file=article&sid=5097). Additional translation of question on his relationship with the Left front in "Narayanan criticises Vajpayee for Gujarat riots" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet.com/ thehindu/ thscrip/ print.pl?file=2005030308811100. htm&date=2005/ 03/ 03/ &prd=th&), The Hindu, 10 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [9] His speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010508171719) at Peking University while on a state visit, briefly describes his vision of relations between India and China. (Retrieved 24 February 2006.) Narayanan spoke Chinese, and had a scholarly knowledge of Chinese culture and history, particularly the cultural exchanges between the two countries. His visit as President eased tensions that had developed with China after the Pokhran nuclear tests. [10] His banquet speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=D33180) welcoming Bill Clinton to Rashtrapati Bhavan briefly describes his vision of relations between India and the USA. . Retrieved 24 February 2006. [11] "Chitra Narayanan concurrently accredited Ambassador to Holy See" (http:/ / news.oneindia.in/ 2008/ 08/ 07/ chitra-narayanan-concurrently-accredited-ambassador-to-holy-see-1218119649.html). News.oneindia.in. 2008-08-07. . Retrieved 2012-01-10. [12] Results of Presidential poll (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19970801044230/ alfa.nic.in/ hm/ p1.html), 17 Jul. 1997. Archived Aug. 1997. [13] Diwanji, Amberish K. (1997). "The importance of a dalit President" (http:/ / us.rediff.com/ news/ jul/ 11amber.htm). Rediff. . Retrieved 2006-05-02. [14] K. R. Narayanan: Inaugural address (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19970804210818/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ krn_asum.htm), 25 Jul. 1997. Archived Aug. 1997. [15] K. R. Narayanan: Address on the golden jubilee of Indian independence (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010620191911), 15 Aug. 1997. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [16] I. K. Gujral: Address to the nation from the ramparts of the Red fort on the golden jubilee of Indian independence (http:/ / www.india50. com/ speecH1.html), 15 Aug. 1997. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [17] Sukumar Muralidharan: "A role for the President" (http:/ / www.frontlineonnet.com/ fl1505/ 15050260. htm), Frontline 15 (5), 7-20 Mar. 1998. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [18] Sukumar Muralidharan: "A presidential intervention" (http:/ / www.flonnet.com/ fl1803/ 18031200. htm), Frontline 18 (3), 3-16 Feb. 2001. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [19] K. R. Narayanan: Address to the nation on the golden jubilee of the Republic (http:/ / www.indiatogether.org/ opinions/ speeches/ krn2000. htm), 26 Jan. 2000. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [20] V. Venkatesan: "A wake-up call" (http:/ / www.frontlineonnet.com/ fl1703/ 17030280. htm), Frontline 17 (3), 5-18 Feb. 2000. Retrieved 17 March 2006. [21] Ammu Joseph: "Areas of darkness" (http:/ / www.humanscape.org/ Humanscape/ 2000/ April/ hs40012t. htm), Humanscape, April 2000 [22] P. Sainath: "Iron in the soul, decay in the brain" (http:/ / www.frontlineonnet.com/ fl1703/ 17030290.htm), Frontline 17 (3), 5-18 Feb. 2000. Retrieved 17 March 2006. [23] K. R. Narayanan: Address to parliament on the golden jubilee of the Republic (http:/ / www.india-seminar.com/ 2000/ 487/ 487 narayanan. htm), 26 Jan. 2000. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [24] K. R. Narayanan: Address on Republic day (http:/ / meaindia.nic.in/ speech/ 2001/ 01/ 25spc01.htm), 26 Jan. 2001. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [25] Sukumar Muralidharan, V. Venkatesan: "A presidential intervention" (http:/ / www.flonnet.com/ fl1703/ 17030250. htm), Frontline 17 (3), 5 - 18 Feb. 2000. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [26] K. R. Narayanan: Rashtrapati Bhavan communique concerning the dissolution of the eleventh Lok Sabha (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19980119180543/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr003.htm), 4 Dec, 1997. Archived Jan. 1998.

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K. R. Narayanan [27] K. R. Narayanan: Rashtrapati Bhavan communique concerning the appointment of the Prime minister (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19990218135627/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr032.htm), 15 Mar. 1998. Archived Feb. 1999. [28] K. R. Narayanan: Rashtrapati Bhavan communique concerning the dissolution of the twelfth Lok Sabha (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20010220235512/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr119.htm), 26 Apr. 1999. Archived Feb. 2001. [29] K. R. Narayanan: Rashtrapati Bhavan communique concerning the appointment of the Prime minister (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20001012185035/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr160.htm), 11 Oct. 1999. Archived Oct. 2000 [30] Venkitesh Ramakrishnan, Praveen Swami: "A crisis defused" (http:/ / www.flonnet.com/ fl1422/ 14220040. htm), Frontline 14 (22), 1-14 Nov. 1997. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [31] Praveen Swami, Sudha Mahalingam: "The BJP's Bihar fiasco" (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ fline/ fl1521/ 15210040. htm), Frontline 15 (21), 10-23 Oct. 1998. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [32] V. Venkatesan: "Political echoes" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet. com/ fline/ fl1615/ 16150230. htm), Frontline 16 (15), 17-30 Jul. 1999. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [33] K. R. Narayanan: Speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010618202022) while inaugurating the new complex of the Kerala Legislature, 22 May 1998. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [34] K. R. Narayanan: Message (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20000607182210/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ dalit98.htm) on the first World convention of the Dalit international organisation in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 11 Oct. 1998. Archived Jun. 2006. [35] K. R. Narayanan: Address on Republic day (http:/ / meaindia.nic.in/ event/ 2002/ 01/ 25event01. htm), 26 Jan. 2002. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [36] Bhopal declaration (http:/ / www.ambedkar.org/ News/ TheBhopalDeclaration.htm). Retrieved 24 February 2006. [37] V. K. Madhavan Kutty: "Behind the leak" (http:/ / www.frontlineonnet.com/ fl1603/ 16030240.htm), Frontline 16 (3), 30 Jan. - 12 Feb. 1999. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [38] Sukumar Muralidharan: "Wanted intervention, phoney controversy" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ fline/ fl1603/ 16030220.htm), Frontline 16 (3), 30 Jan. - 12 Feb. 1999. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [39] K. R. Narayanan: Letter (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19991008051634/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr092.htm) on the murder of Graham Staines and his two minor sons, 24 Jan. 1999. Archived Oct. 1999. [40] President stays away from Holi celebrations (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20020821204337/ presidentofindia.nic.in/ S/ html/ press_release/ press-new/ pr370.htm), 28 Mar. 2002. Archived Aug. 2002. [41] Press release (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20020823091659/ presidentofindia.nic.in/ S/ html/ press_release/ press-new/ pr381.htm) on the President meeting with victims of Gujarat violence, 27 Apr. 2002. Archived Aug. 2002. [42] K. R. Narayanan: Message (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20020823092104/ presidentofindia.nic.in/ S/ html/ press_release/ press-new/ pr383.htm) to the nation on Gujarat violence, 29 Apr. 2002. Archived Aug. 2002. [43] "Constitution limited my powers: Narayanan" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet. com/ thehindu/ thscrip/ print.pl?file=2005030408891100. htm& date=2005/ 03/ 04/ &prd=th&), The Hindu, 3 Mar. 2005. Retrieved March 2006. [44] Purnima S. Tripathi, Sukumar Muralidharan: "Elusive consensus" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ fline/ fl1912/ 19120270. htm), Frontline 19 (12), 8-21 Jun. 2002. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [45] V. Venkatesan: "The political dynamics" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ fline/ fl1913/ 19130110.htm), Frontline 19 (13), 22 Jun.-5 Jul. 2002. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [46] K. R. Narayanan: Farewell address to the nation (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=020725151520), 24 Jul. 2002. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [47] Manmohan Singh: Speech (http:/ / pmindia.nic.in/ speech/ content.asp?id=74) on the dedication of K. R. Narayanan's tharavaadu for establishing a research centre in Indian medicine ( Navajyothisree Karunakara Guru research centre for Siddha and Ayurveda (http:/ / www. santhigiri.org/ conf2005/ about_conf.html)), 15 Feb. 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [48] Venkitesh Ramakrishnan: "Citizen President" (http:/ / www.flonnet.com/ fl2224/ stories/ 20051202005012500. htm), Frontline 22 (24), 5-18 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006. [49] http:/ / www.krnarayananfoundation.com [50] http:/ / www.krnarayananfoundation.com/ Documentaryfilm.htm [51] http:/ / www.ebyjjose.com [52] http:/ / www.krnarayananfoundation.com/ KRNarayananBiography.htm

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References Presidential addresses and other documents • Inaugural address (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19970804210818/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ krn_asum.htm); 25 July 1997. Archived Aug. 1997. • Address on the golden jubilee of Indian independence (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article. php3?fl=010620191911); 15 August 1997. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Rashtrapati Bhavan communique concerning the dissolution of the eleventh Lok Sabha (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19980119180543/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr003.htm); 4 December 1997. Archived Jan. 1998. • Address on Republic day (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20000616105818/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ rday/ R1998.HTM); 26 January 1998. Archived Jun. 2000. • Rashtrapati Bhavan communique concerning the appointment of the Prime minister (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19990218135627/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr032.htm); 15 March 1998. Archived Feb. 1999. • Related communiques: 10 March (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19990218105252/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr029. htm); 12 March (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19990503144346/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr030.htm); 13 March (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19990218125503/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr031.htm). Archived Feb. 1999. • Interview (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ thehindu/ nic/ narayanankr.pdf) on Independence day; 15 August 1998; by N. Ram, Editor, Frontline ["K. R. Narayanan in conversation with N. Ram", The Hindu, 10 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006]. • Commentary: Praveen Swami: "A citizen and a President" (http:/ / www.frontlineonnet.com/ fl1518/ 15181320.htm), Frontline 15 (18), 29 Aug. - 11 Sep. 1998. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Address on Republic day (http:/ / www.indianembassy.org/ inews/ January(2)99/ president(RD).htm); 26 January 1999. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Rashtrapati Bhavan communique concerning the dissolution of the twelfth Lok Sabha (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20010220235512/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr119.htm); 26 April 1999. Archived Feb. 2001. • Related communiques: 14 April (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20010220235112/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr112. htm); 17 April (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20010220235554/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr113.htm); 20 April (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20010220235535/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr114.htm); 22 April (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20010220235229/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr116.htm); 23 April (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20010425070155/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr118.htm). Archived Feb. 2001. • Address on the golden jubilee of the Indian Republic (http:/ / www.indiatogether.org/ opinions/ speeches/ krn2000.htm); 26 January 2000. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Commentary: P. Sainath: "Iron in the soul, decay in the brain" (http:/ / www.frontlineonnet.com/ fl1703/ 17030290.htm), Frontline 17 (3), 5 - 18 Feb. 2000. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Commentary: V. Venkatesan: "A wake-up call" (http:/ / www.frontlineonnet.com/ fl1703/ 17030280.htm), Frontline 17 (3), 5 - 18 Feb. 2000. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Address in Parliament, and in the Supreme court, on the golden jubilee of the Republic (http:/ / www. india-seminar.com/ 2000/ 487/ 487 narayanan.htm); 26 January 2000. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Commentary: Sukumar Muralidharan, V. Venkatesan: "A presidential intervention" (http:/ / www.flonnet. com/ fl1703/ 17030250.htm), Frontline 17 (3), 5 - 18 Feb. 2000. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Address on Republic day (http:/ / meaindia.nic.in/ speech/ 2001/ 01/ 25spc01.htm); 26 January 2001. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Commentary: Sukumar Muralidharan: "A presidential intervention" (http:/ / www.flonnet.com/ fl1803/ 18031200.htm), Frontline 18 (3), 3-16 Feb. 2001. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Address on Republic day (http:/ / meaindia.nic.in/ event/ 2002/ 01/ 25event01.htm); 26 January 2002. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006.

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K. R. Narayanan • Bhopal declaration (http:/ / www.ambedkar.org/ News/ TheBhopalDeclaration.htm). Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Commentary: V. Venkatesan: "A presidential message" (http:/ / www.frontlineonnet.com/ fl1903/ 19031240. htm), Frontline 19 (3), 2-15 Feb. 2001. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Farewell address in Parliament (http:/ / in.rediff.com/ news/ 2002/ jul/ 25guest.htm); 22 July 2002. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Farewell address to the nation (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=020725151520); 24 July 2002. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Interview of February 2005 in which K. R. Narayanan accused the A. B. Vajpayee Government of complicity in the 2002 Gujarat riots; by P. T. Thom as, Congress legislator from Thodupuzha in the Kerala Legislative Assembly, and Editor, Maanavasamsk ruthi. ["Interview with K. R. Narayanan", Maanavasamskruthi 1 (8), February 2005, in Malayalam. English translation of part of the interview, at CHRO web page: Part I (http:/ / www.nuke.humanrightskerala.com/ modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=5090); Part II (http:/ / www.nuke.humanrightskerala.com/ modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article& sid=5097). Additional translation of question on his relationship with the Left front in "Narayanan criticises Vajpayee for Gujarat riots" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ 2005/ 03/ 03/ stories/ 2005030308811100.htm), The Hindu, 10 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006.] Miscellaneous speeches and writings • K. R. Narayanan's interview with M. K. Gandhi, 10 April 1945; given in full in H. Y. Sharada Prasad: "How an interview with Gandhi was spiked" (http:/ / www.iht.com/ getina/ files/ 271049.html), The Asian Age, n.d. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010618202022) while inaugurating the new complex of the Kerala Legislature; 22 May 1998. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Message (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20000607182210/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ dalit98.htm) on the first World convention of the Dalit international organisation in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 11 October 1998. Archived Jun. 2006. • Letter (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19991008051634/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr092.htm) on the murder of Graham Staines and his two minor sons; 24 January 1999. Archived Oct. 1999. • Speech (http:/ / nhrc.nic.in/ speeches.htm#no3) on Human rights day; 10 December 2001. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • President stays away from Holi celebrations (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20020821204337/ presidentofindia. nic.in/ S/ html/ press_release/ press-new/ pr370.htm); 28 March 2002. Archived Aug. 2002. • Press release (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20020823091659/ presidentofindia.nic.in/ S/ html/ press_release/ press-new/ pr381.htm) on the President meeting with victims of Gujarat violence; 27 April 2002. Archived Aug. 2002. • Message (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20020823092104/ presidentofindia.nic.in/ S/ html/ press_release/ press-new/ pr383.htm) to the nation on Gujarat violence; 29 April 2002. Archived Aug. 2002. • "India empowered" (http:/ / www.indianexpress.com/ print.php?content_id=81709), Indian Express, 26 October 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. Other links concerning his life • St. Mary's High School, Kuravilangad (http:/ / www.stmarykuravilangad.org/ Pilgrim.htm). Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • C. M. S. College, Kottayam (http:/ / www.cmscoll.com). Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • University College, Trivandrum (http:/ / www.universitycollege.org/ innerbody_message.html). Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • J. N. Tata Scholarship (http:/ / www.tata.com/ 0_about_us/ history/ lasting_legacies/ 20040811_k_narayanan. htm). Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006.

