2,.
Li>%tin> Arre$tor 911#( Ratin>:
,,
2,.
Fire Fi>%tin> S3$te5
,. All the e"uipments in the yard and control room$ includin% oil filled e"uipments$ are to be protected by portable fire e/tin%uishers. These fire e/tin%uishers are to be put at appropriate locations in and around control room and switchyard.
Page | 16
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail 8. !alculation of the number and type of fire e/tin%uishers re"uired for coverin% fire hazard of control room$ switch yard$ oil filled e"uipments and cable trenches shall be approved by !36. *. #upply of fire e/tin%uisher for tain% care of different cate%ory of fire hazards 9. #upply of the fire e/tin%uisher shall be paid as per the provisions of the 2ID PR6P6#A< #:33T. =or refillin% the e/tin%uishers the payment shall also be %overned as per the rates indicated in 2ID PR6P6#A< #:33T. The Portable !68 and D!P type fire e/tin%uisher shall be %overned by detailed technical specification %iven in the tender document. ,. The control room and the swi tchyard are to be illu minated ade"uately to have clear visibility at every point. 8. To calculate the number and type of li%ht fittin%s re"uired for achievin% sufficient visibility after tain% control room and switchyard size into consideration. The number and type of fittin%s shall be decided based on the switchyard area to be illuminated in consultation with !36 concerned.
2,.<
Li>%tin>
*. In case contractor wishes to use e/istin% mountin%s 5if found any7$ in that case if any modification + alteration re"uired shall be to contractor?s account. 9. #upply of li%ht fittin%s and fi/tures$ layin% and terminatin% of the suitable power cable from the A! distribution board to the respective li%ht fittin%s. E. In case a &unction bo/ is to be installed in the switchyard$ its supply$ erection includin% terminal blocs shall be to contractor?s account. . In control room$ the illumination fittin%s and fi/tures shall be so located that sufficient illumination is available in and around !R panels.
2,.1,
Eart%in> o! t%e $u)* $tation
,. Desi%nin% of the earth mat of the switchyard includin% diameter of the 0# rod$ proposed to be used$ spacin% of the rods etc so that the specified value of the %round resistance 5as per I#+I3337 can be achieved. The value of earth mat resistance in no case should e/ceed , ohm. In case the desired results are not achieved$ a new earth mat after removin% older earth mat has to be laid. !ost for the same shall be borne by contractor. 8. Desi%nin% of the electrode earthin% of the
Page | 17
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail *. 6n checin% of the earth pit res istance of the tran sformer$
2,.11
Su) Station T;P
As %iven at 1.1 above ,. All civil wors lie foundation support structure related to the e"uipments bein% supplied. In case of e/istin% civil wors at **+,, substation$ any chan%e + modification felt necessary by the en%ineer$ shall be %ot e/ecuted and the cost for the same shall be included in the e"uipment price "uoted.
2,.12
Ci&il ?or#
8. The olde r construction includin% debris$ wherever re"uired has to be removed. *. Desi%nin% of the all suc h civil wor s includin% construction drawin%s which are to be approved by the owner. 9. R3##P6+;rban schedule for civil wor will be applicable
2,.1'
0u$*)ar$= Connector$ and cla5$
As %iven at 1. above
Page | 18
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ''&+11&+CO4POSITE+LT LINES: Sl. No.
Particular
Detail ,.
2efore tain% up the line construction wor the co ntractor shall verify the proposed line route by &ointly surveyin% with the representative of the concerned !36.
8.
The e/act spottin% of the sin%le and multiple structures have to be finalized byTopo%raphical the contractor in consultation the concernin% !36. maps of the surveywith of India shall not be provided for this purpose.
1.
2.
Sur&e3 and Pole Sottin>
San
*.
The final schedule ind icatin% location of poles$ an% le of deviation$ road crossin% and other details shall be submitted for the approval to the concerned !36+ #.3. 5D7$ 3;D!+3D!.
9.
After approval the con tractor shall submit four more sets of the approved reports alon% with one set of reproducible of final profile drawin% to the 3n%ineer of the !ontract for record purpose.
,.
The span of the line for ** and ,, shall be EC to C 0.
8.
#pan in cas e of composite line 5,, and
*.
#pan in case of
Ri>%t o! ?a3
Ri%ht of way and necessary way leave clearance shall be arran%ed by the contractor on behalf of respective DI#!60 in accordance with the wor schedule. The contractor will arran%e to secure way leave and Ri%ht of way in the restricted area with the help of R3#P3!TI3 DI#!60. An3 e7end iture to )e incurred $%all )e )orne )3 t%e contractor.
-.
Road Cro$$in>
At all important road crossin% the poles shall be fitted with Disc type insulator but the %round clearance at the roads under ma/imum temperature and in still air shall be such that even with conductor broen in ad&acent span$ %round clearance of the conductor from the road surface will be as per I3 rules,BE as amended from time to time and proper cradle %uardin% to be provided across the road.
.
Rail"a3 Cro$$in>
'.
At the time of route survey$ the railway crossin%s shall be finalized as per the re%ulation laid down by the Railway Authorities. The followin% are the important features of the prevailin% re%ulations 5revised in ,BF7' 5i7
5ii7
The crossin% sh all normally be at ri% ht an %le to th e railway trac. )o crossin% shall be loca ted over a boos ter transformer$ traction switchin% station$ traction sub- station or a trac
Page | 19
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail cabin location in an electrified area. The approval for crossin% railway trac shall be obtained by the !ontractor from the Railway Authority on behalf of respective DI#!60. The letter to this re%ard shall be obtained by the !ontractor from officer concerned of respective DI#!60 and e/penditure thereof will be paid by the contractor. @here line is to cross over another line of the same volta%e or lower volta%e. Provisions to prevent the possibility of its comin% into contact with other overhead lines shall be made in accordance with the Indian 3lectricity Rules$ ,BE as amended from time to time. All the wors related to the above included in the scope of the modifications are re"uired in the bein% crossed. In such cases$ conditions a%reed upon.
proposal shall be deemed to be contract e/cept in case$ if line below or above$ the line wor shall be done on the
The an%le of crossin% shall be as near to BC de%ree as possible. :owever$ deviation to the e/tent of *C de%ree may be permitted under e/ceptionally difficult situations.
/.
