02 SEP671 REL670 Exercise 1 Distance Protection Characteristics

Line distance protection REL670 Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics 1MRG005001Exercise 1MRG005001 Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics characteristics

Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics

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Line distance protection REL670 1MRG005001

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Distance protectio n characteristi cs

On completion of this exercise you should be able to



Understand the distance protection characteristic and its main settings



Perform commissioning tests for the distance protection

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Distance protection characteristics The application example In this exercise the settings of line distance protection functi on will be calculated and transferred to the REL670 configured for single phase trip, one single circuit breaker (A32 pre-configured version). The distance protection characteristic will be tested with the h elp of the relay test set. The settings for distance protection will be calculated with reference to the application example shown in figure 1 and table 1.

A

B

Z1L = R1L + j X1L Z0L = R0L + j X0L

3I

3U

Figure 1: The line application example. Table 1: Data for the line application example

Entity Line length Nominal Voltage Level Line Positive Sequence Impedance, Z1L = R1L + j X1L Line Zero Sequence Impedance Z0L = R0L + j X0L CT A ratio

VT A ratio Maximum Power Transfer over the line

Value 100 km 400 kV (0,032 + j 0,36) km  (3,2 + j 36)  (0,13 + j 1,45) km  (13 + j 145)  1200 A / 1 A Start point earthed towards the line 400 kV / 100 V S = 700 MVA P = 628 MW Q = 308 Mvar

Cosphi = 0.89


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Open th e PCM600 project PCM600 is the tool to be used to engineer the REL670, i.e. to do all necessary settings and eventually to change the appli cation configuration and the allocation of binary inputs / binary outputs and also of the measuring transformers. There is a project prepared to be used d uring this training. The project contains the application configuration of R EL670-A32 and the relay physical inputs/outputs have b een configured to match the hardware simulator of the training center (Figure 2).

Figure 2: The training center input/output simulator.

1. Start PCM600 and ope n the project manager

Figure 3: Opening the project manager from PCM600.

2. Import the project REL670_1p2_Training.pcmp From the window Open/Manage Projects click on the button Import Project . The project is named REL670_1p2_Training.pcmp

and it is found in the folder Files for SEP-602A REL670

on the desktop of your training PC.

Figure 4: Importing the project REL670_1p2_Trai ning.

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3. Open the project in PCM600 Once the project has been imported, select the project name REL670-TrainingSimulator and open it. The final project will be available in PCM600.

Figure 5: Open the imported project

In this project the relay settings are the default ones, and will be changed in the following exercises.

Figure 6: Final project available in PCM600


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Current transformer inputs Correct information of the main CTs is very relevant as the protection r elay settings are in expressed in primary quantities. Pay attention to t he CT earthing point, as it influences the direction (phase angle) of the primary currents calculated by the REL670.

4. Open the Parameter Setting Tool for the transformer card (6I and 6U)

Figure 7: Opening Parameter Setting for the current transformers

5. Enter the settings for the line CTs The three main current transformers have a ratio of 1200 A / 1 A; the setting CTPrim will be 1200 A and the setting CTSec will be 1 A for all the three current transformers. The earthing point of the main CTs is towards the protected object (the line): the CTStarPoint setting will be ToObject for all the three CTs. Note that the residual current of the protected line (3 Io) is numerically calculated by the relay out of the three measured phase currents.

Figure 8: Settings for main CTs in the TRM card

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Voltage transformer inputs Correct information of the main VTs is very relevant as the protection relay settings are in expressed in primary quantities.

1. Enter the settings for the line VTs Settings are entered for the same transformer card (6I and 6U). The primary voltage (phase to phase) of the voltage transformer is 400 kV. The setting VTprim will be 400 kV. The secondary voltage (phase to phase) of the voltage transformer is 100 V. The setting VTsec will be 100 V. This is valid for all the three voltage t ransformers.

Figure 9: Settings for main VTs in the TRM card


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Calculating th e settings fo r five zones distance protection, polygon al characteristic The settings for the distance protection will be calculated in order to meet the requirements indicated in Table 2. Table 2: Setting requirements for dist ance pro tection zones

Zone Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Requirement 85% of the protected line Forward direction Instantaneous operate time

Fault resistance to be covered at 80% of the line, radial feeder: Phase-Earth faults: 25 primary ohms Phase-Phase faults: 15 primary ohms At least 120% of the protected line Forward direction Operate time 400 ms Fault resistance settings: 50% more than settings for zone1 Remote back-up zone 400% of the protected line Forward direction Operate time 1 s

Zone 4

Fault resistance to be covered at 100% of settings: Phase-Earth faults: 300 primary ohms Phase-Phase faults: 300 primary ohms Back-up zone for busbar protection 20% of the shortest line behind the REL670 Reverse direction Operate time 800 ms

Zone 5

Fault resistance to be covered at the busbar: Phase-Earth faults: 60 primary ohms Phase-Phase faults: 40 primary ohms Reverse zone used for communication scheme (blocking or weak-end infeed). No trip command is issued by this zone. The zone is 30% larger than forward zone 2 on the other line-end side (B side).