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K. R. Narayanan • London School of Economics (http:/ / www.lse.ac.uk/ collections/ LSEIndia/ pastAndPresent.htm); K. R. Narayanan's portrait unveiled at LSE (http:/ / www.lse.edu/ collections/ pressAndInformationOffice/ newsAndEvents/ archives/ 2000-2002/ pressrelease-india.htm). Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Interview with K. R. Gowri and K. R. Bhaskaran, K. R. Narayanan's siblings in Uzhavoor, after the announcement of his candidature for the Presidency (http:/ / rediff.co.in/ news/ jul/ 28pres.htm), Rediff , 1997. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Results of Presidential poll (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19970801044230/ alfa.nic.in/ hm/ p1.html); 17 July 1997. Archived Aug. 1997. • Assumption of office as President (http:/ / www.indianembassy.org/ inews/ aug15.pdf), 25 July 1997; India News, 1-15 Aug. 1997. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Prime minister I. K. Gujral's address to the nation from the ramparts of the Red fort on the golden jubilee of Indian independence (http:/ / www.india50.com/ speecH1.html); 15 August 1997. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Biography at Rashtrapati Bhavan during President K. R. Narayanan's term in office (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20020203232752/ presidentofindia.nic.in/ S/ current_president.htm); Biography of First Lady Usha Narayanan (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20020204025546/ http:/ / presidentofindia.nic.in/ S/ html/ poilady. htm). Archived Feb. 2002. • Navajyothisree Karunakara Guru research centre for Siddha and Ayurveda (http:/ / www.santhigiri.org/ conf2005/ about_conf.html). Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Prime minister Manmohan Singh's speech (http:/ / pmindia.nic.in/ speech/ content.asp?id=74) on the dedication of K. R. Narayanan's tharavaadu for establishing a research centre in Indian medicine; 15 February 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Mari Marcel Thekaekara: "A President to be proud of" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ thehindu/ thscrip/ print. pl?file=2005042204071100.htm&date=2005/ 04/ 22/ &prd=th&), The Hindu, 22 April 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Commentary: Mari Marcel Thekaekara: "Insight into the person" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ thehindu/ thscrip/ print.pl?file=2005111107271100.htm&date=2005/ 11/ 11/ &prd=th&), The Hindu, 11 November 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. Commentary by journalists • Amberish K. Diwanji: "The importance of a Dalit President" (http:/ / us.rediff.com/ news/ jul/ 11amber.htm), Rediff , Jul. 1997. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Praveen Swami: "From demon to god" (http:/ / www.flonnet.com/ fl1422/ 14220160.htm), Frontline 14 (22), 1-14 Nov. 1997. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006.

• • • • • •

• Cites the report: "Dalit Hindu or Christian?" (http:/ / www.rediff.com/ news/ jun/ 23presd.htm), Rediff , 1997. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. Ajay Singh: "MAN OF HIS TIME" (http:/ / www.asiaweek.com/ asiaweek/ 97/ 1114/ is1.html), Asiaweek ,Nov 14, 1997. Retrieved 18 Mar. 2006. Venkitesh Ramakrishnan, Praveen Swami: "A crisis defused" (http:/ / www.flonnet.com/ fl1422/ 14220040. htm), Frontline 14 (22), 1-14 Nov. 1997. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. Sukumar Muralidharan: "A role for the President" (http:/ / www.frontlineonnet.com/ fl1505/ 15050260.htm), Frontline 15 (5), 7-20 Mar. 1998. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. Praveen Swami, Sudha Mahalingam: "The BJP's Bihar fiasco" (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ fline/ fl1521/ 15210040.htm), Frontline 15 (21), 10-23 Oct. 1998. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. Sukumar Muralidharan: "Wanted intervention, phoney controversy" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ fline/ fl1603/ 16030220.htm), Frontline 16 (3), 30 Jan. - 12 Feb. 1999. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. V. K. Madhavan Kutty: "Behind the leak" (http:/ / www.frontlineonnet.com/ fl1603/ 16030240.htm), Frontline 16 (3), 30 Jan. - 12 Feb. 1999. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006.

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K. R. Narayanan • V. Venkatesan: "Political echoes" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ fline/ fl1615/ 16150230.htm), Frontline 16 (15), 17-30 Jul. 1999. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Praveen Swami: "A new chief for the Army" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ fline/ fl2002/ stories/ 20030131005403400.htm), Frontline 20 (2), 18-31 Jan. 2003. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Purnima S. Tripathi, Sukumar Muralidharan: "Elusive consensus" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ fline/ fl1912/ 19120270.htm), Frontline 19 (12), 8-21 Jun. 2002. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • V. Venkatesan: "The political dynamics" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ fline/ fl1913/ 19130110.htm), Frontline 19 (13), 22 Jun.-5 Jul. 2002. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • A. G. Noorani: "The Indian Presidency" (http:/ / www.flonnet.com/ fl1913/ 19130090.htm), Frontline 19 (13), 22 Jun.-5 Jul. 2002. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006 • Sukumar Muralidharan: "Distinction and dignity: an assessment of K. R. Narayanan's eventful Presidential tenure" (http:/ / www.flonnet.com/ fl1916/ 19161270.htm), Frontline 19 (16), 3-16 Aug. 2002. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • A. G. Noorani: "The legacy of a President" (http:/ / www.rediff.com/ news/ 2002/ jul/ 23spec.htm), Rediff , 23 Jul. 2002. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Siriyavan Anand: "Caste, religion, and the Indian Presidency" (http:/ / www.himalmag.com/ 2002/ july/ opinion. htm), Himal, Jul. 2002. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. Obituaries and reminiscences • Editorial of The Hindu: "A salute to Citizen Narayanan" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ thehindu/ thscrip/ print. pl?file=2005111005821000.htm&date=2005/ 11/ 10/ &prd=th&), The Hindu, 10 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Gopalkrishna Gandhi: "KRN at the high table" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ thehindu/ thscrip/ print. pl?file=2005111203191000.htm&date=2005/ 11/ 12/ &prd=th&), The Hindu, 12 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Gopalkrishna Gandhi: "A remarkable life-story" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ thehindu/ thscrip/ print. pl?file=20051202005812900.htm&date=fl2224/ &prd=fline&), Frontline 22 (24), 5-18 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Chandrabhan Prasad: "Losing a mentor" (http:/ / www.dailypioneer.com/ columnist1. asp?main_variable=Columnist&file_name=PRASAD138.txt&writer=PRASAD&validit=yes), The Pioneer , 13 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Venkitesh Ramakrishnan: "Citizen President" (http:/ / www.flonnet.com/ fl2224/ stories/ 20051202005012500. htm), Frontline 22 (24), 5-18 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • V. B. Rawat: "A tribute to K. R. Narayanan" (http:/ / www.countercurrents.org/ india-rawat151105.htm), Countercurrents, 15 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • P. Sainath: "Compassion at the top" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ thehindu/ thscrip/ print. pl?file=2005111107231100.htm&date=2005/ 11/ 11/ &prd=th&), The Hindu, 11 November 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Manmohan Singh: Condolence message (http:/ / pmindia.nic.in/ prelease/ pcontent.asp?id=351), 9 Nov. 2005. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. Biographies • Sita Ram Sharma: K. R. Narayanan: Just the President of India, Sublime Publications, 1998. ISBN 8185809232. • Darshan Singh: K. R. Narayanan: A journey from Uzhavoor to Raisina Hills, United Children's Movement, 1999. • Eby J. Jose: K.R.Narayanan Bharathathinte Suryathejassu (http:/ / www.krnarayananfoundation.com/ KRNarayananBiography.htm), It is written in Malayalam,in the mother tongue of Dr. K.R. Narayanan, published by Jeevan Books, Bharananganam, 2006

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Further reading Books by K. R. Narayanan • Nehru and his vision, D. C. Books, Kottayam, 1999. ISBN 8126400390 • India and America: essays in understanding, Second edition, Asia book corporation of America, 1998. ISBN 999764137X • Images and insights, D. C. Books, Kottayam. • Non-alignment in contemporary international relations (Joint authorship) Speeches and writings by K. R. Narayanan • Nehru Memorial Lecture: "Nehru's vision of India and the world-- then and now" (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20000604054520/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ nehmem.htm); 13 November 1997. Archived Jun. 2000. • Message (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19990503160701/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr035.htm) on the death of E. M. S. Namboodiripad; 19 March 1998. Archived May 1999. • Message (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20000928200340/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr071.htm) to Nelson Mandela on his 80th birthday; 17 July 1998. Archived Sep. 2000. ( Message (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20010104001300/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr128.htm) on his political retirement. Archived Jan. 2001.) • Speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010616202047) while dedicating the J. R. D. Tata ecotechnology centre; 29 July 1998. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010616202026) while unveiling the statue of Vallabhbhai Patel; 14 August 1998. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Letter (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19991018214648/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr080.htm) to Amartya Sen on his being awarded the Nobel prize for Economics; 14 October 1998. Archived Oct. 1999. • Message (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19991004205401/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ kps.htm) on the birth centenary of K. P. S. Menon; 18 October 1998. Archived Oct. 1999. • Speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010614191946) on the occasion of Buddha Mahotsav at Sarnath; 5 November 1998. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010612202048) while inaugurating the first International congress on agronomy, environment, and food security for the 21st century; 23 November 1998. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Message (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 19991019002240/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr083.htm) on the death of P. N. Haksar; 28 November 1998. Archived Oct. 1999. ( Commemorative speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010612181840). Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006.) • Speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010612191939) on Judicial reforms; 5 December 1998. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010608181843) on the birth centenary of Field Marshal K. M. Cariappa; 5 June 1999. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010608181801) at the All India Urdu editors conference; 29 July 1999. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=D14584) while accepting credentials from the Vatican Nuncio to India; 30 August 1999. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010606202059) on the golden jubilee of Hindi as the official language of India; 14 September 1999. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Message (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20000823213108/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr156.htm) to Jiang Zemin on the occasion of the golden jubilee of the People's Republic of China; 30 September 1999. Archived Aug. 2000. • Speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010526202014) while unveiling the bust of Rajendra Prasad; 3 December 1999. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006.

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K. R. Narayanan • Message (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20010424045611/ alfa.nic.in/ rb/ pr178.htm) on the death of Shankar Dayal Sharma; 26 December 1999. Archived Apr. 2001. • Banquet speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=D33180) on the visit of Bill Clinton; 21 March 2000. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Address (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010508171719) at Peking University; 30 May 2000. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Tribute (http:/ / www.rediff.com/ news/ 2000/ sep/ 29pres.htm) to Pierre Trudeau; 28 September 2000. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Banquet speech (http:/ / pib.myiris.com/ speech/ article.php3?fl=010413141443) on the visit of Vladimir Putin; 3 October 2000. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. Commentary by journalists • Praveen Swami: "Protecting secularism and federal fair play" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ fline/ fl1422/ 14220170.htm), Frontline 14 (22), 1-14 Nov. 1997. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • A. G. Noorani: "The BJP and the Bommai case" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ fline/ fl1424/ 14240950.htm), Frontline 14 (24), 29 Nov.-12 Dec. 1997. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • Siriyavan Anand: "Untouchability is no 'internal matter' " (http:/ / www.ambedkar.org/ News/ hl/ Untouchability Is.htm) Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006. • V. Venkatesan: "Judiciary and social justice" (http:/ / www.hinduonnet.com/ fline/ fl1721/ 17210960.htm), Frontline 17 (21), 14-27 Oct. 2000. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2006.