Po"er Line Cro$$in> and Tele co55unication line cro$$in>
Also$ in the crossin% span$ power line support will be as near the telecommunications lines as possible$ to obtain increased vertical clearance between the wires. @hen the an%le of crossin% has to the below C de%ree the matter will referred to the authority in char%e of the telecommunication system. The contractor shall obtain the letter from of respective DI#!60 and permission of telecommunication authority shall be obtained by the contractor on behalf of respective DI#!60. 0ethods ensurin% that normal services may not be interrupted nor dama%e caused to property shall be used durin% strin%in% operations$ where roads$ channels$ telecommunication lines$ power lines and railway lines have to be crossed. :owever shut down shall be obtained when worin% at crossin%s of overhead power lines.
.
Clearance !ro5 Ground= 0uildin>= Tree$ etc.
,.
@hile constructin% the ** ,, lines on roadside havin% inade"uate electrical clearances between pole buildin%s the feasibility of fi/in% pro&ected bracet fabricated by suitable size of 0.#. An%le !hannel with its supportin% bracin% on the e/istin% poles may be e/plored. In case it becomes feasible$ the line may be erected on fittin%s insulators to be fitted on such bracets. The cost of these bracets shall be char%ed as per the prices "uoted in the relevant column of price schedule.
8.
!learance from %round$ buildin%$ trees and tel ephone lines shall be provided in conformity with the Indian 3lectricity Rules$ ,BE as amended upto date.
*.
Any way leave which may be re"uired by the contractor shall be arran%ed by him on behalf of respective DI#!60.
Page | 20
Sl. No.
.
Particular
Detail 9.
Payment of compensation if any towards the clearance etc. will be the responsibility of the contractor.
,.
The contractor is re"uired to follow local statutory re%ulations stipulated in 3lectricity 5#upply7 Act ,B9F$ Indian 3lectricity Rules ,BE$ or as amended and other local rules and re%ulations referred in this specification.
8.
The codes and+ or standard referred to in the sp ecifications shall %overn. #uch codes and+ or standard$ referred to shall
Statutor3 Re>ulation$ And Standard$
mean the interest revisions$ amendments$ chan%es adopted and published by the relevant a%encies unless otherwise indicated. *.
6ther internationally accepted standards which ensure e"ual or better performances than those specified shall also be accepted$ sub&ect to prior approval by the !36$ respective DI#!60.
,. The pits are e/cavated in the direction of line as this facilitates erection of pole in addition to %ivin% natural stability. The depth of pit should be the ,+ of the hei%ht of respective pole in all type of soil laterite + hard roc and E cm bein% in the direction of line. The size of stone pad should be *CC/*CC/E mm.
<.
Erection o ! ole$
E.
The pole is to be erected in ali%nment with utmost care and the e/cavated earth should be bac filled properly by rammin% and concretin% in the ratio of ,'9'F concretin% is to be measured separately.
.
!oncretin% of the support is to done as per relevant drawin% enclosed$ by a mi/ture of ,'9'F 5by volume7. The size of the pole plinth is ept as 9EC/9EC mm and hei%ht *CC mm above %round level as per drawin%. The top ,CC mm is ept tapered so that no rainwater %ets accumulated on the top. The under%round portion of the concretin% shall be 9EC mm / 9EC mm / depth of plantation of support.
.
3very pole of ne w line is to be properly %ro uted by the contractor and plinth be made around it as per as per ;PP!< norms. All the fittin%s$ cross arms$ insulators and stays are to be properly fitted+ erected by the contractor.
1,.
In$ulator Fi7in>
Pin Insulators shall be used on all poles and disc Insulator on an%le and dead end poles. Dama%ed insulators and fittin%s$ if any$ shall not be used. Prior to fi/in%$ all insul ators shall be cleaned in a manner that will not spoil$ in&ure or scratch the surface of the insulator$ but in no case shall any oil be used for that purpose. Tor"ue wrench shall be used for fi/in% various line materials and components$ such as suspension clamp for conductor$ whenever re"uired.
11.
Eart%in>
,.
3ach and every pole of the new **+,, line and every third pole of
Page | 21
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail 8ECCmm/8C mm dia 0# earthin% rod. 8.
The cost of the same shall be included in the price "uoted for poles+supports as per standard practice of ;PP!<. Detailed drawin% no. DD#6-8 are enclosed.
,.
#trin%in% and sa%%in% of the conductor and earth wires shall be done properly by the contractor so that all poles remain erected vertically and no insulator is tilted. Proper bindin% of conductor on the insulators and proper ti%htenin% of the nut bolts of the cross arms$ bracin%s$ %uardin% an%le and clamps must be ensured by the contractor.
12.
1'.
1-.
8.
It Includes spreadin% of conductors without any dama%e and strin%in% with proper tension without any ins+dama%e includin% bindin% of conductor at pin points$ &umperin% at cut points etc.
*.
The strin%in% of the conductor shall be done by the standard strin%in% method.
9.
The contractor will di scuss with the concerned !36+#3 5D7$ 3;D!-3D! for the strin%in% methods he proposes to follow and obtain their consent to startup the wor.
E.
!onductors or earth wires shall not be allowed to han% in the strin%in% blocs for more than B hours before bein% pulled to the specified sa%.
,.
!onductor and earth wire accessories shall be installed by the contractor + earthwire clampin%. @hile installin% the conductor as per the desi%n re"uirement within 89 hours of the conductor and earthwire accessories.
8.
After installin% the cond uctor and ea rthwire$ its acc essories shall be installed within 89 hours.
*.
Proper care shall be taen to ensure that the surfaces are clean and smooth and that no dama%e occurs to any part of the accessories or of the conductors.
Strin>in>
Fi7in> o! Conductor$ and Eart% ?ire Acce$$orie$
Handlin> O! Conductor And Eart%"ire
,. The contractor shall be entirely responsible for any dama%e to the pole or conductors durin% strin%in%. The conductors shall be run out of the drums from the top in order to avoid dama%e. 8. A suitable brain% device shall be provided to avoid dama%in%$ loose runnin% out and inin% of the conductors. !are shall be taen that the conductors do not touch and rub a%ainst the %round or ob&ects$ which could scratch or dama%e the strands. *. The se"uence of runnin% out shall be fro m the top to down . i.e. the top conductor shall be run out first$ followed in succession by the side conductors. ;nbalanced loads on poles shall be avoided as far as possible. @herever applicable$ inner phase of line conductors shall be strun% before the strin%in% of the outer phases is taen up.
