Did Moses Exist the Myth of the Israelite Law Giver

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Did Moses Exist? Ex ist? The Myth of the Israelite Israelite Lawgiver Lawg iver D.M. Murdock

Stellar Stellar House Publishing Seattle, Washington StellarHousePublishing.com







































































































































ALSO BY D.M. MURDOCK a.k.a. ACHARYA S The Christ Conspiracy: The Greatest Story Ever Sold Suns of God: Go d: Kr Kr ishna, Buddha Buddha and Christ Unveiled Who Was Jesus? Fingerprints of The Christ Christ in Egypt: The Hor us-Jesus Connection Connection The Gospel Go spel According According to Acharya Acharya S The Astrotheology Calendar Series DID MOSES MOSES EXIST? THE T HE MYTH OF THE ISRAELITE LAWGIVER LAWGIVER Copyright © 2014 by D.M. Murdock a.k.a. Acharya S All rig r ight htss reserved. r eserved. Printed in the United United States States of America. Amer ica. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise—without written permission except for brief quotations in articles ar ticles and reviews. For For infor mation, address Stellar Stellar House Publishing, LLC, 93 S. Jackson St., St., Ste. 57463, Seattle, WA 98104; www.stellarhousepublishing.com Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Publi cation Data Murdock, Murdo ck, D.M. D.M./Achar /Acharya ya S Did Moses Exist? The Myth of the Israelite Lawgiver. 1 . Moses—Hist Moses—Histor oricity icity 2. Judaism—Ori Judaism—Origin gin Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN: 0-9799631-8-4 ISBN13: ISBN13: 978-0-9799631-8-6 978-0-9799631-8- 6 Design and layout by D.M. Murdock; cover by Mark Chiacchira and D.M. Murdock; Kindle and EPUB editions for matted matted by David Deley Deley.. Cover Cover images imag es (clockwise (clo ckwise from fro m upper left): Moses mo saic in the Cathedral Cathedral Basilica o f St Louis; Michelangelo Michelangelo , Moses Moses with ith horns, hor ns, San Pietro Pietro in Vincoli Vincoli,, Rome; cuneiform muš , Sumerian for “snake” or “serpent”; Hebrew text of Exodus verses; Hero (Gilgamesh?) holding lion, palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad, 713-706 BCE; Epic BCE; Epic of Gilgamesh Gilgamesh in cuneifor cuneiform; m; Dionysus coin; Moses coin; Moses and the Burning Bush Bushb y Mark Chiacchira; Moses holding ho lding tablets tablets by José de Ribera Riber a (1591–1652). (1591–1652). Biblical quotes herein her ein are ar e from fr om the Revised Revised Standard Standard Versio Versionn or o r “RSV,” “RSV,” except where where otherwise noted. Revised Standard Standard Versio Versionn of the Bible, Bible, copyrig co pyright ht © 1946, 1952, and 1971 1971 the Division of of Christian Education Education of the the National National Council of o f the Churches of Christ in the United United States States of o f America. Ameri ca. Used by permission. All rights reserved.













































































































































































































































































Table bl e of o f Content Cont entss List of Illustrations Preface Pref ace The Book of o f Enoch Enoch and Talmud Comparativee Religion Suppressed Comparativ Meaningful Mythology Primary Sources Sources and Translations Pioneering Scholarship Scholarship Modern Dis Discoveries coveries Space Consideration Unprecedented Access Access Introduction Intr oduction Greek Scriptural Knowledge? Knowledge? Philo Judaeus Judaeus of Alexandria Mythological, Not Not Historical The Mysteri Mysterious ous Milieu of the Day Many Lawgivers Lawgivers and Law Codes Codes Jewish and Pagan Pagan Syncretism Major Cro Crossing ssing Egypt and the Levant Levant Byblos Osiris in Jerusale Jer usalem m Differences Irrelevant Irrelevant Biblical Bibli cal Special Pleading Whoo Wro Wh rote te the the Pentateuch? Pentateuch? Mosaic Attribution Attribution Anachronisms and and Contradictions Book of the Wars Wars of the the L ord Moses’s Era No Moses Before th thee Exile? Divine Revelation Revelation and Author Authority ity No Archaeological Evidence Wellhausen and the Documentary Hypothesis Exodus Composition Earlier Ea rlier Folkl Folklor oree The Book of the Law Found or Fabricated? Josiah’s Yahwism







































































































