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A. P. J. Abdul Kalam A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Abdul Kalam at the 12th Wharton India Economic Forum, 2008 11th President of India In office


Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh

Vice President

Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

Preceded by

Kocheril Raman Narayanan

Succeeded by

Pratibha Devisingh Patil Personal details

Born

15 October 1931 Rameswaram, British India (present day Tamil Nadu, India)

Alma mater

St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli Madras Institute of Technology

Profession

Professor, Author, scientist Aerospace engineer

Religion

Islam

Website

[www.abdulkalam.com abdulkalam.com]

(pronunciation; born 15 October 1931) usually referred to as Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, is an Indian scientist and administrator who served as the 11th President of India. Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, studied physics at the St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, and aerospace engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology (MIT), Chennai. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam

Before his term as President, he worked as an aerospace engineer with Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). [1] Kalam is popularly known as the Missile [2] He played a Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. pivotal organizational, technical and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the


64

original nuclear test by India in 1974. Some scientific experts have however called Kalam a man with no authority over nuclear physics but who just carried on the works of Homi J. Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai. [3] Kalam was elected the President of India in 2002, defeating Lakshmi Sahgal and was supported by both the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party, the major political parties of India. He is currently a visiting professor at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad and Indian Institute of Management Indore, Chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, a professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University (Chennai), JSS University (Mysore) and an adjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and research institutions across India. Kalam advocated plans to develop India into a developed nation by 2020 in his book India 2020. Books authored by him have received considerable demands in South Korea for the translated versions. [4] He has received several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour. Kalam is known for his motivational speeches and interaction with the student community in India. [5] He launched his mission for the youth of the nation in 2011 called the What Can I Give Movement with a central theme to defeat corruption in India. Kalam was also criticized for inaction as a president on the pending mercy plea petitions, that delayed prosecution of the convicts. Kalam is using Social Media effectively to interact with his followers. [6]

Early life and education Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to Jainulabdeen, a boat owner and Ashiamma, a housewife, at Rameswaram, located in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. [7][8][9][10] He came from a poor background and started working at an early age to supplement his family's income. [11] He was brought up in a multi-religious environment but did follow a religious routine.[12] After completing school, Kalam distributed newspapers in order to financially contribute to his father's income. [11][12] In his school years, he had average grades, but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn and spend hours on his studies, especially mathematics. [12] "I inherited honesty and self-discipline from my father; from my mother, I inherited faith in goodness and deep kindness as did my three brothers and sisters." ‚A quote from Kalam's autobiography

[9]

After completing his school education at the Rameshwaram Elementary School, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli where he graduated in physics in 1954. [13] Towards the end of the course, he was not enthusiastic about the subject and would later regret the four years he studied it. He then moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering. [10] While Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatisfied with the lack of progress and threatened revoking his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next two days. He worked tirelessly on his project and met the deadline, impressing the Dean who later said, "I [Dean] was putting you [Kalam] under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline". [14]

Career as scientist …This was my first stage, in which I learnt leadership from three great teachers ‚Dr.

Vikram Sarabhai, Prof. Satish Dhawan and Dr.

Brahm Prakash. This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge for me. † A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

[15]

After graduating from Madras Institute of Technology (MIT € Chennai) in 1960, Kalam joined Aeronautical Development Establishment of Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) as a chief scientist. Kalam started his career by designing a small helicopter for the Indian Army, but remained unconvinced with the choice of his job at DRDO. [16] Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist. [10] In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) where he was the project director of India's first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near earth orbit in July 1980. Joining ISRO was one of Kalam's biggest achievements

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in life and he is said to have found himself when he started to work on the SLV project. Kalam first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965. [1] In 1969, Kalam received the government's approval and expanded the program to include more engineers. [15] In 1963 € 64, he visited Nasa's Langley Research Center in Hampton Virginia, Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland and Wallops Flight Facility situated at Eastern Shore of Virginia. [8][17] During the period between the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an effort to develop the Polar SLV and SLV-III projects, both of which proved to be success. Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country's first Kalam addresses engineering students at IIT Guwahati nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL, even though he had not participated in the development, test site preparation and weapon designing. In the 1970s, a landmark was achieved by ISRO when the locally built Rohini-1 was launched into space, using the SLV rocket. [18] In the 1970s, Kalam also directed two projects, namely, Project Devil and Project Valiant , which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful SLV programme.[18] Despite the disapproval of Union Cabinet, Premier Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace projects through her discretionary powers under Kalam's directorship. [18] Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified aerospace projects. [18] His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile program under his directorship. [18] Kalam and Dr. V. S. Arunachalam, metallurgist and scientific adviser to the Defense Minister, worked on the suggestion by the then Defense Minister, R. Venkataraman on a proposal for simulataneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one by one. [19] R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating 388 crore rupees for the mission, named Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (I.G.M.D.P) and appointed Kalam as the Chief Executive. [19] Kalam played a major part in developing many missiles under the mission including Agni, an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tactical surface-to-surface missile, although the projects have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time overruns. [19][20] He was the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted during this period where he played an intensive political and technological role. Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator, along with R. Chidambaram during the testing phase. [8][21] Photos and snapshots of him taken by the media elevated Kalam as the country's top nuclear scientist. [22] In 1998, along with cardiologist Dr.Soma Raju, Kalam developed a low cost Coronary stent. It was named as "Kalam-Raju Stent" honouring them. [23][24] In 2012, the duo, designed a rugged tablet PC for health care in rural areas, which was named as "Kalam-Raju Tablet". [25]

Presidency Abdul Kalam served as the 11th President of India, succeeding K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing 107,366 votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. He served from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007. On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed to the leader of opposition, Indian National Congress president Sonia Gandhi that they would propose Kalam for the post of President.[26] The Samajwadi Party and the Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy. [27][28] After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for him, President K. R. Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in office and hence left the field clear for Kalam to become the 11th President of India. [29]

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66

I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere both in Internet and in other media, I have been asked for a message. I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture. ‚Kalam responding to the announcement of his candidature by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee

[30]

On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Parliament of India, accompanied by Vajpayee and his senior Cabinet colleagues. [31] The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July 2002 in the Parliament and the state assemblies with media claiming that the election was a one-sided affair and Kalam's victory was a foregone conclusion. The counting was held on 18 July.[32] Kalam won the presidential election in a highly one-sided contest. He became the 11th president of the Republic of India.[33] He moved into the Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July. [34] Kalam was the third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, before becoming the President. Kalam along with Vladimir Putin and Manmohan Singh Dr. Sarvapali Radhakrishnan (1954) and Dr. Zakir Hussain during his presidency (1963) were the earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became the President of India. [35] He was also the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[36] During his term as President, he was affectionately known as the People's President .[37][38][39] In his words, signing the Office of Profit Bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure. [40] Kalam is criticized for inaction as a President in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions. [41] Article 72 of the Constitution of India empowers the President of India to grant pardon, suspend and remit death sentences and commute the death sentence of convicts on death row. [41][42] Kalam acted on only one mercy plea in his 5 year tenure as a President, rejecting the plea of rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who was hanged thereafter. [41] The most important of the 20 pleas is thought to be that of Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of India in 2004.[42] While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, the pending action on the mercy plea resulted in him continuing in the death row. [42] At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007 presidential election. [43] However, two days later, he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavan from any political processes. [44] He did not have the support of the Left parties, Shiv Sena and UPA constituents to receive a renewed mandate. [45][46] Nearing the term expiry of the 12th President Pratibha Patil, whose tenure ends on 24 July 2012, media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term. [47][48][49] After the reports, social networking sites were abuzz with activities extending their support for his candidature. [50][51] BJP potentially backed his nomination, saying that the party will lend their support if Trinamool Congress, Samajwadi Party and Indian National Congress proposes his name for the 2012 presidential election. [52][53] Just a month ahead of the election, Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support to Kalam and revealed that they both would suggest his name. [54] Days after expressing support, Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out, leaving Mamata Banerjee as a solitary supporter. [55] On 18 June 2012, Kalam refused to contest 2012 presidential poll after much speculations.[56] Many, many citizens have also expressed the same wish. It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people. I am really overwhelmed by this support. This being their wish, I respect it. I want to


67

thank them for the trust they have in me." ‚Kalam's message to public upon denying to contest Presidential poll 2012.

[56]

Criticisms and controversies The controversy that surrounds Kalam's role as a nuclear scientist, is the lack of reliable and factual reporting of the yield of Pokhran-II tests.[57] The director of the site test, K. Santhanam, publicly admitted that the thermonuclear bomb was a "fizzle" test, criticising Kalam for issuing the wrong report. [57] However, Kalam dismissed the claims and R. Chidambaram, a key associate of Pokhran-II , also described these claims as incorrect. [58] In spite of his leading role in the development of Indian nuclea r programme, Kalam has received criticism from many of his peers who claimed that he had "no authority" over nuclear science. [59] Homi Sethna, a chemical engineer criticised Kalam claiming that Kalam had no background in publishing articles in nuclear science, even in nuclear physi cs. Sethna maintained that Kalam received his doctorate in aerospace engineering which is a completely different discipline from nuclear engineering and what various universities awarded him for his achievements had nothing to do with nuclear physics. Sethna, in his last interview, maintained that in the 1950s, Kalam had failed advanced physics courses during his college life and quoted "What does he know (about [nuclear] ph ysics)....?", on the national television. Homi Sethna also accused Kalam of using his presidency to gain a national stature of a nuclear scientist.[60] Others felt that Kalam had never worked in any of the Indian nuclear power plants and had no role in developing the nuclear weapon which was completed under Raja Ramanna. [61] Kalam worked as an aerospace engineer in a SLV project in the 1970s and from the 1980s onwards, as a project director before he was shifted to Defence Research and Development Organisation, Sethna concluded. The prestigious Indian Institute of Science Bangalore rejected Kalam's application as they felt that he lacked scientific credentials. [60] In 2008, Indian media questioned his claims about his personal contributions to missile inventions while working in a classified missile programme. [60] Kalam had taken credit of inventing the Agni, Prithvi and Aaka sh missile system.[60] All of these were developed, researched and designed by other scientists whereas Kalam was involved in getting the funds and other logistic tasks. [60] As a director of DRDO, a lot of credit had gone to Kalam. R. N. Agarwal, former director, Advanced System Laboratory and former Program Director of Agni missile was considered to be the real architect behind the successful design of Agni Missile. [60][62] In his own biography, Kalam credited the development of Agni missile to Dr Ram Narayan Agarwal, a n alumnus of MIT. For the Prithvi missile project, he named Col VJ Sundaram as the brain behind this project and for the Trishul missile, he gave credit to Commander SR Mohan. [63] In 2006, senior media correspondent Praful Bidwai, in the The Daily Star , wrote that two aerospace projects, Project Valiant and Project Devil, which were authorised by former Premier Indira Gandhi under the directorship of Abdul Kalam, resulted in "total failure". In the 1980s, these projects were ultimately cancelled by the government under the pressure of the Indian Army. [64] Kalam was also criticised by civil groups over his stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant, where he supported setting up of the nuclear power plant and never spoke with the local people. [65] The protesters were hostile to his visit as they perceived to him to be a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assurance provided by him on the safety features of the plant. [66] Frisking by American security authorities Abdul Kalam was frisked at the JFK Airport in New York, while boarding a plane on 29 September 2011. He was subjected to "private screening" as he does not come under the category of dignita ries exempt from security screening procedures under American guidelines. He was frisked again af ter boarding the Air India aircraft with the US security officials asking for his jacket and shoes, claiming that these items were not checked according to the prescribed procedures during the "private screening", despite protests from the airline crew confirming him as India's president.[67][68] The incident was not reported until 13 November 2011. [69] India threatened retaliatory action as there was a "general sense of outrage" around the country. [70] The Indian Ministry of External Affairs protested over this incident and a statement by the ministry said that the US Government had written a letter to Kalam, expressing


68

its deep regret for the inconvenience. [68] Kalam was previously frisked by the ground staff of the Continental Airlines at the Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi in July 2009 and was treated like an ordinary passenger, despite him being on the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security's list of people exempted from security screening in India. [71]

Future India: 2020 In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocates an action plan to develop India into a knowledge superpower and a developed nation by the year 2020. He regards his work on India's nuclear weapons program as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower. It was reported that, there was a considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books authored by him. [72] Kalam continues to take an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology. He has proposed a research program for developing bio-implants. He is a supporter of Open Source over proprietary solutions and believes that the use of free software on a large scale will bring the benefits of information technology to more people.[73]

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam delivering speech

Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999.[12] In his own words, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available." [12] He continued to interact with students during his term as a President and also during his post-presidency period as a visiting professor at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad [74] and Indian Institute of Management Indore, [75] Chancellor of Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, [76] a professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University (Chennai), [77] JSS University (Mysore),[78] and an adjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and research institutions across India.

Popular culture In May 2011, Kalam launched his mission for the youth of the nation called the What Can I Give Movement with a central theme to defeat corruption. [79][80] He also has interests in writing Tamil poetry and in playing veenai, a South Indian string instrument.[81] He was nominated for the MTV Youth Icon of the Year award in 2003 [82][83] and in 2006.[84] In the 2011 Hindi film I Am Kalam, Kalam is portrayed as an extremely positive influence to a poor but bright Rajasthani boy named Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol. [85]

Awards and honours A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's 79th birthday was recognised as World Students' Day by United Nations.[86] He also has received honorary doctorates from 40 universities. [87][88] The Government of India has honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Government. [89] In 1997, Kalam received India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, for his immense and valuable contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India.[90]


69

Year of award or honour

Name of award or honour

Awarding organisation

2011

IEEE Honorary Membership

[91] IEEE

2010

Doctor of Engineering

[92] University of Waterloo

2009

Hoover Medal

[93] ASME Foundation, USA

2009

International von KŠrmŠn Wings Award

California Institute of Technology, U.S.A

2008

Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa)

Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

2007

King Charles II Medal

[96][97] Royal Society, U.K

2007

Honorary Doctorate of Science

University of Wolverhampton, U.K

2000

Ramanujan Award

[99] Alwars Research Centre, Chennai

1998

Veer Savarkar Award

Government of India

1997

Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration Government of India[10][99]

1997

Bharat Ratna

Government of India

1990

Padma Vibhushan

Government of India

1981

Padma Bhushan

Government of India

[94] [95]

[98]

[10]

[99][100] [99][101] [99][101]

Books and documentaries Kalam's writings • • • • • • •

Wings of Fire: An Autobiography by A. P. J Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press, 1999.

[8]

India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by A. P. J Abdul Kalam, Y. S. Rajan; New York, 1998. [103] Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; Viking, 2002. [104] The Luminous Sparks by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2004. [105] Mission India by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Paintings by Manav Gupta; Penguin Books, 2005 [106] Inspiring Thoughts by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; Rajpal & Sons, 2007

[102]

Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Roddam Narasimha; [107]

Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988

Biographies • • • • • •

Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr. Kalam by S. Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002. [109] President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam by R. K. Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.

[108]

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India by K. Bhushan, G. Katyal; A.P.H. Pub. Corp, 2002.

[110]

A Little Dream (documentary film) by P. Dhanapal; Minveli Media Works Private Limited, 2008. [112] The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President by P.M. Nair; Harper Collins, 2008. [113] My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr.A.K. George; Novel Corporation, 2009.