Page | 22
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail 9. @hen lines bein% ere cted run parallel to e/ist in% ener%ized power lines$ the contractor shall tae ade"uate safety precautions to protect personnel from the potentially dan%erous volta%e build up due to electroma%netic and electrostatic couplin% in the pullin% wire$ conductors and earth wire durin% strin%in% operation. E. The conductor shall also tae ade"uate safety precautions to protect personnel from potentially dan%erous volta%e build up due to distant electrical storms. . The conductor shall be continuously obse rved for loose or broen strands or any other dama%e durin% the runnin% out operations. . Repair to conductors$ if necessary$ shall be carried out with repair sleeves. F. Repairin% of the conductor surface shall be carried out only in case of minor dama%e$ scuff mars$ etc$ B. The final conductor surface shall be clean$ smooth and free from pro&ections$ sharp points$ cuts$ abrasions etc.
1.
Relace5ent conductor
1/.
ointin>
o!
If any replacement is to be effected after strin%in% and tensionin% or durin% maintenance e.%. replacement of cross arms$ the conductor shall be suitability tied to pole at tension points or transferred to suitable roller pulleys at suspension points. ,. @hen approachin% the end of a drum len%th$ at least thr ee coils shall be left in place when the strin%in% operations are stopped. These coils are to be removed carefully$ and if another len%th is re"uired to be run out$ a proper &oint shall be made. 8. !onductor &oints shall not crac or otherwise be susceptible to dama%e in the strin%in% operation. The !ontractor shall use only such e"uipment +method s durin% conductor strin%in% which ensure complete compliance in this re%ard. *. All the &o ints on the cond uctor and ea rthwire shall be of the compression type$ for which all necessary tools and e"uipment lie compressors$ dies$ etc. shall be obtained by the !ontractor. 3ach part of the &oint shall be cleaned by wire brush till it is free of rust of dirt$ etc$ and be properly %reased with anti corrosive compound. If re"uired and as recommended by the manufacture$ before the final compression is carried out with the compressors. 9. All the &oints shall be made at least *C meters away from the pole. )o &oints or splices shall be made in spans crossin% over main roads$ railways and small river spans. )ot more than one &oint per conductor per span shall be allowed. The compression type fittin%s shall be of the self-centerin% type$ care shall be taen to mar the conductor to indicate when the fittin% is centered properly.
Page | 23
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail Durin% compression or splicin% operation' The conductor shall be handled in such a manner as to prevent lateral or vertical bearin% a%ainst the dies. After compressin% the &oint the aluminum sleeve shall have all corners rounded$ burns and sharp ed%es removed and smoothened. E. Durin% strin%in% of cond uctor to avoid any dama %e to the &oints the contractor shall used suitable protector for mid span compression &oints in case they are to the passed over pulley blocs aerial roller. The pulley %roove size shall be such that the &oint alon% with protection can be passed over it smoothly. ,. The tensionin% and sa%%in% shall be done in accordance with the approved wor pro%ramme by !36+#3 5D7$ 3;D!-3D!. The conductors shall be pulled up to the desired sa% and left in runnin% blocs for at least one hour after which the sa% shall be recheced and ad&usted$ if necessary$ before transferrin% the conductors from the runnin% bloc to the suspension clamps.
1.
Ten$ionin> And Sa>>in> Oeration$
8. The sa% will be checed in the first and the last section span for section upto ei%ht spans$ and in one additional intermediate span for section with more than ei%ht spans. The sa% also be checed when the conductors have been drawn up and transfered from runnin% bloc to the insulator clamps. *. At sharp ver tical an%le$ conductor and eart hwire sa%s and tensions shall be checed for "uality on both sides of the an%le and runnin% blocs. The suspension insulators assemblies will normally assumed verticality when the conductor is clamped. 9. Tensionin% and sa%%in% operation shall be carried out in calm weather when rapid chan%es in temperature or not liely to occur.
1.
1<.
,.
!lippin% of the conductor into pos ition shall be do ne in accordance with the manufacturerNs recommendations.
8.
umper at section and an %le po les shall be formed to parabola shape to ensure ma/imum clearance re"uirements.
*.
=asteners in all fit tin%s and accessories shall be secured in position. The security clip shall be properly opened and sprun% into position.
Cliin> I n
''#( Guardin>
1. •
•
2.
Guardin> alon> t%e line Two numbers parallel GI wires #@G 5%uardin% wires7 shall run below the conductor and shall be supported on 0.#. an%le of prescribed size. !ross lacin%s of GI wire F #@G shall be provided at every 9 0. interval throu%hout the crossin%s. The cross wires+ lacin%s shall be bent in ; shape and their ends shall be clamped with the parallel %uard wires by proper bindin%. Guardin>
acro$$
t%e
road
cro$$in>+electric
Page | 24
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail line$+teleco55unication line 9a$ Cradle >uardin>: •
•
=ive numbers parallel GI wires #@G 5%uardin% wires7 shall run below the conductor and shall be supported on 0.#. an%le of prescribed size. !ross lacin%s of GI wire F #@G shall be provided at every C. 0. interval throu%hout the crossin%s. The cross wires+ lacin%s shall be bent in ; shape and their ends shall be clamped with the parallel %uard wires by proper bindin%.
1. Guardin> alon> t%e line Two parallels GI wires #@G 5%uardin% wires7 shall run below the conductor and shall be supported on 0.# an%le of prescribed size. •
•
•
11#( Guardin>
2.
!ross lacin%s of GI F#@G wire shall be provided at every , m interval throu%hout the crossin%. Guardin% shall be erected with %round line clearance as per the I.3. rules. Guardin> acro$$ t%e road cro$$in>+electric line$+teleco55unication line 9a$ Cradle >uardin>:
•
=ive parallels G.I. wires #@G 5%uardin% wires7 shall run below the conductor and shall be supported on 0.# an%le of prescribed size.
•
•
21.
Final C%ec#in>= Te$tin> and Co55i$$ionin>
!ross lacin%s of G.I. F#@G wire shall be provided at every , m interval throu%hout the crossin%. Guardin% shall be erected with %round line clearance as per the I.3. rules.
