Alternative Alternativess To The
International International Style
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BRUT BRUTALISM ALISM
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Paul Rudolph - Le Corbusier
NATIONAL NATIONAL ROMANTICISM ROMANTICI SM - Hugo Alvar Henrik
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Aalto
MONUMENTALITY MONUMENTALITY
- Louis I Khan
NEO – EXPRESSIONISM
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I.M Pei
James Stirling - John Utzon
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ROMANTICISM Romanticism “is not exactly [found] in the choice of subjects nor in the exact truth, it is in the way of feeling .If you say Romanticism, you say modern art – that is to say intimacy, spirituality, color, aspiration towards infinity expressed by all means that contain the arts”.
Charles Baudelaire •
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THE BEGINNING
- TIME PERIOD - 18th century in Western Europe - It was an intellectual movement that influenced many works of literature, music, painting, architecture etc. - It was prepared by a literary transitional movement from Enlightment , called PRE-ROMANTICISM. - It passed through different stages that were specific for the diverse regions of Europe .
ELEMENTS Emphasis is on emotion instead of reason Seek reality through intuitive perception Feeling and imagination Expression of self is the most important Uniqueness ( Ideal Human ): Each person should be himself and pursue happiness in his own way
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMANTICISM
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Romanticism is a direct reaction to the Revolutionary period (Britain: Age of Enlightenment), a period that focused on reason, traditional forms of poetry and science. An emphasis on the beauty and purity of nature Emphasis of emotion over reason Belief in the natural goodness of man Belief that nature and simplicity= purity and cities Belief in “The 5 I’s” - Imagination, Intuition, Innocence, Inner Experience, and Inspiration from nature/supernatural
Hugo was the one who wrote the literary manifesto of the romanticism. He says “there are neither rules, nor models” for romantics . Hugo presents it, Romanticism evolves as an opposition to Classicism and
Romantic Parnassianism , offering literature freedom of expression through the dismission of norms.
Classicism •
presents an ideal, static,
Romanticism •
objective world •
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has ideal categories and eternal types of characters has an abstract, equilibrated and dominated by morals character simply observes the nature preaches rationality the rule of the 3 entities: of time, space and plot
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presents a universe determined by the movements of history, which is fantastical, subjective the nature overwhelms the character has a dynamic, sentimental hero, who is in a constant search for the absolute artists reinterpret the nature through their own subjectivity
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emphasizes sentiments, passions
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abolishes the rule of the 3 entities
THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT
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Romanticism has very little to do with things popularly thought of as "romantic " although love may occasionally be the subject of Romantic art.
Rather, it is an international artistic and philosophical movement that redefined the fundamental ways in which people in Western cultures thought about themselves and about their world.
Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe and strengthened in reaction to the Industrial Revolution .
Many scholars say that the Romantic period began with the publication of "Lyrical Ballads" by William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge in 1798 .
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The Sea of Ice Artist – Casper David Friedrich
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Wanderer above the Sea of Fog Artist – Casper David Friedrich
Alvar Aalto (1898-1976) is known as the father of modern architecture and Scandinavian design.
Aalto created his own unique style of architecture and design inspired by nature.
He thought good design should be part of everyday life – and this can be seen in his carefully considered works which delight their users from one day to the next.
His name in itself means "wave" which later would come to life in his architecture.
An architect, designer of cities, and furniture maker, Aalto’s international style
rested on a : distinctive blend of modernist refinement, indigenous materials, and personal expression in form and detail. His
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regional and cultural architecture has come to be known as the Scandinavian style. His work included schools, libraries, churches, housing schemes, university plans, entire urban layouts, glassware and plywood furniture.
Major Works 1929: Sanatorium Paimio, Finland 1930: Municipal Library Viipuri 1937: Terrace House Kuatya 1938: Villa Mairea Gullichsen Noormarkku, Finland 1939: Finnish Pavilion NY World’s Fair 1947: Baker House Dormitory MIT Cambridge, MA 1949: Helsinki University of Technology Espou, Finland 1956: Church of Vuokseniska Imatra, Finland 1958 Art Museum Aalborg, Denmark 1958: House of Louis Carre Bazches-sur-Guonne, France 1959: Community Centre Wolfburg, Germany 1962: Community Centre Seiajoki, Finland 1964: Edgar J. Kaufman Conference Rooms Institute International NY 1967: Mount Angel Abbey Library Salem, OR 1971: Finlandia Hall Helsinki 1973: Taidemuseo Alvar Aalto Museum Jyvaskyla, Finland E R U T C
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He
was very conscious of the need for social settings linked directly to natural surroundings with the use of natural landscape. They achieved this through natural living conditions, the use of natural materials, and integration within the boundaries of landscape and vegetation. Nature, sun, trees, and air all served as functions in creating a harmonious balance between natural and artificial.
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INTERIORS PAIMIO SANATORIUM
His use of complex forms and varied materials, acknowledged the character of the site, and gave attention to every detail of the building .
