أساسيات الاتصالات الرقمية.pdf

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٣١

 

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



   W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬



  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ، 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬?‫?א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬



 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬       ‫א‬     

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬E ٢٣١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EHF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬

 

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

‫א‬   ‫א‬ E TDM F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KEBasebandF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬EPassbandF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

١

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



  

 



 



   

 K٣W‫א‬‫א‬

   W‫א‬‫א‬

  J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

-١‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

 

Introduction to Digital Communications Signal Types‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E AnalogF J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  K

EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E DigitalF J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Signal

Signal

Time

 

Time

   J J  

 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١‫א‬

 

W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  

 Analog Communication Systems‫א‬ J

 Digital Communication Systems‫א‬ J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 W‫א‬‫א‬  

 EDeterministic SignalsF‫א‬‫א‬ J  ERandom SignalsF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EPeriodF‫א‬‫א‬EPeriodic SignalsF‫א‬ J  ‫א‬EAperiodic SignalsF‫א‬ J  

E Sinusoidal Signals F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬EPulse SignalsF‫א‬‫א‬ENonsinusoidalF‫א‬

 KEKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F  

General Block Diagram‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١‫א‬  K  

 

‫اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ Formatting

‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ Source Coding

  ‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة‬

Channel Coding

 

‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪد‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬

Multiplexing

Band-pass Modulation

‫ﻓﻚ اﻟﺘﻌﺪد‬

‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬

TX

    ‫اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ Formatting

‫ﻓﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ Source Decoding

 

‫ﻓﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة‬

 

Channel Decoding

 

Demultiplexing

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١‫א‬ -٣‐

Band-pass Demodulation

RX

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

 Information Source‫א‬

،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EKKK،،،

 KEKeyboard‫א‬F  

 

Formatting‫א‬

 E Digital Symbols F    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   

EQuantizationF‫א‬ESamplingF‫א‬

 KEQuantized LevelsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Source Encoding‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   KE Redundant Information F

 KEAnalog to Digital ConversionF  

 Channel Encoding‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E ChannelsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬  

 Multiplexing‫א‬

K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ E Time Division Multiplexing F ‫א‬  ‫א‬    

‫א‬E Code Division Multiple AccessF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ TDM‫א‬‫א‬  KCDMA‫א‬‫א‬

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 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

  Band-pass Digital Modulation‫א‬‫א‬

E Digital WaveformsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   E Radio Frequencies F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬EAudio FrequenciesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Band-pass Digital Demodulation‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Demultiplexing ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K  

 Channel Decoding‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬  

 Source Decoding‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ESynchronizationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E EncryptionF‫א‬

 KEDecryptionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J١ Communications  

 W‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬ERegenerationF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١



E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ KEM-aryF‫א‬

KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ K‫א‬‫א‬EHardwareF‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

  ‫א‬‫א‬ETDM and CDMAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥ K‫א‬‫א‬FDM

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨ K‫א‬ K٩

 

 W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، F ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K١

 

KE64 kb/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4kHz‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ESynchronizationF‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

   

-٦‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ J



 K‫א‬‫א‬ J



 KEBERF‫א‬ J



 KEBWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 

 Digital Coding‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K  

 Morse Code ١ J٤ J١

‫א‬E ١٨٣٦‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   E Dash F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E Dot F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬   K٣ J١‫א‬  

-٧‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 

 

 ٣ J١‫א‬



 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J  KE●FE▬F J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 

 ١ J١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 A, F, X, 4, 8

 ‫א‬    

 ‫א‬

A F X 4 8 ,

 

 ● ▬  ● ● ▬ ●  ▬ ● ● ▬  ● ● ● ● ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ● ● ▬ ▬ ● ● ▬ ▬

-٨‐

 W‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 Baudot Code ٢ J٤ J١  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ١٨٧٠F‫א‬‫א‬

 E   32   F      KE Teleprinter F ‫א‬

 K٤ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K

 

 

 E٤ J١F‫א‬  ASCII 

٣ J٤ J١

 

American Standard Code for Information  F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

E Data Communications F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E Interchange ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥ J١‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬K128‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٩‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

 

A, N, y, 9, :

 ٢ J١  KASCII‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A → 1 0 0 0 0 0 1,

N → 0 1 1 1 0 0 1,

9→ 1001110

: →0101110

- ١٠ ‐

y→ 1001111

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

ASCIIE٥ J١F‫א‬

- ١١ ‐

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



   

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢   J   J   J

  J   J

  J

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K٩

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢

C, m, p, 1, 7  KASCII‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٣

K, W, s , 6, ), +

   

- ١٢ ‐

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

٢

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



   KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ J  



  



  

   K٥W‫א‬‫א‬

   W‫א‬‫א‬

  J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

 

Sampling Theory‫א‬ J٢



 ١ J٢ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K 

 ‫א‬   E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 KESamplingF‫א‬

E Continues-time Signal F   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬      E Discrete-time Signal F    

‫א‬‫א‬ESampling TimeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢F‫א‬E J١ J٢F‫א‬KTs

 K‫א‬E J١

x(t)

Xs(t)

t

t -Ts 0

 

-‫أ‬-

Ts 2Ts 3Ts ……

-‫ب‬ 

 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢‫א‬  

Unit Impulse Signal ‫א‬‫א‬

٢ J٢  

- ١٣ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،٢ J٢ ‫א‬     δ(t)    K‫א‬

p(t)

δ(t)

A

1

τ time

 

time

-‫ب‬-

-‫أ‬ EF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ J



 K‫א‬‫א‬ J



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J

 



  (t ) dt  1

(1-2)



 K٣ J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

- ١٤ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



2δ(t+1)

4δ(t)

3δ(t-5) 4

3 t

5

2 t

0

5δ(t-6)

-2δ(t+3)

-3δ(t-4)

t

-1

5 4

 

-3

t

t

6

t

-2

-3

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬

،٤ J٢‫א‬ P (t ) 

 W‫א‬



 a  (t  n T )

(2-2)

s

n  

 

W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬a

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ts

 K‫א‬n  

p(t)

a

· · ·

· · · -2Ts

 

-Ts

0

Ts

2Ts

3Ts

 E٤ J٢F‫א‬ - ١٥ ‐

t

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K     ١ J٢

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 3 δ(t + 2) J-5 δ(t - 4) J8δ(t - 3) J      W‫א‬ 8δ(t-3)

-5δ(t-4)

3δ(t+2)

8 3 3

4

t

t

0

-2

t

-5

 

 

 ١ J٢E٥ J٢F‫א‬    ٢ J٢

P(t ) 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

5

 2  (t  n T )

n  3

s

 KTs = 2ms W‫א‬

- ١٦ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



p(t)

2 t -6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

 ٢ J٢٦ J٢‫א‬  Fourier Transform 

٣ J٢  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،E Time DomainF‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KE tF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  KEOscilloscopeF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،E Frequency DomainF‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬KE fF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  KESpectrum Analyzer F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Fourier  F     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Periodic SignalsF‫א‬‫א‬EFourier SeriesF،EMethod

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFourier Transform FE  

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬ X(ω)‫א‬ x(t)،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬

- ١٧ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  



 x(t ) e

X ( ) 

 jt

 

dt

(3-2)



 

 .radian/second ‫ ( وﺗﻘﺎس ﺑﻮﺣﺪة‬Angular Frequency ) ‫ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮدد اﻟﺰاوي‬ω

KEω = 2πfF‫א‬‫א‬،f‫א‬‫א‬

  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  x(t) ،‫א‬  X(ω)،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬

1 x(t )  2



 X ( ) e

 jt

d

(4-2)



 

١ J٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Km(t)

F

 

F

M(ω)W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢‫א‬ Time Function, f(t)

Frequency Spectrum, F(ω)

δ(t)

1

u(t)

π δ(ω) + 1/j ω

1

2π δ(ω)

e-at u(t)

1/(a + j ω)

sin (2πfot)

0.5 [ δ(f-fo) - δ(f-fo) ]

cos (2πfot)

0.5 [ δ(f-fo) + δ(f-fo) ]

te-at u(t)

1/(a + j ω)2

 

  - ١٨ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



Rectangular Pulse ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٢

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،  K٧ J٢‫א‬K‫א‬  

AT Sinc (ω T/2) AT

p(t)

F A ω

t -T/2

-2ω1

T/2

-ω1

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬

ω1

2ω1

 W‫א‬‫א‬  

 Esinc x = sin x/x F‫א‬WSinc Pulse Width،E‫א‬F‫א‬WT

 Amplitude،E‫א‬F‫א‬WA

 Fundamental Frequency،E= 2π/TFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Wω1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E = 4π/TF ‫א‬‫א‬W2ω1

 Ksinc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K    

 K٨ J٢‫א‬٣ J٢  

- ١٩ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



p(t)

3 t -4

4

 E٨ J٢F‫א‬      W‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬A = 3T = 8،‫א‬

ω1 = 2π/T = 2π/8 = π/4, 2ω1 = 4π/T = 4π/8 = π/2, …..

 W 24 Sinc (ω 8/2) 24

- π/2

-π/4

π/4

 ٣ J٢E٩ J٢F‫א‬

π/2





   

 Triangular Pulse ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 K١٠ J٢‫א‬  

- ٢٠ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



AT Sinc2 (ω τ/2)

p(t)

F A

 

-τ

ω

t

τ

-ω1

-2ω1

0

ω1

2ω1

‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬  

K‫א‬τ‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬W2τ Amplitude،E‫א‬F‫א‬WA

 Fundamental Frequency،E= 2π/ τFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Wω1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E= 4π/ τF‫א‬‫א‬W2ω1

‫א‬‫א‬Ksinc2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 K١١ J٢‫א‬٤ J٢  

p(t)

2

 

-5

5

t

 E١١ J٢F‫א‬  

- ٢١ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

   W‫א‬   10 Sinc2 (ω 5/2) 10

ω

 

-4π/5

-2π/5

0

 ٤ J٢E١٢ J٢F‫א‬

2π/5

4π/5





 

 Sampling Theory ‫א‬٤ J٢  

E Audio F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E VideoF‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E Analog to Digital ConversionF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

KED/AF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EA/DF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EtF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E SamplingF‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬      K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٢٢ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

Ideal Sampling ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٢

 

E Unit ImpulsesF δ(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬m(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KTsE Sampling PeriodF‫א‬

        Kms(t)    ‫א‬ Ts ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



p (t ) 

  (t  n T )

n  

(2-)

s

ms (t )  m(t )  p(t ) ms (t ) 

(2-6)





 m(t )  (t  n T )   m(T )  (t  n T ) s

n  

s

n  

(2-7)

s

‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٣ J٢ ‫א‬ 

   E Multiplier or Mixer F ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬

ms (t ) 

m(t)

p (t ) 

 

 m(T )  (t  n T )

n  

s

s



  (t  n T )

n  

 



s

‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٢F‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fsESampling FrequencyF‫א‬Ts

،  ‫א‬   ١٤ J٢ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٢٣ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

 

‫א‬F m(t)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P(f)  ‫א‬ p(t)‫א‬ M(f) ‫א‬E  W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬، KMs(f)  ‫א‬ ms(t) ‫א‬ W‫א‬

1 P( f )  Ts



 ( f  nf )

n  

1 Ms( f )  Ts

(8-2)

s



 M ( f  nf )

n  

s

(9-2)

 

 δ(f)‫א‬‫א‬E Unit ImpulseF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ١٥ J٢‫א‬KM(f)‫א‬،M(f)‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



m(t)

t

p(t) 1 t Ts

2Ts 3Ts 4Ts

ms(t)

t Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٢F‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬Ms(f)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٥ J٢‫א‬ KEfsF‫א‬M(f)

‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E LPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KW‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٥ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



M(f) A f -W

W P(f)

fs = 1/Ts

1/Ts f -2fs

-fs

0 LPF

fs

2fs

Ms(f) A/Ts

· · · -2fs

-fs

-W

W

fs

f

2fs

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F‫א‬  Sampling Theorem ‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢

 

،E WF W‫א‬ m(t) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

f s  2W

(10-2)

 

،‫א‬‫א‬ KNyquist fs = 2W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Nyquist‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٢٦ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 ٥ J٢

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬m(t)

  fs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  KNyquist٪٢٠

M(f) A f , kHz

 

-5

5

   W‫א‬

W‫א‬5kHzm(t)،‫א‬ fs = ( 1 + 0.2 ) × 2 × 5 kHz = 12 kHz

 

‫א‬ 12 m(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

K2 kHzE Guard BandF،‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fc‫א‬ 5 kHz < fc < 7 kHz

 

‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٧ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



M(f) A f, kHz -5

5 P(f)

fs = 1/Ts

1/Ts

-24

-12

0 LPF

12

24

f, kHz

Ms(f) A/Ts

· · ·

 

-24

-12

-5

0

5 7

12

17

 ٥ J٢E١٦ J٢F‫א‬

24

f

   

 ٦ J٢ ‫א‬K‫א‬E ١٧ J٢‫א‬F m(t)   KNyquistfs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬

W‫א‬5kHzm(t)١٧ J٢‫א‬ fs = 2 × 5 kHz = 10 kHz

 

،‫א‬‫א‬E Guard BandF،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

- ٢٨ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



M(f) A f, kHz -5

5 P(f)

fs = 1/Ts

1/Ts

-20

-10

0 LPF

10

20

f, kHz

Ms(f) A/Ts

· · ·

 

-20

-10

-5

0

5

10

 ٦ J٢E١٧ J٢F‫א‬

20

f

 

 

 ٧ J٢

 

‫א‬K‫א‬E ١٨ J٢‫א‬F m(t)

 KNyquist٪٢٠fs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

W‫א‬5kHzm(t)١٨ J٢‫א‬ fs = ( 1 – 0.2 ) × 2 × 5 kHz = 8 kHz

- ٢٩ ‐

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 ‫א‬    E Guard Band F     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬EAliasingF‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬

M(f) A f, kHz -5

5 P(f)

fs = 1/Ts

1/Ts

-20

-10

0 LPF

10

f, kHz

20

Ms(f) A/Ts

· · ·

 

-16

-8 -5

5

0

8

16

f

 ٧ J٢E١٨ J٢F‫א‬  

Natural Sampling ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٢

 

‫א‬ p(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KTs        m(t) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 Kms(t)‫א‬Ts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ p (t ) 



 h(t  n T )

n  

(11-2)

s

- ٣٠ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

 