[111]


References [1] editor; Ramchandani, vice president Dale Hoiberg; editor South Asia, Indu (2000). A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress). (http:/ / books.google.com/ ?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC&dq=abdul+kalam+first+worked+drdo). New Delhi: Encyclopƒdia Britannica (India). p. 2. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5. . [2] Pruthi, R. K. (2005). "Ch. 4. Missile Man of India" (http:/ / books.google.com/ ?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC). President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Anmol Publication. pp. 61 € 76. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6. . [3] Sen, Amartya (2003). "India and the Bomb" (http:/ / books.google.com/ ?id=IjZA-bQde1wC&pg=RA1-PA169). In M. V. Ramana and C. Rammanohar Reddy. Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream. Sangam Book. pp. 167 € 188. ISBN 978-81-250-2477-4. . [4] A.P.J.Abdul, Kalam (2012-06). Spirit of India (http:/ / goarticles.com/ article/ Spirit-of-India-Book-Summary-Review-and-Plot/ 6584069/ ). Reem Publications Pvt.ltd.. ISBN 8183512046. . [5] "Dr A P J Abdul Kalam visits Rukmini Devi Public School" (http:/ / www.indianexpress.com/ news/ school-notes-dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam-visits-rukmini-devi-public-school/ 943123/ ). The Indian Express. 30 April 2012. . Retrieved 2012-07-06. [6] http:/ / rtoz.org/ 2012/ 07/ 21/ indias-former-president-dr-apj-abdul-kalams-facebook-page-crosses-1-million-fans/ [7] "Dr Abdul Kalam, People's President in Sri Lanka" (http:/ / www.highbeam.com/ doc/ 1P3-2567111001. html). Daily News (Sri Lanka) via HighBeam Research. 23 January 2012. . Retrieved 3 May 2012. [8] Kalam, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul; Tiwari, Arun (1 January 1999). Wings of Fire: An Autobiography (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC). Universities Press. ISBN 978-81-7371-146-6. . Retrieved 3 May 2012. [9] Jai, Janak Raj (1 January 2003). Presidents of India, 1950€ 2003 (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA295). Regency Publications. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-87498-65-0. . Retrieved 22 April 2012. 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A. P. J. Abdul Kalam [28] "NCP supports Kalam's candidature for presidentship" (http:/ / www.rediff.com/ news/ 2002/ jun/ 11prez2.htm). Rediff.com. 11 June 2002. . Retrieved 1 March 2012. [29] "Narayanan opts out, field clear for Kalam" (http:/ / www.rediff.com/ news/ 2002/ jun/ 11prez5.htm). Rediff.com. 11 June 2002. . Retrieved 1 March 2012. [30] "Overwhelmed by response: Kalam" (http:/ / www.rediff.com/ news/ 2002/ jun/ 13prez2.htm). Rediff.com. 13 June 2002. . Retrieved 1 March 2012. [31] "Presidential nominee Abdul Kalam files nomination papers" (http:/ / www.rediff.com/ news/ 2002/ jun/ 18prez1.htm). Rediff.com. 18 June 2002. . Retrieved 1 March 2012. [32] "Polling for presidential election begins" (http:/ / www.rediff.com/ news/ 2002/ jul/ 15prez1.htm). Rediff.com. 15 July 2002. . Retrieved 1 March 2012. [33] Ved, Mahendra (26 July 2002). 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A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Retrieved 16 June 2012. [56] Karthick S (18 June 2012). "Abdul Kalam not to contest presidential poll 2012" (http:/ / timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ india/ Abdul-Kalam-not-to-contest-presidential-poll-2012/ articleshow/ 14237561. cms). The Times of India (Chennai, India). . Retrieved 18 June 2012. [57] R., Ramachandran (September 12 € 25, 2009). "Pokhran row" (http:/ / www.frontlineonnet.com/ fl2619/ stories/ 20090925261902000. htm). Frontline. . Retrieved 2012-07-05. [58] Hardnews bureau (August 2009). "Pokhran II controversy needless: PM" (http:/ / www.hardnewsmedia.com/ 2009/ 08/ 3161). Hard News. . Retrieved 1 March 2012. [59] "Kalam not qualified to talk about Pokhran II: Sethna" (http:/ / news.rediff.com/ report/ 2009/ sep/ 01/ how-can-kalam-talk-on-pokhran. htm). Rediff.com. 1 September 2009. . Retrieved 11 November 2011. [60] IBN-CNN. "Kalam no authority on Pokhran II test Ex AEC chief" (http:/ / www.youtube.com/ watch?v=lwDKahtHVDQ). . 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A. P. J. Abdul Kalam [84] "Dhoni voted youth icon 2006" (http:/ / www.dnaindia.com/ sport/ report_dhoni-voted-youth-icon-2006_1037270). Daily News and Analysis. 23 June 2006. . Retrieved 3 March 2012. [85] "I Am Kalam: Movie Review" (http:/ / articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ 2011-08-04/ news-interviews/ 29849681_1_film-nila-madhab-panda-harsh-mayar). The Times of India. 4 August 2011. . Retrieved 3 March 2012. [86] "Students recall Kalam's services" (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ 2010/ 10/ 19/ stories/ 2010101957740200. htm). The Hindu. 19 October 2010. . Retrieved 1 March 2012. [87] "Dr.Kalam's Page" (http:/ / www.abdulkalam.com/ kalam/ jsp/ display_content. jsp?menuid=22&menuname=Dr.Kalam‚s Page& linkid=130&linkname=Profile&content=457& columnno=0& starts=0&menu_image=-). abdulKalam.com. . Retrieved 1 March 2012. [88] Dayekh, Ribal (16 April 2011). "Dr Abdul Kalam former President of India arrives to Dubai" (http:/ / www.zawya.com/ story.cfm/ sidZAWYA20110417054039). Zawya.com. . 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[98] "Kalam conferred Honorary Doctorate of Science" (http:/ / articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ 2007-10-23/ uk/ 27960584_1_p-j-abdul-kalam-wolverhampton-creative-leadership). The Economic Times (India). 23 October 2007. . Retrieved 1 March 2012. [99] "Dr. Abdul Kalam's Diverse Interests: Prizes/Awards" (http:/ / www.techmotivator.iitm.ac.in/ TGTech APJ.htm#1). Indian Institute of Technology Madras. . Retrieved 1 March 2012. [100] "List of recipients of Bharat Ratna" (http:/ / www.mha.nic.in/ pdfs/ Recipients-BR.pdf) (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. . Retrieved 1 March 2012. [101] "Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam" (http:/ / www.rediff.com/ news/ nov/ 26kal.htm). Rediff.com. 26 November 1997. . Retrieved 1 March 2012. [102] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul; Y.S., Rajan (1998). India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=pCN7NwAACAAJ&dq=vision+ 2020+abdul+kalam&source=bl&ots=faaj8bIMlB&sig=0FVR5Gikrl7NhVeIl12pSOrntp4& hl=en&sa=X&ei=LTb2T7mML5Se8QS_4J3YBg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA). New York. 0670882712, 9780670882717. . [103] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2002). Ignited minds: unleashing the power within India (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=kypuAAAAMAAJ& q=ignited+minds&dq=ignited+minds&source=bl&ots=ez0QmBHU9X&sig=0TzcmzgctsyVAkxqJ4Ykxzkgvho&hl=en&sa=X& ei=azn2T4fVAYWe8gSQ_pntBg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA). Viking. . [104] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2004). The luminous sparks : a biography in verse and colours. Bangalore: Punya Pub.. ISBN 978-81-901897-8-1. [105] Rajan, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam with Y.S. (2005). Mission India : a vision for Indian youth. New Delhi, India: Puffin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-333499-6. [106] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2007). Inspiring thoughts. Delhi: Rajpal & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7028-684-4. [107] "Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology" (http:/ / www.abdulkalam.nic.in/ fluid.html). National Informatics Centre. . Retrieved 1 March 2012. [108] Rohde, David (19 July 2002). "Nuclear Scientist, 70, a Folk Hero, Is Elected India's President" (http:/ / www.nytimes.com/ 2002/ 07/ 19/ world/ nuclear-scientist-70-a-folk-hero-is-elected-india-s-president.html). The New York Times . . Retrieved 29 June 2012. [109] Pruthi, Raj (1 January 2003). President Apj Abdul Kalam (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC). Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6. . Retrieved 29 June 2012. [110] Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (1 January 2002). A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC). APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7648-380-3. . Retrieved 29 June 2012. [111] "Documentary on Kalam released" (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ 2008/ 01/ 25/ stories/ 2008012550520200. htm). The Hindu (Chennai, India). 12 January 2008. Archived (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20090511012413/ http:/ / www.hindu.com/ 2008/ 01/ 25/ stories/ 2008012550520200. htm) from the original on 11 May 2009. . Retrieved 27 March 2009. [112] Nair, P. M. (1 March 2008). The Kalam Effect: My Years with th e President (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=NldWPgAACAAJ). HarperCollins Publishers, a joint venture with the India Today Group. ISBN 978-81-7223-736-3. . Retrieved 29 June 2012.

73


74

[113] Fr A K George (14 January 2009). My Days with Mahatma Abdul Kalam (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=PyvbRgAACAAJ). Novel Corp. ISBN 978-81-904529-5-3. . Retrieved 24 April 2012.

External links • • • •

Official website (http:/ / www.abdulkalam.com) Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam: Former President of India (http:/ / www.abdulkalam.nic.in/ ) Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Quotes (http:/ / thequotes.net/ 2011/ 12/ dr-apj-abdul-kalam-quotes/ ) Profile of Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (http:/ / www.abdulkalam.nic.in/ profile.html)

Pratibha Patil Pratibha Patil

President of India Incumbent Assumed office

25 July 2007 Prime Minister

Manmohan Singh

Vice President


Preceded by


Succeeded by

Pranab Mukherjee (Elect) Governor of Rajasthan In office

8 November 2004 € 23 July 2007 Chief Minister

Vasundhara Raje

Preceded by

Madan Lal Khurana

Succeeded by

Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Personal details

Pratibha Patil

75 Born

19 December 1934 Nadgaon, British India (now Maharashtra, India)

Political party


Other political affiliations

United Front (1996 € 2004) United Progressive Alliance (2004 € present)

Spouse(s)

Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat

Alma mater

Mooljee Jetha College, Jalgaon Government Law College, Mumbai

(pronunciation) (born 19 December 1934) is the 12th President of the Republic of India and first woman to hold the office. She was sworn in as President on 25 July 2007, succeeding Abdul Kalam and after defeating her rival Bhairon Singh Shekhawat. She is due to retire from the office in July 2012. Pratibha Devisingh Patil

Patil is a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) and was nominated for the presidency by the governing United Progressive Alliance and Indian Left.

Early life Pratibha Devisingh Patil is the daughter of Narayan Rao. [1] She was born on 19 December 1934 in the village of Nadgaon, in the Jalgaon district of Maharashtra, India. She was educated initially at RR Vidyalaya, Jalgaon and subsequently was awarded a Masters degree in Political Science and Economics by Mooljee Jetha College, Jalgaon, and then a Bachelor of Law degree by Government Law College, Mumbai. Patil then began to practise as a lawyer at the Jagaon District Court, while also taking an interest in social issues such as improving the conditions faced by Indian women.[2] Patil married Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat on 7 July 1965. The couple have a son and a daughter. [1]

Political career The BBC has described Patil's political career prior to assuming Presidential office as "long and largely low-key". [3] In 1962, at the age of 27, she was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for the Jalgaon constituency. Thereafter she won in the Muktainagar (formerly Edlabad) constituency on four consecutive occasions between 1967 and 1985, before becoming a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha between 1985 and 1990. In the 1991 elections for the 10th Lok Sabha, she was elected as a Member of Parliament representing the Amravati constituency.[2] A period of retirement from politics followed later in that decade. [3] Patil had held various Cabinet portfolios during her period in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly and she had also held official positions while in both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. In addition, she had been for some years the president of the Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee and also held office as Director of the National Federation of Urban Co-operative Banks and Credit Societies and as a Member of the Governing Council of the National Co-operative Union of India. [1] On 8 November 2004 she was appointed as the 24th Governor of Rajasthan. [4] She was the first woman to hold that office,[5] and, according to the BBC, was "a low-profile" incumbent. [3]

Pratibha Patil

Presidential election The presidential role is largely that of a figurehead but it does potentially have greater significance, including that of overseeing the formation of a government in certain situations. The presidential electoral college consisted of around 4900 voters, being MPs and also legislators at state level who between them represented 1.09 million votes, [6] and the selection of a candidate for election is usually arranged by consensus among the various political parties. Consequently, it is common that the candidate does not face a challenger. [3] On 14 June 2007, United Progressive Alliance (UPA), which was the ruling alliance of political parties in India, headed by the Indian National Congress, and the Indian Left nominated Patil as their candidate for the presidential election to be held in July that year. She emerged as a compromise candidate, being proposed by Sonia Gandhi, the UPA chairwoman, after the Left parties would not agree to the nomination of former Home Minister Shivraj Patil or Karan Singh.[5] Patil had been loyal to the INC and the Nehru-Gandhi family for decades and this was considered to be a significant factor, although Patil said that she had no intention of being a "rubber-stamp president". [3][7] Contrary to the normal pattern of events, Patil faced a challenge in the 2007 presidential election. The BBC described the situation as "the latest casualty of the country's increasingly partisan politics and [it] highl ights what is widely seen as an acute crisis of leadership". It "degenerated into unseemly mud slinging between the ruling party and the opposition". [8] Her challenger was Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, the incumbent vice-president and a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) veteran. [9] Shekhawat stood as an independent candidate and was supported by the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), a group led by the BJP, [9] which had initially considered a legal challenge to Patil's candidature on the basis of media reports concerning alleged irregularities in her financial affairs. That basis of challenge was dropped after legal advice was obtained and the focus of opposition became characterised as one of morality.[10] Those opposed to Patil claimed that she lacked charisma, experience and ability. They also highlighted her time spent away from high-level politics and queried her belief in the supernatural when she claimed to have received a message from Dada Lekhraj, a dead guru, who told her than she would become president. [3][8][11] Various specific issues were raised, such as a comment made by her in 1975 that those suffering from hereditary diseases should be sterilised.[3] It was alleged that Patil had protected her brother, G. N. Patil, who had been named in connection with the Vishram Patil murder case, [12] while another alleged that as a Member of Parliament for Amravati between 1991 and 1996 Patil diverted Rs 36 lakh (Rs 3.6 million) from her MPLADS fund to a trust run by her husband Devisingh Shekhawat. This was in violation of Government rules which barred MPs from providing funds to organisations run by their relatives.[13] The parliamentary affairs minister denied any wrongdoing on Patil's part, and noted that the funds utilized under MPLADS are audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India [14] The INC countered the various issues raised by claiming that in 1947, soon after India gained independence, Shekhawat had been briefly suspended from his police work for taking a bribe. hHe opposition denied this, and also the INC claim that he had been protecting his son, who had faced charges of illegally acquiring land. [9] The gender of Patil and her interest in issues relating to Indian women were reported as positive attributes. The BBC noted her supporters' claim that her election would be "a landmark for women in a country where millions routinely face violence, discrimination and poverty", [3] while Bloomberg summarised the opinion of the social activist Nafisa Ali as, "In India, where female infanticide is still common and women's representation in the lower house of parliament hasn't crossed 9 percent since independence in 1947, Patil's elevation is seen as a step toward greater empowerment of women."[6] The INC had campaigned for Shekhawat to stand down from his challenge in order to allow a woman to be elected. [15] Bal Thackeray, the leader of the Maharashtra-based Shiv Sena (SS) party that had been allies with the BJP for 21 years, had announced that his party would break ranks with the NDA and support Patil rather than Shekhawat. This was in part because of her gender but also because SS desired to see the country have a Marathi president. Although he did not expect the decision to cause a more general split with the BJP, Thackeray said that if Kalam had been willing to stand for a second term then SS would have supported him. He also noted that Shekhawat's position as an