Hebrew Henotheism Yahweh Supremacy Supr emacy Great Hymn to Aten and Psalm 104 Thutmose II Etymolog Et ymologyy of Moses Pharaohh Thutmose II Pharao IIII King Tut Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Nectanebo II A Priest of Aten? Historical Fiction Conclusion The Exodus as History? Nonbiblical References Logistic Log istic Implausibility Implausibility Modern Gatherings Irrelevant Geography Geog raphy and and Archaeolo Archaeology gy The Burning Bush Rods to Serpent Ser pentss Bricks without Straw Elderly Leaders The 10 Plagues Unleavened Unleav ened Bread Br ead Mass Communication Com munication The Route of the Exodus Exodus The Philistines Pillars of Cloud and and Fire Parting the Red Sea? Exodus Encampments? Mt. Horeb and Mt. Sinai Serabit el-Khadim Gulf of o f Aqaba Baal Zephon Zephon and Migdol Migdo l Water Sources So urces Heavenly Manna 29 Trillion Quails? Tents or Booths?









































































































































Cannibalism Disposition of o f the Dead Giants in the the Promised Pro mised Land No Edomites Holy Genocide Time Compression Canaanites Canaan ites and Amor ites Magical Clothes Conquest of Canaan Jericho Apologies Conclusion The Exodus Exo dus in Ancient Literature Literature Circular Rea Reasoning soning Song of the Sea The Baal Cycle The Deep and Other Allegories Song of o f Moses Moses The Song of Debor Deborah ah Exodus in the Prophet Pro phetss Absent Abs ent Egyptian Record Recor d The Ipuwer Ipuwer Papyrus Amarna Let Letters ters Conclusion Hyksos Hyks os and Lepers Conquero Conqu erors rs or Ca Capt ptives? ives? Religious Conflict? History His tory or o r Fict Fiction? ion? Ahmose I Jerusalem Founding Hyksos Hy ksos as Greeks of Argos Arg os









































































































































Conclusion The Exodus as Myth The Slaughter of o f Innocents Innocents The Flight Flig ht Archetype Archetype The Great Mendes Stele The Exodus Exodus from fro m Egypt of Osiris Osir is The Exodus of Jesus Pagan Exoduses Exodus as Midrash Magical Rod The 10 Plagues? 600,000 as a Mystical Number Myt ythical hical Pillar Pillarss Parting and Crossing the Sea Controlling Control ling th thee Waters Waters Storm and Sun God Wandering the Wilderness 12 Wells and 70 Palms Manna and Heavenly Bread Water from fr om a Rock Forty Days, Nights and Years The Many Arks Covenants and Testaments The Golden Go lden Calf Redux Redux Mythical Myt hical Giants Conclusion The Lawgiver Archetyp Archetypee The Hero’s Hero ’s Bir Birth th Divine Legislators Ur-Nammu Menes/Manes, Menes/M anes, Manis and Mannus









































































































































Euripides Aristophanes Plato Megasthenes Artapanus Apollodorus Maccabees Varro Cicero Diodorus Horace Ovid Seneca Pliny the Elder Plutarch Pausanias Arrian Justin Martyr Lucian of Samosata Clement of Alexand Alexandri riaa Polyaenus Philostratus Porphyry Eusebius Sepphoris Mosaics Macrobius Hermias Nonnus Sanford Vossius Bochart









































































































































Massey Conclusion The Life of Dionysus Bacchic Attr Attr ibutes God of o f Nysa Nysa Drawn from fro m the Nile Nile Mises Twice-Born Grapevines Marr arriage iage to Zipporah Burning ‘Bush’ Land Flowing with Milk and Honey Smiting Unbeliever Unbelieverss Passover, Vernal Vernal Equinox and Wilder ilderness ness Exodus into the Sea Food of o f the the Gods Women Celebrating Water Manifestat Manifestatio ionn Jehovahnissi Dian-nisi, Great Judge of o f Heaven and Earth Earth ‘Dog’ as Companion Sun Standing Still Conclusion The Vine and Wine Early History Egypt’s Vineyar Vineyards ds Wine Goddesses G oddesses Greek Gr eek Viniculture Viniculture Blood and Resurrection Wine Epithets and Roles Elixir Elix ir of o f Love Baal’s Cup









































































































