 KE h(t) 1 for 0  t  τ, h(t)  0 otherwise F‫א‬‫א‬h(t)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨ J٢‫א‬  

ms (t ) 

m(t)

p(t ) 

 



 m(t ) h(t  n T ) s

n  



 h(t  n T )

n  

s

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٢F‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ٢٠ J٢‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٣١ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 

m(t)



M(f)

F

f t p(t)

W P(f)

F

sinc ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ داﻟﺔ‬

f

t

Ts

-2fs

ms(t)

-fs

fs

2fs

Ms(f)

F

f

t

Ts 2Ts 3Ts

 

-W

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٢F‫א‬

،‫א‬ P(f)W

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .f = 1/τ‫א‬

KMs(f)‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFlat-topF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE Natural SamplingF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  

 K٢١ J٢‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٣٢ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

X(t)



X(t)

t

t

 



-‫أ‬-

-‫ب‬-

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬٢١ J٢‫א‬

 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

- ٣٣ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



   

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

 12 δ(t + 9) J-5 δ(t + 3) J4δ(t - 7) J  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤

8

P(t ) 

 4 (t  n Ts )

n  5

 

   

 W‫א‬ J٥ p(t)

5 t -1

 

1

 W‫א‬ J٦ p(t)

6

 

-2

2

t

 ‫؟‬δ(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨

- ٣٤ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



    ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬    ‫א‬  x(t)     J٩

  fs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K KNyquist٪٢٥

P(ω)

1

 

-6

6

ω

 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬x(t) J١٠

fs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  KNyquist٪١٠

P(ω)

2

 

-5

5

ω

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١

 K20%‫א‬Nyquist fs ‫א‬W = 10kHz  J  K40%‫א‬Nyquist fs ‫א‬W = 8kHz  J  KNyquist fs ‫א‬W = 4kHz  J

 K20%‫א‬Nyquist fs ‫א‬W = 15kHz  J









   

- ٣٥ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

٣

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



   E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬    EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 EPWMF‫א‬‫א‬ J  EPPMF‫א‬‫ א‬ J







  

   

 K٤W‫א‬‫א‬

   W‫א‬‫א‬

  J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٤ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

Pulse Modulation ‫א‬ J٣

 

  

 ١ J٣ ،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    K   

،‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٣‫א‬KEKKK،،،F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ERectangular PulseF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ‬a - Square Wave

‫ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺔ‬b- Triangular wave

‫ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺴﻨﻨﺔ‬c- Sawtooth wave  ‫א‬١ J٣‫א‬ - ٣٥ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



‫א‬،AEAmplitudeF‫א‬،E٢ J٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

KEFrequencyF‫א‬TEPeriodF‫א‬،τEWidthF

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬EUnipolarF‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٣ J٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EBipolarF‫א‬‫א‬  

P(t) f = 1/T A

τ t T/2

T

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬ f = 1/T

P(t) A/2

t T/2

T

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬



 

E ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E PM‫א‬ FM‫א‬،AM‫א‬F‫א‬

 KESinusoidal WaveF‫א‬

 W‫א‬  

- ٣٦ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 WEAnalog Pulse ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬ J  KPAM‫א‬‫א‬EPulse Amplitude ModulationF‫א‬ J  KPWM‫א‬‫א‬EPulse Width ModulationF‫א‬ J

 KPPM‫א‬‫א‬EPulse Position ModulationF‫א‬ J



  







  

 WEDigital Pulse ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KPCM‫א‬‫א‬EPulse Code ModulationF‫א‬ J

 KDM‫א‬‫א‬EDelta ModulationF J





 

EBaseband ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Pulse Amplitude Modulation‫א‬٢ J٣  

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ESamplingF‫א‬  K

EMultiplexingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   KE Transmission Media F ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٣٧ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



          E PAM F ‫א‬     ‫א‬،‫א‬،KE Noise PerformanceF ‫א‬  KEPPMF‫א‬EPWMF‫א‬PAM

 KEPAMF‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣‫א‬

p(t)

 

 

Carrier

  t

x(t)

     

Modulating Signal

  t

   

PAM

 

PAM Modulated Signal

    t

     

 EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣‫א‬

   

‫א‬‫א‬EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  KEFlat Top SamplingF‫א‬‫א‬  ١ J٣

‫א‬K‫א‬1 kHzx(t) 

 KEPAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٨ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

 W‫א‬ x(t) Modulating Signal

0.5 p(t)

1

t,ms

Carrier

t PAM

PAM Modulated Signal

t

 

 ١ J٣E٥ J٣F‫א‬

 

 PAM Modulator Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،٦ J٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPAMF ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ESwitchF‫א‬‫א‬WEFETFQ1‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬   “ON” ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   KE Sampling Gate F

 K‫א‬‫א‬“OFF”‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x(t) ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬x(t)‫א‬‫א‬WOp-amp 1‫א‬

 E Voltage Follower F ‫א‬      WOp-amp 2 ‫א‬ 

 KRL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬op-amp 1‫א‬‫א‬WR‫א‬  

Kop-amp 1‫א‬‫א‬WR1 and R2‫א‬ - ٣٩ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

 

 

EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F‫א‬  

 Pulse Width Modulation‫א‬٣ J٣  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  

 KEPWMF ‫א‬٧ J٣‫א‬  

E TriangleFE SawtoothF،‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٨ J٣‫א‬EComparatorF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤٠ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 

p(t)



Carrier

t

Modulating Signal t

PPM Modulated Signal

PWM

t

 

 EPWMF‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬

 

PWME٨ J٣F‫א‬ - ٤١ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 ٢ J٣

K‫א‬ 10 kHzx(t)    KEPWMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 W‫א‬ x(t) Modulating Signal

1

p(t)

t,ms

Carrier

t PWM

t

 

 ٢ J٣E٩ J٣F‫א‬  

 Pulse Position Modulation‫א‬٤ J٣  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ - ٤٢ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،E PPM F ‫א‬    ١٠ J٣ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  

p(t)

Carrier

t x(t)

Modulating Signal

t

PPM

 

PPM Modulated Signal

t

 



 EPPMF ‫א‬E١٠ J٣F‫א‬  

 ٢ J٣

 

K‫א‬         10 kHz x(t)      KEPPMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤٣ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



x(t) Modulating Signal

1

0.5 p(t)

t, ms

Carrier

t

PPM

t

   ٣ J٣E١١ J٣F‫א‬

- ٤٤ ‐

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

   

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 K5V100 kHz‫א‬ J٣  ‫؟‬EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤

 ‫؟‬EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥  W‫א‬‫א‬ J٦  

x(t) Modulating Signal

t,ms p(t)

Carrier

t ( PAM

PAM Modulated Signal

t

 

 

 ‫؟‬EPPMF‫א‬EPWMF‫א‬‫א‬ J٧

 ‫؟‬EPAMF‫א‬EPWMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨ - ٤٥ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٩ x(t) Modulating Signal

t,ms p(t)

Carrier

t ( PWM

PWM Modulated Signal

t

 

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠ x(t) Modulating Signal

t,ms p(t)

Carrier

t ( PPM

PPM Modulated Signal

t

- ٤٦ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPCMF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬ J  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 



  

 



  

  

   K٨W‫א‬‫א‬

   W‫א‬‫א‬

  J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤٧ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 





‫א‬ J٤



 

Pulse Code Modulation  ١ J٤  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،PM‫א‬،FM‫א‬،AM‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،PWM‫א‬،PAM‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PPM‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBaseband Digital ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬ J



 EDifferential pulse code modulationF‫א‬‫א‬ J





 KDM ‫א‬‫א‬EDelta ModulationF J





 KPCM ‫א‬‫א‬EPulse Code ModulationF‫א‬ J





 KDPCM ‫א‬‫א‬

 KADM ‫א‬‫א‬EAdaptive Delta ModulationF‫א‬ J



 WEBass Band Digital ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  KASK‫א‬‫א‬EAmplitude Shift KeyingF‫א‬‫א‬ J  KFSK‫א‬‫א‬EFrequency Shift KeyingF‫א‬‫א‬ J

 

KPSK‫א‬‫א‬EPhase Shift KeyingF‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬E M-ary ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

KE QPSK, QAM, …F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤٨ ‐









  







‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K‫א‬‫א‬  



PCM Block Diagram‫א‬٢ J٤  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E PCMF‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬،E Binary WordsF

‫א‬‫א‬،E Alec ReevesF‫א‬ ١٩٣٧‫א‬ PCM‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEBell LabsF١٩٦٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 KEPAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EQuantizationF J

 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

  





 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 KEPCMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤‫א‬  

x(t)

   

‫ﻣﺮﺷﺢ‬

‫أﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬

‫ﻣﻜﻤﻢ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻣّﺰ‬

Filter

Sampler

Quantizer

Encoder

fc = fm

PCM Data

fs ≥ 2fm

EPCMF‫א‬١ J٤‫א‬



 

 ‫א‬x(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EfmF‫א‬

 KfmECutoff FrequencyF - ٤٩ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  KPAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 KEQuantized LevelsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬W‫א‬

KE Binary WordsF‫א‬E BinaryFE‫א‬F W‫א‬EMF‫א‬‫א‬ENF‫א‬‫א‬ (1-4)

M  2N

 W  

N  Log 2 M

(2-4)

 

‫א‬EPulse Code Modulated SignalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KPCM‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬PCM

 PCM ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٣ K‫א‬‫א‬ERepeatersF‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥٠ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 Quantization ‫א‬٣ J٤  

E    F ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،  

  E Quantized Values F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬     W

 K‫א‬ERoundingF‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬ETruncationF‫א‬ J

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ١ J٤

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Value 2.1 3.89 22.16 5.89 0.45 0.29

١ J٤ Rounding Truncation 2 2 3.9 3.8 22.2 22.1 5.9 5.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

 W‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ Uniform Quantization ‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KEQuantized StepsF‫א‬

- ٥١ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 



 ‫א‬Nonuniform Quantization ‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬  

  Uniform Quantization ‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٣ J٤  

KE ΔVF‫א‬‫א‬ +V –V‫א‬ ٢ J٤‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

M = 2V/ ΔV

   

V

ΔV

t

0

-V

 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬

     ٢ J٤

 

K256‫א‬‫א‬+10 V-10 V‫א‬m(t)  KENormalizedF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥٢ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 W‫א‬  

 WEΔxF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

x 

V 

1  0.0039 256

20V  0.0078V 256

 WEΔVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E UnipolarF‫א‬ J



 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E BipolarF‫א‬ J



 

KE

 KE

EMidtreadF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬

،٣ J٤‫א‬‫א‬،KEMidriseF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

t

t

Midtread Quantizer

Midrise Quantizer

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬ - ٥٣ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



  Unipolar Encoding ‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١ J٣ J٤  

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E NF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E MF‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

Quantized F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETsF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENormalizationF‫א‬‫א‬KESignal Xu ≤ 1F‫א‬  Xu‫א‬KEActual ValueF‫א‬‫א‬

 4 N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE 0 ≤

 KE24 = 16F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WΔXu‫א‬ENormalized Step SizeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ X u  2 N 

1 2N

 

(3-4)

WΔvu‫א‬EActual Step SizeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ vu  X u V fs  2 N V fs

(4-4)

 

 KEFull-Scale VoltageF‫א‬‫א‬Vfs  

WXu(max)‫א‬ K٣ X u (max)  1  X u  1  2 N

(5-4)

WVu(max)‫א‬ K٤ vu (max)  X u (max) V fs

- ٥٤ ‐

(6-4)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



WEu،EPeak Unipolar Normalized ErrorF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ Eu 

X u 2

 2  ( N 1)

(7-4)

Weu،EActual Peak Unipolar ErrorF‫א‬‫א‬ K٦ eu  Eu V fs  2 ( N 1) V fs

(8-4)    ٣ J٤

‫א‬،EVfs = 10 V F‫א‬‫א‬

 WKEN= 8F‫א‬‫א‬  ΔXu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

Δvu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

Xu(max) K

Vu(max)‫א‬ K  eu‫א‬K

   W‫א‬  

X u  2  N  2  8 



  J

1 1   0.0039 8 2 256

  J vu  X u V fs  0.0039 10 V  0.039 V

X u (max)  1  X u  1  0.0039  0.9961

vu (max)  0.9961  10V  9.961V

- ٥٥ ‐

  J  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



eu  Eu V fs  2 (8 1) 10V  29 10V  0.0195V

  J

 KE10 VF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  Bipolar Encoding ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١ J٣ J٤  

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬FE MF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

E NF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E TsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 KEQuantized SignalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ENormalizationF ‫א‬ ‫א‬    

KE-1 ≤ Xb ≤1F‫א‬Xb‫א‬KEActual ValueF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬4N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE24 = 16F‫א‬‫א‬

WΔXb‫א‬ENormalized Step SizeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ X b  2 N 1 

1 2

N 1

 

(9-4)

WΔvb‫א‬EActual Step SizeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ vb  X b V fs  2 N 1 V fs

(10-4)

 WXb(max)‫א‬ J٣ X b (max)  1  X b  1  2 N 1

- ٥٦ ‐

(11-4)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



WVb(max)‫א‬ J٤ vb (max)  X b (max) V fs

(4-12)

 WEu،EPeak Unipolar Normalized ErrorF‫א‬‫א‬ J٥ Eb 

X b 2

 2 N

(4-13)

Weu،EActual Peak Unipolar ErrorF‫א‬‫א‬ J٦ eb  Eb V fs  2 N V fs

(4-14)

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W

K‫א‬‫א‬    ٤ J٤

‫א‬،EVfs = ± 8V F‫א‬‫א‬

 WKEN= 6F‫א‬‫א‬  ΔXb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

Δvb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

Xb(max) J

 Vb(max)‫א‬ J  eb‫א‬ J

   W‫א‬

  J

X b  2  N  1  2  6  1  2  5 

- ٥٧ ‐

1 1   0.03125 25 32

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

  J vb  X b V fs  0.03125  8V  0.25V X b (max)  1  X b  1  0.03125  0.96875

  J  J

vb (max)  0.96875  8V  7.75V

  J

eb  Eb V fs  2 N V fs  26  8V  0.125V

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

‫א‬KE M = 24 = 16F‫א‬‫א‬E N = 4F ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫؛‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Decimal  Value

         

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Binary  Number

               