The
volumes of space created through clustered overlapping of forms were articulated with windows, and introduced views, and motion through curved surfaces .
FINLANDIA HALL (1962 –71)
These
curved forms often used by Aalto were, he thought, related to the anthropomorphic forms; he was always concerned with the human factor .
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AALTO-THEATER
Architecture in which indigenous building traditions and materials are combined with modern design and building technology.
Aalto's massive monumental designs both rich Säynätsalo town hall group, Finland in surface textures and traditional materials were showcased with his control of flowing spaces, natural light, sureness of volume and combined with a great attention to detail.
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Aalto has designed this building with the landscape in mind as much as the function, and the human experience. Aalto House
FURNITURE DESIGNED BY ALVAR ALTO
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NEO-EXPRESSIONISM
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Expressionism evolved from the work of AVANT GARDE artists and designers in Germany and other European countries during the first decades of the twentieth century. •
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Expressionism was a cultural movement in Germany at the start of the 20th century. Expressionist artists Sought to express the meaning of emotional Experience rather than Physical reality. Neo-Expressionist architecture is most common in religious and public buildings.
Neo-expressionism built upon expressionist ideas. Architects in the 1950s and 1960s designed buildings that expressed their feelings about the surrounding landscape. SCULPTURAL FORMS SUGGESTED ROCKS AND MOUNTAINS. •
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Organic and Brutalist architecture can often be described as Neo-expressionist. Expressionist artists Sought to express the meaning of EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE rather than PHYSICAL REALITY .
Architecture
is not based upon symbolism or gained knowledge; instead, meaning is conveyed on a non-intellectual or emotional level and directly through the form.
Neo-Expressionist structures are based on the continuity of form and a tendency to avoid the rectangle and right angle.
Curved
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and angled concrete or brick faced walls are common.
Dramatic, irregular shapes dominate and arches are common.
Sculpted forms rather than geometric shapes dominate.
Building materials take advantage of modern innovations in laminates, plastics, stuccos, and concrete work.”
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IDENTIFYING FEATURES: Curved/Angled Concrete and/or brick walls Dramatic, Irregular shapes, Tendency to avoid the
rectangle and right
angle Massive sculpted forms; Concept of architecture as a piece of sculpture Emphasis on structural engineering Distortion of form for an emotional effect Relinquishment of functional qualities for stylistic expression Cantilevered Roofs Laminated Woods Organic Design Fragmented lines Lack of symmetry is common E R U T C
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES : Link
architecture with the community and surrounding environment. Neglect the classical architecture Designs that represent the goals inherent in the mind of architect Inspiration from nature
EXPRESSIONIST AND NEO-EXPRESSIONIST ARCHITECTS : -Gunther Domenig - John Utzon - Hans Scharoun - Rudolf Steiner - Bruno Taut - Erich Mendelsohn - Walter Gropius(early works) - Eero Saarinen E R U T C
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Jorn Utzon
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Jorn Utzon is an architect whose roots extend back into history touching on the Mayan, Chinese and Japanese, Islamic cultures, and many others, including his own Scandinavian legacies. —
LIFE Born on April 9,1918 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Utzon’s father was director of shipyard in Alborg (Denmark) and was a brilliant navel-architect. Utzon studied at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen in 1942 . In 1945, he studied with Alvar Aalto. In 1949, a scholarship took him to U.S. and then to Mexico. He spent a short time with F.L.Wright & came in contact with Mies van der Rohe .
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HIS ARCHITECTURAL IDEOLOGY
His architecture, rooted in deep reading of human cultures, has given shape to processes of ritual and assembly in forms of haunting presence.
He combines the more ancient heritages with his
own balanced discipline.
He
feels the horizontal plane – the platform – to be “the backbone of the architectural compositions”.
He
combines these more ancient heritages with his own balanced discipline, a sense of architecture as art, and natural instinct for organic structures related to site conditions
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SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE (1959-1973) The opera house is located in
Sydney, New south Wales, Australia. The opera house covers 1.8 hectares of land. It is 183m long and about 120m wide. It is supported on 580 concrete piers sunk up to 25m below sea level. Its power supply is distributed by 645km of electrical cables. “...the idea has been to let the
platform cut through like a knife and separate primary and secondary functions completely. E R U T C
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The Sydney opera house contains:5 Theatres 5 Rehearsal studios 2 Main halls 4 Restaurants 6 Bars and numerous souvenir shops
The concert hall and opera theatre are each contained in the two largest groups of shells, The other theatres are located on the sides of the shells groupings.
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Precast concrete panels
supported by precast concrete ribs.
The Five Theatres Consist Of :- concert hall, with 2679 seats. - opera theatre, with 1547 seats. - drama theatre, with 544 seats. - play house, with 398 seats. - studio theatre, with 364 seats.
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THE KUWAIT NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
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