76

Pratibha Patil

77

independent candidate was a ploy by the BJP who, according to him, had realised that if Shekhawat stood as a BJP candidate then he would lose support. [16] Patil won the election held on 19 July 2007. She garnered nearly two-thirds of the votes [17] and took office as India's first woman president on 25 July 2007. The office of president has a five-year term [8] and Patil is scheduled to retire from the role in July 2012. [18]

Presidency Presidential styles of

Pratibha Patil

Reference style

Her Excellency Pratibha Patil, President of the Republic of India

Spoken style

President Patil

Alternative style

Madame President

Philanthropy

Along with her husband, she set up Vidya Bharati Shikshan Prasarak Mandal, an educational institute which runs a chain of schools and colleges in Amravati, Jalgaon and Mumbai. [19] She also set up Shram Sadhana Trust, which runs hostels for working women in New Delhi, Mumbai and Pune; and an engineering college in Jalgaon. [19] She also founded a cooperative sugar factory known as Sant Muktabai Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana at Muktainagar and an eponymous cooperative bank, Pratibha Mahila Sahakari Bank, that ceased trading in February 2003. [20] Controversies

Pratibha Patil's term as the President of India has seen various controversies. [21] During her term as president, Patil has commuted the death sentences of 35 petitioners to life, a record ‚ among them are those convicted of mass murder, kidnapping, rape and killing of children. Presidential office, however, defended this by saying that the President had granted clemency to the petitioners after due consideration and examining the advice of the Home Ministry. [22][23]

Pratibha Patil

78

Positions held Patil has held various official offices during her career. These are: [1]

Pratibha Patil in North-east India.

Period

Position

1967 € 72

Deputy Minister, Public Health, Prohibition, Tourism, Housing & Parliamentary Affairs, Government of Maharashtra

1972 € 74

Cabinet Minister, Social Welfare, Government of Maharashtra

1974 € 75

Cabinet Minister, Public Health & Social Welfare, Government of Maharashtra

1975 € 76

Cabinet Minister, Prohibition, Rehabilitation and Cultural Affairs, Government of Maharashtra

1977 € 78

Cabinet Minister, Education, Government of Maharashtra

July 1979 to February 1980

Leader of the Opposition, Maharashtra Legislative Assembly

1982 € 85

Cabinet Minister, Urban Development and Housing, Government of Maharashtra

1983 € 85

Cabinet Minister, Civil Supplies and Social Welfare, Government of Maharashtra

18 November 1986 to 5 November 1988

Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha

1986 € 88

Chairman, Committee of Privileges, Rajya Sabha; Member, Business Advisory Committee, Rajya Sabha

1991

Chairman, House Committee, Lok Sabha

8 November 2004 € 23 June 2007

Governor of Rajasthan

25 July 2007 to date

President of India

References [1] "Ex Governor of Rajasthan" (http:/ / rajassembly.nic.in/ PratibhaPatil.htm). Rajathan Legislative Assembly Secretariate. . Retrieved 26 June 2012. [2] "Profile: President of India" (http:/ / india.gov.in/ govt/ whoswho.php?id=2). NIC / President's Secretariat. . Retrieved 26 June 2012. [3] "Profile: Pratibha Patil" (http:/ / news.bbc.co.uk/ 1/ hi/ 6910097.stm). BBC. 21 July 2007. . Retrieved 26 June 2012. [4] "Former Governors of Rajasthan" (http:/ / rajassembly.nic.in/ govphoto. htm). Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Secretariat. . Retrieved 26 June 2012. [5] "Prez polls: Sonia announces Pratibha Patil's name" (http:/ / www.ndtv.com/ convergence/ ndtv/ story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070015515& ch=6/ 14/ 2007 6:54:00 PM). NDTV. 14 June 2007. . Retrieved 3 July 2012. [6] Pradhan, Bibhudatta (19 July 2007). "Patil Poised to Become India's First Female President" (http:/ / www.bloomberg.com/ apps/ news?pid=20601091& sid=aHJhXtWRZ4bA&refer=india). Bloomberg. . Retrieved 2 July 2012. [7] "I will not be a rubber stamp President" (http:/ / www.dnaindia.com/ report.asp?NewsID=1103782). PTI. Daily News & Analysis. 16 June 2007. . Retrieved 3 July 2012.

Pratibha Patil [8] Biswas, Soutik (13 July 2007). "India's muckraking presidential poll" (http:/ / news.bbc.co.uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 6294238. stm). BBC. . Retrieved 3 July 2012. [9] "Indian MPs vote for new president" (http:/ / news.bbc.co.uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 6905905. stm). BBC. 19 July 2007. . Retrieved 2 July 2012. [10] Singh, Sanjay (2 July 2007). "NDA's legal ploy fails, aims moral fire at Pratibha" (http:/ / www.dnaindia.com/ report. asp?NewsID=1107322). DNA. . Retrieved 3 July 2012. [11] Dhawan, Himanshi (27 June 2007). "Pratibha believes in spirits?" (http:/ / timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ India/ Pratibha_believes_in_spirits/ articleshow/ 2152156.cms). The Times of India. . Retrieved 5 July 2012. [12] "Congman's wife drags Pratibha name into allegations, NDA distances itself" (http:/ / www.indianexpress.com/ news/ congmans-wife-drags-pratibha-name-into-allegations-nda-distances-itself/ 160239/ 0). Indian Express. 23 June 2007. . Retrieved 5 July 2012. [13] DNA € Mumbai € Now, a land grab haunts Patil € Daily News & Analysis (http:/ / www.dnaindia.com/ report.asp?newsid=1107938). Dnaindia.com (2007-07-04). Retrieved on 2011-11-06. [14] "For family again: Patil•s MP funds for sports complex on land leased to husband society" (http:/ / www.indianexpress.com/ story/ 203981. html). Indian Express. 6 July 2007. . Retrieved 2011-11-06. [15] "Advani writes to EC, wants Patil to declare assets" (http:/ / articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ 2007-07-02/ india/ 27981884_1_upa-leaders-conscience-vote-pratibha-patil). The Times of India . PTI. 2 July 2007. . Retrieved 3 July 2012. [16] Menon, Meena (26 June 2007). "Shiv Sena backs Pratibha Patil" (http:/ / www.hindu.com/ 2007/ 06/ 26/ stories/ 2007062651100100. htm). The Hindu. . Retrieved 3 July 2012. [17] "First female president for India" (http:/ / news.bbc.co.uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 6909979.stm). BBC. 21 July 2007. . Retrieved 3 July 2012. [18] Kshirsagar, Alka (25 June 2012). "Pratibha Patil gets retirement home in Pune" (http:/ / www.thehindubusinessline.com/ industry-and-economy/ economy/ article3569095.ece). Business Line (The Hindu). . Retrieved 26 June 2012. [19] Pratibha Patil's Resume (http:/ / timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ India/ Pratibha_Patils_Resume/ articleshow/ 2218456.cms). The Times of India. 19 July 2007. [20] "Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India, 2005-06: Appendix Table IV.3: Urban Co-operative Banks Under Liquidation" (http:/ / rbidocs.rbi.org.in/ rdocs/ Publications/ PDFs/ 73892.pdf). Reserve Bank of India. p. 328 ( 5). . Retrieved 5 July 2012. [21] President Pratibha Patil's brush with controversy - India News - IBNLive (http:/ / ibnlive.in.com/ news/ president-pratibha-patils-brush-with-controversy/ 248154-3.html) [22] "President defends mercy spree to death row convicts" (http:/ / timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ india/ President-defends-mercy-spree-to-death-row-convicts/ articleshow/ 14400295.cms). 26 June 2012. . [23] "President Pratibha Patil goes on mercy overdrive" (http:/ / timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ india/ President-Pratibha-Patil-goes-on-mercy-overdrive/ articleshow/ 14330594.cms). 22 June 2012. .

External links • President of India Official Site (http:/ / presidentofindia.nic.in/ )

79

Pranab Mukherjee

80

Pranab Mukherjee Pranab Mukherjee

Mukherjee during the India Economic Summit in New Delhi in 2009 President of India Elect Taking office

25 July 2012 Prime Minister

Manmohan Singh

Succeeding

Pratibha Patil Minister of Finance In office

24 January 2009 € 26 June 2012 Prime Minister

Manmohan Singh

Preceded by

Manmohan Singh

Succeeded by

Manmohan Singh In office

15 January 1982 € 31 December 1984 Prime Minister

Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi

Preceded by


Succeeded by

Vishwanath Pratap Singh Minister of External Affairs In office

10 February 1995 € 16 May 1996 Prime Minister

Narasimha Rao

Preceded by

Dinesh Singh

Succeeded by

Atal Bihari Vajpayee Minister of Defence In office

22 May 2004 € 26 October 2006 Prime Minister

Manmohan Singh

Preceded by

George Fernandes

Succeeded by

Arackaparambil Kurien Antony

Pranab Mukherjee

81 Deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission In office

24 June 1991 € 15 May 1996 Prime Minister

Narasimha Rao

Preceded by

Mohan Dharia

Succeeded by

Madhu Dandavate Personal details

Born

Pranab Kumar Mukherjee 11 December 1935 Mirati, British India (now India)

Political party

Indian National Congress (Before 1986; 1989 € present) Rashtriya Samajwadi Congress (1986 € 1989)

Other political affiliations

United Front (1996 € 2004) United Progressive Alliance (2004 € present)

Spouse(s)

Suvra Mukherjee (1957 € present)

Children

Sharmistha Abhijit Indrajit

Alma mater

University of Calcutta

Religion

Hinduism

Awards

Padma Vibhushan (2008)

Presidential styles of

Pranab Mukherjee

Reference style

His Excellency Pranab Mukherjee, President of the Republic of India

Spoken style

President Mukherjee

Alternative style

Mister President

(/prˆnˆbk‰mŠ:rm ‹khˆrdŒi /; born 11 December 1935) is the president-elect of India. Mukherjee was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress until he resigned from political office preceding his election as president on 22 July 2012. He will take office as the 13th President of India on 25 July 2012. [1][2][3] [4] Pranab Kumar Mukherjee

Mukherjee began his political career with the Indian National Congress in 1969 under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He became one of her top lieutenants and was often described as her "man for all seasons". His rise was meteoric in the early phase of his career and he became a cabinet minister in Indira Gandhi's government in 1973. Mukherjee rose through a series of cabinet posts to become the Finance Minister of India from 1982 to 1984. Mukherjee was Leader of the House in the Rajya Sabha from 1980 to 1985. [5] Mukherjee was sidelined from the Congress during the Rajiv Gandhi era. He had viewed himself, and not the rookie Rajiv Gandhi, as the rightful successor to Indira Gandhi. [5] Mukherjee lost out in the ensuing power struggle. He

Pranab Mukherjee formed his own political party, the Rashtriya Samajwadi Congress, but later merged it with Congress in 1989 after reaching a political compromise with Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. Mukherjee's political career revived when Prime Minister Narasimha Rao chose to appoint him as Deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission and subsequently as a union cabinet minister in the 1990s. He served as the Minister of External Affairs (Foreign Minister) from 1995 to 1996 in Rao's cabinet. [5] Mukherjee was the principal architect of Sonia Gandhi's entry into Indian politics in the 1990s.[5] He became the elder statesman of the Congress party during this period. Mukherjee was Leader of the House in the Lok Sabha from 2004 to 2012. He served as the Minister of Defence from 2004 to 2006 and again served as the Minister of External Affairs from 2006 to 2009. He was the Finance Minister from 2009 to 2012 in the government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Mukherjee has received several accolades and honors. In 1984, he was rated as the best Finance Minister in the World according to a survey of Euromoney magazine. [6][7] In 2010, he was awarded "Finance Minister of the Year for Asia" by Emerging Markets, the daily newspaper of record for the World Bank and the IMF. [8] In December 2010, The Banker recognised him as the "Finance Minister of the Year." [9] The government of India honored him with the Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian award of India, in 2008. [10]