El Shaddai Enlil and Ellil Adad/Hadad Conclusion Yahweh and the Sun Origins Orig ins and Hist Histor oryy Solar Yahwism Mazzaroth/Mazzaloth Jewish Zodiacs Ezekiel’ss Godly Ezekiel’ G odly Visions Tammuz and the Sun Lunar Deity Ieuo Iao Adon-Adonai-Adonis Conclusion Moses as Solar He Hero ro Moses as God Solar Aspec Aspects ts The Tent of the Sun Moses’s Shining Face Etymolo Et ymology gy of o f Moses Revisited Revisited Masu the the Hero Her o Gilgamesh and Mt. Mašu Twin Mountains The Moses Connection Mŝ the Sacred Serpent Ningishzida the Mush Mosheh and the Serpent Jebusite Serpent Cult at Jerusalem? Mašmašu Priesthood Priesthoo d



















































































































































































































































































List of Illustrations Fig. 1. 1. Map Map of the Levant Levant and surrounding surr ounding areas (after MapMaste MapMasterr ) Fig. 2. 2. Rosetta Stone with Egyptian hieroglyphs, Demotic and Greek, c. 196 BCE. Louvre Museum, Paris Fig. 3. 3. King Og riding giant unicorn behind Noah's ark. (Landa, Jewish Fairy Tales and Legends, Legends, 30) Fig. 4. 4. Wise and learned giant g iant frog , “fairy son” so n” of Adam and Lilith found at Passover, “wrote out the Law” and taught Rabbi Hanina “the whole Torah.” (Landa, Jewish Fairy Tales and Legends, Legends, 252) Fig. 5. 5. Egyptian lawgiver Menes (?) on Narmer Palette, c. 2925–c. 2775 BCE. Siltstone tablet, Egyptian Museum, Cairo Fig. 6. 6. Prehistor Prehistor ic bull carving, car ving, c. 15,000 15,000 BP. Stele Stele from fr om Gobekli Go bekli Tepe, Tur Tur key (after (after Teomancimit) Fig. 7. 7. Dwelling Dwelling foundat fo undatio ions ns from fr om Early Bronze Br onze Age, Ag e, c. 3300–2100 3300–2100 BCE. BCE. Tell es-Sultan, es-Sultan, Jericho, Jeri cho, Israel Fig. 8. 8. Hammurabi receiving r eceiving the law from fro m Shamash, 18th cent. BCE. Stele from Susa, Louvre (FritzMilkau-Dia-Sammlung) Fig. 9. 9. Cuneiform clay tablet, 3 rd millennium BCE. Found at Ebla, Syria Fig. 10. 10. Stylized Stylized palm tree tree or asherah, asherah, like those those tor n down by Josiah (2 Kings 23) Fig. 11. 11. Aramaic letter from Jewish community, 407 BCE. Papyrus, Elephantine, Egypt Fig. 12. 12. Israelite reformer king Hezekiah and his men destroy idols, including Moses’s brazen serpent (2 Kings 18) Fig. 13. 13. Josiah smashes the idols o f Baal (2 Ki 23). ( Holman Bible, Bible, 1890) Fig. 14. 14. Hier Hierog oglyphs lyphs for fo r ‘Asari.’ (Budge, (Budge, 1973:1.25) 1973:1.25) Fig. 15. 15. Akhenat Akhenaten en worshipping wor shipping solar so lar disc Aten, Aten, rays extend as as hands holding life-giving life-g iving ankhs or or









































































































































