Transport Channel Processing
Transport ranspor t Channel hannel Proce roc essing ssi ng
Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5
General Model CRC Coding and Segmentation Turbo Coding Data Modulation Resource Mapping Antenna Mapping Examples of Processing DL-SCH BCH PCH MCH UL-SCH
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1
Transport Channel Processing
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TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
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TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
1
General General Model Mod el
TM5117 LTE AIR INTERFACE © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
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Transport Channel Processing
NAS NAS Protocol(s) Protocol(s)
App Applilicati cation on LLayer ayer
(Attach/TA e/…) (Attach/TA Updat Update/…)
IP IP // TCP TCP || UDP UDP || … … (E-)RRC (E-)RRC (Radio (Radio Resource Resource Control) Control)
Radio Bearer PDCP’ PDCP’
PDCP PDCP
PDCP’ PDCP’
PDCP PDCP
(Packet (Packet Data Data (Packet (Packet Data Data (PacketData Data (Packet Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Protocol) Protocol) Protocol) Protocol) Protocol) Protocol)
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
(Radio (Radio Link Link Control) Control)
(Radio (Radio Link Link Control) Control)
(Radio (Radio Link Link Control) Control)
PDCP PDCP
ROHC (RFC 3095)
(Packet (PacketData Data (Packet (Packet Data Data Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence Protocol) Protocol) Protocol) Protocol)
…
…
Security
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
Segment./Reassembly
(Radio (Radio Link Link Control) Control)
(Radio (Radio Link Link Control) Control)
ARQ
Logical Channel
Scheduling / Priority Handling
Medium Medium Access Access Control Control (MAC) (MAC)
De/Multiplexing HARQ
Transport Channels FDD FDD || TDD TDD - Layer Layer 11 (( DL: DL: OFDMA, OFDMA, UL: UL: SC-FDMA SC-FDMA ))
This part will be discussed
Physical Channels
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General Model
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TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
The following figures show the principles how layer 1 processes transport channel data to bring them on air. Transport channels are block oriented transmission services and transmit one or more transport blocks per transmission time interval (TTI). The TTI is 1 ms (e.g. one sub-frame). Transport blocks may in general have variable size. Typically the number of transport blocks that can be transmitted in a TTI depends on whether spatial multiplexing is done (one transport block is transmitted in the single antenna case and up to two transport blocks simultaneous could be transmitted if MIMO is used) The physical layer now encodes the transport block via a series of coding units which are the following: CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check): Each transport block is protected with checksum calculated as cyclic redundancy check. The checksum is a 24 bit long CRC. The block error rate that is measured from this checksum will be a criteria of the system. Turbo Coding and Rate Matching: The forward error check that is applied to the transport block with its CRC is based on three available coding algorithms: t urbo coding rate 1/3, convolutional coding rate 1/3 or a 32-to-2 block coding. UL-DSCH, DL-DSCH, MCH and PCH will always use turbo coding, only the BCH uses convolutional coding. The block coder is not for transport channels, it is used by PFCICH for example. Rate matching is done directly after coding, it can puncture or repeat bits. . Data Modulation: Finally the binary data must be brought in the form suitable for the complex arithmetics of OFDMA/SC-FDMA. Therefore always 1, 2, 4 or 6 bits are taken together to build an OOK, BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM symbol. Resource Mapping: One of the key features of EUTRAN is the completely dynamic implemented resource handling. So instead of having a fixed subcarrier/time index for each OFDM symbol generated before, the MAC scheduler assigns subcarrier/time index dynamically for each symbol. Antenna Mapping: The last part is to bring the symbols for one antenna together and modulate the signal (via IFFT, or SC-FDMA) to the RF modulator. This process might include to apply additional phase factors and weighting matrices to optimize MIMO.