Early life Mukherjee was born to a Bengali Hindu Kulin Brahmin family at Mirati in the Bengal province of British India. His father, Kamada Kinkar Mukherjee, was a member of the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement and had spent more than ten years in British jails. [11] His mother's name was Rajlakshmi Mukherjee. [12] He has an elder sister named Annapoorna Mukherjee. Kamada Kinkar Mukherjee became a member of West Bengal Legislative Council from 1952 to 1964, and was also the President of the District Congress Committee in Birbhum.[11][13] Mukherjee attended the Suri Vidyasagar College in Suri (Birbhum), then affiliated with the University of Calcutta.[12] He holds a Master of Arts degree in History and Political Science and also a degree in law from the University of Calcutta. [11][13] Mukherjee was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the University of Wolverhampton in 2011. [14] He was also awarded an honorary D.Litt by the Assam University in March 2012. [15] Personal life

Pranab Mukherjee married Suvra Mukherjee on 13 July 1957 and has two sons, Abhijit and Indrajit, and a daughter, Sharmistha Mukherjee.[12][16] He is inspired by Deng Xiaoping and has quoted him quite frequently. [17] His hobbies are reading, gardening and music. [18] His son, Abhijit Mukherjee, is a Congress MLA from West Bengal [11] while his daughter is a Kathak dancer. [16] As per reports, Abhijit is keen on contesting from the Jangipur Lok Sabha seat in Murshidabad vacated by Pranab Mukherjee. [19] Mukherjee celebrates the Durga Puja at his ancestral home in Mirati village in West Bengal's Birbhum district. [20] He makes it a point to be at Mirati village every year to take part in the four-day rituals, the puja having a 'social dimension' for him. "I want to avail of this opportunity to be with the people of my area," Mukherjee said during a puja ceremony on 4 October 2011. [20]

82

Pranab Mukherjee

Professional career Mukherjee began his career as an upper-division clerk in the office of the Deputy Accountant-General (Post and Telegraph) in Calcutta before he became a college-teacher and later a journalist. [11] He worked for noted Bengali publication Desher Dak (Call of Motherland). Mukherjee was chairman of the Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata. [12][21] He is also the former chairman and president of the Rabindra Bharati University and the Nikhil Bharat Banga Sahitya Sammelan. Mukherjee is a former trustee of the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad and the Bidhan Memorial Trust. Mukherjee used to be on the Planning Board of the Asiatic Society. [12][22]

Political career Mukherjee got involved in the politics of the Indian National Congress in 1969. He had managed the successful election campaign for independent candidate Krishna Menon during the by-elections in Midnapore. Prime Minister and Congress supreme leader Indira Gandhi recognized his talents and made him a part of her party. [23] Gandhi gave Mukherjee a seat in the Rajya Sabha (upper house) of the parliament from the Congress party in July 1969. Mukherjee was later re-elected in 1975, 1981, 1993 and 1999. [12] Mukherjee became a staunch Indira Gandhi loyalist. He was described as her "man for all seasons". [5] Mukherjee's rise was meteoric in the early phase of his career and he was appointed Union Deputy Minister of Industrial Development in Indira Gandhi's cabinet in 1973. Mukherjee was active in the Indian cabinet during the Emergency. Ruling politicians of the day including Mukherjee were accused of using extra-constitutional power centr es to "wreck established norms and rules of governance". The Shah commission under the Janata party indicted Mukherjee but the commission was itself later indicted for stepping "outside its jurisdiction" in 1979. Mukherjee emerged from it unscathed and rose through a series of cabinet posts to become the Finance Minister of India from 1982 to 1984.[24][25] His term was noted for his work in improving the finances of the government that enabled Indira Gandhi to score a political point returning the last instalment of India's first IMF loan. [6] It was Pranab Mukherjee ‚ in his stint as Indira Gandhi's Finance Minister ‚ that had signed the letter appointing Dr. Manmohan Singh as Governor of the Reserve Bank of India. [23] Indira Gandhi made Mukherjee the Deputy Leader of the Congress in the Rajya Sabha in 1978. He was made Leader of the House in the Rajya Sabha in 1980. Mukherjee was considered the top ranking Indian cabinet minister and he even presided over the cabinet meetings in the absence of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. [13] The assassination of Indira Gandhi put Mukherjee's career with the Congress in jeopardy. The Rajiv Gandhi era saw the Congress sideline some Indira loyalists including Mukherjee for harbouring ambitions of becoming Prime Minister. Mukherjee saw himself, and not the rookie Rajiv Gandhi, as the rightful successor to Indira Gandhi. He even floated the Rashtriya Samajwadi Congress (National Socialist Congress) party in 1986 in West Bengal which he would merge with Pranab Mukherjee addressing delegates of 42nd Regional Conference of SIRC of Institute of the Indian National Congress three years later after reaching a Chartered Accountants of India. compromise with Rajiv Gandhi. Many analysts, over the years, have attributed the muting of Mukherjee's political aspirations as the supreme leader due to his inability to emerge as a magnetic mass leader. [5] Mukherjee's political career revived following the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 when P.V. Narasimha Rao chose to appoint him as deputy chairman of the Indian planning commission and subsequently as a union cabinet minister. Mukherjee served as External Affairs Minister for the first time from 1995 to 1996 in Rao's cabinet. [12]

83

Pranab Mukherjee Mukherjee today is considered to be a Gandhi family loyalist and the principal architect of Sonia Gandhi's entry into politics, a mentoring responsibility he is still believed to be shouldering. [5] He was made General Secretary of the AICC in 1998 € 99 after Sonia Gandhi became Congress President. Mukherjee was made President of the West Bengal Congress in 2000 and held the position until his resignation in 2010. He had earlier held the position in 1985.[13] Mukherjee became the Leader of the House in the Lok Sabha in 2004. He contested and won a Lok Sabha seat from Jangipur in West Bengal. Mukherjee retained his seat in the 2009 elections. [12] Mukherjee was briefly considered for the post of the largely ceremonial Indian presidency in 2007. But his name was subsequently dropped after his contribution in the Union Cabinet was considered practically indispensable. [26] Mukherjee held many important posts in the Manmohan Singh government. He had the distinction of being the Minister for various high profile Ministries including Defence, Finance, and External Affairs. Mukherjee also headed the Congress Parliamentary Party and the Congress Legislative Party which consists of all the Congress MPs and MLAs in the country apart from being Leader of the House in Lok Sabha and Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee President.[12] Mukherjee ended his affiliation with the Indian National Congress and retired from active political life following his election as President in 2012. The Economic Times had noted: "[the] decades of activity in critical all-round roles make [Mukherjee's] exit both a structural and generation shift. With him, the last of the Congress triumvirate € along with Rao and R Venkataraman € who formed the core team of Indira/Rajiv regimes bows out. While Rao became PM, Pranab's political marathon too ends where [Venkataraman's] did, at the Rashtrapati Bhavan." [27] Political party role

Mukherjee is "very well respected within the party social circles." [28] Media accounts describe him as having "a reputation as a number-crunching politician with a phenomenal memory and an unerring survival instinct." [29] Mukherjee became a member of the Congress Working Committee on 27 January 1978. He also became a member of the Central Parliamentary Board of the All India Congress Committee (AICC) that year. Mukherjee briefly held the position of treasurer of the AICC and the Congress party in 1978. [13] Mukherjee was appointed chairman of the Campaign Committee of AICC for conducting National Elections to Parliament in 1984, 1991, 1996 and 1998. He was chairman of the Central Election Coordination Committee of the AICC from 28 June 1999 to 2012. He was appointed to the Central Election Committee on 12 December 2001. Mukherjee was appointed General Secretary of the AICC in 1998. [13] In 1997 Mukherjee was voted Outstanding Parliamentarian by the Indian Parliamentary Group. After Sonia Gandhi reluctantly agreed to join politics, Mukherjee was one of her mentors, guiding her through difficult situations with examples of how her mother-in-law, Indira Gandhi would have done things. [30] His talents were on display during the negotiations for the Patent's Amendment Bill in early 2005. The Congress was committed to passing an IP bill, but their allies in the United Progressive Alliance from the Left front had a long tradition of opposing some of the monopoly aspects of intellectual property. Pranab Mukherjee, as Defence Minister, was not formally involved but was roped in for his negotiation skills. He drew on many old alliances including the CPI-M leader Jyoti Basu (former Chief Minister of West Bengal), and formed new intermediary positions, which included product patent and little else. Then he had to convince his own colleagues including commerce minister Kamal Nath, at one point saying: "An imperfect legislation is better than no legislation." [31] Finally the bill was approved on March 23, 2005. Mukherjee played a crucial role in steering the Cabinet pre Lok Sabha elections when Prime Minister Manmohan Singh underwent a by-pass surgery in 2008 € 09 by taking additional charges as chairman of the Cabinet Committee Of Political Affairs and Union Minister in Finance Ministry despite already being Union Minister of External Affairs.

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Mukherjee was the recipent of …The Best Administrator in India † award in 2011. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh commented: "Mr. Mukherjee's knowledge of parliamentary matters was stupendous. The wide respect he commanded and his long association with the political leaders across the spectrum had proved invaluable in conducting the parliamentary business." [32] Mukherjee's political skills and long experience in government have also led him to heading a large number of committees of Ministers in the government, a device that has been employed to obtain consensus within the members of the governing coalition on contentious issues. At the time of his resignation on being nominated as Presidential candidate, he was heading the following Group(s) of Ministers(GoM) and Empowered Group(s) of Ministers (EGoMs):[33] GoM

EGoM

Review of Fertilizer Policy

Spectrum Allocation

Location of National War Memorial

Price Revision of Food Grains

Reports of Administrative Reforms Commission

Pricing in Disinvestment of Public Sector Enterprises

Civil Aviation

Drought Management

Issues relating to WTO

Ratnagiri Gas and Power Pvt. Ltd

External Energy Security Interface

Gas Pricing and Commercial Utilization

Law relating to Honour Killings

National Highways Development Project

Paid News

Ultra Mega Power Projects

Corruption

Mass Rapid Transit System

Environmental issues relating to Coal Mining

Shareholder Agreements of Public Sector Enterprises

Cold wave as an eligible calamity

Under-recoveries of Oil Marketing Companies

Coal Mines Amendment Bill

Special Economic Zones

ASEAN-India Economic Cooperation Agreement Competition Act, 2002

Accusations of corruption

Members of Team Anna, an organization of supporters of Anna Hazare, have stated that on July 25, 2012 the date that he shall take the oath of office, they will release proof of Mukherjee's alleged involvement in corruption. [34] …The Prime Minister is corruptŽnow we have a corrupt President as well, † Team Anna member Arvind Kejriwal said in a press conference [35][36]

Government Positions Defence Minister

Sonia Gandhi appointed Mukherjee Minister of Defence of India when the Congress came to power in 2004. Mukherjee held the post until 2006. He expanded co-operation with the United States during his tenure. The Times of India reported on the Wikileaks cables release and noted how " [United States] is full of praise for the "uniformed leadership" of Indian armed forces, especially Navy, as well as ministers like Mukherjee." Mukherjee in June 2005 had inked the 10-year Indo-US Defence Framework deal. [37]

Pranab Mukherjee

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Foreign Minister

Mukherjee was appointed the External Affairs Minister of India in 1995. Under his leadership, India was made "Full Dialogue Partner" of ASEAN as part of the Look East foreign policy initiated by Narasimha Rao. Mukherjee left the position 1996. Mukherjee's second term began in 2006. He oversaw the successful signing of the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement with the US government and then with the Nuclear Suppliers Group, allowing India to participate in civilian nuclear trade in spite of not having signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Mukherjee left the position in 2009 to take over the Finance ministry.

Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee with US President George W. Bush in 2008.

Finance Minister

Pranab Mukherjee's first stint as the Finance minister of India was during the Indira Gandhi government in 1982. He presented his first annual budget in 1982 € 83. Mukherjee's first term was noted for his work in improving the finances of the government and for successfully returning the last instalment of India's first IMF loan. [6] Mukherjee signed the letter appointing Manmohan Singh as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India in 1982. [23] He was criticized for his supposed links with industralists such as Dhirubhai Ambani.[38] Former Finance Minister of India Pranab Mukherjee played a central role in the implementation of the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement.

Mukherjee was removed from his position as Finance Minister by Rajiv Gandhi in 1984. Gandhi had wished to bring in his own team of staff to govern India. [27] Mukherjee was removed from his position even though he was rated as the best Finance Minister in the World that year according to a survey of Euromoney magazine. [6] Mukherjee returned to handling the finance of India during the premiership of Narasimha Rao. He was appointed the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission. Since the Prime Minister of India happens to be the ex-officio chairperson of Planning Commission of India, the position of the deputy chairperson has great significance. During Mukherjee's tenure 1991 € 96, Dr. Manmohan Singh as Finance Minister oversaw many economic reforms to end the Licence Raj system and help open the Indian economy. [39] Mukherjee again became the Finance Minister of India in 2009. He presented the annual budgets in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The 2010 € 11 budget included the country's first explicit target to cut public debt as a proportion of GDP and Mukherjee had targeted a budget deficit reduction to 4.1% of GDP in fiscal year 2012 € 13, from 6.5% in 2008 € 09.[9] Mukherjee implemented many tax reforms. He scrapped the Fringe Benefits Tax and the Commodities Transaction Tax. He implemented the Goods and Services Tax during his tenure. These reforms were well received by major corporate executives and economists. The introduction of retrospective taxation by Mukherjee, however, has been criticized by some economists. [40] Mukherjee expanded funding for several social sector schemes including the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. He also supported budget increases for improving literacy and health care. He expanded infrastructure programmes such as the National Highway Development Programme. Electricity coverage was also expanded during his tenure. Mukherjee also reaffirmed his commitment to the principle of fiscal prudence as some economists expressed concern about the rising fiscal defits during his tenure, the highest since 1991. Mukherjee declared the expansion in government spending was only temporary.