Fig. 33. 33. Jael Jael killing Sisera. (Speculum (Speculum Humanae Salvationis, Salvationis, c. 1360) Fig. 34. 34. Map of Near East during Amarna perio per iodd showing r egional egio nal powers: Egyptians, Hitt Hittites, ites, Mitanni, Kassites (after Historical (after Historical Atlas, Atlas , fig. fig . 6) Fig. 35. 35. Ahmose I battling the Hyksos, 16 th cent. BCE Fig. 36. 36. Saturn Saturn in a char iot drawn dr awn by winged, serpent-like dragons. drag ons. Engr Engraving aving by Pietro Bonato (1765–1820), Rome, Italy Fig. 37. 37. Migr Migrations ations of Semitic peoples out o ut of Africa into Arabia, Levant, Levant, Mesopo Mesopotamia tamia and Asia Asia Minor Minor (after ‘Ancient Mesopo Mesopotamia,’ tamia,’ Worldology.com) Worldology.com) Fig. 38. 38. ‘Asiatics’ (Semites) entering Egypt, c. 1900 BCE. Relief from the tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hasan, Egypt. Fig. 39. 39. Mer Merneptah neptah Stele, 13th cent. BCE. Cairo Museum (after Webscribe) Fig. 40. 40. Egyptian hierog lyphs on Merneptah stele stele transliter transliterated ated as ‘Ysri ‘Ysrirr ’ Fig. 41. 41. Shasu prisoner bound around arms and neck, 12th cent. BCE. Line drawing of relief by Ramesses III III at Madinat Habu, Egypt Fig. 42. 42. Map Map with with shaded areas showing hill settlements settlements of Samar ia and Judea, in between Jordan Jor dan River/Dead Sea and Mediterranean coast (Smith, G.A.) Fig. 43. 43. Seth-Baal (top), Baal-Seth and the sun god (bottom left two), and Seth with Amun name (bottom right), r ight), c. 16 16th –11th cents. BCE. Seal amulets (after Keel and Uehlinger, 115) Fig. 44. 44. Great Grea t Mendes Mendes Stele, 3 rd cent. BCE. Formerly in Bulaq Museum, Egypt Fig. 45. 45. Benjamin West, The Brazen Serpent , 1790. BJU BJU Art Galler y and Museum, Greenville, SC Fig. 46. 46. Joshua commanding the sun to stand still. (T ( Treasures reasures of the Bible Bi ble,, 1894) Fig. 47. 47. ‘Rama’s Bridge’ between India (top) and Sri Lanka (bottom). (NASA) Fig. 48. 48. Dor Doré, é, Destruction Destruction of Leviathan, Leviathan, 1865









































































































































(Aristobolus (Aristobo lus II?) II?) holding hol ding palm or olive ol ive branch, 55 BCE. BCE. Silver Silver coin of A. Plautius, Plautius, Babelon Plautia 13 Fig. 66. 66. Herakles and Dionysus, 3rd –4th cents. AD/CE. Mosaic at Sepphoris/Tzippori, Israel Fig. 67. 67. Hermes’s winged caduceus with two snakes Fig. 68. 68. Michiel Michiel van der Borch, Bor ch, Spies return from Canaan with grapes, grapes, 1332. Vellum, National Library of The T he Netherlands, Netherlands, The Hague Fig. 69. 69. The Dance of Cogul: Cogul: Small black ‘Dionysus’ with with enor mous genitals g enitals appears at center center right; ri ght; of 45 dancers, nine are ar e women, c. 10,000 10,000 BP? BP? Rock drawing, dr awing, Lleida, Spain (Henri (Henri Breuil) Fig. 70. 70. Territory of the Pelasgians, 2 ndm illennium BCE (Megistias) Fig. 71. 71. Venus (?), dubbed the "Mona Lisa of Galilee," c. 4th cent. AD/CE. Mosaic from Sepphoris, Israel Fig. 72. 72. Ashurnasir Ashurnasirpal pal II holding holding a wine cup, 9th cent. BCE Fig. 73. 73. Dionysian maenads or women with with thyrsi thyrsi and drums dancing ar ound an idol ido l of o f Bacchus as a pillar with with branches br anches (not shown), c. 420 BCE. BCE. Red figure figur e stamnos by Dinos painter, painter, Museo Museo Nazionale Archeologico, Naples, Italy Fig. 74. 74. Moses’s sister, Miriam, dancing with a timbrel. (André, 1884) Fig. 75. 75. Egyptian Egyptian gr ape cultivation cultivation and wine product pro duction, ion, c. 1500 BCE. BCE. Tomb painting from fro m Thebes, T hebes, Egypt Fig. 76. 76. King King David as Orpheus with har harpp and snake, 508 AD/C AD/CE. E. Synagog ue mosaic from fro m Gaza, Israel Museum Fig. 77. 77. Cornelis Cort, The Mocking of Noah, Noah, c. 1560. Engraving (The (The Story of Noah, Noah, pl. 6) Fig. 78. 78. Israelite spies bringing back huge grape cluster from Canaan. (T ( Treasures reasures of the Bible Bi ble)) Fig. 79. 79. Rev. Rev. grape bunch between between two two grape gr ape leaves; obv. obv. head of Dionysus (not shown), c. 530 BCE.









































































































