After completion of the wors$ final checin% of the line shall be carried out by the contractor to ensure that all foundation wors$ pole erection and strin%in% have been done strictly accordin% to the specifications and as approved by the concerned !36+#35D7$ 3;D!-3D!. All the wors shall be thorou%hly inspected in order to ensure that. a. #ufficient bacfield earth covers each foundation pit and is ade"uately compacted' b. All poles are used strictly accordin% to final approved drawin% and are free of any defect or dama%e whatsoever. c. The strin%in% of the conductors and earth wire has been done as per the approved sa% and tension and desired clearance are clearly available. d. All conductor and earth wire accessories are properly installed. e. All other re"uirement for completion of wors such as fi/in% of dan%er plate and anti-climbin% device 52arbed wire7 have been fulfilled. f. @herever re"uired$ the proper revetment 5erosion protection7 is provided. %. The insulation of the line as a whole is tested by the
Page | 25
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail contractor throu%h provision of his own e"uipment$ labour etc$ to the satisfaction of the 6wnerL h. All poles are properly %routed. i. The line is tested satisfactorily for commissionin% purpose.
Sa!e u #ee tran$ortation 22.
and o!
di$5antled 5aterial to $tore$
All dismantled material e.%. conductor$ insulator$ poles etc. re"uires proper handin% and stacin%. Dismantled conductor must be re-rolled on the wooden drums to avoid any dama%es. All such dismantled materials may be safely transported to respective DI#!60 store and handled over to the authorized representative of respective DI#!60.
DETAILS OF O(ERHEAD LINE 4ATERIALS
Page | 26
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail ''#(@ ,. The ** line shall nor mally be constructed on pin insu lators and ,, m lon% #teel Tubular Poles 59,C-#P-EE7+ Bm. lon% P!! poles usin% A!#R Do% conductor. 8. In some case s ** line shall be constructed on suspension insulators on ,* m. #TP 5#P-87 usin% A!#R Panther conductor for which cross arms of 0.#. channel ,8E/E mm shall be used.
1.
Pole$ *. :owever every road crossin% shall essentially be done on ,* mt. lon% #TP 5#P-87 poles in case the line is constructed on ,, m #T poles on ,,m #TP in case the line is constructed on P!! pole 11#(@ ,, line shall normally be constructed on ,, mtr. lon% steel poles 59,C- #P-EE7 or B+F.E mtr. lon% P!! pole
2.
,.
Ade"uate number of sta ys shall have to be pro vided on the an%le support$ section and terminal supports to balance the sideward pull.
8.
=or that stay sets or st rut stays as sui table shall have to be provided by the contractor as per standard norms of respective DI#!60.
*.
The stay sets shall comprise GI stay rod$ GI anchor plate$ stay wire$ turn bucles$ brea insulators and stay clamps.
9.
#tay of size 8C/,FCC mm with +9.C mm G## stay wire shall be used in '' ( line$ supports wherever re"uired.
E.
#tay of size ,/,FCC mm with +*.,E mm G## stay wire shall be used in 11 ( line$ supports wherever re"uired.
.
G.#.#. wires shall comply for solid wire 5as per I.#.7
Sta3 Set$
,. The wire sha ll be drawn from mild steel rods. The %eneral re"uirement relatin% to G.I. wire shall be laid down in latest version. 8. The size of G.I.tensile @ire shall be Eof mm and %f+mm8. *.,E mm with of Q8.EM and stren%th *8-EE The tolerance wires shall be %alvanized with heavy coatin% as per I#' 9F8. '.
G.S.S ?ire$
*. The wire shall be circ ular and free from side irre%ularities$ imperfection$ flaws$ splits and other detects. The zinc coatin% shall conform to heavy coatin% as laid down in latest version of I#' 9F8 and shall be smooth$ even and bri%ht. 9. The stranded wire shall be of %rade. >A? havin% minimum tensile stren%th of C 1%f+ mm8. The specific technical particulars of G.#.#. wire arc'
-.
Sta3 Rod G.I. stay rod of size ,FCC / 8C mm with stay wire +9 mm should
Page | 27
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail be provided on ** 1 line supports whereas GI stay rod at size ,FCC / , mm with stay wire +*.,E mm should be provided on ,, 1+
.
/.
Turn 0uc#le
Conductor
,.
Turn bucle with eye bolts for ** 1 +,,1 line conformin% to the followin%.
8.
6ne no of turn bucle made out of 88 mm dia G.I. rod and E / E / mm 0.# an%le.
*.
6ne eye bolt made of 88 mm di a G.I. rod with 9C mm in ner dia. eye to eye threaded upto *CC mm len%th from the other side.
9.
Two nos. GI nuts su itable for the threaded portion of eye bo lt material specification I#-88+ 5tested "uality7.
,.
Prescribed siz e of con ductor sha ll be used to construct * phase * wire ** lines. in case of ** line$ are %enerally A!#R Do% and Panther.
8.
Prescribed siz e of con ductor sha ll be use d to con struct * phase * wire ,, lines. In case of ,,$ A!#R Do%+Raccoon conductor are used for main lines and A!#R @easel+Rabbit conductor for the tappin% lines meant for feedin% the DT substations.
,. The steel -type cross arm of 0# channel ,CC/EC/ mm shall be used for ** 1 line on Do% conductor and ,, 1 line on Raccoon Do% !onductor. .
Cro$$
Ar5$
!or
&ariou$ conductor$
8. In case of ,, 1 line on @easel Rabbit !onductor 0# an%le of E/E/ mm shall be used to fabricate the cross arms. *. The center-to-center hole for ** 1 ,, 1 cross arms shall be ,E8E mm and ,CC mm respectively. Steel c%annel + An>le caa)le o! )earin> "or$t loadin>$ Sin>lePole@
?ea$el= Ra))it E/E/ mm 0.#. ,, 1 ,, 1
Dou)lePole@ ,CC/ECKmm$ 0#. channel 5.B1%+07 cross arm$ ,8E/Emm$ 0.#. channel 5,C. 1%+07
Page | 28
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail
<.T. !60P6#IT 0AI)#
channel 5.B 1%+07 - type cross arm
Raccoon= Do> **1
,CC/EC/ mm 0.#. channel 5.B1%+07 **1 -type cross arm$ as per
!ross arm
,8E/Emm$ 0.#. channel 5,C.1%+07 cross arm
#ection' ,EC/E mm. 0.#. channel 5,9.9
.