1111 1110 1101 1100 1011 1010 1001 1000 0111 0110 0101 0100 0011 0010 0001 0000

 ٢ J٤ Unipolar Normalized Decimal Value 15/16 = 0.9375 14/16 = 0.875 13/16 = 0.8125  12/16 = 0.75 11/16 = 0.6875 10/16 = 0.625 9/16 = 0.5625  8/16 = 0.5 7/16 = 0.4375  6/16 = 0.375  5/16 = 0.3125  4/16 = 0.25 3/16 = 0.1875  2/16 = 0.125 1/16 = 0.0625  0/16 = 0

- ٥٨ ‐

Bipolar Normalized Decimal Value  7/8 = 0.875  6/8 = 0.75  5/8 = 0.625  4/8 = 0.5  3/8 = 0.375  2/8 = 0.25  1/8 = 0.125  0/8 = 0  -1/8 = -0.125  -2/8 = -0. 25  -3/8 = -0.375  -4/8 = -0.5  -5/8 = -0.625  -6/8 = -0.75  -7/8 = -0.875  -8/8 = -1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 ٥ J٤

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K٤ J٤ ‫א‬   x(t)   

 10 kHz ‫א‬    ‫א‬ KE Rounding F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 J

K4‫א‬

K٢ J٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J   

 W‫א‬  Wfs‫א‬ETsF‫א‬  J

Ts = 1/fs = 1/10 kHz = 0.1 ms   ،E    F ‫א‬   x(t) ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬16‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  

15/16 14/16 13/16

‫اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻤﺔ‬

12/16

Quantized Curve

11/16

‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬

10/16

(t)

9/16 8/16 7/16 6/16 5/16 4/16 3/16 2/16 1/16

time, ms

0 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

 

E٤ J٤F‫א‬ - ٥٩ ‐

0.5

0.6

0.7

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 ‫א‬         ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   J  K٥ J٤‫א‬‫א‬K٢ J٤

Sampling  Time  0  0.1  0.2  0.3  0.4  0.5 0.6 0.7

 ٥ J٤

Normalized Decimal Vale  3/16  6/16  7/16  8/16  7/16  9/16 10/16 8/16

 

Binary  Value  0011  0110  0111  1000  0111  1001  1010  1000



   ٦ J٤

‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K٥ J٤ ‫א‬   x(t)    J

 

‫א‬  20 kHz ‫א‬     KE Rounding F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

K4  

 ٢ J٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J    W‫א‬

Wfs‫א‬ETsF‫א‬ J Ts = 1/fs = 1/20 kHz = 0.05 ms

 

  ،E    F ‫א‬   x(t) ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬    KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬16‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ - ٦٠ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 

7/8 6/8

‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬

5/8

(t)



4/8 3/8

‫اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻤﺔ‬

2/8

Quantized Curve

1/8 0 -1/8

time, ms 0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

-2/8 -3/8 -4/8 -5/8 -6/8 -7/8 -8/8

   E٥ J٤F‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J

K٣ J٤‫א‬‫א‬K٢ J٤

Sampling  Time - 0.05  0.0  0.05  0.1  0.15  0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

 ٣ J٤

Normalized Decimal Vale  3/8  5/8  4/8  -3/8  -6/8  -6/8 -6/8 -4/8 1/8

- ٦١ ‐

Binary  Value  1011  1101  1100  0101  0010 0010 0010  0100 1001

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

 Dynamic Range‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٤

 

E VmaxF ‫א‬ E DRF ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ΔVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EVmin F

 KEResolutionFKEDACF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

DR 

Vmax Vmax   2 N 1 Vmin Re solution

(15-4)

 W‫א‬  

V  DRdB   20 log  max   20 log 2 N 1  Vmin 





(16-4)

 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬N

 W‫א‬

DR  2 N  1  2 N  DR  1 N  log 2 ( DR  1)  3.32 log ( DR  1)

(17-4)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

No of Bits, N No of Levels, M 1 2 2 4 3 8 4 16 5 32 6 64 7 128 8 256

- ٦٢ ‐

DR (dB) 0 9.54 16.9 23.52 29.83 35.99 42.08 48.13

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 ٧ J٤

 

46 dB‫א‬‫א‬،E fm = 4kHzF‫א‬ PCM   WK± 2.5 V‫א‬  K‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬ J

   W‫א‬  

Nyquist J

 

f S  2 f m  2  4 kHz  8 kHz

 WE4-17F J  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

46 dB  100.05 46 dB  199.5 N  log 2 ( DR  1)  3.32 log (199.5  1)  7.64  8 bits

 WE4-15F J  

DR 

Vmax 2.5V  199.5  Vmin   0.0125V Vmin 199.5

Quantization error 

Vmin V 0.0125V    0.006V  6 mV 2 2 2

- ٦٣ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

  Nonuniform Quantization ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٣ J٤  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬  E Quantization Step F ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  KE٦ J٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     Output

Input

 

  ‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F‫א‬

 

 

‫א‬ECompressionF‫א‬E٧ J٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ Uniform  F    ‫א‬    E  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    F

 ‫א‬‫א‬KEQuantizer

 KECompandingF‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬EExpansionF  

- ٦٤ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



  Input

Compressor

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

Transmitter Channel

Output

Expander

 

Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)

Receiver

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬  

 

 

‫א‬EOutputF‫א‬EInputF‫א‬‫א‬، K٨ J٤‫א‬

Output

Input

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٤F‫א‬

 

 KA- μ-،‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٦٥ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

  μ-Law Companding

μ – ١ J٣ J٣ J٤

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   KE vi F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E vo F

K‫א‬

vo  Vo max

 v  ln1   i  Vi max   , ln 1   



for vi  0



(18-4)

 

 W  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vomax

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vimax  KE μ = 255F‫א‬μ  



Kμ = 0‫א‬μ‫א‬٩ J٤‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

μ‫א‬E٩ J٤F‫א‬

- ٦٦ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

vie 

vr Vi max   Vo max  1 ,   1   for vr  0     

(19-4)

 W

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬vie

 K‫א‬‫א‬vr  

٨ J٤

 



 W‫א‬‫א‬ μ Vimax = 16 V, Vomax = 2 V, μ = 255.  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

vi = 0V, 2V, 4V, 8V, 10V, 12V, 16V.

 W‫א‬   ‫א‬  Evi = 2VF ‫א‬  ‫א‬   (18-4)  

 K‫א‬

2V   ln1  255  ln 32.875 3.49 16V   vo  2V  2V  2V  1.26V ln 1  255 ln 256 5.55

 ٦ J٤ vi , Volts 0  2  4  8  10  12 16

 vo

, Volts  0  1.26  1.5  1.75 1.83 1.89 2

- ٦٧ ‐

 K٦ J٤‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

 K١٠ J٤‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   Output 2 × × 1.5

×

×

× ×

1 0.5 Input 2

4

6

8 10 12 14 16

 ٧ J٤‫א‬E١٠ J٤F‫א‬

 

   

A- Law Companding  A J ٢ J٣ J٣ J٤

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEviF‫א‬‫א‬EvoF A

vout  Vi max

vout

vi

Vi max v 1 , 0 i  1  ln A Vi max A

 v 1  ln A i  Vi max  Vi max 1  ln A

   , 1  vi  1 A Vi max

(20-4)

  - ٦٨ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

 W

 KEA = 87.6 FKEA ≥ 1 FA  

KA = 1‫א‬ A‫א‬ ١١ J٤‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 A‫א‬E١١ J٤F‫א‬  

Signal to Noise Ratio for Quantized    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ٤ J٤ Pulses  

‫א‬ +V –V‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KΔV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EMF‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬± ΔV/2  WE1 Ω‫א‬‫א‬F

2

2

M 2 V 2  VP  P   M  V  PS       2  4  2  

- ٦٩ ‐

(21-4)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 W‫א‬،EQuantization Noise PowerF‫א‬ V 2 e  12 2 q

(22-4)

 

 WESNRF‫א‬‫א‬ M 2 V 2 P P 4 SNR  S  S   3M 2 2 2 V PN eq 12

(23-4)

 

 WEdBF‫א‬ESNRF‫א‬‫א‬  

P ( SNR) dB  10 log  S  PN

P    10 log  S  e2   q

   ...  30 log M 2  

 

(24-4)

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٩ J٤

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ s(t) = 3 cos 500 π t (Volts)

 

W

K PS‫א‬ K

‫א‬ K

 KEN=10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  KSNR = 40 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K - ٧٠ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

   W‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬  

M  210  1024 V 

3V  (3V ) 6V   5.86 10  3 V  5.86 mV 1024 1024

 W E٢١ J٤F J M 2 V 2 1024 2  5.86 mV  36 PS     9W 4 4 4

 

2

W E٢٢ J٤F J V 2 5.86 mV  34.339 10  6 e     2.86 10  6 W 12 12 12

 

2

2 q

 W E٢٣ J٤F J  

SNR 

PS 9W   3.14 106 6 PN 2.86 10 W

SNR dB  10 log 3.14 106   64.98 dB  W E٢٣ J٤F J

- ٧١ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



M V P P 4  3M 2 SNR  S  S2  2 V PN eq 12 104 4 2 2 10  3 M  M   3333.33 3 2

2

M  3333.33  57.73 M  2 N  N  log 2 57.73  5.85  6

PCM Applications  ‫א‬٥ J٤  

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    PCM  

 W،

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،EDigital Telephone Systems  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K١

E N =8F‫א‬،Efs = 8kHzF‫א‬،EA-Law or μ-Law F‫א‬ K‫א‬256

EDigital Audio in ComputersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

،EDigital Audio in CD, DVD and Blue-RayF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ ‫א‬‫א‬Efs = 44.1kHzF‫א‬ K96kHz

KEDigital VideoF‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

K‫א‬‫א‬ECoders and DecodersF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ KETelemetryF‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

‫א‬‫א‬E Space CommunicationsF‫א‬‫ א‬K٧ KPCM‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٢ ‐

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



   

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣ ‫؟‬‫א‬  J٤

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥ W‫א‬‫א‬  J٦

Value 2.5 1.89 2.167 5.809 0.415 3.29

Rounding Truncation

   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ +5 V  -5 V   ‫א‬ m(t)     J٧ KENormalizedF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K128

 ‫א‬،EVfs = 10 V F‫א‬‫א‬  J٨

 WKEN= 8F‫א‬‫א‬  ΔXu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

Δvu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

Xu(max) J

Vu(max)‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J

 e

- ٧٣ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



K‫א‬x(t)  J٩  KERoundingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

K4‫א‬50 kHz‫א‬‫א‬

 K٢ J٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K     15/16 14/16 13/16 12/16 11/16 10/16 9/16 8/16 7/16 6/16 5/16 4/16 3/16 2/16 1/16 time, ms

 

‫א‬‫א‬،Efm = 10kHzF‫א‬PCM J١٠

 WK± 5 V‫א‬36 dB  K‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J - ٧٤ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 K‫א‬ J

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١  

 W‫א‬‫א‬ μ J١٢ Vimax = 12 V, Vomax = 3 V, μ = 255.

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

vi = 0V, 1V, 3V, 6V, 10V, 12V.

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣ s(t) = 5 cos 200 k π t (Volts)

 



 W K PS‫א‬ K

‫א‬ K

 KEN=8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K KSNR = 30 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١٤ s(t) = 2 sin 2M π t (Volts)

 



 W K PS‫א‬ K

‫א‬ K

 KEN=10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K - ٧٥ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



KSNR = 25 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، J١٥

 K‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، J١٦

 K‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، J١٧  

K‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٧٦ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬





٥

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  KEDPCMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  KEADMF‫א‬‫א‬ J

  

 



 



  

   

 K٣W‫א‬‫א‬

   W‫א‬‫א‬

  J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

-٧٧

-

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 

Delta Modulation  J٥



 

 ١ J٥  

E Baseband Digital ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬PCM ‫א‬‫א‬EPulse Code ModulationF‫א‬ J





 EDifferential pulse code modulationF‫א‬‫א‬ J





 KDM ‫א‬‫א‬EDelta ModulationF J





 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KDPCM ‫א‬‫א‬

 KADM ‫א‬‫א‬EAdaptive Delta ModulationF‫א‬ J





 

K‫א‬E DPCM, DM and ADMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬PCM  KX(k-1)‫א‬‫א‬X(k)

 

 Differential pulse code modulation‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥  

‫א‬‫א‬EDPCMF‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،X(k-1)‫א‬‫א‬ X(k)

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬      ،ESamplerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 KEDPCM EncoderF‫א‬

-٧٨

-

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   W‫א‬DPCM ‫א‬‫א‬ PCM‫ א‬K١

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EQuantized LevelsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ K

E ΔVF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣  KESNRF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 KDPCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥‫א‬  

 

Differentiator

_ X(k)

+

+

d(k)

Quantize Encoder ADC

Encoded DPCM dq(k) d(k) = X(k) – X(k-1)

 

X(k-1)

Delay Ts

 DPCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥‫א‬    ١ J٥

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E ٢ J٥‫א‬F x(k) 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KDPCM‫א‬  K٣‫א‬   -٧٩

-

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

    W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J٢ J٥‫א‬Fx(k)‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F  KE J٢ J٥‫א‬Fd(k)‫א‬‫א‬Ts  

X(k)

d(k)

10

8

8 6 5

5

3

3

4

3

2 0

 

Ts

2Ts

3Ts

4Ts

5Ts

kTs

kTs

0

Ts

-‫أ‬-

2Ts

3Ts

4Ts 5Ts

-‫ب‬-

 ١ J٥E٢ J٥F‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬d(k)‫א‬،٣‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬  

Encoded dq(k)

100 010

010

011 001 t

0

Ts

2Ts

3Ts

4Ts 5Ts

   ‫א‬DPCME٣ J٥F‫א‬ -٨٠

-

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٥‫א‬F dq(k)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 KX(k)‫א‬

Differentiator +

dq(k)

X (k) = dq(k) +

+

X (k)

+ X (k-

 

Delay Ts

 DPCM‫א‬٤ J٥‫א‬  

 Delta modulation ٣ J٥  

‫א‬ ‫א‬       DPCM    E DM F    K‫א‬

K   ‫א‬   ? 0 ?  ،? 1 ?  ،   ‫א‬  

‫א‬K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 K٥ J٥‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

+

+

Quantizer

DM

Integrator

 

 E٥ J٥F‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٨١

-

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

X(k)

+

d(k)

+

dq(k)

Quantizer One bit

DM

+ +

+

y(k) Delay, Ts

 

Accumulator or Integrator

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KEfs >> 2fmF‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