2ndm illennium ill ennium BCE Fig. 93. 93. Egyptian Egyptian winged sun disk, like the biblical ‘Sun of Righteousness’ (Mal (Mal 4:2), surrounded surr ounded by two two ser pents, pents, like the the caduceus or symbol of o f healing Fig. 94. 94. Shamash Shamash between between Mashu’ Mashu’ss Twin Peaks, Peaks, wearing a hor ned helmet and with with solar sol ar rays from fr om shoulders and arms, 3 rd millennium BCE. Akkadian, British Museum Fig. 95. 95. Storm Storm god go d Baal-Zephon Baal-Zephon holds ho lds a thunderbo thunderbolt lt and stands stands on two mount mo untains, ains, with with a serpent ser pent below, c. 16th cent. BCE. Cylinder seal from Tell el Daba/Avaris Fig. 96. 96. Mount Sinai (right), with St. Catherine's monastery at foot of Horeb (left), 1570–2. Oil painting by El Greco, Historical Museum of Crete, Iraklion Fig. 97. 97. Cuneifor Cuneiform m ‘Yahwè ‘Yahwè is god’ go d’ tablets tablets from fro m Babylon, 18th cent. BCE. (Rogers, R.W., 91) Fig. 98. 98. Cuneifo Cuneiform rm of Nor th Semitic Semitic ‘Jau is God,’ 18th cent. BCE. (Rogers, R.W., 91) Fig. 99. 99. Winged sun disk, c. 700 BCE. LMLK seal, Judea Fig. 100. 100. Anonymous, Ezekiel’ Anonymous, Ezekiel’ss Vision Vision,, 1670. Copy from fr om Iconum Iconum Biblicarum Biblicarumb y Matthaeus Matthaeus Merian Mer ian the Elder Fig. 101. 101. Apollo/Helios in his quadriga chariot with four horses. Roman mosaic Fig. 102. 102. Soli Soli-lunar -lunar Osiris Osir is syncretized to Aah or Iah, the the moon mo on g od. (Budge, (Budge, 2010:1. 2010:1.83) Fig. 103. 103. Yahweh written as IAO (inset), c. 1 st cent. BCE. Dead Sea Scroll fragment 4Q120, Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem Fig. 104. 104. Sun god Helios surrounded by 12 zodiacal signs, with four solstices and equinoxes in corners, 6th cent. AD/CE. Synagogue mosaic from Beit Alpha, Israel (NASA) Fig. 105. 105. Zodiac with Helios in center, 6 th cent. AD/CE. AD/CE. Synagog ue mosaic, Tzippor T zippori/Sepphor i/Sepphoris, is, Israel. (G.dallor (G.dallor to) Fig. 106. 106. Michelangelo Michelangelo Moses Moses with horns, c. 1513–1515. Marble, San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome











































































































































5). ( Foster’ Foster ’s Bible Pictures Pict ures)) Fig. 123. 123. Moses Moses and the the plague plag ue of o f fiery fier y serpent ser pentss upon Isr Isr ael (Num 21:6–9). 21:6–9). (T (Treasures reasures of the Bible Bibl e) Fig. 124. 124. Hezekiah Hezekiah removes r emoves the the bronze br onze serpent (2 Ki 18:4). 18:4). (Charl (Charles es Horne, Hor ne, The Bible and Its Story) Story) Fig. 125. 125. Moses Moses order o rderss the Levites Levites to to slaughter sl aughter all those worshipping wor shipping the Golden Gol den Calf. Woodcut oo dcut by by Julius Schnoor Schnoor von Carolsfeld ( Das Das Buch der Bücher in Bilden, Bilden, 1920) Fig. 126. 126. James Tissot, The Women Women of Midian Mi dian Led Captive by the Hebrews, Hebrews, 1900. Watercolor, Jewish Museum, New York.

















































































































































































































































