Pant%er **1
,8E/E 0.s. channel mm 5,C./1%+07 ** 1 - type cross arm$
1%+07 cross arm Terminal ' ,EC/E mm$ 0.#. !hannel 5,9.91%+07 cross arm
Acce$$orie$
3very new support shall be provided with pole nameplate$ dan%er plate and barbed wire wrapped at prescribed hei%ht up to BCC mm len%th 5Anti climbin% device7 in accordance with the respective DI#!60 drawin%s. ,. The D.P structure material should be after complete fabrication includin% drillin% of holes etc. 8. All the horizontal members of the D.P. structure material should be mounded with suitable clamps and nut bolts with the re"uired clearance as I3. Rule ,BE. *. D.P. #tructures material also comprises of9a: 9i: '( line Dou)le Pole@ Top channel of size ,8E/EK mm 5,C.%+ 0eter7 havin% len%th of *8CC mm.
<.
D.P. Structure
9ii: 11( line Dou)le Pole@ Top channel of size ,CC/ ECK mm 5.B %+ 0eter7 havin% len%th 889C mm. 9): 9i: ''( Li ne Do u)le Po le@ 2racin% two number of 0.#. An%le E/E/mm to be fi/ed by , mm dia bolt with suitable washer as per enclosed drawin%. 9ii:
11( Line Dou)le Pole@ 2racin% two number of 0.#. An%le Iron E/E/ mm to be fi/ed by , mm bolt with suitable washer as per enclosed drawin%.
,. 2oth in case of ** and ,, linesL 1,.
In$ulator$
11.
Pin$
Pin insulators re%ular pole. of appropriate stren%th shall be used in case of 8. !ombination of Disc and Pin ins ulator shall be used$ in case of section support. *. #hacle insulator shall be used in case of
12.
F )rac#et
1'.
Dan>er 0oard$
=or **1 supports' 0ade of 0.#. =lat of size C / mm should be provided as per drawin%. ii7 =or ,,1 supports' 0ade of 0.#. =lat of size EC/9 mm should be provided as per drawin%. ,. The dan%er 2oard shall be provided as per #0! material.
Page | 29
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail Drawin% of Dan%er 2oard of ** 1 line shall be as of ,, 1 line Dan%er 2oard e/cept displayin% **$CCC volts in place of ,,CCC volts. The thicness of plate for dan%er 2oards shall be of 8 mm 5,9#@G7. The dan%er boards shall be as per I#' 8EE, and duly enameled and fi/ed with proper clampin% arran%ement. 8. The letter fi%ures and the conventional sull and bones of dan%er boards shall conform to I#' 8EE, and shall be in a si%nal red on the front of the board. *. The corners of the dan%er board shall be rounded off to remove sharp ed%es.
1-.
Anti* cli5)in> De &ice$
1.
8uantitie$
GI 2arbed wire 5Anti-climbin% device7 shall be provided and installed by the !ontractor on all poles as per drawin% enclosed as Anne/ure - E$ $ F. The barbed wire shall conform to I#8F 5Grade A,7. The barbed wires shall be %iven chromatin% dip as per procedure laid down in I#' ,*9C. The 2arbed @ires should be wrapped on the poles at the specified hei%ht shown in the drawin% upto len%th of BCC mm. ,. The provisional "uantities of re"uired poles$ concrete$ e/cavation volume for foundation and other items are %iven in Technical #pecification+Price schedule. :owever the wor shall be e/ecuted as per approved construction drawin%s. 8. Ce5ent Concretin>@ !ement !oncrete in the ratio ,'9'F by volume 5, parts of the cement$ 9 part of the sand and F parts of the concrete7 is to be used for concretin% of poles muffin% property curved. *. The "uantities of ear th wire accessories indicated in 264 are tentative and actual "uantity will depend upon final survey 5chec survey7. Payment for contractor supplied line materials shall be made for the "uantities incorporated in the wors. 9. Per5itted E7tra Con$u5tion o! Contractor Sulied 4aterial@ The !ontractor shall not be re"uired to return to the respective DI#!60 cable conductor drums and shall dispose of the same at his hand. E. All those materials re"uired for construction erection of the lines$ whose prices have not been ased to be "uoted separately in the price schedule but have been included with the various wor activities in the price schedule$ shall be arran%ed+supplied by the contractor as per the technical specifications anne/ed with the tender. The contractor shall tae care to include their cost in the relevant columns of the wor activities$ as no separate payment shall be allowed on this head. . The cost of GI +G## wi res and con ductor re"uired in bul fo r strin%in%$ sa%%in% %uardin% of lines is not to be included in the activity of strin%in%$ sa%%in% %uardin%. The same shall be paid as per prices "uoted separately in the price schedule. . :owever the cost of GI+G## wire re"uired in other activities lie earthin% and stays are to be included in the correspondin%
Page | 30
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail activities of the price schedule itself and no separate payment shall be allowed on this head. F. All the materials lie steel sections$ masonry material i.e. !ement$ #and$ !oarse #and etc. and paints are to be arran%ed by the contractor and no separate payment shall be made for these items. B. The unit rates "uoted shall include minor details which may not have been included in these documents but are e/ecuted for satisfactory completion of the various wors. ,C. All measurements for payment shall be in #.< units.
ERECTION ; CO44ISSIONING NE? 11+,.-'' ( DISTRI0UTION TRANSFOR4ER S+S
Page | 31
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail In each town$ there are number of new distribution transformers 5,,+C.917 sub-stations re"uired to be constructed 58E+*+,CC+8EC+9CC 1A7. The scope includes desi%n$ en%ineerin%$ fabrication of the structure and placin% of new Distribution Transformer and its accessories on it. This shall include supply and erection of the followin% items' ,. All the e"uipments under scope shall be as per their respective technical specification enclosed. 8. The main items which are to be supplied$ erected and -
1.
Scoe
-
commissioned are listed below' ,, 1+C.9 1 Distribution Transformers of various capacities. 5with oil7 havin% efficiency e"uivalent+better than that for three #tar ratin%s of 233 with completely self protective 5!#P7 features and %uaranteed period of five years. ,, 1 TP06- :orizontal type ,, 1 Drop 6ut fuses. ,, 1
1.1
Dou)le Pole
*. #upply erec tion$ testin% and commissionin% of double pole structures at DT substation site for fi/in% of
1.2
4ountin>
9. !ontractor shall evolve the mountin% arran%ements of various e"uipments on DT and shall have to %et the approval of the 3n%ineer in-char%e for its detailed en%ineerin%.