?0?‫א‬?1?F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣  K‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،    ٢ J٥

 

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٥‫א‬Fx(t)

  K x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 W‫א‬ -٨٢

-

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

x(t)

x (t Δ

Ts NRZ Pulses

1

 

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

Binary Digits

 

 ٢ J٥E٧ J٥F‫א‬  

E IntegratorF‫א‬ DM‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K٨ J٥‫א‬ELPFF‫א‬‫א‬

XDM

∫

Xq(k)

 

Low-Pass Filter

X(k)

 

 ٨ J٥‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Xq(k)

-٨٣

-

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

XDM

+

Low-Pass Filter

+

X(k)

+ Delay, Ts

 

 ‫א‬E٩ J٥F‫א‬  

٣ J٥

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E ١٠ J٥‫א‬F x(t) 

 Kfs = 1 MHz‫א‬K x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

  x(t) Ts = 1/1MHz = 1 μs

 x (t )

0 1

2

3

4

5

0

1

6

7

8

t,μs

9 10 11 12 13 14

Ts

0

 

0

0

0

0

0 0

1

1

 ٣ J٥E١٠ J٥F‫א‬

1

1

1

 

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KNyquist‫א‬ -٨٤

-

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

    

 W  

 EStepF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ،ESlope Overload DistortionF  K١١ J٥‫א‬







 EStepF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ‫א‬،EGranular NoiseF  K١١ J٥

Overload Distortion

Granular Noise

x(t)

 x (t ) Δ Ts NRZ Pulses

 

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

 ‫א‬E١١ J٥F‫א‬

1

0

0 Binary Digits



 

 

‫א‬،EAdaptiveF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EΔF‫א‬

K ‫א‬

-٨٥

-

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

AdaptiveDelta modulation ‫א‬٤ J٥       E ADM F ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E  F  EΔF ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K  

٤ J٥

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E ١٢ J٥‫א‬F x(t)   K x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

x(t)

 x (t )

Ts NRZ Pulses 0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

 ٤ J٥E١٢ J٥F‫א‬  

-٨٦

-

0

1

0 Binary Digits

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



  ،EΔF‫א‬،‫א‬

      ‫א‬   ،   x(t) ‫א‬  

 Kx(t)‫א‬

-٨٧

-

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

   

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫؟‬EDPCMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ KDPCM‫א‬EDelayF‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬‫א‬ E ١٣ J٥‫א‬F x(k) K٥ 

‫א‬ x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KE DPCMF‫א‬‫א‬

K٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

X(k)

9

8

7 6

3

 

2

0

Ts

2Ts

3Ts

4Ts

5Ts

kTs

 E١٣ J٥F‫א‬  

KDPCM‫א‬ K٦ K‫א‬ K٧

KPCM K٨

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠ -٨٨

-

 

‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



K‫א‬‫א‬ E ١٤ J٥ ‫א‬ F x(t) K١١  K x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

x(t)

 

 E١٤ J٥F‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٥‫א‬Fx(t) K١٢

  K x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  

x(t)

 

E١٥ J٥F‫א‬ -٨٩

-

 

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

٦

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬  KETDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 KEPAM-TDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 

 KEPCM-TDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



  

 



.٤ W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

  J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٠ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



‫א‬‫א‬ J٦ Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) ١ J٦ ‫א‬‫א‬       E Multiplexing F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ،‫א‬   ‫א‬   

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

،EFDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Frequency Division MultiplexingF‫א‬‫ א‬K١

 

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

،ETDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETime Division MultiplexingF‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،ESDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESpace Division MultiplexingF‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  E    F ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩١ ‐

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EWavelength Division MultiplexingF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

   ،         ،E WDM F

‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECode Division Multiple AccessF ‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

‫א‬،‫א‬E CodeF‫א‬،E CDMAF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

ERegenerationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEData RateF‫א‬

،ETime and Frequency MultiplexingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KEGSM, GPRSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

Basics Time Division Multiplexing‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬        TDM  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ 

‫א‬E Time SlotsF‫א‬E ChannelF‫א‬ K  W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،ESynchronous TDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J  

K‫א‬‫א‬ - ٩٢ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



    ،E Asynchronous TDM F ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

SW1‫א‬،١ J٦‫א‬‫א‬ ،E‫א‬ ٣F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ SW2‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

Message1 Quantize & Encode

Message 2

Channel

Message 3

Switch 1 or Multiplexer Switch 2 or Demultiplexer Message1

LPF

Message 2

LPF Decode

Message 3

 

LPF

  TDM‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٦F‫א‬

  

 PAM TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٦  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬        

- ٩٣ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 ١ J٦

،‫א‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 5‫א‬‫א‬ J

 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



τ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 ،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 K‫א‬ESync PulsesF‫א‬‫א‬ J



fs

 EFlat-TopF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J τ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬EPositive dcF‫א‬



 

 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 3 1

2 1

4 5

Frame # 1

 

3

2

4

4

····

2 5 Frame # 2

1

5

3 Frame # N

Sync Pulses

 

 PAM TDM E٢ J٦F‫א‬

 

،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W١ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٩٤ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 

‫א‬،  KEfsF‫א‬EFramesF‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 K10000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 kHz‫א‬  PAM‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  k‫א‬‫א‬ J

 

EW = fmF W Hz‫א‬‫א‬ J

 





 Efs= 2fm FNyquist‫א‬ J



 ‫א‬ J



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 EBT = 0.5/τF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 

 

‫א‬     K٣ J٦ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ BT ‫א‬

 W‫א‬

4 2 1

 

3

5

····

k-1

k

k-2

 E٣ J٦F‫א‬ WEFrame TimeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ T f  Ts 

1 1  2W 2 fm

- ٩٥ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



τ‫א‬ K٢

T f ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٣  BT‫א‬‫א‬ K BT 

0.5





0.5  kW 1 2kW

 

    BT ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٦ J٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬ PAM TDM  ٧‫א‬‫א‬ J

  2 kHz‫א‬‫א‬ J

.BT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





J

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ BT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

.Nyquist 25%‫א‬

3 7 2 1

6 4 5

 

····

One Frame

 E٤ J٦F‫א‬  W‫א‬

BT  k W  7  2 kHz  14 kHz

- ٩٦ ‐

  J

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 

 

  J

 WE٤ J٦F‫א‬

7Z‫א‬‫א‬ J

 8Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ وﻳﺴﺎوي‬τZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

τZ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

f s  (1  0.25 )  2 W  1.25  2  2 kHz  5 kHz Tf 

 

1 1   0.2 ms  200 s f s 5 kHz

7 data pulses  1 sync pulse  8 open spaces  16 T 200 s   f   12.5 s 16 16 0.5 0.5 BT    40 kHz  12.5 s

 PCM - TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٦  

PCM ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ PCM-TDM‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬KDS-0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Digital Signal - level zeroF

 KDS-0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٦  

3400 Hz 300 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 900 HzE3400-300 = 3100 HzF‫א‬‫א‬

 KE28 = 256F‫א‬8،256‫א‬K4000 Hz - ٩٧ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



WELine SpeedF‫א‬DS-0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

8000 samples / sec ond  8 bits / sample  64 kbits / sec ond  64 kb / s Analog Signal 0 to 4 Antialiasing Filter LPF

 

Parallel PCM Code Sample and Hold

Analog-toDigital Converter

Parallel to Serial Converter

Sample Pulse 8 kHz

Conversion Clock 1.536 MHz

Line Speed Clock 64 kHz

8-bit Serial PCM

 

DS-0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٦F‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

E LPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE Antialiasing FilterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEfm = 4 kHzF fm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WESample and HoldF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E fs = 8 kHzF‫א‬‫א‬  KETf = 1/8kHz = 125 μs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F٦ J٦‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٩٨ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  



time

 

PAM Signal



time After Holding

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٦F‫א‬

‫א‬WEAnalog to Digital ConverterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،EADCF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE Parallel-to-Serial ConverterF ‫א‬‫א‬

      ، ‫א‬  ADC     8  ‫א‬   K ،  

 Digital Carrier Systems‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٦     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   KEHierarchy System F ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬  

 Digital Carrier SystemsT1‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J٦

 

،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٩٩ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 24W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 TDM‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J

 PCM‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8kb/s W‫א‬‫א‬ J



 



μ-LawW‫א‬ J



8W‫א‬‫א‬ J



256W‫א‬ J 125 μs W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 

 K٧ J٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Sample 1 Channel 1 8 bits

Sample 1 Channel 2 8 bits

Sample 1 Channel 3 8 bits

Sample 1 Channels 4 - 23 168 bits

Sample 1 Channel 24 8 bits

Framing Bit One Bit

‫ﻳﺘﺒﻊ‬

Sample 2 Channel 1 8 bits

Sample 2 Channel 2 8 bits

Sample 2 Channel 3 8 bits

Sample 2 Channels 4 - 23 168 bits

Sample 2 Channel 24 8 bits

Framing Bit One Bit

‫ﻳﺘﺒﻊ‬

Sample 8000 Channel 24 8 bits

Framing Bit One Bit

·· ·· ·

Sample 8000 Channel 1 8 bits

Number of frames = 8000 per second

Sample 8000 Channel 2 8 bits

Sample 8000 Channel 3 8 bits

Sample 8000 Channels 4 - 23 168 bits

T1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٦F‫א‬

   

 WELine SpeedF‫א‬‫א‬  

- ١٠٠ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



24channels / frame  8 bits / channel  192 bits / frame 192 bits / frame  8000 frames / sec ond  1536 kb / s  1.536 Mb / s

 

 

‫א‬،E٧ J٦‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬

192 bits  one framing bit  193 bits 192 bits / frame  8000 frames / sec ond  1544 kb / s  1.544 Mb / s

 

،E T1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K٨ J٦‫א‬  

Level 1

Frame

Sample

1 2

24 1 channel 8 bits

 

24 channels 193 bits

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

1

1

1

2

2

2

4 96 channel 789 bits

6 7 672 channel 5592 bits

4032 channel 34272 bits

 

 ‫א‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٦F‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ELine SpeedF‫א‬‫א‬  K١ J٦

- ١٠١ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 ١ J٦ American  Hierarchy  DS-0

Line  Speed  64 kb/s

Number of Voice  Channels  1

 T1

 1.544 Mb/s

 24

 T2

 6.312 Mb/s

 96

 T3

 44.736 Mb/s

 672

 T4

 274.176 Mb/s

 4032

       Digital Carrier SystemsE1 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J٦

 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  KEPDHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPlesiochronous Digital HierarchyF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 30W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬ESignalingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2W‫א‬‫א‬ J

 

K‫א‬‫א‬



 EPCM-30‫א‬FPCM‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J



 TDM‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J A-LawW‫א‬ J



256W‫א‬ J



125 μs W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



8W‫א‬‫א‬ J

- ١٠٢ ‐



  

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 WELine SpeedF‫א‬‫א‬  

32 channels / frame  8 bits / channel  256 bits / frame 256 bits / frame  8000 frames / sec ond  2048 kb / s  2.048 Mb / s

 

 K٩ J٦‫א‬‫א‬،E1‫א‬  

0

1

2



16

For an Alarm and Frame Alignment

30

31

For Common Signaling One Frame, Tf = 125 μs

 

 E1‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٦F‫א‬

 

،E E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K١٠ J٦‫א‬  

Level 1

Frame

Sample

1 2

30 1 Channel 8 bits

 

30 + 2 Channels 256 bits

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Level 5

1

1

1

1

2

2

3 4

3 4

2 3 4

2 3

120 Channels

480 Channels

4 1920 Channels

 ‫א‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٦F‫א‬ - ١٠٣ ‐

7680 Channels

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   E Line Speed F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ E Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy F ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٢ J٦‫א‬‫א‬،PDH

     

 ٢ J٦ European  Hierarchy  DS-0

Line  Speed  64 kb/s

Number of Voice  Channels  1

 E1

 2.048 Mb/s

 30

 E2

 8.448 Mb/s

 120

 E3

 34.368 Mb/s

 480

 E4

 139.26 Mb/s

 1920

 E5

 564.992 Mb/s

 7680

     Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٦  

 W،‫א‬PDH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬

K١

K‫א‬

K٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

 KEStandardsF‫א‬ - ١٠٤ ‐

K٢ K٤ K٥

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



KEProtection SchemesF‫א‬‫א‬

KEHub and Ring NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K٦

K٧

 

‫א‬،ESDHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K١

K‫א‬‫א‬

K٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K٥

K‫א‬‫א‬EAdd Drop FunctionF‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

 

K٢

K٤

K٦

 

Synchronous Transport Module‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SDH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K155.52 Mb/s   E STM-1 F  KE٣ J٦‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٣ J٦ European  Hierarchy STM-0

Line  Speed, Mb/s 51.84

Number of Voice  Channels

STM-1

155.52

1890

STM-4

622.08

7560

STM-16

2488.32

30240

STM-64

9953.28

120960

STM-254

39813.12

483840

  - ١٠٥ ‐

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



   

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫؟‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣  W‫א‬‫א‬ PAM TDMK٤  20‫א‬‫א‬ J

 

  4kHz‫א‬‫א‬ J

.BT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ BT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FKNyquist20%‫א‬

KE

3 7 2 1

6 20

4 5

···· One Frame

 E١١ J٦F‫א‬  

W١٢ J٦‫א‬ PAM TDM K٥

- ١٠٦ ‐





‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 



3 τ

7

2 1

2τ = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

6

40

4 5

····

3τ One Frame

 

 E١٢ J٦F‫א‬

،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬ BT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KNyquist10%‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

.DS-0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬

K٧

K٨

 KE8‫א‬F256‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬

K٩

‫א‬،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬

K١٠

 K512‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 20 %‫א‬‫א‬512‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KNyquist

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K١١

‫؟‬EPDHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K١٢

 ‫؟‬SDH PDH‫א‬‫א‬

K١٤

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬ESDHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٧ ‐

K١٣

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٧

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

    

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬  J







  

 

 K٦W‫א‬‫א‬

   

W‫א‬‫א‬

  J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

-١٠٨-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 



 Digital Transmission ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧    ١ J٧   F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KELAN‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J

 

‫א‬EAM, FM and PM‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬



 KEASK, FSK, PSK,…‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬FESymbolF‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EQAM, QPSK, …F‫א‬

 KEPhaseFEAmplitudeFEM-ary

 EEncodingF‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KEDSL،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 K‫א‬‫א‬EPCMF  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٧‫א‬  