Pranab Mukherjee In 2010 Mukherjee was awarded "Finance Minister of the Year for Asia" by Emerging Markets, the daily newspaper of record for the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Mukherjee was praised for "the confidence [he] has inspired in key stakeholders, by virtue of his fuel price reforms, fiscal transparency and inclusive growth strategies".[8] The Banker also recognised him as "Finance Minister of the Year." [9] The final years of Mukherjee in the finance ministry were not considered a success. The NDTV upon his resignation as Finance Minister in June 2012 wrote: "There [had] been a clamour from many quarters for a change in the Finance Ministry, with Mr Mukherjee having faced flak for several decisions where politics seemed to overwhelm economic imperatives." [41] Other positions

Mukherjee's positions in chronological order: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Union Minister of Industrial Development 1973 € 1974 Union Minister of Shipping and Transport 1974 Minister of State for Finance 1974 € 1975 Union Minister of Revenue and Banking 1975 € 1977 Treasurer of the Congress Party 1978 € 79 Treasurer of the All India Congress Committee 1978 € 79 Leader of the House of the Rajya Sabha 1980 € 85 Union Minister of Commerce and Steel and Mines 1980 € 1982 Union Minister of Finance 1982 € 1984 Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund 1982 € 1985 Board of Governors of the World Bank 1982 € 1985 Board of Governors of the Asian Development Bank 1982 € 1984 Board of Governors of the African Development Bank 1982 € 1985 Union Minister of Commerce and Supply 1984 Chairman of the Campaign Committee of Congress for conducting national elections to Parliament 1984, 1991, 1996 and 1998 Chairman of the Group of 24 (a ministerial group attached to IMF and World Bank) 1984 and 2009 € 2012 President of the State Unit of Congress Party in West Bengal 1985 and 2000 € 10 Chairman of the Economic Advisory Cell of the AICC 1987 € 1989 Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission 1991 € 1996 Union Minister of Commerce 1993 € 1995 Union Minister of External Affairs 1995 € 1996 President, SAARC Council of Ministers' Conference 1995 General Secretary of the All India Congress Committee 1998 € 1999 Chairman of the Central Election Coordination Committee 1999 € 2012 Leader of the House of the Lok Sabha 2004 € 2012 Union Minister of Defence 2004 € 2006 Union Minister of External Affairs 2006 € 2009 Union Minister of Finance 2009 € 2012 Elected President of India on July 22, 2012.

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Pranab Mukherjee

Presidential election The veteran Congress leader became the President of India after over four decades of life in active politics. [42] He also became the first Bengali to assume the post of the President of India. [26] He officially received 713,763 electoral votes and was presented with the certificate on winning the elections from Rajya Sabha General Secretary. His rival candidate Sangma received 315,987 electoral votes. [43] Pranab Mukherjee gave his victory speech, outside his residence, before the results were officially announced: "I would like express my deep gratitude to all of you who are waiting. The figure has crossed 7 lakhs, only one state remains. The final figure will come from the returning officer. I would like to thank the people of India for electing me to this high office. The enthusiasm, the warmth of the people was remarkable. I have received much more from the people of this country, from the Parliament, than I have given. Now I have been entrusted with the responsibility of protecting and defending the constitution as President. I will try and justify the trust of the people. I would like to reciprocate the congratulation Shri Purno Sangma has extended." [44] Mukherjee was nominated as the presidential candidate of the UPA on 15 June 2012 after consider able political intrigue.[45][46] The elections were scheduled to be conducted on 19 July 2012 and the results were expected to be announced on 22 July 2012. As many as 81 other candidates had filed nominations but the Election Commission rejected all except that of P.A. Sangma, the nominee of the NDA. [47] In order to file his nomination for the presidential poll on June 28, Pranab Mukherjee had resigned from the government on 26 June 2012. [41] Prime minister Manmohan Singh had taken the charge of finance ministry after Pranab Mukherjee's resignation. [48] He will be officially sworn in by the Chief Justice of India on 25 July 2012 at 11:30 AM (IST). [49]

References [1] "Pranab Mukherjee wins Presidential elections" (http:/ / news.outlookindia.com/ items.aspx?artid=769603). Outlook India. 22 July 2012. . Retrieved 22 July 2012. [2] "It's official, Pranab Mukherjee set to become President of India" (http:/ / www.indianexpress.com/ news/ its-official-pranab-mukherjee-set-to-become-president-of-india/ 977854/ ). Indian Express. 22 July 2012. . Retrieved 22 July 2012. [3] "Live blog NDTV" (http:/ / www.ndtv.com/ blog/ show/ presidential-poll-pranab-mukherjee-crosses-halfway-mark-set-to-become-president-231924). NDTV. 22 July 2012. . Retrieved 22 July 2012. [4] "Pranab Mukherjee elected India's 13th President" (http:/ / timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ india/ Pranab-Mukherjee-elected-Indias-13th-President/ articleshow/ 15092749. cms). 23 July 2012. . [5] "Pranab Mukherjee's USP for President: sheer experience" (http:/ / ibnlive.in.com/ news/ pranab-mukherjee-and-the-wealth-of-experience/ 254613-3.html). ibnlive. ibnlive. 4 May 2012. . Retrieved 11 July 2012. [6] "The Pranab Mukherjee Budget" (http:/ / www.business-standard.com/ india/ storypage.php?autono=386396). Business Standard. 22 February 2010. . Retrieved 8 August 2010. [7] "Shri Pranab Mukherjee" (http:/ / www.calcuttayellowpages.com/ pranadmu.html). Calcutta Yellow Pages. 22 January 2001. . Retrieved 23 July 2012. [8] "Finance Minister of Asia award for Pranab" (http:/ / www.thehindu.com/ business/ Economy/ article825403.ece). The Hindu. 11 October 2010. . Retrieved 13 June 2011. [9] "Finance Minister of the Year 2011" (http:/ / www.thebanker.com/ Awards/ Finance-Minister-of-the-Year/ Finance-Minister-of-the-Year-2011). The Banker. 23 December 2010. . Retrieved 23 July 2012. [10] "Padma Vibhushan Awardees for year 2008" (http:/ / india.gov.in/ myindia/ padmavibhushan_awards_list1.php?start=30). india.gov.in. . Retrieved 3 April 2012. [11] "Who is Pranab Mukherjee?" (http:/ / www.ndtv.com/ article/ people/ who-is-pranab-mukherjee-231318). NDTV. 15 June 2012. . Retrieved 11 July 2012. [12] "Shri Pranab Mukherjee" (http:/ / india.gov.in/ govt/ loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4195). Government of India. . Retrieved 11 July 2012. [13] "Biography" (http:/ / www.pranabmukherjee.in/ ). Pranab Mukherjee. . Retrieved 11 July 2012. [14] "Honorary doctorate for Pranab from UK university" (http:/ / www.thehindubusinessline.com/ industry-and-economy/ government-and-policy/ article2054913.ece). The Hindu. May 27 2011. . Retrieved 13 June 2011. [15] "Small price for big prize" (http:/ / www.telegraphindia.com/ 1120716/ jsp/ frontpage/ story_15733694. jsp). Telegraph India. 15 July 2012. . Retrieved 22 July 2012.

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Pranab Mukherjee [16] "Dancer who happens to be ‡his• daughter-Father Pranab Mukherjee misses Sharmistha •s tribute to Tagore, mom in front row" (http:/ / www. telegraphindia.com/ 1110112/ jsp/ calcutta/ story_13426607. jsp). Telegraph India. 12 January 2011. . Retrieved 22 July 2012. [17] 2 June 06 € Pranab Mukherjee, India's Defence Minister € January 15, 2011 (http:/ / www.iiss.org/ programmes/ south-asia/ ministerial-addresses/ pranab-mukherjee/ ) [18] http:/ / www.finmin.nic.in/ fm_pranab_mukherjee.html [19] "Pranab Mujherjee•s son wants his LS seat, party to take call" (http:/ / www.indianexpress.com/ news/ pranab-mujherjees-son-wants-his-ls-seat-party-to-take-call/ 978529/ ). 24 July 2012. . [20] "Pranab Mukherjee's Durga Puja at ancestral home" (http:/ / www.rediff.com/ news/ slide-show/ slide-show-1-photos-pranab-mukherjee-s-durga-puja-at-ancestral-home/ 20111004. htm). Rediff. 4 October 2011. . Retrieved 11 July 2012. [21] "Pranab resigned as ISI council chairman on June 20: ISI" (http:/ / www.hindustantimes.com/ India-news/ Kolkata/ Pranab-resigned-as-ISI-council-chairman-on-June-20-ISI/ Article1-882301.aspx). Hindustan Times. 2 July 2012. . Retrieved 12 July 2012. [22] "FM Pranab's first priority: Presenting budget 09-10" (http:/ / www.indianexpress.com/ news/ fm-pranabs-first-priority-presenting-budget-0910/ 464858/ 3). Indian Express. May 23 2009. . Retrieved May 23 2009. [23] "Footsteps of Pranab" (http:/ / www.mathrubhumi.com/ english/ story.php?id=125466). Mathrubhumi. 29 June 2012. . Retrieved 11 July 2012. [24] "The tallest short man" (http:/ / www.hindustantimes.com/ The-tallest-short-man/ H1-Article1-512958.aspx). Sumit Mitra. The Hindustan Times, February 26, 2010. . Retrieved 2010-02-27. [25] How they buried Shah Commission report, even without an epitaph (http:/ / www.expressindia.com/ ie/ daily/ 20000704/ ina04002.html) Indian Express € July 4, 2000 [26] "Pranab Mukherjee € The 13th President of India" (http:/ / zeenews.india.com/ news/ exclusive/ pranab-mukherjee-the-13th-president-of-india_789045.html). Zee News. 22 July 2012. . Retrieved 22 July 2012. [27] "Pranab Mukherjee•s exit from party politics is a loss and an opportunity" (http:/ / articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/ 2012-07-04/ news/ 32537092_1_indira-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-rahul-gandhi). The Economic Times. 4 July 2012. . Retrieved 13 July 2012. [28] "India's new foreign minister Mukherjee: a respected party veteran" (http:/ / servihoo.com/ Aujourdhui/ kinews/ afp_details. php?id=140225& CategoryID=74). Agence France-Presse. 24 October 2006. . Retrieved 2007-04-09. [29] "India gets new foreign minister" (http:/ / news.bbc.co.uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 6079438.stm). BBC News. 4 October 2006. . Retrieved 2007-04-09. [30] GK Gokhale (19 April 2004). "Why is Dr. Singh Sonia's choice?" (http:/ / in.rediff.com/ news/ 2004/ may/ 19guest.htm). rediff.com. . Retrieved 2007-04-09. [31] Aditi Phadnis (29 March 2005). "Pranab: The master manager" (http:/ / www.rediff.com/ money/ 2005/ mar/ 29patents.htm). rediff.com. . Retrieved 2007-04-09. [32] "Prime Minister Manmohan Singh presents The Best Administrator in India Award 2011 of the K. Karunakaran Foundation to Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee" (http:/ / www.thehindu.com/ news/ national/ article2735277.ece). The Hindu. . Retrieved June 12, 2011. [33] "Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India" (http:/ / cabsec.nic.in/ ). . Retrieved 1 May 2012. [34] http:/ / www.thehindu.com/ news/ national/ article3670404.ece [35] http:/ / news.oneindia.in/ 2012/ 07/ 23/ president-elect-pranab-mukherjee-is-corrupt-team-anna-1040392.html [36] http:/ / www.ndtv.com/ article/ india/ will-give-proof-of-corruption-against-pranab-mukherjee-on-july-25-claims-team-anna-246322 [37] "US preferred Pranab Mukherjee over AK Antony as defence minister" (http:/ / articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ 2011-09-06/ india/ 30118195_1_logistics-support-agreement-communication-interoperability-geo-spatial-cooperation). Times of India. 6 September 2011. . Retrieved 12 July 2012. [38] Aggarwal, S. K. (1990), The Investigative journalism in India (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=m0ZUwtiTCKYC&dq=Investigative+ journalism+in+India&source=gbs_navlinks_s), Mittal Publications, ISBN 978-81-7099-224-0, , retrieved 10 October 2011 [39] Biswas, Soutik (14 October 2005). "India's architect of reforms" (http:/ / news.bbc.co.uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 3725357.stm). BBC News. . Retrieved 11 December 2008. [40] Bamzai, Sandeep (26 June 2012). "Pranab Mukherjee's stint as Finance Minister clearly wasn't his best" (http:/ / www.dailymail.co.uk/ indiahome/ indianews/ article-2165096/ Pranab-Mukherjees-stint-Foreign-Minister-clearly-wasnt-best.html?ito=feeds-newsxml). Daily Mail. . Retrieved 13 July 2012. [41] "Pranab Mukherjee resigns as Finance Minister; PM to take additional charge, say sources" (http:/ / www.ndtv.com/ article/ india/ pranab-mukherjee-resigns-as-finance-minister-pm-to-take-additional-charge-say-sources-236331). NDTV. 26 June 2012. . Retrieved 13 July 2012. [42] "pranab-mukherjee-is-indias-13th-president-interesting-facts-details-profile" (http:/ / dhruvplanet.com/ 7888/ pranab-mukherjee-is-indias-13th-president-interesting-facts-details-profile/ ). 22 July 2012. . [43] "CNNIBN Blog" (http:/ / ibnlive.in.com/ news/ live-counting-of-votes-begins-for-president-poll/ 272800-37-64. html). 22 July 2012. . Retrieved 22 July 2012. 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Pranab Mukherjee [47] "Pranab Mukherjee, Sangma final candidates for Prez polls" (http:/ / www.dnaindia.com/ india/ report_pranab-mukherjee-sangma-final-candidates-for-prez-polls_1710719). Daily News and Analysis. 4 July 2012. . Retrieved 4 July 2012. [48] "Manmohan Singh takes charge of finance ministry" (http:/ / timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ india/ Manmohan-Singh-takes-charge-of-finance-ministry/ articleshow/ 14416045.cms). 26 June 2012. . [49] "Veteran of Indian Politics Wins Presidency" (http:/ / online.wsj.com/ article/ SB10000872396390443570904577542652156623504. html?mod=WSJINDIA_hpp_LEFTTopStories). 22 July 2012. .