Load Encroachment

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Distance protection zones will not trip for exporting load equal or smaller 700 MVA and for any cosphi between 1,00 than 0,89



Sett ing s f or zone 1 (ZMQPDIS:1) The primary data of the protected line are, according to Table 1:

Z1L = R1L + j X1L Z0L = R0L + j X0L

(3,2 + j 36)  (13 + j 145) 

2. Calculate and enter the settings for zone 1 The relay settings (reach) are calculated in way, according to the requirements in Table 2:

X 1  85% ( X 1 L)  0,85  36  30,60  R1  85% ( R1 L )  0,85  3,2  2,72  X 0  85% ( X 0 L )  0,85  145  123,25  R0  85% ( R0 L)  0,85  13  11,05  The distance protection zone 1 is requested to cover (see Table 2) 25 ohms of fault resistance for LE faults and 15 ohms for LL faults, at 80% of the protected line. Since the resistive reach of the REL670 characteristic is parallel to the line impedance of the protected line, it is enough to set the fault resistance settings at t he requested values:

RFPP  15  and RFPE  25  The directionality is set to Forward (OperationDir = Forward). Timers for LN and LL faults are set both activated (Timer tPP = Timer tPE = On) and their value is 0,0 s (instantaneous trip) The relay is requested to trip for all t he faults, hence PE (Phase-Earth) and PP (Phase-Phase) loops are activated (OperationPP = OperationPE = On). Base values are set according to the nominal p rimary quantities of main transformers, this means that: IBase = 1200 A and that UBase = 400 kV.

Figure 10: Settings for zone 1


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Setting s for zone 2 (ZMQAPDIS:2) 3. Calculate and enter the settings for zone 2 The relay settings (reach) are calculated according to the requirements given in Table 2, where it has been chosen to set zone 2 at 125% of the protected line:

X 1  125% ( X 1 L)  1,25  36  45,00  R1  125% ( R1 L)  1,25  3,2  4,00  X 0  125% ( X 0 L)  1,25  145  181,25  R0  125% ( R0 L)  1,25  13  16,25 

The distance protection zone 2 is requested to cover (see Table 2) 50% more fault resistance than zone 1:

RFPP  150%  RFPP zone1   1,5 15  22,5  23  and

RFPE  150%  RFPE zone1   1,5  25  37,5  38 

The directionality is set to Forward (OperationDir = Forward). Timers for LN and LL faults are set both activated (Timer tPP = Timer tPE = On) and their value is 0,4 s. The relay is requested to trip for all t he faults, hence PE (Phase-Earth) and PP (Phase-Phase) loops are activated (OperationPP = OperationPE = On). Base values are set according to the nominal primary quantities of main transformers, this means that: IBase = 1200 A and that UBase = 400 kV.


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Sett ing s f or zone 3 (ZMQAPDIS:3) 4. Calculate and enter the settings for zone 3 The relay settings (reach) are calculated according to the requirements given in Table 2:

X 1  400% ( X 1 L)  4  36  144  It is meaningless to set the resistive value of zo ne3 to 400% of the protected l ine resistance, as this is a back-up zone, protecting several objects after the line. It is chosen to have a characteristic angle of almost 90 degrees hence the resistive value will be set to t he small value of 1 ohm:

R1  1,00 

X 0  400% ( X 0 L)  4 145  580  As well as for the resistive value of the zero sequence impedance, it i s chosen to set it to a small value in order to get a characteristic angle of 90 degrees:

R0  1,00 

The fault resistance coverage for back-up zone will be (Table 2):

RFPP  300  and RFPE  300  The directionality is set to Forward (OperationDir = Forward). Timers for LN and LL faults are set both activated (Timer tPP = Timer tPE = On) and their value is 1 s. The relay is requested to trip for all the faults, hence PE (Phase-Earth) and PP (Phase-Phase) loops are activated (OperationPP = OperationPE = On). Base values are set according to the nominal primary quantities of main transformers, this means t hat: IBase = 1200 A and that UBase = 400 kV.