-١٠٩-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻠﻲ‬ Analog Signal

Modulator AM, FM, PM

Channel

Receiver Demodulator

--‫أ‬‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت رﻗﻤﻲ‬ Discrete Signal

Dig. Mod. ASK, FSK, PSK

Channel

Receiver Demodulator

--‫ب‬‫اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﻟﻺﺷﺎرات اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﻴﺔ‬ Analog Signal

 

Sampler Quantizer Encoder PCM, DM

Digital Comm. System

Decoder And D/A Converter

--‫ج‬ 

 J،‫א‬‫א‬ J،‫א‬‫א‬ J،‫א‬‫א‬١ J٧‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢ -١١٠-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

KE01‫א‬  F‫א‬  KEBERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

    ‫א‬  E SNR F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   KEBERF‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬   E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬   E Encoding F ‫א‬   KESignal ElementsF

 

Transmission Modes ‫ א‬ ٢ J٧  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  Serial Transmission ‫א‬‫א‬

١ J٢ J٧  

،E TbF ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   E Least Significant Bit, LSB F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   

‫א‬ ‫א‬    KE٢ J٧ ‫א‬F ،‫א‬ E Most Significant Bit, MSBF  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١١١-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٧F‫א‬  

Parallel Transmission ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٧  

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٧‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬EAttenuationF‫א‬ J  

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٧F‫א‬ -١١٢-

   

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

    

،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬   E ٤ J٧ ‫א‬ F   ‫א‬    ‫א‬     KEShift RegistersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 

   ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٧F‫א‬  

 Asynchronous Transmission‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٧  

E StartF‫א‬‫א‬،E ٥ J٧‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE BytesF‫א‬E Gap F‫א‬‫א‬،E StopF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  

-١١٣-

 KEClock SignalF‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٧F‫א‬  

Synchronous Transmission ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٧  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٦ J٧‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  KE Gaps F ‫א‬   E Stop F ‫א‬  E Start F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E Clock SignalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٧F‫א‬  

 Line Coding ‫א‬٣ J٧  

 ‫א‬‫א‬EDigital DataF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١١٤-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



  F‫א‬E Digital WaveformsF‫א‬E BasebandF

 KE‫א‬  

 Line Coding Parameters ‫א‬١ J٣ J٧

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WESignal SpectrumF‫א‬‫ א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EdcF‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAc couplingF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     WE Synchronization F ‫א‬‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،E Clock Frequency F ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EClock ExtractionF‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE Error CorrectionF‫א‬   K 

ESignal Interference and Noise ImmunityF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬       K‫א‬‫א‬  

-١١٥-

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WETransparencyF‫ א‬

 

KE?0??1? ‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬WECost and ComplexityF‫א‬‫ א‬ K‫א‬

 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K  ‫א‬EClock RecoveryF‫א‬‫א‬ 

KEdcF‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 Line Code Types‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٧  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W،EPulse DurationF‫א‬‫א‬W   ،NRZ‫א‬‫א‬ENon return-to-zeroF‫א‬‫א‬ J

  

 ETbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EτF‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،RZ‫א‬‫א‬E Return-to-zeroF‫א‬‫א‬ J







Kτ = 0.5 Tb KETbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EτF‫א‬  W،EPulse Voltage LevelF‫א‬W 

 ?0?‫א‬ E+ A VoltsF?1?‫א‬،EUnipolarF‫א‬ J

 

KRZNRZK‫א‬

 ?0?‫א‬ E+ A VoltsF?1?‫א‬،EpolarF‫א‬ J -١١٦-

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 



KRZNRZKE- A VoltsF

 

 ?1?‫א‬،EDipolarF‫א‬ J

 dc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?0?‫א‬

 KEManchester CodeF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 E+ A VoltsF?1?‫א‬،EBipolarF‫א‬ J

E Alternate Mark InversionF‫א‬‫א‬K?0?‫א‬   KEAMIF‫א‬‫א‬  

 Unipolar Coding‫א‬١ J٢ J٣ J٧  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬  WENRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬ J

 

 W‫א‬

  Kdc J



 K‫א‬ J



 KEAc couplingF‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J





 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٧F‫א‬  

-١١٧-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

A Tb = τ

 

0

 ENRZF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٧F‫א‬

 WERZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 

 

 W‫א‬

 Kdc J



 K‫א‬ J



 KEAc couplingF‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٧F‫א‬  

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

Tb

 

+ 3 A 0

τ

 

 ERZF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٧F‫א‬     -١١٨-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

    ١ J٧

 

 KRZNRZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

     W‫א‬  

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

Unipolar NRZ

Unipolar RZ

 

 ١ J٧E٩ J٧F‫א‬  

 Polar Coding‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٣ J٧    WENRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J -١١٩-



‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 Kdc J

  

 KEAc couplingF‫א‬‫א‬ J



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 



W‫א‬

 K‫א‬ J



 KEBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٧F‫א‬ 1

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

+A Time

0

  -A

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٧F‫א‬

 

 WERZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J  Kdc J

 

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 K‫א‬ J



 KEAc couplingF‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J -١٢٠-

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٧F‫א‬  

1 1

0 0

1 1

0 0

1 1

1 1

0 1

0 0

1 0

0 0

+A 0

  -A

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٧F‫א‬  ٢ J٧

 

 K±3V‫א‬RZNRZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

   W‫א‬  

+3 Time

0 -3 NRZ

‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺮاﺟﻊ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ‬

-١٢١-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0 -3 RZ

‫اﻟﺮاﺟﻊ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ‬  

 ٢ J٧E١٢ J٧F‫א‬        Bipolar‫א‬٣ J٢ J٣ J٧  

 ? 1 ? ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬     

 K‫א‬?0?‫א‬، 

 WENRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 Kdc J



 KEAc CouplingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J



   

-١٢٢-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 

  W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 KE‫א‬?0?‫א‬F‫א‬ J



 

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٧F‫א‬  

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

+V 0

  -V

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٧F‫א‬

  ERZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 Kdc J



 KEAc CouplingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  KERectifierF  



 

W‫א‬

 KE‫א‬?0?‫א‬F‫א‬

 





K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٧F‫א‬  

-١٢٣-



‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

+A 0 -A

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤ J٧F‫א‬      Manchester Coding٤ J٢ J٣ J٧  

?0?‫א‬?1?‫א‬، 

 KE١٥ J٧‫א‬F  

 W‫א‬

 Kdc J



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 KEAc CouplingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬ J





 

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬ J





 

 KE١٥ J٧F‫א‬ -١٢٤-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

+A 0 -A

 

Tb ‫داﺋﻤ ًﺎ هﻨﺎﻟﻚ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻟﺐ وﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺒﺖ‬

 E١٥ J٧F‫א‬    ٣ J٧

 K±3V‫א‬RZNRZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

-١٢٥-

 



‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   W‫א‬

1

1

0

1

1

1

Unipolar RZ

Bipolar RZ

RZ-AMI

 

 

 ٣ J٧E١٦ J٧F‫א‬

-١٢٦-

0

0

0

1

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

    K‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬ K٢

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

K‫א‬‫א‬ K٩

‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K١٠ K‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢

KRZNRZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣  

1

0

0

0

1

Unipolar NRZ

Unipolar RZ

 

-١٢٧-

1

0

1

0

0

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



‫א‬     RZ  NRZ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K١٤

K±5V

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

NRZ

0

RZ

0

 

 

 

KRZNRZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥ 

1

0

0

1

1

Unipolar RZ

Bipolar RZ

-١٢٨-

1

0

1

0

1

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

٨

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 





 K٩W‫א‬‫א‬

   W‫א‬‫א‬

  J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

-١٢٩-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  



‫א‬‫א‬ J٨



 

Bandpass Digital Modulation   ١ J٨       E Bandpass F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

KE BasebandF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KEBit RateF‫ א‬K١

 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢ KEHigh Spectral EfficiencyF‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ K‫ א‬K٥

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Amplitude Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬  Frequency Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬  Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬ 

Binary Phase Shit Keying ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 Differential Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  Quadrature Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

M-ary Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation‫א‬‫א‬  -١٣٠-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   W‫א‬E١ J٨‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

vc (t )  Ac sin ( ct   )  Ac sin ( 2f ct   )

(1-8)  

vc(t) Ec

T

Phase, θ = 0 t

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٨F‫א‬

 W

 Kt‫א‬‫א‬Vc(t)

 K‫א‬‫א‬EAmplitudeFAc

 K‫א‬EAngular FrequencyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ωc  K‫א‬‫א‬EFrequencyFfc

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPhaseFθ  

‫א‬‫א‬E Ones or ZerosF‫א‬‫א‬ m(t)‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬EContinuousFEDiscreteF

vc (t )  Ac (t ) sin ( 2f c (t ) t   (t ) )

 

 

(2-8)

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٣١-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



  ‫א‬E cosF‫א‬ E sinF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١ J٨

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

3sin ( 2π10kt ) J

 10sin ( 2π2Mt + 0) J

 2sin ( 2π105t - 0.75 ) J

 W‫א‬ 3 0.1

0.2

t,ms

0.3

-‫أ‬-

  10

0.5

 

1

1.5

-‫ب‬-

-١٣٢-

2

t,μs

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

2 t,μs -1.36

-2

-‫ج‬-

 

 ١ J٨E٢ J٨F‫א‬ Amplitude Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٨  

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ASKF‫א‬‫א‬

KE PCM F ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    

 K٣ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ASK‫א‬  

PCM Data 1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

time

Carrier

time

ASK

time

 

  -١٣٣-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 ASKE٣ J٨F‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ASK‫א‬BT‫א‬‫א‬   BT  2 f p , where f p 

1 Tp

(3-8)

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Tp   ،E٤ J٨ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   fp   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 K  

··· τ

time

Tp

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٨F‫א‬

 

Sinc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   95%    ‫א‬   K٥ J٨ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،fp–fp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Kfc‫א‬‫א‬ASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

-١٣٤-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

δ(f-fc)

f fc-2fp

fc

fc-fp

 

fc+fp

fc+2fp

 

 ASK‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٨F‫א‬

 

 WR‫א‬EData RateF‫א‬،‫א‬ R

1





1 2   2 fp Tp / 2 Tp

(4-8)

 KEb/sF‫א‬‫א‬EBits/secondF‫א‬‫א‬R  

 

 ٢ J٨



‫א‬‫א‬ 0111010011‫א‬‫א‬ PCM  K‫א‬ASK‫א‬KASK    W‫א‬

-١٣٥-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

PCM Data 0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

time

Carrier

time

ASK

time

 

 

 ٢ J٨E٦ J٨F‫א‬  ٣ J٨  

 W‫א‬‫א‬PCM  

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

··· 5

 

t, μs

10 Period

 E٧ J٨F‫א‬

 

 W -١٣٦-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   KR‫א‬ J

 KASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  KASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J    W‫א‬

R

1



 W٤ J٨ J



fp 

1  0.2 Mb / s  200 kb / s 5s  W٣ J٨ J

1 1   100 kHz T p 10 s

BT  2 f p  2 100 kHz  200 kHz

 W٥ J٨ J  

f, kHz

 

800

900

1000

 ٣ J٨E٨ J٨F‫א‬  

E PCMF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ASK  KEMixerF‫א‬EMultiplierF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

-١٣٧-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

Binary PCM Data

Multiplier ASK RF Signal

vc (t )  Ac sin ( 2f c t   ) Carrier Oscillator

 ASK‫א‬E٩ J٨F‫א‬

   

 W‫א‬PCMASK،‫א‬  

 ‫א‬،ENoncoherent DetectionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠ J٨‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEnvelope DetectorF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEBinary RestorationF

  ASK Signal

 

Envelope Detector



Low Pass Filter

Binary Restoration

PCM Data

 ASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠ J٨F‫א‬  

 ‫א‬      ،E Coherent Detection F  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J

‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،١١ J٨ ‫א‬      K‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       E Multiplier F ‫א‬

 KEBinary RestorationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

-١٣٨-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

ASK RF Signal

v1(t)

Low Pass Filter

Binary Restoration

PCM Data

v ASK (t )  Ac vm (t ) sin ( 2f ct ) vc (t )  Ac sin ( 2f ct ) Carrier Oscillator

 

 ASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٨F‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،v1(t)‫א‬‫א‬ sin 2 x 

1  1  cos ( 2 x)  2

(5-8)

Frequency Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٨  

،?1?‫א‬f1‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EFSKF‫א‬‫א‬ f1    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K? 0 ? ‫א‬   f0 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KE    PCMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f0‫א‬

 K١٢ J٨‫א‬‫א‬FSK‫א‬

PCM Data 1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

time FSK

f0

f1

time

  -١٣٩-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 FSKE١٢ J٨F‫א‬

    

 ،  FSK   BT ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 

‫א‬ BT ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E Carson’s Rule F   ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ fp ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FSK BT  2 (f  f m ) f1  f 0 2 f m  f p  0.5 R

 

f 

(6-8)

BT  f1  f 0  R

 

RE fm = fp‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ fm ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Δf

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE R = 2fp‫א‬F‫א‬  WECenter FrequencyF‫א‬‫א‬

fC 

f1  f 0 2  

 

(7-8)  

٤ J٨  K0111010011‫א‬‫א‬PCM  K‫א‬FSK‫א‬ J

Ef1 = 4 MHz, f0 = 3 MHz,F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

KER = 400 Kb/sF‫א‬        

-١٤٠-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

    W‫א‬

 

 J

PCM Data 0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

time

FSK

time

 

 

 E١٣ J٨F‫א‬  

 W٦ J٨  J

BT  f1  f 0  R  4 MHz  3 MHz  400 KHz  1.4 MHz

   

KE VCOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ FSK ? 0?‫א‬ ،f1‫א‬‫א‬? 1?‫א‬  

Baseband

 

Data

Voltage Controlled Oscillator

 

Kf0‫א‬‫א‬ RF FSK Signal

 FSK‫א‬E١٤ J٨F‫א‬  

-١٤١-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   W‫א‬‫א‬FSK،‫א‬  



‫א‬،ENoncoherent DetectionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٥ J٨‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬E BPFF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ f1‫א‬

‫א‬f0‫א‬KEOp-AmpF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E BPFF‫א‬‫א‬

Binary F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE Op-AmpF‫א‬

 KERestoration  

  BPF f1

Envelope Detector



+

ASK Signal

 

Binary Restoration BPF f0

Envelope Detector

PCM Data

-

 

 FSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٥ J٨F‫א‬  

 ‫א‬      ،E Coherent Detection F  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J

E FSK SignalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٦ J٨‫א‬K‫א‬

f0 f1‫א‬،E MultiplierF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    E Op-amp F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬

 KEBinary RestorationF‫א‬‫א‬  

-١٤٢-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

vc1 (t )  Ac sin ( 2f1t )

+

FSK RF Signal

Low Pass Filter

Binary Restoration

PCM Data

-

vc 0 (t )  Ac sin ( 2f 0t )

 

 

 FSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٨F‫א‬

 

Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٨  

KE?0??1?F‫א‬‫א‬EPhaseF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 BinaryPhase Shit Keying (BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  Differential Phase Shit Keying (DPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 



 



 

BinaryPhase Shit Keying (BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٨

 

KE 180º 0ºF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     180º ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K١٧ J٨‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KE0ºF‫א‬‫א‬ -١٤٣-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

PCM Data 1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

time

Carrier

time

BPSK

time

 

 BPSKE١٧ J٨F‫א‬

 

،R‫א‬   BPSK‫א‬ BT‫א‬‫א‬

 KASK‫א‬  

 PCM،E ١٨ J٨‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ BPSK

E +AF‫א‬? 1?،E BipolarF‫א‬E UnipolarF‫א‬

 KE-AF‫א‬?0?‫א‬

‫א‬ PCM BPSK‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩ J٨‫א‬KECoherent DetectionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

-١٤٤-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

Binary PCM

V1(t)

Bipolar Vm(t)

BPSK RF Signal

vc (t )  Ac sin ( 2f ct )

Vm(t) = +A or -A

Carrier Oscillator

 

 

 BPSKE١٨ J٨F‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬ESquiring CircuitF‫א‬‫א‬vr(t)‫א‬BPSK

‫א‬E BPFF‫א‬‫א‬E 2fcF‫א‬

  E Frequency Divider F ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬Kfc‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬vr(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELPFF‫א‬  

BPSK Vr(t)

 

Squiring Circuit

BPF 2fc

Frequency Divider by 2

Low Pass Filter

Binary Restoration

PCM Data

BPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٨F‫א‬  

٥ J٨  

 K1101100001‫א‬‫א‬PCM -١٤٥-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   K‫א‬BPSK‫א‬ J

‫א‬   3 MHz  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J

 KR =200Kb/s

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

  JW‫א‬ PCM Data 1

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

time

Carrier

time

BPSK

time

 

 E٢٠ J٨F‫א‬  

 KASK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J BT  2 R  2  200 K  400 KHz

 KASK‫א‬ J  

-١٤٦-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

f, MHz

 

2.4

2.6

2.8

3

3.2

3.4

3.6

 E٢١ J٨F‫א‬     Differential Phase Shit Keying (DPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٨

 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬NRZ-MNRZ-S‫؛‬‫א‬NRZ-L‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDPSKF‫א‬‫א‬  

NRZ-L PCM Data

v1(t)

v(t) DPSK RF Signal

v2(t) = v(t-τ) Delay τ

 

Carrier fc

vc (t )  Ac sin ( 2f ct )

 

 DPSKE٢٢ J٨F‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬ EX-NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NRZ-S NRZ-L‫א‬  K١ J٨‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ETruth TableF‫א‬K

-١٤٧-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 ١ J٨

A 0 0 1 1

A



Q

B

B 0 1 0 1

Q 1 0 0 1

   

 K٢ J٨‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V1(t)

 

 1

 0

 ٢ J٨

 1

 1

 0

 1

 0

 0

 1

 0

V2(t)    1  1  0  0  0  1  1  0  1  1 V(t)  1  1  0  0  0  1  1  0  1  1  0 Phase 0º 0º 180º 180º 180º 0º 0º 180º 0º 0º 180º

   

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DPSK  

v1(t)

Av(t)sin2πfct

Low- Pass Filter

Restoration Circuit

PCM Data

Av(t-τ)sin2πfc(t-τ) Delay τ

 

 DPSK‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٨F‫א‬

 

E NoncoherentF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KDPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

-١٤٨-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 

٦ J٨  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

V1(t)

V2(t)   V(t)  0 Phase  

 ٣ J٨

 

 0

 0

 1

 0

 1

 1

 1

 1

 0

 1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     W‫א‬

V1(t)

 0  0

 0  1

 1  0

 0  0

 1  1

 1  1

 1  1

 1  1

 0  1

 1  0

V2(t)   V(t)  0  1  0  0  1  1  1  1  1  0  0 Phase 180º 0º 180º 180º 0º 0º 0º 0º 0º 180º 180º

 

 



 

QuadraturePhase Shit Keying (QPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٨

 

E M-ary Modulation F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   0, π/2, F‫א‬‫א‬E 0º, 90º, 180º and 270º F‫א‬‫א‬

  E N = 2 F   ‫א‬‫א‬  E M = 4 F    ‫א‬‫א‬  KE π, 3π/2

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬KEDistinct StatesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬00, 01, 10 and 11

‫א‬ ،‫א‬   E Information Capacity F ‫א‬    ‫א‬   KEDibitF‫א‬‫א‬K٢٤ J٨‫א‬  

-١٤٩-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

3   A cos  2f ct   4  

+ sin Dibit 10

Dibit 11

- cos

5   A cos  2f ct   4  

  A cos  2f c t   4 

+ cos Dibit 01

Dibit 00

 

- sin

7   A cos  2f ct   4  

 

 QPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٨F‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  s1 t   A cos  2f c t    s2 t   A cos  2f c t  





   

, phase   45   Dibit 10 4 4 3  , phase  3 / 4  135   Dibit 10 4  5   s3 t   A cos  2f c t  , phase  5 / 4  225   Dibit 00 4  

 

7   s4 t   A cos  2f c t  , phase  7 / 4  315   Dibit 11 4  

 

     

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EQPSKF‫א‬‫א‬  

-١٥٠-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

V1(t) cos2πfct cos2πfct

V1(t)

Carrier PCM Data

V(t)

Serial to Parallel Convertor

+ 90º Phase Shift

Vo1(t) Vo(t)= Vo1(t)+ Vo2(t) + QPSK

-sin2πfct

+ Vo2(t)

V2(t)

 

-V2(t) sin2πfct

 QPSK‫א‬E٢٥ J٨F‫א‬

   

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EPCM DataF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     K٢٦ J٨ ‫א‬      V2(t)  V1(t)

‫א‬KE -sin2πfct F90º‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ecos2πfctF‫א‬‫א‬  KQPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬V2(t)V1(t)‫א‬

 KV(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V1(t)‫א‬ J

 KV(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V2(t)‫א‬ J KEτF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 







 

،‫א‬ PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

K?Dibit?،EM = 22 = 4FEF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E 00, 01, 10 and 11F‫א‬‫א‬  K90º‫א‬BPSK‫א‬‫א‬QPSK‫א‬ -١٥١-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

V(t) 1

2

3

4

5

6

1

0

0

1

0

0

7

1

8

1

9

10

0

0

t

τ V1(t)

t

V2(t)

t

 

2τ

 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٨F‫א‬  

 

 

٧ J٨  

 W‫א‬‫א‬V2(t)V1(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

 

   W‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  V1(t)  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V2(t) -١٥٢-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

V(t) 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

t

τ V1(t)

t

V2(t)

t 2τ

  ٧ J٨E٢٧ J٨F‫א‬

   

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QPSK  

‫א‬‫א‬V1(t)،‫א‬‫؛‬E‫א‬FQPSK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vr1(t)‫א‬‫א‬ E 90ºF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  V2(t)

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vr2(t)‫א‬  

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    QPSK  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   KEBW = R/2FBPSK

-١٥٣-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

Vr1(t) V1(t)

cos2πfct Carrier

QPSK Signal

Vd1(t)

Vr(t)

Parallel to Serial Convertor

+ 90º Phase Shift

PCM Data

Vd2(t)

-sin2πfct

V2(t)

Vr2(t)

 

 QPSK‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨ J٨F‫א‬  

 

٨ J٨  10 Mb/s   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ QPSK  ‫א‬   W،50 MHz‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 W‫א‬  

BW = R/2 = ½ (10 Mb/s) = 5 MHz

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J   J

f, MHz

 

47.5

50

 E٢٩ J٨F‫א‬ -١٥٤-

52.5

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8-PSKF8،2

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬8  

MinimumShit Keying (MSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٨  

  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  MSK ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ PSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   MSK      ‫א‬? 0?‫א‬? 1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

  KE Modulation index, m = 0.5 F ‫א‬    ‫א‬ KE R F ‫א‬ 

 K٣٠ J٨‫א‬‫א‬MSK‫א‬  

PCM Data 1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1 time, ms

FSK

f0

f1 time

 

 

 MSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠ J٨F‫א‬ -١٥٥-

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   1msE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KER = 1/1ms =1kb/s F‫א‬  W?0??1?‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬500 Hz‫א‬f0 = 2000 Hzf1 = 2500 Hz

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬EContinuous PhaseF  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MSK

 K‫א‬ESynchronizationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،FSK  

Gaussian MinimumShit Keying (GMSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٨  

‫א‬    MSK    GMSK ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ELPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EModulating SignalF‫א‬‫א‬PCM

‫א‬‫א‬ ٣١ J٨‫א‬KE Gaussian Frequency ResponseF

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

G ( x) 

1 2  2

e



x2 2 2

(8-8)

 

 KEStandard DeviationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬σ،EVariableF‫א‬‫א‬x

-١٥٦-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

G(x)

x

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣١ J٨F‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬GMSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬EAmplitude VariationsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GMSK J

 







 

‫א‬‫א‬ GMSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WGMSK

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GLPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 VCOK٣٢ J٨‫א‬EVCOF‫א‬  KEFrequency Modulator with m = 0.5F‫א‬‫א‬  

Baseband PCM Data



Gaussian LPF

Voltage Controlled Oscillator

RF Amplifier

 GLPFVCO‫א‬GMSKE٣٢ J٨F‫א‬ -١٥٧-

GMSK

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



  m‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K0.5

 EQuadrature ModulatorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣٣ J٨‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K90º‫א‬  Km= 0.5‫א‬  

Mixer cos2πfct Carrier Input PCM Data

Gaussian LPF + 90º Phase Shift

+ 90º Phase Shift

 

+

GMSK

-sin2πfct

Mixer

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GMSKE٣٣ J٨F‫א‬  

 Quadrature AmplitudeModulation ( QAM )‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٨  

EAmplitudeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WM‫א‬‫א‬KP‫א‬‫א‬KA‫א‬‫א‬ M = K A × KP

-١٥٨-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   K‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬N  

N = Log2M = Log2 (KA × KP)

،، 8-Level QAM  16-Level QAM

‫א‬K٣٣ J٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٦F‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  KPSKASKQAM‫א‬،K  

 

Q

Q

I

I

   

QAM -16

QAM-8

QAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤ J٨F‫א‬

 

‫א‬ ،E Binary SequenceF‫א‬‫א‬E AmplitudeF‫א‬E PhaseF‫א‬  QAM‫א‬‫א‬KQAM-8 ٤ J٨‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  

-١٥٩-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٤ J٨ Bit Sequence Amplitude        

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

 0.5  1  0.5  1  0.5  1  0.5  1  

  

 Phase  0º  0º  90º  90º  180º  180º  270º  270º  

 WQAM  ‫א‬E AnalogF J

 



‫א‬‫א‬E ColorF‫א‬ NTSC PAL‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬     AM Stereo ‫א‬   KQAM ‫א‬   ‫א‬ KQAM

   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E Digital F  J

  

 KEWiFi802.11،WiMAX،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  90º     E cos2πfctF       QAM

 ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،E sin(2πfct +90º )F ‫א‬

 KE٣٥ J٨‫א‬FQAM  

-١٦٠-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

PCM Ak

Y1(t) = Ak cos(2πfct)

Y(t)

cos(2πfct) PCM Bk

Y2(t) = Bk sin(2πfct)

sin(2πfct)

 

 QAM‫א‬E٣٥ J٨F‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬      QAM     W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

E ASK, FSK, PSKF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K١ K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٢  K‫א‬

 K٣٦ J٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  

Low-pass filter

Ak

Low-pass filter

Bk

2cos(2fct) Y(t)

 

2sin(2fct)

 

 QAM‫א‬E٣٦ J٨F‫א‬ -١٦١-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 Information Capacity ‫א‬٨ J٨  

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،    ‫א‬،EMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EM-ary ModulationF‫א‬

 KENF

Shannon-Hartley F JE CF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WETheorem  

C  2 B Log 2 M

(9-8)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B  

 

 

٩ J٨  W،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬ KEM = 2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KEM = 4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  KEM = 8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J    W‫א‬

 W٩ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ C  2 B Log 2 M  2 10 k Log 2 2  20 kb / s

 

 J  

 W٩ J٨‫א‬‫א‬  J  C  2 B Log 2 M  2 10 k Log 2 4  40 kb / s

-١٦٢-

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   W٩ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ J C  2 B Log 2 M  2 10 k Log 2 8  60 kb / s

 

W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

S  C  B Log 2  1   N 

(10-8)

 

‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  S/N  

 K‫א‬‫א‬،

 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  

 

 10-8

  W،4 kHz‫א‬‫א‬  

  K20 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K30 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J    W‫א‬  

 KE100.1× 20 dB = 102= 100 F‫א‬20 dB،١٠ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ J  

S  C  B Log 2  1    4k Log 2 101 N   4k  3.32 Log10 101  26.6 kb / s

-١٦٣-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   KE100.1× 30 dB = 103= 1000 F‫א‬30 dB١٠ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ J  

S  C  B Log 2  1    4k Log 2 1001 N   4k  3.32 Log10 1001  39.85 kb / s

-١٦٤-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

  ‫؟‬Bandpass‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

K0.4 rad،100kHz،5V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

K-0.1rad،2000 rad/s،3V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ sin ( 2π104t + 0.25 )W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬PCM K٧  

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

··· 2

 

t, μs

4 Period

 E٣٧ J٨F‫א‬

 W

 KR‫א‬ J

 KASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  KASK‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ J  

Ksin2π106t‫א‬‫א‬ASK‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٨ ‫؟‬ASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٩

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢ -١٦٥-



‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣

 