External links • Pranab Mukherjee (http:/ / www.pranabmukherjee.in/ ) € Official website • Parliamentary profile (http:/ / india.gov.in/ govt/ loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4195) at India.gov.in • Pranab Mukherjee (http:/ / timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ topic/ Pranab-Mukherjee) collected news and commentary at The Times of India • Pranab denies UPA penalising non-Congress Governments (http:/ / indiatoday.intoday.in/ story/ pranab-mukherjee-jayalalithaa-upa-non-congress-govts/ 1/ 157224.html)

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Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors List of Presidents of India Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=503907982 Contributors: 1ifes4v3r, A1ananth, Abhilashreddy45, Abhiramreddy, Abitoby, Akash89,

Akhil.bharathan, Akhilkri, Alokprasad84, Amit6, Animeshkulkarni, Arun, Asdf gh kan aimen, Azteclipedia, Calliopejen1, Casablanca2000in, Chamal N, CommonsDelinker, Crusoe8181, DRAGON BOOSTER, Dabomb87, Daffy123, Date delinker, Debresser, Docu, Donarreiskoffer, Donrub, ESkog, ElinorD, Enric Naval, Faizhaider, Favonian, Fayenatic london, Fifthman, Franklinpatrao, GMMarques, Ganeshk, Geeteshgadkari, GhanaDa, Giants27, Giggity5, Giraffedata, Gman124, Good Olfactory, Hammersoft, Hariehkr, Hemanshu, HexaChord, Himanshu satija, Idunno271828, JamesAM, Jaypatrikar, Joao Xavier, Jon Ascton, Jonathanfu, Jovianeye, Ka Faraq Gatri, Kamalreddy88, Karthikndr, Kwiki, La Pianista, Lihaas, MKar, Maahmaah, Magioladitis, Mahengct, Maimai009, Makks2010, Mark Arsten, Mark arden, MikeLynch, Miramar93, MohitSingh, Moonriddengirl, Murtasa, Muzi, Nader85021, Nepenthes, Nightstallion, NuclearWarfare, Ohconfucius, Pablo X, Patoldanga'r Tenida, Phanstar, Raivikas, Rajaram Sarangapani, Redtigerxyz, Rettetast, Reywas92, Rjwilmsi, Sandeep p19, Shashwat986, ShayanAnwer, Shubhamsharma98, Shyamsunder, Spade and Shovel, Spiffy sperry, Sundostund, Supertigerman, Tejas.B, The ed17, Therequiembellishere, Tmol42, Visheshta malhotra, Visu1178, Vkalaga2, Welsh, WikHead, Wiki13, Wikipelli, Yadavjpr, Zoltan Bukovszky, 262 anonymous edits Rajendra Prasad Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=503448582 Contributors: Aakriti 321, Acrajan,

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Abhishek191288, AdityaRachakonda, AdjustShift, Aetheling, Ahfaz1, Aidan Work, Aleenf1, AlexanderLondon, Alren, Alurimahee, Anil Kr Gupta, Ankur, Anual, Arvind Iyengar, Ashwin S, Atharv Pawar, Aumnamahashiva, AusTerrapin, Ayrton Prost, Bakasuprman, Baronnet, Barticus88, Bill william compton, Biruitorul, BrahmanAdvaita, BrokenSphere, BrownyCat, C21K, Chandunaresh, Charles Matthews, Cheney123, Chicheley, Chirag, Cinik, Clasqm, Clithering, Closedmouth, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Conti, Cpbaherwani, Craigy144, D6, DarkAudit, Darkness Shines, Dav subrajathan.357, Debnathsandeep, Demophon, DerBorg, Devadaru, Deville, Dhanu86, Dimadick, Duh Svemira, Ekabhishek, Electriccatfish2, Equendil, Eugen Simion 14, Everyking, Explicit, Falcon8765, Fanra, Fat pig73, Fatal!ty, Favonian, Fawcett5, Firefly322, Fredrik, GDibyendu, Galloping Ghost U of I, Generalboss3, Girish c s, Gman124, Gobonobo, Goethean, GoingBatty, GoodDay, Gopaljirai, Graham87, Gurubrahma, Hemanshu, Hgilbert, Hiteccity, I dream of horses, Ichwan Palongengi, Idleguy, Ikanreed, IndianCow, Irumbalayar, J JMesserly, J.delanoy, Jaba1977, Jackol, Jacob.jose, Jajhill, Jarry1250, Jncraton, Joao Xavier, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jovianeye, Jusdafax, Kanatonian, Kanchanamala, Kant4u, Katarighe, Katieh5584, Kaysov, Kelisi, Kenshin, Kkm010, Kodhia, Krishnaeee, Kumarilabhatta, Kushal2091, Langdell, Last Contrarian, Lightmouse, Lights, Lizzmo, Lone.Wolf, LordGulliverofGalben, MER-C, Mahee wiki, Margoz, Marosha, Masterpiece2000, Materialscientist, Medtopic, Mkrishu, Mpradeep, Mukerjee, Murtasa, Myaoon, N5iln, Nagarjuna198, Namanaganesh, Nayvik, NekoDaemon, Ninja neko, Nivas28, Octahedron80, Olessi, Oliver Lineham, Omnipaedista, Optimist on the run, OsirisV, Palica, Pavaniprasanna, Pavn123, Phil R, PhilKnight, PhnomPencil, Phoe6, Presearch, Puthussery, Quadell, Quinsareth, R'n'B, RS1900, Raafael, Rahulghose, Ramananrv123, Randhirreddy, Rangilo Gujarati, Ravichandar84, Redtigerxyz, Relata refero, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Rockoprem, Rocktruly18, Rohinikumart, Rohitde, Rohith goura, Roland zh, Ronaknaik999, Rrjanbiah, Rudolf 1922, Rudrasharman, Rupakbiswas, Russavia, S3K1989, SNIyer12, Salih, Sam Spade, Sanjay Tiwari, Sarat09, Sarat2010, Sateshcsingh, Satyajitkasar.82, Servophbabu, Sharadaprasad, Shekure, ShelfSkewed, Sherurcij, Shivap, Shivashree, Shrao, Sidhu Jyatha, Sietse Snel, Sikandarji, Simonides, Skcpublic, Solus ipse Inc., SpacemanSpiff, Spanchangam, Sray, Sreekanthv, Sreicanth, Sridharbt, Sumanthk, Swansnic, Swarm, Tejas.B, Tellervo, TheMandarin, Theismcontrib, Themfromspace, Therequiembellishere, Toddst1, Tomisti, TonyW, Trudylan, Tulikadube, Utcursch, Veeraa83, Verbum Veritas, Vikram ganupur, ViriiK, Viswanath2006, WikHead, Wiki-uk, Wikidas, Wikifanindia13, Wikipelli, Wikivedalankara, Woohookitty, YUL89YYZ, YellowMonkey, Yerpo, Yogagates, Zigger, Zzyzx11, 437 anonymous edits Zakir Hussain (politician) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=503603048 Contributors: Aashaa, Abduler.11, Abecedare, Aca demic Challenger, Acrajan, AdjustShift, Alai,

Alren, Ankur, Anupam, Aspects, Avenue X at Cicero, Bakasuprman, Ben Ben, Bentogoa, Bhadani, Bhawani Gautam, Bigaln2, Bill william compton, Biruitorul, Cheney123, CommonsDelinker, Conti, Coyets, D6, DRAGON BOOSTER, Dav subrajathan.357, Deepak (old), Dee ptrivia, Dewan357, Dictator Asad, Dimadick, Drpickem, Ds gangwar, Ekabhishek, Electriccatfish2, Ervivek, Everyking, Faizhaider, Falcon007, Fanra, Fat pig73, Fehed, Fournax, GDibyendu, GhanaDa, Gobonobo, GoodDay, Gurubrahma, Hashemi1971, Ichwan Palongengi, Idunno271828, IndianGeneralist, Jaba1977, Jajhill, Janggeom, Jeff5102, John, John of Reading, Jovianeye, Kingturtle, Kkm010, Kondareddy, Kushal2091, LloydKame, MER-C, MKar, Macarism, Maksud, Manikfan, Maqami, Masterpiece2000, Meh.ahd, Mentifisto, Murtasa, Murugeshvk, Namiba, Nandesuka, Nathan, Navedmasood, NekoDaemon, Nurg, Ohconfucius, Omer123hussain, Ottawakismet, Phil R, Piano non troppo, Rabinpatra, Rajasekhar1961, Randhirreddy, Rangilo Gujarati, Ravichandar84, Rjwilmsi, Sarvagnya, Shyamsunder, Sidhu Jyatha, Snoyes, Stallions2010, Sundostund, The Madras, TheParanoidOne, Therequiembellishere, TinaSparkle, Totalitarian Asad, Triple MMM, Utcursch, Visu1178, WereSpielChequers, WoodElf, YellowMonkey, Zscout370, Œ„hz„dˆ, € , 95 anonymous edits V. V. Giri Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=503693553 Contributors: Abitoby, Academic Challenger, Acrajan, Akkida, Akuindo, Alren,

Andrew Gwilliam, Ankur, Ansinvincible, Ansumang, Anuragkjain, Aphistory1, Art LaPella, Bacus15, Bhadani, Bill william compton, Biruitorul, Brockert, BrownHairedGirl, Callelinea, Canley, CarTick, Chancemill, Cheney123, D6, Datepalm17, Dav subrajathan.357, Deville, Dimadick, Dispenser, Docu, Ekabhishek, Everyking, Fat pig73, Fredrik, Gene Nygaard, GoodDay, Gurubrahma, Har ishp, Ichwan Palongengi, ImpuMozhi, IndianGeneralist, Indrian, IronGargoyle, Jaba1977, John, Jonel, Kaysov, Kesinenimurthy, Kushal2091, Laobc, Lihaas, LilHelpa, Lord Emsworth, Lovysinghal, M0RD00R, Mairi, Maksud, Manikfan, Materialscientist, Mbell, Medtopic, Mewaqua, MohitSingh, Munvar.shaik, NatusRoma, Nayvik, NekoDaemon, Pablo X, Phil R, PrinceRegentLuitpold, Psubhashish, QuartierLatin1968, Qwyrxian, Rajasekhar1961, Rajeevmetta08, Randhirreddy, Rangilo Gujarati, Ravichandar84, RepublicanJacobite, Rich Farmbrough, Roland z h, Ruggermcdonnybrook, SFGiants, Salilb, Shivap, Shyamsunder, Sietse Snel, SuperHamster, Therequiembellishere, Titodutta, Umar Zulfikar Khan, VASANTH S.N., Woohookitty, YellowMonkey, Znkp, Zscout370, 64 anonymous edits Mohammad Hidayatullah Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=503399056 Contributors: Abduldesai, Abitoby, Asifaf, Aurorion, Avr0716ap, Bakasuprman, Bduke, Bhawani

Gautam, C.S.Abishek, Capricorn42, Dimadick, Dinesh smita, GoodDay, Ichwan Palongengi, IndianGeneralist, Iridescent, J Milburn, Jaba1977, Jovianeye, Kintetsubuffalo, Kp.ascent, Lang rabbie, Linguisticgeek, MohitSingh, Pectore, Puthussery, Rangilo Gujarati, Saeedghazi, SatuSuro, SchreiberBike, Shivap, Sumanch, Tarun2k, Tassedethe, Therequiembellishere, 40 anonymous edits Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=503717366 Contributors: 19thPharaoh, Acrajan, Akuindo, Alren, Ankur, Anoopan, Anual,

Arunram, Avr0716ap, Bakasuprman, Bhawani Gautam, Bill william compton, Biruitorul, Chaipau, Chhora, Czarkoff, Dav subrajathan.357, Deyyaz, Dimadick, Ekabhishek, Elonka, Ev, Fconaway, Getoar, GhanaDa, GoodDay, Ground Zero, Gurubrahma, Hornplease, Icairns, Ichwan Palongengi, Ideal gas equation, Jaba1977, John, Jschauhan, Kabuli, Laobc, Mairi, Manikfan, Michael Snow, Murad67, Nam, Ntrikha, Patoldanga'r Tenida, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Puthussery, R. fiend, Rajeevmass, Rangilo Gujarati, RogDel, Rudrasharman, S h i v a (Visnu), Saif lon, Sameerarabi, Searcher 1990, Shivap, Shyamsunder, Sitush, Tarikur, Therequiembellishere, Unmesh Bangali, Utcursch, VASANTH S.N., Vedant, Vzbs34, Waacstats, YellowMonkey, –„š•‚—€•‚ƒ, 39 anonymous edits Basappa Danappa Jatti Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=503399120 Contributors: Abhishekraom, Abitoby, Academic Challenger, Acrajan, Ansumang, Biruitorul,

Bsskchaitanya, C21K, Colonies Chris, Dalf, Dav subrajathan.357, Der Sporkmeister, Dev1979, Deville, Dimadick, Dineshkannambadi, ENVI1, Fat pig73, GhanaDa, GoodDay, Ichwan Palongengi, IndianCow, IndianGeneralist, JRN08, Jovianeye, Kali-K, Kensplanet, Kwamikagami, Longhair, MeltBanana, Nick Number, P yush, Puthussery, Rajaramraok, Rajeevk ms, Rangilo Gujarati, Rhollenton, Rjwilmsi, RogDel, RussBlau, Salih, Shahab, Sumalsn, Therequiembellishere, TonyW, Trevor MacInnis, Viswanathasagar, Waacstats, 19 anonymous edits Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=503557801 Contributors: Academic Challenger, Acrajan,

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Article Sources and Contributors SFGiants, Salih, Sandhwan22, Sardanaphalus, Scanlan, Shreyasrghvn, Shyamsunder, Simeondahl, Snake bgd, StAnselm, Sukh, Suri 100, The Deviant, Therequiembellishere, Tripping Nambiar, Utcursch, Vanished User 1004, West.andrew.g, Wikirao, Woohookitty, YellowMonkey, Yoursvivek, ‰ˆ €† ›“• œ€†  , 126 anonymous edits http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=503905443 05443 Contributors: AMFriedman, Academic Challenger, Acrajan, Akuindo, Alai, Ambarish, Andres, R. Venkataraman Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=5039

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