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5
Transport Channel Processing
General Mod el fo r DL-SCH
Evolved Node B Transport Bloc ks (variable sizes) TB TB ACK | NA CK
HARQ r r e e l l u u d d e e h h c c s s C C A A M M
HARQ Info CRC CRC
Redundancy Version
Coding Coding + Rate Matchi ng QPSK,
Modulation
Coding Data Modulatio n
Scheme
16QAM, 64QAM
Resource/
Coding Resource Mapping
Power Ass ig nmen t Ant enna
...
Anten na Mapping
Ass ig nmen t
...
3GPP TS 36.302 v8.1.0 Fig. 2General Model for DL-SCH
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Transport Channel Processing
2
CRC Coding and Segmentation
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7
Transport Channel Processing
CRC Coding
CRCused usedfor forerror errordetection detectionon onTB TB! ! CRC Transmitter: Transmitter:
Medium Medium Access Access Control Control (MAC) (MAC) Delivers hee Delivers the the Transport Transport Block Block inc including luding tth
theCRC CRCisiscalcu calc ulated onthe th e the lated on transport block r ecieved from MAC transport block r ecieved from MAC CRCisisappended appendedtotothe thetransport transport CRC block block
MAC MAC header header MAC PDU = MAC MAC PDU = MAC SDU SDU ++ Header Header
Receiver: Receiver: CRCisisalso alsocalcu calc ulated onthe the CRC lated on received bits received bits
Transport Channels
CalculatedCRC CRCbits bitsare arecom compared pared Calculated with t he received CRC bits with t he received CRC bits notequal equal-> ->retransmission retransmissionofofthe the IfIfnot transport block required transport block required
FDD FDD || TDD TDD - Layer Layer 11 (( DL: DL: OFDMA, OFDMA, UL: UL: SC-FDMA SC-FDMA ))
MAC
MAC multiplexing
MAC
MAC SDU
Header
MAC SDU
Header
24 bit CRC
Transport bl ock
Transport blo ck 24 bit CRC
Layer1 CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Coding) insertion
Fig. 3CRC Coding
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Transport Channel Processing
3
Turbo Coding
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9
Transport Channel Processing
The coding structure is based on a combination of two convolutional coders(first and second constituent encoder in the figure). The convolutional codes have a simple hardware implementation, using shift registers. The information bits are interleaved between two encoders. The whole process results in a code that has powerful error correction properties. For the LTE, the same like in UMTS, the scheme of Turbo coder is a Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code (PCCC) with two 8-state (3 shift registers) constituent coders and one Turbo code internal interleaver. The coding rate of the Turbo coder is 1/3. The input of the Turbo encoder is on transport block, assumed to be of size k in t he example shown The output of the turbo encoder is having 3 types of bits: systematic bits, first parity bits and the second parity bits. Thus, it can be seen that the size of the output of the turbo encoder is having 3 times the size of the input. The difference between the 3 types of generated bits is their importance in case of retransmission (with HARQ in this case). The systematic bits are of higher importance than the parity bits. The usage of systematic and parity bits is useful in the case of incremental redundancy mode of HARQ
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TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
d 1(0), d2(0), …, d k (0)
INPUT :
Systematic bits
One transport block + CRC of size k bits
First parity bits
D
D
d 1(1), d 2(1), …, d k (1)
D
First const ituent encoder
Turbo coder Internal interleaver
Second parity bits d 1(2), d 2(2), …, d k(2)
D
D
D
OUTPUT : 3k bits
Shift registers (convolutiona l coding)
(systematic, fi rst parity and second parity 3GPP TS 36.212 v8.6.0 bits)
Second constit uent encoder
Fig. 4Turbo Coding
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11
Transport Channel Processing
The task of the rate-matching functionality is to extract via puncturing and/or repetition, from the blocks of coded bits delivered by the channel encoder of the turbo coding, the exact set of bits to be transmitted within a given TTI. That i s, to match the number of bits of the transport block with the number of bits which could be mapped on the physical resources. Whether the systematic or if the parity bits will be transmitted is dependent on the redundancy version RV. The RV is received as feedback from the HARQ receiver. For the first transmission (RV=0) as many systematic bits as possible are transmitted. If there is still room (depending on the physical resources availability) also some parity bits are transmitted. For the retransmission (e.g. RV =1) parity bits not included in the fi rst transmission could be included. However what is exactly will be retransmitted is dependent on the redundancy version signaled by the HARQ. Process description The outputs of the Turbo encoder (systematic bits, first parity bits, and second parity bits) are first separately interleaved. The interleaved bits are then inserted into a circular buffer with the systematic bits inserted first, followed by alternating insertion of the first and second parity bits. The bit selection then extracts consecutive bits from the circular buffer to the extent that fits into the assigned resource, wrapping around to the beginning of the buffer if the end of t he buffer is reached. The set of bits to extract depends on the redundancy version corresponding to different starting points for the extraction of coded bits from the circular buffer. As can be seen, there are four different alternatives for the redundancy version. – A Redundancy Version (RV) specifies a starting point in the circular buffer to start reading out bits. Different RVs are specified by defining different starting points to enable HARQ operation. Usually RV = 0 is selected for the initial transmission to send as many systematic bits as possible. The scheduler can choose different RVs on transmissions of the same packet to support both IR and Chase combining HARQ.