1.'
Oil Te$t
E. !ontractor shall carry out 2D and DGA of the oil and submit the results to the owner.
1.-
T4PO
1.
DO Fu$e Set
1./
11#( LA
. TP06 shall be :orizontal type. The hei%ht of the operatin% handle shall be such that a normal hei%ht operator can operate it by standin% at %round level. . Drop out fuse on ,,1 side %ive protection to the DT even durin% dead short circuit condition at ,, 1 side.
Page | 32
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail F. ,,1
1.
LT 4eterin>
B. #uitable
1.
LT Caacitor 0an#
,C. The contractor shall supply and erect pole mounted
1.<
Ter5ination it
1.1,
Fencin>
1.11
LT Di$tri)ution 0o7
,,. All the
Page | 33
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail =or * 1A Transformers$ bus bar of *CC amps shall be used and no. of out%oin% feeders shall be two with ,CC amps fuse unit on each out%oin% feeder.
1.12
Eart%in>
=or ,CCC *C 1A Transformers two
1.1'
Co55i$$ionin>
1.1-
Sta3 Set$
1.1
Paintin>
1.1/
Fa)rication And Erection O! L.T. Ca)le Stand
1.1
La3in> O! L.T. Ca)le
The contractor will have to construct the DTs sub-station in complete respect and hand over the same to the owner in ready to use condition. If any item or items not mentioned in 264 but re"uired essentially for completion of wor$ the same shall be arran%ed by the contractor without any e/tra payment. Ade"uate number of stay shall have to be provided on the pole$ double pole four pole structu res to balance the side wards pulls at the point of turnin% of the lines. All stays had to be %routed as per drawin% enclosed. #tay sets shall be as per specification and drawin%. Poles and steel structures shall be properly painted as per ;PP!< norm with the consultation of !36. This wor involves fabrication of 0.# An%le EC / EC / mm. with cable bindin% + clampin% arran%ement includin% its %routin% and paintin%. Laying of L.T. Cable shall be as per table given below: !apacityof =orI+!ofT+= =orDistributors T+= in 1A #in%le lead 5#". mm.7 <.T. */ cable 5#". mm.7 Phase )eutral 8E *E *E+8 * C C+8 ,CC ,8C C+8 ,C 89C ,8C+8 8EC$ *CC 9CC 9CC ,8C+* 9CC$ECC 9CC+8 9CC 89C+* *C$CC$EC *C+8 *C 89C+E FCC$,CCC
,CCC+8
,CCC
89C+F
All the incomin% leads from Transformers to the
1.1
Con$truction o! tran$!or5er lint%
The wor involves construction of transformer plinth as per drawin%s suitable for installation of transformer upto ,CCC 1A. The size of plinth shall be 8 to 9 0 lon%$ 80 wide and the hei%ht of the plinth shall be ,.80 with ,E !m. thic top slabs with 8 no. 8E/E/ mm 0# channel 80 lon% imbedded in it. The above wor includes e/cavation of earth$ layin% of bric ballast pad for foundation bric wor$ R!! and plasterin% and proper curin%. The ration of cement+course sand+fine sand+bric ballast+stone %rit shall be as per P@D schedule.
Page | 34
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail The fencin% is constructed utilizin% vertical post duly %routed + fitted in %round+on floor. :orizontal rails fitted to the vertical posts$ picets 5if re"uired7 fitted to rails and %ate to facilitate entry and e/it within the covered area.
1.1<
1.2,
1.21
FRP Fencin>
C%e5ical Pie eart%in>
L.T. Caacitor 0an#
The vertical post shall be made out of =RP Pultruded hollow section. #uch posts shall be ept preferably at a distance of ,CCC mm c+c and shall be %routed in the %round with c.c. of ratio ,'9'F. The vertical posts shall be supplied with pre-drilled holes so as to accept rails and other accessories for fi/in% of %ates etc. The len%th of vertical post shall be sufficient to tae care of %routin%$ depth i.e. under%round and hei%ht of fencin% above the %round. Posts at corners and %ate openin%s may be of different size+shape so as to tae care of the fencin% re"uirements. The hollow pipe used in the chemical pipe earthin% is fitted with a G.I. strip 9C/mm and !!0 5!rystalline conducive mi/ture7 is compressed in to the pipe and pipe is sealed at both the end. !!0 is a semi metal and the hollow pipe filled with !!0 behave lie a salt pipe and therefore the current carryin% capacity increases substantially. The !!0 has a hi%h meltin% temperature of 8ECCSc and unlie coal it will not burn into ashes under hi%h temperatures of ,ECCSc under hi%h fault currents occurrin% due to phase to phase or phase to earth fault The capacitor on
RENO(ATION ; 4ODERNIATION ?ORS ; AUG4ENTATION OF 11+,.-'' ( DISTRI0UTION TRANSFOR4ER S+S
Page | 35
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail In the town under the scope of this tender$ there are number of e/istin% distribution transformer #ub #tations 5,,+C.9 17 with ratin%s varyin% from 8E 1A to ,CCC 1A scattered all over the town.
1.
Scoe
i7
All the e" uipments under scope of sup ply shall be %o verned by their respective technical specification enclosed.
ii7 commissioned The main e"uipments are toare belisted supplied$ erected and under Rwhich 0 wor below' -
-
,, 1 TP06 J ,, 1 Drop 6ut fuse set ,, 1
-
=encin% of sub stations Paintin% of transformer and structure. Replacement of faulty insulator and bushin%$ if any. #upply of new DTs in case of increasin% capacity.
-
1.1
Tran$!or5er Oil
1.2
Reair o! DT
vi7
!ontractor shall be responsible for arrestin% oil leaa%es and toppin% up the transformer oil 5fresh7 up to the re"uired level.
vii7 Durin% the cour se of wor$ if any internal fault develops in the runnin% DT$ the contractor shall either repair the same at site or shall transport them to the worshop and repair it. Its
Page | 36
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail handlin% and supply of spares etc shall be to contractorNs account. !ontractor will ensure continuity of supply with the help of trolley mounted DT
1.'