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Setting s for zone 4 (ZMQAPDIS: 4) 5. Calculate and enter the settings for zone 4 The relay settings (reach) are calculated according to the requirements given in Table 2. It is assumed that 10% of the forward protected line is equivalent to 20% o f the shortest line behind REL670

X 1  10% ( X 1 L)  0,1  36  3,6  R1  10% ( R1 L)  0,1  3,2  0,32  X 0  10% ( X 0 L)  0,1  145  14,5  R0  10% ( R0 L)  0,1  13  1,3  The fault resistance coverage for back-up zone 4 will be (Table 2):

RFPP  40  and RFPE  60  The directionality is set to reverse (OperationDir = Reverse). Timers for LN and LL faults are set both activated (Timer tPP = Timer tPE = On) and their value is 0,8 s. The relay is requested to trip for all the faults, hence PE (Phase-Earth) and PP (Phase-Phase) loops are activated (OperationPP = OperationPE = On). Base values are set according to the nominal primary quantities of main transformers, this means that: IBase = 1200 A and that UBase = 400 kV.


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Sett ing s f or zone 5 (ZMQAPDIS:5) 6. Calculate and enter the settings for zone 5 Assuming that zone 2 at t he remote line-end (B) is set as zone 2 of REL670, the settings for the zone 5 a re calculated this way:

X 1  130% ( X 1 Zone 2 )  1,3  45  58,5 

R1  130% ( R1 Zone 2 )  1,3  4  5,2  X 0  130% ( X 0 Zone 2 )  1,3 181,25  235,62  R 0  130% ( R 0 Zone 2 )  1,3 16,25  21,13  The fault resistance settings are calculated with the same procedure:

RFPP  130%  RFPP zone 2   1,3  23  29,9  30  and

RFPE  130%  RFPE zone 2   1,3  38  49,4  49  The directionality is set to reverse (OperationDir = Reverse). Timers for LN and LL faults are both set deactivated (Timer tPP = Timer tPE = Off) and their value is 6 0s in order to avoid misunderstandings in the setting file (no trip is requested by this zone). The relay is requested to start for all the faults, hence PE (Phase-Earth) and PP (Phase-Phase) loops are activated (OperationPP = OperationPE = On). Base values are set according to the nominal pri mary quantities of main transformers, this means that: IBase = 1200 A and that UBase = 400 kV. Figure 14: Settings for zone 5


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Settings for Phase Selection (FDPSPDIS:1) to cover distance protection zones The phase selector needs to be set in order to cover all the distance protection zo nes connected to the phase selector signal “STCNDZ”. In A32 configuration these zones are zone 1, zone 2 and zone 5. The settings can be calculated mathematically or simply graphically b y using the Excel tool REL670_1.2 == PHS covering ZM.xls, which is available in the folder Files for SEP-602A REL670 / Excel Files on the desktop of your training PC.

7. Open the Excel file As zone 1 is smaller than zone 2, it is enough to cover zone 2 in forward direction and zone 5 in reverse direction. Enter in the Excel sheet the settin gs for zone 2 and zone 5. You will easily find the correct settings for phase selector to cover both zones. Make sure that phase selection covers roughly 20% of the distance protection zones.

Figure 15: Impedance settings for phase selection to cover zone 2 and zone 5

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8. Enter the phase selection settings in Parameter Setting Tool Enter the following settings: Ibase = 1200 A and Ubase = 400 kV Operation Z< = On Operation I> = Off X1 = according to the Excel file: 70 ohms X0 = according to the Excel file: 283 ohms RFFwPP = according to the Excel file: 50 ohms RFRvPP = according to the Excel file: 55 ohms RFFwPE = according to the Excel file: 59 ohms RFRvPE = according to the Excel file: 59 ohms Timers are set to OFF (Phase selector will not trip) and to their max value (to avoid misunderstandings) The settings for the load encroachment area: RLdFw, RLdRv and ArgLd will be set in the next step.

Figure 16: Partial Impedance settings for phase selection to cover zone 2 and zone 5


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Setting s fo r Phase Selectio n (FDPSPDIS:1) fo r load encro achment The phase selector takes also care of the load encroachment area for all the distance protection zones. The settings are calculated as function of the load data given in Table 1 and the requirements of Table 2.

9. Calculate the settings The minimum apparent load impedance, with a safety margin of 80%, is calculated as:

Z load min

2 2  U LL   0,9  400 kV  min   0,8   80%   148,11  700 S MVA  MAX 

The maximum angle of the apparent load impedance is given by:

  Q  1  308 Mvar   26,12   tan  628 MW  P   

Angleload max  tan 1 

The corresponding settings for the load resistance in phase selection are (considering equal exporting and importing loads) and for the load angle are:

RLdFw  Z load min  cos Angleload max  148,11  cos 26,12 

 132,99  RLdRv  RLdFw  132,99  130  ArgLd  26,11  28

Figure 17: Final Impedance settings for phase selection including load encroachment

10. Enter the settings in Parameter Setting Figure 17 shows the final settings for phase selection.

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Settings for Directionality (RDIR) 11. Calculate the settings For the directional lines default settings will be appli ed, but it is needed to enter the correct settings for the base values. Base values are set according to the nominal primary quantities of main t ransformers, this means that: IBase = 1200 A and that UBase = 400 kV.