Preface “I will will open o pen my mouth in a parable: I will will utter utter dark sayings saying s of o ld…” Psalm 78:2 “The Bible is like water, the Mishna like wine: he that has learned the scripture, and not the Mishna, is a blockhead.”1 Rabbinical saying from the Gemara2 “The learned lear ned may penetr penetr ate into into the significance of o f all or o r iental mysteri mysteries, es, but the the vulgar can only see the exteri exterior or symbol. It It is allowed by all who who have any knowledge o f the scriptures that that everything is co nveyed enigmatically enigm atically..”3









































































































































supernatural and otherworldly tales.6 Very er y few scholar scholar s of today or o r yesteryear yesteryear would arg ue that that the the adventures adventures of o f the Old Testament Testament patr patr iarch iar ch Enoch (Gen 5:18) in these these texts texts or o r other Enochian writings record “history” or “biography.” The Enochian revelations represent obvious mythmaking, as do several other apocryphal apocr yphal and intertestamental intertestamental texts texts.. This same fiction-writing can be found fo und in the prominent pro minent Jewish Jewish text called called the Talmud (c. 200–500 200–500 AD/CE): ...The Talmud inform info rmss us that “a young unicorn unicor n one day old o ld is as lar ge as Mount Tabor.” Tabor.” Consequently Consequently Noah had great g reat difficulty in saving an o ld one o ne alive. He He could not get it into the the ark, ar k, so he bound bo und it by its its hor n to the side of the ark. At the same time time Og, Og , King of of Bashan (being one o ne of o f the antediluvians), antediluvians), was saved by riding on its i ts back. We are ar e furthe fur therr informed that he was one of the giants who came from the intermarriage of angels with the daughters of o f men. His footst foo tsteps eps were for ty miles long, long , and one of o f his teeth teeth served to make a couch for fo r Abraham. When When the the Israelites came against him under the command of o f Moses, he inquired the size of o f their camp, and hearing hear ing that that it was was three miles in i n extent extent he tor toree up a









































































































































rectified, particularly for the sake of the harmony with our natural surroundings, the source of much of the the world’s great gr eat religious traditions.

Meaningful Mythology In this regard, few of the facts casting doubt upon the historicity of various biblical figures are known to the populace, who who do not benefit from fro m reading r eading ancient text textss in their or o r iginal igi nal languages, languag es, context and milieu. Nevertheless, one need not throw out the baby with the bathwater and simply dismiss these traditions because they are myth m yth,, as myth is not no t meaningless. Quite Quite the opposite oppo site is true, because myth is pregnant with meaning, more so than is understood, despite the extraordinary efforts of such thinkers thinkers as Joseph Jo seph Campbell Campbell and so many o ther thers. s.











































































































































Apollodorus, Aristides, Aristophanes, Arrian, Cicero, Clement of Alexandria, Diodorus, Euripides, Eusebius, Hero Herodotus, dotus, Hesiod, Homer, Jo sephus, Justin Justin Martyr, Megasthenes, Megasthenes, Origen, Ori gen, Ovid, O vid, Pausanias, Pindar, Plato, Plato, Plutarch, Por phyry, Seneca, Seneca, Strabo Strabo,, Varr Varr o, Vir Virgi gill and others, often o ften in the the origi or iginal nal languages, languag es, mostly Greek, Gr eek, Hebrew Hebrew and Latin. There Ther e is a r eason these ancient texts texts are called “classics,” as they they retain r etain their their worth wor th despite despite their their great gr eat age. Hence, Hence, it is not the the age of a text or lack thereof alone that determ determines ines its value. I also discuss texts texts and wor ds in Akkadian, Arabic, Assyrian, Babylonian, Canaanite, Canaanite, Phoenician,

















































































































































































































































































Also because of such space constraints, I have not included a complete table of conten co ntents ts or the appendices. These features can be obt o btained, ained, however, as a separate document by going go ing to my website website DidMosesExist.com f or The Study Guide to Did Moses Exist?, DidMosesExist.com Exist?, a PDF file. In some places, r epetition epetition has been necessary necessar y, as in the the chapter “The “T he Dionysus Connection,” a key piece of o f the puzzle that r equires emphasis. Readers may skip this this repet r epetition ition and view this chapter chapter as a reference resource.





















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Did Moses Exist the Myth of the Israelite Law Giver

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