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TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
Rate Match ing Process RateMatchin Matching: g: Rate forbibit trate rateadaptation adaptation ItItisisuused sed for
Code Block (k bit s)
Thenumber numberof ofbits bitsafter afterthe the The transportchannel channelprocessing processing transport mustbe beadapted adaptedfor forthe the must underlying physic al channels underlying physical ch annels capabilities(Modulation (Modulationand and capabilities CodingScheme, Scheme,Number Numberof of Coding ResourceBloc Blo cks) Resource ks) Technicallythe therate ratematching matchingisis Technically realised through punct uringor or realised through punct uring repetition o fbits bits repetiti on of
Channel Coding – Turbo Codin g 1/3
Coded Bits (3K+12 bit s)
Rate Matching : 3k +12 = e.g. 336 bits ? If No then Puncturing or Repetition
Numberofofresource resourceblocks blocks Number (with 20 20MHz MHzchannelbandwi channelbandwith): th): (with .../ /100 100resou resource rcebloc blocks ks 22 / / 44/ /... Numberof ofbit bitss(assumin (assuminggQPSK): QPSK): Number 168/336/ 336/.../8400 .../8400bits bits 168/
Fig. 5Rate Matching Process
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TM5117 LTE AIR INTERFACE © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
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13
Transport Channel Processing
Systematic
Circular buffer
bits d 1(0), d 2(0), …, d k(0)
V1(0), v 2(0), …,v k(0)
Sub-block
RV=0
interleaving
RV
(2) v (0) 1 v (0) RV=3 v k (1) 2 vk
First d 1(1), d 2(1), …, dk(1) Sub-block interleaving Parity
Bit selection
V1(1), v 2(1), …,vk(1)
v 2(2) v k (0) v 2(1 (2) (1) v1 v 1 ) RV=2
bits Second parity
V1(2), v2(2), …,vk (2)
d 1(2), d 2(2), …, d k (2) Sub-block
Circular buffer
interleaving
bits
RV=1
RV= Redundancy Version (for HARQ retransmission ) 3GPP TS 36.212 v8.6.0
Fig. 6Rate Matching
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TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
4
Data Modulation
TM5117 LTE AIR INTERFACE © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
15
Transport Channel Processing
Modulation Schemes • 3GPP standard defines the following options : QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM in both directions ( UL and DL) Physical channel
Modulation
PDSCH
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
PMCH
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
6 bits/symbol
PBCH
QPSK
64QAM
PDCCH (PCFICH, PHICH)
QPSK
PUSCH
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
PUCCH
BPSK and/or QPSK
- UL 64QAM not supported in RL10
• Not every physi cal channel i s allowed to use any modulation scheme:
• Scheduler decides which form t o us e depending on carrier quality feedback i nformation from the UE 64QAM: QPSK:
16QAM:
2 bits/symbol
4 bits/symbol
QPSK
16QAM
b0 b1
b 0 b 1b 2b 3
Im
01
Im
11
b 0 b 1b 2b 3 b 4 b 5 Im 1111
Re 10Re
00
Re 0000 Presentation / Author / Date
Fig. 7Modulation Schemes
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TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
5
Resource Mapping
TM5117 LTE AIR INTERFACE © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
17
Transport Channel Processing
The resource mapping is a physical layer issue which will be explained in detail in chapter 7.