PCM Data 1

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

time ASK

time

FSK

time

BPSK

time

 E٣٨ J٨F‫א‬ K0101011000‫א‬‫א‬PCM K١٤  K‫א‬FSK ‫א‬ J

f1 = 3 MHz, f0 = 2 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KER = 500 Kb/sF‫א‬EMHz, -١٦٦-

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥

 

KBPSK‫א‬‫א‬EPCMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K١٧

 KE ٢٢ J٨ ‫א‬ F DPSK ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K١٨ W‫א‬‫א‬

V1(t)

V2(t)   V(t)  1 Phase  

 1

 1

 1

 0

 1

 0

 0

 1

 0

 0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

KQPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩

K٢٤ J٨‫א‬QPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠

10 ‫א‬2 Mb/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QPSK‫א‬ K٢١

 W،MHz

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ J  

‫؟‬‫א‬MSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٢

‫؟‬‫א‬GMSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٣ ‫؟‬GMSK K٢٤

‫؟‬PSK‫א‬‫א‬QAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٥ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٦ ‫؟‬QAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٧

 

W،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٨ KEM = 16F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

KEM = 128F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J -١٦٧-

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



    ‫א‬   ،20 kHz  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K٢٩

 

 K25 dB‫א‬‫א‬

 

-١٦٨-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

٩

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

    

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬ J  K‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬ J

 



 

  

  

  

 

 K٤W‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬

  J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ -١٦٩-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬ J٩ Source Coding  ١ J٩  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    

 KEADCF  

 W‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EData ReductionF‫א‬W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EData CompressionF‫א‬W‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

E Memoryless SourcesF‫א‬W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Huffman Coding٢ J٩  

-١٧٠-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



  ،E ١٩٥٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E David Huffman‫א‬F

Shannon F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬KEBound

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ERedundancyF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E Codeword LengthF‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ESymbolsF‫א‬M K‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 

K‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ KM-1‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٣ K‫א‬‫א‬10

K10٢‫א‬ K٤

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،E Huffman Code Tree F ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K٥  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

L E Average or Expected LengthF ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

 W‫א‬‫א‬    

-١٧١-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

L

N

l  P i 1

i

(1-9)

i

‫א‬‫א‬Pi،i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬liW

 K‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬   K    ١ J٩

 K١ J٩ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬         

 K‫א‬  

 ١ J٩ ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬  0.3  0.22  0.2  0.12  0.1  0.04

    

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6

   W‫א‬

K١ J٩‫א‬P(X)‫א‬X‫א‬ K١

K0.1 + 0.04 = 0.14‫א‬‫א‬X6X5‫א‬ K٢

K0.14 + 0.12 = 0.26‫א‬‫א‬X4EX6X5F‫א‬ K٣ K0.2 + 0.22 = 0.44‫א‬‫א‬X3X2‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬‫א‬٣EX3X2F‫א‬ K٥  K0.26 + 0.44 = 0.7

-١٧٢-

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



K0.7 + 0.3 = 1.0‫א‬‫א‬X1 ٥‫א‬ K٦

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٨  K101W‫א‬‫א‬X3

 

 WE١ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L = 1 × 0.3 + 3×( 0.22 + 0.2 + 0.12 ) + 4 ( 0.1 + 0.04 ) = 2.48 bits.

X

P(X)

X1

0.3

X2

0.22

X3

0.2

X4

Codeword 0 0 0.44

1.0

0

100 101

1

0.7 0

0.12

0

1

110

0.26 X5

 

X2

0.1 0.04

0 0.14

1

1110

1

1111

1

 ١ J٩‫א‬E١ J٩F‫א‬

 

  Hamming Coding٣ J٩  

-١٧٣-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E Richard Hamming ‫א‬  F   

K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،

E Hamming DistanceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬،KEF  KRAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E Control BitsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬FEData BitsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬E2

،‫א‬‫א‬ m،E m , nF‫א‬‫א‬    E 8 , 7 F   ،   K‫א‬    n    k‫א‬‫א‬ K 7  8

 W‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬  

n  2k  k  1

(2-9)

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ m=k+n

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  

 ٢ J٩  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10    W‫א‬

 ٢ J٩‫א‬‫א‬،٢ J٩‫א‬‫א‬ -١٧٤-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 ٢ J٩ m،‫א‬‫א‬

 3  7  15  31  63  1023

n،‫א‬

 1  4  11  26  57  1013

k،‫א‬

   

2 3 4 5

6 10

 ٣ J٩  K100110111010101

 K‫א‬  

 W‫א‬

 K2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W F2‫א‬EParity BitsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ KEKKK،16،8،4،2،1‫א‬

KEKKKK،7،6،5،3F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ W‫א‬

KE1,3,5,7,9,11,…..F‫א‬‫א‬W1 

KE2,3,6,7,10,11,14,15…..F ‫א‬W2 

KE4,5,6,7,12,13,14,15,…..F W4  KE16-31,48-63,80-95,…..F 1616W16   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

-١٧٥-

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



?1?‫א‬0،‫א‬‫א‬?1?‫א‬1‫א‬ K٤ K ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

،7‫א‬E7 , 4F،،  K4‫א‬3‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬W

Kp1, p2, and p41, 2, 4W‫א‬‫א‬

d3, d5,d6 and d7E3,5,6,7F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ J٩‫א‬

K١

 

K٢  

‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٩ Bit position

1

Encoded data bits Parity bit

p1 p2

2

3

4

5

6

7

p1 p2 d1 p4 d2 d3 d4 X

X

X

X X

X X X

X X X X

p4

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K٣

 

p1  d 3  d 5  d 7 p2  d 3  d 6  d 7 p4  d 5  d 6  d 7

(3-9)

 

‫א‬‫א‬ XOR‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E XORF  

 W‫א‬

 X1

X2 Output -١٧٦-

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   

0 0 1 1

    

0 1 0 1 

   

  

0 1 1 0

K٤ J٩‫א‬E7‫א‬F‫א‬

K٤

 

 K12‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬1100‫א‬

  p1  d 3  d 5  d 7  1  1  0  0



p2  d 3  d 6  d 7  1  0  0  1

   

p4  d 5  d 6  d 7  1  0  0  1

 

 W7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

0111100

 

‫א‬‫א‬E1, 2 and 4‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE3, 5, 6 and 7‫א‬F‫א‬

E7,4F٤ J٩ ‫א‬ Data Word

 0 0 0 0 0001 0010 0011  0 1 0 0 0101 0110 0 11 1

‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬

Decimal Value

 0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 -١٧٧-

Code Word

       

0000000 1101001 0101010 1000011 1001100 0100101 1100110 0001111

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

1000 1 0 01 1010 1011 1100 11 0 1 1110 1111

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

       

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

       

  

1110000 0011001 1011010 0110011 0111100 1010101 0010110 1111111

 K6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬0110‫א‬

  p1  d 3  d 5  d 7  0  1  0  1



  p2  d 3  d 6  d 7  0  1  0  1 p4  d 5  d 6  d 7  1  1  0  0  W7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 1 0 0 1 1 0

 

 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬E6‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 1110110

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ p1  d 3  d 5  d 7  1  1  0  0

 

p2  d 3  d 6  d 7  1  0  0  1 p4  d 5  d 6  d 7  1  0  0  1

 

-١٧٨-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  

،‫א‬KE p3‫א‬ p1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E 1 + 2 =3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬01

K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

Gray Coding‫א‬٤ J٩  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFrank Gray‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Reflected Binary CodeF

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

KEADCF‫א‬‫ א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬  J

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMost Significant BitF‫א‬‫א‬

-١٧٩-

K١

K٢

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Modulo 2‫א‬F

K٣

    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ٣  ‫א‬

K٤

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

 

   

 ٤ J٩  K‫א‬1 0 0 1 0 0 1 ‫א‬‫א‬ 1001001‫א‬

K١

1←10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1

K٣

E‫א‬‫א‬F1←1E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 

0←00‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0

 1←11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0

  1←10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1

  0←00‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0

K٢ K٤



 E‫א‬‫א‬F1←11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0  

 1 1 0 1 10 1W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ٥ J٩  K‫א‬K4  

 W‫א‬

 K٥ J٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

-١٨٠-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F1101  

 1‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬ 1 + 1 = 0 → 0, 1 + 0 = 1 → 1, 0 + 1 = 1 → 1  

 1 0 1 1‫א‬

 EN = 4 BitsF‫א‬٥ J٩  ‫א‬

Gray Code 0000 0001 0011 0010 0110 0111 0101 0100 1100 1101 1111 1110 1010 1011 1001 1000

 ‫א‬‫א‬

Binary Value 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1 10 0 1101 1110 1111

  -١٨١-

‫א‬‫א‬

Decimal Value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Modulo 2‫א‬F

K٣

‫א‬    ‫א‬       ٣  ‫א‬

K٤

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMost Significant BitF‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

K٢

 ٦ J٩  K‫א‬1 1 0 1 1 0 1 ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬ 1 1 0 1 1 0 1‫א‬ K١

 

E‫א‬‫א‬F1← 1E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٢ 0←

 

0←

01‫א‬‫א‬1 K٣ 00‫א‬‫א‬0 K٤

 1←11‫א‬‫א‬0

  0←01‫א‬‫א‬1  0←00‫א‬‫א‬0



 E‫א‬‫א‬F1←11‫א‬‫א‬0  

 1 0 0 1 0 0 1W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

-١٨٢-

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

    ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

K٦ J٩‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ K‫א‬

 ٦ J٩ ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬  0.24  0.21  0.2  0.12  0.1  0.08 0.04 0.01

    

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦ K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧ K‫א‬ K٨ W‫א‬‫א‬ K٩  

m،‫א‬‫א‬

n،‫א‬

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  -١٨٣-

k،‫א‬

 2 5

 7  8

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 K‫א‬K01011101110101010 K١٠ W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١١  

‫א‬ Data Word

‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬

Decimal Value

 0 0 0

 0

001

 1

010

 2

011

 3

 1 0 0

 4

101

 5

110

 6

11 1

 7

Code Word                

‫؟‬‫א‬ K١٢

‫؟‬‫א‬ K١٣

 K‫א‬1 1 0 1 0 1 1 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤

 K‫א‬1 0 0 0 1 0 1 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥ W‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦

 ‫א‬

Gray Code

 ‫א‬‫א‬

Binary Value 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

-١٨٤-

‫א‬‫א‬

Decimal Value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

       

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  EResolutionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 



 

  

   

 

 K٦W‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

  J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  

-١٨٥-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠ Digital Image, Audio and Video Formats  ١ J١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬،E CDs, DVDs, Blue Rays, … F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K١ J١٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  

 ١ J١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  

 22.05 kHz‫א‬

 16 fs = 44.1 kHz‫א‬‫א‬  E16 bits = 2 bytesFK

44.1×103 × 2 bytes × 2 channels = 176,400 bytes/second One Minute: 60 × 176,400 bits/second = 10.584 MB

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  700 MBCD

K‫א‬٧٤‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬30‫א‬720 pixel ×480 pixel‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬16

720 pixel ×480 pixel×30 frame/ sec×2 bytes/sample =20.736Mb/s

One minute video requires 20.736 Mb/s × 60 = 1.244 GB

  -١٨٦-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E CompressionF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E DecompressionF‫א‬

 W،ECodecF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،Lossly‫א‬‫א‬ J

  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،Lossless‫א‬ J

  

،‫א‬‫א‬E Compression RatioF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E BytesF‫א‬E File Resolution FE Bit RateF‫א‬

‫א‬ mp3 - 128kb/s K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬128

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

i-Tunes and Windows Media ‫א‬١ J١٠

 

i-Tunes‫א‬  AAC 128 kb/s‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬،Windows Media Player‫א‬  WMA ‫א‬‫א‬ 130‫א‬E CDF‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  

 DVD Recorders ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١٠

 

-١٨٧-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



  MPEG-2‫א‬‫א‬DVD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬            ‫א‬    ،‫א‬

 K‫א‬  

 Digital Cameras ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١٠

 

     ‫א‬  JPEG ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  KERAWTIFF

،‫א‬‫א‬EResolutionF‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢ J١٠ ‫א‬

Format

 ‫א‬‫א‬ Full Name

SQCIF QCIF CIF DCIF 4CIF 16CIF VGA QQVGA QVGA HQVGA SVGA

Sub QCIF Quarter CIF Common Intermediate Format Double CIF 4 × CIF 16 × CIF Video Graphic Array Quarter QVGA Quarter VGA Half Quarter VGA Super VGA

XVGA

Extended VGA

WQVGA HD FHD UHD

Wide QVGA High definition,(720p) Full HD, (1080p), (16:9) Ultra HD ( 16:9)

‫א‬ ‫א‬ Resolution

Pixels

128 × 96 176 × 144 352 × 288 528 × 384 704 × 576 1408 × 1152 640 × 480 160 × 120 320 × 240 240 × 160 800 × 600 1024 × 768 640 × 480 480 × 272 1280 × 720 1920 × 1080 7680 × 4320

12,288 25,344 101,376 202,752 405,504 1,622,016 307,200 19,200 76,800 38,400 480,000 786,432 307,200 130,560 921,600 2,073,600 33,177,600

  -١٨٨-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 Digital Image Formats‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١٠  

E LossyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE LosslessF ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬

‫א‬ ،  KE ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬        ، ‫א‬

KE 24 = 16F ‫א‬   16‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،E 28 = 256F   256‫א‬‫א‬

E True ColorF‫א‬‫א‬ 16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE224 = 16,777,216F24

 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 TIFF١ J٢ J١٠ ‫א‬E Tagged Image File FormatF‫א‬‫א‬ TIFF

  K1986 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E ‫א‬      F ‫א‬  ‫א‬،E PublishingF‫א‬،E GraphicsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬    KE Digital Cameras F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E Scanners F ‫א‬

 E.TIFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  

 GIF٢ J٢ J١٠ ‫א‬EGraphics Interchange Format F‫א‬GIF ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E AnimationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٨٩-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



  E LosslessF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  256

Repeated Patterns of F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPixels  KPNG‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 E.GIFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 PNG٣ J٢ J١٠ 

 

E Portable Network GraphicsF‫א‬‫א‬ PNG ‫א‬‫א‬K1996‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GIF‫א‬‫א‬

PNG-8PNGK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 24‫א‬‫א‬ PNG-24E 256 ColorsF‫א‬‫א‬ 8‫א‬‫א‬

 KE16 Million ColorsF‫א‬‫א‬

 E.PNGF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 JPEG٤ J٢ J١٠  

Joint Photographic Experts Group?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?JPEG

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   JPEG   

 KELosslyF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60%‫א‬  KJPEG2000‫א‬JPEG‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E.JPGF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٩٠-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 BMP٥ J٢ J١٠  

Bitmap Picture ‫א‬ BMP

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE.BMPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K٣ J١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٣ J١٠ ‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

901 K

 ‫א‬TIFF

928 K

 ‫א‬TIFF

319 K

 JPEG

 188 K

 JPEG

50 K 741 K

 E FJPEG

286 K

 E256FGIF

 PNG       Digital Audio Formats‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١٠

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬     -١٩١-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 MPEG-3 ١ J٣ J١٠

KMP3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E MPEG Audio Layer IIIFE MPEG-1 Layer IIIF

‫א‬‫א‬ 1994‫א‬ MP3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WMP3K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   With Constant Bit Rate‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬With Variable Bit Rate‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

  



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٤ J١٠ kHz،fs‫א‬

 32, 44.1 and 48  16, 22.05, and 24

Kb/s،‫א‬

32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224,  256, 320 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160

 ‫א‬‫א‬ MPEG-1 Layer III MPEG-2 Layer III

 

‫א‬‫א‬ 128 kb/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K 

 ‫א‬ E Up to 320 kb/s F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬ECD QualityF‫א‬‫א‬  K44.1 kHz‫א‬ J

 K16‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K2‫א‬‫א‬ J

 E.MP3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٩٢-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

    ٤ J١٠

 K96 kb/sMP3‫א‬‫א‬،700MB    W‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Bit rate = 96kb/s = 96/8 = 12 kB/s ( one byte = 8 bits ) 12 kB/s × 60 = 720 kB/ minute 700 MB/ 720 kB/minute = 972 minutes.