Oil L ea#a>e
1.-
TP4O
1.
DO F u$e Set
1./
11#( LA
viii7 !ontractor shall ensure cleanin% of the oil slippa%es which had taen place durin% oil leaa%e arrestin%. i/7
TP06 shall be %an % operated and hei %ht of the operatin% handle shall be such that a normal hei%ht operator can operate it by standin% at %round level.
/7
Drop out fuse on ,, 1 side shall %ive protection to the DT even durin% dead short circuit conditions at ,, 1 side.
/i7
,,1
/ii7 A suitable locable
1.
L.T. Di$tri)ution 0o7 94ade o! S4C or CRCA 4S S%eet:
This distribution bo/ shall have TP) bus bar of ECC or FCC amps capacity. The sin%le core cables emanatin% from Distribution Transformer?s
1.
L T 4eterin>
1.<
LT Ca)le$
2.,
Plint%
=or ,CCC *C 1A Transformers two
Page | 37
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail structure$ in case DT is pole mounted.
2.1
2.2
Fencin>
0u$%+In$ulator$
2.'
4CC0
2.-
Protection Tri $ettin>
2.
Paintin>
2./
Silica Gel
/vii7 =encin% of DT area with =RP fenc in% as detailed above 5wherever possible7 includin% its distribution bo/ so that unauthorized accessin% can be curtailed. /viii7!ontractor shall be responsible for assessin% the dama%ed bushin%+insulators in DT area and shall also be responsible for their supply and replacement. /i/7 0icroprocessor base d 0!!2 of suitable ratin % shall be supplied and erected by the contractor. The 0icroprocessor based 0!!2 shall be installed at transformerNs
//ii7 !ontractor shall be responsible to replace the silica %el and fillin% them with new silica %el.
Page | 38
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR LAING OF AERIAL 0UNCHED CA0LES Sl. No.
Particular
Aerial 0unc%ed Ca)le$ on Ne" Suort$
Detail Aerial 2unched !able shall be laid over-head with bare messen%er wire duly suspended with the help of special clamps and hoos as per drawin% enclosed. The clamps shall be supported on
Sa> ,.9CB 0 ,.C8E 0 C.C8 0 C.98* 0 C.888 0
Typical arran%ements of han%in% from the support are shown in drawin% for #trai%ht runH an%ledH and dead endH locations. The clamps assembly shall provide sufficient fle/ibility to allow free movements of the clamps at strai%ht run or an%led location.
1.
The tappin% arran%ements shall be as shown in drawin%. The tappin% cable shall be connected to the main cable with the help of <.T. insulation piercin% connectors 5non-tensile7. The other end of the taped cable shall be properly connected with the bus bars of the
2.
Aerial 0unc%ed Ca)le$ on e7i$tin> LT Line$
The replacement of the <.T. bare lines by Aerial bunched conductors are to be done in selected area of the town which are con%ested+densely populated and have lesser clearances between lines and the houses and are prone to theft of electricity. The wor may also to be done in other selected area of the town as per the decision of en%ineer in-char%e.
1 8 * 9 E
Sie o! A0C
*/,EC,/,8C,/, */,8C ,/BE ,/, #".mm. */BE,/C,/,#".mm. */C,/EC,/, */EC,/*E,/,#".mm.
Current Carr3in> caacit3 in air at a5)ient te5. -,, C 9A5.:
8*C
Aro7. "ei>%t o! A0C 9>.+5.: ,BCB
,FC
,9*C
,EE ,*C ,CE
,,FC FBC 9C
Page | 39
Sl. No.
Particular
'.
De*ener>iin> o! $3$te5
-.
Di$5antlin> o! e7i$tin> L.T. )are conductor$
.
Strin>in> and Sa>>in> o! A0C
/.
In$tallation o! L.T. in$ulated iercin> connector$
.
In$tallation o! Di$tri)ution 0o7 and Relea$e Ser&ice Connection
Detail De-ener%izin% of <.T. system or ,, 1 of the site as decided by 3n%ineer in char%e before tain% up the wor. It shall be the sole responsibility of the contractor to ensure that the line is de-ener%ized and safe in all respect before start of the wor. Dismantlin% of e/istin% <.T. bare conductors$ old or dama%ed
The distribution bo/ 5#0! or Deep drawn !R!A 0# #heet77 shall be suitable for mountin%+fi/in% on round poles rails. )umber of such distribution bo/es to be mounted on one pole shall depend on the number of service connections to be %iven from the pole and it may be two to three in num bers. 9 nos. *E mm 8. Aluminium multi strand cable shall be used to connect the incomin% bus bars of the distr ibution bo/ to the main Aerial 2unched conductor by usin% suitable <.T. insulation piercin% connectors. The number of out%oin% cable provisions shall be of appro/imately ,C-,E service cable connections from each distribution bo/.
8.
There shall be proper clampin% ti%htenin% arran%ements for the out%oin% service cable.
*.
The distribution bo/ sha ll be of suc h construction that rain water does not enter into it and there must be proper sealin% arran%ement of the pillar bo/ cover. Alternatively at some of the sites the service connection will have to be %iven directly throu%h connectors from main phase conductors without installin% distribution bo/+ios. This decision shall be taen by the #ite 3n%ineer of respective DI#!60.
9.
Installation of <.T. insulation piercin% connectors for &umperin% wherever re"uired.
E.
The connection to stre et li%ht shall be thr ou%h 6)+6== switch already e/istin%. In case it is not provided the same has to the provided by the contractor.
.
Dismantlin% of e/istin%
Page | 40
Sl. No.
Particular
.
Sul3 and erection o! ne" ole$
<
Eart%in> o! ole$
Detail decision of the 3n%ineer in-char%e. The scope covers supply$ erection$ %routin% plinthin% of
1,.
Reair o! da5a>ed ole$
stren%then the bottom of rotten poles. The contractor shall construct ade"uate size plinth for such poles by concretin% in the ratio of ,'*' of cement$ sand bric ballast and curin% the same. The contractor shall have to arran%e weldin% set and other necessa ry materials includin% 0.#. An%le etc. for this wor.
Page | 41
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR LAING OF 11 ( ; '' ( BLPE CA0LE Sl. No.
1.
Particular
Detail ,.
The scope shall cover complete installation of all e" uipment and accessories covered under this contract.
8.