18
TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
Resour ce Mapping
Evolved Node B Transport Block s (variable sizes) TB TB ACK | NACK
HARQ r r e e l l u u d d e e h h c c s s C C A A M M
HARQ Info CRC CRC
Redundancy Version
Coding Coding + Rate Matchi ng QPSK,
Modulation
Coding Data Modulatio n
Scheme
16QAM, 64QAM
Resource/
Physical
Coding Resource Mapping
Power Ass ig nmen t Ant enna
Layer is sue
...
Explained in
Anten na Mappi ng
Ass ig nmen t
chapter 7
...
Fig. 8Resource Mapping
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TM5117 LTE AIR INTERFACE © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
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19
Transport Channel Processing
6
20
Antenna Mapping
TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
Antenna Mapp ing
Evolved Node B Transport Block s (variable sizes) TB TB ACK | NACK
HARQ r r e e l l u u d d e e h h c c s s C C A A M M
HARQ Info CRC CRC
Redundancy Version
Coding Coding + Rate Matchi ng QPSK,
Modulation
Coding Data Modulatio n
Scheme
16QAM, 64QAM
Resource/
Coding Resource Mapping
Power Ass ig nmen t Ant enna
...
MIMO
Anten na Mappi ng
Ass ig nmen t
(Chapter 9)
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Fig. 9Antenna Mapping
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TM5117 LTE AIR INTERFACE © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
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21
Transport Channel Processing
Various multiplexing methods are based on different grades of freedom as there are time (TDMA) frequency (FDMA) and code (CDMA). Multi antenna technology additionally may deploy space (SDMA). So in addition to OFDM a set of technologies using multiple transmitter and receiver antennas are used. In particular MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) is a main contribution to the high spectral efficiency of an LTE system. The physical layer of LTE supports several variants which are used to increase the channel’s capacity or to improve coverage and channel quality. In a broader sense any transmission with multiple transmit and multiple reception antennas could be considered to be MIMO. The propagation channel is hereby considered as the transmitting system, so that transmission antennas are handled as input to the channel, whereas receiver antennas are the output of it. However to describe the different multiple antenna modes in a more narrow sense only spatial multiplexing is considered "true" MIMO.
22
TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
MIMO Types MIMO MIMO
Data Data Transmission Transmissi on
Number Number of of Antennas Antennas
Number Number of of Users Users
Pre-Coding
SISO
SU-MIMO
(beamforming) single data stream sent over
(Single Input Single Output)
(Single User MIMO)
multiple input antennas g n i d o c e r p
X
MISO (Multiple Input Single Output)
…
MU-MIMO
…
Spatial Multiplexing multiple data stream sent over
SIMO
multiple input antennas
(Single Input Multiple Output)
g n i d o c e r p
X1 … Xn
…
…
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
Diversity Coding single data stream sent over
…
multiple input antennas
…
with different coding e.g. CDMA soft h andover
Fig. 10MIMO Types
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TM5117 LTE AIR INTERFACE © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
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23
Transport Channel Processing
7
24
Examples of Processing
TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
7.1
DL-SCH
TM5117 LTE AIR INTERFACE © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
25
Transport Channel Processing
DL-SCH Downli nk Shared Channel
Evolved Node B
UE
Transport Blo cks (variable sizes) TB TB
TB TB
Error indications
ACK | NA CK
HARQ
ACK | NA CK
HARQ
HARQ Info
HARQ Info
r r Redundancy CRC e e CRC+Segmentation l l for error detection u u Redundancy d d e e Version Redundancy Coding h h Turbo c oding + Rate Matching c c for data detection s s QPSK, C C Coding n A A Modulation Data Modulatio 16QAM, M M Scheme
CRC CRC+Concatenation Coding Decoding + Rate Matching Coding Data Demodulation
64QAM
Resource/ Power Ass ig nmen t Ant enna
Coding Resource Mapping
Coding Resource Demapping
...