12. Enter the settings in Parameter Setting Figure 18 shows the final settings for the directional lines.

Figure 18: Settings for the directional lines

Downloading all the settings in the REL670 13. Write the settings in REL670 It is time to download (write) the settings entered in Parameter Setting into the REL670. Select the REL670 (step 1) and write the settings into the REL670 (steps 2 and 3) as indicated in Figure 19.

Figure 19: Writing all the settings into REL670


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Commissioni ng tests – Injection tests The distance protection characteristic will be tested with the relay test set, where the shape of t he characteristic has been drawn manually for each fault t ype.

14. Connect the test set OMICRON to REL670 Connect the three voltage generators and the three current generators of the test set t o the REL670: VOLTAGE OUTPUT 1 VOLTAGE OUTPUT 2 VOLTAGE OUTPUT 3 VOLTAGE OUTPUT N CURRENT OUTPUT A1 CURRENT OUPUT A2 CURRENT OUTPUT A3 CURRENT OUTPUT N

       

AIM2 CH7 AIM2 CH8 AIM2 CH9 AIM2 N AIM2 CH1 AIM2 CH2 AIM2 CH3 AIM2 N

Connect also the trip contact from the REL670 to the binary input 1 of the test set: IOM OUPUT 1  Binary Input 1 of the t est set

15. Open the Omicron test file for LE faults and run the tests for zones 1, 2,3 and 4 The test file is called REL670 LE Zones1,2,3 and 4 Characteristic.adt

and it contains the characteristic shape of the REL670 for phase-earth faults and for all the zones, except for zone 5, according to the calculated settings. The file is available in the folder Files for SEP-602A REL670 / OMICRON TESTS


Figure 20: Testing zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 for LE faults

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16. Open the Omicron test file for LL faults and run the tests for zones 1, 2,3 and 4 The test file is called REL670 LL Zones1,2,3 and 4 Characteristic.adt

and it contains the characteristic shape of the REL670 for phase-earth faults and for all the zones, except for zone 5, according to the calculated settings. The file is available in the folder Files for SEP-602A REL670 / OMICRON TESTS


Figure 21: Testing zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 for LL faults

17. Open the Omicron test file for LLL faults and run the tests for zones 1, 2,3 and 4 The test file is called REL670 LLL Zones1,2,3 and 4 Characteristic.adt

and it contains the characteristic shape of the REL670 for three-phase faults and for all the zones, except for zone 5, according to the calculated settings. The file is available in the folder Files for SEP-602A REL670 / OMICRON TESTS


Figure 22: Testing zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 for LLL faults


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18. Allow zone 5 to trip in REL670 in order to test it. Zone 5 is set in reverse direction, and will not issue any trip command as it is onl y used for the communication scheme. It has to be tested anyway, and in order to do this we n eed to temporary activate it by assigning a trip time. To speed-up the tests we can assign an instantaneous trip ti me to it. After the test, remember to set zone 5 to its correct settings! Change the settings of zone 5 according to Figure 23 and write them in the REL670.

Figure 23: Allowing zone 5 to trip in order to test it

19. Open the Omicron test file for LE faults and run the tests for zone 5 The test file is called REL670 LE Zone 5 Characteristic.adt

and it contains the characteristic shape of the REL670 for phase-earth faults for zone 5, according to the calculated settings. The file is available in the folder Files for SEP-602A REL670 / OMICRON TESTS


Figure 24: Testing zone 5 for LE faults

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20. Open the Omicron test file for LL faults and run t he tests for zone 5 The test file is called REL670 LL Zone 5 Characteristic.adt

and it contains the characteristic shape of the REL670 for phase-phase faults for zone 5, according to the calculated settings. The file is available in the folder Files for SEP-602A REL670 / OMICRON TESTS


Figure 25: Testing zone 5 for LL faults

21. Open the Omicron test file for LLL faults and run the tests for zone 5 The test file is called REL670 LLL Zone 5 Characteristic.adt

and it contains the characteristic shape of the REL670 for 3-phase faults for zone 5, according to the calculated settings. The file is available in the folder Files for SEP-602A REL670 / OMICRON TESTS


Figure 26: Testing zone 5 for LLL faults


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22. Set back the correct settings for zone 5 Figure 27, in the column IED Value shows the correct settings for zone 5. Change the settings accordingly and download them in REL670.

Figure 27: Setting zone 5 back to the original settings

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ABB AB Substation Automation Products SE-721 59 Västerås, Sweden Phone +46 (0) 21 34 20 00 Fax +46 (0) 21 14 69 18

www.abb.com/substationautomation

02 SEP671 REL670 Exercise 1 Distance Protection Characteristics

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