Installation wor per tainin% to e"uipment$ cablin% etc shou ld be in accordance with the applicable standards$ safety codes etc.
*.
Installation shall be carried out strictly in accordance with the approved drawin%s 0odifications$ if any$ re"uired to suit site conditions$ shall be carried out only with the prior approval of the 3n%ineer. All such chan%es shall be incorporated in As builtH drawin%s to be furnished by the contractor.
,.
It is proposed to lay under%round K
General@
The 3n%ineer shall intimate the actual rout5s7 to the contractor within three wees.
2.
La3in> O! '' ( ; 11 ( Ca)le$
8.
The "uantity as %iven in the bill of "uantity are appro/. and may vary on either side as per actual re"uirement at site. @or should be done as per actual distances alon% the route of the cable and shall be paid accordin%ly.
*.
The scope of this specification covers loadin% transportation$ unloadin% of cable drums$ di%%in% of trenches$ layin% in under%round trenches$ &ointin% terminations bac fillin% of earth and testin% commissionin% of sizes mentioned in schedule of wor conformin% to relevant I##+technical particulars enclosed herewith.
9.
The followin% technical particulars for layin% of cable shall be followed as per I#' ,8EE+,BF* or latest amendment thereof.
S. No.
Ite5
For''#&
For11#&
,.
Depthoftrench
,CECmm
BCCmm
8.
@idthoftrench
ECmm
ECC mm 5=or sin%le cable7 9EC/CC/ECmm 5=or */,FEs" mm or above size cable7
*.
#ize of stone slab
9EC/CC /EC mm
9.
)o. of stone slab per meter
,.
,.
E.
)o. fo brics per meter
B/8
B/8 for */,FE mm8 or above
.
C.E* cubic meter
C.*E cubic meter
Page | 42
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail
.
D.! volta%e to which cable shall withstand for E minutes after completion of layin%+&ointin%+terminati on 5in ms7 between any conductor and metallic sheath+screen+armour.
F.
5:DD method7
B.
!learances- The desired minimum !learances are as follows. a7 Power cable to power cable b7 Power cable to control cable c7 Power cable to communication cable d7 Power cable to water line
C1
,F 1
As per specification %iven in ol. II part A
!learance not necessary$ however lar%er the clearance better would be current carryin% capacity. C.8 meter C.* meter C.* meter
!learance not necessary$ however lar%er the clearance better would be current carryin% capacity. C.8 meter C.* meter C.* meter
)ote':i%h volta%e test to be conducted by contractor.
'.
Ca)le La3in>
The trenchless technolo%y shall be used with :DP3 casin% for the portion of the cable route such as road$ railway$ nullah crossin% and without :DP3 casin% for ma&or portion of the cable route. The outer diameter of the :DP3 pipe shall be suitable for insertion in an FH diameter horizontally drilled bore. The :DP3 pipe shall be of P3 FC %rade with pressure ratin% P)9 conformin% to I# 9BF9+,BBE and shall have wall thicness of .8C to .,C mm. The :DP3 pipes shall be &oined by usin% 2utt weldin% and a +8C G.I wire shall be provided alon% the entire len%th of each pipe duct . The Dept h of horizontal drillin% shall be between 8 to * meters or as re"uired. The drillin% shall be with a Directional drillin% unit e"uipped with automated pipe handlin% system and all necessary accessories.
-
Ca)le Trenc%
Note@* In case of any dama%e of material+ e"uipment of *rd party$ all char%es would be borne by the contractor ,. The trenches for the cable layin% shall be done as per standard practice The trenches shall be du% in such a manner so that soil etc once e/cavated does not fall bac in the trench. The cables 5a7 entry and e/it in pipes etc should be accordin% to relevant I##.
Page | 43
Sl. No.
Particular
Detail 8. @hen more than one cable shall be laid in the same trench$ a horizontal inter a/ial spacin% for C.8E to C.9C meters for ** 1 and C.,E to C.8E meter for ,, 1 in order to reduce the effect of mutual heatin% effect and also to ensure the fault occurrin% on one cable shall not dama%e to other cable. *. @here two cab les are laid in parallel in one trench$ the separation - wall shall be provided by means of layin% brics throu%hout its len%th upto the hei%ht of top slab+brics. ,. In case of roads$ railway tracs and water pipeline crossin%$ the cable shall be laid in the cast iron+hume pipe etc as prescribed in clause .*.9 of I#',8EE+,BF*.
.
/.
Road and Rail"a3 cro$$in>
Handlin> o! ca)le
8. In case of Railway crossin% entire formality$ includin% cost of attainin% its permission shall have to be carried out by the contractor at its own cost. Also for the purpose of under%round Railway crossin% cast iron pipe of suitable size 59U minimum7 shall be laid instead of cement hume pipe.
The contractor shall made ade"uate arran%ement 5particularly sufficient man power e"uipment7 for proper handlin% of cables and puttin% the same direct on rollers and ensure that no twists etc. are made in the cable and cables are not dama%ed in any way whatsoever. !ontractor shall also ensure that durin% entire worin% at site upto commissionin% sta%e their responsible en%ineers+supervisor with trained crew shall be continuously available ,. )ecessary permissions to lay the cable in %round after cuttin% the road5s7 51uchha7. 2ric-pitched Pucca. !rossin% brid%es railway tracs etc will be obtained by the contractor over the re"uest from the en%ineer inchar%e of the wor and necessary payment+char%es of above shall be borne by the contractor.
.
Road cuttin> and re$toration
8. The contractor should tae no tice of the fact that in cas e of cuttin% of roads etc. is re"uired for layin% cableL the contractor shall have to tae prior permission from local authorities of P@D+ 0unicipalities +)a%ar )i%am+Development authorities etc. or other owner of the road. *. The road cuttin% char%es payable to such a% encies may be substantial and shall be borne by the contractor. The contractor shall tae care of such char%es while "uotin% his rate for layin% of cables as no e/tra payment shall be made to the contractor on this account. All necessary clearance for such wor from the respective a%encies shall be responsibility of the contractor.
.
?arnin> + notice$
@hile the e/ecution of wor is in pro%ress$ the contractor shall have to provide necessary li%htin% arran%ement+si%nboard+ road stoppers and other precautionary warnin%s+notices so that accidents+ dama%es+losses to the public+manpower+ material etc are avoided.
Page | 44