 

   ٥ J١٠

‫א‬K1411.2 kb/s‫א‬EAudio CDF  K192 kb/s128 kb/sWMP3‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬

 For 128 kb / s :

1411.2 kb / s  11.025  11 128 kb / s

For 192 kb / s :

1411.2 kb / s  7.35  7 192 kb / s  AAC ٢ J٣ J١٠

 

‫א‬EAdvanced Audio CodingF‫א‬‫א‬AAC

1997‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MP3

KMP3, MP2 , MP1MPEG-1‫א‬‫א‬MPEG-2 Part 7  W‫א‬MP3AAC

-١٩٣-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



From 16 FMP3EFrom 8 to 96 kHzFfs‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 

KEto 48 kHz

MPEG-1 MP3F‫א‬ MP3 48 K٢ KEMPEG-2‫א‬

K K٣

K16 kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

 

 E.AACF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    WMA ٣ J٣ J١٠

 

    ‫א‬ E Windows Media Audio F ‫א‬   WMA  

W‫א‬‫א‬K1999‫א‬

KReal Audio MP3‫א‬‫א‬E Original WMAF‫א‬ WMA 

 

48 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KEStereoF‫א‬kHz

 WMA Pro‫א‬‫א‬E Professional WMAF‫א‬‫א‬ WMA  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬8‫א‬96 kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ELossless WMAF‫א‬WMA 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K‫א‬6‫א‬96 kHz‫א‬

-١٩٤-



‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



‫א‬    ‫א‬    E WMA Voice F  WMA  

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

K20kb/s‫א‬EMonoF‫א‬22.05 kHz

 

 E.WMAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WAV ٤ J٣ J١٠

 

    ‫א‬ E Waveform Audio F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  WAV  

، WAV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1991‫א‬ IBM ‫א‬        WAV   K 

 KELinear PCMF‫א‬  

 W‫א‬WAV  K‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KWAV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 

 



 

   ‫א‬         ‫א‬ WAV  

324GB‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 KE232 = 4,294,967,296F،EFile Size HeaderF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E.WAVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       -١٩٥-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

  Digital Video Formats‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١٠  

   ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  

‫א‬‫א‬،١ J١٠‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬

      ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Standards OrganizationsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 MPEG١ J٤ J١٠

 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E Moving Picture Experts Group F  MPEG  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1988‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ISOF‫א‬‫א‬

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬DVD‫א‬‫א‬

 E.MPGF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WMPEG‫א‬  

 W‫א‬MPEG-1‫א‬‫א‬  E1.5 Mb/sF J



E‫א‬3030 HzF ، 1.25 Mb/s ( 352 × 242 × 30 Hz )W‫א‬ J



 KCDrom‫א‬ J



 240 kb/s Etwo channelsFW‫א‬ J

-١٩٦-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   EVideo Home SystemF،VHS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬MPEG-2‫א‬‫א‬  E40Mb/sF J

EHDTVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬5‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J

  



KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FSurround Sound ‫א‬‫א‬  KCDrom‫א‬ J



  E ResolutionF ‫א‬   E Image Size F ‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   2048‫א‬‫א‬E 2048 × 1536F‫א‬K

 ٤ J١٠ ‫א‬  K 3,145,728    1536   ‫א‬  KMPEG-2‫א‬‫א‬  

1920 × HDTV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MPEG-3‫א‬‫א‬

EMPEG-2High 1440 F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬301080  KE٤ J١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  

 

 W‫א‬MPEG-4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E64kb/sF‫א‬ J

  

( 176 × 144 × 10 Hz )W‫א‬ J



 KVideophones‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J



 10kb/sW‫א‬ J

-١٩٧-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ٥ J١٠ Level



Picture Size, Maximum bit Frames Per Second = 30 rate

Low

352 × 240

4 Mb/s

Main

720 × 480

15Mb/s

High 1440

1440 × 1152

60Mb/s

High

1920 × 1080

80Mb/s

       MPEG-4٢ J٤ J١٠

 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   MP4 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ MPEG-4 Part 14   Container  F    MP4   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ MP3 MP4K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Format

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K  

Quick F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MP4

 KETime Format

 

 E.MP4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

-١٩٨-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 H.263٣ J٤ J١٠

 

E Low Bit RateF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H.263

‫א‬١٩٩٦‫א‬EITUF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬64 kb/s‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬KEVideoconferencingF‫א‬‫א‬

 KH.261‫א‬H.263‫א‬‫א‬  

 H.264٤ J٤ J١٠  

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 2003‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K MPEG-4 part 10E Advanced Video CodingF‫א‬

‫א‬       ‫א‬   ‫א‬    

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E Blue-ray DiscsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬  E Encoder F ‫א‬  KE YouTube, Adobe Flash Player, i-TunesF

‫א‬‫א‬EDecoderF‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬H.264  KE‫א‬50%‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬      DVD   ، 

  

H.264  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        MPEG-2

 K‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J -١٩٩-



 

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 MOV٥ J٤ J١٠

 

‫א‬E MultimediaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MOV

K‫א‬Apple Computer1991‫א‬      E Multimedia Container F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    MOV

 ‫א‬،Apple‫א‬‫א‬QuickTime‫א‬

MP4MOVK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETracksF

 KMOV،‫א‬‫א‬KMPEG-4‫א‬

 KE.MOVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 DivX٦ J٤ J١٠  

E CodecsF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ DivX‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Digital Video ExpressF DivXKMPEG-4

KQuickTime  MOV    WMV  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   Xvid  ‫א‬   E Open Source F ‫א‬   

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K   ‫א‬  ‫א‬      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٦ J١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

-٢٠٠-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 ٦ J١٠  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

mp3    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

Advanced Audio Coding

‫א‬

Audio Interchange File Format

CD  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   

Apple Lossless Encoding

 ALE

Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding

 ATRAC

Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding 3

 ATRAC3

Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding 3 plus

ATRAC3plus

 K‫א‬‫א‬  KCD‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 AAC

AIFF

 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،    

  CD     ،‫א‬  K

   ،‫א‬   

 K‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     KEHi-MDF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 Audio Format

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 AU

 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

1080i and 720p  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬    ، 

Advanced Video Coding High  Definition

 AVCHD

 KEBlue Ray DiscsF‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ،‫א‬  K‫א‬  

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Audio Video Interleaved

AVI

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

Bitmap Pictures

BMP

Digital Video

DV

Digital Video Codec Created from DivX Company

DivX

Graphic Interchange Format

GIF

Joint Photographic Expert Group

JPEG

Moving Picture Experts Group

MPEG

Moving Picture Experts GroupPart1

MPEG-1

Moving Picture Experts GroupPart2

MPEG-2

Moving Picture Experts GroupPart4

MPEG-4

 KK

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Mini

 F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

 ‫א‬KE DV Cassette

   5   F     KE1GB

 MPEG-4

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬ ?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬

  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       KCD‫א‬

  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ DVD

 K‫א‬

 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬

MPEG-1, Audio Layer 3

MP3

MP3 Professional

MP3Pro

QuickTime

QuickTime

RAW Image Format

RAW

Real Media

RealMedia

Sound Designer II

SDII

Shorten

SHN

Tag Image File Format

TIFF

 

  ‫א‬  MP3   

 K

 ‫א‬     

KApple‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  K

‫א‬EF

   ‫א‬    

 ‫א‬     K‫א‬   KNegative E Streaming F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Digital

،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 KRealVideoRealAudi

     

 K‫א‬  

 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬    

 F         KAIFFWAV‫א‬  

‫א‬      

KE Desktop PublishingF‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 K‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬

 MP3  ‫א‬   K  

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

Vorbis Audio Format

Vorbis

Waveform Audio

WAV

Windows Media Audio

WMA

Windows Media Video

WMV

Xvid

Xvid

 K‫א‬،‫א‬  

‫א‬      

‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬E CDF

    F     KE10MB‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   

 MP3K‫א‬

‫א‬     ‫א‬   K64 kb/s96 kbls‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   

‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬KMPEG-4‫א‬

 DivX‫א‬

-٢٠٤-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

    ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

KCD‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦   J  32‫א‬ J

 16‫א‬ J

‫؟‬TIFF‫א‬ K٧ ‫؟‬GIF‫א‬ K٨

‫؟‬PNG‫א‬ K٩

‫؟‬JPEG‫א‬ K١٠ ‫؟‬BMP‫א‬ K١١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EScannerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢ K‫א‬

‫؟‬MP3‫א‬ K١٣

MP3‫א‬‫א‬،700MB K١٤ K128 kb/s

MP3‫א‬‫א‬،700MB K١٥ K256 kb/s

K1411.2 kb/s‫א‬EAudio CDF K١٦  K320 kb/s96 kb/sWMP3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬AAC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧ -٢٠٥-

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



‫؟‬WMA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨

 

‫؟‬WAV‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩ KMPEG‫א‬ K٢٠

‫؟‬MPEG-1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢١

‫؟‬MPEG-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٢

‫؟‬MPEG-4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٣ ‫؟‬‫א‬H.264‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٤ ‫؟‬‫א‬MOV‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٥ ‫؟‬‫א‬DivX‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٦

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٥ J١٠ K٢٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٥ J١٠ K٢٨  

 

-٢٠٦-



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

1- Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications, Fundamentals and Applications, first edition 1988. 2- Sarkar N., Elements of Digital Communications, first edition, 2003. 3- Apuba Das, Digital Communications, Principles and System Modeling, 2010. 4- Haykin S., Introduction to Analog and Digital Communications, second edition, 2007. 5- Frenzel L. E., Communication Electronics, third edition, 2001. 6- Shrader R. L., Electronic Communications, sixth edition, 1991. 7- Temes L., Schultz M.E. Electronic Communications, Schaum’s outlines, second edition, 1998. 8- Smith J.R., Modern Communication Circuits, second edition, 1998. 9- Miller G. M., Beasley J.S., Modern Electronic Communications, seventh edition, 2002.

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 

‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١  ٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١  ٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١

 ٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١

 ٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ J٤ J١

 ٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٢ J٤ J١  ٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKASCII٣ J٤ J١

 ١١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ١٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ J٢

 ١٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢

 ١٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣ J٢

 ١٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٢  ٢٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢

 ٢٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٤ J٢

 ٢٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٢

 ٢٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢

 ٢٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٢

 ٣٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

    W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ٣٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ J٣

 ٣٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ J٣

٤٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٣ J٣

 ٤٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٤ J٣

 ٤٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٤٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ١ J٤

 ٥٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ J٤

 ٥٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٣ J٤

 ٥٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٤

 ٥٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٣ J٤

 ٥٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٣ J٤

 ٦٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٤  ٦٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J٤  ٦٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ٦٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

μ١ J٣ J٣ J٤

A٢ J٣ J٣ J٤

 ٧٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤

  ٧٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ J٤

 ٧٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬   ٨١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 

١ J٥

 ٨١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥

 ٨٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٣ J٥

 ٨٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٤ J٥

 ٩٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٩٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

١ J٦

 ٩٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦  ٩٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٦

 ١٠٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٦

  ١٠٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٦

 ١٠٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKT1‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J٦

 ١٠٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE1‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J٦

 ١٠٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٦

 ١١٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ١١٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ J٧

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   ١١٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ J٧

 ١١٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٧

 ١١٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٧  ١١٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٧

 ١١٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٧  ١١٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٣ J٧

 ١١٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬١ J٣ J٧

 ١٢٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٧

 ١٢١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬١ J٢ J٣ J٧

 ١٢٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٣ J٧

 ١٢٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٣ J٢ J٣ J٧

 ١٢٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤ J٢ J٣ J٧

 ١٣٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  

 W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

  ١ J٨

 ١٤٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

٣ J٨

١٣٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

٢ J٨

 ١٤٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٨

 ١٤٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٨  ١٥٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٨

 ١٥٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٨

 ١٥٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٨

 ١٥٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٨

 ١٦١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٨

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣١

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   ١٦٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٨ J٨

 ١٦٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ١٧٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ J٩  ١٧٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢

J٩

 ١٨٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٤

J٩

 ١٧٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣

J٩

 ١٨٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ١٩٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ J١٠  ١٩٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١٠  ١٩٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKTIFF١ J٢ J١٠

 ١٩٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKGIF٢ J٢ J١٠  ١٩٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPNG٣ J٢ J١٠

 ١٩٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJPEG٤ J٢ J١٠  ١٩٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPMP٥ J٢ J١٠

 ١٩٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١٠  ١٩٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKMPEG-3١ J٣ J١٠  ١٩٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKAAC٢ J٣ J١٠

 ١٩٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWMA٣ J٣ J١٠

 ١٩٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWAV٤ J٣ J١٠

 ‫א‬

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