...
Ant enna Map pi ng
Ant enna Demap pi ng
...
...
Ass ig nmen t
Fig. 11DL-SCH Downlink Shared Channel
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26
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TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
7.2
BCH
TM5117 LTE AIR INTERFACE © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
27
Transport Channel Processing
BCH – Broadcast Channel Evolv ed Node B
UE
One BCH transport block (fixed sizes) Error indication
TB
TB
R=1/3 tail bitting
16 bit CRC+Segmentatio n
16 bit CRC+Concatenation
Convolutional code
Decoding + Rate Matchi ng
Coding + Rate Matchi ng
Data Modulatio n
Data demodulation
QPSK only
Resource Demapping
Resource Mapping
...
...
Anten na Demappin g
An tenna Mappi ng
...
...
Fig. 12BCH – Broadcast Channel
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TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
7.3
PCH
TM5117 LTE AIR INTERFACE © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
29
Transport Channel Processing
PCH – Paging Channel eNodeB
UE
Transport Blo cks
r r e e l l u u d d e e h h c c s s C C Modulation A A M M Scheme
(variable sizes) TB
TB
CRC+Segmentation
CRC+Concatenation
Error indication
Decoding
Coding + Rate Matching QPSK, Data Modulation
Data Demodulation
16QAM, [64QAM]
Resource/ Power Ass ig nmen t enna Ant
Resource Mapping
Resource Demapping
Ant enna Map pi ng
Ant enna Demap pi ng
Ass ig nment
Fig. 13PCH – Paging Channel
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TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
7.4
MCH
TM5117 LTE AIR INTERFACE © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
31
Transport Channel Processing
MCH – Multicast Channel eNodeB
UE
Transport Block s
Error indication
(variable sizes) TB TB
TB TB CRC CRC
CRC CRC
r r e e l l u u d d e e h h c c s s C C A A Modulation M M
Decoding Decoding
Coding + Rate Matching Coding + Rate Matching
De-interleaving De-interleaving
Interleaving Interleaving QPSK, Data Modulation Data Modulation
Scheme
Data Demodulation Data Demodulation
16QAM, [64QAM]
Resource/
Resource De-mapping Resource De-mapping ...
Resource Mapping Resource Mapping ... ...
Power Ass ig nmen t
Ant enna Map pi ng
Ant enna
Ant enna De-map pi ng
...
Ass ig nmen t semi-static
...
configuration
Fig. 14MCH – Multicast Channel
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TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
Transport Channel Processing
7.5
UL-SCH
TM5117 LTE AIR INTERFACE © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
33
Transport Channel Processing
UL-SCH UL Shared Channel
UE
eNodeB
Transport Blocks delivered from MAC layer
Transport Blocks delivered from MAC layer
(variable sizes) TB
(variable sizes) TB
UL assignment HARQ
Channel state information HARQ
HARQ Info 24 bit CRC+Segmentation
r r e e l l u uRedundancy d d e e Version h h c c s s C C Modulation A A M M Scheme
[64QAM]
Decoding
De-Interleaving
Data Demodulation
Resource/
Resource Mapping
Power Ass ig nmen t enna Ant
HARQ Info 24 bit CRC+Concatenation
r r e e l Turbo cod ing + Rate Matching l u uRedundancy d d e e Version h h Interleaving c c s s C QPSK, C Modulation A A Data Modulation 16QAM, M M Scheme Resource/
ACK | NA CK
Resource Demapping
Power Ass ig nmen t enna Ant
Ant enna Map pi ng
Ass ig nment
Ant enna Demap pi ng
Ass ig nment
Fig. 15UL-SCH UL Shared Channel
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TM5117EN02GLA01 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks