Book_4_EXOFYL:Layout 1
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Υ Π ΟΥ Ρ Γ Ε Ι Ο ΕΘ Ν Ι Κ Η Σ Π Α Ι Δ Ε Ι Α Σ Κ Α Ι Θ Ρ Η Σ Κ Ε Υ Μ ΑΤ Ω Ν
Eπιστημονικές & παιδαγωγικές δεξιότητες για τα στελεχη της εκπαίδευσης
Π Α Ι Δ Α Γ Ω Γ Ι ΚΟ Ι Ν ΣΤ Ι Τ ΟΥ Τ Ο
3O Κ.Π.Σ. \ 2Ο Ε.Π.Ε.Α.Ε.Κ. \ Α.Π. Α2 ΜΕΤΡΟ 2.1 \ ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑ 2.1.1.\ ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΙΑ ΠΡΑΞΕΩΝ 2.1.1.στ «Επιμόρφωση Στελεχών Διοίκησης της Εκπαίδευσης» Συγχρηματοδοτείται από το Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινωνικό Ταμείο (75%) και από το Ελληνικό Δημόσιο (25%)
ISBN: 978-960-407-188-3
ΦΩΤΕΙΝΗ ΠΑΡΑΣΚΕΥΑ & ΑΙΚΑΤΕΡΙΝΗ ΠΑΠΑΓΙΑΝΝΗ
Eπιστημονικές & παιδαγωγικές δεξιότητες για τα στελέχη της εκπαίδευσης ΑΘΗΝΑ 2008
Layout 1.ps - 9/29/2008 12:25 PM
À¶√Àƒ°∂π√ ∂£¡π∫∏™ ¶∞π¢∂π∞™ ∫∞𠣃∏™∫∂Àª∞∆ø¡ ¶∞π¢∞°ø°π∫√ π¡™∆π∆√À∆√
ºø∆∂π¡∏ ¶∞ƒ∞™∫∂À∞ & ∞π∫∞∆∂ƒπ¡∏ ¶∞¶∞°π∞¡¡∏
∂¶π™∆∏ª√¡π∫∂™ & ¶∞π¢∞°ø°π∫∂™ ¢∂•π√∆∏∆∂™ °π∞ ∆∞ ™∆∂§∂Ã∏ ∆∏™ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏™
∞£∏¡∞ 2008
Layout 1.ps - 9/29/2008 12:25 PM
™À°°ƒ∞º∂π™
∫ƒπ∆∂™ – ∞•π√§√°∏∆∂™
∂π∫√¡√°ƒ∞º∏™∏ - ∂•øºÀ§§√
ºπ§√§√°π∫∏ ∂¶πª∂§∂π∞
À¶∂À£À¡√™ ™∆√ ¶§∞π™π√ ∆√À ¶.π. °π∞ ∆∏ ™À°°ƒ∞º∏
ºˆÙÂÈÓ‹ ¶·Ú·Û΢¿, §¤ÎÙÔÚ·˜ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ¶ÂÈÚ·ÈÒ˜ ∞ÈηÙÂÚ›ÓË ¶··ÁÈ¿ÓÓË, ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ™‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ÷ڿϷÌÔ˜ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘, ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ πˆ·ÓÓ›ÓˆÓ ™·Ú¿ÓÙÔ˜ æ˘¯¿Ú˘ §¤ÎÙÔÚ·˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘ ¢‹ÌËÙÚ· ∫·˘Î¿, ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ¶ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ¢‹ÌËÙÚ· µ¿ÓÙ˙Ô˘, ∫·ÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈÎÒÓ, ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ¢Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ª·Ú›· ¡›Î·, ºÈÏfiÏÔÁÔ˜, ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ¢Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ∞ÈηÙÂÚ›ÓË ∫·ÛÈÌ¿ÙË, ∂›ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜ ∫·ıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· ∞™¶∞π∆∂
°ã ∫.¶.™. / ∂.¶.∂.∞.∂.∫. ππ / ∂¡∂ƒ°∂π∞ 2.1.1 / ∫·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ¶Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ 2.1.1.ÛÙ: «∂ÈÌfiÚʈÛË ™ÙÂϯÒÓ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Ù˘ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘» ¶∞π¢∞°ø°π∫√ π¡™∆π∆√À∆√ ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚÈÔ˜ °. µÏ¿¯Ô˜ √ÌfiÙÈÌÔ˜ ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞.¶.£. ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ¶Ú¿ÍË Ì ٛÙÏÔ:
«∂ÈÌfiÚʈÛË ™ÙÂϯÒÓ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Ù˘ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘» ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ› À‡ı˘ÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ŒÚÁÔ˘ ∂˘·Óı›· ª·ÎÚ‹ – ªfiÙÛ·ÚË ∫·ıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· Ù˘ ∞™¶∞π∆∂ µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋ ¶ÂÚ¿ÎË ™‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ∞Ó·ÏËÚˆÙ‹˜ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ À‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ŒÚÁÔ˘ ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ª·ÓÙ¿˜ ªfiÓÈÌÔ˜ ¶¿Ú‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘
ŒÚÁÔ Û˘Á¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Î·Ù¿ 75% ·fi ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ∆·ÌÂ›Ô Î·È Î·Ù¿ 25% ·fi ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜
2
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¶∂ƒπ∂Ã√ª∂¡∞ ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
4
∫∂º∞§∞π√ 1√
6
∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ 1.1 ∆· ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ˆ˜ ÂÌ„˘¯ˆÙ¤˜ Î·È ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘
8
1.2 ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ - ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË
22
1.3 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ
34
∫∂º∞§∞π√ 2√
48
™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ 2.1 ∂Óۈ̿وÛË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË
50
2.2 ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘
64
2.3 ∞ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô (·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË)
74
2.4 ∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ – ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ
88
2.5 ∏ Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ¡¤ˆÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ¢ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ¡¤ˆÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ
∫∂º∞§∞π√ 3√
108 124
¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ∆¿Í˘ 3.1 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË
126
3.2 ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÁÈ· ÂȉÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ
146
3.3 ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ∞ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ ™¯ÔÏ›Ô
176
3.4 ∏ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ˜ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·
194
3
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∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ √È Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ (∆.¶.∂.) ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÛÎËÓÈÎfi Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ˙ˆ‹˜, ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ Ó¤· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Û ·˘Ù¤˜. ∏ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, ˆ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ Ú·Á‰·›Â˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙÔÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÙÔ̤·. ™ÙÔ Ó¤Ô ·˘Ùfi ÛÎËÓÈÎfi, ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È Ù· ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔχÏ¢ÚË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÚı‹ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ, „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ. π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ Ú·Á‰·›Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÁÓˆÛ›· ÙÔ˘˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÔ‡Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο, Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÙË ıˆڛ· ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ‘·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈο’ Î·È ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙȘ Ӥ˜, Û‡ÓıÂÙ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË. ∞Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ·, Ë Ó¤· ·˘Ù‹ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙÔ Ó¤Ô ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È Ù˘ „ËÊȷ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÙÔ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘. °È· Ù· ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È manager Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ Ú¿Í˘ ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ‰È·Ú΋ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎÔ-ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο ÙÔ ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙÔ˘ ‘ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡–·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙ‹’ (reflective teacher) Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙË Û¯¤ÛË ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÛÙÂϤ¯Ô˘˜-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. µ·ÛÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹, Ì ÙË Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ ٤ٷÚÙÔ˘ Ù‡¯Ô˘˜ ‘∂¶π™∆∏ª√¡π∫∂™ ∫∞π ¶∞π¢∞°ø°π∫∂™ ¢∂•π√∆∏∆∂™ °π∞ ∆∞ ™∆∂§∂Ã∏ ∆∏™ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏™’, ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍԇ̠ӷ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÂϯÒÓ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙȘ Ӥ˜ ··ÈÙËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ Ù¤Ù·ÚÙÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÂϯÒÓ ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ, ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÓÛ·ÚÎÒÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔÓ ËÁÂÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘. ∂ÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È Û ÙÚÂȘ ÙÔÌ›˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘. √È ÙÔÌ›˜ ·˘ÙÔ› ›ӷÈ: (i) ÔÈ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ (ii) ÔÈ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Î·È (iii) Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘. ∆Ô ÂÈÌÔÚʈÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË Î¿ı ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ú·‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ∞/ıÌÈ· Î·È µ/ıÌÈ· ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË. ™ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ™ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È Ë ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Ë ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋–‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Û¯Â‰›ˆÓ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ∂›Û˘, ÙÂÎÌËÚÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ ∆.¶.∂. ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Î·Ù¿Ï-
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ÏËÏˆÓ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ, ÂÓÂÚÁÒÓ ÎfiÛÌˆÓ Î·È „ËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ‹ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË. ™ÙÔ ÙÚ›ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘. ¶·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ı¤Ì·Ù· Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ, ¯·ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÌÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ∂›Û˘, ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È ÙÚfiÔÈ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ˜ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÚfiÔÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ªÂ ÙÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜ ·˘Ùfi ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË Î·›ÚÈˆÓ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÂϯÒÓ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Ì ڈٷگÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ‹‰Ë ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Î·Ù¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο. ªÂ ÙÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜ Û ηÌÈ¿ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‰ÂÓ ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ÂÎÙÂÓ‹˜ ·Ú¿ıÂÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ı›ÁÔÓÙ·È. ÕÏψÛÙ ٷ ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ù˘ Ú¿Í˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Â˘Ú‡ ÚÂÂÚÙfiÚÈÔ Ì ÛÙ¤Ú˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ. ªÂ ÙÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜ ·˘Ùfi ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ‹‰Ë η٤¯Ô˘Ó Ù· ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋, ̤ۈ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÓÔÙÈ΋˜ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈ΋. ∞ÒÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡¯Ô˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙÔ˘ ‘ÛÙÂϤ¯Ô˘˜–manager–ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡–·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙ‹’ (reflective teacher), Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰È·Ú΋ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË ÙˆÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË.
√È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ∞ÈÎ. ¶··ÁÈ¿ÓÓË & º. ¶·Ú·Û΢¿
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
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1.
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
1.1. ∆· ™ÙÂϤ¯Ë ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ˆ˜ ∂Ì„˘¯ˆÙ¤˜ Î·È ¢È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ °ÓÒÛ˘
™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·Ù¢Ù› ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÂϯÒÓ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ó· ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÂÈ ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. ™Ùԯ‡ÂÈ ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÛÂÈ Ù· ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÎfiÓÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ó· ˘Ô‰Â›ÍÂÈ ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ı· ÙÔ˘˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘˜.
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È: ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È¿ ‚›Ô˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ■ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙË ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË, ■ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÚfiÏˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ÎÏËıÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÎfiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· οı ÚfiÏÔ, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜, ηÏÏÈÂÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÎÔfi ·˘Ùfi, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ■ Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ó ÙÚfiÔ˘˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË ÛÙËÓ ·›ıÔ˘Û· ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ■ ■ ■
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™Ù¤Ï¯Ԙ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ∂Ì„˘¯ˆÙ‹˜ ¢È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÓËϛΈÓ
■ ¢È¿ ‚›Ô˘ Ì¿ıËÛË ■ ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ ■ ªÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ì¿ıËÛ˘
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ∆· ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ (Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ› Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ, ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ¤˜, ÚÔ˚ÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔÈ) ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ʤÚÔ˘Ó Û ¤Ú·˜ ¤Ó· ¤ÚÁÔ Ô˘ Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Â˘ı‡ÓË Î·È Ô˘ ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Û ÔÏϤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜. ¢È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ, ÂÈÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó, ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó, ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó, ‰ÈÔÈÎÔ‡Ó, ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó. ∆Ô ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ Ó· ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Û ·ʋ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈʤÚÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ. √È Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚÔÈ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÚfiÏÔÈ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔ› ÙÔ˘ ÂÌ„˘¯ˆÙ‹ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ‹ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ŸÔÈ· ÎÈ ·Ó Â›Ó·È Ë ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ (ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ‹ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋), Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù¤˜ ÂÓËϛΈÓ, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Î·ÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÊÔÚ›˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ Û ¤Ó· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ·fi ·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È¿ ‚›Ô˘ Ì¿ıËÛË. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ·ʋ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ (ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÌÔÚÊÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ – ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓˆÓ) ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë Ì¿ıËÛË, Î·È Ë Ì¿ıËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ¿ÓÙ· Û ÌÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹: ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ÁÓÒÛË, ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, ÙȘ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∏ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·˙Ô̤ӈÓ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ô˘ ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÈ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Î·È Ù· ‚ÔËı¿ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ηχÙÂÚË Î·È ÈÔ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ (∫fiÎÎÔ˜, 2000). √È Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂÓËϛΈÓ, ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ ÙȘ ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛÂ Ô Malcolm Knowles ÙÔ 1980, η٤¯Ô˘Ó ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ı¤ÛË ÛÙË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÓËϛΈÓ: √È ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÔÈ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó Î·È ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ·˘ÙÔηÙ¢ı˘ÓfiÌÂÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ηıÒ˜ ˆÚÈÌ¿˙Ô˘Ó, ·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ Û οÔȘ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜. √È ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ËÁ‹ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. √È ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÔÈ Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ̤۷ ·fi ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜, fiˆ˜ Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È Ë Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∆· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂÓËϛΈÓ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ۯ‰ȿ˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ Î·È Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÙÔÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· Ì¿ıËÛË. √È ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ›ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜. √È ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÔÈ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ˆ˜ ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· fiÙÈ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÓÂÔ·ÔÎÙËı›Û˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ¿ÌÂÛ·. ø˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘, ηٿ ÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Â›‰ÔÛË (Knowles, 1980). ∂ȉÈο Ù· ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó·Ó Ôχ ¢·›ÛıËÙÔ ÙÔ̤· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô ÛÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÁÂÓÈο. ŒÙÛÈ, ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË Â›Ó·È Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ô˘ ‰È¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÓËϛΈÓ, Ó· ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÌ„˘¯ÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚Ô‡Ó, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢͋ ÙÔ˘.
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Layout 1.ps - 9/29/2008 12:25 PM
∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
1.1.2 ƒfiÏÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÂϯÒÓ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ∆Ô ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÌ„˘¯ˆÙ‹ Î·È ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ‹ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڷÛÙÈ΋ ·ʋ Î·È Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Û٤ϯԘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·›˙ÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÍÔÈÎÂȈ̤ÓÔ˜ Ì ÔÏϤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜. √ Pratt (1981) ÂÓÙfiÈÛ ¤ÓÙ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÒÓ ÂÓËϛΈÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜: 1. Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÈÛfiÙÈ̘ Û˘Ó·‰ÂÏÊÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, 2. Ó· ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÁÈã ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔ˘Ó, 3. Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Î·È Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÁÈ· ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ Ì¿ıËÛË, 4. Ó· ·ÔÛ·ÊËÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙȘ ¢ı‡Ó˜ ÙÔ˘ οı ÚfiÏÔ˘, 5. Ó· ÌËÓ ÍÂÂÚÓÔ‡Ó Ù· Û˘ÌʈÓË̤ӷ ‹ ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙË̤ӷ fiÚÈ· ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. √ Rogers (1998) ·Ú·ÙËÚ› fiÙÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹˜ ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÂÛÛ¿ÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÚfiψÓ: ■ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯ËÁÔ‡ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· Âӈ̤ÓË Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi Ú˘ıÌfi ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘, ■ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹, ˆ˜ ÊÔÚ¤· Ù˘ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜, ■ ÙÔ˘ ̤ÏÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, Ô˘ ˘fiÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙȘ ȤÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·˘Ù‹ ·ÛΛ, ■ ÙÔ˘ «ÎÔÈÓÔ‡», Ô˘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÂÎÙfi˜ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ˆ˜ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÂÓÒÈÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ı· Âȉ›ÍÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÌfiÏȘ ¤Ì·ı·Ó, ÂȉÈÒÎÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Feiman-Nemser & Parker (1992), ηٿ ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÛÙÂϯÒÓ Î·È Ó¤ˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, Ù· ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó ÙÚÂȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜: 1. ÙÔ˘ ̤ÓÙÔÚ·-ηıÔ‰ËÁËÙ‹, ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘, ÙÔ Û٤ϯԘ ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙË Ó¤· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË. ∫·ı‹ÎÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÙÔÓ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ Ó· Ì¿ıÂÈ ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ÙÔ˘ ‰ÒÛÂÈ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¤˜ Î·È ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ʤÚÂÈ Û ¤Ú·˜ ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ¤ÙÔ˜. ø˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘, ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ ÚfiÏÔ. 2. ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡-«Û˘ÓÙÚfiÊÔ˘». ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Ì·ÎÚÔ‚ÈfiÙÂÚÔ Î·È ÂÎÙÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚÔ ÚfiÏÔ. √ ̤ÓÙÔÚ·˜ ‚ÔËı¿ ÙÔÓ Ó¤Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘, Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ˘Ï ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙ› Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ٷ ‰˘Ó·Ù¿ Î·È Ù· ·‰‡Ó·Ù· ÛËÌ›· ÙÔ˘. ∂ÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë Û¯¤ÛË Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È Â›Ó·È ·ÌÊ›‰ÚÔÌË, ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ ÚfiÏÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÓ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË. 3. ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜, ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Û fiÏ· fiÛ· ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÚfiÏÔÈ Î·È ÔÏÏ¿ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ·. ∏ Û¯¤ÛË Â›Ó·È Ì·ÎÚfi¯ÚÔÓË Î·È ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· ‰¤ÛÌ¢ÛË ÁÈ· ‰Ú¿ÛË Î·È ÂÚÈÛ˘ÏÏÔÁ‹. ∏ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰›ÓÂÙ·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔ Ó· Ì¿ıÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÙÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ò˜ Ó· ÙȘ ·Ó·ıˆÚ›, Ó· ÙȘ ·ӷÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈηıÈÛÙ¿. ∆· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ‰Â ÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜. √ ο-
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
ı ÚfiÏÔ˜, fï˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û·Ê‹˜ Î·È ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÂϤ¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡. √È Keanan & Braxton-Brown (1991) ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÚfiÏÔÈ Ô˘ ı· ÎÏËı› Ó· ·Ó·Ï¿‚ÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹˜ ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹, ÙÔ˘ Âȉ‹ÌÔÓ·, ÙÔ˘ ÎÚÈÙ‹ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘. °È· Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈηÓfi˜ Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÂͤگÂÙ·È Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ¢¯¿ÚÈÛÙË ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ·, Ô˘ ¢ÓÔ› ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Î·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, fiÙ·Ó ·˘ÙÔ› ÙÔÓ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ: 1. Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Ó· ηıÔ‰ËÁ›, Ó· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ Î·È Ó· ‰ÈÔÚıÒÓÂÈ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈο fiÙ·Ó ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È. ∫·ÏÏÈÂÚÁ› ÙÔ ÔÌ·‰ÈÎfi Ó‡̷ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ. ¶·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË Î·È ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ ËÁ¤˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. ∂¿Ó ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙÈÚÚ‹ÛÂȘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ οÓÂÈ, ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ·ÓÔȯÙfi˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È Úfiı˘ÌÔ˜ Ó· ÙȘ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ.
2. ÔÈ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘, ˆ˜ Âȉ‹ÌÔÓ·, ηχÙÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È ÈηÓfi˜ Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙȘ ·Ôڛ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È. ¶·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ‰Ú¿Û˘ Û ÌÈ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË. 3. ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËÙ‹. ∏ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Â›Ù ηْ ÂÓÙÔÏ‹Ó Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ ›Ù ·Ó›ÛËÌ·, Ì ·›ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‹ Ì ڈÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÂϤ¯Ô˘˜. ¶¿ÓÙ·, fï˜, ÛÎÔfi ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ˘¤Ú‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔ‰›ˆÓ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÂÓı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË Î·È Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ‰˘Ó·Ù¿ ÛËÌ›·, ÛÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÛÙ· ÂÈÙ‡ÁÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡. 4. Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÂϤ¯Ô˘˜ ˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓ›˙ÂÈ, Ó· ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ Î·È Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞˘Ùfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ (Û¯ÔÏ›Ô), ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÂϤ¯Ô˘˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÔȯÙfi Î·È ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡, fiÙ·Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË. 5. fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÚfiψÓ, ÌÈ· ȉÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ÂÎÙÈÌ¿Ù·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û οı ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ Ù˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∆Ô Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·Ó›˜ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ Î·È ÎÚÈÙ‹˜ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â˘ÓÔ› ÙËÓ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ŸÌˆ˜, ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÚfiÏÔÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ó˘¿ÚÍÔ˘Ó, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÔÈ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ¤˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÔȯÙÔ› ÛÙÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ٷ ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Î·È ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Ó Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÂÈÏÈÎÚÈÓ¤˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ.
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1 ÈÚÈÛÙ›Ù Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. º·ÓÙ·ÛÙ›Ù fiÙÈ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ó· ‰È‰¿ÍÂÙ Û οÔÈÔ ÂÈÌÔÚʈÙÈÎfi ‹ ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·. ∞ÊÔ‡ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÙ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÙ Ҙ ı· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂÙ ٷ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ı¤Ì·Ù·: ◗ 1. ¶Ò˜ Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÂÛÙ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË Û·˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜; £· ¤¯ÂÙ ÂÛ›˜ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜; £· ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÙ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, ÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏËÏÔ˘¯›· Î·È ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÌÔÓfiÏ¢ڷ ‹ ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜;
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
◗ 2. ªÂ ÔÈÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ; ◗ 3. ∆È ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ‹ ÂȉÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜; £· ‚Ú›Ù ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÙÂ Î·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÙ ӷ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈο ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·; ◗ 4. ¶fiÛ˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙ› ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘, ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, ÙË ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË ÁÓÒÛˆÓ, ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÔÌ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ Ó‡̷ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙË ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ·fi Ù· ıÂÛÌÈο fiÚÁ·Ó· (ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÙÔ °Ú·ÊÂ›Ô ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘, ÙÔ ™‡ÏÏÔÁÔ °ÔÓ¤ˆÓ, ÙÔ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô ¶·È‰Â›·˜ Î.Ï.); ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ÙȘ ÛΤ„ÂȘ Û·˜ Ì ٷ ¿ÏÏ· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ Û·˜ Î·È Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿„Ù ٷ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔȯ›·. ªÔÈÚ·ÛÙ›Ù ÙȘ ÛΤ„ÂȘ Û·˜ Ì ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜.
1.1.3. ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Î·È ÂÈÌÔÚÊÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ ™Â ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘, ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¿ÓÙ· ¤Ó· ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ¤˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ. √È ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÙÔÌ›˜, fiˆ˜ Ë ËÏÈΛ·, ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, Ë ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, ÔÈ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ, Ù· ΛÓËÙÚ·, ÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ, ÔÈ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜. ¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÙÔÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·È Î¿ÔÈ· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ (∫fiÎÎÔ˜, 2007·). √ Rogers (1998) ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Ù· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÂÙ¿ ÎÔÈÓ¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο: ■ ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÔÈ, ■ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Î·È fi¯È ÛÙÔ ÍÂΛÓËÌ· Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ■ ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÒÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÒÓ, ■ ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤Ó˜ ÚÔı¤ÛÂȘ, ■ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘, ■ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈο ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·, ■ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ‹‰Ë Ù· ‰Èο ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. √ Knowles (1980, 1990) ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ Ì Ô͢‰¤ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÈı˘Ì›Â˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ÙȘ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Î·È ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ‹ Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ÏfiÁÔ ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û ·ʋ Ì ¤Ó· Û٤ϯԘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘.
∆È ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÈÌÔÚÊÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ: ■ ¢ηÈڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹, Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙȘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, ■ ÔÌ·‰ÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, ■ ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË,
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
■ Û‚·ÛÌfi ÛÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi, ■ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜, ■ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË - Î·È ·fi ÙȘ ‰‡Ô Ï¢ڤ˜, ■ ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË ÁÈ· ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ·fi ËÁ¤˜, ■ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ■ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹ – ηıÔ‰ËÁËÙ‹, fi¯È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹ – ·˘ıÂÓÙ›·, ■ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌfiÓÔÓ ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ·˘Ù¿ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο.
∆È ‰ÂÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÈÌÔÚÊÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ: ■ ‰È·Ï¤ÍÂȘ, ■ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ■ ¿ÓÈÛË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ, ■ η΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡, ■ η΋ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, ■ ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ·ÔÏÔÁ›·, ■ ·‰È¿ÎÔË Î·È ÂÚÈÙÙ‹ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÔÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ.
1.1.4. ∆Ô Û٤ϯԘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ˆ˜ ∂Ì„˘¯ˆÙ‹˜ ∆Ô Û٤ϯԘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ˆ˜ ÂÌ„˘¯ˆÙ‹˜ Î·È ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÂÓÂÚÁ› ˆ˜ ηٷχÙ˘, fiÙ·Ó Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ¿ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÂΛӘ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈʤÚÔ˘Ó ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (Brookfield, 1990). ¶ÚÒÙ· ·’ fiÏ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÊÚÔÓÙ›ÛÂÈ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ Ó· «Â·ÓÂηȉ‡ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ú‰È¿ ÙÔ˘» ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÌϷΛ Ì ΤÊÈ ÛÙËÓ «·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ù˘ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜ ·Ú¤· Ì ʛÏÔ˘˜» (Palmer, 1980, Û. 90). ∏ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ··ÈÙ› ·ӷÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹ ˆ˜ ·˘ıÂÓÙ›·˜ ‹ ÌÂÙ·‰fiÙË ÁÓÒÛˆÓ. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÂÌ„˘¯ˆÙ‹˜ Î·È ‰È¢ÎÔÏ˘ÓÙ‹˜, Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Î·È Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ˆ˜ ¤Ó·˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤ÓÔ˜. √È ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ù˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙ›·˜, Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜, Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÎ Ó¤Ô˘ (MacGregor, 1990, Sheridan, 1989). √ Tough (1979) ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÈ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ȉ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌ„˘¯ˆÙ‹: ■ Â›Ó·È ÊÈÏÈÎfi˜, ·Ô‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ÓÔÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÁÈ’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, ■ ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·Î¿Ì„ÂÈ, ■ ıˆÚ› ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ· Û ¤Ó· ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ ÌÂٷ͇ ›ÛˆÓ, ■ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÔȯÙfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Î·È ÛÙȘ Ӥ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Î·È ·Ó·˙ËÙ› Ó· Ì¿ıÂÈ Î·È Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙÔ˘˜.
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2 ™ÎÂÊÙ›Ù ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿„Ù ÙȘ ÛΤ„ÂȘ Û·˜ Î·È ÌÔÈÚ·ÛÙ›Ù fiÛ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ı¤ÏÂÙ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ Û·˜. ™˘˙ËÙ‹Û٠٘ Î·È ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Û·˜ ÛÙ· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ̤ÏË. ◗ 1. ∆È Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÙÈ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Ó· ÂÌ„˘¯ÒÓˆ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜; ◗ 2. °È·Ù› Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛˆ ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ‹ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘; ¶ÔÈÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÔÈ· Ë ·Í›· ÙÔ˘; ◗ 3. √ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ô˘ Ì·ı·›Óˆ Î·È ·ÏÏ¿˙ˆ ÂÁÒ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ˆ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÌÔÚÊÒÓˆ / ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÓˆ; ◗ 4. ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚÒ Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛˆ ÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÌÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÂÌ„˘¯ˆÙ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈʤÚÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÌÔ˘; ¶¤Ú· ·fi Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙ· ÚÔÛfiÓÙ· ÙÔ˘, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Tough (1979), ¤Ó·˜ ÂÌ„˘¯ˆÙ‹˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ·fi Ù· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ: ■ ™·Ê‹ ·›ÛıËÛË Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·, ÙË ¯ÒÚ·, Ù· ÁÔÓ›‰È·, Ù· ‰˘Ó·Ù¿ Î·È ·‰‡Ó·Ù· ÛËÌ›· ÙÔ˘. ∏ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È Ë ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ fiÙ·Ó ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙË ˙ˆ‹ Ì·˜. ■ ∞ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ‚ÔËı¿ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ì ÂÈÏÈÎÚ›ÓÂÈ· Î·È ı¿ÚÚÔ˜, ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Â˘·›ÛıËÙÔ˜, Ó· ‰È·ÎÈÓ‰˘Ó‡ÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÎı¤ÙÂÈ ÙȘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÙÔ˘. ∏ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ¤Ó‰ÔÓ ·fiÊ·ÛË Ô˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ› ÙË ÛÙÔȯÂÈÒ‰Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ì·˜ Ó· ηıÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ˙ˆ‹ Ì·˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ì·˜ (Freire, 1968). ■ ∂ÎÏÂÙ˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ Û˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ· Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ‚ÔËı¿ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÔȯÙfi˜ ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ·Ù›ٷÈ, Ó· ηٷÓÔ›, Ó· ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ˘ÔÌÔÓ‹, Ó· Ûˆ·›ÓÂÈ ‹ Ó· ÌÈÏ¿. ■ ¶ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓË Ì ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ, ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Á‡Úˆ ÙÔ˘. ■ °Ó‹ÛÈÔ Û‚·ÛÌfi ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ıˆÚ› ÈηÓÔ‡˜ Ó· ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ■ πηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ·ÎÔ‡ÂÈ Ì ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙË ÊˆÓ‹ Ù˘ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜, ÙË ÊˆÓ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË ÛȈ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ηıÒ˜ ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ÙË ıˆڛ· Ì ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ, ›Û˘, Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈηÓfi˜ Ó· ·ÎÔ‡ÂÈ ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘ ʈӋ fiÙ·Ó ‰È‰¿ÛÎÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ʈӋ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÈ ÔȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ. ■ πηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙȘ ÛˆÛÙ¤˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ó· ·ÎÔ‡ÂÈ ÙȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ¡· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙ ӷ οÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ó· ·Ô‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÙË ÛȈ‹ ˆ˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛË, ·ÎfiÌ· ÎÈ ·Ó ÙË ÊÔ‚¿Ù·È. ■ ¶ÚÔı˘Ì›· Ó· ÚÔÛηÏ› ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ÙÔ˘ Û ·ÓÔȯÙfi ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ Ô‡ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁËı›. ¡· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Ò˜ Ó· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ù· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ, Ì ÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·Ù¢Ù› ÙÔ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ı¤Ì·, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ «Ë ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·ÈÒÓÈ· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·Û›·, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÂÙ·È Ì ¿ıÔ˜ Î·È ÂÈı·Ú¯›·» (Palmer, 1980, Û. 104).
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
∆Ô Û٤ϯԘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ‰Â ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ·Ï¿ Ó· ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ ÚÔηÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÂχıÂÚ˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘. ∏ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙÔ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ó· ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ù· ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÏÈÎÚÈÓ›˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ (Sheffler, 1965). √ Parker J. Palmer (1998) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ıÂ̤ÏÈÔ Ï›ıÔ Ù˘ ‰¤ÛÌ¢Û˘, Ù˘ ·Á¿Ë˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹˜ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ ·ÏÒ˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Â¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÛÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÛÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ·fi ÌÈ· ¤ÓÙÔÓË ·›ÛıËÛË Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜. «¢È‰¿ÛÎÔ˘Ì ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ›̷ÛÙÂØ Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ·Ó·‰‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰ÔÛÎfiËÛË» (Û. 1). ∂Ó Ù¤ÏÂÈ, ¿Û¯ÂÙ· ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, Ë Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ı· ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ „˘¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘. √ Palmer ·Ú·ÙËÚ› fiÙÈ ÛÙË ‚È·Û‡ÓË Ì·˜ Ó· ·Ó·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, ͯӿÌ fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó·ÌfiÚʈÛË ‰Â ı· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› ÔÙ¤ «Ì ÙÔ Ó· ͷӷۯ‰ȿ˙Ô˘Ì ٷ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ Î·È Ó· Í·Ó·ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ì ٷ Û¯ÔÏÈο ‚È‚Ï›·, ·Ó ‰Â ÊÚÔÓÙ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÂÂÓ‰‡ÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË „˘¯‹ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ËÁ‹ Ù˘ ηϋ˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜» (Û. 3).
1.1.5. ∆Ô Û٤ϯԘ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ˆ˜ ¢È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ‹˜ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ √ Knowles (1968) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËΠ۠٤ÛÛÂÚȘ ÙÔÌ›˜, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ ·fi ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ·È‰ÈÒÓ: ■ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë. ∫·ıÒ˜ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÂÓËÏÈÎÈÒÓÂÙ·È, ÌÂÙ·‚·›ÓÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·fiÏ˘ÙË ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË, ■ Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜: ÔÈ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ ÎÔ˘‚·ÏÔ‡Ó Ì·˙› ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ÂÌÂÈÚÈÒÓ, Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È, ■ ÂÙÔÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· Ì¿ıËÛË, ■ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË. °ÂÓÈο, ÔÈ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Â›Ó·È ÂÓÂÚÁÔ› Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ıÂÙÈο ÛÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. ∆Ô˘˜ ·Ú¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ˙ËÙ¿Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÌË ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È «¯·›ÚÔÓÙ·È fiÙ·Ó ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù· ٷϤÓÙ· Î·È ÔÈ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·» (∫fiÎÎÔ˜, 2007· , Rogers, 1998) . ∆Ș ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ Û٤ϯԘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹ ‰Â ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÚÈÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ. ŒÓ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ ÚÒÙÔ ‚‹Ì· ı· ‹Ù·Ó Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÛÂÈ ÁÚ·ÙÒ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ÙÔ˘. ∞Ó ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ·˘Ùfi, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ Ì›·-‰‡Ô Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË: ¶ÔÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ; ¶ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ οÔÈÔ˘ ÂÈÌÔÚʈÙÈÎÔ‡ ‹ ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Â›Û˘ Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ı· ÙÔÓ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ÙˆÓ ÛˆÛÙÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ: ■ ∫›ÓËÙÚ·: °È·Ù› ı· ÙÔ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›; ■ πηÓfiÙËÙ˜: ∆È ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ‹‰Ë Î·È Û ÔÈ· ¤ÎÙ·ÛË; ■ ¶ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÂÌÂÈÚ›·: ∂›Ó·È ÓÂÔ‰ÈfiÚÈÛÙÔÈ, Ï›ÁÔ ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¤ÌÂÈÚÔÈ, ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ηÚȤڷ˜ ÙÔ˘˜;
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
■ ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË: ¶fiÛË Î·È ÙÈ Â›‰Ô˘˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ı· ¯ÚÂÈ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó; Œ¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÙÔ Û٤ϯԘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∂ȉÈο ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÂÈÌÔÚʈÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·, ı· ¯ÚÂÈ·ÛÙ› Î·È ÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔṲ̂Ó˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ¿ÓÙ· ˘fi„Ë ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰È¿ ‚›Ô˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ (∫fiÎÎÔ˜, 2007‚).
ªÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ∏ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÁÂÓÈÎfi Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Î·È Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÂÁ̤ÓË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô (Brown, 2001).
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3 ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ Û·˜ Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜, ›Ù ˆ˜ ·È‰› ›Ù ˆ˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÔ˜, ··ÓÙ‹ÛÙ ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ: ◗ 1. ªÂ ÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÌÔ˘ ¿ÚÂÛ ӷ Ì·ı·›Óˆ; ◗ 2. ¶ÔÈÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÌÂ Û˘Ó¿Ú·˙Â; ¶ÔÈÔ Ì ·ˆıÔ‡ÛÂ; ◗ 3. ¶ÔȘ Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÔÏ¿Ì‚·Ó·; ◗ 4. £· Ù·›ÚÈ·˙ ӷ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛˆ ·ÚfiÌÔȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË; ◗ 5. ∆È ı· ¤Ú ӷ ·ÔʇÁˆ ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÈÌÔÚÊÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÔÈ; ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÙ ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ Û·˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ Û·˜. √È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ ‰È·ÈÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ÙÚÂȘ ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜: ·) ‰·ÛηÏÔÎÂÓÙÚÈΤ˜, ‚) ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڷÛÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Á) ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ (∫fiÎÎÔ˜, 2007·).
¢·ÛηÏÔÎÂÓÙÚÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ √È ÈÔ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂Ó˜ ‰·ÛηÏÔÎÂÓÙÚÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È¿ÏÂÍË Î·È Ë ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛˆÓ. ■ ¢È¿ÏÂÍË. ∏ ‰È¿ÏÂÍË Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Î·È fiÙ·Ó Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹, ÙÔ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ı¤Ì· Î·È ÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ·. ∏ ȉ·ÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÏÂÍË ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÂÚÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÛËÌ›· Ù˘, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÁÈ· Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Î·È ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË. ■ ∂ÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ. √È ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·˘Í¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓˆÓ. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÏÂÁ¯ı› Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË, Ó· ·Ú·ÎÈÓËı› Ë ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ó· Û˘Ó·¯ıÔ‡Ó Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·, Ó· ‚ÂÏÙȈı› Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‹ Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈËı› Ë ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·. ªÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÔȯÙÔ‡ ‹ ÎÏÂÈÛÙÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜. §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈο ¯ÚËÛÈÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ı¤Ì·, Ó· ÙÔ ·Ô‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ó, Ó· ÙÔ Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ‹ Ó· ÙÔ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó. ∆Ô ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È Ë ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏËÊıÔ‡Ó ˘fi„Ë, ÒÛÙ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi Ó· ÌË ÊÔ‚¿Ù·È Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂ÓË ·¿ÓÙËÛË.
∞ÏÏËÏÂȉڷÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ∏ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË ··ÈÙ› ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹ Ó· ·Ú·¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èη-
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
Û›·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û·, ‰È·ÛΉ·ÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋. √È ÈÔ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڷÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË, ÙÔ ·È¯Ó›‰È ÚfiψÓ, Ë ÌÂϤÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘, Ë ÔÌ·‰È΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›·, Ë ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈṲ̂ÓË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÛÎËÛË Î·È Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË. ■ ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË. ∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ‹ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô. ªÔÚ› Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÌÈÎÚÒÓ ‹ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ··ÈÙ› ‰ÔÌË̤ÓË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÂÛÙÈ·Ṳ̂ÓË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ·Ú·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ: ÛÙÔÓ «Î·Ù·ÈÁÈÛÌfi ȉÂÒÓ» ·Ê‹ÓÂÙ·È ÂχıÂÚË Ë Ê·ÓÙ·Û›· Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜Ø ÛÙËÓ «Î·ıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË» Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÈÔ ‰ÈÛÙ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜Ø ÛÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Ù‡Ô˘ «¿ÓÂÏ» ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÔÌ¿‰· Û˘˙ËÙ¿ ÌÚÔÛÙ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔ̤ÏÂÈ·Ø ÛÙËÓ «·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË» ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙÈÙÈı¤ÌÂÓ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ «ÔÌfiÎÂÓÙÚÔ˘˜ ·ÎÏÔ˘˜» ¤Ó·˜ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÎÏÔ˜ ÌÂÏÒÓ Û˘˙ËÙ¿ ¤Ó· ı¤Ì·, ÂÓÒ Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ̤ÏË ÛÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Î‡ÎÏÔ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó ı¤ÛÂȘ. ■ ªÂϤÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ Î·È ˙ËÙ¿ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ï‡ÛÂȘ. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È‰¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÁÓÒÛÂȘ, ·Í›Â˜ Î·È ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∞ÔÎÙ¿ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ·Ó ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ì ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú˜, ÚÔÛı¤ÛÔ˘Ì Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ Î·È ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ ÛÙ· Ì˘ıÈÛÙÔÚ‹Ì·Ù· (Renner, 1999). ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜, ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ì ¯ÒÚÔ ÁÈ· Ê·ÓÙ·Û›· Î·È Ì˘ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ. ■ ∂ÚÁ·Û›· Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÁÂÓÈÎfi fiÚÔ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÔÏÏÒÓ ÂȉÒÓ. ¢‡Ô ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ̤ÏË (Ô È‰·ÓÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÌÂÏÒÓ Â›Ó·È ¤ÓÙÂ) ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ¿ÛÎËÛË Ô˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ·˘ıfiÚÌËÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË. ∏ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ˙ˆÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ·Ù›, ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÏψÓ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ˙ÂÛÙ‹ ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ·, ÚÔˆı› ÙËÓ ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔηÙ¢ı˘ÓfiÌÂÓË Ì¿ıËÛË. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ۯ‰ȿÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ηٿÏÏËÏ· Î·È Ó· ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı›. ∏ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Û ‰˘¿‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÁÈ· ·Ï¤˜ Î·È Û‡ÓÙÔ̘ ·Û΋ÛÂȘ. ∏ ÔÌ·‰È΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ·È¯Ó›‰È·, ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ, ·È¯Ó›‰È ÚfiÏˆÓ Î.Ï. (¶ÔϤÌË-∆Ô‰Ô‡ÏÔ˘, 2007). ■ ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈṲ̂ÓË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÛÎËÛË. ¶¤Ú· ·fi ÌÈ· Ù¯ÓÈ΋, Ë Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÛÎËÛË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· ÛÂ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, Ì ‹ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹. ∆Ô ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ıˆڛ· Î·È Ó· ÙË Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË. ■ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰ÔÌ› Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ· ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ Î·È Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙȘ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ (Bennett, 1991). ■ ¶·È¯Ó›‰È ÚfiψÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹, ·Ó·‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ Î·È ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÂÓÒÈÔÓ Ù˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜. √È ÚfiÏÔÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚʈıÔ‡Ó ·˘ıfiÚÌËÙ· ‹ Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹. ÃÚËÛÈ̇ÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο ‚ÈÒÌ·Ù· (∫fiÎÎÔ˜, 2007‚).
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
■ ¶ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ Î·È ·È¯Ó›‰È·. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰È·ÛΉ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ó· ¯·Ï·ÚÒÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÎfiÔ. ∞ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ‹ ·ÊËÚË̤ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Î·È ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ, ·Ú¯ÒÓ, ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. ÃÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÁÈ· Ó· ¿ÚÂÈ ÙÔ ‚›ˆÌ· ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Û ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ (∫fiÎÎÔ˜, 2007‚).
∞ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ √È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ ·ÔÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ‹ ˆ˜ Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ. ∆Ô Û٤ϯԘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙȘ Û˘ÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ Û ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Û˘¯Ó¤˜ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ Î·Ù¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÙËÓ ÂÈϤÔÓ ÂÍ¿ÛÎËÛË ‹ ÙË Ï‡ÛË Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∆¤ÙÔȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Ì¿ıËÛË Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, Ù· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈο ·Î¤Ù· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì οÔÈÔ ı¤Ì· ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë ·˘ÙÔηÙ¢ı˘ÓfiÌÂÓË Ì¿ıËÛË (Harasim et al., 1995).. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ¢ı‡Ó˘ ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË ÙÔ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ· ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓ›ÛÂȘ, Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¤˜ ‹ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ·Ó ÙÔ˘ ˙ËÙËı›.
1.1.6 . ™‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÚÁÔ ∆Ô Û٤ϯԘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ʤÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì ¢Á¤ÓÂÈ· Î·È Û‚·ÛÌfi. ∞˘Ùfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙÔ, fï˜ ‡ÎÔÏ· ÌÔÚ› ¤Ó· Û٤ϯԘ – ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹˜ Ó· οÓÂÈ ÙÔ Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ó· ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÈ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó, ·ÓÙ› Ó· ·ÎÔ‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ï‡ÛÂȘ. ª·˙› ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰Ô˘Ï¤„Ô˘Ó Î·È Ó· ‚ÚÔ˘Ó ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÂÏÙȈı› Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ™Â οı ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁËı› ÁfiÓÈÌÔ ¤‰·ÊÔ˜ ÁÈ· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ·Ï¤˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ (Jackson, 2006), fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜: ■ Ó· ÍÂÎÈÓ¿Ù οıÂ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÒÚ· Û·˜. ¢ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ·ÚÁÔÔڛ˜, ■ Ó· ÙÂÏÂÈÒÓÂÙ οıÂ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË ¤ÓÙ ÏÂÙ¿ ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ·. ¢Â›ÍÙ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÙÈ Û¤‚ÂÛÙ ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Û·˜ Ó· ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜, Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÂÈÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Ë Ì¿ıËÛË (ÔÙÈÎfi˜, ·ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈÎfi˜, ÎÈÓ·ÈÛıËÙÈÎfi˜ Ù‡Ô˜), ■ Ó· ˙ËÙ¿ÙÂ Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ÙË ÁÓÒÌË ÙÔ˘˜. ¢Â›ÍÙ fiÙÈ ı¤ÏÂÙ ӷ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈı›Ù ÛÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ Ó· ˙Ëٿ٠·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÌfiÚʈۋ ÙÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘, ■ Ë ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ¿ÌÂÛË Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. ∞˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi fiÏ· Î·È ·fi ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ› ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÌÔÚʈً. ÃÚ¤Ô˜ ÙÔ˘
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
ÂÈÌÔÚʈً Â›Ó·È Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂÈ ÙË ıˆڛ· Ì ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Î·È Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÁÈ·Ù› ¤ÙÛÈ ÌfiÓÔ ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ Ó· Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ Î·È Ó· ÂȉڿÛÂÈ ıÂÙÈο ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÙÂÏÈÎÔ› ·Ô‰¤ÎÙ˜ Ù˘ ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿˜ ÙÔ˘. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÌÔÚʈً ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â ÛÙ·Ì·Ù¿ÂÈ Ì ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∂›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ (Richardson, 2003) fiÙÈ ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ÛÙ· ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ· ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ·Ó·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÙË ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢. ∏ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË ¯ˆÚ›˜ Û˘Ó¯‹ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ηϋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋. ∆fiÛÔ ÔÈ ÂÈÌÔÚÊÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ fiÛÔ Î·È Ô ÂÈÌÔÚʈً˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË. ∏ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·Ï‹ ‹ Û‡ÓıÂÙË (Fogarty, 2007·). ∞Ï‹ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙÔ ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈÔ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÎÔÓÙ¿ Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÙÔ˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤Ó·˜ º˘ÛÈÎfi˜ Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ›‰Ë ÂÈÚ·Ì¿ÙˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› ·Ì¤Ûˆ˜ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘. ™‡ÓıÂÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈÔ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·¤¯ÂÈ Ôχ ·fi ÙË ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, fiÙ·Ó ı¤Ì· ÙÔ˘ ÛÂÌÈÓ·Ú›Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ‹ Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ‚›·˜. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Â›Ó·È ‰˘ÛÎÔÏfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· ¯ÙÈÛÙ› ÌÈ· Á¤Ê˘Ú· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË Ó¤· ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ Robin Fogarty (2007‚), Ë ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛˆÛÙÔ‡ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË, Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÏÈfi Ì ÙÔ Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈÔ Î·È Ó· ηıÔ‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË fiÛ· ¤Ì·ı·Ó ÛÙÔ ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈÔ. °È· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÛÎÔÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡, ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ı· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË: ■ ¢È·Ù˘ÒÛÙ ÚËÙ¿ ÙȘ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ Û·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ʇÁÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈÔ Î·È ÂÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓÔÈ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ¤Ì·ı·Ó. ŸÌˆ˜, ‡ÎÔÏ· ı· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÙÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ›ÙÂ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·: «™‹ÌÂÚ· ı· ʇÁÂÙ ·fi ‰ˆ Ì οÔȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ȉ¤Â˜ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÙ ӷ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÙ ·Ì¤Ûˆ˜. ¶ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÙ ӷ ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÙ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ Û·˜ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ·». «¡· ·Ó·ÚˆÙȤÛÙÂ Û˘Ó¯Ҙ Ò˜ ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÙ ÙȘ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Û·˜ Î·È ˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ Ó· Û·˜ ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó È‰¤Â˜». «™·˜ ÂÁÁ˘ÒÌ·È fiÙÈ ·fi Â‰Ò ı· ʇÁÂÙ Ì ȉ¤Â˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÈ̘. ∞Ó Î¿ÔȘ Û·˜ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó Û‡Á¯˘ÛË ‹ Û·˜ Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÂÊ¿ÚÌÔÛÙ˜, ˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ÌÔ˘ Ó· ÙȘ ‰Ô˘Ï¤„Ô˘Ì ̷˙›, ÎÈ ÂÁÒ ı· Â›Ì·È ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹ Û·˜». ■ ¢Ô˘Ï¤„Ù ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÈο ¿Óˆ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ‡ÏË, ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÛ›˜ ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ Ò˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ȉ¤·. ¢È·Ï¤ÍÙ οÙÈ Ô˘ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ŸÛÔ ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Â›Ó·È, ÙfiÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·˘Í¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ¿ÌÂÛË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿. ∑ËÙ‹ÛÙ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Ó· Û·˜ Ô˘Ó ¿Óˆ Û ÙÈ ı· ı¤Ï·Ù ӷ ‰Ô˘Ï¤„ÂÙÂ, Ó· Û·˜ ʤÚÔ˘Ó ˘ÏÈο, Ó· Û·˜ Ô˘Ó ÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ‹‰Ë, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ú·ÎÈÓËıÔ‡Ó Î¿ÔÈÔÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ■ ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÙ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜. ∑ËÙ‹ÛÙ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Ó· ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ·Ó ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó Î¿ÙÈ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÙÔ˘˜, Ì ÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ı· ÙÔ ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó, ·Ó ı· ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ fiˆ˜ ›ӷÈ, ·Ó ı· ÙÔ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÔ˘Ó Û οÙÈ ¿ÏÏÔ ‹ ·Ó ı· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ó¤Ô˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ■ ¢ÒÛÙ ˘ÏÈÎfi ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
ÙÔ˘ ÛÂÌÈÓ·Ú›Ô˘, ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ‹ Ó· ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÂÙ ÂÛ›˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÚÈÏ‹„ÂȘ. £· ‹Ù·Ó Ôχ ÈÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ, ·Ó ÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙·Ù ·fi ÚÈÓ ¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi Ê˘ÏÏ¿‰ÈÔ Ì fiÏ· Ù· ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÌÈ·˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ÂÈÌÔÚÊÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ ı· ¿ÚÔ˘Ó Ì·˙› ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Ó, fiÙ·Ó ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È. ªÔÚ›ÙÂ, ›Û˘, Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÚÔÙÚ‡ÓÂÙ ӷ ÙÔ Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÔ˘Ó Ì οı ȉ¤· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Â› ÙfiÔ˘, Ì·˙› Ì ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÓ¢ÛÙ‹ Ù˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÙÔ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ ÁÈ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ. ■ ¶·ÚÔÙÚ‡ÓÂÙ¤ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó Î¿ÙÈ ¿ÌÂÛ·. ∏ ¿ÌÂÛË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÁÁ‡ËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ŸÛÔ ÈÔ Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ȉ¤Â˜ ÙfiÛÔ ·˘Í¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ó· ÙȘ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÚÂÂÚÙfiÚÈfi ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÔÛ¿ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙËÓ ˘fiÛ¯ÂÛË fiÙÈ ı· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· Ó¤· ȉ¤· ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ë̤ڷ Ô˘ ı· ¿Ó ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÊÚÔÓÙ›ÛÙ ӷ ‰ÂÛÌ¢ÙÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ fiÏË ·˘Ù‹ Ë Ó¤· ÁÓÒÛË ‰Â ı· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ ·Ó·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÙË. ■ ¢ÒÛÙ ÂÓ·‡ÛÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË. √È Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ¯Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÔÌ·‰ÈÎfi Ó‡̷ Î·È Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ Ì ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Î·È ·Ó·Áο˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙÔ‡Ó ÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ‹‰Ë Î·È ÙÈ Ó¤Ô ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ∆Ô ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· οÓÂÈ ¤Ó· Û٤ϯԘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÙÂÏÂÈÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË Ì ÙË ÛÈÁÔ˘ÚÈ¿ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ì¿ıÂÈ Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈ· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÙÔ˘˜. ªfiÓÔ ¤ÙÛÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÓÈÒÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË Ì¤Ú· Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ı· Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Î·È fiÙÈ Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ÊÔÚ¤·˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜.
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] Brookfield, S. D. (1990). Understanding and facilitating adult learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 1[2] Feiman-Nemser, S. & Parker, M. (1992). Mentoring in context: A comparison of two U.S. programs for beginning teachers. East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning, Michigan State University. 1[3] Fogarty, R. (2007·). A look at transfer. Corwin Press 1[4] Fogarty, R. (2007‚). From staff room to classroom: A guide for planning and coaching professional development. Corwin Press 1[5] Freire, Paulo (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. The Continuum Publishing Company. 1[6] Harasim, L. , Hiltz, S.R., Teles, L. & Turoff, M. (1995). Learning Networks: A Field Guide to Teaching and Learning Online. The MIT Press. 1[7] Jackson, L. (2006). Teacher training: Delivering relevant staff development . At www.educationworld.com 1[8] Keanan, T. P. & Braxton-Brown, G. (1991). Techniques; Coach; Consultant; Critic; Counsellor: The multiple roles of responsive facilitator. Journal of Adult Education, v. 19, 2. 1[9] Knowles, M. S. (1980). The modern practice of Adult Education: From Pedagogy to Andragogy. (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge Books 1[10] MacGregor, J. (1990). Collaborative Learning: Shared Inquiry as a Process of Reform. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 42 19-30. 1[11] Palmer, P. J. (1998). The courage to teach: Exploring the inner landscape of a teacher’s life. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 1[12] Pratt, D.D. (1981). Teacher Effectiveness - Future Directions for Adult Education. Studies in Adult Education, 13(2), 112-119. 1[13] Renner, P. (1999). The Art of Teaching Adults. Vancouver: Training Associates 1[14] Rogers, A. (1999). ∏ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÓËϛΈÓ. ∞ı‹Ó·: ªÂÙ·›¯ÌÈÔ. 1[15] Richardson, J. (2003). Building a bridge between the workshop and the classroom: Follow-up techniques put training into practice. At www.nsdc.org Tools for Schools 1[16] Salomon, G. & Perkins, D. (1988,). Teaching for transfer. Educational Leadership, 22-32. 1[17] Scheffler, Israel (1965). Philosophical Models of Teaching. Harvard Educational Review 35. 1[18] Sheridan, J. (1989). Rethinking Andragogy: The Case for Collaborative Learning in Continuing Higher Education. Journal of Continuing Higher Education 37, 2: 2-6. 1[19] Tough, A.M. (1979). The Adult’s Learning Projects: A Fresh Approach to Theory and Practice in Adult Learning. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. 1[20] ∫fiÎÎÔ˜, ∞. (2000). √ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÌ„˘¯ˆÙ‹. ¶¿ÙÚ·: ª¤ÓÙˆÚ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ 1[21] ∫fiÎÎÔ˜, ∞. (2007·). ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÈ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ™ÙÔ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù¤˜ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋˜ ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘, Ù. 1Ô˜. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂∫∂¶π™ 1[22] ∫fiÎÎÔ˜, ∞. (2007‚). ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜. ™ÙÔ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù¤˜ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋˜ ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘, Ù. 1Ô˜. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂∫∂¶π™ 1[23] ¶ÔϤÌË-∆Ô‰Ô‡ÏÔ˘, ª. (2007). ∞ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÓËϛΈÓ. ™ÙÔ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù¤˜ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋˜ ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘, Ù. 3Ô˜. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂∫∂¶π™
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
1.2 ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ – ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ: ■ Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ■ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ ηٿ ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, ÒÛÙ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙȘ ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË.
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
ª¿ıËÛË ¢È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋-Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ∂ÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ¶ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ∏ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘. ªÂ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÂȉÈÒÎÂÙ·È Ó· ‰ÔıÔ‡Ó ÂÓ·‡ÛÌ·Ù·, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ Ó· ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ı· ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù¢ÙÔ‡Ó, ÒÛÙÂ, ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈο, Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ Îϛ̷ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË.
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÎÙÂÓ›˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ οÓÔ˘Ó ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÔÏϷϤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ – ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È „˘¯ÔÛ˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË. ª¤Ûˆ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂÎÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÈÔ Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ, ˆ˜ ‰È¢ÎÔÏ˘ÓÙ¤˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂˆÓ ‹ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯ٤˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÔ›, Ì ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÛÙÔ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ (Dave, 2000, Eisenberg, 2002, Hakansson, 2003). ¶ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÙ› Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Ù¿ÛË ·ÚÎÂÙÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÈηÓfi Î·È ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜, ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È «ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ˜», fiÙ·Ó Ú˘ıÌ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ (selfregulation), Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔ-ηıÔÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ (self-determined), ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ› Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ηÈ, ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ, ¤¯ÂÈ ¿ıÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÓÒÛË (Jones, 1990, Dave, 2000). ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ô ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ: ■ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ, ■ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ■ ΛÓËÙÚ· ÁÈ· Ì¿ıËÛË, ■ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ, ■ ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË, ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ■ ›ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ, ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË. µ¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı¤ÓÙˆÓ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È Ë Â‰Ú·›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ, ÛÙÔȯ›· ¿Óˆ ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ı· ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËı› Î·È Ë ÁÓÒÛË. ∏ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Â›Ó·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘ ‰È¿‰Ú·ÛË ‹ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙ· ̤ÚË Ô˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÔ‡Ó Ó· ηٷÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û·Ê¤ÛÙÂÚ˜ ÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ, ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó fiϘ ÔÈ Ï¢ڤ˜ Û ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, ÔÈ Î·Ï¤˜ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ (Jones, 1990, Dave, 2000).
1.1.1. ∏ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË √È ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È, fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË Î·È ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· Ú‡ıÌÈÛË ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ·˘Ù‹. √È ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ÂΉËÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ‰‡Ô ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË, ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ™ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÔÈ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi ·Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓÈÛÙ› ÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Ù˘ Ï·›ÛÈÔ (Eisenberg, 2002, Hakansson, 2003).
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1 ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ «‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ» Î·È «ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË». ∞ӷʤÚÂÙ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ˙ˆ‹.
∏ ÚԤϢÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË (empathy) ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ 1880, fiÙ·Ó Ô ÁÂÚÌ·Ófi˜ æ˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˜ T. Lipps ÂÈÓfiËÛ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ‘einfuhlung’ (ÂÓ-Û˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ·) ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘. ∏ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÈÛÔÚÚÔË̤ÓË «ÂÚȤÚÁÂÈ·» Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈο Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· (Bellet & Maloney, 1991, Eisenberg, 2002). ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ «Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÁÚ›ÊÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜... Ë Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· ηٷÓÔËı›» (Allport, 1968, Lindzey et al., 1998). ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ó· ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌÈÛÙ› fiÙÈ, ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘, οÔÈÔÈ ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÙË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ «ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘». °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Û ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Ë ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ «...Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘ ÙfiÛÔ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·‚›‚·Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ̤ۈ ÌÈ·˜ ‰ÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ·fiÎÚÈÛ˘ ‹ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ (response)». ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ·fiÎÚÈÛË ‹ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË (response) ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÙË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛË Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ‹ Î·È ÌÈ· ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ‚ϤÌÌ·, Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ (.¯. Ë ·ÚÔ¯‹ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜) (Haynes & Avery, 1979). ™Â ÌÂÙ¤ÂÈÙ· ÌÂϤÙ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È, ›Û˘, fiÙÈ «…Ë ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Î·È ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË…». √ fiÚÔ˜ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì ‰‡Ô ÙÚfiÔ˘˜: ÁÈ· Ó· ÔÚ›¢È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈËı› ˆ˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ·ÔÎÚ›ÛÂȘ (Coulehan, 2001). °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·: ∂ÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·: ‘ªÔÚ›˜ Ó· ÌÔ˘ ÂȘ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi;’ ‘¶Ò˜ ÛÔ˘ Ê¿ÓËΠ·˘Ùfi;’ ‘¶Ò˜ Û ¤Î·Ó·Ó Ó· ·ÈÛı·Óı›˜ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿;’ ¢È¢ÎÚÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ: ‘°È· Ó· ‰ˆ, Â¿Ó Î·Ù¿Ï·‚· ηϿ …’ ‘¶Â˜ ÌÔ˘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi…’ ‘£¤Ïˆ Ó· Â›Ì·È Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ˜ fiÙÈ Î·Ù¿Ï·‚· ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ›˜…’ ∞·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ - ∞ÔÎÚ›ÛÂȘ: ‘ªÔ˘ Ê·›ÓÂÛ·È…’ ‘º·ÓÙ¿˙ÔÌ·È fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ›ӷȅ’ ‘∫·Ù·Ï·‚·›Óˆ ÙÈ ÓÈÒıÂȘ…’
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
ÛÂÈ ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·fiÎÚÈÛË ‹ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË (response), Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ò˜ ÓÈÒıÂÈ Ô ¿ÏÏÔ˜, ηıÒ˜ ›Û˘ Î·È ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ‹ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ (Gallo, 1989, Hakansson, 2003). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÓÂfiÙÂÚ˜ ıˆڋÛÂȘ, Â›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Ë ÂÈʇϷÍË Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË (Pecukonis, 1990). øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÎÔÈÓ‹ Â›Ó·È Ï¤ÔÓ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ı¤ÛË fiÙÈ Ë ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (Buie, 1981, Egan, 1994): ■ ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ Î·È ■ ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘. ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ› ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Ë ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘. ∆fiÛÔ Ë ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ fiÛÔ Î·È Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ (Buie, 1981, Egan, 1994). °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡Ó Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÓÈÒıÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ì ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÔ‡Ó, ÂÓÒ ÂΛÓÔÈ Ô˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡Ó Ì ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ (Nilsson, 2003, Lamm et al., 2007)
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2 ◗ ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘. ◗ ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Ô˘ Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘.
1.1.2. √È ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È Ë ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› ̤ۈ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ŒÓ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› Û fiϘ ÙȘ ËÏÈ˘, ÙfiÛÔ Û ·È‰È¿ fiÛÔ Î·È Û ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ. ŒÓ· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ Ô˘ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÚÔ¿ÛÈÛË, ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ „˘¯È΋˜ Î·È ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ˘Á›·˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ¢ÂÍ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÁÈ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÎÙÂÓ¤˜ Î·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈÎfi, ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊˆÓ Î·È, ηْ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ-Ì·ıËÙÒÓ.
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
ªÂ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘ÌÂ, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ¶ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÙÂÎÌËÚȈı› Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ¿Ô„Ë, ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘:
1. ∫·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË ÛÙË ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÙË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó ÙÈ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË, Ò˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È, Ò˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ò˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ıÂÙÈ΋ ·fiÎÚÈÛË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÚÔ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÙ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Î·È ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Herbek & Yammarino, 1990, Kremer & Dietzen, 1991, Pecukonis, 1990). 2. ∂ÛÙ›·ÛË ÛÙ· ÚÔÛˆÈο Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·. ™Â ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘ Ô˘ ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ó· ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯Èο, Á›ÓÂÙ·È ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Ù· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ›‰Ë ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙȘ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·˘Ù¿ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È (Black, Phillips, 1982). ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3 ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÙ ¤Ó· ›Ó·Î·, ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÛÙ‹ÏË ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ı· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ ·ÚÓËÙÈο Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û·˜, Î·È ÛÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÛÙ‹ÏË ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘ Ù· ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó. ™ÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË ÛÙ‹ÏË ‰È·Ù˘ÒÛÙ ÙȘ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó Ò˜ ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó, .¯. «£· Ì›ӈ ·fi ·Ô˘Û›Â˜».
3. ∂ÛÙ›·ÛË ÛÙ· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÛËÌ›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ. ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙȘ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ¿ÏÏ· ¿ÙÔÌ·, Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘. ŸÙ·Ó Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘, ÌÔÚ› ¢ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ· Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Ò˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Î·È ÙÈ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ (Brehm, Fletcher & West, 1998). √È Brehm, Fletcher & West (1988) ÂÂÛ‹Ì·Ó·Ó fiÙÈ «Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο fiϘ ÔÈ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ‰ÂÛÌfi ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÙ˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Û·Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜». °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› fiÙÈ Ë ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È, fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·›ıÔ˘Û· ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜ ÛÙȘ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ, Î·È ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Hahn 1980).
4. ÀÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÚfiψÓ. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÂÓfi˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‹ Ì˘ıÔÏ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Î·È Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ‹ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, ÂÓÒ Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ·. √ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Î·È ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È fiÙ·Ó ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ¿Ô„‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ¿„˘¯· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·. ∏ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋, ηıÒ˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙfiÛÔ Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ fiÛÔ Î·È Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ (Herbek & Yammarino, 1990, Kremer & Dietzen, 1991).
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ù˘ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ˘ ÚfiψÓ, Ì ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, Â›Ó·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙ· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ÂȉÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ. ™Â ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È Ù· ¢ÂÚÁÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÌÈ·˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÔ‡Ó Ì ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ÂȉÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È ÂÍÔÈÎÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ڷÎÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÂÚÁ¿ Û ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ·˘Ù¿. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ó· ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· «‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó» ¤Ú· ·fi ÙȘ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Ó· ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË Ó¤· ·˘Ù‹ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË (Herbek & Yammarino, 1990, Kremer & Dietzen, 1991).
5. ¶Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÛÎËÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘. ∏ ·ӷϷ̂·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÂÍ¿ÛÎËÛË ÛÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ¿Ô„˘ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ fiÙ·Ó ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È Ì ‰È·‰Ô¯È΋ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ·. °È· ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÓÂfiÙÂÚˆÓ Û ËÏÈΛ·, Ë ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ Ê·ÓÙ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓfiÚ·Û˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›· ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏË. ∏ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Ó· Ì·›ÓÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂȤ‰ˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ (Pecukonis, 1990, Kremer & Dietzen, 1991). 6. ŒÎıÂÛË ÛÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ¿ÏÏ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·. ∏ ¤ÎıÂÛË Û ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ¤ÓÙÔÓË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÈÓËÛȷ΋ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË. ∏ ÂÓı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ (Pecukonis, 1990). 7. ∞fi‰ÔÛË ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÚԉȿıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Ë ÂÛÙ›·ÛË ÛÙ· ıÂÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ê˘ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο. ∏ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› ¤Ó· ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ̤ÛÔ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÙ˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ™¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ, fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó οÔÈ· ıÂÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ‚ÂÏÙȈı› Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi (Kohn, 1991). √ Kohn (1991) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ fiÙÈ «... ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓ¿¯· Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÌÈ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿..., ·ÏÏ¿ Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ Î¿ı ̷ıËÙ‹ Ó· ‰ÂÈ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È Î·È Û˘Ì¿Û¯ÂÈ. ª¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Î·È Ë Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ Ì ·Í›· Î·È ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰Â ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· οÔÈÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÔχÂÈ ·ÂÈϤ˜ ‹ ÚÔ‚·›ÓÂÈ Û ‰ˆÚÔ‰Ô˘».
8. ªÔÓÙÂÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÓÛ˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∞fi ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ‰ÚÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ÚfiÙ˘Ô Î·ıÒ˜ Ô ÏfiÁÔ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ· Î·È Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚfiÙ˘Ô, ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ô˘ ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ Ô ‰¿ÛηÏfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ fiÙ·Ó ·Ó·Áο˙ÔÓÙ·È Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÂÚıÔ‡Ó Ì ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ (Kohn, 1991, Kremer & Dietzen, 1991). ∞Û˘Ó›‰ËÙ· ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ˘ ËÏÈΛ·˜, µÈÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙË Û˘µÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘-
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
ÙÈÎÔ‡. ŒÙÛÈ, ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ·Ó·Áη›Ô˜ Ô ·˘ÙÔ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∞Ó ‰Â ‰È·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ ıÂÙÈÎfi „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Îϛ̷ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, ÔÈ ˘ÁÈ›˜ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î.Ï., ÙfiÙ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ô Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ Ó· ÌËÓ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ıÂÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ (∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2005).
9. ªÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÙfïÓ, ÁÓˆÛÙÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ‚›Ô. √È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ‰È·ÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ (Martin Luther King, ªËÙ¤Ú· Theresa Î.¿.), ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› fiÙÈ ·˘Í¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÙˆÓ ÌÈÎÚÒÓ Û ËÏÈΛ· ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ó· ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÌÔÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó Û ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Î·È Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Bandura, 1997). ŒÓ· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÈ Î·È Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚ· ÔʤÏË Î·È ıÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ Âηȉ‡ÔÓÙ·È. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠÌÈ· ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÚÔı˘Ì›· ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÁÈ· Ì¿ıËÛË, ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ù¿ÛË Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, fiÙ·Ó ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈ˙·Ó Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛȷΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ (Kohn, 1991). ŒÓ· ¿ÏÏÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÙËΠ۠ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ ›¯Â ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ηχÙÂÚË ÔÌ·‰È΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· (Herbek & Yammarino, 1990).
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 4 ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ ÔȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Û ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘.
1.1.3. ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ: ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜, ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ™Â ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙ› ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ‹ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘. ∆Ô ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜, fiˆ˜ Ë Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ Ì ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ·, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛΤ„ÂȘ, Ë ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰·˜, ÙÔ ı·ÙÚÈÎfi ·È¯Ó›‰È Î·È ÔÈ Î·ÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ (¯ÔÚfi˜ Î.¿). ªÔÚ›, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Û ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË Îϛ̷η Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ·ıËÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ (ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈ΋, ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË Ì ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË, ¿ÚıÚ·, ‰È·Ï¤ÍÂȘ, ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÛÙÔÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÈÛÙfi, ‚ÈÓÙÂÔÙ·Èӛ˜). ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂ:
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
■ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ (ÌÂϤÙË ÂÚÈÙÒÛˆÓ, ·È¯Ó›‰È· ÚfiψÓ, ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ), ■ ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ■ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ıÂÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ë ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ı· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. √ ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ·ÓıÚˆÔÎÂÓÙÚÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ, Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ·ÏÏËÏԉȉ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ. ∆¤ÙÔȘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ›ӷÈ:
i. ∏ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË (collaborative learning). ∞fi ÙËÓ ÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÁÚ·ÊÙ› ÔÏÏ¿ Û˘ÁÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· Ù· ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ο Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ∫ÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ‡ÚËÌ· Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, Ù· ̤ÏË ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Á¤ÓÔ˜, ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο (Kohn, 1991). ™ÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÂÍ‹˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο: ■ ÈÔ ‰ÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Á¤ÓÔ˜, Ë ÂıÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ›‰Ô, Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜/‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ Î.Ï. Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ·fi Ù· ‰Èο ÙÔ˘˜, ■ ÈÔ ·˘ÍË̤ÓË ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· Û˘Ó·Ó·ÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·È Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ■ ÌÈ· ÈÔ ÌÂıÔ‰Â˘Ì¤ÓË ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ, ■ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Â›Â‰Ô Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó Û ̛· ÔÌ¿‰· Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Î·È ■ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ Î·È ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ˜ ‰È·Ê˘ÏÂÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ÊÈϛ˜. √ Kohn (1991) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ «Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Ô˘ÛÈ҉˘ ·ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, Ë ÔÔ›· Úԉȷı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ıÂÙÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜. ∆Ô˘˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘ÂÚ‚Ô‡Ó ÙȘ ÂÁˆÎÂÓÙÚÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË, ¢·ÈÛıËÛ›·, ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·».
ii. ∆· ‰È·-ËÏÈÎȷο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Î·È Ë ·ÏÏËÏԉȉ·ÎÙÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË (cross-age & peer tutoring). ∆· ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·, Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› fiÙÈ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, fiÔ˘ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ‰ÂÓ ·¤¯ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ οÔÈ· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ËÏÈΛ·, ÔÈ È‰¤Â˜ Î.Ï. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙˆÓ Yogev & Ronen (1992) Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ٷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÛÙË ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ : «...·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Ë ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË, Ô ·ÏÙÚÔ˘ÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÒÓ-Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. °È· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Û ËÏÈΛ· Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù¤˜-Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÙË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛË (self-confidence) ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌÔ‡Ó Ù· Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ …» (Yogev & Ronen, 1992). iii. √È ·ÓıÚˆÔÎÂÓÙÚÈΤ˜ - „˘¯Ô·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË. ∆· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÔ˘Ó ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ¤Ó· ·ÓıÚˆÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ-
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
Îfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ú¿ ¤Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi, Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚ·. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô Morgan (1993) ÌÂϤÙËÛ ٷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡-„˘¯Ô·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ¤Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ì·ıËÛÈ·Îfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ. ∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ, ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÔÌ·‰ÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ Ò˜ Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ οı ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ·fi ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÔÌfiÙÈÌˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ - Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÚfiψÓ. ∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘, ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·˘ÙÔÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÙËÎ·Ó ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο fiˆ˜ Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Ë ÙÈ̈ڛ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Ó·ÚΛ˜ Û˘Ó‹ıÂȘ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ‹ ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 5 ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙ›Ù ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÌÈÎÚÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ‚Ú›Ù ÂȉÈο ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈο, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ ÛÙ· „ËÊȷο ·˘Ù¿ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·.
1.1.4. ∞ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜: Ӥ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ & ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ∏ ¢Ú›· ‰È¿‰ÔÛË Î·È ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Î·È „ËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÛÎËÓÈÎfi Ì ÙȘ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (∆.¶.∂.) Ó· ·ÓÔ›ÁÔ˘Ó Ó¤Â˜ ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋, ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ, Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙÂ, Û˘Ì‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ì ‹ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÔ‡ÌÂ. ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹, Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÈ fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙËÓ ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ì ٷ „ËÊȷο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ›Ù ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Â›Ù ̤ۈ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ. ∏ ÂÌÏÔ΋ ·˘Ù‹ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ·Í›·, fiÙ·Ó ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ô˘ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ï¤ÔÓ, Û‹ÌÂÚ·, Ó· ÂÈÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÛÙË Ó¤· ·˘Ù‹ „ËÊȷ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∂ÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, ÔÈ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ˘·ÁÔÚÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Ó¤Ô ·˘Ùfi „ËÊÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙȘ Ӥ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ (¶·Ú·Û΢¿, 2007). π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ù˘ ÛÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ „ËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ì ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ·fiÎÙËÛ˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÛÙËÓ ·Í›·, ÛÙÔ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ. ∂›Û˘, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˘fi„Ë ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ó· ÙÚÔÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÂËÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ™ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÚfiÏÔÈ ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·Ó·ÏÈÒÓ „ËÊȷ΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ‹ ·Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ (e-mail, chat, forum, emoticons Î.¿). ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÔÈ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÙÚÔÔ-
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
ÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Î·È Ù· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÎfiÛ̈Ó, ÙˆÓ Â˘Ê˘ÒÓ-·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙfiÚˆÓ (intelligent-pedagogical agents, avatars) Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‰È·ÌÔÈÚ·Ṳ̂ӈÓ-ÂÈÎÔÓÈÎÒÓ „ËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ ¯ÒÚˆÓ (shared-virtual learning environments) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (Lytras et al., 2005). øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÛÙ›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ·ÚÌÔÓÈο Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÙȘ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜-‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ô ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˜ ÔÏ›Ù˘, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÓ‰˘Ó·Ìˆı›, ÒÛÙ ӷ Á›ÓÂÈ ÈηÓfi˜, ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˜, ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ÙÂÏÈο Ó· Ú˘ıÌ›˙ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘, Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ – Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Î·È ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË. ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÈÔ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔÈ, Ì ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË, ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ· ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ Ӥ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (ª·ÎÚ‹ – ªfiÙÛ·ÚË, 2001, ¶·Ú·Û΢¿, 2007). ∆Ô Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ó· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔÈ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ì·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜. ŒÓ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Îϛ̷ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ „ËÊÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ηıÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰È΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Û ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·ÛÊ·ÏÔ‡˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ηْ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ı· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó Ì ÙÔÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Î·È Ï¤ÔÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜ Î¿Ï˘„˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ, Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘, Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î.Ï., ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Ó¤Ô ·˘Ùfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ (ª·ÎÚ‹ – ªfiÙÛ·ÚË, 2001, µÔÛÓÈ¿‰Ô˘, 2006). ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ, ÙÂÏÈο, Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÒÈÌË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô, ÂÓÒ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È Ì·ıËÛÈ·Îfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ. √È ‚·ÛÈÎÔ› ¿ÍÔÓ˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‚ÈÔÊ˘ÛÈÎÔ›, ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ›, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ› Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È ·ÚÌÔÓÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ·Ï‹ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ηٿ ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Î·È Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ˙ˆ‹. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÍÔÓ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ. ∫¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÔÈ „˘¯ÔÛ˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ›, ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚÈ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÓÙȉڿ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ› Î·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÁÈ· ¢ÂÏÈÍ›· Î·È ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙȘ Ӥ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜.
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µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] Allport, G. (1968). The historical background of modern social psychology. In G. Lindzey & E. Arronson, (1998). Handbook of social psychology. New York: Addison Wessley. 1[2] Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman. 1[3] Bellet, P.S., Maloney M.J. (1991). The importance of empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine, JAMA, 266(13), 1831-2. 1[4] Brehm, S. S. Fletcher, B. L. and West, V. (1998). “Effects of Empathy Instructions on First-Graders’ Liking of Other People, Child Study Journal, 11/1, 1-15. 1[5] Buie, D. (1981). Empathy: Its nature and limitations. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 29(2), 281-307. 1[6] Dave, ∂. (2000). Becoming a master student (Ninth ed.). Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 1[7] Egan, G. (1994). The skilled helper: A problem-management approach. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. 1[8] Eisenberg, N. (2002). Empathy-related emotional responses, altruism, and their socialization. In R. J. Davidson & A. Harrington (Eds.). Visions of compassion: Western scientists and Tibetan Buddhists examine human nature. (pp. 135, 131-164). London: Oxford University Press. 1[9] Gallo, D. (1989). Educating for empathy, reason and imagination, The Journal of Creative Behavior, 23(2), 98-115. 1[10] Hahn, S. L. (1980). Let’s Try a Positive Approach, Foreign Language Annals, 13/5, 415-417. 1[11] Hakansson, J. (2003). Exploring the phenomenon of empathy. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University. In http://www.psychology.su.se/staff/jh/dissertation.pdf 1[12] Haynes, L. A. and Avery, A. W. (1979). Training Adolescents in Self-Disclosure and Empathy Skills, Journal of Community Psychology, 26/6, 526-530. 1[13] Herbek, T. A. and Yammarino, F. J. (1990). Empathy Training for Hospital Staff Nurses, Group & Organizational Studies, 15/3, 279-295. 1[14] Jones B. F. (1990). The New Definition of Learning: The First Step to School Reform, Rrestructuring to promote learning in America’s schools. A guidebook. Elmhurst, IL, North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. 1[15] Kohn, A. (1991). Caring Kids: The Role of the Schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 72/7, 496-506. 1[16] Kremer, J. F., and Dietzen, L. L. (1991). Two Approaches to Teaching Accurate Empathy to Undergraduates: Teacher-Intensive and Self-Directed. Journal of College Student Developmant, 32, 69- 75. 1[17] Lamm, C., Batson, C.D. & Decety, J. (2007). The neural basis of human empathy – Effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 42-58. 1[18] Lytras, M.D. and Sicilia, M.A. (2005). The knowledge society: a manifesto for knowledge and learning, Int. J. Knowledge and Learning, Vol. 1, Nos. 1/2, 1–11. 1[19] Meharbian, A. & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy, Journal of Personality. 40, 525-543. 1[20] Morgan, S. R. (1993). Development of Empathy in Emotionally Disturbed Children. Humanistic Education and Development, 22/2, 70-79. 1[21] Nilsson, P. (2003). Empathy and emotions: On the notion of empathy as emotional sharing. Umea: Department of Philosophy and Linguistics, Umea University. 1[22] In http://www.diva-portal.org/diva/getDocument?urn_nbn_se_umu_diva-75-1__fulltext.pdf
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1[23] Pecukonis, E. V. (1990). A Cognitive/Affective Empathy Training Program as a Function of Ego Development in Aggressive Adolescent Females, Adolescence, 25/97, 59-76. 1[24] Yogev, A. & Ronen, R. (1982). Cross-Age Tutoring: Effects on Tutors’ Attributes. Journal of Educational Research, 75/5, 261-268. 1[25] µÔÛÓÈ¿‰Ô˘, ™. (2006). ™¯Â‰È¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓ· ·fi ÙȘ Ӥ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÂΉ. Gutenberg. 1[26] ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, ∂. (2005). £ÂˆÚ›Â˜ ª¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË, ÙÔÌfi˜ °ã, ∞ı‹Ó·. 1[27] ª·ÎÚ‹ – ªfiÙÛ·ÚË, ∂. (2001). ∞˘ÙÔ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Î·È ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË: ªÔÓ٤Ϸ, ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. 1[28] ¶·Ú·Û΢¿, º. (2007). √È ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ (∆.¶.∂.) ÛÙËÓ ∞ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ∞ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙ˘ ™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙÔ ™¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÛÙÔ ˘fi ¤Î‰. ‚È‚Ï›Ô ‘¶ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ∞ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ¶Ú¿ÍË’. ∂ÈÌ. ∂ÌÌ. ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, ∞ı‹Ó·.
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1.3. ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ı›ÍÂÈ ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi οÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÎÚ›ÛË ‹ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ‹ ÌÂٷ͇ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜, Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Â›Ï˘Û˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛˆÓ.
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È: ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÊÚ·ÁÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ■ Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ›‰Ë ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÎÚfi·Û˘ Î·È Ó· Ù· ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Âηȉ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Î·È ÙȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ ÌÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË, ■ Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÌÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ù‡ˆÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Û ÌÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚Ô‡Ó Û ÌÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Âηȉ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛˆÓ.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· §ÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ªË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ∂ÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ∂ÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ ·ÎÚfi·ÛË ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÚfiÏ˄˘
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¢ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ™‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘ ¶·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ¢È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ √ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙË ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛË ÁÓÒÛˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÎÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È Û ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÁÂÓÈο. ™ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏfiÙËÙ¿ Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· (¢∂¶¶™, º.∂.∫. Ù‡¯Ô˜ µã ·Ú. ʇÏÏÔ˘ 303/1303-03). √ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È Ï¤ÔÓ ÌfiÓÔ ˆ˜ ‰¤ÎÙ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· Î·È Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÊÔÚ¤· ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ. ™Ù· ηı‹ÎÔÓÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ Ô˘ ı· ηٷ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› Ô Î¿ı ̷ıËÙ‹˜, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈο, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙËÓ ÂͤٷÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ò˜ Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ Â›Ù ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ù ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÛÔÛÙÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË, ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÁÂÓÈο ÛÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË (Rutter & Smith, 1995, ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘ & Hopf, 1992). ¶ÔÏÏ¿ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ë ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓË ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Ó· ÌËÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› ÌÔÓÔÌÂÚÒ˜ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÙÔ̤·, ·ÏÏ¿ Ó· ··ÈÙ› ÙË Û˘ÓÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÙÔ̤ˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘. ∆Ô Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·ÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ·›ÍÂÈ ¤Ó· ÚfiÏÔ Ôχ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi. √È Ó¤Â˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÂÚ› Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙÂÂͤÏıÂÈ Û ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Î·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈηÓfi Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ηٷÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÎÙ˘Ï›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÚԂϤ„È̘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙ˜. ∆Ô Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ·ÙfïÓ, ¿Ú· Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÏËıÒÚ· ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ı¤ÛË Î·Ù¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ˆ˜ ̤ÏÔ˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜. ™Â ÔÏÏ¿ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ô ıÂÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘ ,Î·È ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ̤۷ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·. ™¯Â‰È¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ˜, ηÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ıÂÙÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Îϛ̷ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Î·È ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Û ·˘Ù¿ Î.¿. (Reasoner & Holzman, 1992). ™ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Î¿ ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó οÔÈÔÈ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÔ› ÛÙ·ıÌÔ› ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ۯ‰ȷÛÙ› ·fi ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο Û¯ÔÏ›· (÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2004, ¶ÏˆÌ·Ú›ÙÔ˘, 2004). ¶¿ÓÙˆ˜, ÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ·¤¯ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË ·fi ÙËÓ Î·ıȤڈÛË ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ı· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û οı ۯÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·. ŒÙÛÈ, ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ¢ı‡Ó˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ·Ê‹ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ·ÓÙÈ̤وÔÈ Ì ʷÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ ‹ Î·È Ì ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ‹ ‹È· Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ.
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
1.3.2. ¶ÚfiÏË„Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô º·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ, Û ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ›‰Ô, ÙÔ 10-20% ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó¿ÁÎË „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢, Ë ÔÔ›· ηٿ ηÓfiÓ· ‰ÂÓ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È (Verhulst & VanderEnde, 1997). ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, Ù· ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ·È‰È¿ ˙Ô˘Ó Û ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È (Durlak, 1998): ■ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ›: ÊÙˆ¯fi ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÚԤϢÛË, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ηΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜ Î.Ï., ■ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·ÎÔ›: ¯·ÌËÏfi ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi – ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎfi ›‰Ô, ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· (‰È·˙‡ÁÈÔ) Î.Ï., ■ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ›: ¯·ÌËϤ˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ˘Ô‚·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ·Ó·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î.Ï., ■ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ›: „˘¯ÈΤ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜, ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ¯Ú‹ÛË Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ, ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ›‰ÔÛË, ÂÏÏÈ‹˜ ÊÔ›ÙËÛË Î.Ï. ∂ÓÒ Ô Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ÔÏÏÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÈÛÙˆı› fiÙÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ·È‰È¿ Û ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ·˘ÍË̤Ó˘ ÂÈÎÈÓ‰˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ∞˘Ùfi Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔÛٷهÂÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ·fi ÙȘ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ (Werner, 1989). Ÿˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÎfi, ÔÈ ÂȉÈÎÔ› ηٷϋÁÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ Ë ÚfiÏË„Ë Â›Ó·È Ë ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ χÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· (Albee, 1982). H ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘ (2003) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÚfiÏË„Ë ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› Û ÙÚ›· ›‰·: ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓ¤˜, ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ¤˜ Î·È ÙÚÈÙÔÁÂÓ¤˜. ■ ∏ ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓ‹˜ ÚfiÏË„Ë ·ÊÔÚ¿ Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·ıÔÏÈ΋ ‹ ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋. ∏ ηıÔÏÈ΋ ÚfiÏË„Ë ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ıÂÙÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Îϛ̷ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ÛÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÓfi˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜. ∏ ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÚfiÏË„Ë ·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·˘ÍË̤Ó˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ó· ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÔ˘Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ ·È‰È¿ ·ÏÎÔÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ, ·È‰È¿ ·fi Ôχ ÊÙˆ¯¤˜ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ Î.Ï. ■ ∏ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ‹˜ ÚfiÏË„Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È fiÙ·Ó ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÚÒÙ· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯ÒÓ ‹/Î·È Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ. ∆· ·È‰È¿ ·˘Ù¿ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú·ÂÌÊıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Î·È Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËıÔ‡Ó Ì ‚¿ÛË ÛÙ·ıÌÈṲ̂ӷ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÔÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÛÔ‚·ÚÒÓ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯ÒÓ ‹ ÙËÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÂÓfi˜ ·Ú¯Èο ‹ÈÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ■ ∏ ÙÚÈÙÔÁÂÓ‹˜ ÚfiÏË„Ë ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ‰È·ÁÓˆṲ̂Ó˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Î·È ÂȉÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ, Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù˘ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÔ‡˜. ∂›Ó·È ¢ÓfiËÙÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· ·fi ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ – Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ, ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘, Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ, ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ˘Á›·˜, ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ¶·È‰Â›·˜ Î.Ï.
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1 ™ÎÂÊÙ›Ù ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÎÈ Û˘˙ËÙ‹Û٠٘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ Û·˜: ◗ 1. ∂›Ó·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Û·˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·; ◗ 2. ¶ÔÈ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Î·È Ô‡ ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙË ÁÓÒÌË Û·˜; ◗ 3. ¶ÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ fiÙÈ ·Ó ˘‹Ú¯·Ó ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ı· ›¯Â ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ; ◗ 4. ∆È ÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ·È‰È¿; ◗ 5. ¶Ò˜ ‚ϤÂÙ ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi Û·˜ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ;
ŒÓ· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂȉÈο ۯ‰ȷṲ̂ÓÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› Û Â͈‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ ‹ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ˆÚ·Ú›Ô˘, ¿ÓÙ· ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ¯ÒÚÔ Î·È Ì ÂȉÈÎfi ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi (Reasoner, 1992, ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2004, ¶ÏˆÌ·Ú›ÙÔ˘, 2004), ÂÓÒ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Â›Û˘ Ó· ÂÓۈ̷وıÔ‡Ó Î·È Î¿ÔȘ ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ô Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ Ã·Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘ (2004) ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ¿ÍÔÓ˜: ■ ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜, ■ ηıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ÛÎÔÔ‡ Î·È ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, ■ ηıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ Î·È ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, ■ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, ■ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ■ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË. °È· Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·, ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ ı· ÙÔ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ‹ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ı· ÙÔ Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›ÛÂÈ, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÔÏÏÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ. ŸÌˆ˜, ¤Ó·˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ô˘ ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÙÔ˘, ÛÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈʤÚÂÈ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·Ó ÁÈ· Ú·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈṲ̂ÓË ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ı· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋.
1.3.3. ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ŒÓ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ̤ÏË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ·›ÛıËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·›˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡, ¢ÓÔ› ÙËÓ ÔÌ·Ï‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÈ‚·Ú‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÌÈ·˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈ-
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
ÓˆÓ›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ıÂÙÈÎfi „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Îϛ̷, ηϤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ, Ó‡̷ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ·ÚfiÛÎÔÙË Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∏ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·, Ë ÔÔ›· ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÛÎÔfi Î·È Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· Û οÔÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ. ¶ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÏÂÎÙÈÎfi ηӿÏÈ (ÁÏÒÛÛ·), ÙÔ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎfi ηӿÏÈ (ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘, ÛÙ¿ÛË ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÙfiÓÔ˜ ʈӋ˜, ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ Î.Ï.) Î·È ÙÔ Ù¯ÓÈÎfi ηӿÏÈ (.¯. ∫Ò‰Èη˜ √‰È΋˜ ∫˘ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›·˜, οÔÈÔ˜ Û˘ÌʈÓË̤ÓÔ˜ ÎÒ‰Èη˜ Î.Ï.). ∫¿ıÂ Ì‹Ó˘Ì· ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ·ÔηχÙÂÈ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ‹ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙÒÓ. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ô˘ ηٿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ì¤Û· Û ·˘Ù‹Ó (Bateson, 1972, Watzlawik, 1986). √ Thomas Gordon (1970) ‰ÈÂÍ‹Á·Á ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ¤Ú¢ӷ ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· ·˘Ùfi Î·È ·Û¯ÔÏ‹ıËΠȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ Î¿ÔȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ‰˘Û¯ÂÚ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ·ÊÔ‡ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÊÚ·ÁÌÔ‡˜ Û ·˘Ù‹Ó. ∆¤ÙÔȘ ›ӷÈ: ■ Ë ÚÔÛÙ·Á‹, ■ Ë ·ÂÈÏ‹, ■ ÙÔ Î‹Ú˘ÁÌ·, ■ Ë ÂÎÏÔÁ›Î¢ÛË, ■ Ë Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï‹, ■ Ë ÎÚÈÙÈ΋, ■ Ô ·‰È¿ÎÚÈÙÔ˜ ¤·ÈÓÔ˜, ■ Ë ÂÛ¢Ṳ̂ÓË ·ÚËÁÔÚÈ¿, ■ Ë ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙË ÂÚÌËÓ›·, ■ Ë ÁÂÏÔÈÔÔ›ËÛË, ■ Ë ˘ÂÎÊ˘Á‹, ■ ÔÈ ·Î·Ù¿ÏÏËϘ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2 ™ÎÂÊÙ›Ù ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÁÈ· οı ¤Ó·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÊÚ·ÁÌÔ‡˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ¢È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÙ ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Î·È ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÙ ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚËÙÒÓ. ™ÎÂÊÙ›Ù fiÛÔ Û˘¯Ó¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔț٠ÂÛ›˜ οÔȘ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜.
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Dick (1997), ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙÚ›· ›‰Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È Î·ı¤Ó· ·’ ·˘Ù¿ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜:
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Layout 1.ps - 9/29/2008 12:25 PM
∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
■ ¢ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì· Ô˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘ÌÂ. ªÂ ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ԇ̠·˘Ù¿ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ Ô˘ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡ÌÂ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ô˘ ›Ûˆ˜ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· Ù· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘ÌÂ. ■ ¢ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÎÚfi·Û˘ ÁÈ· Ó· Ï¿‚Ô˘Ì ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· Ì·˜ ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó. √È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì·˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó Ó· ·Ú·ÌÂÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Ì·˜ ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡Ó, ̤¯ÚÈ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ϋڈ˜ ÙÈ ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· Ì·˜ ÂÈ Ô Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ‹˜ Ì·˜. ■ ¢ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ fiÏ˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜. √È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì·˜ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È Ó· ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù¢Ùԇ̠ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘. ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÂȉÈο ÛÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÎÚfi·Û˘ Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜, Ô Gordon (2002) ÙȘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ Û ٤ÛÛÂÚ· ›‰Ë: ■ ¶·ıËÙÈ΋ ·ÎÚfi·ÛË: √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÎÔ‡ÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÌÈÏ¿ÂÈ, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÂÂȉ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·Ï¿‚ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ·È‰› ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË. ∞˘Ùfi ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰› Ó· Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ÌÈÏ¿ÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÌÂٷʤÚÂÈ ¤Ó· Ì‹Ó˘Ì· ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜. ■ ∞ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈÛË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘: √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ «¡·È», «∫·Ù·Ï·‚·›Óˆ», «∞¯¿» Î·È Ì ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÚÔÛ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ϤÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰›. ■ ¶·ÚfiÙÚ˘ÓÛË ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ·È‰›. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ οÓÂÈ Û¯fiÏÈ· ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘, «£· ‹ıÂϘ Ó· ÌÈÏ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi;», «¶Â˜ ÌÔ˘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi», «º·›ÓÂÛ·È Û·Ó Ó· Û ··Û¯ÔÏ› οÙÈ», Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ·È‰› Ó· Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ÌÈÏ¿ÂÈ ‹ Ó· ÂÂÎÙ·ı› Û ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ϤÂÈ. ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ·ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈÛË Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋, ÁÈ·Ù› ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÙÔ ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ. ■ ∂ÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ ·ÎÚfi·ÛË. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ· ·ÎÚfi·Û˘. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Ì‹Ó˘Ì·, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜ ηıÚÂÊÙ›˙ÂÈ ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ϤÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰›. ¢Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈο fiÙÈ Î·Ù·Ï·‚·›ÓÂÈ ‹ fiÙÈ ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ηٷϿ‚ÂÈ ÙÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì· Ì ÙÔ Ó· ÙÔ Â·Ó·‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÈ Ì ‰Èο ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÈ·, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ÈÔÚıˆıÔ‡Ó Î·È ÔÈ Ù˘¯fiÓ ·Ú·ÓÔ‹ÛÂȘ. ∆Ô Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È Î·Ù’ ÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ¤Ó·˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜, ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¯‹ ÚÔ‹ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∆· ÚfiÛˆ· ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Û˘Ó¯Ҙ Î·È ÔÈ ÚfiÏÔÈ Ô˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È Â›Ó·È ÔÏÏÔ› Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂÙ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È. ∏ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ··ÈÙ› Û˘ÓÂȉËÙfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÂÓ¿ÚÁÂÈ·. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ÚÒÙ· ·’ fiÏ· Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ Ó· η٤¯ÂÈ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ÙȘ ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÂÈ Û˘Ó¯Ҙ. ªÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ı· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ı· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ηı‹ÎÔÓ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÂÌfi‰È· (Gordon & Burch, 2002). ∆Ș ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ÙȘ ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, ›Ù ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ›Ù ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ οÔȘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. ¶·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο οÔȘ ȉ¤Â˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ (Gordon & Burch, 2002, Gordon, 1970, Reasoner, 1992, ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2004, ¶ÏˆÌ·Ú›ÙÔ˘, 2004):
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Layout 1.ps - 9/29/2008 12:25 PM
∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
■ °›ÓÂÙ ÂÛ›˜ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ÚfiÙ˘Ô ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∂ȉ›ÍÙ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ Î·È ·ÎÚfi·Û˘ ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ÌÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜. ■ ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÙ ÙËÓ ÔÌ·‰ÔÛ˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË fiÛÔ ÈÔ Û˘¯Ó¿ Á›ÓÂÙ·È. ■ ∂ÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ‹ÛÙÂ Û˘¯Ó¿ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ■ ∞ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÙ ̷ı‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ Ë §ÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·, ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÂÙ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤Ó˘ ‹ ·ÔÙ˘¯Ë̤Ó˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· Ì·ÓÙ¤„Ô˘Ó Ò˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÍÂÏȯı› Ë ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ. ■ ∂Í·Û΋ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÔÌ·‰ÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ: Ò˜ Ó· ıÂÛ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·ÓfiÓ˜, Ó· ÌÈÏÔ‡Ó Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿, Ó· ·ÎÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÔÌÈÏËÙ‹, Ó· ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂÎÚfiÛˆÔ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜. ■ µÔËı‹ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÊÚ·ÁÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. √ÚÁ·ÓÒÛÙ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ·È¯Ó›‰È ÚfiÏˆÓ ÁÈ· οı ¤Ó· ÊÚ·ÁÌfi Î·È Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ÙȘ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜. ■ ∫·ıÚÂÊÙ›ÛÙ ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙ· (‹ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ¿) ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÔ˘Ó. ■ ÈڛÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ‰ÒÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‰ÈÏ‹ÌÌ·Ù· Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó. ∑ËÙ‹ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ηٷϋÍÔ˘Ó Û οÔÈÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ‹ Û οÔÈ· ÔÚ›· ‰Ú¿Û˘. ■ ∂Í·Û΋ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ¢ÒÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÚfiÛˆ· Î·È ˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· Ì·ÓÙ¤„Ô˘Ó Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ■ µÔËı‹ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈο ÌËӇ̷ٷ Ô˘ ÛÙ¤ÏÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ. ∑ËÙ‹ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈο ¤Ó· Û˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ· ‹ ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÙ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ■ µÔËı‹ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· «‰ÈÏ¿» ÌËӇ̷ٷ. ∂ÈÛËÌ¿ÓÂÙ ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ‰‡Ô ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ‹ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÓfi˜ ÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÂÓfi˜ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌËӇ̷ÙÔ˜. ■ ∂Í·Û΋ÛÙ ٷ ·È‰È¿ ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘. ¢ÒÛÙ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ˘ÔıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÈÛÙÔڛ˜ Î·È ˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ·fi Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ó· ÌÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ÙˆÓ ËÚÒˆÓ. ∑ËÙ‹ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· Ì·ÓÙ¤„Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ, Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÔ˘Ó Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È Ó· Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î¿ı ‹Úˆ·. ■ ∂ÈÌ›ÓÂÙ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÎÚfi·Û˘. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ˘ÔıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÏfiÁˆÓ, ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÙ οı ¢ηÈÚ›· ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È‰¿ÍÂÙ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ò˜ Ó· ·ÎÔ‡Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÛΤÊÙÔÓÙ·È ¿ÏÏ· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, Ò˜ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÚÂÚÌËÓ›˜, Ò˜ Ó· ·ÔÛ·ÊËÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ÙˆÓ ÏfiÁˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ Ì ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ·Ú·ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ Î.Ï. ■ ¢È‰¿ÍÙ ÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Î·È ÙÔ Û‚·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘, fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ‹ Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘. ■ ∂ÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÙ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÂÈÎfiÓ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ Î·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÊÔ‚· Î·È Ì ÙÚfiÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi.
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Layout 1.ps - 9/29/2008 12:25 PM
∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
1.3.4. ¢ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ™˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ∆Ô Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÛÎËÓÈÎfi fiÔ˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÏÏÒÓ ÂȉÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ: Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Î·È ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‹ Î·È ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ¤Ó·˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì¿ÚÙ˘Ú·˜ ÌÈ·˜ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘ ÌÂٷ͇ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ó· η٤¯ÂÈ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÍÂÈ ÙȘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ Û ¤Ó· ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ô˘ ı· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ì ÙÔÓ ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ. ªÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË, fiˆ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ – ÎÏÂȉȿ Ô˘ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘, ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›· fiÛÔ Î·È ·fi ÙË ‚›·, Î·È ··ÈÙ› ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ‹ ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹ Ù˘. ŸÌˆ˜, ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‚Ô‡Ó ÎÈ ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜, ·Ó ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍ·Û΋ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÙȘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÁȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ó¤· ÂÊfi‰È· ÁÈ· ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3 ÈÚÈÛÙ›Ù Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ‰ÈËÁËı›Ù ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Û·˜. ™ÎÂÊÙ›Ù ÌÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‚Ú¤ıËΠχÛË Î·È ÌÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â ·›ÛÈÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜. ¶ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÙ ӷ ηٷϿ‚ÂÙ ÙÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∞ÔÊ·Û›ÛÙ ÔÈ· ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈο ·Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ·ÊËÁËı›Ù ÛÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÔÌ¿‰· Î·È ‚Ú›Ù ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÙÒÛˆÓ.
ŒÓ·˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi˜ ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË, Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Harry Webne-Behram (1998) Î·È Weeks (1992), ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ˆ˜ οı ‰È·ÊˆÓ›· ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ù· ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓ· ̤ÚË ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·Ó¿ÁΘ, Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· Î·È Ù· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÂÈÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›·, ‹ ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ·fi„ÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ fiÙÈ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÔÓÙ·È ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó Ó· ˘ÂÚ·Û›ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ˘ÏÈο ‹ ËıÈο, ·fi οÔÈ· ·ÂÈÏ‹. ¢È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ, ›Û˘, ·fi ÙË ‚›· ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ fiÙÈ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ·ÚÓËÙÈο Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ‹ Ó· ÂÈÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È ÏÂÎÙÈο, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ηٷʇÁÔ˘Ó Û ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ‚›·. °È· Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ·ÂÈÏ‹, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· fï˜ Ù· ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓ· ̤ÚË ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÚfiÔ ÙÂÏ›ˆ˜ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfi. ¢‡Ô ¿ÙÔÌ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ôχ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÙËÓ ›‰È· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË. √È ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ (WebneBehram, 1998): ■ ¢È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜: ∆Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ. √È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ˘ÏÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÂÎÙÈÌÒÓÙ·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ·fi ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÚԤϢÛË Î·È, ηٿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙȉڿÛÔ˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË. ■ ¢È·Ê˘ÏÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜: √È Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Î·È ÔÈ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο. ø˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘, ÔÈ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ Û ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ·ÚÎÂÙ¿.
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
■ °ÓÒÛÂȘ (ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÚÈÙˆÛȷΤ˜): √È ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔÈ ·ÓÙȉÚÔ‡Ó Û ÌÈ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÁÂÓÈο (ÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Û ٤ÙÔȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ) ‹ ÂȉÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔ Â›Ì·¯Ô ı¤Ì· (ÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÙÒÚ·). √È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈ̘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¢ÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‹ Ó· ·ÚÂÌÔ‰›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘. ■ ∂ÓÙ˘ÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ÌËӇ̷ٷ Ô˘ ÌÂÙ·‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÔÚÁÈṲ̂ÓÔ Î·È ÛˆÌ·ÙÈο ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ ÙÚfiÌÔ Î·È ‰È¿ıÂÛË ÁÈ· ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘, ÂÓÒ ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ Úfiı˘ÌÔ ÁÈ· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Úԉȷı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ ÁÈ· ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË. ■ ¶ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜: √È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û οı Ӥ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË. ∫¿ÔȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ›¯·Ó ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË Êfi‚Ô˘, ‰˘ÛÈÛÙ›·˜ ‹ ·ÂÏÈÛ›·˜, ÂÓÒ ¿ÏϘ Ó· ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û·Ó ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Î·È ÂÍÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ¿ÁÓˆÛÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î.Ï. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ·ÓÙÈÏËÙÈο Ê›ÏÙÚ· ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Î·È ÔÈ ÊÈÏÙÚ·ÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË. ∏ ÛÙ¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ê·ÓÂÚ‹ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ηٿ ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¿ÚÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ (Kraybill, 2000): ■ ∞ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË: ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ‚ÁÂÈ ÓÈÎËÙ‹˜ ·fi ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Î·È Ó· ËÙÙËı› Ô ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ˜. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ‰›ÎÈÔ Â›Ó·È Ì ÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ·ÛΛ ›ÂÛË ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈηȈı›, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë ·ÂÈÏ‹. ■ ¶·Ú·¯ˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË. √ ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ οÓÂÈ ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈΤ˜ ·Ú·¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·fi Êfi‚Ô ÌË ¯¿ÛÂÈ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË, ÏfiÁˆ ÂÓfi˜ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘ Êfi‚Ô˘ ‹ ÂÂȉ‹ ‰Â ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË. ■ ∞ÔÊ¢ÎÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË: √ ¤Ó·˜ ‹ Î·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔÈ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙÂ, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÂÂȉ‹ ÊÔ‚Ô‡ÓÙ·È ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȤ˜ Ù˘. √È ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ‰Â Û˘˙ËÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÙ¤ Î·È ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› Û‡Á¯˘ÛË ÛÙË Û¯¤ÛË. ■ ™˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË: ∫·È Ù· ‰‡Ô ̤ÚË Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó ·Ú·¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Î·Ù·Ï‹ÁÔ˘Ó Û οÔÈ· Û˘Ìʈӛ·. ŸÛÔ ıÂÙÈ΋ ÎÈ ·Ó Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ¤Î‚·ÛË, ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Í·Ó¿ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ■ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË. √È ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔÈ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋, ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ‚ÚÔ˘Ó Ï‡ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ı· ÈηÓÔÔÈÔ‡Ó fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ. ∏ ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÛȷΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ - ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ‹ ¤Íˆ ·’ ·˘Ùfi, ·Ó ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó Û ı¤ÛË ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ ‹ fi¯È, ·Ó ηٿ ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Â›Ó·È ·ÚÒÓ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÔ˜ Î.Ï. (Wheeler, 1994). √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤ÚıÔ˘Ó Û ۇÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜. ªÔÚ› Ó· ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ·ÂÈÏÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜, .¯. fiÙ·Ó ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ‹ οÔÈÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ·È¯ÓȉÈÔ‡. ªÔÚ› Ó· ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ·ÂÈÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ËıÈο (.¯. Ì ÚÔÛ‚ÔϤ˜ Î·È Ù·ÂÈÓÒÛÂȘ) ‹ ۈ̷ÙÈο (.¯. Ì ·ÂÈÏ‹ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋˜ ‚Ï¿‚˘) ‹ fiÙÈ ·Ú·‚È¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ·ÙÔÌÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· (.¯. ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Û ÌÈ· ÂÚÁ·Û›· ‹ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·). ∂›Û˘, ÌÔÚ›
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ ·Ú·‚È¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙË̤ÓÔÈ ‹ Û˘ÌʈÓË̤ÓÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ (.¯ Û ·È¯Ó›‰È· ‹ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜) (÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2004). ŸÛÔ ‰˘Û¿ÚÂÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ÎÈ ·Ó Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË, ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ÌÂ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Rende & Killen, 1992). ∫¿Ùˆ ·fi ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ·, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· ‰ÂÈ ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË fi¯È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ‹ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú¤Ì‚ÂÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ÙÔ ÂÈχÛÂÈ ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ¢ηÈÚ›· ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È‰¿ÍÂÈ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ Ó· ‚ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ô˘ ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ·Ô‚› ÔχÙÈÌË ÁÈ· ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆· ·È‰È¿, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË Ó· ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹. ™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, fï˜, Ô Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·ÔÎÏ›ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÚfiÏÔÈ, ·Ó ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó. ∞ÎfiÌ· ηχÙÂÚ·, ÌÔÚ› Ó· Âηȉ‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Û ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘ Î·È Ó· ˙ËÙ¿ ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·. Œ¯ÂÈ ‚ÚÂı› fiÙÈ fiÙ·Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘, ÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ó· ÂÌÏ·ÎÔ‡Ó ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ (Crawford & Bodine, 1997). ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 4 ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ù· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ: ªÂ ÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ·ÚÂÌ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Û·˜ Û ÌÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Ì·ıËÙÒÓ; ¢ÒÛÙÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Î·È ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÙ ӷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›ÛÂÙ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ (.¯. ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜, ·ÓÂÎÙÈÎfi˜ Î.Ï.). ¶ÔÈÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ Û·˜;
√ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÚÈÓ ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·Û˘. ∞fi ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ (Townley & Lee, 1993, Girard & Koch, 1996, Deutsch, 1973): ■ Ì ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÓÙÔÏ‹ Ó· ÙÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÙ› Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË, ■ ÂÈηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙÔ ÓfiÌÔ ‹ ÙÔÓ Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Û˘ÌÌfiÚʈÛË, ■ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙÈ̈ڛ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÙ˜, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·Ú¿ÍÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ·‰ÈΛ·, ■ fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ˙ËÙ¿Ó ÙËÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÎÔ‡ÓÂ Î·È ÙȘ ‰‡Ô Ï¢ڤ˜ Î·È ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ, ■ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ¤˜ Ì ÙÔ Ó· ÂÌϤÍÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Û ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÊÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÌfiÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘Û‹ Ù˘ ‹ Û ÌÈ· Û˘Ìʈӛ·. ∏ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË Â›Ó·È Ô ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi˜ ηÈ, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, Ô ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘. ∞·ÈÙ› ÁÓÒÛÂȘ, ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ηÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜, ÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ ÌÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‚› ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜. ∏ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‚› ÔχÙÈÌË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂȉÈο fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, fiÔ˘ ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚ˜ Î·È ÛÔ‚·ÚfiÙÂÚ˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ۯ‰ȷÛÙ› Û ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ (Crawford & Bodine, 1997) ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· (÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2004).
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
∏ Â›Ï˘ÛË Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ‚ÔËı¿ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Î·È ÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ó· ÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÂȉÈÒÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ‚ÚÔ˘Ó Ï‡ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ı· ÈηÓÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÂȉÈÒÍÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ (Association for Conflict Resolution, 2002). H ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Â›Ï˘Û˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi Ù· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ‚‹Ì·Ù·: ■ ™˘Ìʈӛ· ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÓfiÓ˜. ■ ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Î·È Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔ̤ӈÓ. ■ ™·Ê‹˜ ηıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘. ■ ¢È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ■ ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÈÌˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛˆÓ. ■ ∂›Ù¢ÍË Û˘Ìʈӛ·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Bloomfield & Reilly (1998), ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘ Â›Ó·È Ô ıÂÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈÎfi˜ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·fiÎÏÈÛ˘. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛ·ıԇ̠ӷ ÂÍ·Ï›„Ô˘Ì ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂȯÂÈÚԇ̠ӷ ÙË ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙԇ̠̠ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ, Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÍÔ˘Ì ٷ ·ÓÙ›·Ï· ̤ÚË Û ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È Ó· ۯ‰ȿÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÈÌÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈ΋ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿˜. °È· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› οÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ, fï˜, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ (Vuchinich, 1990): ■ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓfi Î·È fiÙÈ Ë Ï‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ ··ÈÙ› Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·, ■ Ó· ÂΉËÏÒÛÔ˘Ó ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â͇ÚÂÛË Ï‡Û˘, ■ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘, ■ Ó· ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ Û‚·ÛÌfi Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ô ¤Ó·˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ› ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ϤÂÈ Ô ¿ÏÏÔ˜, ■ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó fiÏÔÈ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ■ Ó· Â›Ó·È Úfiı˘ÌÔÈ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ ı˘Ìfi ÙÔ˘˜. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, fï˜, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘ ÌÂٷ͇ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÂȉÈο ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó, ÔfiÙ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ› ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ·. ∏ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ‰ÂÓ ÂÈχÂÙ·È ¿ÓÙ·. ªÔÚÔ‡Ó, fï˜, Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘Û‹ Ù˘ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ‹ ¤ÛÙˆ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â͇ÚÂÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÙÈ΋˜ χÛ˘. ŒÓ· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Crawford & Bodine (1997), Û ԯÙÒ ‚‹Ì·Ù·:
µ∏ª∞ 1: «°ÓÒıÈ Û·˘ÙfiÓ» Î·È …ÊÚfiÓÙÈ˙ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÛÔ˘. ■ ¡· ı˘Ì¿Û·È ˆ˜ Ë ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ô˘ ¤¯ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË Â›Ó·È ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋. ¡· ı˘Ì¿Û·È ˆ˜ Î·È Ô ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰›ÎÈÔ Î·È ÓÈÒıÂÈ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ fiˆ˜ ÎÈ ÂÛ‡. ■ ºÚfiÓÙÈ˙ ӷ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÛ·È Û ηϋ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ Î·È ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË.
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
µ∏ª∞ 2: ∂ÓÙfiÈÛ ÔȘ ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ÛÔ˘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ·ÂÈÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ■ ªËÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂȘ ÛÙÔ ı˘Ìfi ÛÔ˘ Ó· ·ÏÏÔÈÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ‹ ÛÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÔ‚·ÚfiÙËÙ· ‹ ÌË Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘. ■ ¡· ··ÈÙ›˜ Ó· ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ› ηÓfiÓ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÌʈÓËı› Î·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÙËÚ›˜ ÎÈ ÂÛ‡.
µ∏ª∞ 3: µÚ›ÛÎÔ˘Ì ¤Ó·Ó ·ÛÊ·Ï‹ ¯ÒÚÔ ÁÈ· Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ ■ ¶ÚÔÛ¤¯Ô˘Ì ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Ù· ۇ̂ÔÏ· ·ÚÔ˘˜ / ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ (ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ô ¢È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹, Ô ¤Ó·˜ οıÂÙ·È ÂÓÒ Ô ¿ÏÏÔ˜ Â›Ó·È fiÚıÈÔ˜ Î.Ï.). √È ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ó· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û Ԣ‰¤ÙÂÚÔ ¤‰·ÊÔ˜. ■ √Ú›˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ı· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ ÊÚÔÓÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ó· ¢ÓÔ› fiÏÔ˘˜. ■ ∞ÔÊ·Û›˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Ô˘ ı· ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ηٿ ÙȘ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ›ӷÈ: ªÈÏ¿ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ οı ÊÔÚ¿, ·Îԇ̠ÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈο, ˘ÔÛ¯fiÌ·ÛÙ ¯Â̇ıÂÈ·, ÌÈÏ¿Ì ÁÈ· ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Î·È fi¯È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ ÚÔÛˆÈο Î.Ï. ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ ‚‹Ì· Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi.
µ∏ª∞ 4: ∞ÔÊ·Û›˙Ô˘Ì ӷ ·Îԇ̠ԢÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ■ ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ηٷϷ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ. ■ ÷ϷÚÒÓÔ˘ÌÂ. ∆Ô ÛÙÚ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ Î·È Ô ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ‹˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÊÚÔÓÙ›ÛÂÈ Ó· «ËÚÂÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· Ó‡̷ٷ», fiÛÔ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ. ■ ∂È̤ÓÔ˘Ì ӷ ·Îԇ̠ԢÛÈ·ÛÙÈο, ·ÎfiÌË ÎÈ ·Ó Ô ¿ÏÏÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfi˜. ■ ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÎÚfi·Û˘ (.¯. ˙ËÙ¿Ì ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓ›ÛÂȘ, ‰Â Û¯ÔÏÈ¿˙Ô˘Ì ·fi ̤۷ Ì·˜ fiÛ· ·ÎÔ‡ÌÂ, ‰ÂÓ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ì ÂÈηۛ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÛÙÈ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ Û fi,ÙÈ Î·Ù·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ô Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ‹˜ Ì·˜).
µ∏ª∞ 5: ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ì·˜ Û·ÊÒ˜ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ■ ∂ÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ì·˜ Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ, ÒÛÙÂ Ô ¿ÏÏÔ˜ Ó· ÙȘ «·ÎÔ‡ÂÈ». ■ ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈ˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο. ¢Â ÛÙÂÎfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙȘ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ·ÏÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ‰ÈÂÓ¤ÍÂȘ. ■ •ÂÎÈÓ¿Ì ÙȘ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ì·˜ Ì ÙÔ «ÂÁÒ». ¢ÂÓ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ì ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÁÈ· Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ Ì·˜. ■ ¶·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ì ‹ÚÂÌÔÈ. ■ ∞ÍÈÔÔÈԇ̠·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ·Îԇ̠·ÓÙ› Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÌÈ· ÚÔηıÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ ı· ÂÍÂÏȯı› Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË.
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
µ∏ª∞ 6: ¶ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙË Ï‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì ¢ÂÏÈÍ›· ■ ∞Û¯ÔÏԇ̷ÛÙ Ì ¤Ó· ı¤Ì· ÙË ÊÔÚ¿. ■ ™ÎÂÊÙfiÌ·ÛÙ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ χÛÂȘ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÙȘ ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ. ■ √Ú›˙Ô˘Ì ٷ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·, ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ı· ÏËÊıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ (.¯. Ó· ÎÂÚ‰›ÛÔ˘Ó fiÏÔÈ, Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÈ̘, Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó fiÏÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î.Ï.). ■ ™˘ÓÔ„›˙Ô˘Ì ÙȘ χÛÂȘ ηÈ, ·Ó ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È, ÙȘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ÌÂ.
µ∏ª∞ 7: ¢È·¯ÂÈÚÈ˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ٷ ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰· Ì ËÚÂÌ›·, ˘ÔÌÔÓ‹ Î·È Û‚·ÛÌfi ■ ∂ÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ì ٷ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ Ì·˜. ¢Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·. ■ ∂·ÓÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ٷ ı¤Ì·Ù· Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁԇ̠ÙË Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ÔÚ›·. ■ ∫¿ÓÔ˘Ì ‰È¿ÏÂÈÌÌ·, fiÔÙ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È. ■ Èڛ˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Û ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ı¤Ì·Ù· Î·È ·Û¯ÔÏԇ̷ÛÙ Ì ÙÔ ÈÔ Â‡ÎÔÏÔ. ■ ∂ÎÙÈÌԇ̠ÙȘ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· Û˘Ìʈӛ˜ Î·È ‰ÂÛÌ¢fiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Û ¤Ó· ı¤Ì· ‰Â ı· ÂËÚ¿ÛÂÈ Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ·.
µ∏ª∞ 8: ºÙ¿ÓÔ˘Ì Û ÌÈ· Û˘Ìʈӛ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÈÌË ■ ∂ÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ·Ó Ë Û˘Ìʈӛ· Â›Ó·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÈÌË, ·Ó Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù¿ Ù˘ ı· Â›Ó·È Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌ· ‹ ‚Ú·¯‡‚È·, ·Ó fiÏÔÈ ÎÂÚ‰›˙Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ Î.Ï. ■ ∞Ó·ıˆÚÔ‡ÌÂ, fiÔ˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È, Î·È ·Û¯ÔÏԇ̷ÛÙ Ì ÙȘ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ Ô˘ Ì·˜ ‰È¤Ê˘Á·Ó. ■ ∞ÍÈÔÏÔÁԇ̠ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ Û˘Ìʈӛ·˜.
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∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine. 1[2] Crawford, D. & Bodine, R. (October 1996). Conflict Resolution Education: A Guide to Implementing Programs in Schools, Youth-Serving Organizations, and Community and Juvenile Justice Settings. Program Report. U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. 1[3] Crawford, D. & Bodine, R. (1997). Conflict resolution in schools. Washington, DC: National Institute for Dispute Resolution. 1[4] Deutsch, M. (1973). The resolution of conflict: Constructive and destructive processes. New Haven: Yale University Press 1[5] Dick, B. (1997) Communication skills. [Available online]. http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arp/communicn.html 1[6] Durlak, J. A. (1998). Common risk and protective factors in successfyl prevention programs. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68 (4), 512-520. 1[7] Gordon, T. & Burch, N. (2002). What every teacher should know. Gordon Training International at www.gordontraining.com 1[8] Gordon, T. (1970). Teacher effectiveness training. David Mckay Co, Inc. 1[9] Holzman, W. H. (1992). Community renewal, family preservation, and child development through the School of the Future. In W. H. Holtzman (Ed.). School of the future (pp. 3-18). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association and Hogg Foundation for Mental Health. 1[10] Kraybill, R. (2000). The Kraybill Conflict Style Inventory. πn Mediation and Facilitation Training Manual, (4th ed.). Mennonite Conciliation Service (Akron,PA: MCS), p. 64-66. 1[11] Reasoner, R. (1992). Building Self-Esteem in the Elementary Schools. (2nd ed). Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc. Ca, USA. 1[12] Rende, R. D. & Killen, M. (1992). Social interction antecedents to conflict in young children. Early Childhood Research Qurterly, 7, 551-563. 1[13] Rutter, ª. & Smith, D. J. (1995). Psychological disorders in young people: Time trends and their causes. London: Wiley. 1[14] Townley, A., & Lee, M. (1993). Training for trainers: Staff development in conflict resolution skills. Amherst, MA: National Association for Mediation in Education. 1[15] Verhulst, F. & Vander-Ende, J. (1997). Factors associated with child mental health service use in the community. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent psychiatry, 36 (7), 901-909. 1[16] Vuchinich, S. (1990). The sequential organization of closing in verbal family conflict. In A. D. Grimshaw (Ed.). Conflict talk: sociolinguistic investigations of arguments in conversation. New York: Cambridge University Press (pp. 118-138). 1[17] Watzlawik, P. (1986). ∏ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ù˘ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∫¤‰ÚÔ˜ 1[18] Webne Behrman, H. (1998). The Practice of Facilitation: Managing Group Process and Solving Problems. Quorum Books, Westport, CT. 1[19] Weeks, D. (1992). The Eight Essential Steps to Conflict Resolution, Tarcher Books, NY, 1992. 1[20] Werner, ∂. (1989). High-risk children in young adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to 32 years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 72-81. 1[21] Wheeler, E. J. (1994). Peer conflicts in the classroom: Drawing implications from research. Childhood Education, 70 (5), 296-299. 1[22] ¶ÏˆÌ·Ú›ÙÔ˘, µ. (2004). ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ∞ı‹Ó·: °ÚËÁfiÚË. 1[23] ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, X. & Hopf, D. (1992). ∞˘ÙÔ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Î·È ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘. ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ∂ÈıÂÒÚËÛË, 17, 253-277. 1[24] ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, X. (2003). H Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ˆ˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ·: ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ Î·È ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ. æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, ∂ȉÈÎfi ∆‡¯Ô˜, £¤Ì·Ù· ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ™¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, 10 (4), 415-436. 1[25] ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, X. (2004). ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘: ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∆˘ˆı‹Ùˆ.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
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2.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
2.1. ∂Óۈ̿وÛË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË
™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ›ӷÈ: ■ Ó· ‰È·Û·ÊËÓÈÛı› Ô fiÚÔ˜ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ■ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ô Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì ٷ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ■ Ó· ‰È‰¿ÍÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ò˜ Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› ÙË ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜.
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜, ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ: ■ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ■ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› Ë ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ۯ‰ȿ˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ Ó· ÚÔˆıÂ›Ù·È Ë ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·, ■ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ■ Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ›‰Ë ÙˆÓ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ó· ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÔÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÈ Ë ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ■ Ó· ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË Î¿ı ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·, ■ Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÌ·‰ÔÛ˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ■ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ■ ■ ■
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¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ ¢È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ¢ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· ∂ÓÈ·›· ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ· ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÚȯÔ̤ӈÓ
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¢ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ™¯¤‰È· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ªÔÚʤ˜ ¢È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ √Ì·‰ÔÛ˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ∏ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÂÓfi˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ· ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ΢ڛ·Ú¯· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡Ó Î¿ı ¯ÒÚ·. ™ÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙÔ ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·Ù˘ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹. ∆· ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙË̤Ó˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È fiÙÂ, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ˆ˜ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˘Í›‰· ÙÔ˘. √ ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ∞.¶.™. ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ô˘ÛȈ‰ÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÒÓ, Ë Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó, ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÏψÓ, ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Î·È ÙÔ Û‚·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡, ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë. ∏ ·fiÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯÙ› ̤ۈ Ù˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ΛÓËÙÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁfi Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ∆· ·È‰È¿, ̤۷ Û ¤Ó· ·ÛʷϤ˜ Î·È ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ Û ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·Ù· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÂÍÂÚ¢ÓÔ‡Ó Ì ÙȘ ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó È‰¤Â˜ Î·È ‰ÔÌÔ‡Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÛË. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÁÓÒÚÈÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¢∂¶¶™ (º.∂.∫. Ù‡¯Ô˜ µã, ·Ú. ʇÏÏÔ˘ 303/13-03-03) Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, Ë ÂͤٷÛË ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·fi ÔÏϤ˜ ÔÙÈΤ˜ / ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÒÓ. ™ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢∂¶¶™ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Û˘ÌÚ¿ÙÙÔ˘Ó ÙÔ «‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi», ÙÔ «ÂÓÈ·›Ô» Î·È ÙÔ «‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi». ™Ù· ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, Ë ÁÓÒÛË ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÔÏ˘ÌÂÚÈṲ̂ÓË Î·È ÂÚȯ·Ú·ÎˆÌ¤ÓË ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÓÈ·ÈÔÔÈË̤ÓË Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ∏ ȉ¤· Ù˘ ÂÓÈ·ÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ Ù˘ ·ÎfiÌ·, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÌÂ Û˘ÁÁÂÓ›˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ¤ÌÊ·Û˘ ÛË̷ۛ˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ¿ÏÏÔÙ ÙÔ ÔÏÈÛÙÈο ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ¿ÏÏÔÙ ÙË Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Ì ÙȘ ¿ÌÂÛ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Î·È Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈο ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÙ ÁÈ· Ó· ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÌÏÔ΋ Ù˘ ÔÏfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ (Beane, 1997, Û. 4-9). T· ÂÓÈ·ÈÔÔÈË̤ӷ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÌϤÎÔ˘Ó Î·È ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó fiϘ ÙȘ Ï¢ڤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ (ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋, Ê˘ÛÈ΋/ۈ̷ÙÈ΋, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋) Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó, ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Î·È Ù· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘. ªÔÚÔ‡Ó, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ·È‰ÔÎÂÓÙÚÈο ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÎÂÓÙÚÈο, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Î·ıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1 ◗ ∏ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈο ÙË ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡, ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ôχ ηχÙÂÚ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ‰·ÛηÏÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË. ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ̤۷ ·fi ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Û‡˙¢Í˘ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Ì ÙȘ Ù¤¯Ó˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
◗ ÈÚÈ˙fiÌ·ÛÙ Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ∑ËÙ¿Ì ·fi οı ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï¤ÛÂÈ ÓÔÂÚ¿ ÌÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·. ¢›ÓÔ˘Ì 2ã ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È Î·Ïԇ̠ÙËÓ Î¿ı ÔÌ¿‰· Ó· Û˘Ó·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÈ ÔÈÔ ·fi Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ı· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·. ∞ÊÔ‡ ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙÔ˘, ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ·fi Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ̤ÏË Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ªfiÏȘ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆı› Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙˆÓ ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛˆÓ, Ë ÔÌ¿‰· Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÂÈ, ÔÚÈÔıÂÙ›, ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ Èı·Ó¤˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·. ŸÏ· Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ηٷı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÌË ÙÔ˘˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ ÚfiÙ·ÛË. ™ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È fiϘ ÔÈ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ó· ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔ̤ÏÂÈ·, ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜, Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜.
2.1.1. ∂›‰Ë ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ∆Ô ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙ¤· ‡ÏË, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ôχ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Î·È ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ¤Ó· ÁÂÓÈÎfi ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ˘Ô‰Â›ÍÂȘ (ºÏÔ˘Ú‹˜, 2006). ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘, ÔÚÈÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È Î·È ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘. ∆· ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ¯ˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÂÓÈο Û ÙÚÂȘ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜. ¢È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÎÏÂÈÛÙ¿, ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¿ Î·È ÌÂÈÎÙ¿. ■ ∆Ô ÎÏÂÈÛÙfi ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Ôχ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ˘Ô‰Â›ÍÂȘ Î·È Ì¤Û· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ›Ù¢Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ. ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È Î·È «curriculum». ■ ∞ÓÔÈÎÙfi ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, ÙȘ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ˘Ô‰Â›ÍÂȘ Î·È Ù· ̤۷ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ›Ù¢Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ. ■ ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÂÈÎÙfi ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ «curriculum», Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈ ÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓÔÈÎÙÔ‡ ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·˘ÛÙËÚ‹ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ «curriculum». ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô˘ ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó, Ù· ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÙÚÂȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜: ■ ¶·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË: ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÙ¤ÏÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ . ■ ¢È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚoÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË: ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ηٷÚÁÔ‡Ó Ù· ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ó ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜,Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÎÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ‡ÏË Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÙ·È Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË. ■ ¢ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË: ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó Ù· ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù·, ·ÏÏ¿ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›·, ̤۷ ·fi Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ, Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ, Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ, Ó· ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÂÈ Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ Î·È Ó· ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ. ¢ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ¢È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ¶·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤Ú·ÌÂ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ› ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ› Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ Ì·˜ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ô˘ ı· ÈηÓÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì·˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ÂËÚ·˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜. ™ÙÔ Ó¤Ô ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù· ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Â˘ÓÔÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌÔ›, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ë ÁÓÒÛË Ó· ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÂ›Ù·È ÔÏÈÛÙÈο ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, 2003).
2.1.2. ∏ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÂΛӘ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Û Ӥ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙˆÓ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ, ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û‹˜ Ù˘. O fiÚÔ˜ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ËÏÒÛÂÈ ÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÙÌËÛË Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Û ‰È‰·ÎÙÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Î·È Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ Î¿ı ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·fi fiϘ ÙȘ Ï¢ڤ˜ (µ·ÚÓ¿‚·-™ÎÔ‡Ú·, 1989). ∆· ÂÓÔÔÈË̤ӷ ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘˜ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Î·È ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÒÛÙÂ Ë °ÏÒÛÛ·, Ë πÛÙÔÚ›·, Ë °ÂˆÁÚ·Ê›·, Ë º˘ÛÈ΋, Ù· ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο Î·È Ù· ∫·ÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈο Ó· ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Î·È ÙË ÛÎÔÈ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, Û ¤Ó· ÂÓÈ·›Ô Û‡ÓÔÏÔ (¶··Ó‰Ú¤Ô˘, 1993). ªÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·» ÂÓÓÔÔ‡ÌÂ: O fiÚÔ˜ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ËÏÒÛÂÈ ÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÙÌËÛË Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Û ‰È‰·ÎÙÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Î·È Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ Î¿ı ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·fi fiϘ ÙȘ Ï¢ڤ˜ Ù˘ (µ·ÚÓ¿‚·-™ÎÔ‡Ú·, 1989). A) ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ì ٷ ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ °˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈÔ, µ) ÙÔ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·È ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂÓfi˜ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜, °) ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο, ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË ÁÓÒÛˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰Â ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÊ·ÈÚÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë Î·È ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ¢) ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ô˘ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ·. ∏ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, ˆ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Î·È ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ Ì ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ, Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÁÂÓÈ·ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ (ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, 2002). ∂Í¿ÏÏÔ˘, ˆ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘, ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ··ÈÙ› Ë ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘, Î·È Î·ÏÏÈÂÚÁ› ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÔÌ·‰ÈÎfi Ó‡̷ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ë ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË Î·È ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ë ¿ÓÙÏËÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î.¿. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Ë ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ˆ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ‡Ï˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜:
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
■ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ, ■ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó Û ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·, ■ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ˆ˜ ÂÓÈ·›·˜ ÔÏfiÙËÙ·˜, Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ΢ڛˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ■ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ‰‡Ô ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÔÌÔÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ (ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, 2004). ∏ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ÙË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ Ó· Û˘ÏÏ¿‚ÂÈ ÙË ÁÓÒÛË, fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ÓË Û ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›·, ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ¿ Ù˘, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ·‰È¿Û·ÛÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· (£ÂÔÊÈÏ›‰Ë˜, 1997, Û. 15). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ ·Ú·¿Óˆ, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›, ˆ˜ ·ÚÈÔÈ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Ì ۇÓıÂÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ: ·ÊÂÓfi˜, ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ó· ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·Ù· Î·È Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ˘ÔÎÈÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋, ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ Î·È ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË.
2.1.3. √ ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ ‹ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË √ ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈÎÔ-‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË, ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜. √ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Û ÂÙ‹ÛÈ·, ÙÚ›ÌËÓË, ‚‰ÔÌ·‰È·›· ‹ ˆÚÈ·›· ‚¿ÛË. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ô ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ¿Ú· ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙȘ ÂÈÙ·Á¤˜ Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. °È· ÙÔÓ ÂÙ‹ÛÈÔ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÓÂÙ·È Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∞.¶., ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ¯·Ú¿ÛÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ·‰ÚÔÌÂÚ¤˜ ÂÙ‹ÛÈÔ ¯ÚÔÓԉȿÁÚ·ÌÌ· Î·È ÊÚÔÓÙ›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·Ó·Áη›Ô ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi Î·È Ù· ÂÔÙÈο ̤۷. ™Â ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈÎfi ›‰Ô, ηıÈÂÚÒÓÂÈ, Ì ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ÙȘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÚÔ˘Ù›Ó·˜, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÚfiÛÎÔÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ™Â Â›Â‰Ô ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÈÒÓ, ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ Ù¿Í˘, ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. √ ÙÚ›ÌËÓÔ˜ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ·ӷÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÙËÓ Â·ÓÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂȉÈÒÍÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÔًوÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛË Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, ı· ÂÈÏÂÁÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ, Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ı· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ı· ÏËÊıÔ‡Ó ˘fi„Ë Ù· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· Î·È ÔÈ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ı·
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
·ÓÂÎÙÈÌËı› Ë ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ. √È ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â‚‰ÔÌ·‰È·›Ô Î·È ÙÂÏÈο ÙÔÓ ˆÚÈ·›Ô ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi. √ ‚‰ÔÌ·‰È·›Ô˜ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÛÔÚfiıÂÛÌÔ˘ (ÙÚ›ÌËÓÔ˘) ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ˆÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·. √ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÛÙ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Î·È Ë ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ˆÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞.¶. √ ˆÚÈ·›Ô˜ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ, Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó: ■ ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, ■ ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ■ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ■ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, ■ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, ■ ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ›‰ÔÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٿ ÓÔ˘ ÙÔÓ Î¿ı ̷ıËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜: ■ ÙȘ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, ■ ÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘, ■ ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘, ■ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ·ÓÙ›ÏË„‹ ÙÔ˘, ■ Ù· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ■ ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓÂÈ Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜. ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ô˘ ‰Â ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Â·Ú΋ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, ·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË, ηı›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ·Ó·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ fiÙÈ Û˘¯Ó¿ ‰Â ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Û ‚¿ıÔ˜ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ‰È‰¿ÍÔ˘Ó (ƒ¤˚ÓÔÏÓÙ˜, 1992). ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ηٿ ÙÔÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, Û˘¯Ó¿, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙÔ˘ (‰ËÏ·‰‹, Ò˜ ı· ‰È‰¿ÍÔ˘Ó ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi), ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÈηÓÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘ οı ̷ıËÙ‹ ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿.
2.1.4. √Ì¿‰Â˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÚÁ·Û›· Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ·ÎÚÔÁˆÓÈ·›Ô Ï›ıÔ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ (Rogers, 1999). ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂˆÓ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó ÔÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ·Ó¤Ù˘Í·Ó ÁÈ· ÔÏϤ˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ Ù· §·˚ο ™¯ÔÏ›· ÛÙË ¢·Ó›·, ÔÈ Â˘Ú‡Ù·Ù· ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔÈ «Î‡ÎÏÔÈ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ» ÛÙË ™Ô˘Ë‰›·, ÔÈ ∞ÁÚÔÙÈΤ˜ ™¯ÔϤ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿, Ô ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ™‡ÏÏÔÁÔ˜ ∂ÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÁÁÏ›·, Ù· ∫¤ÓÙÚ· §·˚΋˜ ∂ÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
Î.¿., fiÔ˘ Ë ÂÚÁ·Û›· Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ˘‹ÚÍ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ (MacGregor, 1990, ∫fiÎÎÔ˜, 2007).
™Ùfi¯ÔÈ Ù˘ ÔÌ·‰È΋˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Â›Ó·È (∫fiÎÎÔ˜, 2007): ■ ™Â Â›Â‰Ô ÈηÓÔًوÓ, Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÛÙfi¯Ô ̤ۈ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜. ■ ™Â Â›Â‰Ô ÁÓÒÛˆÓ, Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ·›ÙÈ· Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ̛· ÂÈÙ˘¯‹ ‹ ·ÓÂÈÙ˘¯‹ Û˘Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ·. ■ ™Â Â›Â‰Ô ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌÔ‡Ó Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÔÌ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ Ó‡̷ÙÔ˜. ■ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2 ◗ ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÔÌ·‰È΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ (.¯. °ÂˆÁÚ·Ê›·, πÛÙÔÚ›·, ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, √ÈÎȷ΋ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Î.Ï.) Û ̛· ÂÓfiÙËÙ·. ◗ Èڛ˙Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Ì·˜ Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ¢›ÓÔ˘Ì Û οı ÔÌ¿‰· ¤Ó· ¯·ÚÙfiÓÈ, Ì·Úη‰fiÚÔ˘˜, „·Ï›‰È·, ÎfiÏÏ· Î·È ‰È·ÊËÌÈÛÙÈο Ê˘ÏÏ¿‰È· ·fi Ù·ÍȉȈÙÈο ÁÚ·Ê›· Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÚÔÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚԇ̠ÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ì·˜ fiÙÈ Î·ÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· 5‹ÌÂÚÔ Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈÎfi Ù·Í›‰È, Û fiÔÈÔ ÚÔÔÚÈÛÌfi ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ‹ ÔÔ˘‰‹ÔÙ ·ÏÏÔ‡, Ì ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi fiÚÈÔ ÁÈ· οı Ë̤ڷ, Ì fiÔÈÔ Ù·ÍȉȈÙÈÎfi ̤ÛÔÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ fiÏ· Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ ·fi ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜. ∆· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ·ÔÊ·Û›˙Ô˘Ó Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ÚÔÔÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ Ì ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ÌÂÙ·ÎÈÓËıÔ‡Ó, ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· Ô˘ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ÌÂٷΛÓËÛ˘, ·ÔÊ·Û›˙Ô˘Ó Ò˜ ı· ÂÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Ë̤Ú˜ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹˜ (Ò˜ ı· ‰È·ÛΉ¿ÛÔ˘Ó, ÔÈ· ÌÓËÌ›· ı· ÂÈÛÎÂÊÙÔ‡Ó, ÙÈ ¿ÏÏÔ ÓÔÌ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ô ÙfiÔ˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÛÎÂÊÙÔ‡Ó), ηıÒ˜ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÙÈ ÚÔÛ‰Ôο Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ Ù·Í›‰È ·˘Ùfi (‰È¿ıÂÛË, ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘, ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·). ∫·ÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ˙ˆÁÚ·Ê›ÛÔ˘Ó ‹ Ó· ÎÔÏÏ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ¯·ÚÙfiÓÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÛÎÂÊÙÔ‡Ó, ÙȘ ‰È·‰ÚÔ̤˜ Ô˘ ı· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó, ÙÔ Ô‡ Î·È Ò˜ ı· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜, Ù· ¯Ú‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È fiÔȘ ¿ÏϘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ Ó· Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó. ¢›ÓÔ˘Ì 30ã ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ηÈ, fiÙ·Ó Ï‹ÍÂÈ Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜, Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Ù·Í›‰È Ù˘ Û ·ÚÂÏıÔÓÙÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ, Û·Ó Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ‹‰Ë Á›ÓÂÈ.
°È· ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Â›Ó·È ÛÎfiÈÌÔ Ó· ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı˜ ÚԉȷÁڷʤ˜ (∫fiÎÎÔ˜, 2007):
1. ™‡ÓıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ■ π‰·ÓÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÌÂÏÒÓ Û οı ÔÌ¿‰· Â›Ó·È Ù· ¤ÓÙ ¿ÙÔÌ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Û ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜, Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ■ ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÔÈ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È ÛÎfiÈÌÔ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù˘¯·›·, Ì ÌÂÈÎÙ‹ Û‡ÓıÂÛË ·fi ¿Ô„Ë ÂÌÂÈÚÈÒÓ, ÁÓÒÛˆÓ, ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘, ʇÏÔ˘ Î.¿. ŒÙÛÈ, ·ÔʇÁÂÙ·È ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ó· ÚÔÛÎÔÏÏÒÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ÏË Ô˘ ‹‰Ë ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ‹ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù· ›‰È· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁË̤ÓË Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÂÈÏÔÁ‹, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÁÓÒÛˆÓ, Ë ÂÍÔÈ-
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ΛˆÛË Ì ÙÔ ı¤Ì·, Ë ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Î.Ï. ■ ªÂÙ¿ ·fi ¤Ó· ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ·, ÛÎfiÈÌÔ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ Ë Û‡ÓıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ï‹Úˆ˜ fiϘ ÔÈ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ.
2. ™Ùfi¯ÔÈ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Â›Ó·È ÛÎfiÈÌÔ Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì ۷ʋÓÂÈ· Î·È ·ÚÁfi Ú˘ıÌfi Î·È Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙȘ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ Ù˘ ¿ÛÎËÛ˘. π‰È·›ÙÂÚ·, ÊÚÔÓÙ›˙ÂÈ Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: ■ ¶·ÚÔÙÚ‡ÓÂÈ Ù· ̤ÏË ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Ó· ηı›ÛÔ˘Ó fiÛÔ ÈÔ ¿ÓÂÙ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ (΢ÎÏÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì·, ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ‚ÔËıËÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÈıÔ˘ÛÒÓ Î.Ï.), ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ·. ■ ŸÙ·Ó ÔÈ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÚÔÊÔÚÈο Â›Ó·È ÂÚ›ÏÔΘ, ÙȘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Î·È ÁÚ·Ù¿ ‹ ÙȘ ÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î·. ■ √Ú›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· ۷ʤ˜ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi fiÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ. ■ ∂ȉÔÔÈ› ¤ÁηÈÚ· οı ÔÌ¿‰·, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÎÚfiÛˆÔ Ô˘ ı· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔ̤ÏÂÈ·. ∑ËÙ¿ÂÈ ·fi ÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, Â¿Ó ÎÚÈı› ÛÎfiÈÌÔ, Ó· ηٷı¤ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÚ·Ù¿ ÙÔ ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (ÌÈ· ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë, ÙË Ï‡ÛË Ù˘ ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ Î.Ï.), ˘ÔÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜, Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, Ù· ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÛΤ„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜. ªÈ· ηϋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ʇÏÏ· ¯·ÚÙÈÔ‡, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·Ó·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔ›¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ·›ıÔ˘Û·˜. ■ √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ ·fi fiϘ ÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÂÚÁ·Û›·. ªÔÚ›, fï˜, Î·È Ó· ¯ˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Û ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜, ÒÛÙ οı ÔÌ¿‰· Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏËı› Ì ̛· ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜.
3. ¶·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ŸÛÔ ÔÈ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÂÚÈÌÓ¿ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜. ∆Ș ÏËÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ‹ ÚfiÛıÂÙ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜, Â¿Ó ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙËÓ ÚfiÔ‰Ô ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ. ∂¿Ó ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· ηı˘ÛÙÂÚ› Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ¿ÏϘ, ÙËÓ ·ÚÔÙÚ‡ÓÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙ·¯‡ÓÂÈ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ÙËÓ È¤˙ÂÈ. ∂¿Ó ¯ÚÂÈ·ÛÙ›, Ë ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú·Ù·ı› ÌÂ Ó¤Ô “Û˘Ì‚fiÏ·ÈÔ”.
4. ¶·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô Î·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ÔÌ·‰È΋˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÁÈ·Ù› ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËı› Ë ÂÚÁ·Û›· Ô˘ ÚÔËÁ‹ıËÎÂ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·‰ÂȯıÔ‡Ó fi„ÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ∆· ̤ÏË ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÂÎÚÔÛÒˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔ̤ÏÂÈ·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ·ÎÔ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ¿ÏϘ ·fi„ÂȘ, Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÛΤ„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÏËÏÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌÔ‡. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ, ÛÎfiÈÌÔ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: °È· Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ë ÂÚÁ·Û›· Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ó· ÌËÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË Ó· ÚԂϤÂÈ Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ Ù· ¿ÓÙ·, Ó· ÌËÓ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ·Ó˘ÔÌÔÓËÛ›· Ó· ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÈÔ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ·, Ó· ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈ ÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜.
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■ ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÔÈ ÂÎÚfiÛˆÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÙÔȯ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔÈ ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔÈ Î·È ·ÏÏËϤÁÁ˘ÔÈ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙ· Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÂȘ, ·Ó ¯ÚÂÈ·ÛÙ›. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ˙ËÙ¿ Ó· ·Ú¯›ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi fiÔÈÔÓ ÂÎÚfiÛˆÔ Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÔÈÌÔ˜. ■ √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ˘Ô‚¿ÏÂÈ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË. ■ ∞ÊÔ‡ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆı› Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÎÚfiÛˆÔ Î¿ı ÔÌ¿‰·˜, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ·fi Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ̤ÏË Ù˘. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ·Ó ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÎfiÈÌÔ, Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi˜ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜. ■ ªÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÊÚÔÓÙ›˙ÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ Û‡ÓıÂÛ˘ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÁÓÒ̘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ. ™˘ÓÔÙÈο, Ë ÔÚ›· Ô˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· ·ÎÔ˘ÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜, fiÙ·Ó ·ÔÊ·Û›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Ù˘ ÔÌ·‰È΋˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ¤ÓÙ ʿÛÂȘ: ∏ ¶ÚÒÙË Ê¿ÛË: ¶Úԉȉ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ √ÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ì·ıËÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Î·È ¯ÒÚÔ˘. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚË Ê¿ÛË: æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Î·È ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· °ÓˆÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, ηıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ÁÓˆÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∆Ú›ÙË Ê¿ÛË: ¶·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Î·È ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ¶·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ‹ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ηٷÌÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÛÙȘ ˘ÔÔÌ¿‰Â˜, Û‡ÓıÂÛË ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ˘ÔÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ. ∆¤Ù·ÚÙË Ê¿ÛË: ∫·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË Ù˘ ÔÌ·‰È΋˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ √ÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡, Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ¶¤ÌÙË Ê¿ÛË: ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ∞η‰ËÌ·˚΋ Ì¿ıËÛË, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ.
2.1.5. ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ∆¯ÓÈÎÒÓ √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜, fiÙ·Ó ÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·, ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈ̤وԘ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ. °È· Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ fï˜ ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ı· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂÈ Î¿ı ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÏÔÈfiÓ ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜, ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔˆıÂ›Ù·È Ë ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓˆÓ (∫fiÎÎÔ˜, 2007). ∆¤ÙÔȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ›ӷÈ: ■ ∏ ÂÈÛ‹ÁËÛË ■ ∏ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ■ ∆Ô ·È¯Ó›‰È ÚfiÏˆÓ ■ √È ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ – ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ■ √ ηٷÈÁÈÛÌfi˜ ȉÂÒÓ
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■ ∏ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË ■ ∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ■ ∏ ÌÂϤÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘ ■ ∏ ›‰ÂÈÍË ■ ∏ ¿ÛÎËÛË ■ ∏ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ■ ∏ ·˘ÙÔηÙ¢ı˘ÓfiÌÂÓË Ì¿ıËÛË ∂ÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Î·ÌÈ¿ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ ÂÁÁ˘¿Ù·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÂΛÓË Ô˘ ı· ÈηÓÔÔÈ› ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÓ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ (Rogers, 1999).
∫ÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ 1. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÎÔfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ÿˆ˜ ÚԷӷʤÚıËÎÂ, ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÎÔfi˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó Ô ÛÎÔfi˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Û ۇÓÙÔÌÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ·, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ÂÈÛ‹ÁËÛË Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË Ù¯ÓÈ΋. ∞Ó ¿ÏÈ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÌfiÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹, ÙfiÙ ı· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯ÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜.
2. ∆Ô Â›‰Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ∆Ô Â›‰Ô˜ Î·È ÔÈ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ, Ë Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙÂÚË Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÈÛ‹ÁËÛË. ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ·Û΋ÛÂȘ, ÙËÓ Â›‰ÂÈÍË, ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË ‹ ÙÔ ·È¯Ó›‰È ÚfiψÓ. 3. √È Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÔ› ÙÚfiÔÈ Î·È Ù· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ™ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏËÊıÔ‡Ó ˘fi„Ë ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ Î·Ó›˜, ÔÈ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ‹ Ô ‚·ıÌfi˜ ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ·˘Ù¿ Ó’ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È Ù· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓˆÓ. 4. √È ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ∏ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛË. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ Â·ÓÂÈÏËÌ̤ÓË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜, Ì ÙÔ Ó· ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Î·È Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ›¯Â ı¤ÛÂÈ ·Ú¯Èο. 5. ∆Ô Ì·ıËÛÈ·Îfi Îϛ̷ ∏ ηٷÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ· ÌÈ·˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· Û ÌÈ· Ù¿ÍË. ™Â οı ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È Î¿ı ÊÔÚ¿ ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ì·ıËÛÈ·Îfi Îϛ̷, Ì ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ÂÓ·ÚÌÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ‹ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Â¿Ó ÙÔ Îϛ̷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÂÈÊ˘Ï·ÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÛÎfiÈÌÔ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› ÙÔ ·È¯Ó›‰È ÚfiÏˆÓ ‹ Ë ·˘ÙÔηÙ¢ı˘ÓfiÌÂÓË Ì¿ıËÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚ˜ ÔÈ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ – ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ, Ë ÌÂϤÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘ Î·È Ë Â›‰ÂÈÍË. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊ·, ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ¯ÚÔÓÈ¿˜, fiÙ·Ó Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌ· Û ʿÛË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘, ÂӉ›ÎÓ˘Ù·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ fiˆ˜ Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË, ÙÔ ·È¯Ó›‰È ÚfiψÓ, Ô Î·Ù·ÈÁÈÛÌfi˜ ȉÂÒÓ Î·È Ë ÂÚÁ·Û›· Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜.
6. √ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ / Ë ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ √ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ô˘ ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÈ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó Ô ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜, ÛÎfiÈÌÔ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÔÊ¢¯ı› ÌÈ· ··ÈÙËÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘, Ë Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ Ë ·˘ÙÔηÙ¢ı˘ÓfiÌÂÓË Ì¿ıËÛË. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ÌÈ· ÌÂÛÙ‹ ÂÈÛ‹ÁËÛË, ÌÈ· ηϿ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Ṳ̂ÓË ¿ÛÎËÛË ‹ Î·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛˆӖ ··ÓÙ‹ÛˆÓ. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ˘fi„Ë Â›Ó·È Ë ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÈ΋, .¯., Â¿Ó ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÓˆÚ›˜ ÙÔ Úˆ›, ÔfiÙÂ Ë ÓÔËÙÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ÂÓÙÔÓfiÙÂÚË, ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ Ë̤ڷ˜, ÔfiÙ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î¿Ì„Ë Ù˘ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ‹ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi οÔÈÔ ¤ÓÙÔÓÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ (·Ù‡¯ËÌ·, ‚›·ÈÔ ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ) Ì ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô ÛÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î.Ï.
7. √È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔÈ fiÚÔÈ √ÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ù· fiÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÏÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÂȉÈ΋ ˘ÏÈÎÔÙ¯ÓÈ΋ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÁÈ· Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·Û΋ÛÂȘ ‹ οÔÈ· ›‰ÂÈÍË, ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌË ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ■
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3 ◗ ∑ËÙ¿Ì ·fi ÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Ó· ÂÙÔÈÌ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÛˆÔ ·fi ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·˜. ∏ οı ÔÌ¿‰· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ Ì fiÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÂÈı˘Ì› (ΛÌÂÓÔ, Ô›ËÌ·, ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ¿, ʈÙÔÁڷʛ˜, ÎÔÏÏ¿˙ Î.Ï.), ·ÚΛ Ó· ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ô˘ ı· Û˘ÌʈÓËıÔ‡Ó Ì·˙› Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔ̤ÏÂÈ· Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘. ∆· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·˘Ù¿ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Û ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ÙfiÔ Î·Ù·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ÛÙË ‚ÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÙÔ˘ ÏÔÁÔÙ¤¯ÓË, ÛÙȘ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Î.Ï. ◗ √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Ì¿ıËÌ·, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÏϤÍÂÈ ÙȘ ËÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ı· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, fï˜, ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ÊÚÔÓÙ›ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÊԉȷÛÙ› Ì ۯÂÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ◗ ™ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, Ë Î·ıÂÌ›· ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Ù˘, ÙÔ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ› Î·È Î·ÙfiÈÓ ·ÎÔ‡ÂÈ ÙË ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ Ù˘ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ¿ÏϘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÂÓÒ Ô ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ Ù˘ οı ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁ› ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÈ Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ÙÔ˘.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
2.1.6. ∂Ó›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞˘ÙÔÛ˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ ¢È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ∏ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÂÈÛ‹¯ıË ÛÙËÓ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ·fi ÙÔ ¡¤Ô ™¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ô˘ ˘ÈÔıÂÙ› ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÛÌÔ‡, ·ÊÔ‡ ÔÈ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÈϤÁÔÓÙ·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· ÙÔÓ Î‡ÎÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÏËÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜. ∞˘Ùfi ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔÛ˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ∏ Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ: ■ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘, ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ■ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ■ ıˆÚËÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ (∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 1997). ∏ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈο ÙË ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡, ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ôχ ηχÙÂÚ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Ì ÙȘ Ù¤¯Ó˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜. ™˘Ó‰¤ÂÈ ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙË Ê‡ÛË Î·È ÙȘ ¿ÌÂÛ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡. ÚÔÛ·ı›, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, Ó· «·È‰ÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ» ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È fi¯È Ó· Û¯ÔÏÂÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰›. ∞˘Ùfi ‚¤‚·È·, fiˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Ô ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜ (2002), ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ì ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ ›ӷÈ: 1. Ë ·ÚÔ¯‹ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜, ηٿ ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Âηȉ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÙÔÌÈο ‹ Î·È ÔÌ·‰Èο. ∞˘Ùfi ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÙËÓ ÙfiÓˆÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘ÏÈÒÓ, 2. Ë ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi, ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÈÎÒÓ Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∞.¶. ÛÙȘ ¿ÌÂÛ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘˜. ™˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈο, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ·˘ÙÔÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, 3. Ë Î·ıȤڈÛË ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ, ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ ÚÔ˚fiÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ∏ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ë ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔÛ˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂȉÈÒÎÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi: ■ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Î·È ÙÔ Û‚·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘, ■ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓÂη›‰Â˘ÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ■ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÓÙ›ÏË„‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÈηÓÔًوÓ, ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ, ÂÌÂÈÚÈÒÓ Î·È ‚ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË, ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∞˘ÙÔÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ· Â›Ó·È «Ë ›ÁÓˆÛË, Ë Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË fiÙÈ ·Í›˙ˆ Î·È Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ Û˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ· ÙÈÌ‹˜, ÙÔ ÂÚ›ÊËÌÔ ÊÈÏfiÙÈÌÔ, Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ËÁ‹ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ·Ó‡„ˆÛ˘ ‹ Î·È Ù¤ÏÂÈ·˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÊË‚È΋ ËÏÈΛ·, Ôfi ÙÂ Â›Ó·È È‰È ·›ÙÂÚ· Ô͇ Î·È ·ÎÔÓÈṲ̂ÓÔ. Œ¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·Ú·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÙËÓ ¿ÌÈÏÏ·, ÙË ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ›·, ÙË Ì·Ù·ÈÔ‰ÔÍ›·, ÙÔÓ ·˘ÙÔÛ‚·ÛÌfi, ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË, ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹˜, ÙÔ ı·˘Ì· -
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ÛÌfi ‹ ÙËÓ ·Ï·˙ÔÓ›·. ™Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Ë ÂÈıÒ, Ë ˘·ÎÔ‹ Î·È Ù· ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, Ë ‰ÂÈÏ›· Î·È Ô Êfi‚Ô˜ ηٿ ÙËÓ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›· Î·È Ë Û˘Ó·Ó·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜’. (ºÏÔ˘Ú‹˜, 2003) ŒÓÓÔȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ, fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË, Ô Û‚·ÛÌfi˜, Ë ¤ÓÙ·ÍË, Ë Û˘ÓÂη›‰Â˘ÛË, Ë ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·,
Ë ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË, Ë ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË, Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È Ë ÈÛfiÙËÙ·, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi ·˘ÙÔÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ· ÂÓfi˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘. ŸÙ·Ó ÌÈÏ¿Ì ÁÈ· ·˘ÙÔÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ·, ÂÓÓÔԇ̠fiϘ ÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ¤ÓÓÔȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ, Ô˘ ÔÚÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘. °È· Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ó· ÔÚÈÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ fiÏ· Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÏËÚfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔÛ˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÊÈÏfiÙÈÌÔ, Ë ¿ÌÈÏÏ·, Ë ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ›·, Ô ·˘ÙÔÛ‚·ÛÌfi˜, Ë ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË, Ë ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹˜, Ô ı·˘Ì·ÛÌfi˜, Ë ˘·ÎÔ‹ Î.Ï.
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µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] MacGregor, J. (1990). Collaborative Learning: Shared Inquiry as a Process of Reform. New
Directions for Teaching and Learning, 42, 19-30. 1[2] £ÂÔÊÈÏ›‰Ë˜, Ã. (1997). ¢È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜. ∞ı‹Ó·: °ÚËÁfiÚ˘. 1[3] ∫·ÛÛˆÙ¿Î˘, ª. (1989). ™ÙÔ ºÏÔ˘Ú‹˜, °. (1995). ∏ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ∞ı‹Ó·: °ÚËÁfiÚ˘. 1[4] ∫fiÎÎÔ˜, ∞. (2007). ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜. ™ÙÔ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù¤˜
ıˆÚËÙÈ΋˜ ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘, Ù. 1Ô˜. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂∫∂¶π™. 1[5] ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, ∂.∞. ( 2002). £ÂˆÚ›Â˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ú¿Í˘: °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›·, ∆fiÌÔ˜ °’. ∞ı‹Ó· : ∞˘ÙԤΉÔÛË. 1[6] ∫Ô˘ÙÛÔ˘‚¿ÓÔ˘, ∂. (2003). ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È Ë ¢È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¢È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ¶ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË. ∞ı‹Ó·: √‰˘ÛÛ¤·˜. 1[7] ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, ∏. (2002). ∏ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË. ∞ı‹Ó·: °ÚËÁfiÚË. 1[8] ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, ∏. (1997). ∏ ıˆڛ· Î·È Ú¿ÍË Ù˘ ¢È‰·Ûηϛ·˜: ¶ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë. ∞ı‹Ó·: Gutenberg. 1[9] ¶··Ó‰Ú¤Ô˘, ∞. (2001). ªÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜. ∞ı‹Ó·: °ÚËÁfiÚ˘. 1[10] ¶·Ú·Û΢ÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, π. (1981). ∂ÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. 1[11] ¶ÔÏ˘¯ÚÔÓfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, (1985). ™ÙÔ ∫·Ï·ÓÙ˙‹, ∞. (1988). ∂Ê·ÚÌÔṲ̂ÓË ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ∞ı‹Ó·. 1[12] Rogers, A. (1999). ∏ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÓËϛΈÓ. ∞ı‹Ó·: ªÂÙ·›¯ÌÈÔ. 1[13] ºÏÔ˘Ú‹˜, °. (1983). ∞˘ÙÔÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ·: ∂›‰ÔÛË Î·È ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ. ∏Ú¿ÎÏÂÈÔ. 1[14] ºÏÔ˘Ú‹˜, °. (1989). ∞˘ÙÔ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë: ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË Î·È ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ. ∞ı‹Ó·: °ÚËÁfiÚ˘. 1[15] ºÏÔ˘Ú‹˜, °. (2003). ™Î¤„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Î·È ‰È· ‚›Ô˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∞ÙÚ·fi˜. 1[16] ºÏÔ˘Ú‹˜, °. & ∫·ÛÛˆÙ¿Î˘, ª. (2006). ª¿ıËÛË & ¢È‰·Ûηϛ·: £ÂˆÚ›·, ¶Ú¿ÍË Î·È ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ¢È‰·Ûηϛ·˜. Ù. µã. ∞ı‹Ó·: °ÚËÁfiÚ˘. 1[17] ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, Ã. (1995). ª·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. 1[18] ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, Ã. (2004). ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ „˘¯È΋˜ ÀÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ª¿ıËÛ˘. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ∞ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ ™¯ÔÏ›Ô. ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∆˘ˆı‹Ùˆ.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
2.2. ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ: ■ Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ■ Ó· ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÙȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË Ì¤Ûˆ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯ÈÎÒÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ■ Ó· Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó ÂÓ·‡ÛÌ·Ù·, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó ¿Ô„Ë Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Î·È ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÙˆÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (∆.¶.∂.). ¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, ı· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi Î·È „˘¯ÔÛ˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘: ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡, ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙoÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘, ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î.Ï.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
ª¿ıËÛË ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ∂ÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ µÈˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË ∫ÈÓËÙÔÔ›ËÛË – ΛÓËÙÚ· ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ∂ÚÁ·Ï›· – ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ∏ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ì¤Û· ·fi ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ - ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜. ∞ÒÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ Â›Ó·È Ô ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÌÂ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯ÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ··Ú·›ÙËÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚË „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ - ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È Ë ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÓfiÙËÙ·.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ø˜ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ – ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË (active learning) ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÂΛӘ Ô˘ ¢ÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÔʇÁÂÙ·È Ë ·ıËÙÈ΋ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎÒÓ – ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó, ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Î·È ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÒÛÙ ÙÂÏÈο Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈο Ù· fiÛ· Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙÚfiÔ ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈÎfi. ∞·Ú·›ÙËÙË ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚÁ·Û›· Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË, Ù· ·È¯Ó›‰È· ÚfiψÓ, ÔÈ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛˆÓ, Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÈ Û‡ÓÙÔ̘ ·Û΋ÛÂȘ (Woolfolk, 2000).
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ, Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜, „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜, ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜. √È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ıˆڋÛÂȘ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Û ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂÓ‰ÔÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜, „˘¯ÔÛ˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. √È ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ˘·ÁÔÚÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙÔ˘, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ. ∆Ô Ó¤Ô ·˘Ùfi Ì·ıËÛÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙ› ˆ˜ ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈÎfi, ηıÒ˜ ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› ÛÙÔȯ›· fiˆ˜ Ù· ΛÓËÙÚ·, ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÔÈ ıˆڛ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÛÙ˘Ï Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Ë ·fiÎÙËÛË ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î.Ï. ∏ ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÓfi˜ ϤÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÏË„Ë ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ (ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË) (µÔÛÓÈ¿‰Ô˘, 2006, ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2004, ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, 2003, ∆ÚÈÏÈ·Ófi˜, 1998, Snowman et al., 2006, Woolfolk, 2000). ™Ùo Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ô ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÌÂ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯ÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó Î›ÓËÙÚ· ÁÈ· Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ··Ú·›ÙËÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ (Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ, ·ÔÊÔ›ÙˆÓ, ÂÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î.Ï.). ™Â ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ï‹ıÔ˜ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ, fiˆ˜: ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ, Ì¿ıËÛË Ì ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË, ÂÚˆÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÛÂȘ, Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡, ÔÌ·‰Èο ·È¯Ó›‰È· ÚfiψÓ, ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË, ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÔÌ·‰ÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, ·Û΋ÛÂȘ ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜ Î.¿. ∏ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Ô Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙË Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ›‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ (M·ÎÚ‹-ªfiÙÛ·ÚË, 2001, ¶·Ú·Û΢¿ Î.¿., 2007). ∂ȉÈο ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· (‘learning by doing’), ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁfi Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (active learning) Û ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ, Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ ‰›Ô˘, Ë ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË, ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÍÂȘ, ÔÈ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ, ÔÈ «ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ» (communities of practices), ÔÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ Î.Ï. ∏ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ – ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË (discovery learning), ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (problem based learning), ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÂÎfiÓËÛ˘ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ (project
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
based learning) Î·È ÙȘ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘ (case studies). ∞ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Û ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Ë Ì¿ıËÛË Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÈÔ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋, ηıÒ˜ ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÓfiËÌ· Î·È ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ (Fink, 1999, Prince, 2004, Thomas, 1998). ™Â ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Ì·ıËÛÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Â›Û˘ Ó· ·Ó·‰ÂȯıÔ‡Ó ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÛÙ˘Ï Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÔÈ ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ, Ë ·˘ÙÔ-·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Û ۇÁ¯ÚÔÓ· Ì·ıËÛȷο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· (Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈο, ÂÈÎÔÓÈο Î.Ï.) Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Î·Ù’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔ˘ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, Ë Û‡ÓıÂÛË Î·È Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË (higher-order thinking skills and tasks: analysis, synthesis and evaluation). ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ·Ó¿ıÂÛ˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ı· ¯ÚÂÈ·ÛÙ› Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÔ‡Ó (ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, 2004, ª·ÎÚ‹-ªfiÙÛ·ÚË, 2001). AÍ›˙ÂÈ Â›Û˘ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ Ë ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ – ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ‰È¿ ‚›Ô˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, ηıÒ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È Ì¿ıËÛË (µÚÂÙÙfi˜ Î.¿., 2002, Bloomer et al., 2000). ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1 ¶ÚÈÓ ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÂÙ ÙÔ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ, ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÂÙ ÙÔ˘˜ Èı·ÓÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó;
2.2.1. µÈˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ - EÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ ª¿ıËÛË (active learning) ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÈÔ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ·fi ·˘ÙfiÓ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ë ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ̤ۈ ‰È¿ÏÂ͢. ™Â ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜, Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È Ô ‚·ıÌfi˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Û ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Û ٿÍÂȘ, fiÔ˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. √È ÌÂϤÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ■
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2 ¶ÚÈÓ ·Ó·Ï˘ı› Ë ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË, ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÙ ӷ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÙ ÛÙ· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·: ◗ ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚÒ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛˆ ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ - ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ‡˜ ÌÔ˘; ◗ ∆È Â›‰Ô˘˜ ËÁ¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘;
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ηıÒ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ› ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÛÙ˘Ï Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÙȘ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜, ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ΢Úȷگ› Ë ‰È¿ÏÂÍË (Snowman et al., 2006). ∏ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È fiÙ·Ó ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ‰È·ÏÔÁÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÌÈ·˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì·ıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ú¿ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜. ™ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·ıËÙÈÎfi˜ ‰¤ÎÙ˘. ∂ηȉ‡ÂÙ·È Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓÂÚÁ¿ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ, Ó· ÔÚÈÔıÂÙ›, Ó· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ› Î·È Ó· ÂÈχÂÈ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, ÂÈϤÁÔÓÙ·˜ χÛÂȘ, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙÂÎÌËÚÈÒÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ. °ÂÓÈο, ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Âηȉ‡ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÈ ÙË Ó¤· ÁÓÒÛË Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÂÙ·È Ô Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÛÙ›ڷ˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘.
2.2.2. ∂ÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘. ∞ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi Ù˘, Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ì ÙȘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ (.¯. ‰È¿ÏÂÍË) Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÛÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Î·È ·ÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. ∏ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· ηٷÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË Ó¤· ÁÓÒÛË ·‚›·ÛÙ· Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο, Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔ›ˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ Ô˘ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈο ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·˘Ù‹. ™Â ¤Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfi Ì·ıËÛÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ ¢ηÈڛ˜. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ, ÔÈ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù· ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο: ■ √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÂÚÁ¿, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·ÎÔ‡Ó «·ÏÒ˜» ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹. ■ ¢›ÓÂÙ·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·‚›‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ. ■ √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, Ë Û‡ÓıÂÛË Î·È Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË. ■ √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË, Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È Ë ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÁÚ·ÙÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘. ■ ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ‰›ÓÂÙ·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ (ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, 2004, Aloyan, 2004). ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ - ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·Ù· ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ı· ·Ô‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ·. ∏ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ - ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË ‰ÂÓ ˘ÔÓÔ›, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÙËÓ ·Ô˘Û›· ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜, ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ˘, ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ‹ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ (mentor), ηıÒ˜ οÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ı· Û‹Ì·ÈÓ ÛÙ¤ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Î·È Ì·Ù·›ˆÛË ‹
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (ª·ÎÚ‹-ªfiÙÛ·ÚË, 2001, ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2004). ™Â ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û·Ê¤˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ: ■ ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô‚Ô‹ıËÛË Ù˘ Ì·ÎÚfi¯ÚÔÓ˘ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÛÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË, ■ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ Ì¿ıËÛË, ■ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Û Ӥ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ■ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ·ÓÒÙÂÚˆÓ ÓÔËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (.¯. Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· ÙÔ˘ ¶˘ı·ÁfiÚÂÈÔ˘ £ÂˆÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜), ■ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÂÓfi˜ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Ì·ıËÙ›·˜ (Vygotsky, 1981, Lave et al., 2003). ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ∂ÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ – µÈˆÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ª¿ıËÛ˘ ■ ·È¯Ó›‰È ÚfiÏˆÓ ■ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ı¤ÛÂȘ (debate) ■ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ ■ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘
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¤Ú¢ӷ ‰›Ô˘ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ project (project based learning) Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (problem based learning)
∆· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ŒÓ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÌÔÚ›, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ, Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi (self-reflection) ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÚÔı˘Ì›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡, Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ - ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ù· ·È¯Ó›‰È· ÚfiψÓ, ÔÈ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ı¤ÛÂȘ (debates), ÔÈ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ Î.¿. √È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂËÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙȘ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, ·ÊÔ‡ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙË ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ (situated learning environment) (Lave et al., 2003, µÔÛÓÈ¿‰Ô˘, 2006, ∫Ô˘ÏÔ˘Ì·Ú›ÙÛË Î.¿., 2003). √È ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ – ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ÛÙ˘Ï Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ÓÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË, ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ-·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Î.Ï. √È ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Â˜ ÛÙ· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È, ÂÓ Û˘ÓÙÔÌ›·, ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ: ■ ∆Ô ÛÙ˘Ï Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (learning style) Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ø˜ ÛÙ˘Ï Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‚ÈÔÊ˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Î·ıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘, ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÛÈ·Îfi ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. √ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ·ʋ˜ Ì ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘, ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ‰fiÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘, ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ, ÙËÓ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ›‰ÔÛË Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÛÙ· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· Ì·ıËÛȷο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·, ÙÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ÛÙ˘Ï Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (individual learning style)
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Î·È ÙËÓ Â›‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ù˘ Ì·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜. ¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ ÛÙ˘Ï Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ˆ˜ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ÛÙ˘Ï ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ˜ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ οı ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ (learning style preferences), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ›‰ÔÛË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ (·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜, ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î.Ï.) (Jonassen & Grabowski, 1993, Hatch, 1997). ■ ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ·›˙ÂÈ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ. ∏ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (learning strategies). ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ó· ‰ÔÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (discovery learning), ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ӷ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ (situated learning), ηıÒ˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (collaborative learning strategies), ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ Ӥ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÓÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÔ‰Ô ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Lave & Wegner, 2003, Jonassen & Grabowski, 1993, Hatch, 1997). ■ ∆· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ¢ÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË Î·È ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ - ÎÏ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù·Ï¤ÓÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ οı ·ÙfiÌÔ˘. √È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ› ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ò˜ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (Gardner, 1999). ■ ∆· ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘ÙÔÚ·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, ΢ڛˆ˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ-·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ›‰ÔÛ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ· Ó¤· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ (Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο ÂÈÙ‡ÁÌ·Ù· Î.¿.). √È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚Ô‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi (self-reflection) Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙÔ˘, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ηٷÛÙ› ÈηÓfi ÁÈ· ·˘ÙÔÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË (self-regulation) ηٿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ (Bandura, 1997, Snowman et al., 2006, ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2005, µÚÂÙÙfi˜ & ∫·„¿Ï˘, 2002, ª·ÙÛ·ÁÔ‡Ú·˜, 2004, ª·ÎÚ‹-ªfiÙÛ·ÚË, 2001). √È ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÓ Û˘ÓÙÔÌ›· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊËÎ·Ó ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Û ڷÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó Î·È Ù· ÂÈÎÔÓÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (VLEs), ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ÙÔÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ΢ڛˆ˜ (computermediated communication), ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ˆ˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (collaboration), ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÏË ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘, ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û·, ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ, fora Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î.Ï.). √È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘, Ì ·ÒÙÂÚÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Ì·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ·fi ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË, ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. ∫·Ù’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ, ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘, fiˆ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ, ΛÓËÙÚ·, ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î.Ï., Ì ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙÔÓ ·˘ÙÔÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ (Bandura, 1997, Calcaterra et al., 2005, Ford & Chen, 2000, Frey & Simonson, 1994, Governor, 1998).
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
∏ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÛÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ıˆڋÛÂˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ̤ۈ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, fiˆ˜ ÛÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı›. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3 ∏ ·Ó¿ÏË„Ë Ù˘ ¢ı‡Ó˘ Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ■ °ÂÓÈÎfi˜ ™ÎÔfi˜ (aim) ◗ √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ - ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Ù˘ ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ■ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ (goal) √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ – ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ı· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ Ù˘ «·Ó¿Ï˄˘ Ù˘ ¢ı‡Ó˘-˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜» ·fi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÒÛÙ Ì ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋. ∂È̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ (Ôbjectives): ◗ √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ – ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ «˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜». ◗ √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ – ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ó· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Ù˘ ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È, ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡, Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜-Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ◗ √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ - ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Ù˘ ˘Â‡ı˘Ó˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ◗ √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ - ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÔÚÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜, Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˄˘ Ù˘ ¢ı‡Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ηÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ■ ¶ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ (requirements) °È· ÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ – ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ¯ˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È Ô ÂÈÛËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· ·fi ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô, «æËÏ¿ µÔ˘Ó¿» (Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi Ì ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÙÔ˘ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘), ˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÙÔ ‰È·‚¿ÛÔ˘Ó. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ - ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ı¤ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈËÁ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ì ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÎÔ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ·fi ¤Ó· cd ¤Ó· ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· ·fi ¿ÏÏÔ ¤ÚÁÔ, «∆Ô ∫Ô˘ÎÏfiÛÈÙÔ» ÙÔ˘ ãπ„ÂÓ, Û ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·Ê‹ÁËÛ˘. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ¯ˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÚfiψÓ-‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ■ ¢È·‰Èηۛ· (Procedure) ■ ¢È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË: √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ - ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜, ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ËıÈΤ˜/ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÛ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›· (self-awareness) Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Ù˘ ¢ı‡Ó˘. £· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ı· ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó Ù· ‰‡Ô ·ÔÛ¿ÛÌ·Ù·, ı· ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È ı· ÌÈÏ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÁÈ· ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜. ■ §ÂÎÙÈ΋˜ – °ÏˆÛÛÈ΋˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘: √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ - ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· ¿ÚÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË ·fi οÔÈÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ·ÓÂÙ˘Á̤ÓË ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·. ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ıÂÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ˙ˆ‹˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË Ù˘ ‡·ÚÍ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. £· ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÔÚÙÚ¤ÙÔ ÙÔ˘, ı· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ı· ηٷÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜, ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·ÚÂÙ¤˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
■ ∂Ó‰ÔÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË: √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ - ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· ·ÔÙ˘ÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ¤Ó· ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ËÌÂÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ. £· ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ë Î¿ı ÈÛÙÔÚ›·, Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ «·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜» Î·È Ó· ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜. £· Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ ‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ‹ fi¯È ÙËÓ «·Ó¿ÏË„Ë Â˘ı‡Ó˘ – ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜» Î·È ÙÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ˙ˆ‹. ■ ÈÚÈ΋ – √ÙÈ΋ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË: √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ - ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· ÎÏËıÔ‡Ó Ó· ÎÏ›ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· Ì¿ÙÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ¯·Ï·ÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÂÓÒ ·ÎÔ‡Ó Î¿ÔÈÔ ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· ·fi ÙÔ cd. £· Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÛÎËÓÈÎfi, ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ·˘Ùfi Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú˜ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ı· ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú˜ Î·È ı· ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ÌÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘, Û˘˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÎËÓÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚÊˆÛ·Ó Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Â¤ÏÂÍ·Ó Ó· Ù·˘ÙÈÛÙÔ‡Ó. ■ §ÔÁÈ΋ - ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË: √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ - ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ‰‡Ô ·ÔÛ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÂÓÒ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ·ÈÙÈÒ‰ÂȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÈÛÙÔڛ˜. £· ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì›· Ï›ÛÙ· Ì ٷ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·-ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÎÙÈÌÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÏÔÁÈο Ì ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë. £· ÂÎı¤ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙȘ ¿ÏϘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ı· ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛΤ„ÂȘ (Ï›ÛÙ·) Ì ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ (Ë Î¿ı ÔÌ¿‰· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷı¤ÛÂÈ Ì›· ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›·-ÛΤ„Ë ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·), ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜. ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ Ù˘ «·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜» Î·È Ù˘ «·Ó¿Ï˄˘ Ù˘ ¢ı‡Ó˘-˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜». ■ ªÔ˘ÛÈ΋ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË: √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ - ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ó ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋ Ô˘ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ ı· Ù·›ÚÈ·˙ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·-ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÙÔ ÛÎËÓÈÎfi, ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ‹ ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜-ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο. ∞ÊÔ‡ Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËϘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜, ı· ·ÎÔ˘ÛÙÔ‡Ó Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ «ÌÔ˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ¯·ÏÈÔ‡» (background) ηٿ ÙËÓ ¤Ó·ÚÍË Ù˘ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ‹ ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÒÚ·˜. ■ ™ˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ - ∫ÈÓ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË: √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ - ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ·ÊÔ‡ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· Î·È ·ÎÔ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ, ı· ÂÎÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ·ÓÙƠ̷̂ Ô˘ ı· Û˘ÓÔ„›˙ÂÈ Î·È ı· ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÈÛÙÔÚÈÒÓ-ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ. ªÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÙÔ ÛÎËÓÈÎfi ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú˜, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÓÙÈηÙÔÙÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ˙ˆ¤˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÈÌÔ Î·È ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ Ì ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤ÏÂÍ·Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ■ ∂ÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ◗ ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘ÏÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ٷ ¿ÏÏ· ›‰Ë Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, fiˆ˜ ÙË Ê˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋, ÙËÓ ˘·ÚÍȷ΋, ÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ - ËıÈ΋ Î.Ï. ◗ ∏ ·Ó¿ıÂÛË Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ fiÙÈ ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÛÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË). ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi, ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘ÙÔ-·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ Î·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ˙ˆ‹˜.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] Aloyan, H. & Au, W. (2004). Exploration of Instructional Strategies and Individual Difference within the Context of Web-based Learning. πnternational Education Journal, 4.4, 86-91. 1[2] Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman. 1[3] Bloomer, ª. & Hodkinson, P. (2000). Learning Careers: Continuing and Change in Young People’s Dispositions to Learning. British Educational Research Journal, 26, 583–597. 1[4] Calcaterra, A., Antonietti, A., and Underwood, J. (2005). Cognitive Style, Hypermedia Navigation and Learning. Computers & Education 44, 441–457. 1[5] Fink, L.D. (1999). Active Learning, In http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/ committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/active.htm 1[6] Ford, N. & Chen, S. Y. (2000). Individual Differences, Hypermedia Navigation, and Learning: An Empirical Study. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 9, 281–312. 1[7] Frey, D. & Simonson, M. (1994). Assessment of Cognitive Style to Examine Student’s Use of Hypermedia within Historic Costume». Home Economics Research Journal, 21, 403–421. 1[8] Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed: Multiple Intelligence for the 21th century. New York. 1[9] Governor, D. (1998). Cognitive Styles and Metacognition in Web Based Instruction. http://www.members.cox.net/vogannod/THESIS.html 1[10] Hatch, T. (1997). Getting specific about multiple intelligence. Educational Leadeship, 54(6), 26-29. http://smi.curtin.edu.au/ijet/v1n1/summerville/ 1[11] Jonassen, D.H. and Grabowski, B.L. (1993). Individual Differences: Learning and Instruction. Lawrence Erlbaum. 1[12] Lave, J. & Wenger, E. (2003). Situated learning. Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. 1[13] Prince, M. (2004). Does Active Learning Work? A Review of the Research, Journal of Engineering Education. In http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3886/is_200407/ai_n9427634/pg_2 1[14] Snowman, J. & Biehler, R. (2006). Psychology applied to teaching, Houhton Mifflin Com. New York. 1[15] Thomas, J. (1998). Project - based learning. Novato Buck Institute for Education. http://www.pblinteractive.org/Features9474/ForTeachers/tabid/136/Default.aspx
In
1[16] Vykotsky, L.S. (1981). The Genesis of Higher Mental Functions, in V. Wertsch (ed), The concept of activity in Soviet Psychology, Armong, Sharpe, New York. 1[17] Woolfolk, A.E. (2000). Educational Psychology. Allyn and Bacon, Boston. 1[18] µÔÛÓÈ¿‰Ô˘, ™. (2006). ™¯Â‰È¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓ· ·fi ÙȘ Ӥ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÂΉ. Gutenberg. 1[19] µÚÂÙÙfi˜, π. ∂. & ∫·„¿Ï˘, ∞. °. (2002). ªÈÎÚԉȉ·Ûηϛ· Î·È ¿ÛÎËÛË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, ÂΉ. ∞ÙÚ·fi˜. 1[20] ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, (2004). £ÂˆÚ›Â˜ ª¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ¶Ú¿ÍË, Ù. °ã, Aı‹Ó·. 1[21] ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, (2005). °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¡Â˘ÚÔÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË & ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ¶Ú¿ÍË, ∞ı‹Ó·. 1[22] ∫Ô˘ÏÔ˘Ì·Ú›ÙÛË, ∞. & ªÔ˘Ú·ÙÈ¿Ó, ∑. (2003). ™¯¤‰È· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Î·È ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, ÂΉ. ¶·Ù¿ÎË, 31.
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1[23] ª·ÎÚ‹ – ªfiÙÛ·ÚË, ∂. (2001). ∞˘ÙÔ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Î·È ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË: ªÔÓ٤Ϸ, ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. 1[24] M·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, ∏. (2003). ¢È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, ÂΉ. °ÚËÁfiÚË, 21, 38. 1[25] ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, ∏. (2004). £ÂˆÚ›· Î·È ¶Ú¿ÍË Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ¶ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ °Ú·ÙÔ‡ §fiÁÔ˘, ÂΉ. °ÚËÁfiÚË, 201. 1[26] ¶·Ú·Û΢¿, º., ¢ËÌ¿ÎÔ˜, °. (2007). ∆.¶.∂. ÛÙËÓ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË: ∂ÓÂÚÁfi˜ ª¿ıËÛË Î·È ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ,£¤Ì·Ù· ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘, ¶.π.-À¶∂¶£. 1[27] ∆ÚÈÏÈ·Ófi˜, ∞. (1998). ∏ ·ÚÒıËÛË, ÂΉ. §‡¯ÓÔ˜, 123.
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2.3. ∞ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô (·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË) ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ: ■ Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÙȘ ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË, ■ Ó· ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· ·˘Ùfi, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÂÓ·‡ÛÌ·Ù·, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋, ■ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂ (ÂÚÁ·Ï›·, ·ÓÔȯٿ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘).
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ∞ӷ̤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi Î·È „˘¯ÔÛ˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ Ì¤Ûˆ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, fiˆ˜ ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÈ Ë ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ∆ÚfiÔÈ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ■ ªÔÚʤ˜ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ■ ∂ÚÁ·Ï›· – ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ∏ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ì¤Û· ·fi ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ-·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜. ∞ÒÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ- ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô.
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∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ÿˆ˜ ‹‰Ë ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎÂ, Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜, ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜. Àfi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· ·˘Ùfi, Ë Ì¿ıËÛË ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ¿ÌÂÛË Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Ì ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·, Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙË ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ (ÓÔËÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ). ™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, Ë Ì¿ıËÛË ÓÔÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓË ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ›ٷÈ, ·Ó·‰ÔÌÂ›Ù·È Î·È ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË Û ¿ÏϘ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Î·È Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (Bandura, 1997, Snowman et al., 2006, ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2004/2005, µÚÂÙÙfi˜ & ∫·„¿Ï˘, 2002, ª·ÙÛ·ÁÔ‡Ú·˜, 2004). ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ë ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ ∏. Gardner ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ·Ï‹ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ. ∏ ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÛÙ· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ì ٷ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· (Gardner, 1999).
■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1 «∏ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, Ë ÔÔ›·, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË, Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜. √ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ô ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ÓÔËÙÈο ̤۷, ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛË Î·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÂÎ·È‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·ı’ fiÏË ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜» (Bandura, 1997). √ R. Sternberg ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù¤˜ ÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÌÓ‹Ì˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Î·ÏÔ› ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÌÓËÌfiÓ¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ ‹ Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ı¤Ì· ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ̤ÚË Î·È Ó· ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó Ò˜ Ù· ̤ÚË ·˘Ù¿ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ fï˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Û ÈÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ‹ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔÌ›˜, ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÈηÓÔ› ·’ fi,ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (Sternberg, 1997 a, b). ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜, Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Ҙ ¤Ó· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ì·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ¤Ó· ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi. ◗ ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿„Ù ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Û·˜ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ Î·È Âηȉ‡ÂÙ·È Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ‰‡Ô ·˘Ù¿ Ï·›ÛÈ·. ◗ ¶Ò˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ù ӷ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÙ οÔȘ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Û·˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋;
2.3.1. ∏ £ÂˆÚ›· Ù˘ ¶ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ (Multiple Intelligences Theory) ∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ¶ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ (Multiple Intelligences Theory) ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠÙÔ 1983 ·fi ÙÔÓ Dr. Howard Gardner, æ˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ Î·È ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹ ÛÙÔ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ∆Ì‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Harvard, Î·È ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Î·È ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ („˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ, ·ÓıÚˆÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ, ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ). ∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ¶ÔÏÏ·-
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
Ï‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏÔÁÔ ÛÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÌfiÓÔ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ (Â˘Ê˘˝·˜), Ë ÔÔ›· Èı·ÓÒ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÁÁÂÓ‹˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËı›. √ H. Gardner ıˆÚ› fiÙÈ Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ‰ÂÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ Ô‡Ù ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· ÌÔÓԉȿÛÙ·ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ì›· ÌÔÚÊ‹, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ, ·Ú¯ÈÎÒ˜, ÙȘ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı˜ ÂÙ¿ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘: ÙË °ÏˆÛÛÈ΋, ÙË §ÔÁÈÎÔÌ·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋, ÙË ÃˆÚÈ΋, ÙËÓ ∞ÈÛıËÛÈÔÎÈÓËÙÈ΋, ÙË ªÔ˘ÛÈ΋, ÙË ¢È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ∂Ó‰ÔÚÔÛˆÈ΋. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÛÙË ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ›‰Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘: ÙË º˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋, ÙËÓ À·ÚÍȷ΋, ÙËÓ ¶ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ∏ıÈ΋. ∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ¶ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ ∏. Gardner ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ·Ï‹ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë, ·ÏÏ¿ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ˙ˆ‹, ηıÒ˜ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ Ù· ›‰Ë ·˘Ù¿ Ù˘ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ∂›Ó·È ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ Ô Î¿ı ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˜-Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ Ì ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ì ÔÏÏ·ÏÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË Î·È Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ ¶ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ (Gardner, 1999).
2.3.2. √ÚÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ∏. Gardner ›ӷÈ: ■ Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ¤Ó· ÚÔ˚fiÓ ‹ Ì›· ˘ËÚÂÛ›· Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ê·ÓÔ‡Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ· Û ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÙfïÓ, ■ ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÈηÓÔًوÓ, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Î·È ÙÔ ÂÈχÂÈ, ■ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÈ ‹ Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÙË Ï‡ÛË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË Ó¤· ÁÓÒÛË (Gardner, 1999). ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ηٿ ÙÔÓ Gardner, Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÚÔÊ›Ï (Ô Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂȉÒÓ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘) Î·È Ë ÂͤÏÈÍË (Ë Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂȉÒÓ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘). ∆Ô ÚÔÊ›Ï ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ οı ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÁÂÓÂÙÈΤ˜ ηٷ‚ÔϤ˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ·fi ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂȉÒÓ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ∆· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ›‰Ë Ù˘ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·È ‹ Ó· ·Ú·ÌÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· ÂÍ·ÛıÂÓÔ‡Ó (Gardner, 1999).
2.3.3. ∂›‰Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ §ÂÎÙÈ΋ – °ÏˆÛÛÈ΋ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (Verbal – Linguistic Intelligence) ∏ ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ηٷÓÔ› ηÓ›˜ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ô¯ÚÒÛÂȘ, ηÓfiÓ˜ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î.Ï. ∂ΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ì ¿ÓÂÛË ÙË ÌËÙÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·, Ó· ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔ˘Ó Ì ۷ʋÓÂÈ· ÙË ÛΤ„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ϤÓ ÔÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ. ∆· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ·ÓÂÙ˘Á̤ÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ·ÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó,
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
Ó· ‰È·‚¿˙Ô˘Ó, Ó· ‰ÈËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÈÛÙÔڛ˜, Ó· χÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ·˘ÚfiÏÂÍ·, Ó· ·›˙Ô˘Ó ·È¯Ó›‰È· ϤÍÂˆÓ (.¯. ÛÎÚ·ÌÏ) Î.¿.
■ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2 ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿„Ù Û ̛· ·Ú¿ÁÚ·ÊÔ Ù· Èı·Ó¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û·˜ Ì ÏÂÎÙÈ΋-ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË.
§ÔÁÈ΋ - ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ NÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (Logical - Mathematical Intelligence) ∏ ÏÔÁÈ΋-Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ó· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Û¯¤‰È·, Ó· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ› Û ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÙÂÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓÔ Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ. ∂›Û˘, ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ó· ηٷÓÔ› Î·È Ó· ¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û¯¤‰È· Î·È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ. ∏ ÏÔÁÈ΋-Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ Î·È ··ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘. ∆· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÂÙ˘Á̤ÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ, ÁÈ· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ÛΤ„˘ Î·È ÁÈ· Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ™Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ·˘Ù¿ ·Ú¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÓÔÔ‡Ó Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, Ó· ·›˙Ô˘Ó ·È¯Ó›‰È· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ Î·È Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÂÈÚ¿Ì·Ù·. ∞Ú¤ÛÎÔÓÙ·È, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ٷ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ·ıÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡Ô˘Ó Ì ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙȘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ‹ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÚÔÙÔ‡ ‰ÔÎÈÌ¿ÛÔ˘Ó Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ. ■ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3 ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿„Ù Û ̛· ·Ú¿ÁÚ·ÊÔ Ù· Èı·Ó¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û·˜ Ì ÏÔÁÈ΋̷ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË.
ÈÚÈ΋ – √ÙÈ΋ NÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (Visual - Spatial Intelligence) ∏ ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚ› Î·È Ó· ¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÓÔÂÚ¿ Î·È Âȉ¤ÍÈ· ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‹ ¤Ó· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ, Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚ› Î·È Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÈ Ù¿ÛÂȘ, ÈÛÔÚÚԛ˜ Î·È Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ·Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È «¯ˆÚÈ΋» ¤ÎıÂÛË. ∞ÊÔÚ¿, ›Û˘, ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÂÈ ¯ˆÚÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ÙȘ ÌÂٷʤÚÂÈ ÓÔÂÚ¿ ‹ ·Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈο. ∂ΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ó· ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ «¯ˆÚÈÎfi» ۇ̷Ó, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ùfi. ∆· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÂÙ˘Á̤ÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·Ù·, ¯¿ÚÙ˜ Î·È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜, Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÈÓ ÙȘ ηٷÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó Î·È ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÔχÏÔη ÌÔÙ›‚·. π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÛΤÊÙÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÂÈÎfiÓ˜, ʈÙÔÁڷʛ˜ Î·È Û¯‹Ì·Ù· ÁÔËÙ‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ·È¯Ó›‰È·-Ï·‚‡ÚÈÓıÔ˘˜ Î·È Ù· ·˙Ï ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ÍÔ‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÂχıÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ۯ‰ȿ˙ÔÓÙ·˜, ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÔÓÂÈÚÔÔÏÒÓÙ·˜.
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■ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 4 ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿„Ù Û ̛· ·Ú¿ÁÚ·ÊÔ Ù· Èı·Ó¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ÔÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË.
™ˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ - ∫ÈÓ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ NÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (Bodily - Kinesthetic Intelligence) ∏ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ οÔÈ· ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ – ÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ, Ù· ‰¿ÎÙ˘Ï·, ÙÔÓ ÒÌÔ – ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈχÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ‹ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î¿ÙÈ. ªÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ó· ÂÈÓÔÔ‡Ó Ó¤Â˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ó· ÌÂÙ·‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ Î·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂›Ó·È Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ¿ÚÈÛÙ· Î·È Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ӷ ÙȘ ÎÈÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, .¯. fiÙ·Ó ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ·ıÏ‹Ì·Ù· (ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË Î·È ÂÈÓfiËÛË). ∆Ô Â›‰Ô˜ ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ÔÚ·Ùfi Û ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ·ÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ·ÈÁÓ›‰È· ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, Ô˘ ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ηٷÛ΢¤˜ Ì ٷ ¯¤ÚÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ ÂÎÙÂÓ‹ ÁψÛÛÈο ΛÌÂÓ·, Ô˘ «Èı·ÓfiÓ Ú›¯ÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ Ù۷ϷΈ̤ÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·ÚÙ› ̤۷ ÛÙÔ Î·Ï¿ıÈ ÙˆÓ ·¯Ú‹ÛÙˆÓ ÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ¿Óˆ ·fi Ù· ÎÂÊ¿ÏÈ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜». ∞ÊÔÚ¿ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ·ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó ÁÓÒÛË Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÈÛı‹ÛˆÓ. ■ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 5 ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿„Ù Û ̛· ·Ú¿ÁÚ·ÊÔ Ù· Èı·Ó¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ÎÈÓ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË.
ªÔ˘ÛÈ΋ - ƒ˘ıÌÈ΋ NÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (Musical – Rhythmic Intelligence) ªÔ˘ÛÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Â›Ó·È Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ó· ·ÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó, Ó· ÂÎÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· Û˘Óı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÌÔ˘ÛÈο ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ·. ¶ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· ÛÙËÓ Î›ÓËÛË, ÛÙÔ Ú˘ıÌfi Î·È ÛÙË ¯ÚÔÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‹¯Ô˘. ∂ΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ó· «ÛΤÊÙÔÓÙ·È» ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋, Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ‹¯Ô˘˜, Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ı˘ÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È. √È ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ˘„ËÏ‹ ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó οÔÈ· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ·ÔıËÎÂ‡Ô˘Ó ‹¯Ô˘˜ ÛÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘˜, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó fï˜ Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ‹¯Ô˘˜ Ì ÙË ÛΤ„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó. Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙÚ·ÁÔ˘‰Ô‡Ó ‹ ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÌÔ˘ÛÈο fiÚÁ·Ó·. ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ‹¯Ô˘˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÔÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ·ÁÓÔÔ‡Ó Î·ıÒ˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ô͢‰ÂÚΛ˜ ·ÎÚÔ·Ù¤˜. ø˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ·˘Ù¿ ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÙÚ·ÁÔ‡‰È ÙˆÓ Ô˘ÏÈÒÓ ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ ·Ú¿ı˘ÚÔ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ¯Ù˘Ô‡Ó Ú˘ıÌÈο ÙÔ ÌÔχ‚È ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ıÚ·Ó›Ô ÙÔ˘˜.
■ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 6 ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿„Ù Û ̛· ·Ú¿ÁÚ·ÊÔ Ù· Èı·Ó¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋ڢıÌÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
∂Ó‰ÔÚÔÛˆÈ΋ NÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (Intrapersonal Intelligence) ∂Ó‰ÔÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Â›Ó·È Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÂÈı˘ÌÈÒÓ Î·È È‰ÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘. ∂ÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜ ηıÒ˜ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ·ÓÂÙ˘Á̤ÓË ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜, ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È, ÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó, Ò˜ ı· ·ÓÙȉڿÛÔ˘Ó Û ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó. ¤¯Ô˘Ó ›ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÚ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·Ï¿ ÙÈ ‰Â ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Ô‡ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·, fiÔÙ ÙË ¯ÚÂÈ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó. ∞Ó Î·È Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÓÙÔÈÛÙ› ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È Ô ‚·ıÌfi˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹˜ ÙÔ˘, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ Û˘Ó‹ıÂȘ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ, Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ·Ó·Ù˘Á̤ÓÔ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Î·È ÂÌϤÎÔ˘Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο fiÏ· Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ›‰Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛ¯ÙÈÎÔ› fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆· ·È‰È¿, ‰Â, Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ·˘Ù‹, ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓÂÛÙ·Ï̤ӷ, ·ÏÏ¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ›ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È Èηӿ Ó· ·˘ÙÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡Ó. ■ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 7 ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿„Ù Û ̛· ·Ú¿ÁÚ·ÊÔ Ù· Èı·Ó¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ÂÓ‰ÔÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË.
¢È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ NÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (Interpersonal Intelligence) ¢È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Â›Ó·È Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ηٷÓÔ› ηÓ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜, Ù· ΛÓËÙÚ· ‹ Ù· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì·˙› ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο. ∫¿ı ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·Ó·ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Û οÔÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË. ¢¿ÛηÏÔÈ, ÁÔÓ›˜, ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ›, „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔÈ Î·È ˆÏËÙ¤˜ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ʤÚÔ˘Ó Û ¤Ú·˜ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ·ÓÂÙ˘Á̤ÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, Â›Ó·È ·Ú¯ËÁÔ› ÛÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ù· ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· ΛÓËÙÚ· ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ÙË ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, fiÙ·Ó ÚÔÔ‰Â‡Ô˘Ó Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, fiÙ·Ó ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ê›ÏˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ·ÓÙȉÚÔ‡Ó Û ·˘Ù¤˜ ηٿÏÏËÏ·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È fiÙ·Ó Â›ıÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰¿ÛηÏfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿Ù·ÛË ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÙÂÏÂÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù’ Ô›ÎÔÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘˜.
■ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 8 ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿„Ù Û ̛· ·Ú¿ÁÚ·ÊÔ Ù· Èı·Ó¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË.
™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ NÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (Emotional Intelligence) ∆· ‰‡Ô ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ›‰Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë ÂÓ‰ÔÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Î·È Ë ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, Û˘Óı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
∏ Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ™ˆÎÚ¿ÙË «ÁÓÒıÈ Û·˘ÙfiÓ» ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙÔ ıÂ̤ÏÈÔ Ï›ıÔ Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘: «Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÛ·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÛÔ˘». ∏ ·Î·‰ËÌ·ï΋ Â˘Ê˘˝· ‰Â Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È, ··Ú·Èًو˜, ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹. ÕÓıÚˆÔÈ Ì ˘„ËÏfi ‰Â›ÎÙË ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷο ¿ÛÙÔ¯· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ˙ˆ‹. ∆Ô Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ٷϤÓÙÔ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ·-ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ fiÛÔ Î·Ï¿ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙԇ̠ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏË ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘ÌÂ. √È ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È‰·¯ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ Î·È Ó· ‚ÂÏÙȈıÔ‡Ó. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Î·È ‰·ÛÎ¿ÏˆÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È¿Ï·ÛË «Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο Â˘Ê˘ÒÓ» ·È‰ÈÒÓ, Ô˘ ı· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·Ó¿ ¿Û· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÙȘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο ÊÔÚÙÈṲ̂Ó˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, fiˆ˜: ·) Ë ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì·˜, ‚) Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Á) Ë Â͇ÚÂÛË ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ, ‰) Ë ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È Â) Ô ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ. º˘ÛÈο, ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘Ù¤˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Ôχ Âȉ¤ÍÈÔÈ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο ·‰¤ÍÈÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÎÔ‡ÊÈÛË Ù˘ ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘. ∞ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙÂ, ¤ÙÛÈ, ˆ˜ ηı¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ Î·È ·ÓÙȉڿÛˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó, Ì ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·, Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ (Snowman et al., 2006). ■ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 9 ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿„Ù Û ̛· ·Ú¿ÁÚ·ÊÔ Ù· Èı·Ó¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÌÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË.
º˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ NÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (Naturalist Intelligence) ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ¢·ÈÛıËÛ›· ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ù˘ ʇÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó Ì ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙËÓ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ∏ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ·˘Ù‹ ‹Ù·Ó ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÔχÙÈÌË Î·Ù¿ Ù· ÚÒÈÌ· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢, fiÙ·Ó Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û ˆ˜ ΢ÓËÁfi˜ Î·È Û˘ÏϤÎÙ˘, ÂÓÒ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ·›˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÎÏ›ÛË Û ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ‰›· (‚ÔÙ·ÓÔÏfiÁÔÈ, ˙ˆÔÏfiÁÔÈ, Ê˘ÛÈÔ‰›Ê˜ Î.¿).
À·ÚÍȷ΋ NÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (Existentialist Intelligence) ø˜ ˘·ÚÍȷ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· Î·È Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ‡·ÚÍË, fiˆ˜: ÔÈÔ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜; ÁÈ·Ù› Âı·›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ; Î.¿.
¶ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ NÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (Spiritual Intelligence) ∏ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ˘‹ÚÍ Úfi‰ÚÔÌÔ˜ Ù˘ ˘·ÚÍȷ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÛÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ˘ÂÚ‚·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏËıÂÈÒÓ.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
∏ıÈ΋ NÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (ªoral πntelligence) ∏ ËıÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ∏.Gardner «Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÂΛÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜, ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ΢‚ÂÚÓÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÈÂÚfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ – ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔÓ ÈÂÚfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ηÈ, Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ÙËÓ ÈÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÔÔȈӉ‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÒÓ Ï·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Î·ÙÔÈÎÔ‡Ó».
2.3.4. ¶ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È ¢È‰·Ûηϛ· √È ıˆڋÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó¤Â˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜, ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Û ηÈÓÔÙfiÌ· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Î·È Ó¤Â˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜. ∂¿Ó ˆ˜ ¿ÙÔÌ· ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ›‰Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÙfiÙ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ì ¢ηÈڛ˜ ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ηٿ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ■ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 10 ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿„ÙÂ, Û ÌÈ· ·Ú¿ÁÚ·ÊÔ, ÙËÓ ¿Ô„‹ Û·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·: ¶ÔÈ· ›‰Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ηÏÏÈÂÚÁÔ‡Ó Ù· ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·; ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ ÙȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ ÁÈ· fiÏ· Ù· ›‰Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ì ٷ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ‹ fiÏ· Ù· ›‰Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ [‚Ï. ÎÂÊ. 2.2, ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3]. ŒÙÛÈ, ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÔÈ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜: Ó· ÌË Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˘fi„Ë ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ó· ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔ˘Ó Ì ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ‹ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ̤ıÔ‰Ô Î·È Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÙÔÓ Î¿ı ̷ıËÙ‹, ‹ Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÙȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ηÈ, ηْ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈο Û¯¤‰È· Î·È ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∏ ıˆڛ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ ‰Ú¿Û˘, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÙ·¯ıÔ‡Ó fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜: Ô Ì¤ÛÔ˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜, Ô Ù·Ï·ÓÙÔ‡¯Ô˜ Î·È ÚÔÈÎÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Î¿ÔÈÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ (‰›ÁψÛÛÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ̷ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·fi ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙÔ‡ÓÙ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·). ∞ÒÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ Î·ı¤Ó·˜ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ‚·ıÌfi, ÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘. ∏ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ÙÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ Î·È ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯÙ› ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Ô˘ ·Ô‚ϤÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ı· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· (Ó¤· ÁÓÒÛË) Î·È Ó· ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Û Ӥ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∏ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔÛÎÔfi˜ Ù˘. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÔÊ·Û›˙ÂÈ ÙÈ ı· ‰È‰¿ÍÂÈ, ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fï˜ Î·È ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Ì ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋, ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË, ÙË ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋, ÙÔ ·È¯Ó›‰È ÚfiψÓ, Ù· ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û·, ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ‰›Ô˘ Î.¿. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Î·È Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂȉÒÓ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ∏ ıˆڛ· ·˘Ù‹ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÛÙË ÁψÛÛÈ΋ Î·È ÙË Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹, Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Î·È Ë ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘Á̤ӷ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ‰‡Ô ›‰Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÂÙ˘Á̤ÓÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ÙÚÂȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜: ÚÒÙÔÓ, Ó· ÂÁηٷÏ›„Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·, ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ Ó· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ‰‡Ô ›‰Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ (ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ) Î·È ÙÚ›ÙÔÓ, Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó Ì ¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ. ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ «Ì·ıËÛȷο ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔÈ» ‹ ˆ˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì «Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜», Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘˜ ı· ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Î·È ÛÙË ÌÂÙ¤ÂÈÙ· ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (Woolfolk, 2000 ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2005).
2.3.5. ¶ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ¢È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ °§ø™™π∫∏ ºÀ™π√∫ƒ∞∆π∫∏ ª∞£∏ª∞∆π∫∏ ∂¡¢√¶ƒ√™ø¶π∫∏
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜
ª√À™π∫∏
¢π∞¶ƒ√™ø¶π∫∏ √¶∆π∫∏ ™øª∞∆π∫∏
∏ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÛÙË ÁψÛÛÈ΋ Î·È ÙË Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ, ¿Ú·ÁÂ, Ó· ۯ‰ȷÛÙ› Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÂÓfi˜ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Û fiÏ· Ù· ›‰Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘; ∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÂÈ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È ÚfiÛÎÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘.
√ Dr. Thomas Armstrong (2007)1 ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ Ú¿Í˘, Ô˘ ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ۯ‰ȿÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ‹ ¤Ó· ı¤Ì· ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÍ‹˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘ √ÙÈÎÔ‡ – ºÚ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ∫·Ù·ÈÁÈÛÌÔ‡ π‰ÂÒÓ (Spatial-Linguistic Brainstorming): ·Ú¯Èο, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ۯ‰ȿÛÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ·ÎÏÔ, ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ı· ηٷÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ Î‡ÎÏÔ Î·È ÍÂÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ ·fi ·˘ÙfiÓ, ۯ‰ȿ˙ÂÈ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜, ηıÂÌÈ¿ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ı· Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ›‰Ô˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ™ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ οı ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜, ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È‰¿ÍÂÈ ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ›˙ÂÈ Ë ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹. µ¤‚·È·, ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ Ô Î·Ù·ÈÁÈÛÌfi˜ ȉÂÒÓ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÂÙ˘Á̤ÓË ÙË ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË. ∫¿ÔÈÔ˜ fï˜ Ì ·ÓÂÙ˘Á̤ÓË ÙË ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ı· ‡ÚÈÛΠÈÔ Â‡ÎÔÏË ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Û ÌÔÚÊ‹ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘, ÂÓÒ ÁÈ· οÔÈÔÓ Ì ·ÓÂÙ˘Á̤ÓË ÙË ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, ı· ‹Ù·Ó ›Ûˆ˜ ¢ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· οÓÂÈ ÌÈ· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ Î.Ô.Î. 1
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·ÊÔÚ¿, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÊ›Ï ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÚÈÓ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÛÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙÔ˘. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 11 ¶ÔÈÔ ÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi Û·˜ ÚÔÊ›Ï ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘;
2.3.6. ¶ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È ∆.¶.∂. (I.C.T.) ∏ Ú·Á‰·›· ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (I.C.T.) ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ πÛÙÔ‡ ·˘Í¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ù· „ËÊȷο ̤۷ (ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ: ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌ›Ô, Û˘Ó‰È·Ï¤ÍÂȘ) Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ó¤ˆÓ ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈÎÒÓ (constructivist) Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ·˘ÙÔ-ηıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ηıÒ˜, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ (ΛÌÂÓÔ, ÁÚ·ÊÈο, ‹¯Ô, animation, ΛÓËÛË Ì ÌË ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜), ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (Ford & Chen, 2000, Calcaterra et al., 2005). ™ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ·fi ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ „ËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ì ٷ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÛÙ˘Ï Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ. ∫¿ÔȘ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ fiÙÈ, fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ۯ‰ȷṲ̂ÓÔ, Ù· „ËÊȷο ̤۷ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¢ÂÏÈÍ›· (Frey & Simonson, 1994). ∫¿ÔȘ ¿ÏϘ, fï˜, ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ „ËÊÈ·ÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ÛÙ˘Ï ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, Û ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë Û¯¤ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙ› (Manouselis & Sampson, 2002, Retalis et al., 2002, Alomyan et al., 2004). ™ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ Ù¿ÍË, Ô ¤ÌÂÈÚÔ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ - ıˆÚËÙÈο ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ - ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Ù· ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙ˘Ï, ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ¤Ó· ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ, ·fi ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ Î·È ‰ÔÌÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë, Ì·ıËÛÈ·Îfi ˘ÏÈÎfi. ∏ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ „ËÊȷ΋˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Ô˘ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ÙȘ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ·Ú¿ ηٿÎÙËÛË. √ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ô˘ ΢Úȷگ› ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ „ËÊȷ΋˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Ó· ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù¤˜ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ó¤Â˜ «‰ÈÂÈÊ¿ÓÂȘ» (interfaces), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ˘fi„Ë Ù· Ì·ıËÛȷο ÛÙ˘Ï ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, ÒÛÙÂ Ë ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Û· ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË (Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·) Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚ·Ê› ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ó· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Î·È fi¯È ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ (Summerville, 1999, Rubado, 2002, Saban, 2002, Frangenheim et al., 2007, µÔÛÓÈ¿‰Ô˘, 2006).
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
2.3.7. ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ∆.¶.∂. (I.C.T.) ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Frangenheim Î·È Ryan (2007), ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ô, ÙÔ Xpata Lesson Planner, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ıˆڛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ Gardner Î·È ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Bloom. ∏ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› 56 ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È ¿Óˆ ·fi 400 ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜. ∆Ô Lesson Planner (E-Learning Lesson Planner2) ‚ÔËı¿ ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ˘ ۯ‰›Ô˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ (Frangenheim et al., 2007). ¶·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ¤Ó·˜ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ›Ó·Î·˜, ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ (ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ ÂÈÎÂÊ·Ï›‰ˆÓ) ·Ó·ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ù‡ÔÈ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ H. Gardner, Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÛÙ‹ÏË, Ù· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ›· ÙÔ˘ Bloom. ∞fi ÙÔ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ıˆÚÈÒÓ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Ù· ÎÂÏÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ›Ó·Î·, Ù· ÔÔ›· Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ [‚Ï. ÎÂÊ. 2.3, ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 12]. ¶·Ú·ÙËÚԇ̠ÏÔÈfiÓ fiÙÈ, fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋-ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹, ηٷÏÏËÏfiÙÂÚ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÎÏËÛ˘ ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ («Remember») Â›Ó·È Ó· ÁÚ¿„ÂÈ Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÌÈ· Ï›ÛÙ·, ÌÈ· ¤ÎıÂÛË, ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ȉÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î.¿. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ӷ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋-‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË (ÎÂÊ. 2.2) Î·È ÛÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ··ÈÙ›, fï˜, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÂÁÎψ‚ÈÛÙ› ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ Ù˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ› ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ı· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ·ÎÚÈ‚‹ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙ· ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο Ï·›ÛÈ·. ∂ÊfiÛÔÓ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ‰Â Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ›‰È· ̤ıÔ‰Ô. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ï·›ÛÈ· ÁÈ· Ù· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÚÔÊ›Ï ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ·˘ıÂÓÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ (Sternberg, 2001, Lave et al., 2003, Snowman et al., 2006). ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ù· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‚·ıÌ›‰ˆÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘.
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 12
¶ÔÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ› ÛÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ÁÈ·…;
¶ÂÚȤÁÚ·„ ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ÛÔ˘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜/ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·
¶·›Í ÙÔ "Celebrity characters" ÁÈ· Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú˜ Î·È ‰È¿ÛËÌ· ÚfiÛˆ· Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ ÙÔ ‰È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô (web) ÁÈ·...
∂ÂÍ‹ÁËÛ ÙȘ ·ÚȘ ȉ¤Â˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜.
°È· Ó· ‰Â›ÍÂȘ ÙÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂȘ, ÊÙÈ¿Í ¤Ó· ‚È‚Ï›Ô/ ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ì ÂÈÎfiÓ˜/ÎÔÏÏ¿˙/ ÌÈ· ÙÔȯÔÁÚ·Ê›·/ ÌÈ· ·Ê›Û·.
¶·›Í ¤Ó· ·È¯Ó›‰È Ì οÚÙ˜ ‹ Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË ›Ó·Î·, ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÏËÛË Ï¤ÍˆÓ/ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ /ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. ¶·›Í Ì ÁÚ›ÊÔ˘˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ/ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú˜/ ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ Ù·Èӛ˜.
¢Ú·Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ... (.¯. ÌÈ·˜ Ì˯·Ó‹˜, ÂÓfi˜ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ΢ÎÏÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓfi˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹...).
ºÙÈ¿Í ¤Ó· Û¯¤‰ÈÔ...
∫·Ù¤ÁÚ·„ ٷ ‰˘Ó·Ù¿ ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ›· Î·È ÙȘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÛÔ˘….
∫·Ù¤ÁÚ·„ ٷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÂÓfi˜... √ÓfiÌ·Û ÙÔ˘˜ ‹¯Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ·ÎÔ‡˜ fiÙ·Ó...
∆È Â›Ó·È ·ÏËıÈÓfi/ „‡ÙÈÎÔ Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÂ...;
∫¿Ó ÌÈ· ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë ÁÈ·...
°Ú¿„ Ì ‰Èο ÛÔ˘ ÏfiÁÈ· ÁÈ·...
AÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ ¤Ó· Ú˘ıÌÈÎfi ¯Ù‡ËÌ· ∂ÓÙfiÈÛ ٷ ÌÔ˘ÛÈο fiÚÁ·Ó·...
∆È ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ...;
ª¿ı ¤Ó· ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÈÔ ÙÚ·ÁÔ‡‰È ÁÈ·...
™‡ÓÙ·Í ¤Ó·Ó «›Ó·Î· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ» ÁÈ·...
°Ú¿„Â ¤Ó· Ù‡Ô (formula) ÁÈ· ...
æ¿Í ÁÈ· ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ (patterns…).
ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ ÏÔÁÈο ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó· ‰Â›ÍÂȘ...
ºÙÈ¿Í ¤Ó· ¯ÚÔÓԉȿÁÚ·ÌÌ· ("time line") Ì ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó...
ºÙÈ¿Í ¤Ó· ‰È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ...
ªÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘ ÙËÓ Î›ÓËÛË ÂÓfi˜...
ºÙÈ¿Í ¤Ó· ÔÙÈÎfi ‰È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÁÈ·...
¶Â˜ Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ‹/Û˘ÓÂÚ Á¿ÙË ÛÔ˘ ÁÈ· 10 ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ô˘ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂȘ…
ªÂ ÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÚÔÙÈÌ¿˜ …;
∫·Ù¤ÁÚ·„ 10 ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÂ...
¶fiÛ·....;
™‡ÓÙ·Í ¤Ó·Ó ηٿÏÔÁÔ ÌÂ...
∆Ú·ÁÔ‡‰ËÛ ÙÚ›· ÙÚ·ÁÔ‡‰È· Ô˘ ı˘Ì¿Û·È, Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÂ...
∂Í‹ÁËÛ Ҙ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ…
ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ ¯¿ÚÙ˜ ÁÈ·...
™Â ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙˆÓ 2,3,4, ‰Â›ÍÙ Ҙ…
¶ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ÁÓÒÌË ÛÔ˘ ÁÈ·…;
£˘Ì¿Ì·È (ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ó·Î·ÏÒ/ Ó· ηٷÓÔÒ/ Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ˆ)
ÏÔÁÈ΋/ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋
ÏÂÎÙÈ΋/ ÁψÛÛÔÏÔÁÈ΋
ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋ /Ú˘ıÌÈ΋
ۈ̷ÙÈ΋/ ÎÈÓ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋
ÂÈÎÔÓÈ΋/¯ˆÚÈ΋
‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋
ÂÓ‰Ô·ÙÔÌÈ΋
∆·ÍÈÓÔÌ›· ÙÔ˘ Bloom
√È ÔÏϷϤ˜ ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Gardner
¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ∆·ÍÈÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Bloom ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ù˘ ¶ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ Gardner ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô
Layout 1.ps - 9/29/2008 12:25 PM
™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 12
∞Ó¿ÊÂÚÂ Û˘ÓÔÙÈο Ò˜ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÛÔ˘ Ì ... (.¯. ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ/Ì ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÚ›·...) ºÙÈ¿ÍÙ ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÂÙ ̷˙› ÙÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ (.¯. ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÌÊÈÏ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ï·ÒÓ / ÙÔÓ Î‡ÎÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡).
∫·Ù¿ÁÚ·„ ·Ï¿ ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÏ˘ı›..... (.¯. Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ̷ıËÌ·ÙÈο, ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·).
∂Í‹ÁËÛ ٷ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÛÔ˘ ÁÈ· ...
°È·Ù› ÈÛÙ‡ÂȘ fiÙÈ... ;
∫·Ù·ÓÔÒ (ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍËÁÒ/Ó· ·ӷ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓˆ Ï‹Úˆ˜)
∞Ó ‹ÛÔ˘Ó...Ò˜ ı· ¤Ï˘Ó˜ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· …;
‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋
ÂÓ‰Ô·ÙÔÌÈ΋
∆·ÍÈÓÔÌ›· ÙÔ˘ Bloom
¢ÒÛ ¤Ó· ۷ʤ˜ ÔÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÁÈ· ...
∞Ó¿ÊÂÚ ÂÚÈÏËÙÈο ÙÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂȘ ... (.¯. ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ¯¿ÚÙ˜ mindmaps). ∞Ó¿ÊÂÚÂ Û˘ÓÔÙÈο ÙÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂȘ ÁÈ·... (.¯. ̤ۈ ÂÓfi˜ ·È¯ÓȉÈÔ‡ ÚfiψÓ/ ı·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ·È¯ÓȉÈÔ‡/ÎÈÓ‹Û ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜).
ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·Ùfi˜ ÛÔ˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰Â›ÍÂȘ ÙÈ Î·Ù¿Ï·‚˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ....(.¯. ÙË Ó¢ÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·/ÙË ÊÈÏÈÎfiÙËÙ· / ÙË ÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ‡ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ Û ¤Ó· ·Îψ̷...).
ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· (sign language) ÁÈ· Ó· ‰Â›ÍÂȘ ÙÈ Î·Ù¿Ï·‚˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÂ...
ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ¯ÚÒÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ... ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· ·›ÍÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ‰Â›ÍÂȘ....
ۈ̷ÙÈ΋/ ÎÈÓ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋
ÂÈÎÔÓÈ΋/¯ˆÚÈ΋
¢Â›Í fiÙÈ Î·Ù·Ï·‚·›ÓÂȘ Ù· ΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ›· ·fi ... (.¯. ¤Ó· ¿ÚıÚÔ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰·˜ ‹ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜.. (.¯. ¤Ó· ¯Ù‡Ô/ÙÚ·ÁÔ‡‰È/ ¯ÔÚˆ‰È·Îfi ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ …).
∂Í‹ÁËÛÂ... ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜... (.¯. ¤Ó· Ú˘ıÌfi, ÙÚ·ÁÔ‡‰È, ÂÓfiÚÁ·ÓÔ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ).
ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋ /Ú˘ıÌÈ΋
√È ÔÏϷϤ˜ ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Gardner
¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ∆·ÍÈÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Bloom ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ù˘ ¶ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ Gardner ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô
°Ú¿„ ¤Ó· ۷ʤ˜ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘/Ù˘...
∞Ó¿ÊÂÚÂ Û˘ÓÔÙÈο Û ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ·Ú¿ÁÚ·ÊÔ ÙÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂȘ ÁÈ·...
∂Í‹ÁËÛ ÙËÓ ·ÈÙ›· Î·È ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·....
∂·Ó·‰È·Ù‡ˆÛ ... Ì ‰Èο ÛÔ˘ ÏfiÁÈ·.
™˘˙‹ÙËÛ ‰ËÌÔÛ›ˆ˜ ÁÈ·...
™˘˙‹ÙËÛÂ...
∂Í‹ÁËÛ Ҙ Ó·...
ÏÂÎÙÈ΋/ ÁψÛÛÔÏÔÁÈ΋
§·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÙ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ·, ηٷϋÍÙ Û ¤Ó· ÏÔÁÈÎfi Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ·.
¶ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ ӷ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤„ÂȘ... (.¯. ¤Ó· ÏÂÎÙÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·) Û ̷ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹.
∞Ó¿ÊÂÚÂ Û˘ÓÔÙÈο ÙÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂȘ ÁÈ·... (.¯. Ì ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË/Ì ¤Ó·Ó ›Ó·Î·).
æ¿Í ÁÈ· ·Ï¤˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ (patterns)…
¶ÂÚ›ÁÚ·„ Ì ۷ʋ ÏÔÁÈο ‚‹Ì·Ù· Ò˜ Ó·...
ÏÔÁÈ΋/ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋
Layout 1.ps - 9/29/2008 12:25 PM
™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
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µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] Aloyan, H. & Au, W. (2004). Exploration of Instructional Strategies and Individual Difference within the Context of Web-based Learning. πnternational Education Journal 4.4, 86-91. 1[2] Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman. 1[3] Calcaterra, A., Antonietti, A., and Underwood, J. (2005). Cognitive Style, Hypermedia Navigation and Learning. Computers & Education 44, 441–457. 1[4] Ford, N. & Chen, S. Y. (2000). Individual Differences, Hypermedia Navigation, and Learning: An Empirical Study. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 9, 281–312. 1[5] Frangenheim, ∂. & Ryan, ∆. (2007). πn www.xpata.com (www.headfirst.com.au) (www.rodineducation.com.au) 1[6] Frey, D. & Simonson, M. (1994). Assessment of Cognitive Style to Examine Student’s Use of Hypermedia within Historic Costume». Home Economics Research Journal, 21, 403–421. 1[7] Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed: Multiple Intelligence for the 21th century. New York. 1[8] Lave, J. & Wenger, E. (2003). Situated learning. Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. 1[9] Manouselis, ¡. & Sampson, D. (2002). Dynamic Knowledge Route Selection for Personalised Learning Environment Using Multiple Criteria. Proccedings of the IASTED International Informatics, February 18-21, 2002. Insbruck. 1[10] Retalis, S., Paraskeva, F., Tzanavari, A. & F. Garzioto, (2002). Learning Styles and Instructional Design as inputs for Adaptive Educational Hypermedia Material Design. ¶ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ·fi : www.ssoftlab.ece.ntua.gr/~retal/publications.htm 1[11] Rubado, K. (2002). Empowering students through multiple intelligence, Reclaiming Children and Youth, 10(4), 233-235. 1[12] Saban, A. (2002). Toward a more intelligent school, Educational Leadership, 60(2), 71-73. 1[13] Snowman, J. & Biehler, R. (2006). Psychology applied to teaching, Houhton Mifflin Com. New York. 1[14] Sternberg, R. J. & Grigorenko, E.L. (1997a). Are Cognitive Learning Styles Still in Style?. American Psychologist, 52, 700-712. 1[15] Sternberg, R.J. (1997b). Thinking Styles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1[16] Sternberg, R.J. (2001). Epilogue: Another Mysterious Affair at Styles, ÛÙÔÓ ÙfiÌÔ R.J. Sternberg, and L-F Zhang (ÂÈÌ.), Perspectives on Thinking, Learning and Cognitive Styles. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1[17] Summerville, J. (1999). Role of Awareness of Cognitive Style in Hypermedia. International Journal of Educational Technology. 1[18] Woolfolk, A.E. (2000). Educational Psychology. Allyn and Bacon, Boston. 1[19] µÔÛÓÈ¿‰Ô˘, ™. (2006). ™¯Â‰È¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓ· ·fi ÙȘ Ӥ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÂΉ. Gutenberg. 1[20] µÚÂÙÙfi˜, π. ∂. & ∫·„¿Ï˘, ∞. °. (2002). ªÈÎÚԉȉ·Ûηϛ· Î·È ¿ÛÎËÛË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, ÂΉ. ∞ÙÚ·fi˜. 1[21] ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜ ∂., (2004). £ÂˆÚ›Â˜ ª¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ¶Ú¿ÍË, Ù. °ã, Aı‹Ó·. 1[22] ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜ ∂., (2005). °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¡Â˘ÚÔÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË & ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ¶Ú¿ÍË, ∞ı‹Ó·. 1[23] ª·ÎÚ‹ – ªfiÙÛ·ÚË, ∂. (2001). ∞˘ÙÔ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Î·È ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË: ªÔÓ٤Ϸ, ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. 1[24] ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, ∏. (2004). £ÂˆÚ›· Î·È ¶Ú¿ÍË Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ¶ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ °Ú·ÙÔ‡ §fiÁÔ˘, ÂΉ. °ÚËÁfiÚË, 201.
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2.4. ∫·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÂ: ■ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ■ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÂȯÂÈÚ›ٷÈ: ■ Ë Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó ¿Ô„Ë Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋, ■ Ë ÂÓË̤ڈۋ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ.
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi – ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÙȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ì ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓÔًوÓ, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÛ·ÊËÓ›ÛÂÈ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ: 1. Ò˜ Ô ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi˜ Ô ‰ËÁ› ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË, 2. ÔÈÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, 3. ÔȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, 4. Ò˜ Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹, 5. ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ Ì ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË, 6. ÙÈ Â›Ó·È Ë ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË, 7. Ò˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ·˘Ù‹ Ì ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÌÓ‹ÌË, 8. ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë Û¯¤ÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘ Ì ÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, 9. Ò˜ ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ, 10. ÔȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ò˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓۈ̷وıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÓfiÙËÙ·, ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ·Ú¿ıÂÛË, ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ‚ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË.
2.4.1. ∫ÚÈÙÈÎfi˜ ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi˜ 2.4.1.1. ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi °È· ÙÔ Ì¿¯ÈÌÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Ú¿Í˘, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÚfiÎÏËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛ˘ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜ (self-awareness), ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Ú˘ıÌ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ (self-direction, self-regulation). ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Á΢Ú˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ıˆڋÛÂȘ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘. ™ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ù·È ¤Ó·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ Î·È ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ı¤Ì·. ∏ ·Ú¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ˘ÂÚ‚·›ÓÂÈ Ù· fiÚÈ· Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∂ȉ›ˆÍË ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ·, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ı¤ÛÂˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ ‹ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ Û ·˘ÙfiÓ Ô˘ Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ, ÒÛÙÂ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÂÈ ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, ˘ÈÔıÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ Ӥ˜ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1 ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ Ò˜ ÓÔÌ›˙ÂÙ fiÙÈ Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ (cognitive and metacognitive); ¶Ò˜ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ Î·È Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó; ¶Ò˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Î·È Ò˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙË Ì¿ıËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜; ¶Ò˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË; ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹; √È ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·Ú·¤ÌÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÙÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘ Î·È ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÔ‡Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÛË. ∏ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔÛȉȿ˙ÂÈ ÛÙË ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ ¢È·ÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚È ÛÌÔ‡, Ë ÔÔ›· ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘. ∏ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ «·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘», ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ‰¿ÛηÏÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ¢ÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË (Gredler, 2000, Slavin, 2003, Snowman et al., 2006, Woolfolk, 2000).
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
™Ùfi¯Ô Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· Ù˘ ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋˜, ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙfiÛÔ Ë ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, fiÛÔ Ë ÂÓı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. ™ÙȘ «·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ», ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, fiÛÔ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙfi. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ηıÔ‰ËÁËÙ¤˜ Î·È ‰È¢ÎÔÏ˘ÓÙ¤˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ·Ú¿ ˆ˜ ·ÚÈ· ËÁ‹ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ó·Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÈÔ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ ¢È·ÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È, Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi, ÛÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÛÔ˘ æ˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘, Lev Vygotsky. ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ı¤ÛË Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Vygotsky Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ Î·È Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Ì ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ∏ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ıˆڛ· ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ «Ê˘ÛÈ√È Ù‡ÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ∏ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Ù‡ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ¢È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ: ■ ÙÔÓ Â͈ÁÂÓ‹ ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌfi, ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÔÈ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ■ ÙÔÓ ÂÓ‰ÔÁÂÓ‹ ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌfi, ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÔÈ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ¿ÏϘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È fi¯È ·Â˘ı›·˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, Î·È ■ ÙÔ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈÎfi ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌfi, ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ËÁ‹ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ» (Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ) Ì ٷ ÈÔ ·ÊËÚË̤ӷ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· (ÁÚ·Ùfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ› ıÂÛÌÔ›). ∂ÓÒ Ù· Ê˘ÛÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó «Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·» Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ηٿ ÙË ÛΤ„Ë. ∏ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ fiÙ·Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÓÔËÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ηٿ ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÂ‡Ô˘Ó Î·È ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë ÙÔ˘ Vygotsky, fiϘ ÔÈ ·ÓÒÙÂÚ˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ οı ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ∏ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÛÙË ıˆڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Vygotsky Â›Ó·È Ë ∑ÒÓË Ù˘ ∂ÈΛÌÂÓ˘ ∞Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈχÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ·È‰› ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂȤ‰Ô˘, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈı› Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈη (Snowman et al., 2006). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ∑ÒÓ˘ Ù˘ ∂ÈΛÌÂÓ˘ ∞Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, ¤Ó· ·È‰› Î·È ¤Ó·˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈη˜ - ‹ ¤Ó·˜ ·Ú¯¿ÚÈÔ˜ Î·È ¤Ó·˜ ÂȉÈÎfi˜ - Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ·È‰› (‹ Ô ·Ú¯¿ÚÈÔ˜) ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈχÛÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘. ∆· ·È‰È¿ ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜. ªÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Î·È Ë ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ Vygotsky, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ï¿ ¤Ó· ı¤Ì· ·ÙÔÌÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÛÙ· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·. µ¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ·ÛΛ Ë «ÎÏÈ̷Έٿ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·» (instructional scaffolding), Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÙË ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Î·È Ù˘ ›‰ÔÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· (.¯. ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘, ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÚ·-
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ÙËÁÈΤ˜), ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈχÂÈ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ó· ηٷÛÙ› ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÈηÓfi˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÂÂͤÏıÂÈ Û ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ÂÓÒ Ë ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË - ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ı· ÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È (Gredler, 2000, Slavin, 2003, Snowman et al., 2006, Woolfolk, 2000).
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2 ∞ÊÔ‡ ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ›Ù Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Ûٛ٠ٯÓÈΤ˜ Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ÌÈ· «ÎÏÈ̷Έٿ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·». ¶ÔȘ ¿ÏϘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ ı· ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Û·ÙÂ;
2.4.1.2. ∞fi ÙÔ ¢È·ÏÂÎÙÈÎfi ∫ÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌfi ÛÙ· ªÔÓ٤Ϸ Ù˘ ª·ıËÙ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÛÙÚ¤ÊÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙȘ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜, ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓË Ì ÙÔ ¢È·ÏÂÎÙÈÎfi ∫ÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌfi, Ô˘ ‹‰Ë ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎÂ, Î·È ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÈηÓÔًوÓ, ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ÚˆÙ·Ú¯È΋ ËÁ‹ Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Î·È ÂͤÏÈ͢. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ‰‡Ô ÂȉÒÓ ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ: i) Ù˘ °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ª·ıËÙ›·˜ (Cognitive Apprenticeship Models) Î·È ii) Ù˘ ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ¶Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ (Reflective Practitioner Models) (Gredler, 2000, Slavin, 2003, Snowman et al., 2006, Woolfolk, 2000). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ «ªÔÓ٤Ϸ °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ª·ıËÙ›·˜», Ë ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ¿ÏÏ· ·È‰È¿ Î·È ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ. ∏ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ‰ÔÌÂ›Ù·È ·fi Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ù˘ ÓfiËÛ˘ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∞Ó Î·È Ë ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ‰ÔÌË̤Ó˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÔÈ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ͯˆÚÈÛÙfi ÚfiÏÔ, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ Û Ӥ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ›‰·. ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ∫·ıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ™˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ (Guided Participation), ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔÈ Î·È ¤ÌÂÈÚÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ÓÔ˘˜, Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ̿ıËÛË. ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· «Î·ıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜» ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË: ■ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÓÔËÙÈ΋ ηٿÎÙËÛË «Ù¯ÓÈÎÔ‡» ÏÂÍÈÏÔÁ›Ô˘ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ■ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙÚfiˆÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, ■ ¯Ú‹ÛË ·ÈÙ›Ô˘–·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ, ■ ¯Ú‹ÛË ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ Î·È Â˘ÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ (heuristic methods) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, ■ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
√ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¢ηÈڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË ÙˆÓ «ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ» Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘, ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÔÈÎÂÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ Î·È ÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ªÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË ÙÚfiˆÓ, Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ηٷÎÙÔ‡Ó Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÓÔËÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›·. √ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ Ô˘ ηıÔ‰ËÁÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ. °È· Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·È‰È¿, ÔÈ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó, ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ô˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ «¤ÌÂÈÚÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜». √ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ: ■ ÙË ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ■ ÙËÓ ·ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, ÒÛÙ ٷ ·È‰È¿ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙȘ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó, ■ ÙËÓ ·Ú·Î›ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, ■ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘, ■ ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÁÔ‹Ù¢Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·ÓÂÈÙ˘¯Â›˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ, ■ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏˆÓ ‰Ú¿Û˘. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· «ªÔÓ٤Ϸ ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ¶Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜», Ë ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂÓ ÛÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·ÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ™ÙÔȯ›·-ÎÏÂȉȿ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ıˆڛ˜, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó: Ë Î·ıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë (guided discovery), Ë Ì¿ıËÛË Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË (learning by doing) Î·È Ë ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ (social interactions) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË. ÕÏϘ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ›ӷÈ: Ë «∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ °ÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ¶Ú¿ÍË» (Knowing-in-Action), Ô «∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶Ú¿ÍË» (Reflection-in-Action) Î·È Ô «∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ¶Ú¿ÍË» (Reflection on Reflection-in-Action) (Snowman et al., 2006, Woolfolk, 2000).
¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· «·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘»: ■ ∫·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡: .¯. ¯Ú‹ÛË ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ‹ Ó· ÙÔ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ■ ∫·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ: .¯. ÂÓı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË, Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ ˘Ôı¤ÛˆÓ. ■ ¶ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘: .¯. ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ■ ¶ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ (‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ): .¯. ·Ó¿ıÂÛË ÌÈ·˜ Ì·ÎÚfi¯ÚÔÓ˘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Û ÌÈ· Ù¿ÍË Ù˘ ¶ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘, ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ‡ÏË ·fi Ù· ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, ÙË º˘ÛÈ΋, ÙË °ÏÒÛÛ· Î.Ï.
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3 ∞Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ÛÙÔ ‰È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÙÔ˘ «·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡» Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÙ ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜: «∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ °ÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ¶Ú¿ÍË» (Knowing-in-Action), «∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶Ú¿ÍË» (Reflection-in-Action) Î·È «∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ¶Ú¿ÍË» (Reflection on Reflection-in-Action).
2.4.1.3. ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ ∆¿ÍË ™ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰ÔÌÔ‡Ó Ó¤Â˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙË Ì¿ıËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∫˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ë «¶ÂÈı·Ú¯Ë̤ÓË ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË» (Disciplined Discussion).. ∏ «¶ÂÈı·Ú¯Ë̤ÓË ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË» ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ϤÔÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒ‰Ë ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙfiÛÔ Ù˘ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÂÙ·È ·Ó›ÛËÌ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, fiÛÔ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó (ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ – Ì·ıËÙ¤˜). ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ «¶ÂÈı·Ú¯Ë̤Ó˘ ™˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘», Ì›· ÔÌ¿‰· Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ Ì ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô ¤Ó· ΛÌÂÓÔ ‹ ¿ÏϘ ËÁ¤˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. √È ÚfiÏÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Â›Ó·È Û·Ê›˜: ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÂÈÏ‡Ô˘Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڷÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÌÔÓÙÂÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘, Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘, ÂÓÒ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ η٤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ı¤ÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ÙËÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ‹, ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙÔ˜ ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÔ‡ ·Ú·ÙËÚËÙ‹. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·˘Ù‹, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó ·fi„ÂȘ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ·ÓÔÈÎÙ‹˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜, ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ. ∏ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈο Î·È ·˘ıÂÓÙÈο Ï·›ÛÈ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Á‡Úˆ ·fi η›ÚÈ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ.
∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡: ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ∂›‰ÂÈÍË ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ (modeling) ∫·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË (coaching) ∫ÏÈ̷Έً ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË (scaffolding) ¢È·Û·Ê‹ÓÈÛË (articulation ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi˜ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ( reflection) ∂ÍÂÚ‡ÓËÛË (exploration)
™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Â›Û˘ Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë Ù¯ÓÈ΋ CORE (connecting, organizing, reflecting, extending, ‰ËÏ. Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË, ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË, ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi˜ Î·È Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÂ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ı· ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ Ó¤· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ (Gredler, 2000, Slavin, 2003). √È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÍÈ ÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Ì¤Ûˆ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ٤ψÓ, fi ˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (problem solving), Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· (pro blem based learning) ‹ Ù˘ Ì¿ıË-
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Û˘ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÂÎfiÓËÛ˘ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ (project based learning). H ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ Ì¿ıËÛË, ‚ÔËıÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∆Ô ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ·˘Ùfi Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È ‚ÔËı¿ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Ì Ӥ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ (·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë). ∏ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË, ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ‰È¢ÎÚ›ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ «ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹» ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÔÌÒÓ (ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË). √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›, Ì ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ›‰ÂÈ͢ (modeling), Ù˘ ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ˘ (coaching), Ù˘ ‰È·Û·Ê‹ÓÈÛ˘ (articulation), Ù˘ ÂÍÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ (exploration), Ù˘ ÎÏÈ̷Έً˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ (scaffolding) Î·È Ù˘ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ˘ ÚfiψÓ, ̤۷ ·fi ·˘ıÂÓÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (authentic learning environments) Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈ· (educational scenarios), ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂËÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi ̤ۈ Ù˘ ¤ÓÙ·Í‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ (situated learning). ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Ë «‰ËψÙÈ΋» Î·È Ë «‰È·‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË» ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ·, ÂÓÒ Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ·˘Í¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Ù˘ «˘ÔıÂÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘», Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 4 ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Ó· ÂËÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜; ¢ÒÛÙ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡, ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ¿˜ Ù· Û ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈ·.
2.4.1.4. √ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ ∆¿ÍË ∂›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙfi ˆ˜ Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·Ï‹ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. ∏ ‰ËψÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, Ë ‰È·‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Î·È Ë ˘ÔıÂÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Ì·ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÔÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ (Ò˜ Î·È fiÙ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Î·ıÂÙ›) ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÒÛÙÂ, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ù˘, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ΛÓËÙÚ· ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· (µÔÛÓÈ¿‰Ô˘, 2006a/ 2006b, ªÈÎÚfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, 2006).
ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·: ¶Ò˜ ı· ¤Ú ӷ Â›Ó·È Ë ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÌÈ·˜ «·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘»; ∞˜ Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙԇ̠ÌÈ· Ù¿ÍË, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ·fi ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹. °È· Ó· ÙÔÓ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂÈ ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Û ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ ÙȘ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó‡ÚÂÛË Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ŒÓ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ë Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË Î·È Ë ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÒÛÙ ӷ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÈϤÁÔÓÙ·˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ (self-directed & strategic learners). √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ÙÔ˘˜. √È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ηıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È (coached) Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Ó, Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó, Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜, Ó· ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜, Ó· ‰Ô˘ÏÂ‡Ô˘Ó Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÙÈ ¤Ì·ı·Ó, Û˘˙ËÙÔ‡Ó Ù· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÛËÌ›· ÙˆÓ ·fi„ÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ (ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi˜). √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ ÂÈϤÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Û ¤Ó· ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ (meaningful learning), Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ·ÛΛ Û ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÎÙËÛË ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ - ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘ - ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Ù˘ «ÎÏÈ̷Έٿ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓ˘» ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ (scaffolding). √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û ۇÓÙÔÌÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÂȉÈÎÔ› (experts) Î·È ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘ÙÔ-ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ˘ (self-directed) Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÌÂÌÔӈ̤ӷ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ô˘ ·ÔÌÓËÌÔÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ΛÌÂÓ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ·, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ó Ì ۷ʋ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ì¿ıÂÈ, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ ‘ÙÈ’, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ ‘Ò˜’, ÙÔ ‘ÁÈ·Ù›’ Î·È ÙÔ ‘fiÙÂ’ (∆ÚÈÏÈ·Ófi˜, 1997, ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, 2000). √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Âȉ‹ÌˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂȉÈÎfi˜, ›Û˘, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó. ªÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô Î·È ÚfiÎÏËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ·Ó‡ÚÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó, Ó· ı˘ÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó fi,ÙÈ ¤Ì·ı·Ó. °È· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡, ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›·, Ë ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË Î·È Ô ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡, ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ı· ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿˜ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Ì ÙË ıˆڛ· Î·È ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ (µÔÛÓÈ¿‰Ô˘, 2006a/2006b, ªÈÎÚfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, 2006). √È ÂȉÈÎÔ› ÛÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ò˜ Ó· Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· fiˆ˜ Ô Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜, Ë ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, ÔÈ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰ÔÈ, Ë ÎÈÓËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰Â ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ù· ˘ÏÈο Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜.
¶Ò˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi fï˜ Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ì ηχÙÂÚÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›; ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Û·˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, ˆ˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ: ■ οÔÈÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ·fi ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜; ■ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û·Ó Â˘¯¿ÚÈÛÙÔ Îϛ̷; ■ ÈηÓÔÔÈÔ‡Û·Ó ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Û·˜ ˆ˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜; ■ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Û·Ó Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Û·˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· Ì¿ıÂÙÂ; ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ·Ú·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ηÏÏÈÂÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ «ÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡» ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ıÔ‡Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Ì ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘ÙÒÓ, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ›: ■ Ó· «·Ú·ÙËÚ› Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÈ» ÙÔ ÙÈ Î¿ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË (Classroom Observation Schedules & Checklist). √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ‰Â ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‹ ÌË, ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fï˜ Â¿Ó Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó ‹ fi¯È. ŒÓ·˜ ‡ÎÔÏÔ˜ Î·È ¿ÌÂÛÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚ› ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
■ Ó· ÎÚ·Ù¿ «™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡» (Reflective Notes), Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ۯ‰›Ô˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ¶ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ·Ì¤Ûˆ˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ·, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ó· ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ: i) ÔÈ· ‹Ù·Ó Ë ·Í›· ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ۯ‰›Ô˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ii) Â¿Ó ‹Ù·Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο Ù· ̤۷ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ ÛÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ·, iii) fiÛÔ Î·Ï¿ ÂÊ¿ÚÌÔÛ ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜. ■ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› «¢ÔÌË̤ӷ ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈο ¶ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ·» (Guided Reflective Protocol), ÂȯÂÈÚÒÓÙ·˜ Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙȘ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ: i) ÙÈ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë; ii) ÁÈ·Ù› Û˘Ó¤‚Ë; iii) ÙÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË; iv) ÔȘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÌÔ˘; ■ Ó· ÎÚ·Ù¿ÂÈ «∏ÌÂÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡» (Reflective Journal) Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È, ı˘ÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∏ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈ̇ÛÂÈ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ÙÚ¿Â˙· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÈ Û ¿ÏϘ ËÁ¤˜. ■ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ «∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡˜ º·Î¤ÏÔ˘˜» (e-Portfolio) Ô˘ Ó· ÂÈÚÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, fiˆ˜: i) ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ (teaching goals), ii) ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ (teaching evaluations), iii) ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, iv) ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, v) ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·‹¯ËÛË Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÂÓfi˜ ∏ÌÂÚÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ (Reflective Journal) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ■ ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ ∏ÌÂÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ: «∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ∫·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘» ■ π‰¤Â˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi Ù˘ ¢È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ■ π‰¤Â˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ı˘Ì¿Ì·È Ó· ÂÊ¿ÚÌÔ˙·Ó ÔÈ ‰ÈÎÔ› ÌÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ¤˜. ■ π‰¤Â˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ı˘ÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ› ÌÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ηıËÁËÙ¤˜. ■ π‰¤Â˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÌÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·. ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi˜: ∂ÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ¶ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ∂ÚÒÙËÛË ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡: ∂ÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔ˘ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙÔ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· fiÛ· ‰È·‚¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·È fiÛ· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ˆ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË; ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ›: ™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ, ∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi˜, ¶·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ı¤Ì·. ¶Èı·ÓÒ˜ Ó· ··ÈÙËı› ·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜. ¶ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ∂Ó¤ÚÁÂȘ: ■ √ÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ■ ¢È‰·Ûηϛ· ∆¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ∫·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘. ■ ¶ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi. ■ ∞Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
2.4.2. ªÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË 2.4.2.1. ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË ∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ηıÒ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. O fiÚÔ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ıËΠ·fi ÙÔÓ ∞Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Îfi æ˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ J. Flavell ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1970, Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÈ·Ù› ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ËÏÈÎÈÒÓ ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ (Woolfolk, 2000). √ fiÚÔ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, ÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ‹ Î·È ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ (.¯. ·˘ÙÔÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË). ™ÙÔ˘˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜, Ë ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÌÈ· Û‡ÓıÂÙË Î·È ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙË Î·Ù·Û΢‹, Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰‡Ô ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ¿ÍÔÓ˜: ·) ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ‚) ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜. ∏ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, ·ÊÔ‡ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ÂϤÁÍÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· Ï‹ıÔ˜ ·fi ¿ÏϘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó. §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ›‰Ô˜ «·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘» ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÂÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÏÒÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈÂÎÂÚ·ÈÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ¤ÚÁÔ. √È ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈΛϘ, Ì ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜: Ô ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ηٿÏÏËÏˆÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ηٿÏÏËÏˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ, Ë Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ, Ë Ú‡ıÌÈÛË Ù˘ ÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘, Ë Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË, Ë ‰ÈÔÚıˆÙÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Î·È Ë ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ۯ‰›Ô˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ (∫ˆÛÙ·Ú›‰Ô˘ – ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë, 1997, BoÛÓÈ¿‰Ô˘, 2002, ∫·ÛÛˆÙ¿Î˘ Î.¿., 2005, ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2005). ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ «ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË» (metacognition) ·fi ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË» (cognitive development). ªÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË» ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ì οÙÈ. √ fiÚÔ˜ «ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË» ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË Ì·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÂÓfi˜ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘.
¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘: ■ 1. ŒÓ·˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙȘ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÎÚ·Ù¿ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Ù· ÛËÌ›· ÂΛӷ Ô˘ ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ·. ■ 2. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ·ÎÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ‰¿ÛηÏÔ Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈÏ¿ ÁÈ· Ì›· ÁÚ·Ù‹ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· Ô˘ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ó· ‰ÈÂÍ·¯ı›, ÛΤÊÙÔÓÙ·È Ò˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ (.¯. ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ‹ ¤ÎıÂÛË-ΛÌÂÓÔ).
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
2.4.2.2. £ÂˆÚËÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ∞ÚÎÂÙÔ› ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Û¯ÔÏËı› Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘ (Brown, 1987). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ∞nn Brown (1987), Ë ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ‰‡Ô Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ: ■ ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÓÒÛË (knowledge of cognition), ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘, ■ ÙË Ú‡ıÌÈÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ (regulation of cognition), ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙË Ú‡ıÌÈÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ∏ ÚÒÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË, Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÓÒÛË (knowledge of cognition), ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÙÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÓÒÛË. ∏ ÁÓÒÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÚ›· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο (Brown, 1987): i) ÙË ‰ËψÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË (declarative knowledge): ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Ì ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi Ì·˜, ˆ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂȉÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· Ì·˜, Ë ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓË Â›‰ÔÛË Î·È Ë ÚfiÔ‰fi˜ Ì·˜ Î.Ï. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· fiÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÌÓËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (‘‘ÙÈ’ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ı˘ÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ¤Ó· ı¤Ì·) Î·È Î·Ù’ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, Ó· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ·, fiÙ·Ó ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ó· ‰ÔÎÈÌ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ η٤¯Ô˘Ó, ii) ÙË ‰È·‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË (procedural knowledge): ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ (‘‘Ò˜’). °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÚÂÂÚÙfiÚÈÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ, fiˆ˜ .¯. Ë Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛˆÓ, Ë Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆıÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÓ‹Ì˘, Ë ·ÔÌÓËÌfiÓ¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ Î·È Ë ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ·˘ÙÔ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô, iii) ÙËÓ ˘ÔıÂÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË (conditional knowledge): ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘ ‘fiÙÂ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ô‡’ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋. ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ·Ó ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ‹ ÁÈ· ·Ó¿ÎÏËÛË Î·È ·ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿ıÂÛË. ∏ ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ˆÚ›Ì·ÓÛË. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Û ÔÏϤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊ˂›·, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁËı› ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ Î·È ÂÊË‚È΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ̤ۈ ηٿÏÏËÏˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Alexander et al., 1995). ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË, Ù˘ Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ (regulation of cognition), ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·Ù¿ ηÓfiÓ· ÙÚ›· ÛÙ¿‰È·: i) ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ (planning): ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ. ™˘¯Ó¿ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·È ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÂı›, ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ, Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÂÚÁ·Û›·, ii) Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (regulation): ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô, ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË (monitoring) Î·È ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË (self-test), Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙÔÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Î·È ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ™ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ·˘Ù‹ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë ‹ Ë ·‡ÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ‰È·‚¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ë ‰È·‰Ô¯È΋ ·ÏÏËÏÔ˘¯›· ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ‹ Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Î.Ï.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
iii) Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ (evaluation): ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ «ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ» Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ë Â·ÓÂͤٷÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, Ë ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ÚԂϤ„ÂˆÓ Î·È Ë ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔʤÏÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÓÔËÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô (Alexander et al., 1995). ∏ Brown ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ÌÔÚ› Û ÔÏϤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ¤˜ ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ: ■ ÔÏϤ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤Ó˜, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ, ■ ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ¯ˆÚ›˜ Û˘ÓÂȉËÙfi ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË Ë Â›‰ÂÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, ■ Ë Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ (fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË) ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· οÔÈˆÓ Ó· ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÔ˘Ó ‹ Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·Ú¿ ÛÙË ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜. ªÂ ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ·˘Ù‹, Ë Brown (1987) ÚÔ‚·›ÓÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÊËÚË̤ÓÔ˘ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ·, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÔ› Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ›, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Â›Ó·È Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ·. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 5 ¶·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙ ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û·˜.
2.4.2.3. ∞Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ¿ÏϘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘ Ÿˆ˜ ‹‰Ë ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎÂ, Ë ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Î·È Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ Ì ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÌÓ‹ÌË. ∏ ÌÂÙ·ÌÓ‹ÌË ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜, fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·ÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï¤ÛÂÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ‹ Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈËı› ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ¤ÚÁÔ (Alexander et al., 1995, Schraw, 1998). ∞Ó Î·È Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ÚÒÈÌË, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÍ·¯ı› ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·, ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ Ù˘ (Alexander et al., 1995). ¶ÔÈΛϘ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ¤ÎÙ˘ Ù¿Í˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ηٷÓfiËÛË Ô‡Ù ӷ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘˜. Œ¯ÂÈ, ›Û˘, ‰È·ÈÛÙˆı› fiÙÈ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÔÈ ¤ÌÂÈÚÔÈ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÈηÓÔ› Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ ‰Â Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ Â›Ó·È ÈηÓfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ (Alexander et al., 1995).
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
∏ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÌÓ‹Ì˘ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿, ηı’fiÏË ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜, ÍÂÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·È‰È΋ ËÏÈΛ· (Pressley & Schneider, 1997). ∂ÎÙÈÌ¿Ù·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË ÁÈ· Ó· ı˘ÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Ù· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ·È‰È¿ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Î¿ÔȘ Û˘ÁÁÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙȘ ı˘ÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È, fiˆ˜ .¯. ÔÈ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÙfiÔ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛ˘ Ì ¤Ó· Ê›ÏÔ ÙÔ˘˜ Î.Ï. ª¤¯ÚÈ Ó· ÊÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Á˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈÔ, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú΋ ›ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÈ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ı˘ÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ› ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÙÈ ı· ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ı˘ÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ÙÈ fi¯È. ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô: √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Î¿ÔȘ ϤÍÂȘ, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ı˘ÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ·Ï¿ ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Ù˘ ·ӿÏ˄˘ (·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÈ΋) ‹ Î·È Ó· ÙȘ ÔÌ·‰ÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Û ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ˙¢Á¿ÚÈ· (·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË Ù¯ÓÈ΋). √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰¤Î· ¯ÚÔÓÒÓ ı· ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Û·Ó Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ÙȘ ϤÔÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ı˘ÌËıÔ‡Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ·. ∞˘Ùfi ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÙ¿¯ÚÔÓÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚÎÂÙ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·fi ¿ÏϘ. ∞˘ÍËÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ Î·È Ë Ù¿ÛË Ô˘ ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÙËΠfiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÌÓËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÂÓËÌÂÚfiÙËÙ·. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ·ÔÌÓËÌfiÓ¢ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙËÏÂÊÒÓÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο ÈÔ Â‡ÎÔÏË ·fi ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ‰¤Î· Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ·ÚÈıÌÒÓ ÛÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË. √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ˆ˜ Ë ·ÔÌÓËÌfiÓ¢ÛË ¤ÓÙ ӤˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚË ·fi ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÙÚÈ¿ÓÙ· Ó¤ˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÛÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ Î·È Ù· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ·È‰È¿, Ù· ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÌfiÓÔ ÙË ÛÙÔȯÂÈÒ‰Ë ÁÓÒÛË Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÂΛÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ‰ÈÂÎÂÚ·›ˆÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ¤ÚÁÔ˘. √È ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÒÚÈ̘ Î·È ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ (Alexander et al., 1995). √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂËÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙȘ ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ (diagnostic skills) ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ Ó· ÚÔ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó Û ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ¤ÚÁÔ˘, ·Ú·ÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÚÔ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó Û ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ·Ó·ı¤ÙÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÂÍ¿ÛÎËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. √ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Î·È Ë ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË (monitoring skills) ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ¿ÚÔ‰Ô ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ (Brunning et al., 2004). √È ‚ÂÏÙȈÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È, ·ÓÙÈηÙÔÙÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ ‘Ò˜’ ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ fiÛÔ ·˘Ù‹ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔ ‘ÙÈ’ ÂϤÁ¯ÂÙ·È. ∞˘Ùfi ‰Â ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î·È fiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË. ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÔÈ ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙ¤˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ·fi‰ÔÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÙÔ‡ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› ÌÈ· ÁÚ·Ù‹ ÂͤٷÛË (Brunning et al., 2004). ∏ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Ù˘ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ (monitoring accuracy) Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË Û ¤Ó· ¤ÚÁÔ fiˆ˜: i) ÙË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ (task difficulty) Î·È ii) ÙËÓ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ÁÓÒÛË (prior knowledge) (Brunning et al., 2004). ∆ÚfiÔÈ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô: ■ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (diagnostic skills): ·ÚÔ¯‹ Ô‰ËÁÈÒÓ, ¢ηÈÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ÔÚı¤˜ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜.
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■ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ & ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË (monitoring skills) ÙÔ˘ ‘ÙÈ’ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È ‘Ò˜’ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÍÂÈ Ù· fiÛ· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Û ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ. ■ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈΛÌÂÓË ·fi‰ÔÛË: ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÂÓfi˜ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Î·È ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ÁÓÒÛË. ■ ηıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Î·È Ì›ÌËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. ¢È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÂÏÙȈı› ̤ۈ Ù˘ ηıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ì›ÌËÛ˘, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (directed instruction & modeling), ÂÓÒ ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÚԤ΢„·Ó ·fi ÔÏϤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô˘ Âȯ›ÚËÛ·Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó, Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜, ÔχÏÔΘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ (Brunning et al., 2004). ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· ÚԤ΢„·Ó Î·È ·fi ÌÂϤÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÍ¤Ù·Û·Ó ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ù˘ ¤ÌÙ˘ Î·È ¤ÎÙ˘ Ù¿Í˘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ. ∏ ÚÒÙË ÔÌ¿‰· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (problem solving), Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÔÌ¿‰· ‰È‰¿¯ÙËÎÂ Î·È ı¤Ì·Ù· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ù˘ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (plus self-monitoring) ÂÓÒ Ë ÙÚ›ÙË ÔÌ¿‰· ‰Â ‰¤¯ÙËΠη̛· Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË. ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÔÌ¿‰· ¤Ï˘Û ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ¯ÚÂÈ¿ÛÙËΠÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi οı ¿ÏÏË ÔÌ¿‰· (Brunning et al., 2004). ∆ÚfiÔÈ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô: ■ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (diagnostic skills): ·ÚÔ¯‹ Ô‰ËÁÈÒÓ, ¢ηÈÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ÔÚı¤˜ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜. ■ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ & ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË (monitoring skills) ÙÔ˘ ‘ÙÈ’ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È ‘Ò˜’ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÍÂÈ Ù· fiÛ· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Û ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ. ■ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈΛÌÂÓË ·fi‰ÔÛË: ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÂÓfi˜ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Î·È ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ÁÓÒÛË. ■ ηıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Î·È Ì›ÌËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. √È ·Ú·¿Óˆ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ÔÈΛϷ ÁÂÓÈο Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ù· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ: ■ ÔÈ ÓÂfiÙÂÚÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË, ■ ÔÈ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È Ë ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·›˙ÂÈ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÓÂfiÙÂÚˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ■ ÔÈ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ – ÎÏ›ÛÂȘ (aptitude) Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ‰Â Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘, ■ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ۯ‰ȿ˙Ô˘Ó ÂȉÈο ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÂΛÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ‰Â ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘, ■ Ë ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ÂÓËÌÂÚfiÙËÙ· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÌ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÁÓÒÛˆÓ, ■ Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó Î¿ÙÈ Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÈÔ.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
2.4.2.4. ªÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ: Ô Î·Ïfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ∆Ô ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘ ¤ÊÂÚ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ¤‰ˆÛ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ηÏÔ‡ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ (good strategy user) (Steffe & Gale, 1995).
∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ›ӷÈ: ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› ¤Ó·˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ Ó· Ô‰ËÁËı› ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· οÓÂÈ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘; √È Pressley, Borkowski Î·È Schneider (1997) ÚfiÙÂÈÓ·Ó ¤ÓÙ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ (Brunning et al., 2004): ·) ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÚÂÂÚÙÔÚ›Ô˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ, ‚) ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ˘ÔıÂÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ (ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘ “ÁÈ·Ù›”, ÙÔ˘ “fiÙ” Î·È ÙÔ˘ “Ô‡” ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜), Á) ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ‚¿Û˘ Î·È ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹˜, ‰) ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ (ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛ˘ ·fi ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÛÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹) Î·È Â) «·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙË ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ. ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο, Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: ·) ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ, ÔÈ Pressley, Borkowski Î·È Schneider (1987) ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ‰˘Ô Ù‡Ô˘˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ: ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ̤·» (domain■ √ ÚÒÙÔ˜ Ù‡Ô˜ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ·ÔηÏÂ›Ù·È «Û specific strategy), fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ Ù˘ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Â͛ۈÛ˘, Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο Û ¤Ó· ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ÙÔ̤·. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· – ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹: ■ ∏ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ÌÂÈÚÔ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜, fiˆ˜: i) Ë ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË, ii) Ë ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂÛÙ›·ÛË Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, iii) Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜, Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ iv) Ë ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË. ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÓÔËÙÈÎÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋» ■ ŒÓ·˜ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ Ù‡Ô˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ˆ˜ «˘ (higher order strategy) Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔ›ˆÓ. ŒÓ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÓÙÔÈÛÙ› Û ¤Ó·Ó ¤ÌÂÈÚÔ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË, ÂÓÒ ‰È·‚¿˙ÂÈ, Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ fiˆ˜: i) Ë ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË, ii) Ë ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂÛÙ›·ÛË Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, iii) Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ iv) Ë ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË. ∆¤ÙÔȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ηÏÔ‡˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ·˘Ù¤˜, ÒÛÙÂ Ë Ì¿ıËÛË Ó· Â›Ó·È ·Ô‰ÔÙÈ΋. ‚) ∆Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ‘˘ÔıÂÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË’ (conditional knowledge). ∏ ˘ÔıÂÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÁÈ·Ù› ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Û ·˘ÙfiÓ Ô˘ Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ‘Ò˜’ ÌÔ-
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Ú› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ· Î·È ÛËÌ·Û›· ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· Ì¿ıÂÈ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ‘Ô‡’ Î·È ‘fiÙÂ’ ı· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙÔ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤Ó·˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ › ÙÚ›˜ ÒÚ˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·ÛÙ› ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÁÚ·Ù‹ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙ‡¯ÂÈ Â¿Ó ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÛÙÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÛÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙ› Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂͤٷÛË. Á) TÔ ÙÚ›ÙÔ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ, Ù˘ ¢Ú›·˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ‚¿Û˘, Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. √È Pressley, Borkowski Î·È Schneider (1997) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË (enconding) Î·È Ë ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ (representing) ÛÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË, Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ «Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘» (anchor), ηıÈÛÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ۯ‰fiÓ ·‰‡Ó·ÙË. ∏ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ÁÓÒÛË, Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ¢Ú›·˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ‚¿Û˘, Â›Ó·È ÂÈϤÔÓ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË, ÁÈ·Ù› ÚÔ¿ÁÂÈ ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÌ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Û οÔȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚËı› fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ Ï›ÛÙ˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ (.¯. Ù· Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚ· Û –È) ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ, ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ÁÓÒÛË Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·È (Brunning et al., 2004). ‰) ∆Ô Ù¤Ù·ÚÙÔ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÂÓfi˜ ηÏÔ‡ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÔÈ Pressley, Borkowski Î·È Schneider (1997) ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ «¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ‰Ú¿Û˘» (action control). ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ – Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Â›Ó·È ÈηÓÔ› Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, Ó· ÌÂÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È¿Û·ÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÚfiÔ‰Ô, Ó· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó fiÛ· Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· (Alexander et al., 1995). Â) ∆Ô ¤ÌÙÔ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ó· ÏËÚÔ‡Ó fiÏ· Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù·. ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·˘Ù‹ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ˆ˜ «·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜», Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ› ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ‹ Ó· ·Ô‰›‰ÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Ì ÙÔ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ ÙˆÓ ·ÔıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‹ Ì ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ̤۷. √ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˜ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ηϋ˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ, ÁÈ·Ù› ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ Ó· ηٷӤÌÂÈ ÔÚı¿ Ù· ̤۷, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ˘„ËϤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ‰Â ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÊÈÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, Ë ÚÔÛÔ¯‹, Ë ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙË Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌË ÌÓ‹ÌË ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ Î·ÏÔ› ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ì ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·, ‰È·ÙËÚÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÔÙ›· Ù˘ ÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË. ∏ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙȘ ÌÂÙ·-·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ (meta-analysis), ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËı› Ë ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË. ∞fi ÙË ÌÂÙ·-·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·, fiˆ˜ Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: ■ ∏ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈÎÚÔ‡˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ì ¯·ÌËϤ˜ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ÂÏÏÈ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ■ ∆· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ˘ÔıÂÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·Ô‰ÔÙÈο. ªÈ· Èı·Ó‹ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ˘ÔıÂÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÂÓÈ-
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Û¯‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ fiÙÂ Î·È ÙÔ Ô‡ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜. ŒÓ· ¿ÏÏÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ· ›‰Ë ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ Ó· Ì¿ıÂÈ Î·Ó›˜. √È ÈÔ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ›ӷÈ: Ô ·˘ÙÔ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜, Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, Ô Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, Ë ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË Î·È Ë ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË, Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ù˘ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘ Î·È Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜.
2.4.2.5. ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· 1. ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ Ì¿ıËÛË ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó, ηٿ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ, ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ì ٷ ˘ÏÈο Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ Ï›ÛÙ·˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ‹ÚˆÂ˜ Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ·ӿÛÙ·Û˘ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÙÂÛÙ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤‰Ú·Û·Ó ÛÙËÓ ¤Î‚·ÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ Ù˘ ·ӿÛÙ·Û˘. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎfi (strategic) Î·È Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙÔ (flexible) ÙÚfiÔ, fiÙ·Ó Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ӿÏË„Ë (reherasal) ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙË ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚË ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· (deep processing). 2. ∂Óı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÂÌ‚¿ı˘ÓÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. ŒÓ·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÁÓÒÛË, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. 3. ÃÚ‹ÛË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Έ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÔ˘Ó ¤ÓÓÔȘ (construct meaning) Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜, Ó· ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ‚ÔËıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ·˘Ù‹ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Ù¯ÓÈ΋. ªÈ· ·Ó¿ÏÔÁË Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË ÓÔËÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (schema activation), Ë ÔÔ›· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Â‡ÚÂÛË ÙÚfiˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, Ô Î·Ù·ÈÁÈÛÌfi˜ ȉÂÒÓ ‹ Ë ·ÔÛ·Ê‹ÓÈÛË ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ (Demetriou et al., 1994). ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÒÓ (advance organizers) ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÂÓfi˜ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È‰·¯ı› Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰Â ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÁÓÒÛË. ·˘Ùfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. ªÈ· ÙÚ›ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÚÔÒıËÛË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ (cooperative social practices). ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ·Ô‰ÔÙÈο ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈ·, ÔÈ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ, Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÚfiÏˆÓ Î.¿., Ì ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ „ËÊȷ΋˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ (computer simulations, virtual learning environments). 4. ¶·ÚÔ¯‹ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚË Â›ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ÙÔ˘˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘, Ù˘ ÌÓ‹Ì˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÓÒÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘ Ò˜, ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ·Ù› Î·È ÙÔ˘ fiÙ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÔıÂÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (cconditional knowledge), ÂÓÒ ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ë Ú‡ıÌÈÛË Î·È Ô Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ (rregulation of cognition). √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Â›ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, fiˆ˜ Ô Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ (planning) Î·È Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜-·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË (monitoring), Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜. ■
∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ ‚‹Ì· Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÙ› Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. √È ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Û οı ٿÍË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÌÂٷ͇ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ‰·ÛοψÓ. ∏ ·ÏÏËÏԉȉ·ÎÙÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ (peer tutoring) ‹ Ë ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÌÈÎÚÒÓ ÔÌ·‰ÒÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ (Brunning et al., 2004).
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∆Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚‹Ì· Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ «·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡» Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. ŒÓ·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÛÎÔÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÏÈÛÙÒÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘-·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ (monitoring checklists) ÙˆÓ ‚ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·‰›ˆÓ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Schraw, 1998). °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓÔ‡Ó: ■ ÙÔ ÛÎÔfi Ù˘ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ■ ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ı¤Ì·, ■ ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË, ■ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘, ■ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ‰ÈfiÚıˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ›Ù¢Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ÙÂı›.
™¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¤Ì·ı·Ó Ì ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Û¯ÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi. √È Ï›ÛÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ̤¯ÚÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙȘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤ӷ (Driscoll, 1999). 5. ¶ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ. ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ·fiÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∏ Ì¿ıËÛË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰Â ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÂÈ ·ÏÒ˜ ÙË Ì¿ıËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈο ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ-·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ¯Ú‹ÛË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ì ÂΛÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ú·ÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÛΤ„˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó ÙË Ì¿ıËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (Brunning et al., 2004). 6. ∞Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Â˘Î·ÈÚÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ. ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÂÎÙÈÌÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰Â ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Û Ӥ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¤Ì·ı·Ó Û ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ˆ˜ ·‰Ú·Ó‹˜ ÁÓÒÛË (inert
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
knowledge). ŒÓ·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙ› ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰Ôı› Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍ¿ÛÎËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ Ì·ıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î¿ı ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„‹ Ì·˜, Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚË Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ë Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ ·Ú¿ Ô ‚ÔÌ‚·Ú‰ÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì Ӥ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Û οı ̿ıËÌ·. ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ‰Â ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·˘Ù‹ ··ÈÙ› ˘„ËÏfi ‚·ıÌfi Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. 7. ∂Óı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ. √ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Â›Ó·È Ó· ÛΤÊÙÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· ÌÈÏÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¿ıËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞Ô‰ÔÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ·È‰È¿ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ë Ú‡ıÌÈÛË Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ̤ۈ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘, ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÍÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÎı¤ÛÂȘ, ÂÓÒ Ù· ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ· ·È‰È¿ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‚ÔËıËıÔ‡Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÛΤÊÙÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ. ∞˘Ùfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ›‰ÂÈ͢ (modeling) Î·È Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏԉȉ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ (peer tutoring) Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ (Brunning et al., 2004). ™˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·˜, ı· ϤÁ·Ì fiÙÈ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ıËΠӷ ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÔ‡Ó: ■ Ë ·fiÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ˆ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛ‹˜ Ù˘, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰ÔÌÔ‡Ó Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÛË, ■ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ L. Vygotsky Î·È ÙË ∑ÒÓ˘ Ù˘ ∂ÈΛÌÂÓ˘ ∞Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ·ÓÒÙÂÚˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ■ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È Ë ÁÓÒÛË Ì¤Û· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË, ■ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ηÏÔ‡ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 6 ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· [5] Î·È ÙȘ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Û·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË, ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÙÂ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÙ ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û·˜ Û ¤Ó· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ – Ì¿ıËÌ· ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Û·˜. ™¯Â‰È¿ÛÙ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıËı›, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÓ‹ÌÂÚÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È.
√È Â·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ› Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙfiÙ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔÈ Î·È ·˘ÙÔ-ηıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ, ˘ÈÔıÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·fi‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ÌÓ‹Ì˘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛ˘. ª¤Û· ·fi ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› Ô Î·Ïfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ η٤¯ÂÈ Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÙÚfiÔ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙÔ, ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Î·È ÙË Ú‡ıÌÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌfi ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, Ô‰ËÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘.
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µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] Alexander, J. M., Carr, M. & Schwanenflugel, P.J. (1995). Development of metacognition, Developmental Review, 15, 1-37. 1[2] Brown, A. L. (1987). Metacognition, executive control, self-regulation. Mahwah, Erlbaum, NJ. 1[3] Brunning, R. H. Schraw, G. J. Ronning, R. R. (2004). Cognitive psychology and instruction, Prentice Hall, 4th ed., N.Y. 1[4] Demetriou A., Efklides A., Shayer M. (1994). Neo-Piagetian Theories of Cognitive Development: Implications and Applications for Education, Routledge 1[5] Driscoll M. (1999). Psychology of Learning for Instruction, Allyn & Bacon, Inc. 1[6] Gredler M. E. (2000). Learning and Instruction: Theory into Practice 4TH Prentice Hall. 1[7] Pressley, M. & Schneider, W. (1997). Introduction to memory development during childhood and adolescence, Mahwah, Erlbaum, N.J. 1[8] Schraw, G. (1998). Promoting general metacognitive awareness., Instructional Science, 26, 113125. 1[9] Slavin, R. E. (2003): Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice, 7/E Allyn & Bacon. 1[10] Snowman, J. & Biehler, R. (2006). Psychology applied to teaching, 11th ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., N.Y. 1[11] Steffe, L. P.C. & Gale, J. (1995). Constructivism in Education, Hillsdale, NJ Lawreuce Erlbaum Associates. 1[12] Woolfolk, A.E. (2000). Educational Psychology, 6th ed. Allyn and Bacon, Boston. 1[13] BoÛÓÈ¿‰Ô˘ ™. (2002). ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, Ù. ∞ã & µã ÂΉ. Gutenberg. 1[14] µÔÛÓÈ¿‰Ô˘, ™. (2006a). ¶·È‰È¿ ™¯ÔÏ›· & ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜, ÂΉ. Gutenberg. 1[15] µÔÛÓÈ¿‰Ô˘, ™. (2006b). ™¯Â‰È¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓ· ·fi ÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÂΉ. Gutenberg. 1[16] ∫·ÛÛˆÙ¿Î˘, M. & ºÏÔ˘Ú‹˜, ° (2005). ª¿ıËÛË Î·È ¢È‰·Ûηϛ· , Ù. ∞ã, Bã∞ı‹Ó·. 1[17] ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, ∂. (2005). °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¡Â˘ÚÔÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË] Ù. ¢, ∞ı‹Ó·. 1[18] KˆÛÙ·Ú›‰Ô˘-∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë, ∞. (1997). æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ™Î¤„˘. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. 1[19] ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, ∏Ï›·˜ (2000). ∏ ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ °ÚËÁfiÚË. 1[20] ªÈÎÚfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ∆. (2006). √ ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜ ˆ˜ °ÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ∂ÚÁ·Ï›Ô, ÂΉ. ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. 1[21] ∆ÚÈÏÈ·Ófi˜, ∞. (1997). ∏ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë Î·È Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ù˘. ∞ı‹Ó·.
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2.5. H Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ∆.¶.∂. – ¢ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ¡¤ˆÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·‰Âȯı› Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (∆.¶.∂.) ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙ· Ó¤· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘, fiˆ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙȘ Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ Î·È ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜.
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∆.¶.∂. ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË Î·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚԂ› ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘˜, Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
£ÂˆÚ›Â˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ¢È‰·Ûηϛ· ¢ÈÎÙ˘·Î¿ ∂ÚÁ·Ï›· ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË ªÔÓÙÂÏÔÔ›ËÛË ¶ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË ¢ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜–‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÛΤ„˘
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ∏ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ∆.¶.∂. Î·È ÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÛΤ„˘. ∞ÒÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ: ■ Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÔ˘Ó ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ∆.¶.∂. ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ■ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∆.¶.∂. ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ■ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ıˆڛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ì ÙȘ ∆.¶.∂. Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜, ■ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ - ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È Ë ÂÓfiÙËÙ·.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
∏ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ∆.¶.∂. ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ηÈÓÔÙÔÌ›·˜. ∏ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ı¤Ì· Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙˆÓ ∆.¶.∂. ·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ› Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ηÈÓÔÙÔÌ›·. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ ÙȘ ‹‰Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔ˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜, ÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÚԂϤÔÓÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· (∞¶™ & ¢∂¶¶™), ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹, Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. √ ÛÎÔfi˜, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ηÈÓÔÙfiÌÔ˘ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÛΤ„˘ fiˆ˜ Ë Â›Ï˘ÛË ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ∏ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ÙˆÓ ∆.¶.∂. ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ˆ˜ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Î·È ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË ‰Â ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‹‰Ë ˘·Ú¯fiÓÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· (McKinsey & Company, 1997). ∏ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ¡¤ˆÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ó¤ˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÁÈ· Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Û ηٿÏÏËϘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ – Û˘Ì‚·Ù¤˜ Ì ÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ – ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÒÓÙ·˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ì ٷ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÂÈÎÔÓÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· (Papert, 1991).
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1 ◗ ¡· ηٷÁÚ¿„ÂÙ ÙȘ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó, ηٿ ÙË ÁÓÒÌË Û·˜, Ó· ÂÈʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ∆.¶.∂. ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ◗ ¡· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ ÙȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ Ô˘ ıˆÚ›Ù fiÙÈ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ∆.¶.∂. ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. ◗ ¡· Û¯ÔÏÈ¿ÛÂÙ ÙË ÊÚ¿ÛË: «Ë ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ı· ʤÚÂÈ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ÛΤÊÙÂÙ·È Î·È Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ» (Papert, 1993).
2.5.1. £ÂˆÚ›Â˜ ª¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ∆.¶.∂. – ª·ıËÛȷο ¶ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Î·È ∆.¶.∂. ∏ °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, ÔÈ ¡Â˘ÚÔÂÈÛً̘ Î·È Ë ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ŒÚ¢ӷ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË (Baddeley, 1998). ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÔÈ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ Ù˘ ¢È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÙˆÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Î·È fiÙÈ Ë ‰fiÌËÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÔÈ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÛΤ„˘ (Swartz et al., 1998). ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÛÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÛΤ„˘, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰Ôı› ÛÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜:
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
■ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ (Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û·˜) ÛΤ„˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Ù˘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ηχÙÂÚ˘. ∏ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÂÓÒ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Î·È Ì ÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜, ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ÙȘ ÁÂÓÈ·ÛÂȘ Î.Ï. (∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2002). ■ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ (·ÔÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û·˜) ÛΤ„˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ȉÂÒÓ. ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÛΤ„˘, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰Ôı›: ■ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ■ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Swartz et al., 1998). ∫·ıÒ˜ ÛÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Ë Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÛΤ„˘, ÔÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ˘fi„Ë Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘. ™ÙÔ ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ó· ÂÓۈ̷وıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔȯ›· ·fi ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ˙ˆ‹ Î·È Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ·Û¯Ôϛ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ·Ó¿ıÂÛ˘ Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. √È ∆.¶.∂. Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÁÈ· fiÏ· Ù· ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·. ∆· ‰ÔÌÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ηÈ, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ·fi ÙË ‚·ÛÈ΋ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Ûˆ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi, ÙÔ Ì·ıËÛÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î.Ï. (Woolfolk, 1993). ªÂÚÈο ·fi Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ·Ô‚ϤÂÈ Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ∆.¶.∂. ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Â›Ó·È Ù· ÂÍ‹˜:
1. ∏ ÁÓÒÛË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È. ŒÙÛÈ, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈο Î·È Â›Ó·È ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘ ıˆڛ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (Jonassen et al., 1999). 2. √È ÔÏϷϤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∆Ô ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ·˘Ùfi ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Ë ÂÓÂÚÁfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È Â˘ÓÔ› ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë. 3. ∏ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∆Ô ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ÔÏϷϤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‹ ¤Ó· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ÂÓÒ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È, ›Û˘, Ì ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘, fiˆ˜ Ë Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ‹ Ë Â›Ï˘ÛË ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎÒÓ-Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ (ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˜) ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ·Ï‹ fiÛÔ ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ‡ÎÔÏ· Ó· ÁÂÓÈ·ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (Jonassen, 1991). 4. ∏ ÂÓı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÏË„Ë Î·ıËÎfiÓÙˆÓ Û ڷÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi/·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ.√È ·˘ıÂÓÙÈΤ˜-Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ· Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ). ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÂÌϤÎÂÙ·È Û ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ̤۷ Û ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÂÙ·È Ë Ì¿ıËÛË (Lave et al., 1991, Bredo, 1994, Gredler, 1997).
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
∂›Û˘, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â‡ÚÂÛË ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ Ï‡ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ¢ÓÔÂ›Ù·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ (·ÔÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û·) ÛΤ„Ë.
5. ∏ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ì ÙȘ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ȉ¤Â˜ Î·È ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙÔ˘, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ ȉ¤Â˜ Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÓfiËÌ· Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜. 6. ∏ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË. ∏ ‰È·ÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ¢ÓÔ› ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ó¤ˆÓ ·fi„ˆÓ, ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ Î·È ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜. ª·ıËÛȷο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ∆.¶.∂. ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘
¶ÔÏϷϤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜
¶ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘
∞˘ıÂÓÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜
∞Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë
™˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË
¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÔÓÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ∆.¶.∂., ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ Î.Ï. ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÒÓ ÙfiˆÓ, Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘, ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ì ÔÏ˘ÌÂÛÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ ÌÂÁÂıÒÓ. ªË ÛÂÈÚȷ΋ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı›· Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·fi ˘ÂÚΛÌÂÓ·, Ú‡ıÌÈÛË ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ Î.Ï. ∂›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ. ¢˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË Ï‡ÛÂˆÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÔÓÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜. ∞Ó‡ÚÂÛË Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÒÓ, ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ Ì·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ (web log, blog Î.Ï.), ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Î.Ï. ∂ÈÎÔÓÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ‰ÈÎÙ˘·Î¿ ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, log files ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÓÙˆÓ-ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ, ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ (fora) Î.Ï.
2.5.2. ªÔÓÙÂÏÔÔ›ËÛË - ¶ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË - ¢ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ¢È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÛΤ„˘ √È ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙË ÌÔÓÙÂÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘. √È ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Î·È ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘. ∆Ô ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ ›ӷÈ, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
˘Ôı¤ÛˆÓ/ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ/ηÓfiÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÂÓfi˜ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ‹ ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û οÔÈÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ‹ Û ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∫·Ù¿ ηÈÚÔ‡˜ ‰È·Ù˘ÒıËÎ·Ó ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔÈ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ› Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜: ■ Ë ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË (simulation) Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Ô˘ ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÈ· ηٿ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙÂÚË ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÈ· Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Ì›ÌËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ (Winston, 1994), ■ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Ù¯ÓËÙ‹ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ (Rothwell & Kazanas, 1997), ■ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∆· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹, ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ‰‡Ô ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ (µ1iss, 1996): i) ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ (exploratory models). ∂›Ó·È ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Û ÌÈ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈÎÚfiÎÔÛÌÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÍÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘, ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘, ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌÔ‡ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ii) ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ (expressive models). ∂›Ó·È Ù· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ Â·Ï‹ı¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ø˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË, Ë ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË ˘fiÎÂÈÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜ Î·È ·Ê·ÈÚ¤ÛÂȘ, fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ Ù˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ηıÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈÔ Î·È ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi ÌÈ·˜ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘, Ô ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÛÎÔfi ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· ‰ËÏÒÛÔ˘Ó ÂÓÙÔϤ˜, ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜, Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÒÓ ‹ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÔÛÔÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. √È Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂˆÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, fiˆ˜ : ■ Ë ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ (ÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË), ■ Ë ÁÚ·Ù‹ (·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘), ■ Ë Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ΋ (Û¯¤‰ÈÔ), ■ Ë ÌÔÓÙÂÏÔÔ›ËÛË (ۯ‰›·ÛË Î·È ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ), ■ Ë ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ (Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ) Î·È ■ Ô Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ Ù‡ˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ó¤Â˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘, ·ÊÔ‡ ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
√È ‰È·‰Ú·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓ, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ηıÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÙÈ̤˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÂÓfi˜ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó··Ú›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙËÓ Ù¯ÓËÙ‹ – ÂÈÎÔÓÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹. ¢È·‰Èηۛ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë Î·È Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿Ù·ÍË Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Ï¤ÔÓ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤Ó˜ Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ‰È·‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛˆÓ. ™Â ¤Ó· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔıfiÓË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ ¤Ó· Ù¯ÓËÙfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÎÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂÈÚ¿Ì·Ù·, Ù· ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ, fiˆ˜ ÌÈ· ¯ËÌÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË, Ë Î›ÓËÛË Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ‹ Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. ∫‡ÚÈÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ·Ó·‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‹ Ë ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Û ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿ ηÓ›˜ ÛÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛË Ì ¤ÓÓÔȘ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∆· ÂÈÚ¿Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÎÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi˜, Û ÌÈ· ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ΛÓËÛ˘ οÔÈÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ΛÓËÛ˘, Ù˘ ÙÚԯȿ˜ ‹ Ù˘ ÙÚÈ‚‹˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ‰‡Ô ۈ̿وÓ. ŒÓ·˜ ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, fiÙ·Ó Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ó¤ÊÈÎÙË ‹ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ‰˘Û¯ÂÚ‹˜.
¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ¶ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ ™ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÚÔÛÔ∂ÈÎfiÓ·: ¶ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Ï¿ÁÈ·˜ ‚ÔÏ‹˜ Ì ÙÔ §ÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÌÔ›ˆÛË Ï¿ÁÈ·˜ ‚ÔÏ‹˜. ∏ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ·¤Interactive Physics. ¯ÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë ·ÏËıÈÓ‹, Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· fï˜ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ. √ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘, ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÙÚԯȿ ̤۷ ·fi ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ Û ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı›·, ÌÔÚ› Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹ Ù˘ ·fiÛÙ·Û˘ Ô˘ ‰È·Ó‡ÂÙ·È, Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓÔ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛ˘ Î·È Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘¿ÛÂÈ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ì ÙȘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·Ó‡ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ¿Óˆ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∏ Û˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ Î·È Ô Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯˆÓ ‰È·Ó˘ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ¤˜ Û ÌÈ· Ù˘È΋ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. ∏ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· ÁÈ· ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È, Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ıˆڛ·˜ Î·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜.
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2.5.3. ¢ÈÎÙ˘·Î¿ ÂÚÁ·Ï›· – ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË - ¢ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ¢È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÛΤ„˘ ™ÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Î·È Ú¿ÍË, Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ¤Ó·˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË, Ë ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Î·È Ë ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Î·È È‰ÂÒÓ. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ¡¤ˆÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (∆.¶.∂) ˆ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ Ӥ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ÁÈ· ‰È·Ì·ıËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ·ÓÔ›ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ¤Ó· ·Ú¿ı˘ÚÔ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Ì ÙÔÓ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ (æ˘¯¿Ú˘ Î.¿., 2006). B·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜ ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Burbules (2000), Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÓı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Î·È ·Ó·Î·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË, Ô Û‚·ÛÌfi˜ ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙȘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈΤ˜-Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∆Ô Â›Â‰Ô ‹ ÔÈ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÂ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ‰ÈÎÙ˘·Î¿ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·. ∂›Ó·È ÂÈϤÔÓ ÁÓˆÛÙfi fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ÂÈÏ‡Ô˘Ó ·˘ıÂÓÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, Ó· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈο, Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ̤ۈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÙÈÎÒÓ, Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ›ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î.Ï. (Reiser, 2001, Strijbos et al., 2004). ∂›Û˘, ¤¯ÂÈ Î·ıÈÂÚˆı› Ë ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ, ‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ (Vygotsky, 1978), Ë Ì¿ıËÛË Â˘ÓÔÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· (Dillenbourg, 1999). ™Ù· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ·˘Ù¿, Ë ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¢ÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ó· ηٷÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÈηÓÔ‡˜ Ó· ÂÌÏ·ÎÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ˙ÒÓË ÂÈΛÌÂÓ˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘. ∏ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, Ô˘ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ ηٷÛ΢ÒÓ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ (Adams & Hamm, 1990). ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ, Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î.Ï. (Psycharis, 2007). √ÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÛΤ„˘ ›ӷÈ: • Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È Ô ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, ■ Ë ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ-˘Ôı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ■
Ë ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ï‡ÛÂˆÓ / ·fi„ˆÓ,
■
Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ χÛ˘,
■
Ë ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Swigger et al., 1994).
√È ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ∏ ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ٷ ÚÔÛÔÌÔȈ̤ӷ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ‚ÔËı¿ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜.
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¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› fï˜ Ë ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜; ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë, Â›Ó·È Û·Ê¤˜ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Û¯Â‰fiÓ Â·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË Û ∏/À. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÒÓ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ, ·fi Ù· ÔÔ›· Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ÂΛӷ Ô˘ ı· ÙÔÓ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ··ÈÙËÙÈΤ˜ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘, Ù˘ ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛˆÓ, ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿ ÌfiÓÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ. ∏ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÛÙËÓ fiÏË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Â›Ó·È ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ ÎÈ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÛÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, fï˜, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ôχو˜ ÌfiÓÔ˜ ÙÔ˘. ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Û ÔÌ¿‰· ÈÛfiÙÈÌˆÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ·ÎÔ‡ÂÈ ÚÔÛ¯ÙÈο ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ÔÌ·‰ÔÔÈ› Ù· fiÛ· Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÎÔ‡ÛÂÈ ‹ ·ÎÔ‡ÂÈ ÂΛÓË ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ηÈ, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÈ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ıˆÚ› ÈÔ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ô˘ ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ Î·È Ù· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË (McClellan, 1985). ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ·Ó·Áη›· ηıÒ˜ Ë ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰Â ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘¯·›ˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÒÓ ‹ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ. ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi Ôχ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙÂÚˆÓ Â›Ó·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ. ª¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂˆÓ Î·ı›ÛٷٷÈ, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ¿Ô„Ë ÁÈ· Ù· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·, Ó· ÌÔÚ› ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ó· ‰ÈÂÚˆÙ¿Ù·È Î·È Ó· ·ÌÊÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ ‹ ÙȘ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ ¿ÏψÓ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÍ·ÎÚÈ‚ÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÚıfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ, ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ¤Ó· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ (McClellan, 1985). √È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Úfi‚Ï„˘ Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘, ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘, Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ë ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Û ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Î·È Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È, ηْ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ηٷϋÍÂÈ Û ·ÛÊ·Ï‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ı· ÙÔÓ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË Î·È ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó ÂÈϤÔÓ Ó· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔÈ Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì fiÏ· Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ›Ûˆ ·fi ·˘Ù‹Ó Î·È ·ÔÎÙÒÓÙ·˜ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚË Î·È ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ù‹Ó, ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÁÈ· ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘. √È ›‰ÈÔÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È, ηٿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ› Î·È fi¯È ·ıËÙÈÎÔ› ·Ô‰¤ÎÙ˜ „ËÊÈ·ÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡, ηıÒ˜ ·˘Ùfi ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ Ì ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË. ª·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤ÙÛÈ Ó· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ Î¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ‹ ÂÈÚ¿Ì·Ù· Î·È Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. ∆·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Ì ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘, Ù˘ Û‡ÓıÂÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë Î·È ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·Î·Ï˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (McClellan, 1985). ªÂ ÙȘ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ Û „ËÊÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· «·ÓÙȉÚÔ‡Ó» Î·È Ó· ·ÚÂÌ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Î·È ÛÙ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÌfiÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Ӥ˜ ȉ¤Â˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ‚‹Ì· ÌÚÔÛÙ¿, ¤Ó· ‚‹Ì· ÈÔ ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ª·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÛΤÊÙÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÁÈ·Ù› Î·È fi¯È Ó· ·Ô‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ·Ô-
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ÛÙÂÈڈ̤ӷ ÏfiÁÈ· ·˘ıÂÓÙ›·˜ ·Ó·Ì·ÛÒÓÙ·˜ Ù· ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·È. ™ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ·˘Ùfi ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ›ٷÈ, ›Û˘, Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È Â‡ÚÂÛË Ó¤ˆÓ Î·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Ì ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó Ó¤Â˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ¿ÏÏˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ, ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ ‹ Î·È Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ. ŸÏ˜ ÔÈ È‰¤Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÛfiÙÈ̘ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË Î·È Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È ÂχıÂÚÔ˜ Ó· ÙȘ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂÈ, ·ÊÔ‡ ·Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ô Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ Ù˘ ›ÏË͢, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ÙÚfiÔ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë˜ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û ·˘Ù‹Ó. ∫·ıÒ˜ Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÂÈÚ·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ „ËÊÈ·Îfi ·˘Ùfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÚıfiÙËÙ· ‹ fi¯È ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿, ·ÏÏ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ ÂΛӘ Ô˘ ıˆÚ› fiÙÈ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÚ¿Ì·Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘. ∞ÔÎÙ¿ ΛÓËÙÚÔ Ó· Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ Î·È ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È Ë ÂÚȤÚÁÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ Ë ›‰È· Ë ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË ÙÔÓ ‚ÔËı¿ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹. ∞ÏÏ¿ ·ÎfiÌ· ÎÈ fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ È‰¤Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ô‰ÂȯÙÔ‡Ó ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜, Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙ› ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈο. ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂÈ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔÓ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·È ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, ηıÒ˜ ›Û˘ Ó· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÙ› Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. √È ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î·È ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Î·È ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Ì ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ··ÈÙËÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜. ∏ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ̤ۈ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ ÙÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ – ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ·Ú¯Èο Î·È ÙÔÓ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ Û ÈÔ ÔχÏÔΘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Û˘Óı¤ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂϤÁÍÂÈ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·˘Ù‹, ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ Î·È ÔÈ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ‚¤‚·È· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘. ª¤Ûˆ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÂÓ·Ú›ˆÓ, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÊÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ χÛË, ηıÒ˜ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙȘ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ì›· Î·È ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ χÛË. ∞˘Ùfi ˆı› ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ χÛÂȘ Î·È ÌÂٷ͇ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ÙËÓ Ï¤ÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË. ª¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘, Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Â›Û˘ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜. £¤ÙÂÈ ÛÎÔfi ÙÔ˘ ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÔÏÏÒÓ ÂÌÔ‰›ˆÓ ηٿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ì ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË, Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ï‹Úˆ˜ Î·È Â·ÚÎÒ˜ ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ı· Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· Ô‰ËÁËı› Û ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηıÔÚÈÛÙ› Û·ÊÒ˜ Ô ÛÎÔfi˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÂÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· (Shibata, 1998). ∆· ‚‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛˆÓ, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ı¤ÙÂÈ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ‹ ÂÌÓ¤ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·. √È ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ȉ¤Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹, ÔÈ È‰¤Â˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‹ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ - Ì ÙȘ Èı·Ó¤˜ «È‰·ÓÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ» ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ - ÂÈÎÔ˘ÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ηٿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÌÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ï‡ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· (De Jong et al., 1998). ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ Èı·ÓfiÙÂÚ˜ χÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹, Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÂϤÁÍÂÈ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ·ӷÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ‹ Ó· Ô‰ËÁËı› ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·Ô‰ÂȯÙ› Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋. ∏ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ȉ·ÓÈ΋˜ χÛ˘, ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Â›Ó·È ÂΛÓË Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë Ù˘ ÔÚıfiÙÂÚ˘ ·fiÊ·Û˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜. ∂›Ó·È ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ fiÙÈ Ë Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÁÈ· ÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ·ÏËıÔÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. √È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó, ‚¤‚·È·, ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·Î·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ, Á›ÓÂÙ·È Â‡ÎÔÏ· ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ‹ Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ Ù˘ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛΤ„˘. ∏ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ΛÓËÙÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Ó¤·˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·˜ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÙȘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ηÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜, ‚ÔËıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ Ó· Ì¿ıÂÈ Ò˜ Ó· Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ.
2.5.3.1. √ ¯¿ÚÙ˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ √È ¯¿ÚÙ˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› Â˘Ú‡Ù·Ù· ÛÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÔÏÏÒÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ (Novak, 1990, McClure et al., 1999). √È ¯¿ÚÙ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È ¤Ó· ÌË ÎÂÓfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·fi Û¯¤ÛÂȘ (Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ) ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ηÓÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ ‹ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Î·ıÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· ÏÂ˙¿ÓÙ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù·. √È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ (propositions) Ô˘ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰˘Ô ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ, ÒÛÙ ӷ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛı› ÌÈ· ‰‹ÏˆÛË Ì ÓfiËÌ· (ÔÈ ‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È «ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜» - semantic units). √ ¯¿ÚÙ˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ fiÙÈ Ë Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË (meaningful learning) Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ fiÙ·Ó Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÈ ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÈÂÚ·Ú¯Èο Î·È ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ, ÂÓÒ Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (Novak & Gowin, 1984). √ ¯¿ÚÙ˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ô, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ Ó· ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿ ÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È Ó· ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ› ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·˜ Ì ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ – ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· (Novak, & Gowin, 1984, Jonassen et al., 1999). ∏ ¯ÚËÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¯¿ÚÙË ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È fiÙ·Ó Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ/‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, ÁÈ·Ù› Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ·Ô‰ÔÌ‹ÛÂÈ ÂÛÊ·Ï̤Ó˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Î·È Ó· ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ‹ÛÂÈ Ó¤Â˜ ÛˆÛÙ¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„ÂÈ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ¤Ú·Ó ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‹‰Ë ‰È‰·¯ı›.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
√ ¯¿ÚÙ˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Û ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋ ‰ÔÌ‹, ÙÔÔıÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÈÔ ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹, ÂÓÒ ÙȘ ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯Èο ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ·. ∏ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¯¿ÚÙË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ÂÍ·ÚٿٷÈ, ›Û˘, ·fi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ¯Ú‹Û˘/ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û οÔÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·/Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. √È Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û‹ Ù˘ ÛÙÔ ¯¿ÚÙË (Horton et al., 1993, Novak, 1990). √ ¯¿ÚÙ˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Â›Û˘ ·ÍÈÔÔÈËı› ÂÈÙ˘¯Ò˜ ˆ˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô (Coleman, 1998) ηıÒ˜ Î·È ˆ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô (McClure, 1999).
∆‡ÔÈ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ¯·ÚÙÒÓ ■ ∂ÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ¯¿ÚÙ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ “·Ú¿¯ÓË”. ∏ ‰È¿Ù·Í‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ¯¿ÚÙË, Î·È Ù· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ı¤Ì·Ù·, Ô˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó Î˘ÎÏÈο ÙÔ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È ¤Ó·˜ ÈÛÙfi˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÈÛÙfi Ù˘ ·Ú¿¯Ó˘. ■ πÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ¯¿ÚÙ˘. ¶·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ì ηıÔ‰Èο ÎÏÈÌ·ÎÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜. ∏ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹ ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ˘fiÏÔÈˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Û ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·. ■ ∂ÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ¯¿ÚÙ˘ Ì ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÚÔ‹˜. √ÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Û ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË. ■ √ «Û˘ÛÙËÌÈÎfi˜» ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ¯¿ÚÙ˘. √ÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Û ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ÂÈÛfi‰ˆÓ Î·È ÂÍfi‰ˆÓ.
¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi CMAP °È· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ¯·ÚÙÒÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÔÏÏ¿ ÂÚÁ·Ï›· fiˆ˜: Inspiration, MindManager, SMARTIdeas, IHMC Concept Map Toolkit Software, VisiMap Î.Ï. ∂ÈÎfiÓ·: ¢È·ʋ ÙÔ˘ Cmap (IHMC Concept Map)
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ªÂ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Î·È ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ, ÚÔÛı¤ÙÔÓÙ·˜ ¯ÚÒÌ· ‹ Û¯fiÏÈ·, ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÛËÌ›·, ÂÓÒ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¯¿ÚÙ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ¿ÏϘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î.Ï. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi CmapTools (Canas et al., 2004) Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈ ÙË ¯ÚËÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¯¿ÚÙË ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘.
∂ÈÎfiÓ· :∆Ô ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÎΛÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ CMAP
ªÂ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ÙÚÔÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ¯¿ÚÙ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ÙÔ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÌÔχ‚È Î·È ¯·ÚÙ›, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ·fiÛÙ·ÛË, Ó· ·Ó·ÚÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ¯¿ÚÙ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚ› ÔÔÈÔÛ‰‹ÔÙ ӷ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·‚¿˙ÂÈ, Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ËÁ¤˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÊˆÙÔÁڷʛ˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ „ËÊÈ·Îfi ˘ÏÈÎfi Î.Ï. ªÂ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ·fi ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ‹ ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰· ÌÈ· ‰ÈÎÙ˘·Î‹ ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÂÍÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ·fi ¿ÏϘ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· fiÙ·Ó ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ (Canas et al., 2004a, b). ∆Ô CmapTools Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi, Ì ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ù· ̤ÏË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È fiÙ·Ó ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·›ıÔ˘Û˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· ¯¿ÚÙË ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔ˘Ó Ù· ̤ÏË ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ, ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ Î.Ï., ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ‹ ·Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi ÌÔÚ› Î·È Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Û «·Ú¯Â›· ηٷ¯ÒÚËÛ˘» (log files), Ù· ÔÔ›· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· Á˘Ú›˙Ô˘Ó ›Ûˆ ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ‹ Ó· Û¯ÔÏÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ¢ÓÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2 ∞ÊÔ‡ ÂÍÂÚ¢ӋÛÂÙ ÙÔ CMAP, ÁÚ¿„Ù Û ̛· ·Ú¿ÁÚ·ÊÔ ÔȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÛΤ„˘ ıˆÚ›Ù fiÙÈ Â˘ÓÔ› Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3 ∂ÁηٷÛÙ‹ÛÙ ÙÔ CMAP Î·È ÂÈϤÁÔÓÙ·˜: File > New Map ·fi ÙÔ ·Ú¿ı˘ÚÔ Views ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÙ ¤Ó· ¯¿ÚÙË. ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙ›Ù Ì ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·: ·Ú¿ı˘ÚÔ Views >File > New Discussion Thread Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÈÏÂÁ̤ÓÔ˜ ¤Ó·˜ Ê¿ÎÂÏÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ‰È·ÎÔÌÈÛÙ‹.
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™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 4 ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ù Ì ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ıˆÚ›Ù fiÙÈ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ «·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹˜» (log files) ÙÔ˘ CMAP ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ‹ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜.
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 5 ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÙÂ, Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ CMAP, ‰‡Ô ¯¿ÚÙ˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ÂÈı˘Ì›ÙÂ Î·È ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ù ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË ·Í›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎ·Ó ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ.
¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi Synergo TÔ Synergo Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙ· ¿ÙÔÌ· ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÌÔÈÚ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÎÔÈÓfi¯ÚËÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÂÓ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ (chat), ÂÓÒ ¤Ú·Ó ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Î·È Û Ϸ›ÛÈ· ·Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ (Xenos et al., 2004). TÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ·˘Ùfi ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Û ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜ Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ·fi ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙˆÓ 25 ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ (Concept Maps, Data Flow Diagrams, ERDs) ÛÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓfi¯ÚËÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Synergo ÁÈ· ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Â›Ù ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›ÙÂ, Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚ·, ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ‹ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÂÓfi˜ ‰Ôı¤ÓÙÔ˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∏ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÌ·‰È΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ÂÓÒ Û ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ ۯ‰›·Û˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠˆ˜ ÔÈ ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷο ̤۷ (Robertson, 1996) ·ÊÔ‡ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ·fi Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌÔ‡ ‹ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘, Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ‹ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂˆÓ (Perry & Sanderson, 1998).
¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Synergo ªÈ· ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ §˘Î›Ԣ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi ¶Â‰›Ô. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙ› ¤Ó·˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ¯¿ÚÙ˘ Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Synergo ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ˆ˜ Ù›ÙÏÔ Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜: «¶ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ù Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ¯¿ÚÙË ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ô˘ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘ Î·È Î·ıÔÚ›ÛÙ ÙȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ» (æ˘¯¿Ú˘ Î.¿. 2007). √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ (ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ) ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ˆÚÈÛıÔ‡Ó Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ, fiÔ˘ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÁηٷÛÙ·ı› ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Synergo. ∏ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ (chat) Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi.
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µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] Adams, D.M. and Hamm, M.E. (1990). Cooperative learning: Critical thinking and collaboration across the curriculum, Charles Thomas Pubs, Springfield, IL. 1[2] Baddeley, A. (1998). Human Memory: Theory and Practice, Revised Edition. 1[3] Bliss, J. (1996). Externalizing thinking through modeling: ESRC tools for exploratory learning research program. In Vosniadou, S., De Corte, E., Glaser, R. & Mandl, H. (eds.), International perspectives on the design of technology-supported learning environments, 25-40, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1[4] Bredo, E. (1994). Reconstructing educational psychology: Situated cognition and Deweyian pragmatism, Educational Psychologist. 1[5] Burbules, N. (2000). Constructivism: Moving beyond the impasse. In D. C. Phillips (Ed.), Constructivism in education: National society for the study of education (NSSE) yearbook (pp. 308-330). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1[6] Canas, A. J., Hill, G., Carff, R., Suri, N., Lott, J., Eskridge, T. et al. (2004a). CmapTools: A knowledge modeling and sharing environment. In http://cmap.ihmc.us. 1[7] Canas, A. J., Novak J. D. & Gonzalez F. M. (2004b). Concept maps: Theory methodology, technology. Proceedings of the first international conference on concept mapping (Vol. I, pp. 409-416). Pamplona, Spain: Universidad Publica de Navarra.In http://cmap.ihmc.us/Publications/ResearchPapers/TheoryCmaps/TheoryUnderlyingConceptMaps.htm. 1[8] Coleman, E. (1998). Using explanatory knowledge during collaborative problem solving in science, Journal of the Learning Sciences. Vol. 7, No. 3 & 4, 387-427. 1[9] De Jong, T. , Van Joolingen, W.R., Swaak, J., Veermans, K., Limbach, R., King, S. & Gureghian, D. (1998). Self-directed learning in simulation based discovery environments, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 14, 235-246. 1[10] Dillenbourg, P. (1999). What do you mean by collaborative learning? In P. Dillenbourg Collaborative-learning: Cognitive and Computational Approaches, pp. 1-20, Pergamon, Elsevier. 1[11] Horton, P.B., McConney, A.A., Gallo, M., Woods, A.L., Senn, G.J. & Hamelin, D. (1993). An investigation of the effectiveness of concept mapping as an instructional tool. Science Education, 77, 1, 95–111. 1[12] Gredler, M. E. (1997). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (3rd ed,. Upper Saddle River, Prentice-Hall, NJ. 1[13] Jonassen, D. H. (1991). Objectivism versus Constructivism: Do We Need a New Philosophical Paradigm?, Journal of Educational Research, 39 (3), 5–14. 1[14] Jonassen, D. H., Peck, K.L. & Wilson, B.G. (1999). Learning With Technology: A Constructivist Perspective, Merrill/Prentice-Hall. 1[15] Lave, J., Wenger E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, UK. 1[16] McClellan, E. (1985). Technology for the Gifted and Talented. Digest, In http://www.ericdigests.org /pre-923/gifted.htm 1[17] McClure, J.R., Sonak, B. & Suen, H. (1999). Concept map assessment of classroom learning: reliability, validity and logistical practicality, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 36(4), 475 492. 1[18] McKinsey & Company (1997). The Future of Information Technology in UK Schools, (The McKinsey Report), McKinsey & Company, London. 1[19] Novak, J.D. & Gowin, D.B. (1984). Learning How to Learn. Cambridge University Press. 1[20] Novak, J.D. (1990). Concept maps and vee diagrams: Two metacognitive tools to facilitate meaningful learning. Instructional Science, 19, 1, 29–52. 1[21] Papert, S. (1991). Situating Constructivism, in Constructivism, Harel I, Papert S (eds), Ablex Publ. NJ
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1[22] Papert S., (1993). The Children’s Machine, Rethinking School in the Age of Computer, N.Y., Basic Books, 12. 1[23] Perry, M., Sanderson, D. (1998). Co-ordinating joint design work: the role of communication and artefacts. Design Studies, 1998; 19 (3) pp. 273-288 1[24] Psycharis, S. (2006). Indicators to measure the Level of Activity in a Web Based Collaborative Environment, International Conference on Interactive Mobile and Computer Aided Learning, http://www.imcl-conference.org/ 1[25] Reiser, R. (2001). A history of instructional design and technology. Part 2: a history of instructional design. Educational Technology Research & Development, 49, 57–67. 1[26] Robertson, T. (1996). Embodied Actions in Time and Place: The Cooperative Design of a Multimedia Educational Computer Game, CSCW Vol 5 No 4 (1996) 341-367. 1[27] Rothwell, W. J. & Kazanas, H. C. (1997). Mastering the instructional design process: A systematic approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 1[28] Shibata, H. (1998). Problem Solving: Definition, terminology, and patterns. In http://www.mediafrontier.com/Article/PS/PS.htm 1[29] Strijbos J.W., Martens R.L., Jochems W.M.G (2004). Designing for interaction: Six steps to designing computer-supported g roup-based learning. Computers & Education ,42 ,403–424 1[30] Swartz, R.J. & Parks, S. (1994). Infusing the teaching of critical and creative thinking into content instruction, Center for Creative Learning. Sarasota, Florida. 1[31] Swartz, R.J., Fischer, S.D. & Parks, S. (1998). Infusing the Teaching of Critical and Creative Thinking into Secondary Science: A Lesson Design Handbook. California. 1[32] Swigger, K., Brazile, R., Depew, T. (1994). A computer-supported cooperative environment for requirements elicitation, In Proceedings of the Third IEEE Workshop on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, Morgantown, West Virginia, 180-189. 1[33] Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in Society. Harvard University Press 1978. 1[34] Ãenos M., Avouris N., Komis V., Stavrinoudis D. (2004). Marga Distance Education: A Case Study on a Computer Science Course, Proc. IEEE ICALT. In http://lttf.ieee.org/icalt2004/ 1[35] Winston, W. L. (1994). Operations Research, Applications and Algorithms, 3rd ed., Duxbury, Belmont. 1[36] Woolfolk, A. E. (1993). Educational Psychology. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 1[37] ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, ∂. (2002). °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ Ó¢ÚÔÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË: ªÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. ¢’ ÙfiÌÔ˜. ∞ı‹Ó·. 1[38] æ˘¯¿Ú˘, ™., ™È‰ËÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, ¶. & ™¿ÚÙ·ÏË, ª. (2006). √È ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ë ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ¶ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ¡¤· ¶·È‰Â›·. 1[39] æ˘¯¿Ú˘, ™. & ¶·ÓÙÂÏ‹, ∞. (2007). ∞ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Synergo ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ¯·ÚÙÒÓ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÛÙÔ 4Ô ™˘Ó¤‰ÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‘∞ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ∆.¶.∂. ÛÙËÓ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË’. √ÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ‘∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË’ (e-¢›ÎÙ˘Ô-∆.¶.∂.) ˘fi ÙËÓ ·ÈÁ›‰· ÙÔ˘ À¶∂¶£ - ™‡ÚÔ˜ 4-5 ª·˝ÈÔ˜. Web links for the Tools Inspiration, In http://www.inspiration.com/ MindManager In http://www.mindjet.com, SMARTIdeas In http://www2.smarttech.com/st/en-US/Products/SMART+Ideas/default.htm , IHMC Concept Map Toolkit Software In http://cmap.ihmc.us, VisiMap In http://www.visimap.com/
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3.1 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ÚÔ·„Ô˘Ó.
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¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ∆¿Í˘
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ™ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË, Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ı¤Ì· Ó¢ڷÏÁÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜. ŸÙ·Ó ÔÈ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÚÁ·Óˆı› ÛˆÛÙ¿, ÙfiÙ ‡ÎÔÏ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ¯·ÔÙÈΤ˜, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Û‡Á¯˘Û˘, Ó· ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· Î·È ÙÂÏÈο Ó· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ Ù¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ‰È·ÛÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔ›ˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ·. ∏ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÔχÏÔÎË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÁÈ· ÔÈΛÏÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ: ■ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ۈ̷ÙÈο, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο, ÁÓˆÛÙÈο Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, ■ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜, ÂÓÒ Î·ÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ■ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ΛÓËÙÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ì¿ıËÛË, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, ■ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜, ■ ÔÈ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Èı·ÓÒ˜ Ó· ÌËÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Â‡ÎÔÏ· Ó· ÛÙ·ıÌÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó, ■ Ë Ì¿ıËÛË, ˆ˜ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿, ■ Ë Ì¿ıËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÈÌËı› Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. √È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂȉÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ ı¤Ì· Ì›˙ÔÓÔ˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Â¿Ó Ï¿‚Ô˘Ì ˘fi„Ë Ì·˜ fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ· Î·È ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ (meaningful learning), Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (proficient problem solvers) Î·È Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ (peer learning), ÙfiÙÂ Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ (Emmer & Stough, 2001). ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË fiˆ˜: Ë «‚·ÚÂÙ‹» ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙˆÓ ·Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ, ÔÈ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ÂͤٷÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Û΋ÛˆÓ, Ë Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘, Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ÂÓÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÊÈÏÔÓÈÎÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ™Â ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ó‰Âı› ηٿ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· Ì ÙÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÛÙ˘Ï ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÔÓ¤·, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ·ı› ÔÈΛϘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Î·È ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÚÂÌÔ‰›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË.
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1 ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙÔ Ò˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÛÙ ÙËÓ «Î·Ï‹ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘» ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË. ™˘Ì›ÙÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ¿Ô„Ë; ¢ËÏ·‰‹ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙË ÛȈËÏ‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙ· ıÚ·Ó›· ÙÔ˘˜, ÙË ‰ÈÂÎÂÚ·›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÙÂÙÚ¿‰ÈÔ ‹ ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹, ÙËÓ ÔÌÈÏ›· ÌfiÓÔ fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ, ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ «·˘ÙÔÏÂÍ›» ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô Î.Ï.
3.1.1. ∏ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ √È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› Ù‡ÔÈ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘ Î·È Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘: ∞˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜, ∂ÈÙÚÂÙÈÎfi˜ – ∞ÓÂÎÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ƒ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎfi˜-™˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯ÈÎfi˜. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌ· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚËı› ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ÛÙË Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÙˆÓ Ù‡ˆÓ-ÚfiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô˘˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜-ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ‰·ÛÎ¿ÏˆÓ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË. ∏ D. Baumrind (1991) ÂÎÙÈÌ¿ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ÛÙ˘Ï Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜: ·) ÙÔ ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÛÙ˘Ï (authoritarian), ‚) ÙÔ ÂÈÙÚÂÙÈÎfi-·ÓÂÎÙÈÎfi (permissive), Á) ÙÔ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎfi-Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯ÈÎfi (authoritative), Î·È ‰) ÙÔ ·ÔÚÚÈÙÈÎfi (rejecting - neglecting). ∏ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ ÛÙ˘Ï ¤¯ÂÈ, ηْ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›·, ÂÓÙÔÈÛÙ› Î·È ÙÂÎÌËÚȈı› ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο Î·È ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË (Snowman et al., 2006). √È ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎÔ› ÁÔÓ›˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Î·ÓfiÓ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Ù˘ÊÏ‹ ˘·ÎÔ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÈ̈ڛ˜ Î·È ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ·ÌÔÈ‚¤˜. √È ·ÓÂÎÙÈÎÔ› ÁÔÓ›˜, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô, ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Î.Ï. √È Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÔ›-Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯ÈÎÔ› ÁÔÓ›˜ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Î·ÓfiÓ˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÂÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ù· ·ÓÙ·Ì›‚Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·˘ÙÔ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Î·È ÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛÙ˘Ï, Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi Ù· ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙ·, Û˘ÓÙÂÏ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂڛ΢ÛË ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ˘„ËÏÒÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÛÙ˘Ï ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÛÙ˘Ï, ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙË Û˘ÌÌfiÚʈÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ¿Ú· ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ÙÔ˘˜ («∫¿Ó ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÛÔ˘ ›·, ·ÏÒ˜ ÂÂȉ‹ ÛÙÔ Â›·»). √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ô˘ ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÂÈÙÚÂÙÈÎfi-·ÓÂÎÙÈÎfi ÛÙ˘Ï ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ô‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û¤‚ÔÓÙ·È («∫¿Ó ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÛÔ˘ ›·, ÂÂȉ‹ ÌÂ Û˘Ì·ı›˜ Î·È Û¤‚ÂÛ·È ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ÌÔ˘»). √È Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÔ›-Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯ÈÎÔ› ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ó· ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÌfiÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ›ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ («∫¿Ó ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÛÔ˘ Ϥˆ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ı· Ì¿ıÂȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ·»). ∞fi ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ù˘ Baumrind Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ µ/‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎfi-Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯ÈÎfi ÛÙ˘Ï (authoritative) ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÍÂοı·ÚÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜, ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÔÈÓ¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÌÔÈ‚¤˜ Î·È ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÎÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌ· ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ·˘ÙÔ› Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È ‰›Î·È· Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó
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ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ˘„ËϤ˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ›‰ÔÛË Î·È ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ˜ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ˘„ËÏ¿ ΛÓËÙÚ· ÁÈ· Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È Â›‰ÂÈÍË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ˘„ËϤ˜ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔÓ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Îfi Î·È ÛÙÔÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi, ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ̤· (Snowman et al., 2006, Wentzel, 2002). ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ηıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË: ■ √ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ‰È·‚¿˙ÂÈ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰· ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ■ √ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÂÙ¿ÂÈ Î¿Ùˆ ÙÔ ÌÔχ‚È ÙÔ˘ Î·È „¿¯ÓÂÈ Ó· ÙÔ ‚ÚÂÈ. ■ √ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ·ÓÔ›ÁÂÈ ÙÔ ·Î¤ÙÔ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÁËÙÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ■ ∆Ô Ì¿ıËÌ· ‰È·ÎfiÙÂÙ·È ÏfiÁˆ οÔÈÔ˘ ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜.
∏ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË Ù˘ ∞/‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ & µ/‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÂÈ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ‹ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó. π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÓÂÙ·È Î·È ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È, ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. µ·ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Î·Ï¿ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ٿ͈Ó: ■ √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ÁÂÓÈο ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡Ó. ■ √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ·Ì›ˆÙÔ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ηıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈο ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi. ■ √ ¯·Ì¤ÓÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜, Ë Û‡Á¯˘ÛË Î·È Ë ‰È¿Û·ÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È. ■ ¢È·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ¤Ó·˜ ηÏfi˜ Ú˘ıÌfi˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ÙË ¯·Ï·Ú‹ Î·È Â˘¯¿ÚÈÛÙË ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ·. ™Â ¿ÏϘ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Û ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜ Ù˘ ∞/‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Î·È µ/‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ ÌÈ· ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ: ■ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, ■ ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, ■ ÙÔ˘˜ Û·Ê›˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, ■ ÙË Ï›ÛÙ· Ì ηÓfiÓ˜, ■ ÙȘ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ Î·È Ù· Û¯fiÏÈ· ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ■ ÙȘ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ΢ÚÒÛÂȘ, ■ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ˘, ■ ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘, ■ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ■ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘.
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∏ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfi ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ·˘Ù‹Ó ÛÙÔ Á˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈÔ ‹ Î·È ÙÔ Ï‡ÎÂÈÔ Î·È, ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘, ··ÈÙ› ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜. ∏ ʇÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi˜ Ú˘ıÌfi˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ‹ Ë Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÙˆÓ Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ˜, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ·, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜, ›Ù¢ÍË ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, ΛÓËÙÚ·, ›‰ÔÛË, ·fi‰ÔÛË Î.Ï.). √È Evertson, Emmer & Worsham (2003), ÛÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÙÔ˘˜ «∏ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÁÈ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘», ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó «ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ÚfiÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË Û·ÊÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Î·È ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ì¿ıËÛ˘». ∆· Ê˘ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÛÙÔÔÈ› ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë Ì¿ıËÛË. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô: ■ Ë ‰È¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ ı¤ÛˆÓ, ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Î·È Ù· ̤۷ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì‚·Ù¿ Ì ٷ ›‰Ë ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, ■ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘, Ë Í‡ÛÙÚ· Î.Ï., Â›Ó·È ÂχıÂÚ· ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈ̘, ■ Ô ‰¿ÛηÏÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ¿ÌÂÛË ÔÙÈ΋ ·ʋ Ì fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ■ Ù· ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈο ̤۷ Î·È ˘ÏÈο Â›Ó·È ¿ÌÂÛ· ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌ·, ■ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Â‡ÎÔÏ· Ó· ‰Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÎı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Evertson et al., 2003). ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ■ ¡· ʤÚÓÂÙ fiÏ· Ù· ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ˘ÏÈο ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ■ ¶·Ú·Î·ÏÒ, ·ÊÔ‡ ¯Ù˘‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÔ˘‰Ô‡ÓÈ, Ó· ›ÛÙ ÛÙË ı¤ÛË Û·˜, ¤ÙÔÈÌÔÈ ÁÈ· Ì¿ıËÌ·. ■ ¢ÂÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Ó· ÌÈÏ¿Ù ‹ Ó· ·Ê‹ÓÂÙ ÙÔ ıÚ·Ó›Ô Û·˜ ÂÓÒ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÌÈÏ¿ÂÈ. ■ ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· οÔÈ·˜ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ·Ú·Î·ÏÒ Ó· ÌË ÌÈÏ¿ÙÂ, Â¿Ó ‰Â ÛËÎÒÛÂÙ ÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ Û·˜. °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÍÂοı·Ú·, Ó· Û˘˙ËÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ì¤Ú· Ù˘ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛ˘ ‹ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË ÛÙȘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Û fiÏÔ˘˜ Ì›· Ï›ÛÙ· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙËÚÔ‡Ó. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ‹ Ó· ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ó Î¿ÔÈÔ˘˜ ·fi ÌÈ· Ï›ÛÙ· ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ. ∂ÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË Î·È ÔÈ Î·ıÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ. ∏ ÂÈÙ˘¯‹˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¤Ó·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (.¯. Ë Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÛÙËÓ Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈÒÓ, Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ·Ô¯ÒÚËÛË ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË fiÙ·Ó Î¿ÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ‹‰Ë ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Î.Ï.) ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ
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ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‹ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË Ï‹ÍË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (ÂÁ΢ÎÏÔ·›‰ÂȘ, ͇ÛÙÚ·, ÏÂÍÈÎfi). ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Û¯Â‰›ˆÓ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ - ‚Ú·¯‡¯ÚÔÓˆÓ (ËÌÂÚ‹ÛÈ·, ‚‰ÔÌ·‰È·›·) Î·È Ì·ÎÚfi¯ÚÔÓˆÓ (ÂÍ·ÌËÓÈ·›·, ÂÙ‹ÛÈ·) - ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ô‰ËÁÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Û·ÊÒÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ, ÙËÓ ¤ÁηÈÚË Î·Ù¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙËÓ Ù·ÎÙÈ΋ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ Û·Ê‹ÓÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (Woolfolk, 2000). ■ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2 ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ ÌÈ· Ï›ÛÙ· Ì ηÓfiÓ˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ¤¯ÂÙÂ Û˘ÌʈӋÛÂÈ Ó· ÙËÚ›Ù ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û·˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË.
3.1.2. ∏ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·È Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ, Ë Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂͤٷÛË Î·È Ë ‰ÈÂÎÂÚ·›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Û΋ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ë Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È Ë ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘, Ë ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÊÈÏÔÓÈÎÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ∏ ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÙˆÓ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ Î·È ÂȉÈο ÔÈ Ï‡ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ.
¶ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË: Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ 1. ∆ËÓ ÚÒÙË Ì¤Ú· ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ‰Â›ÍÙ fiÙÈ ÓÈÒıÂÙ ÛÈÁÔ˘ÚÈ¿ Î·È fiÙÈ Â›ÛÙ ηٿÏÏËÏ· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ. ∆· ÚÒÙ· ÏÂÙ¿ Û ÌÈ· Ù¿ÍË Â›Ó·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌË Û¤‚ÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡. ¶ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ù·¯‡ÙÂÚË ÁÓˆÚÈÌ›· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÈÚ¿ÛÂÈ Î¿ÚÙ˜, ˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÒÓ˘ÌÔ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· Ì ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛʈÓÔ‡Ó, Ù· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· Î·È ÙȘ Â͈ۯÔÏÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Û¯Ôϛ˜, ›Ûˆ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‚ÈÒÛÂÈ ‹ οÙÈ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ (ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·˘Ùfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÚÔÊÔÚÈο). ∫·ıÒ˜ ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÏËÛÈ¿ÛÂÈ ·ÙÔÌÈο Î·È Ó· ˘Ô‚¿ÏÂÈ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ∂›Ó·È ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ó· ÓÈÒıÂÈ Î·È Ó· ‰›ÓÂÈ ·fi Ù· ÚÒÙ· ÏÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÓÙ‡ˆÛË fiÙÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙÈ Î¿ÓÂÈ, ˘fi ÙËÓ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ‚¤‚·È· fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜.
2. ∫·Ù·ÛÙÚÒÛÙ ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ ¤Ó· Û¯¤‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÙ ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË. ¢È¿ÊÔÚÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ŒÓ·˜
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ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ› ÙËÓ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È ÙËÓ ¿ÌÈÏÏ·, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ۯ‰ȿ˙ÂÈ Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ηÈ, ·Ó ¯ÚÂÈ·ÛÙ›, Ó· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï‡ÂÙ·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ‹ Î·È ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Snowman et al., 2006).
3. £ÂÌÂÏÈÒÛÙ ηÓfiÓ˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÙ ÁÈ· ÔÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔÈ. ∞fi ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ ̤Ú˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ıÂÙÈÎfi Ó‡̷ fiÙ·Ó ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜. ªÈ· ηϋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ó· ˙ËÙ¿ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÛÔ˘Ó ÎÈ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜, ÂÓÒ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, ÔÈ ÏÔÁÈÎÔ› ηÓfiÓ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙÔ› Î·È ‰ÂÓ Í¯ÓÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Â‡ÎÔÏ·.
4. •ÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÙ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ì¤Ú· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì ÌÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ۷ʋÓÂÈ· Î·È ı· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆı› ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· Î·È Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›·. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÎfiÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÛÙË Ó¤· Ù¿ÍË, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·Û·ÊËÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ï‹Úˆ˜ ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Î·È Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡, ÔÈ ÚÒÙ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÌÈ·˜ Û‡ÓÙÔÌ˘ ÂÈÛÎfiËÛ˘ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ‰È‰¿¯ıËÎ·Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ¯ÚÔÓÈ¿, ÂÓÒ ÛÙË µ/‚¿ıÌÈ· ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û‡ÓÙÔ̘, ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ.
5. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ Â‚‰ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì ÌÈ· Ó¤· ÔÌ¿‰· Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÙ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó fiÏË ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ∂›Ó·È ‚·ÛÈÎfi Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¤Ó· Â›Â‰Ô ÔÈÎÂÈfiÙËÙ·˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ Ó¤Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi. ∏ ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ηٿ ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË.
6. ¢ÒÛÙ ÍÂοı·Ú˜ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔÈ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ. ∏ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ë Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÍÂοı·ÚÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ ηÈ, ηٿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Û ·ÛÊ·Ï‹ Ì·ıËÛȷο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. ∏ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ·ÛÊ·Ï‹˜ Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÙÂÎÌËÚȈ̤ÓË.
7. ¡· ʤÚÂÛÙ Ì ηÏÔÛ‡ÓË, Ó· ‰Â›¯ÓÂÙ fiÙÈ Â›ÛÙ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· οı ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Î·È, Ê˘ÛÈο, fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÙ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ‹˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, ÂÓÒ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘, Ë ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È Ë ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‚ÔËı¿ ÛÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ‰È¿Û·Û˘ Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜.
8. ø˜ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›·˜, ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÙ ӷ ›ÛÙ ¢¯¿ÚÈÛÙÔ˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈ΋ ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ· Î·È Îϛ̷ Ô˘ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û ÛÔ‚·Úfi ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ. ∏ ¢¯¿ÚÈÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛË Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔ Î¤ÊÈ ÁÈ· Ì¿ıËÛË. ∏ ÁÓÒÛË Ù˘ ȉÈÔÛ˘ÁÎÚ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÒÓ Î·È ‚ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‚ÔËı¿ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ηχÙÂÚ· Ì·ıËÛȷο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·.
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3 ¶ÔÈ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ıˆÚ›Ù fiÙÈ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Û·˜; ∆· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È ›‰È· ‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ∞/‚¿ıÌÈ· Î·È ÙË µ/‚¿ıÌÈ· ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË;
∆· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË: Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂȘ ( Kounin, 1970) Œ¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÈÛÙˆı› fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ›ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó: ■ Ó· ¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ·Ú¿ÏÏËϘ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ - ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, ■ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Î·È ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·.
√ J. Kounin (1970), ÛÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÙÔ˘ «¶ÂÈı·Ú¯›· Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË», ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ı¤Ì·Ù· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘. ∞ÊÔÚÌ‹ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÂ Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÂÓfi˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ô˘ ‰È¿‚·˙ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰· ÙËÓ ÒÚ· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË ÔÏfiÎÏËÚ˘ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÛÙËÓ Â›ÏËÍ‹ ÙÔ˘. ∆Ô Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÔÓfiÌ·Û ‘Ripple Effect’ (∫˘Ì·ÙÔÂȉ‹˜ ∂›‰Ú·ÛË). ™ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ̛· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚËıÔ‡Ó Û ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ô˘ ÂÊ¿ÚÌÔ˙·Ó ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› (Snowman et al., 2006). ∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï·Ó ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ù¯ÓÈ ÎÒÓ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ:
1. ¡· ‰Â›¯ÓÂÙ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û·˜ fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÙ ›ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Û·˜ (are ‘with it’). √ Kounin ¤Î·Ó ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ «withitness» ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ó· ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÙÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÙÔ˘˜. ŒÓ·˜ Âȉ¤ÍÈÔ˜ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÚÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ·fi Èı·Ó¤˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰È·Û·ÛÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜. √È ·fi„ÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ «Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘», Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· ÂÍ·Ê·ÓÈÛÙ› (·fiÛ‚ÂÛË), ÎÈ ·˘Ùfi ÁÈ·Ù› Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ë ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË Ù˘ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ˘fiÏÔÈˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ë ·ÁÓfiËÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ÌËÓ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ÂÍ¿ÏÂÈ„Ë ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂˆÓ ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ·ÏÏ¿ Ó· ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË (Î¿Ï˘„Ë ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ˘„ËÏÒÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ, ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·˘ÙÔÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î.Ï.).
2. ¡· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ ·Ú¿Ï¢Ú˜ Î·È ·ÏÏËϤӉÂÙ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ¤Ó· ˙‹ÙËÌ· οı ÊÔÚ¿. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÌÔÚ› οÔȘ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ó· ‰È·ÎfiÙÔÓÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó· ÌË ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·Ú¿ÏÏËϘ η-
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Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ› ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ Èı·ÓÒ˜ ı· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ - Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ·ӷʤÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ‰‡Ô ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ÌÈÏÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ÙË ‰ÈÂÎÂÚ·›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·Û΋ÛˆÓ. ªÔÚ› ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Ì¤Ûˆ ÌÈ·˜ «‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘» ÚÔ˜ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ÂÓÔ¯ÏÔ‡Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ¿ÛÎËÛ˘, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌË ‰È·Û·ÛÙ› Ë ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ˘fiÏÔÈˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (Snowman et al., 2006). ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ■ ∫¿ÓÙ ̛· ÂÚÒÙËÛË Î·È, ·ÊÔ‡ ‰ÒÛÂÙ ÌÂÚÈο ÏÂÙ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙÔ‡Ó fiÏÔÈ, ‰È·Ï¤ÍÙ οÔÈÔÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ. ∫¿ÓÂÙ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈΤ˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÛÂÈÚ¿, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌË ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙ ı· ÂÚˆÙËıÔ‡Ó. ■ ∂¿Ó ÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ ˆ˜ οÔÈÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·Á¯ÒÓÔÓÙ·È, fiÙ·Ó ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ı· ÂÚˆÙËıÔ‡Ó, ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÂÙ ‡ÎÔϘ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ■ ∂¿Ó ÛËÎÒÛÂÙ ¤Ó· Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ó· χÛÂÈ ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÛÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î·, ˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ·fi fiÏ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ó· χÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÛÙ· ıÚ·Ó›· ÙÔ˘˜. ªÂÙ¿ ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÙ ·fi ¤Ó· ‹ ‰˘Ô ·È‰È¿ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ χÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ ›Ó·Î·. ■ ŸÙ·Ó ¤¯ÂÙ ¤Ó· ÔÁÎ҉˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi, ˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ·fi ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó Û οÔÈÔ Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·‰Ô¯Èο Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó·ı¤ÛÙ Û ¤Ó· Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ù˘ ∞ã ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Ó· ‰È·‚¿ÛÂÈ Ì›· ÚfiÙ·ÛË Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ‰È·Ï¤ÍÙ οÔÈÔÓ Ô˘ οıÂÙ·È Û ¿ÏÏË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ó· Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ Î.Ï. ■ ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÙ ʈÙÔÙ˘›Â˜, οÚÙ˜ ÌÓ‹Ì˘, ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÊfiÚ̘ ·Ú·‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ·Û΋ÛˆÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ··ÓÙÔ‡Ó fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜.
3. ¶ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÙ ӷ ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÙ ÙËÓ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ËÚÂÌ›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÛË, Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, Ô˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó Ó· Âȉ›ÍÔ˘Ó ‹ÚÂÌË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙȘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ¤ÓÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÙÔ˘ Kounin, ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚËı› fiÙÈ Î¿ÔÈÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡˜ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰Â Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ì›ˆÛ˘ ‹ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ Î·È ÚÔ¯ˆÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì Ì˯·ÓÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ. ÕÏÏÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÂÙ·Ë‰Ô‡Ó ·fi ÙË Ì›· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ‹ ‰È·ÎfiÙÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ (.¯. ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË) ÁÈ· Ó· Û¯ÔÏÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó Î¿ÙÈ, ÂÓÒ Î¿ÔÈÔÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÊÈÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó Ôχ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ·Û‹Ì·ÓÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Î.Ï. √È Ù‡ÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË (Snowman et al., 2006).
4. ¶ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÙ ӷ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÙ ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚ˘ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È fiÙ·Ó ·Û¯ÔÏ›ÛÙ Ì οÔÈÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·ÙÔÌÈο. ∫¿ÔȘ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Û˘ÓËı›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÎÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó Î¿ÔȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ‹ ·Û΋ÛÂȘ ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ë ˘fiÏÔÈË Ù¿ÍË Ó· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ·ıËÙÈÎfi ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹ÚÈÔ. ŸÙ·Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È «ÎÔÈÓfi», ›-
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¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ∆¿Í˘
Ó·È ÈÔ Èı·Ófi Ó· ‚ÚÔ˘Ó ‰ÈÂÍfi‰Ô˘˜ Û ¿ÏϘ ·Û¯Ôϛ˜ Î·È Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ê·Û·Ú›· (fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· fiÙ·Ó Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÚÒÙËÛË Û ¤Ó· ÌfiÓÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹). ªÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Î·È Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Ô˘ ‰Â ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û˘Ì‚·Ù¤˜ Ì ÙȘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘. ∆¤ÙÔȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ·Á¯ˆÙÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ÔÈ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÚÔ˜ fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È fiÏÔÈ Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜, Ë ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ Î·È fi¯È ÛÂÈÚȷ΋ ÚÔ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, ÔÈ ·Ú¿ÏÏËϘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, Ô ÂÈÌÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ë ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ ̤ۈ ʇÏÏˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÔÈ Î¿ÚÙ˜ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÂÓ·Ú›ˆÓ Î·È Ë ·˘ıÂÓÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ Â›Ï˘Û˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÓfiËÌ· Î·È ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹.
5. √ ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ‚ÔËı¿ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Â¿Ó ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈÒ‰Ë ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ô˘ ÂÓ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÂÈ ÙÔ Ú˘ıÌfi Î·È ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ۯ‰fiÓ ‚¿ÛË. √ ÙfiÓÔ˜ Ù˘ ʈӋ˜, ÙÔ ‡ÊÔ˜ Î·È Ë Â˘¯¿ÚÈÛÙË ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ· Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ¢¯¿ÚÈÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ô˘ ¢ÓÔ› ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ.
6. ¡· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ripple Effect (∫˘Ì·ÙÔÂȉԇ˜ ∂›‰Ú·Û˘) ŸÙ·Ó Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÂÓfi˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û·Ê‹˜ Î·È ÍÂοı·ÚÔ˜, Ó· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È fi¯È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘, ·ÔʇÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂȘ. √ Kounin ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘Ó›˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÈ·˜ Ù¿Í˘ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛÈ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ıÂÙÈο ·fi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi, fiÙ·Ó ÂΛÓÔ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÙȘ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜: ■ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ô˘ ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ˆ˜ ÌË ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ (∫! ªËÓ ÂÙ¿˜ ÙË ı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ cd ÛÙÔÓ ¶.), ■ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ (¶·Ú·Î·ÏÒ ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÙ ÙÔ cd ÛÙÔ ÎÔ˘Ù›), ■ ÂÍËÁ› ÁÈ·Ù› Ë ÌË ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ ·˘Ù‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÙ·Ì·Ù‹ÛÂÈ (∂¿Ó ÙÔ cd ¯·Ï¿ÛÂÈ, ηÓ›˜ ‰Â ı· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙÔ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¿ÚÔ˘Ì ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÈÔ), ■ Â›Ó·È ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ Î·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜ Î·È ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·Ú¿ÏÔÁ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ (∫¿ı Èı·Ó‹ ·Ú¤ÎÎÏÈÛË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÌË ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·Ó¤Ó· «Â¿Ó», «Î·È» ‹ «·ÏÏ¿»), ■ ‰Â ı˘ÌÒÓÂÈ, ‰ÂÓ Ù·ÂÈÓÒÓÂÈ, Ô‡Ù ÙÈ̈Ú› ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿. √ Kounin ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¤ÓÙÔÓ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰Â ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ù· ÂÍ·ÁÚÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÂÈϤÔÓ (ª. … Â›Ì·È Ôχ ·ÔÁÔËÙÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˜ ·fi ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˜ ÛÙË ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë ÛÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ƒ. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ‰ÂÓ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË), ■ ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È fi¯È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ· («¢., ÙÔ Ó· ÎÔÈÙ¿˜ ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ ·Ú¿ı˘ÚÔ ·ÓÙ› ÛÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÛÔ˘, ‰Â ‚ÔËı¿ ….», ÂÓÒ Ë ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ ‡ÊÔ˜, fiÙ·Ó ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ·fiÚÚÈ„Ë: «¢., Â›Û·È Ë ÈÔ ÙÂ̤Ϸ Ì·ı‹ÙÚÈ· Ô˘ ›¯· ÔÙ¤»).
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¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ «Ripple Effect» (∫˘Ì·ÙÔÂȉԇ˜ ∂›‰Ú·Û˘). √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜: ■ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ Î·È ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, ■ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ Ì›· ‰ÔÌË̤ÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, ■ ÂÍËÁ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÌÈ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙË, ■ Â›Ó·È ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ Î·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜ Î·È ··ÈÙ› ÙË ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ú¿ÏÔÁ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ■ ‰Â ı˘ÌÒÓÂÈ, ‰ÂÓ Ù·ÂÈÓÒÓÂÈ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÙÈ̈Ú› ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿, ■ ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È fi¯È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·.
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 4 ™Â ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ηٷÁÚ¿„Ù ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ıˆÚ›Ù fiÙÈ ÌÔÚ›ÙÂ: 1. Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ›Ù ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, 2. Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ ¤Ó· ¢¯¿ÚÈÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, 3. Ó· ·Ú·ÎÈÓ›Ù ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÚÔ˜ οÔȘ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ¤˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜.
∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Ÿˆ˜ ÚԷӷʤÚıËÎÂ, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·È Ë ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ (·ÚÔ˘Û›Â˜, ÂͤٷÛË, ·Û΋ÛÂȘ, ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘, ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊˆÓÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ). ∏ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È Ù· ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›·, ÒÛÙ ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈÎfi Î·È ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfi (ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈ·), Ó· ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ʷΤÏÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜, Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ù· Û¯¤‰È· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù· ¯ÚÔÓԉȷÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, Ó· ÛÙ¤ÏÓÔ˘Ó ÌËӇ̷ٷ Î·È ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ÚÔÛˆÈο ÛÙÔÓ Î¿ı ̷ıËÙ‹, Ó· ·Ó·ÓÂÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÊfiÚ̘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›Â˜ Î·È Ó· ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·Ù¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ̤ۈ Ô‰ËÁÒÓ ÌÂϤÙ˘. ∂›Û˘, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ηٷÛ΢¿˙Ô˘Ó ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Ù· ÙÂÛÙ Î·È ÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÙȘ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË. ∏ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙȘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Î·È Ó¤Ô˘˜ ÈÔ ÔχÏÔÎÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ (Mergendoller, 1996). ™Â Ì›· ¤Ú¢ӷ Û 13 Ù¿ÍÂȘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ·Ó Ì›· ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÁÈ· ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·, ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠfiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÊÔÛȈ̤ÓÔÈ ÛÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ›¯Â ·Ó·ÙÂı› (Keeler, 1996). °È· ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÍÈÔÔÈËı› ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ Ù· «∫ÂÓÙÚÈο ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷο ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·» ‹ Ù· «√ÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ӷ ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ª¿ıËÛ˘».
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¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ∆¿Í˘
∏ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ «∫ÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ ™˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ» (Centralized Information Systems) ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Û fiÏ· Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÔ¯ÂÙ‡ÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ∂ȉÈο ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›Â˜, Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ‰Èο ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯Â›· Î·È Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚ· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ‰ÈÔ¯ÂÙ‡ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. ∂ÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È ¤ÙÛÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ¤˜ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙ· ·Ú¯Â›·, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È Ë Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ٷ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Ù· «√ÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ӷ ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ª¿ıËÛ˘» (Integrated Learning Systems) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· ›‰Ô˜ ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿, ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ Î¿ı ̷ıËÙ‹, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ ÙÔ˘, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Ú˘ıÌfi. ª¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Â˘ÎÔÏ›· Û·Ê›˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ÚÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈο ‰È¿Û·Û˘ Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ ‹ ¿ÏϘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ‹ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÙÈ̈ڛ· (ÛÙ¤ÚËÛË ÚÔÓÔÌ›ˆÓ Î.Ï.). ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 5 µÚ›ÙÂ Î·È Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙÂ, Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ·fi ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚·ıÌ›‰· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·Ó‹ÎÂÙÂ. ¶ÔÈ· Ù· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ· Ù· ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ; ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË;
3.1.3. ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Î·È ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÙÚfiÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ·ı› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ¶·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ·Ú¿ıÂÛË ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜.
·) ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÚÚÔ‹˜ (Influence Techniques) ∞fi ÙÔ˘˜ Walker, Shea & Bauer (2007) ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÙ·ı› Ì›· Ï›ÛÙ· Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ, Ù· ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·, ÙȘ ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ı¤Ì·Ù·. √È ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· Ï›ÛÙ· Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜. ∏ ·Í›· ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ (self-control) ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛ˘ (confidence) ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. √È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È, ‚¤‚·È·, Ó· ÂÓ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· ÌÔÚÊÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ (Walker, Shea & Bauer, 2007).
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i) ™¯Â‰È·Ṳ̂ÓË ·ÁÓfiËÛË (planned ignoring) √È ÌË ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÔÚ›, ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, Ó· ÚÔÛÂÏÎ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ÂÓÒ Ì ηٿÏÏËÏÔ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÎÏ›„Ô˘Ó, ̤ۈ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ·fiÛ‚ÂÛ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÁÓfiËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ¤Ó· ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ (Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË). ∆¤ÙÔȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ¯Ù‡ËÌ· ÙˆÓ ‰·¯Ù‡ÏˆÓ, ÔÈ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ë Ú›„Ë ÙˆÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ, Ë Î›ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÂÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ ÛʇÚÈÁÌ·. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ■ √ ª. ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË Û˘Ó‹ıÂÈ· Ó· ¯Ù˘¿ÂÈ ÂÏ·ÊÚ¿ ÙÔ ÌÔχ‚È ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ıÚ·Ó›Ô fiÙ·Ó ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ̛· ¿ÛÎËÛË, Û· Ó· ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û ÌÈ· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ¿Û¯ÂÙË Ì ÙÔ ı¤Ì·. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘ÌʈӋÛÂÈ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, ÒÛÙ ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ÊÔÚ¿ Ô˘ ı· ÙÔ Î¿ÓÂÈ Ó· ÌËÓ ÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ô‡Ù ӷ Û¯ÔÏÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·˘Ù‹.
ii) ™‹Ì·Ù· (signals) ŒÓ· Âȉ¤ÍÈÔ Û‹Ì· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÛÙ·Ì·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌË ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍ‹ Ù˘. ∂¿Ó ÙÔ Û‹Ì· Â›Ó·È ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ, ı· ÙÂÚÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ∏ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿Ù·È ÁÈ· Ù· ÚÒÙ· ÛÙ¿‰È· ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ■ ∫ÔÈÙ¿ÍÙ ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ô˘ ¤Î·Ó οÙÈ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎfi. ■ ™Ù·Ì·Ù‹ÛÙ ÙËÓ ÚfiÙ·ÛË Û·˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÙ¿ÍÙ ÙÔÓ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ô˘ ¤Î·Ó οÙÈ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎfi. ■ ∫Ô˘Ó‹ÛÙ ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿ÏÈ Û·˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ¿ Û·˜. ■ ¶Â›Ù «∫¿ÔÈÔ˜ Ì·˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÂÈ Î·È ‰Â Ì·˜ ·Ê‹ÓÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆıԇ̻.
iii) ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ̤ۈ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Î·È Â·Ê‹˜ (proximity and touch control). ¶ÏËÛÈ¿ÛÙ ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ô˘ ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ■ ¶ÂÚ·Ù‹ÛÙÂ Î·È ÛÙ·ı›Ù ‰›Ï· ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹. ■ ™Â ¤Ó· Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ηÏfi Ó· ·ÎÔ˘Ì‹ÛÂÙ ÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ Û·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÒÌÔ ‹ ÛÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ ÙÔ˘.
iv) ∂Ó›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ (interest boosting) ∂¿Ó οÔÈÔ˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ¯¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· ‹ ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, ÙfiÙ ‰ÒÛÙ ÂÈÚfiÛıÂÙË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Û ·˘ÙfiÓ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ■ ƒˆÙ‹ÛÙ ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ οÙÈ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ Û˘˙ËÙ¿ÙÂ. ■ ¢ÒÛÙ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Û ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Î¿ÓÂÈ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û οÙÈ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Î¿ÓÂÈ ÛˆÛÙ¿, ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ï‹ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·.
v) ÃÈÔ‡ÌÔÚ (Humor) ∆Ô ¯ÈÔ‡ÌÔÚ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂȉڿÛÂÙ Û ¤Ó· Ì·ıËÙ‹ Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· η-
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Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÂÙ·Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ. ¡· ı˘Ì¿ÛÙ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¯ÈÔ‡ÌÔÚ Û·˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Â˘ÁÂÓÈÎfi Î·È Î·ÏÔÚÔ·›ÚÂÙÔ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÂÈÚˆÓ›· Î·È Û·ÚηÛÌfi. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ■ ∫., ÂÈÙ¤ÏÔ˘˜, ¿ÊËÛ ÙËÓ Í‡ÛÙÚ· ‹Û˘¯Ë, ÙËÓ ·ÎÔ‡ˆ Ó· «‰È·Ì·ÚÙ‡ÚÂÙ·È» οı ÊÔÚ¿ Ô˘ ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ›˜.
vi) ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÛÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ (Helping over Hurdles) ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂΉËÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È, fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·Ï·‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ‹ ‰Â ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÙÂı›. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ■ ¡· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·Ù›˙ÂÛÙ ۯÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û·˜ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ı¤Û·ÙÂ. ■ √È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ ӷ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈÎÈÏ›·. ■ ¡· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ηٿÏÏËÏ· ›‰· ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜.
vii) ∞Ó·‰fiÌËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ (Program Restructuring) ∏ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È·›ÛıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ηٷϷ‚·›ÓÂÈ fiÙ ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· ‹ ÌÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ‰ÂÓ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹, ·ÓÂÎÙÈÌ¿, ·Ó·ıˆÚ›, ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÂÈ Î·È ·ÔÊ·›ÓÂÙ·È, ÚÔ‚·›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Û ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô «ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û˘Ì‚fiÏ·ÈÔ». ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ■ ¶·È‰È¿, ·Ú·ÙËÚÒ fiÙÈ ÔÏÏÔ› ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ ‚·ÚÂÙ‹ ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ı¤Ì· … , ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi ·˜ ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ̛· Ó¤· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ….
viii) ∂·ÓÔÚıˆÙÈÎfi˜ ∞ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi˜ (Antiseptic Bouncing) ∫¿ÔȘ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÚÂÎÙÚ·Ô‡Ó ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ Ó¢ÚÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ·ÓÂͤÏÂÁÎÙ· Á¤ÏÈ· Î.¿. ∂¿Ó ·˘Ù‹ Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ·˘ÙÔÂϤÁ¯Ô˘, ˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ·fi ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ó· ‚ÁÂÈ ¤Íˆ, ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· ·˘Ùԉȷ¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ■ ¡. Û ·Ú·Î·ÏÒ ‹Á·ÈÓ οو ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹ Î·È Î¿ıÈÛ ÛÙÔÓ Î·Ó·¤ ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ̤¯ÚÈ Ó· ÓÈÒÛÂȘ ηχÙÂÚ· … (‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·˘ÙÔÂϤÁ¯Ô˘). ■ √ÚÈṲ̂ӷ Û¯ÔÏ›· Û οÔȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ·›ıÔ˘Û˜ ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙Ô˘Ó «‰ˆÌ¿ÙÈ· ËÛ˘¯›·˜», Ù· ÔÔ›· ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· Â›Ó·È «ÂÈÙËÚÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜» ·›ıÔ˘Û˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘.
ix) º˘ÛÈÎfi˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ (Physical Restraint) ŸÙ·Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ·˘ÙÔ¤ÏÂÁ¯fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÛËÌÂ›Ô Ô˘ Ó· ÊÔ‚›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜, ηÏfi Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È. ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ Î·È fi¯È Ù˘ ÙÈ̈ڛ·˜. ∏ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÂӉ›ÎÓ˘Ù·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÁÈ· ÌÈÎÚÔ‡˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ■ ∂¿Ó ¤Ó· ·ÁfiÚÈ ÂÎÓ¢ÚÈÛÙ› Î·È ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ¯Ù˘¿ÂÈ ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ ·È‰›, ¯ˆÚ›ÛÙ ÙÔ ·fi Ù· ¿ÏÏ·
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·È‰È¿ ‹ ‚¿ÏÙ ÙÔ Ó· ηı›ÛÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ηڤÎÏ· Î·È ·ÎÔ˘Ì‹ÛÙ ÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ Û·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÒÌÔ ÙÔ˘.
x) ÕÌÂÛ˜ ∂ÎÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ (Direct Appeals) ∫¿ÔȘ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ, Û ÌÈ· ηٿÏÏËÏË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÂÓfi˜ ‰È·ÏËÎÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Ú¿Í˘. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÂÈʤÚÂÈ ıÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· fiÙ·Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì ÊÂÈ‰Ò Î·È fi¯È Ù·ÎÙÈο. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ■ Œ¯Ô˘Ì ¤Ó·Ó ηÓfiÓ·: ‰ÂÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·‰ÚfiÌÔ˘˜. √ ¶. ÙÔÓ ÏËÛÌfiÓËÛÂ Î·È ÙÒÚ· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÚÒÙˆÓ ‚ÔËıÂÈÒÓ, fiÔ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ ÂȉÈÎfi˜ Ó· ÊÚÔÓÙ›ÛÂÈ ÙË Ì‡ÙË ÙÔ˘, Ô˘ Ì¿ÙˆÛÂ. ■ ∂¿Ó ÛÙ·Ì·Ù‹ÛÂÙ ӷ ʈӿ˙ÂÙÂ, ı· ÙÂÏÂÈÒÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· Î·È ı· ¿Ì ¤Íˆ Ó· ·›ÍÂÙÂ.
xi) ∂›ÎÚÈÛË Î·È ∂Óı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË (Criticism and Encouragement) ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÏ‹ÍÂÙ ¤Ó·Ó Ì·ıËÙ‹, ηχÙÂÚ· Ó· ÙÔ Î¿ÓÂÙ ηْ ȉ›·Ó. ∂¿Ó, fï˜, Ë ÌfiÓË Ô‰fi˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋, ÌËÓ ÙÔÓ ÁÂÏÔÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÙ ԇÙ ӷ ÙÔÓ ˘Ô‚È‚¿ÛÂÙÂ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ ÙÔ ·È‰› Ó· ÌÈÛ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, Ó· ·Ú·ÈÙËı› ‹ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ ‚›·ÈË Î·È ÂÈıÂÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ŒÓ·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ì›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ‹ÚÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ■ ∂¿Ó Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ‰Â ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÙȘ ˘Ô‰Â›ÍÂȘ Û·˜, ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ οÓÂÙ ۷ʋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹, ÂÓÒ ·Û¯ÔÏ›ÛÙ Ì οÙÈ ¿ÏÏÔ, Î·È Ó· ‰Â›ÍÂÙ fiÙÈ ÂÓԯϛ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË.
xii) ∫·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÚ›ˆÓ (Defining Limits) ∆· ·È‰È¿, fiÙ·Ó Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜, ÂÚÓÔ‡Ó ·fi Ì›· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰ÔÎÈÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÚ›ˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ηıÔÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Û·ÊÒ˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ Ë ·ÚÔ¯‹ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰fiÌËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù· ·È‰È¿ ‰‡Ô ÂÙÒÓ, fiÙ·Ó Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ÌÈÏÔ‡Ó, ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ‰ÈÂΉÈ΋ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ÙÔ˘˜. ∆· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ·È‰È¿ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘˜ ‹ Î·È ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ■ ∫·ıÔÚ›ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, Ì ‹ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Î·È ‚‚·Èˆı›Ù fiÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ. ■ ŸÙ·Ó οÔÈÔ˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ¿˙ÂÈ Ù· fiÚÈ·, ‰Â›ÍÙ ÙÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ Â›Ó·È Û·Ê›˜ Î·È ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÂÙ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ› Û˘Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È.
xiii) ¶·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ (Post-situational Follow-up) ∏ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ÂÈı·Ú¯›·˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÌÔÚ›, ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, Ó· ÚÔηÏ› ÌÈ· ¤ÓÙÔÓË Û˘ÁÎÈÓËÛȷ΋ ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ·. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, ÌÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο, ÚÈÓ ÚԂ›Ù Û ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Â¿Ó ·ÊÔÚ¿ ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ, ηÏfi Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ù’ ȉ›·Ó, ·ÏÏÈÒ˜ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì·˙› Ì fiÏË ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·
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■ ™Â ÌÈ· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË: ∫., Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÔ˘ ˙ËÙ‹Ûˆ Ó· ʇÁÂȘ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË.
xiv) ™˘Ìو̷ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· (Marginal Use of Interpretation) ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È fi¯È ÌÂÙ¿. √ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÁÈ· Ù· Èı·Ó¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ Ó· Ù· ÂϤÁÍÔ˘Ó. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ■ °ÓˆÚ›˙ˆ fiÙÈ ÂÈÓ¿ÙÂ Î·È fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÙ ÎÔ˘Ú·ÛÙ› ·ÚÎÂÙ¿, ·ÏÏ¿ οÓÙ ̛· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÛÔ˘Ì fiϘ Ì·˜ ÙȘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÁÈ· ‰¤Î· ÏÂÙ¿. ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¤ÓÙ ÏÂÙ¿ ı· Û·˜ ·Ê‹Ûˆ Ó· ÌÈÏ‹ÛÂÙ ÌÂٷ͇ Û·˜.
‚) ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ (I-Messages) µ·ÛÈ΋ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ∏ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË, Î·È fi¯È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‹ ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ∆· Ù·ÂÈÓˆÙÈο Û¯fiÏÈ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔÓÙ·È, ÁÈ·Ù› ˘Ô‚È‚¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÂÓÒ Ë ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ «ÙÔ˘ ÂÁÒ» Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ٷ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· οÔÈÔ˘ (‘I-Messages’) ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ù·‡ÙÈÛË Î·È ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ (Snowman et al., 2006). ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ (I-Messages) ∂ÎÊÚ¿ÛÙ ٷ ÚÔÛˆÈο Û·˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ÌË ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·: ■ ∞Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ¿ÏϘ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ, ÂÎÙfi˜ Ù˘ ÙÈ̈ڛ·˜. ■ ¶ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÙ ӷ ÌË ÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (self-esteem). ■ ¶ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÙ ӷ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ ‰ÈÂÍfi‰Ô˘˜ Î·È Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ■ ∞Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ χÛÂȘ ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ̤ۈ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛˆÓ. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ∂¿Ó ‰˘Ô Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÂÙÔ‡Ó ¯·ÚÙ¿ÎÈ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈ: - «£˘ÌÒÓˆ, fiÙ·Ó ‚Ϥˆ Ù· ¯·ÚÙ¿ÎÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È Î¿Ùˆ Âٷ̤ӷ» (∆Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ı¤Ì· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙ› Ì ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘ ›ηÈÚ· ı¤Ì·Ù· …) - «∂Í·ÈÙ›·˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ οÔÈ· ‰¤ÓÙÚ· ˘ÔʤÚÔ˘Ó Î·È ÙÔ ‰ˆÌ¿ÙÈÔ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Î·ı¿ÚÈÛÌ·», ·ÓÙ› Ê˘ÛÈο Ó· ÂÈ:- «∂›ÛÙÂ Î·È ÔÈ ‰˘Ô ··Ú¿‰ÂÎÙÔÈ».
Á) ∏ «∫˘ÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜» Î·È Ë «∂ÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ ∞ÎÚfi·ÛË» ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹, Ô˘ ÚÔÙ¿ıËΠ·fi ÙÔÓ T. Gordon (1974) (TET: Teacher Effectiveness Training), Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ηٷÓÔËı› Î·È Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢Ù› ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Î·È ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ·ÔÊ·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÂÍ¿ÏÂÈ„‹˜ ÙÔ˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ «Ê·Û·Ú›·˜» ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi, ÂÓÒ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ οÔÈÔ˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÓÈÒıÂÈ ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ· ÁÈ· οÔÈÔ ı¤Ì·-Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ (Snowman et al., 2006). ∂¿Ó Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· (∫˘ÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜), ÙfiÙ ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÓÙ·ıÔ‡Ó, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙËÓ ·ÚÂÌfi‰ÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Ô˘ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô.
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¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËı› Î·È Ë «∂ÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ ∞ÎÚfi·ÛË» ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. √ ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfi˜ Ì ·Ì›ˆÙÔ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÂÓÒ Ô ÔÌÈÏËÙ‹˜ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È - Î·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊ·. °È· Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋, fiˆ˜ Ë ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È Ë ÌË Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ, ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ∂ÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ ∞ÎÚfi·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÚÚÔ‹˜ (I-Messages) ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó ÂÓÔ¯ÏË̤ÓÔÈ. ∏ ∂ÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ ∞ÎÚfi·ÛË Î·È Ë ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ∂ÈÚÚÔ‹ (I-Messages) ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜, Ô˘ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙȘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊˆÓÈÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË.
¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ 1. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ Û¯Â‰È¿ÛÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ì ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÙÔ‡˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ·ÊÔ‡ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·ÚfiÛÌÂÓ·. ∞˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Î·È Ë ·Ì˯·Ó›· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂϤÁ¯ÔÓÙ·È Â¿Ó ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔËÁËı› ÛˆÛÙfi˜ ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∂¿Ó Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È, ÙfiÙ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ (·˘ÙÔ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË) Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË Ó· ˘Ô‚È‚¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÂÓÔ¯ÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ›Ûˆ˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË (ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ «ÂÁÒ») Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜.
2. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ¿ÌÂÛÔ˜, Û˘Ó‹˜ Î·È ÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ∏ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ οÔȘ ÊÔÚ¤˜, Â¿Ó Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Ô˘ ÙËÓ ÚÔοÏÂÛÂ. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Û η̛· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, Ô‡Ù ӷ ηٷʇÁÔ˘Ó Û ·ÚÔÛ‰ÈfiÚÈÛÙ˜ ·ÂÈϤ˜, ÁÈ·Ù› ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ͯ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Ï¿ıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ÒÛÙ ·˘ÙÔ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÍÂοı·ÚÔÈ ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·ÓÂÍ·ÈÚ¤Ùˆ˜. ∞ÎfiÌË, fiÙ·Ó ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË, ηÏfi Â›Ó·È Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ó· ÊÚÔÓÙ›˙ÂÈ, ÒÛÙ ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ÙÈ̈ڛ·˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ Ù˘ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜.
3. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÂÈϤ˜ ∂¿Ó Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙfi, ηÏfi Â›Ó·È Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÂÈϤ˜ ÌÚÔÛÙ¿ Û fiÏË ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ηıÒ˜ οÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ‰Â ı· ¤¯ÂÈ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ÁÈ· ηӤӷÓ, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ·ÂÈÏÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ Î‡ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, ÙÔ Ó· ηٷʇÁÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ÎÂÓ‹ ·ÂÈÏ‹, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ó¤Ó· ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô, ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ù·ÎÙÈ΋.
4. ¶ÚÈÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙ› ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ¤Ó·˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ì›· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·ÔηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ ·ÚÌÔÓÈ΋˜ Û¯¤Û˘ ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ó· ·ÔÏÔÁËı›, Ó· ˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ Û˘ÁÁÓÒÌË ‹ Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂÈ Â˘ÁÓˆÌÔÛ‡ÓË. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛÂÁ-
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¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ∆¿Í˘
Á›ÛÂÈ Ì ¢·ÈÛıËÛ›·, Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·Èٛ˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È, ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ.
5. ∂¿Ó ›ÛÙ ‚¤‚·ÈÔ˜ Î·È ¤¯ÂÙ ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔÓ Ì·ıËÙ‹, ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÙ ӷ ÙÔÓ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÙ ӷ ÙÔ ÂÈχÛÂÈ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ∂ÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ ∞ÎÚfi·Û˘ ŸÙ·Ó Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÓÈÒıÂÈ fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, ÙÔ Û˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ Â›‰ÔÛ‹ ÙÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÛÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙÔ˘. ŒÙÛÈ, ηÏfi Â›Ó·È Ó· ÚÔÙÈÌ¿Ù ÙËÓ ∂ÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ ∞ÎÚfi·ÛË, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· ·ÔÛ·Ê‹ÓÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋˜ ÂÚ›ÛÙ·Û˘.
6. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯·Ï·ÚÒÛÂÈ Ï›ÁÔ fiÙ·Ó ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ∞ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ›, ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÔÚÈÔıÂÙË̤ÓÔ˘ ·Ú¯Èο Îϛ̷ÙÔ˜ ηÈ, ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÂÓfi˜ ¯·Ï·ÚfiÙÂÚÔ˘, ·ÊÔ‡ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÎÙËı› ϤÔÓ Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘.
7. ∏ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË Î·È Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¶ÔÏϤ˜ χÛÂȘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË.
¶ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ¤ÎÙ·Û˘ 1. ∫¿ÓÙ ∂ÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Û˘¯Ó¿ ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÁÈ·Ù› ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È ·Ó¿ÚÌÔÛÙ·. ∞ÔʇÁÂÙ ÙȘ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÈηۛ˜ Î·È ˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ¿ÌÂÛ· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û·˜. √È ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ¤˜, ÔÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›, ÔÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜.
2. ¢ÒÛÙ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË Ô˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ªËÓ Â›ÛÙ ·Ì‹¯·ÓÔÈ fiÙ·Ó ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì›· ·Ó¿ÚÌÔÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ¡· ϤÙ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·: «∞ÏÏ¿˙ÂȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ, „Èı˘Ú›˙ÂȘ Î·È ‰Â›¯ÓÂȘ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û‚·ÛÌÔ‡. ∂¿Ó ‰ÂÓ ÛÔ˘ ·Ú¤ÛÂÈ Ë Ù¿ÍË ÛÔ˘, Ó· ÙÔ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ. ∂¿Ó ÛÔ˘ ·Ú¤ÛÂÈ, ÙfiÙ ӷ ͤÚÂȘ fiÙÈ ÌÂÙ·‰›‰ÂȘ ·Ú·Ï·ÓËÙÈο ÌËӇ̷ٷ».
3. ¡· Û¤‚ÂÛÙ ٷ ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· fiÏ˘ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ¡· ı˘Ì¿ÛÙ fiÙÈ fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Î·È ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Û·˜, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ‰Â Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÈı·Ú¯Ô‡Ó ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜.
4. ¡· ˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÙ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ™˘¯Ó¿ ÔÈ Ù¿ÍÂȘ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Â›Ó·È ÂΛӘ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ë ÂÚÁ·Û›· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÛˆÛÙ¿, Â›Ó·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Ì ÙȘ ˙ˆ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ.
5. ¡· ·ÔʇÁÂÙ ‹ Ó· ÂÈχÂÙ ٷ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÂÈÌÔÓ‹ À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ͯÓÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ‹ Ù· ÌÔχ‚È· ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÓÙ› Ó· Ó¢ÚÈ¿˙ÂÙ οı ÊÔÚ¿ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi, ηχÙÂÚ· Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÙ ٷ ̤ÙÚ· Û·˜. ∞ÁÔÚ¿ÛÙ ÌÔχ‚È· Î·È ÂÊԉȷÛÙ›Ù Ì ·ÓÙ›Ù˘· ÙˆÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ Ù· ‰·Ó›˙ÂÙ Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó, ˘ÂÓı˘Ì›˙ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ οı ÊÔÚ¿ fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛÙÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó.
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3.1.4. ™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· – ¶ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ÿˆ˜ ‹‰Ë ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎÂ, ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· ·ÓÙÈηÙÔÙÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙȘ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÌÂٷʤÚÂÙ·È, ηْ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, ÛÙȘ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ. ∆· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·Ì¿¯Â˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌËıÔ‡Ó Û ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜, fiˆ˜: ÔÈ ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÓԯϋÛÂȘ (¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌÔ›, ÚÔÛ‚ÔϤ˜, ÂÈÚ¿ÁÌ·Ù·), ÔÈ ‰È·ÏËÎÙÈÛÌÔ› ‹ ÔÈ ÛˆÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÓԯϋÛÂȘ (¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù·, Ûڈ̷͛ٷ Î.Ï.). √È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ‰È·Ì¿¯Â˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ú·‚¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÓfïÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÍÈfiÔÈÓ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ, Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÚԷӷʤÚıËηÓ. §‡ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·ÏÒÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÁÁ˘ËıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·. ∆· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηϤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÎÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ‰Â ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË Ê›ÏˆÓ, ÂΉËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÚ‹ÍÂȘ, ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ì¿Û¯Ô˘Ó Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÂÈıÂÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›, Î·È ÁÂÓÈο ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ŒÓ· Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÎÏËÚÒÓÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ Î›ÓËÙÚ· Î·È ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Â›Ó·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ‚¤‚·ÈÔ fiÙÈ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Û ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Û ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ™Â ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ›‰Ô, ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂȉÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ (intervention classroom), Ù· ÔÔ›· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο. ∆· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Ú·‚·ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÎÙËÛË ¿ÌÂÛˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ. ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘, ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ (peer mentoring) ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Resolving Conflict Creatively Program R.C.C.P.) (Lantieri, 1985), ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙȘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Î·ÓfiÓ˜, ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Î·È ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ¶ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ıÂÙÈο Î·È Ë ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ™Â ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÔÏÈÙ›˜ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÈÔıÂÙËı› Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë «¤Í˘ÓË Ù¿ÍË», ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ı¤Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ Ë ÚÔÌÔÙÈ΋, ÔÈ Î·Ù·Û΢¤˜ ̤ۈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹, ÔÈ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊËÌ›ÛÂȘ Î·È Ë ·ÂÚÔÓ·˘ÙÈ΋. ™Â ¿ÏÏ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈ· ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ·, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›·, Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο Î·È Ë Ê˘ÛÈ΋, ÒÛÙÂ Ë Ì¿ıËÛË Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋, Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ· Î·È ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù‹. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÒÓ Ù¿ÍˆÓ, Û ۯÔÏ›· Ù˘ µ/‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ΢ڛˆ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜, Û ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙˆÓ ·Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ ˆ˜ › ÙÔ Ï›ÛÙÔÓ (ÏfiÁÔÈ ˘Á›·˜, ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ηÈÚÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·, ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜), ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Ù· Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· ·fi ÙÔ Û›ÙÈ Ì¤Ûˆ ‰È·‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ (web).
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ŒÓ· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ: ■ ∫·ÓfiÓ˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘: ª›· Ï›ÛÙ· 5 ‹ 6 ηÓfiÓˆÓ ÙÔȯÔÎÔÏÏÒÓÙ·È Û ÂÌÊ·Ó¤˜ ÛËÌ›Ô. ∞˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ıÂÙÈÎfi ‡ÊÔ˜, Ó· ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ÛˆÛÙ‹˜ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ (.¯. ™ËÎÒÛÙ ÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ Û·˜, Â¿Ó ı¤ÏÂÙ ӷ ‚Á›Ù ·fi ÙËÓ ·›ıÔ˘Û·. ¶ÂÚÈ̤ÓÂÙ ӷ Û·˜ ‰Ôı› Ô ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÚÈÓ ÌÈÏ‹ÛÂÙÂ) Î·È Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ‹˜ Ù˘. ■ ∫›ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘: √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚ·Ù¿ÂÈ Û fiÏÔ ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ Ï¿ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓȯÓ‡ÂÈ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÛÙȘ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜. ■ ∂Ó›Û¯˘ÛË: √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, Ô˘ ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ì›‚ÔÓÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Î·È Ì ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈÒ‰Ë ÙÚfiÔ. ■ ∞ÓÙ·ÏÏ¿ÍÈ̘ ·ÌÔÈ‚¤˜ (Token Economy): ∂ÊfiÛÔÓ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÂΉËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÁÈ· οÔÈÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó «‚·ıÌÔ‡˜» ·ÌÔÈ‚‹˜ (ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙȘ ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ËÏÈ˘), ÂÓÒ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Ôı› ¤Ó· ·Ùfi ›‰Ô˜ ·ÌÔÈ‚‹˜ (fiˆ˜ ·˘ÙÔÎfiÏÏËÙ·, οÚÙ˜), ÔÈ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔÈ «Ì˘ÛÙÈÎÔ› ˘ÔÎÈÓËÙ¤˜». ªËÓ Í¯ӿÙ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ÙÔ˘ «marketing». ■ ∫fiÛÙÔ˜ ∞ÓÙ›‰Ú·Û˘: √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯¿ÛÔ˘Ó «‚·ıÌÔ‡˜» ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ù˘ ÌË Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ. ■ ™‡ÛÊÈÍË Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰·˜: °È· Ó· ÌËÓ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ì›‚ÔÓÙ·È ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ηوÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì¤ÙÚ· Û‡ÛÊÈ͢ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜. ŒÓ·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÛÎÔÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ó· Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÙ·È Ë ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÂÓfi˜ «Ì˘ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÔÎÈÓËÙ‹» Û οÔÈÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓË ·ÚÔ¯‹ οÔÈ·˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˘ ·ÌÔÈ‚‹˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘.
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] Emmer, E. T. & Stough, L. M. (2001). Classroom management: A critical part of educational psychology and teacher education. Educational Psychologist, 36 (2), 103-112. 1[2] Evertson, C., Emmer, E. & Worsham, M. (2003). Classroom Management for Elementary Teachers. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. 1[3] Keeler, C.M. (1996). Networked instructional computers in the elementary classroom and their effect on the learning environment: a qualitative evaluation. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 28 (3), 329-345. 1[4] Mergendoller, J. R. (1996). Moving from Technological Possibility to Richer Student Learning: Revitalized Infrastructure and Reconstructed Pedagogy, Educational Researcher, Vol. 25, No. 8, 43-46. 1[5] Snowman, J. & Biehler, R. (2006). Psychology applied to teaching, 11th ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., N.Y. 1[6] Wentzel, M. R. (2002). Are effective teachers like good parents? Teaching styles and student adjustment in early adolescence. Child Development, 73 (1), 287-301. 1[7] Walker,J. E., Shea J. T. & Bauer A. (2007). Behavior Management: A Practical Approach for Educators, 9/E, New York: Prentice Hall. 1[8] Woolfolk, A.E. (2000). Educational Psychology, 6th ed. Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
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3.2. ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¶·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÁÈ· ÂȉÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÂÈ ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ı¤Ì· Ô˘ ··Û¯ÔÏ› ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, Ó· ÂÍÔÈÎÂÈÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì ٷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, Ù· ·›ÙÈ· Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ηÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜, Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÛÂÈ ÁÈ· Ù· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Î·È ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ Ó· ·ÚÂÌ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ fiÙ·Ó ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È.
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È: ■ 1. Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È Ó· ÙÔ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ‚›· Î·È ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ■ 2. Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó Ù· ·›ÙÈ·, Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘, ■ 3. Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜, ■ 4. Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÛÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ■ 5. Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Ô˘ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó, ■ 6. Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ۯ‰ȿ˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘, ■ 7. Ó· ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· Â›Ó·È Úfiı˘ÌÔÈ Ó· ÚÔ‚Ô‡Ó Û ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË Ï‡ÛË ÙÔ˘.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ■ £‡Ì· ■ £‡Ù˘ ■ £Â·Ù‹˜ ■ ¢ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ■ ™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ›ÛÙÈÎË ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ■ °ÓˆÛȷ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ■ ∞ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ■ √ÈÎÔÛ˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË
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3.2.· . ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ £˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË (Bullying) 3.2.1.·. ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ∆Ô Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ‚›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓËϛΈÓ, ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·, ··Û¯ÔÏ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙ›·, Â‰Ò Î·È ÔÏÏ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. √È Û˘ÌÌÔڛ˜ ·ÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ï¤ÔÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˘˜ ηÎfiÊËÌˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÈÎÈÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÛÙ·ıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ‰Ú¿ÛÔ˘Ó Ì¤Û· Û ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ۯÔÏ›Ô. ∏ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ‹ Ù˘ «·Ú¤·˜» Ô˘ οÓÂÈ Â›‰ÂÈÍË ‰‡Ó·Ì˘, ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù› Î·È ÂÈÙ›ıÂÙ·È Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ™‹ÌÂÚ· Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Ì ÙËÓ Â˘Ú›· ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓËÙÒÓ ÙËÏÂÊÒÓˆÓ, Ë ‚›· Î·È Ë ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÙ› Ì Ӥ˜ ÂÈΛӉ˘Ó˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ÂÍ¢ÙÂÏÈÛÌÔ‡, Â΂ȷÛÌÔ‡ Î.Ï. ∏ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰Â ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ï¤ÔÓ Ó· ·ÁÓÔËıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙË ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ ÂͤٷÛË ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, ÔÈ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞ Ì·ÚÙ˘ÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ 1/5 ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Î·È ÛÙÔ 1/10 ÙˆÓ Á˘ÌÓ·Û›ˆÓ Î·È Ï˘Î›ˆÓ ÂΉËÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (Pellegrini et al., 1999, Pellegrini, 2002), ÂÓÒ ÂÚ›Ô˘ 160.000 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙËÓ Ë̤ڷ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·. ∆Ô Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, Î·È ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ·˘ÍËÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ (Andreou & Metallidou, 2004). ∆Ô 2001, ÔÈ ¶·ÙÂÚ¿ÎË Î·È ÃÔ˘Ó‰Ô˘Ì¿‰Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ÌÈ· ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ∞ı‹Ó·˜, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‹Ú·Ó ̤ÚÔ˜ 1.312 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ. ∞fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, ÙÔ 14,7% ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ ˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ı‡Ì·Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÙÔ 6,25% ˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ı‡Ù˜ Î·È ÙÔ 4,8% Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô. ∆· ·ÁfiÚÈ· ηٷϿ̂·Ó·Ó ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÛÔÛÙÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÂÓÈο Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ·ÁÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÚÈÙÛÈÒÓ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ‰Â ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο. T· ·ÁfiÚÈ· ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È Ì ÈÔ ¿ÌÂÛ· ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ, ÂÓÒ Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÏÂÎÙÈο ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ ÎÔ˘ÙÛÔÌÔÏÈfi, ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Î·È ÎÔÚÔ˚‰›· (Spivak & Prothrow-Stith, 2001).
3.2.2.·. √ÚÈÛÌfi˜ ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ DSM-IV, Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ‚›·˜ ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. √ Olweus (2003) ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ˆ˜ ηÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Û˘ÓÔÌËϛΈÓ. ∆Ô Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÓÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‰‡Ó·ÌË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ÙË ‚›· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙÔ Ó· ˘ÂÚ·ÛÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜. ŒÓ·˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ı‡Ì·, fiÙ·Ó ÂÎÙ›ıÂÙ·È Â·ÓÂÈÏËÌ̤ӈ˜ Û ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÂÓfi˜ ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ªÂÙ¿ ·fi Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ, ·¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏËÚÔ› ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ıˆÚËı› fiÙÈ ÂÌϤÎÂÙ·È Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ.
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∞fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ ı‡ÙË, ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹ Î·È ÛÎfiÈÌË Â¯ıÚÈ΋ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÏÂÎÙÈ΋, ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋, ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Â˘¯·Ú›ÛÙËÛË ·fi ÙÔÓ fiÓÔ ÂÓfi˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡. ∆Ô fiÏÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È Á‡Úˆ ·fi ¤Ó· ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ·›ÛıËÌ· ·ÓÙÈ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· οÔÈÔÓ, ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ô ı‡Ù˘ ‹ ÔÈ ı‡Ù˜ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ·Ó¿ÍÈÔ ‹ ηÙÒÙÂÚfi ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ‰Â ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó Û˘ÌfiÓÈ· ‹ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ Ô‡ÙÂ Î·È ÓÙÚÔ‹ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ·Ó·Áο˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ˘Ê›ÛÙ·Ù·È (Coloroso, 2004, Pellegrini, 2002). ∆Ô Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ì·˜, Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ Ì ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ·ÂÈÏÒÓ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÎÔfi ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Êfi‚Ô˘ Î·È ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ÛÙÔ ı‡Ì·. ™˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·˜, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ·ӷϷ̂·ÓfiÌÂÓË Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ¤Ó·˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ‹ ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÂÓÔ¯ÏÔ‡Ó ‹ ‚Ï¿ÙÔ˘Ó ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÈÔ ·‰‡Ó·ÌÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ οÔÈÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜: ■ ¶ÚÔÛ‚ÔϤ˜ ■ µÚÈÛȤ˜ ■ ™¯fiÏÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ ■ ∫Ô˘ÙÛÔÌÔÏÈfi ■ ¢È·ÛÔÚ¿ „¢‰ÒÓ ÊËÌÒÓ ■ ∞ÂÈϤ˜ ■ ∂ÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi ■ ∫ÏÔ‹ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ■ ∞ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi ·fi Ù· ·È¯Ó›‰È· ‹ ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ■ ÃÙ˘‹Ì·Ù· οı ›‰Ô˘˜ ■ √ÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏË ÂÛÎÂÌ̤ÓË ÂÈıÂÙÈ΋ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1 ÈÚÈÛÙ›Ù Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ·ÊËÁËı›Ù ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ ‚›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Û·˜. ™ÎÂÊÙ›Ù ٷ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·: À‹ÚÍ·Ó Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÓ·Ó ·ÓÂÈÏËÌ̤ӈ˜ ÂÈıÂÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿; À‹ÚÍ·Ó Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÂÈÏËÌ̤ӷ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙÔ ‚›·; ¶ÔȘ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ;
3.2.3.·. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ √È ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔÈ Ù‡ÔÈ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È Î¿ı هԘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ù· ‰Èο ÙÔ˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο (Coloroso, 2004, Pellegrini, 1999, Horne & Socherman,1996, Olweus, 1999, Craig & Pepler, 1997, Brodsky, 1976, Hazler, 1996, Batsche & Knoff, 1994, Rivers & Smith, 1994). √È Ù‡ÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ›ӷÈ:
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¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ∆¿Í˘
■ £‡Ù˘ – ‰Ú¿ÛÙ˘: ∂›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, ۈ̷ÙÈο ‰˘Ó·Ùfi˜, ηÏfi˜ ÛÙÔÓ ·ıÏËÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ıÂÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ·ÚÔÚÌËÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È Â˘ÂÚ¤ıÈÛÙÔ˜, ÓÈÒıÂÈ ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË Î·È Û˘ÌfiÓÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ı‡Ì· Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÌÈÎÚ‹ (Brodsky, 1976, Hazler, 1996, Batsche & Knoff, 1994, Dodge, 1991). ■ £‡Ù˘ – ı·ً˜: ∆· ·È‰È¿ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰Ú¿ÛÙË Î·È Û ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ·ÏÒ˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Î·È ÔÈ ı·٤˜ ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ı‡Ù˜, ÂÎÙfi˜ ÎÈ ·Ó Â¤Ì‚Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ÛÙ·Ì·Ù‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ, Ú¿ÁÌ· Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Ôχ Û¿ÓÈ· (Craig & Pepler, 1997). ■ £‡Ì· – ÚÔÎÏËÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜: ∆· ·È‰È¿ ·˘Ù¿ ÂΉËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ ·‰‡Ó·ÌÔ˘˜, ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó ÛÈÁÔ˘ÚÈ¿ fiÙ·Ó ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· Ô˘ Ù· ·Ô‰¤¯ÂÙ·È, ·ÏÏ¿ fiÙ·Ó ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÌfiÓ· ÙÔ˘˜, ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Â‡ÎÔÏ·. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÎÓ¢ÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó‹ıÂȘ Î·È Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙÈ·ıËÙÈο ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ. ∂›Ó·È ¢ÂÚ¤ıÈÛÙ· Î·È ·ÁÂÓ‹, Î·È ·ÓÙȉÚÔ‡Ó Û ÂÈıÂÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο. ™˘¯Ó¿ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ·È‰È¿ Ì ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË ‹/Î·È Ì ˘ÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (Hannish & Guerra, 2004, Horne & Socherman, 1996, Farrington, 1993, Olweus, 1993). ■ £‡Ì· – ·ıËÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜: ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ۈ̷ÙÈο Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ·‰‡Ó·Ì· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ¤Î‰ËÏÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·. ∂›Ó·È ÂÛˆÛÙÚÂÊ‹ Î·È ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Î·È ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο ÍÂÛ¿ÛÌ·Ù·. ∏ Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ηχÙÂÚË ·fi fi,ÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÔÛË (Hannish & Guerra, 2004, Horne & Socherman, 1996, Olweus, 1999, Pepler & Craig, 1997). ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2 ÈÚÈÛÙ›Ù Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ·ÊËÁËı›Ù ¤Ó· ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Û·˜. ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿„Ù ٷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ‹Ú·Ó ̤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ. ªÔÚ›Ù ӷ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÙ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË;
3.2.4.·. ∞ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ∂›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Ó· ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·Ú¤Ì‚Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË Ï‡ÛË ÙÔ˘. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ Ù· Èı·Ó¿ ·›ÙÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÌËÓ ·Ú·Û‡ÚÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ (Olweus, 1991, 1999, 2003, Smith & Sharp, 1994). ŒÓ· ·È‰› ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ˆ˜ ı‡Ù˘ ‹ ˆ˜ ı‡Ì· ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. √ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ. ∆· ·›ÙÈ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ·È‰› Û ÂÈıÂÙÈΤ˜ ‹ ·ıËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Î¿ÔÈ· ·fi Ù· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ:
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¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ∆¿Í˘
■ Œ¯Ô˘Ó ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡˜, ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈο ·ÓÂÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‹ ·‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ÌËÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÁÔÓÈÒÓ Î·È ·È‰ÈÒÓ (Baldry, 2003, ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 1997, µã ÙfiÌÔ˜, Smith & Sharp, 1994). ■ ∏ Û¯¤ÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓÈÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ‹ η΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙÔ ·È‰› Ó· ÌËÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ù· ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÚfiÙ˘· ‹ Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ı‡ÙË Î·È ÙÔ˘ ı‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ (Rivers et al., 1994). ■ ªÔÚ› Ù· ›‰È· Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ó· Â›Ó·È ı‡Ì·Ù· ηÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, ÔfiÙ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Â›Ù ÙÔ˘ ı‡ÙË Â›Ù ÙÔ˘ ı‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ (Baldry, 2003, Smith, 2000, Farrington 1991). ■ ∆Ô ¿ÌÂÛÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÊÙˆ¯fi Û ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·Ù· Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ‹ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Î·Î¤˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ‰È·‚›ˆÛ˘ (Smith, 2000). ■ ∆· ª¤Û· ª·˙È΋˜ ∂ÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ÂÍÔÈÎÂÈÒÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ÙË ‚›·, ·˘Í¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ·˘Ù‹ Î·È Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ (Strasburger & Wilson, 2002, Wendy, 1995). √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û·Ê‹ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÔ˘Ó Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ·fi„ÂȘ ÂÚ› ·˘ÙÔ‡, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· fiÙÈ Ë ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·fi Ù· ·ÁfiÚÈ· Â›Ó·È ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹, fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Ù· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎË ˙ˆ‹ ‹ fiÙÈ Ë ¯·ÌËÏ‹ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË ·ÚΛ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ù¤ÙÔȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÂÓÒ ‰Â ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó Î·Ì›· ·ÓÔ¯‹ ÛÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, Â›Ó·È Î·Ïfi Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ fiÙÈ Î¿ÔȘ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌËÓ Â·ÚÎÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó Ï‡ÛË Î·È Ó· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Â˘ı˘ÓıÔ‡Ó Û ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ (Dizhazy & Burton, 2003). ∆· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ Û¯ÔϤ˜ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ οı ۯÔÏ‹˜. √È Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ›ӷÈ: ■ ™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË: ∂ÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ¤Î‰ËÏ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ Û˘Ì‚fiÏ·ÈÔ, ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓÈÛ¯˘Ù¤˜, ÙȘ ·ÌÔÈ‚¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÔÈÓ¤˜, ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ‹ ÙÔÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ (∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2007, ∞ã ÙfiÌÔ˜). ■ °ÓˆÛȷ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË. ∆Ô ·È‰› ÂÌϤÎÂÙ·È ÂÓÂÚÁ¿ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË Î·È Ë ·˘ÙÔÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË. ∏ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› ÌfiÓÔ Û ·È‰È¿ Ì ˘„ËϤ˜ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ ΛÓËÙÚ· (∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2007, µã ÙfiÌÔ˜). ■ ∞ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË. ¢›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘, Ù˘ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ̤۷ Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÙÔ ·È¯Ó›‰È ÚfiψÓ, Ë ÌÂϤÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘ Î·È Ë ·ÔÛ·Ê‹ÓÈÛË ·ÍÈÒÓ (÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2003). ■ √ÈÎÔÛ˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË. ∞ÍÈÔÔÈ› ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈο ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ ·ÏÏ·Á‹. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË, Ë ÎÂÚÎfiÔÚÙ· Î·È ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÔÍÔ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ̤ıÔ‰Ô Ô˘ ··ÈÙ› ÂȉÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÂÌÂÈÚ›· (∫·Ï·ÓÙ˙‹-∞˙›˙È, 1998). ∂›Ó·È ¢ÓfiËÙÔ fiÙÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ› ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÈϤÁÂÈ Î¿ı ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘
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Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ù· ηχÙÂÚ· ‰˘Ó·Ù¿ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. √È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÛÙÚ·Ù‡ÛÂÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ È‰ÈÔÛ˘ÁÎÚ·Û›· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, Û ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ‹ Ó· ÂÌϤÎÂÈ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ – ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÁÔÓ›˜. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Û ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ fiÙ·Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·ıÔÏÔÁ›· ‹ fiÙ·Ó Ë ‚›·ÈË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÂÈΛӉ˘ÓË Î·È ‰È·ÚΛ ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ¯ÚÔÓÈο ‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ·Ú·ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ Î·È Û ÂȉÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ˘Á›·˜ (Farrington, 1993). ∂›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙÔ fiÙÈ Ë ÚfiÏË„Ë Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈΛϷ ̤ÙÚ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÏËÊıÔ‡Ó ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô Ù¿Í˘ ‹ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔÊ¢¯ı› Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘. ∂ÊfiÛÔÓ ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ› fï˜, Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ¿ÌÂÛË (Hazler, 1996, Spivak & Prothrow-Stith, 2001). ∞Ú¯Èο, Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ô ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘, ηÙfiÈÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÂȉÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘Ó¯‹ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÎfiÈÌË Ë ·Ú·ÔÌ‹ Û ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜. ¶·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·È È‰¤Â˜ ÁÈ· ÚÔÏËÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ, ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷÛÙÚÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘, Û‡Ìʈӷ ¿ÓÙ· Ì ٷ ‰Èο ÙÔ˘ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Î·È ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ (Smith et al., 2004, Smith, 2000, Olweus et al., 1999): ■ √ÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÌÈϛ˜ ·fi ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜, ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·›ÚÓÔ˘Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È fiÏÔ ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÓËÌÂÚˆıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÙË ÛÔ‚·ÚfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜. ■ ª¤Û· ·fi ÂȉÈο ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ·, Âηȉ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÛÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘. ■ √ÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÔÈ ÂÊËÌÂڛ˜ Î·È ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È Ë ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ¯ÒÚˆÓ fiÔ˘ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÚÔ·‡ÏÈÔ, ÔÈ ‰È¿‰ÚÔÌÔÈ, ÔÈ ÙÔ˘·Ï¤Ù˜ ‹ Ù· ·Ô‰˘Ù‹ÚÈ·. ■ √Ú›˙Ô˘Ì Ì ۷ʋÓÂÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Ô˘ ‰È¤Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· οı ٿ͢ ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿. ∆Ô ·È‰› Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÈ Â›‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ·˘Ùfi, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ Ù˘ οıÂ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ (Coloroso, 2005). ■ ∂Í·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ì ηÏfi „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Îϛ̷ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÔÌ·‰ÔÛ˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, Ù˘ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ ‰È¿Ù·Í˘ ÙˆÓ ıÚ·Ó›ˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (Garrity et al., 1996, 1997). ■ ¢È‰¿ÛÎÔ˘ÌÂ, Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ‹ ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο, ÂȉÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, Ù˘ ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜, Ù˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘, Ù˘ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘ ÛÂ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ·Ú·‚È¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÁÂÓÈο Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2003, Andreou, 2001, Garrity et al., 1996 ÛÙÔ Migliore, 2003). ■ ∞ÍÈÔÔÈԇ̠ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·˜ ‹ ÙËÓ Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙË ˙ÒÓË ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ·È¯ÓȉÈÔ‡ ÚfiψÓ, Ù˘ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ Ù·ÈÓÈÒÓ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ·˘Ù¿ (Migliore, 2003).
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■ √ÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔ˘ÌÂ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÙÈ Â›Ó·È Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË, Ù· ·›ÙÈ¿ Ù˘, ÙÔ˘˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ù‹Ó, ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȤ˜ Ù˘ Î·È ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·Ó·Ï¿‚Ô˘Ì ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„‹ Ù˘ (Migliore, 2003). ■ ∂ÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ì Ì ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ı·ÙÒÓ ÂÍËÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ·Ù› ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ·˘ÙÔ› ı‡Ù˜ Î·È ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ì ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔ‚Ô‡Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó. ■ ¢È‰¿ÛÎÔ˘Ì ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÙË ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Ó· ͤÚÔ˘Ó Ó· ‚¿˙Ô˘Ó fiÚÈ·, Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ¯ÈÔ‡ÌÔÚ, Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÚÔÎÏËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È Ó· ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ. ■ ÀÔ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ì ÙÚfiÔ˘˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÙ·Ó ·ÚÂÓÔ¯ÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÔÎÈ‚ˆÙ›Ô˘, fiÔ˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‚¿˙Ô˘Ó ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÒÓ˘Ì· ‹ ÂÒÓ˘Ì·. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ٷ ·È‰È¿ ·˘Ù¿ ηٿÏÏËÏ·, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ·ÛʷϤ˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ■ ∂Óı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÔÌ·‰È΋ Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘: Ô‡, fiÙÂ Î·È Ò˜ ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È, ÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔËÁËı›, fiÛÔÈ Î·È Ì ÔÈÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È. ■ ∂È‚Ú·‚‡ԢÌ οı ıÂÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ‹ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡, ı‡ÙË ‹ ı‡Ì·ÙÔ˜. ■ ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ıԇ̠‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈο Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· ÙËÓ ÒÚ· ÙÔ˘ ‰È·Ï›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·. ■ ™Â οı ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ, ÂÂÌ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ì ¿ÌÂÛ· ÒÛÙ ӷ ÛÙ·Ì·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ¤ÁηÈÚ·. ¢Â ‰ÈÒ¯ÓÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ı·٤˜, ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛ·ıԇ̠ӷ χÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿, Ô‡Ù ·Ó·˙ËÙԇ̠ÙȘ ·Èٛ˜. √È ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȤ˜ Ì·˜ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘. ■ ÀÂÓı˘Ì›˙Ô˘Ì ٷÎÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ Ù˘ ·Ú·‚›·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ■ ¢ÂÓ ·Ó·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ı·٤˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ Û˘Ì‚¿Ó, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘˜ (O’ Connell, Pepler & Craig, 1999, Fekkes et al., 2005). ■ ∂›Ì·ÛÙÂ Û˘Ó›˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ‰ÂÛ̇ÛÂȘ Ì·˜. ∞Ó ÚԂϤÔÓÙ·È ÔÈÓ¤˜ ‹ ÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Ú¿ÍË, ·˘Ù¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó. ■ ¢ÂÓ ··ÈÙԇ̠·fi ÙÔ ı‡ÙË Î·È ÙÔ ı‡Ì· Ó· Û˘Ó·ÓÙËıÔ‡Ó ÌfiÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó· χÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ηıÒ˜ Ë ·ÓÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ·ÊÂÓfi˜ οÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ, ÂÓÒ ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ¿ÏÏË ÌÈ· ÙÚ·˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ı‡Ì·. ■ ªÈÏ¿Ì ηْ ȉ›·Ó Ì ÙÔ ı‡Ì·, ÙÔ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ, ÙÔ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ì ӷ ÓÈÒıÂÈ ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ˘ÂÓı˘Ì›˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘. ■ ∫·ÓÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ì ηْ ȉ›·Ó Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË Ì ÙÔ ı‡ÙË Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ú¿ÍÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ¶ÚÔÛ·ıԇ̠ӷ ηٷϋÍÔ˘Ì ÛÂ Û˘Ìʈӛ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·Í‹ ÙÔ˘ Û ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘. ■ ∂ÓËÌÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÙÔ˘ ı‡ÙË Î·È Û˘ÌʈÓԇ̠·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘. £¤ÙÔ˘Ì ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È Û¯Â‰È¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ¯ÚÔÓԉȿÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ù˘ ›Ù¢͋˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™˘ÌʈÓԇ̠ۯÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ Ô˘ ı·
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˘¿ÚÍÔ˘Ó Û ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓÒ, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘ÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ‹ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷ΋ ıÂڷ›·. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛÙ› Î·È ¿ÏÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙ› ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô Ù¿Í˘ ‹ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ·ÏÏ¿ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÍÂÂÚÓÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. ™Â ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Û‡ÛÙ·Û˘ Û˘ÌÌÔÚÈÒÓ Ì ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË ‰Ú¿ÛË ‹ ·ÓÂͤÏÂÁÎÙ˘ ‚›·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÎÈÓ‰˘Ó‡ÂÈ Ë ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÛÙË ‰ÈηÈÔ‰ÔÛ›· ÙˆÓ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ. ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο, ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ı‡Ì·, ÙÔ ı‡ÙË, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‚Ô‡Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÈ˙‹ÌȘ Î·È Ì·ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓȘ (Wolke et al., 2000, Curriculum Review, 2006, www.curriculumreviw.com)
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3 £˘ÌËı›Ù ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ô˘ ·ÊËÁËı‹Î·Ù ÛÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· Û·˜ ÛÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2. ™Â οı ÔÌ¿‰·, ÂÈϤÍÙ ̛· ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Î·È Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÒÛÙ ¤Ó· Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘. §¿‚ÂÙ ˘fi„Ë Û·˜ ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ: ◗ ∆È ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û· Ó· ›¯· οÓÂÈ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÚfiÏ˄˘; ◗ ¶fiÛÔ ÛÔ‚·Úfi Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ; ◗ ∂ÌϤÎÂÙ·È Ë Ù¿ÍË, ÔÈ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔÈ, ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜; ◗ ¶ÔȘ ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË; ◗ ¶ÔÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ› ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ÌÔ˘, Û ÔÈÔ˘˜ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÌÔÚÒ Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·Ï‡Ûˆ, ̤۷ Û fiÛÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ˆ ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÙÔÓ Î·ı¤Ó· ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜; ◗ ™Â ÔȘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔ‚Ò fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ı‡ÙË, ÙÔ ı‡Ì· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ı·٤˜; ◗ ÃÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·Ú·ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ı‡ÙË, ÙÔ˘ ı‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓÈÒÓ ÛÙȘ ·ÚÌfi‰È˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜;
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µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] Andreou, E. (2001). Bully/victim problems and their association with coping behavior in conflictual peer interactions among school-age children. Educational Psychology, 21, 59-66. 1[2] Andreou, E. & Metallidou, P. (2004). The Relationship Of Academic and Social Cognition to Behaviour in Bullying Situations Among Greek Primary School Children, Educational Psychology, 24, 1, 28-41. 1[3] Baldry, A. C. (2003). Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 713-732. 1[4] Batsche, G. M. & Knoff, H. M. (1994). Bullies and their victims: Understanding a pervasive problem in the schools. School Psychology Review, 23, 165-175. 1[5] Brodsky, C. M. (1976). The harassed worker. Lexington, D. C.: Health and Company. 1[6] Coloroso, B. (2004). The bully, the bullied, and the bystander. New York, NY: Harper-Collins Books. 1[7] Craig, W. M. & Pepler, D. J. (1997). Observations of bullying and victimization in the school yard. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 13, 41-59. 1[8] Ditzhazy, E. R. & Burton, E. M. (2003). Bullying: A Perennial School Problem, The Delta, Kappa, Gamma Bulletin, 70, 1, 43-48. 1[9] Dodge, K. A. (1991). The structure and function of reactive and proactive aggression. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression, pp. 201-216. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 1[10] Farrington, D. P. (1991). Childhood aggression and adult violence: Early precursors and laterlife outcomes. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum. 1[11] Farrington, D. P. (1993). Understanding and preventing bullying. In M.Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice, Vol. 17, 381-458. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1[12] Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F.I.M. & Verloove-Vanhorick, S.P. (2005). Bullying: who does what, when and where? Involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behaviour. Health Education Research, 20, 1, 81–91. 1[13] Garrity, C. B., Jens, K. & Porter, W. W. (1997). Bully proofing your school: Creating a positive climate. Intervention in School and Clinic, 32, 235-243. 1[14] Garrity, C., Jens, K., Porter, W., Sager, N. & Short-Camilli, C. (1996). Bully-proof your school. Boston: Longmont Publishing. 1[15] Hanish, L. D. & Guerra, N. G. (2004). Aggressive victims, Passive Victims, and Bullies: Developmental Continuity or Developmental Change? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 1, 17-38 1[16] Hazler, R. J. (1996). Breaking the cycle of violence: Interventions for bullying and victimization. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. 1[17] Horne, A. M. & Socherman, R. (1996). Profile of a bully: Who would do such a thing? Educational Horizons, 74, 77-83. 1[18] Migliore, E. T. (2003). 20 ways to … eliminate bullying in your classroom. Intervention in School and Clinic, 38, 172-176. 1[19] O’Connell, P., Pepler, D. & Craig, W. (1999). Peer involvement in bullying: insights and challenges for intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 437–452. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 191–201. 1[20] Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at School: What we know and what we can do. 1[21] Olweus, D. (1991). Bully / victim problems among school children: basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. In: Pepler, D., Rubin, K. (Eds.). The development and treatment of childhood aggression. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1[22] Olweus, D. (1999). Sweden, Norway. In Smith, P. K., Morita, Y., Junger-Tas J, Olweus, P., Catalano, R. F., Slee P. (Eds.). The nature of school bullying: a cross national perspective. N.Y.: Routledge
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1[23] Olweus, D. (2003). A profile of Bullying at School, Educational Leadership, 60, 6, 12-17 1[24] Olweus, D., Limber, S. & Mihalic, S. (1999). Blueprints for Violence Prevention, Book Nine: Bullying Prevention Program. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence. 1[25] Pateraki, L. & Houndoumadi A. (2001). Bullying Among Primary School Children in Athens, Greece. Educational Psychology, 21, 2, 167-175. 1[26] Pellegrini, A. D. (2002). Bullying, victimization, and sexual harassment during the transition to middle school. Educational Psychologist 37(3), 151-164. 1[27] Pellegrini, A. D., Bartini, M. & Brooks, F. (1999). School bullies, victims, and aggressive victims: Factors relating to group affiliation and victimization in early adolescence. Journal of School Psychology, 91(2), 216-224. 1[28] Rivers, I. & Smith, P. K. (1994). Types of bullying behavior and their correlates. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 359-368. 1[29] Smith, P. K. (2000). Bullying and Harassment in Schools and the Rights of Children. Children & Society, 14, 294-303. 1[30] Smith, P. K. & Sharp, S. (Eds.). (1994). School bullying: Insights and perspectives. London: Routledge. 1[31] Smith, P. K., Pepler, D. & Rigby, K. (2004). Bullying in schools: How successful can interventions be? Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1[32] Spivak, H. & Prothrow-Stith, D. (2001). The need to address bullying – an important component of violence prevention. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 85, 2131-2132. 1[33] Strasburger, V. C. & Wilson, B. J. (2002). Children, Adolescents and the Media. California: Sage Publications. 1[34] Wendy, J. (1995). Television Violence: A Review of the Effects on Children of Different Ages Williston, VT: Blackwell Publishers. 1[35] Wilton, M. M. M., Craig, W. M. & Pepler, D. J. (2000). Emotional regulation and display in classroom victims of bullying: Characteristic expressions of affect, coping styles and relevant contextual factors. Social Development, 9, 226-245. 1[36] Wolke, D., Woods, S., Bloomfield, L. & Karstadt, L. (2000). The association between direct and relational bullying and behaviour problems among primary school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 989-1002. 1[37] ∫·Ï·ÓÙ˙‹ – ∞˙›˙È, ∞. (2004). ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙÔ ™¯ÔÏ›Ô. ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. ∞ı‹Ó· 1[38] ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, ∂. (1997). £ÂˆÚ›Â˜ ª¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ¶Ú¿ÍË. ∆fiÌÔ˜ A’ Î·È µã. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∞˘ÙԤΉÔÛË. 1[39] ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, Ã. (2003). ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ∞ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ∞ı‹Ó·.
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3.2.‚. ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ∂ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ / ÀÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (¢∂¶À)
™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ¢∂¶À, ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, Ë ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ٷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ηÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜, Ë ÂÓË̤ڈۋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Î·È ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ Ó· ·ÚÂÌ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ fiÙ·Ó ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È.
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È: ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ¢∂¶À Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ Ù˘, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο οıÂ Ù‡Ô˘ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Ô˘ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó, ■ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ۯ‰ȿ˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘, ■ Ó· ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· Â›Ó·È Úfiı˘ÌÔÈ Ó· ÚÔ‚Ô‡Ó Û ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË Ï‡ÛË ÙÔ˘.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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3.2.1.‚. √ÚÈÛÌfi˜ √ fiÚÔ˜ ¢∂¶À (¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ∂ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ / ÀÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜) ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi Ô DSM-IV, ÙÔ Â›ÛËÌÔ ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ æ˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜ (∞ƒ∞, 1994) Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ·È‰È¿ Î·È ¿ÙÔÌ· Ó·ڋ˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂΉËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ·ÚÔÚÌËÙÈ΋, ˘ÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈ΋ ‹/Î·È ·ÚfiÛÂÎÙË, Û ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ Ó· ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÔÛË Î·È ÂÈÙ˘¯›·. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÔχÏÔÎÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ, „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ (DuPaul, Power, Anastopoulos & Reid, 1998). ¢ÈÂıÓÒ˜, ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙ› Ì ¢∂¶À, ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ› fiÙÈ Î˘Ì·›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ 3% Î·È ÙÔ˘ 10% (Barkley, 2002). ∏ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ·˘Ù‹ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙ· ·ÁfiÚÈ· ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÛÙ· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·, Û ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ·fi 2:1 ¤ˆ˜ 5:1 (Fowler, 1994, Barkley, 1998). ™ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, Ù· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ 12,4% ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ¢∂¶À (Zournatzis, Kakouros, Karamba, Papaeliou & Badikian, 2001).
3.2.2.‚. ∆‡ÔÈ Î·È Û˘Ìو̷ÙÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ¢∂¶À ∆· ·È‰È¿ Ì ¢∂¶À, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ DSM-IV, ÂÌ›ÙÔ˘Ó Û ¤Ó·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚÂȘ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹˜: ∂ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜, ÀÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ¶·ÚÔÚÌËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1 ÈÚÈÛÙ›Ù Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ÛÎÂÊÙ›Ù ÔÈ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· οıÂ Ù‡Ô˘ ¢∂¶À. ∞Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Û·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËıËı›ÙÂ. ™Â ÔÈÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ·Ó¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û·˜ Ô˘ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ¢∂¶À;
∆· ΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚ· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ù· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ (Cooper & O’Regan, 2001): ∂ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¶ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ■ ¢ÂÓ ÚÔÛ¤¯ÂÈ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ ‹ οÓÂÈ Ï¿ıË ·fi ·ÚÔÛÂÍ›·. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ· Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· ‹ ÛÙÔ ·È¯Ó›‰È. ■ ∞ÔÛ¿Ù·È Â‡ÎÔÏ· Ë ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ· Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· ‹ ÙÔ ·È¯Ó›‰È. ■ ¢Â›¯ÓÂÈ Ó· ÌËÓ ÚÔÛ¤¯ÂÈ, fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ˘ ÌÈÏ¿ÓÂ. ■ ¢ÂÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙȘ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ (fi¯È fï˜ ÏfiÁˆ ÂÏÏÈÔ‡˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ‹ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·Û˘). ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂÈ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ‹ ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘. ■ ∞ÔʇÁÂÈ, ·Â¯ı¿ÓÂÙ·È ‹ ‰ÈÛÙ¿˙ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ Û ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÂÓÙ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›·.
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■ ÿÓÂÈ Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, fiˆ˜ ÙÂÙÚ¿‰È·, ÌÔχ‚È·, ·È¯Ó›‰È·. ■ ∞Ê·ÈÚÂ›Ù·È Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ. ÀÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ■ ¶·›˙ÂÈ Ó¢ÚÈο Ù· ¯¤ÚÈ· ‹ Ù· fi‰È· ÙÔ˘ ‹ ÎÔ˘ÓÈ¤Ù·È ÛÙËÓ Î·Ú¤ÎÏ· ÙÔ˘. ■ ™ËÎÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û ÛÙÈÁ̤˜ Ô˘ ı· ¤Ú ӷ ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ Î·ıÈṲ̂ÓÔ. ■ ∆Ú¤¯ÂÈ ‹ ÛηÚÊ·ÏÒÓÂÈ Û ·Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ÙfiÔ Î·È ¯ÚfiÓÔ. ™ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Û‡Ìو̷ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¿ÚÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ·›ÛıËÛ˘ Ó¢ÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·˜. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ·›ÍÂÈ ‹ Ó· οÓÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ¿ÏÏË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ‹Û˘¯·. ■ µÚ›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ Û ΛÓËÛË, Û· Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· Ì˯·Ó‹ ̤۷ ÙÔ˘. ■ ªÈÏ¿ÂÈ ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈο. ¶·ÚÔÚÌËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ■ ¶ÂÙÈ¤Ù·È Î·È ‰›ÓÂÈ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÚÈÓ Î·Ó ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆı› Ë ÂÚÒÙËÛË. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÚÈ̤ÓÂÈ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘. ■ ¢È·ÎfiÙÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ fiÙ·Ó ÌÈÏÔ‡Ó ‹ ·›˙Ô˘Ó. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂÈ· Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Ù˘ ¢∂¶À Û ¤Ó· ·È‰› ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË 6 ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ·fi Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘, ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ 6 Ì‹Ó˜ Î·È Û ‰‡Ô ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·, .¯. ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ. ŒÓ· ·È‰› ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ Û ¤Ó·Ó ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ ‹ Û ¤Ó·Ó Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ÓÔ Ù‡Ô ∂ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ Î·È ÀÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜.
3.2.3.‚. ª·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ¢∂¶À ∏ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ¢∂¶À Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË ÛÙ·ıÌÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ (∫·Ï·ÓÙ˙‹-∞˙›˙È, ∞ÁÁÂÏ‹ & ∂˘ÛÙ·ı›Ô˘, 2005). À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, οÔȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ‡·Ú͢ Ù˘ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹˜ Û οÔÈÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ∂Âȉ‹ Ë ¢∂¶À Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ‹ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ·fi Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌË ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ·fi Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ ÁÈ· Ó· ÚԂ› ÛÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ. ŒÙÛÈ, ˘Ô„È·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ¢∂¶À fiÙ·Ó: ■ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û ·Î·Ù¿ÏÏËϘ ÛÙÈÁ̤˜ Î·È ·Î·Ù¿ÏÏËϘ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ■ ‰ÂÓ Î¿ÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ οÓÂÈ Ë ˘fiÏÔÈË Ù¿ÍË ‹ οÓÂÈ Î¿ÙÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi, ■ ‰ÂÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙȘ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘, ■ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈ̤ÓÂÈ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‹ ÂÙÈ¤Ù·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ, ■ Â›Ó·È ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfi˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, ■ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈÎÚfi ‡ÚÔ˜ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ Î·È ·ÔÛ¿Ù·È Ôχ ‡ÎÔÏ·, ■ ÂÓԯϛ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ê‹ÓÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆıÔ‡Ó, ■ Â›Ó·È ·ÊËÚË̤ÓÔ˜ Î·È ÔÓÂÈÚÔÔÏ› Û˘¯Ó¿, ■ ¯¿ÓÂÈ ‹ ͯӿÂÈ Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘,
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■ ‰ÂÓ Î¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ‹ ÙȘ ·Ú·‰›‰ÂÈ Ôχ ·ÚÁ¿, ■ ÔÈ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ËÌÈÙÂÏ›˜ ‹ ·Î·Ù¿Ûٷ٘. ÀÔ„È·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ¢∂¶À fiÙ·Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¤˜ Î·È Â›ÌÔÓ˜ Î·È ÂÌÔ‰›˙Ô˘Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË (Taylor, 1994). ∂›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi, fï˜, Ó· ÌË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ∆Ô ˙ˆËÚfi, ‡ı˘ÌÔ, ¿Ù·ÎÙÔ, ·ÚfiÛÂÎÙÔ, ·ÊËÚË̤ÓÔ ‹ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfi ·È‰› ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È «˘ÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfi» ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙ› ˆ˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜. √ fiÚÔ˜ ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ Û ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÔÈΛÏ˘ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·È Ó¢ÚÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ – ÂÁÎÂÊ·ÏÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÙ·È. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌÔ›, ¿ÏψÛÙÂ, ‰ÂÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÙÈ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· οÓÂÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. ¶ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ¤Ú¢ӷ (Havey, 2005) ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ˆ˜ ¤¯ÔÓÙ· ¢∂¶À ÌÂ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·fi fi,ÙÈ ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ› Ë ÂȉËÌÈÔÏÔÁ›· (24% ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ 310%) Î·È ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙË Ê·Ú̷΢ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓË ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË. µÚ¤ıËΠ›Û˘ fiÙÈ Ë ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Ê˘ÏÂÙÈ΋ ÚԤϢÛË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘. ∂Í¿ÏÏÔ˘, ·ÎfiÌË ÎÈ fiÙ·Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ì ˘fi„Ë fiÙÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ. ∆· Û¯ÔÏ›·, ÛÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙÔ˘˜, ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Û˘ÌÌfiÚʈÛË Î·È ·ıËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÌ·Ï‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜. £ÂˆÚԇ̠‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì·˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘ÔÌ›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ËÌÂÚ‹ÛÈÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·, Ì ÔÏϤ˜ ηıÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÂΛÓÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÎÔ˘Ú·ÛÙÈΤ˜, ‚·ÚÂÙ¤˜ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÓfiËÌ· (Cooper & O’Regan, 2001). ÀÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ηıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ηÓfiÓ˜ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙË ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ΛÓËÛË ÂÓÒ Ë ·Ú·‚›·ÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÔÈÓ¤˜. ∆· ·È‰È¿ Ì ¢∂¶À ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·ÓÙÈηÙÔÙÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ù· ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·Ú¿ Ù· ‰Èο ÙÔ˘˜. ¢Â ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ͯӿÌ ›Û˘ fiÙÈ Ë ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ‰‡Ô ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·, Ù· ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÙÔ Û›ÙÈ. ÕÚ· ÙÔ ·È‰› Ì ¢∂¶À, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ. ™˘¯Ó¿ ÔÈ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ô͇ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ Î·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË, ηıÒ˜ Ô ¤Ó·˜ ıˆÚ› ÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘.
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2 ™ÎÂÊÙ›Ù ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ: 1. ∂›¯·Ù ÔÙ¤ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈ˙·Ó Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ¢∂¶À ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ; ∞Ó Ó·È, ÁÈ·Ù› ÓÔÌ›˙ÂÙ fiÙÈ Û˘Ó¤‚·ÈÓ ·˘Ùfi; 2. ◊Úı·Ù ÔÙ¤ Û ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË Ì ÁÔÓÈfi ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡; ™ÎÂÊًηÙ fiÙÈ Ô ÁÔÓÈfi˜ ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ηχ„ÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ; ™·˜ ηÙËÁfiÚËÛÂ Ô ÁÔÓÈfi˜ fiÙÈ ÊÙ·›Ù ÂÛ›˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÙÔ˘; ¶ÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ fiÙÈ ÌÔÚ›ÙÂ Î·È ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ ӷ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÙ ÛÙË Ï‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ıˆÚ›Ù fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ı¤Ì· ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ È·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ;
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3.2.4.‚. ™˘Ó¤ÂȘ Ù˘ ¢∂¶À ∏ ¢∂¶À ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Ì ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ·ÚÂÌ‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ ˙ˆ‹. ™ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ÂÚÈÛ·ÛÙÈο Î·È ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈο ÁÈ· Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ·È‰È¿ ηÈ, ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ·Ï‹ ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∞˘Ùfi˜ fï˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ô ÌfiÓÔ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂӉȷÊÂÚı› ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ¢∂¶À, ηıÒ˜ Ë ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ (∫Ô˘ÌÈ¿˜, 2004, ∫¿ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜, 2001). ∆· ·È‰È¿ Ì ¢∂¶À Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÏÏÈ‹ ΛÓËÙÚ·, ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Î·È ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·fiÚÚÈ„Ë (Fowler, 1994). ∂ÓÒ ÔÏÏ¿ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ÙË Û˘Ìو̷ÙÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ¢∂¶À, οÔÈ· ¿ÏÏ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÚfiÛıÂÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜. ∫·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë, Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ·Á¯Ò‰ÂȘ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜, ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ·È‰È¿ Ì ¢∂¶À Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ·fi fi,ÙÈ Û ·È‰È¿ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ¢∂¶À (Wilens, 1994). ∂ȉÈο ÙÔ ·È‰› Ô˘ ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙË ¢∂¶À ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Î·È ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û ÔÏÏ¿ ›‰·. ∂ÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ˘ÂÚ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·, ·ÚÔÚÌËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Ì ÌÈ· ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË Î·È ÚÔÎÏËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ∂‡ÎÔÏ· ·Ú·‚È¿˙ÂÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜, ·ÁÓÔ› ÙÔ ‰¿ÛηÏÔ, ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· Î·È Î¿ÓÂÈ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÛηÛÈ·Ú¯Â›Ô (DuPaul & Stoner, 1994). ªÔÚ› Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Â›Û˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Ó· ÎϤ‚ÂÈ Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Î·È Ó· ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÈ ‚›· Î·È ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (Barkley, 1997). ∂¿Ó ·˘Ùfi Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ̷ıËÛȷο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, ·˘Ù¿ ÂÈÛÎÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ˘fiÏÔÈË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ó· ˘Ôı¤ÙÂÈ Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂ӷ fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÛÙ¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ÌËÓ Ù· ıˆÚ› ·˘Ù¿ ηı’ ·˘Ù¿ ˆ˜ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· (Cooper & O’Regan, 2001). ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ô Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î·È ¢∂¶À ¤¯ÂÈ ˘„ËÏ‹ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ··ÁÔÚÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ. ¢È·¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ Ì ¢∂¶À ·ÏÏ¿ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ‰È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚË ·fi ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi, ÂÓÒ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, Ô Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· ¯Ú‹ÛË ··ÁÔÚÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ·˘ÍË̤ÓÔ˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÎÙÈÌËı› fiÙÈ ÙÔ 70% ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙ› ˆ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¢∂¶À (Wilens, 1994). ∂›Û˘, ÔÈ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë Û˘Ó‡·ÚÍË ¢∂¶À Î·È Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ Û˘¯Ó‹, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó fï˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘, Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÈÙȷ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (∫Ô˘ÌÈ¿˜, 2004). Œ¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê› fiÙÈ ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÙÔ 1/4 ¤ˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔ 1/3 ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ¢∂¶À ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÚfiÛıÂÙ˜ Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜. ∆· ·È‰È¿ ·˘Ù¿ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Û ηı‹ÎÔÓÙ· Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÔχÏÔΘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜, fiˆ˜ Ë Â›Ï˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, Î·È ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ··Ú·Èًو˜ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈηÙÔÙÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Â›Ù ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ú΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ›Ù ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ú΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ (Barkley et al., 1990). √È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó Â›Ó·È ·Î·Ù¿ÏÏËϘ, Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÚÔÚÌËÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Ôχ ÊÙˆ¯¿ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜. °È’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ, ÔÈ ‰¿ÛηÏÔÈ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛˆÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË Ì·ÎÚfi¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ (Russell, 1997). ø˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘, Ù· ·È‰È¿ ·˘Ù¿, ηٿ ηÓfiÓ·, ·›ÚÓÔ˘Ó ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ‚·ıÌÔ‡˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Û ¤Ó· ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù·.
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3.2.5.‚. ∞ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ™Â ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ¢∂¶À, Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹˜ Ì ¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛË Ê·Ú̷΢ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ·È‰›. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÚÈÙ·Ï›Ó˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ 80% ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÙÒÛˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ ‚ÔËı¿ ÛÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ (Barkley et al., 1990). ∂›Ó·È, fï˜, Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ¢∂¶À ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ˘fiıÂÛË Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ¿ÌÂÛ· ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ Ì ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ˆÊÂÏ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ·È‰› fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÂÈÙ˘¯ËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ, ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÛ‡ÓıÂÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ‰È·ÁÓˆṲ̂Ó˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ ‹ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ı· Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÂÈÙ˘¯ËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ, Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ Â›Ó·È fiÌÔȘ Ì ÂΛӘ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ˆÊÂÏÔ‡Ó ·È‰È¿ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ¢∂¶À. ∆· ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ŒÓ· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ˘ (∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2007, µã ÙfiÌÔ˜), ÂÓÒ Â›Û˘ ıÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË Î·È ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ (∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2007, ∞ã ÙfiÌÔ˜). ∏ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ „˘¯ÔıÂڷ›·˜ ‹ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ‰Â Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÈʤÚÂÈ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ÓË ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì ȷÙÚÈ΋, ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ Î·È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‰ÂȯÙ› Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌ· ÂÈÙ˘¯‹˜ (Holowenko, 1999). √ οı ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜, ÂÎÙfi˜ Ù˘ ÛÙÂÓ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÙȘ È·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ Î·È Ó· ‰ÔÎÈÌ¿ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÂΛӘ Ô˘ ıˆÚ› fiÙÈ ı· ʤÚÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÙÔ˘. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3 ÈÚÈÛÙ›Ù Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ÛÎÂÊÙ›Ù ÔÈ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÂÓfi˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ¢∂¶À. ™Â ÔȘ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ù ӷ ÚԂ›Ù ÂÛ›˜; ™ÎÂÊÙ›Ù ÙÈ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ù ӷ οÓÂÙ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Î·È ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘.
ŒÓ· ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈÎfi ÔÏ˘-ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ (Cooper & O’Regan, 2001): ■ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÛˆÛÙÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ■ ηٿÏÏËÏÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ■ ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ■ ηٿÏÏËÏË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ■ ıÂÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙË ¢∂¶À ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ô ‰¿ÛηÏÔ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË.
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¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÛˆÛÙÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ∂Âȉ‹ ÙÔ ·È‰› Ì ¢∂¶À Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÚÔηÏ› Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Î·È ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È, ·ÏÏ¿ Ô‡ÙÂ Î·È Ó· ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÚÔηÙÂÈÏËÌ̤ÓÔ˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙ› ÙÔ˘. ¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ˘ÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·ÔÁÔ‹Ù¢Û˘, ÂÓfi¯ÏËÛ˘ Î·È ı˘ÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÓÈÒıÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Ó· ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈο Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ‹ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÂÙ·È Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Û ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ·È‰È¿. π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ ·È‰› Î·È Â›Û˘ Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÂÈ‚·Ú˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ‹ ÙËÓ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ· Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· (¶··ÁˆÚÁ›Ô˘, 2005). ∏ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ë ÛÙÂÓ‹ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì·˙› ÙÔ˘ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ· Û ηχÙÂÚ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. √ ¤·ÈÓÔ˜, ÔÈ ·ÌÔÈ‚¤˜, Ë ÂÈϤÔÓ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·, Ë ·Ó¿ıÂÛË ˘Â˘ı˘ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÔÈ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËϘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÛÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· ı· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÔ˘Ó Ôχ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ – Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÂÓÒ Î·È Ë ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‹ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ›Û˘ ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË.
∫·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ì ηٿÏÏËÏ· ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ηٿ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÙË ‰È¿Û·ÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ŒÙÛÈ, ÙÔÔıÂÙԇ̠ÙÔ ·È‰› ÎÔÓÙ¿ Ì·˜ Î·È ÎÔÓÙ¿ Û οÔÈÔÓ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ıÂÙÈÎfi ÚfiÙ˘Ô. ∏ ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰Â ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÎÔÓÙ¿ Û ·Ú¿ı˘ÚÔ, Û ڛ˙˜ ‹ ÛÙÔ Î·ÏÔÚÈʤÚ. ∆Ô ·È‰› Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ï‹ ÔÙÈ΋ ·ʋ Ì ÙÔ ‰¿ÛηÏÔ, ÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î· Î·È Ì ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÚÔÏfiÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ›¯Ô. °ÂÓÈο, Ë ·›ıÔ˘Û· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Â˘Ú‡¯ˆÚË Î·È Î·Ï¿ ʈÙÈṲ̂ÓË Ì ٷ ıÚ·Ó›· Û ‰È¿Ù·ÍË Ô˘ Ó· ¢ÓÔ› ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· (US Department of Education, 2004, ∫ÂÚ¿ÙÛ·, 2004, ¶··ÁˆÚÁ›Ô˘, 2005).
¢È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ∏ Ì¿ıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Ì ¢∂¶À ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È ·Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÚÂȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘: ·) ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Î·È Û·Ê‹ÓÂÈ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ‚) ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ·fi ÂÚÈÛ·ÛÌÔ‡˜, Î·È Á) ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Î·È Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ (Cooper & O’Regan, 2001). ∏ ¶··ÁˆÚÁ›Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·, Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È Û ‰‡Ô ÛÙ¿‰È·:
™Ù¿‰ÈÔ ∞ 1. ∫·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡. 2. ∫·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ (ÙÈ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ı· ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È, ÂȉÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ, ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ˘ÏÈÎfi Î.Ï.). 3. ∂ÓË̤ڈÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. 4. ∫·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ıÔ‡Ó Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÔÓԉȷÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ›Ù¢͋˜ ÙÔ˘˜. 5. ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË. 6. ∞Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË.
™Ù¿‰ÈÔ µ 1. ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË: Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ‰·ÛοψÓ, ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ·, È·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ¿ÏϘ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂȘ.
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■ ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ. ■ ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂȉÂÈÓÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· (ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÙÚfiÔ˜ Î·È Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·ÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, ›‰Ú·ÛË Û˘ÓÔÌËϛΈÓ). 2. ¶·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË: Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜. ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜, Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÈÛÙˆı› fiÙÈ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ·È‰› Ì ¢∂¶À ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË (Robelia, 1997, Cooper & O’Regan, 2001, US Department of Education, 2004, ¶··ÁˆÚÁ›Ô˘, 2005, ∫¿ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜, 2001, ∫¿ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜ & ª·ÓÈ·‰¿ÎË, 2000, Power et al., 2001, Garagouni-Areou & Solomonidou, 2004) ›ӷÈ: ■ ∂ÓËÌÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ì ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ■ ∂›Ì·ÛÙ ۷Ê›˜ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔÈ Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ˙ËÙ¿ÌÂ. ■ ∫ÔÈÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ·È‰› ÛÙ· Ì¿ÙÈ· fiÙ·Ó ‰›ÓÔ˘Ì ԉËÁ›Â˜. ■ ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÔÏÏ¿ ÔÙÈÎÔ·ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈο ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·Ù·. ■ ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜. ■ ∞ÔʇÁÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜. Èڛ˙Ô˘Ì οı ÂÚÁ·Û›· Û ÌÈÎÚ¿ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ·. ■ ∂ϤÁ¯Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ÚfiÔ‰Ô ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Û οı ‚‹Ì· Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ■ ∂·ÈÓԇ̠οı ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·. ■ ∆Ô ‚ÔËı¿Ì ÛÙËÓ Ù‹ÚËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ËÌÂÚÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÂÈ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓË̤ڈۋ ÙÔ˘. ■ ∆Ô˘ ˘ÂÓı˘Ì›˙Ô˘ÌÂ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Î·È Ù· ¯ÚÔÓÈο ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ·. ■ ∞Ó·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ì ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Û ˙‡ÁË Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ∏ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ‰Â ‚ÔËı¿ ÙÔ ·È‰›. ■ ∞Ó·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ì ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÛÙÔ ·È‰›, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Ó· Ì·˙‡ÂÈ Ù· ÙÂÙÚ¿‰È·, Ó· Û‚‹ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î·, Ó· ËÁ·›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ¯·ÚÙ› ÁÈ· ·Ó·Î‡ÎψÛË. ■ ∂È̤ÓÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÚÈÓ ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË. ■ ∂ϤÁ¯Ô˘ÌÂ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ù· ÙÂÙÚ¿‰È¿ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ÙÔ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ Ù· ‰È·ÙËÚ› Û ηϋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË. ■ ∆Ô ‚ÔËı¿Ì ӷ ÊÙÈ¿¯ÓÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ηٿÏÔÁÔ Ì ٷ Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Î¿ı ̤ڷ. ■ ¶ÚÈÓ Ê‡ÁÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ‚‚·ÈˆÓfiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ËÌÂÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ fiÏ· Ù· ‚‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ.
∫·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ °È· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Ì ¢∂¶À, ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ì ˘fi„Ë Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: ·) ÔÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔηÏ› Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, ‚) ÙÈ ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È Î·È ÙÈ ¤ÂÙ·È ·˘Ù‹˜ Î·È Á) fiÛÔ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È (Gable et al., 1997). ∏ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Ô˘ ı· ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÔ˘Ì ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, .¯. ˘ÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·Ù·Í›· ‹ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (Robelia, 1997, Cooper & O’Regan, 2001, US Department of Education, 2004, ¶··ÁˆÚÁ›Ô˘, 2005). ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ì ›ӷÈ:
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■ ∆Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ì ӷ ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Ì οÔÈÔÓ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi ÙÚfiÔ, .¯. ÁÈ· Ó· Ì·˙¤„ÂÈ Ù· ÙÂÙÚ¿‰È·. ■ √ÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔ˘ÌÂ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·È¯Ó›‰È· ÚfiÏˆÓ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ΛÓËÛË. ■ ∆Ô˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔ˘Ì Ҙ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÏ·ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Ì ıÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜, ·ÓÙ› Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓԯϛ, .¯. ·Ó ʤÚÂÙ·È ÂÈıÂÙÈο, ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ì ӷ ÚÔÛٷهÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ ·‰‡Ó·ÌÔ˘˜ ‹ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·Ú¯ËÁfi˜ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÛÙ· ·ıÏ‹Ì·Ù·. ■ ∆Ô˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔ˘Ì ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜. ■ ∆Ô˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔ˘Ì ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘ÙÔÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘. ■ ∂È‚Ú·‚‡ԢÌ οı ıÂÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·.
£ÂÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙË ¢∂¶À £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ı˘ÌfiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈο ·È‰È¿ ·ÏÏ¿ ¶∞π¢π∞ Ì ˘ÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (¶··ÁˆÚÁ›Ô˘, 2005). ∏ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ï¿ ÌÈ· ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ËÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ú¤Ì‚Ô˘Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο. ¢ÂÓ Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ ·È‰› ÁÈ· ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘, ¿Ú· ‰ÂÓ ˆÊÂÏ› Ó· ı˘ÌÒÓÔ˘ÌÂ, Ó· ·ӷϷ̂¿ÓÔ˘Ì ԉËÁ›Â˜ Ì ‡ÊÔ˜ ·fiÁÓˆÛ˘, Ó· ÙÈ̈Úԇ̠Î.Ï. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Í¤ڷÛÙÔ, ¿Ú· ÍÂÎÈÓ¿Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Ì ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘. ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ Ì ÙȘ ·ÚÌfi‰È˜ È·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜, Â¿Ó ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË, Î·È ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜. ¶¿Óˆ ·’ fiÏ· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ì ٷ ‰Èο Ì·˜ ›‰· ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ì ٷ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ Ì·˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ Ì·˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ·È‰›.
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. 1[2] Barkley, R.A. (1990). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford. 1[3] Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121 (1), 65–94. 1[4] Barkley, R. (1998). ADHD: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: The Guilford Press. 1[5] Barkley, R., DuPaul, G.J. & McMurray, M.B. (1990). A comprehensive evaluation of ADD/Y as defined by research criteria. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 58, 775-789. 1[6] Cooper, P. & O’Regan, F.J. (2001). Educating Children with AD/HD: A Teacher’s Manual. London: Routledge/Falmer. 1[7] DuPaul, G. J. & Stoner, G. (1994). ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention strategies. New York: Guilford Press. 1[8] DuPaul, G., Power, T., Anastopoulos, A. & Reid, R. (1998). ADHD rating scale-IV. New York: The Guilford Press. 1[9] Fowler, M. (1994). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, fact sheet 19, (pp. 1-16). National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities (NICHCY). 1[10] Gable, R. A., Sugai, G. M., Lewis, T. J., Nelson, J. R., Cheney, D., Safran, S. P. & Safran, J. S. (1997). Individual and systemic approaches to collaboration and consultation. Reston, VA: Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders.
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1[11] Garagouni-Areou, F. & Solomonidou, C. (2004). Towards the Design of Educational Environments Suitable to the Needs of Pupils with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms. In Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2004 (pp. 4446-4451). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. 1[12] Havey, J.M. (2005). Teachers’ Perceptions of the Incidence and Management of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Applied Neuropsychology, Vol. 12, No. 2, Pages 120-127 1[13] Holowenko, H. (1999). Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 1[14] Power, T.J., Karustis. J.L. & Habboushe, D.F. (2001). Homework Success for Children with ADHD. A Family-School Intervention Program. The Guilford Press: New York – London. 1[15] Robelia, B. (1997). Tips for working with ADHD students of all ages. Journal of Experimental Education, 20 (1), 51–53. 1[16] Russel, M.F. & Biedel, D.C. (1994). Comorbity of childhood anxiety and externalising disorders: Prevalence, associated characteristics, and validation issues. Clinical Psychological Review, 14, 199-221. 1[17] Taylor, E. (1994). Syndromes of ttention deficit and hyperactivity. In Rutter, M.L., Taylor, E. & Hersov, L. (Eds.). Child and adolescent psychiatry, (3rd ed. Pp. 293-299). Oxford, UK.: Blackwell Scientific. 1[18] Wilens, T.E. (1994). Pharmacotherapy of adult ADHD. In Nadeau, K. (Ed.). A comprehensive guide to ADD in adults. NY: Bruner mazel, 168-188. 1[19] Zournatzis, E., Kakouros, E., Karamba, O., Papaeliou, X. & Badikian, M. (2001). The performance of children with ADHD on the basic academic sections. Paper presented at the 1st Panhellenic Conference on Educational Psychology, Athens, Greece. [Online]. Available: http://www.arsi.gr/presentations_in_conferences.html 1[20] ∫¿ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜, ∂. & ª·ÓÈ·‰¿ÎË, ∫. (2000). ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ∂ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜-ÀÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. µã ¤‰ÎÔÛË. ∂Ή. ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. 1[21] ∫¿ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜, ∂. (2001). ∆Ô ÀÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfi ¶·È‰›. √È ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ∂Ή. ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. 1[22] ∫·Ï·ÓÙ˙‹-∞˙›˙È, ∞ÁÁÂÏ‹, ∫., ∂˘ÛÙ·ı›Ô˘, °. (2005). ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ∫ϛ̷η ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ¢∂¶/À-IV. ∫ϛ̷η ÁÈ· °ÔÓ›˜ – ∫ϛ̷η ÁÈ· ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜. ∂Ή. ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. 1[23] ∫ÂÚ¿ÙÛ·, ¡. (2004). ÀÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfi Û‡Ó‰ÚÔÌÔ Ì ‰È¿Û·ÛË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜. ™ÙÔ http://www.specialeducation.gr/ 1[24] ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, ∂. (2007). ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ¶Ú¿ÍË, ∞ã Î·È µã ÙfiÌÔ˜. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∞˘ÙԤΉÔÛË. 1[25] ∫Ô˘ÌÈ¿˜, ∂. (2004). ∞Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·È ¶ÚÔÛÔ¯‹: æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∞ÙÚ·fi˜ 1[26] ¶··ÁˆÚÁ›Ô˘, µ. (2005). ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ∂ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜-ÀÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ™ÙÔ: µ. ¶··ÁˆÚÁ›Ô˘ (∂Ή.) æ˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋ ¶·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ∂Ê‹‚ˆÓ. University Studio Press, £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË. 142-148.
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™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÂÈ ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ Î·ÓÔÓÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË, Ó· ÂÍÔÈÎÂÈÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì ٷ ›‰Ë, Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ¢˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Î·È, ΢ڛˆ˜, Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÛÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜.
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È: ■ 1. Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Î·È Ó· ÙȘ ͯˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ·fi Ù· ÁÂÓÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ■ 2. Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ›‰Ë ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ¢˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ, ■ 3. Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÓȯÓÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ª·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ¢˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ 4. Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË, ■ 5. Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Ô˘ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ¢˘ÛÏÂÍ›· ¢˘ÛÁÚ·Ê›· ¢˘ÛÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›· ¢˘Û·Ó·ÁÓˆÛ›· ¢˘Û·ÚÈıÌËÛ›· ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·
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ªÓ‹ÌË √ÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ °ÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ªÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ∂ÌÏÔ˘ÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·
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3.2.1.Á. ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ √ fiÚÔ˜ «ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜» ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ 1962 ·fi ÙÔÓ Samuel Kirk Î·È ·fi ÙfiÙ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Ôı› ÌÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘. ™‹ÌÂÚ· ÔÈ ÂȉÈÎÔ› Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓ‹ ÔÌ¿‰· ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯ÒÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË Î·È ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ·ÎÚfi·Û˘, ÔÌÈÏ›·˜, ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘, ÁÚ·Ê‹˜, Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. √È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÁÁÂÓ›˜ Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û fiÏË ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¿ÌÂÛÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÓÔËÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÛÙ¤ÚËÛ˘, ·ÈÛıËÙËÚÈ·ÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ ‹ ·Ó·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ (¶·ÓÙÂÏÈ¿‰Ô˘, 2000, ¶fiÚÔ‰·˜, 2003, Kirk & Gallaher, 1989, Hammill, 1990). ∞fi ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ·˘Ùfi ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ ÔÈ ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ˘·ÚÎÙfi Î·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ ··Û¯ÔÏ› ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÁÎÔÛÌ›ˆ˜. ¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ô‰ÔıÔ‡Ó Û ÓÔËÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÚÎÂÈ· ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÙÂÌÂÏÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ô‡Ù Û ·Ó·Ú΋ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ̤۷ Î·È ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ‰ÂÓ ÍÂÂÚÓÈ¤Ù·È Î·È ‰ÂÓ ıÂڷ‡ÂÙ·È (¶·ÓÙÂÏÈ¿‰Ô˘ Î.¿., 2004). ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ·˘Ù¿ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÂÌÊ·Ó‹ ÙÒÛË ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË, ηıÒ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÔÓÙ·È Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Ú˘ıÌfi Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ (Cancerel, 1990) Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· Ô‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·, Ú¿ÁÌ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ̤· (∆˙Ô˘ÚÈ¿‰Ô˘, 1987, ∫˘ÚȈٿ΢, 2000). ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó, Ó· ÌÔÚʈıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ηχ„Ô˘Ó fiϘ ÙȘ ‚·ıÌ›‰Â˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘. °È· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi, fï˜, ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, Ú¿ÁÌ· Ô˘ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÙÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ.
3.2.2.Á ∂Ӊ›ÍÂȘ √È Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ: ■ ¢˘ÛÏÂÍ›· ■ ¢˘ÛÁÚ·Ê›· ■ ¢˘Û·Ó·ÁÓˆÛ›· ■ ¢˘ÛÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›· ■ ¢˘Û·ÚÈıÌËÛ›· ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1 ÈÚÈÛÙ›Ù Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ (ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ù˘ µ/‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ·Ó¿ ÂȉÈÎfiÙËÙ·) Î·È ÛÎÂÊÙ›Ù ÔÈ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ¢˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Û οı ̿ıËÌ·. √Ú›ÛÙ ¤Ó·Ó ÂÎÚfiÛˆÔ ÁÈ· Ó· Ù· ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ·Ó οÔÈ· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·Èٛ˜.
∫¿ı ª·ıËÛȷ΋ ¢˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì ÛÙ·ıÌÈṲ̂ӷ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓȯÓ‡ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ˘Ô„È·ÛÙ› ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Î¿ÔÈ·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ Ù˘
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ÛÙÔ ·È‰› fiÙ·Ó ¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ (¶·ÓÙÂÏÈ¿‰Ô˘, 2004):
™ÙË °ÏÒÛÛ·: ■ Œ¯ÂÈ ·ÚÁfi Ú˘ıÌfi ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›·˜ ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ – ʈӋ̷ÙÔ˜. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË. ■ ªÂډ‡ÂÈ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙË Ï¤ÍË. ■ ªÂډ‡ÂÈ ÔÌfi˯· ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÔÙÈÎfi ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ. ■ ∫¿ÓÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈο Ï¿ıË. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ‰ÈËÁËı› ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ì ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÛÂÈÚ¿. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· οÓÂÈ ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë. ■ ¢È·‚¿˙ÂÈ Ï¿ıÔ˜ ÙȘ ÁÚ·Ù¤˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜. ■ Œ¯ÂÈ ÊÙˆ¯‹ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ·ÙÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘. ■ ¶·Ú¿ÁÂÈ Ôχ ÊÙˆ¯fi ÁÚ·Ùfi ÏfiÁÔ. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ ·ÊËÚË̤Ó˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË Ù˘ ͤÓ˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜.
™Ù· ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο: ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ıÂÛȷ΋˜ ·Í›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÈıÌÒÓ. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÛÙ‹ıÈÛË Ù˘ ÚÔ·›‰ÂÈ·˜. ■ ªÂډ‡ÂÈ Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ۇ̂ÔÏ·. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ Ú¿ÍÂȘ. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÓÒÛˆÓ.
™ÙËÓ ¶ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Î·È ÙËÓ √ÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË: ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ Û‡ÓıÂÙ˜ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆı› Û ÌÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Û ÙÂÛÙ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜. ■ ¢Ô˘Ï‡ÂÈ ·ÚÁ¿ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Î·È ÛÙ· ‰È·ÁˆÓ›ÛÌ·Ù·. ■ ¢ÂÓ ÎÚ·Ù¿ ηϤ˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ÂϤÁÍÂÈ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘.
™ÙȘ ∫ÈÓËÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜: ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ·fi ÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î·. ■ Œ¯ÂÈ ¿Û¯ËÌÔ ÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÛˆÓ.
™ÙȘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜: ■ ¢Â ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ÌÂÈ ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘. ■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ■ ¶·ÚÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ.
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¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ∆¿Í˘
■ ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ. ■ ÀÔ·ÙÂÈ Â‡ÎÔÏ· ÛÙËÓ ›ÂÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌËϛΈÓ.
∞ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ∆· ·È‰È¿ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜: ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹, ÛÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË, ÛÙ· ΛÓËÙÚ·, ÛÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜, ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂͤÏÈÍË. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·È‰È¿ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÙÔ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙ› Ì ÙȘ ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Î·È Ó· ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Ô˘ ı· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ. ∞·Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙ· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ Î·È Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ.
¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙ· ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ Œ¯ÂÈ ‚ÚÂı› fiÙÈ Ë Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÔÛfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ ‹ Ë ·ÏÔÔ›ËÛ‹ Ù˘ ‰Â ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ¿ÓÙ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÙÔ «ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ» ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ (Ellis & Worthm, 1999). ¢ÂÓ ·Ê·ÈÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì¤ÚË Ù˘ ‡Ï˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ¤ÎÙ·Û‹ Ù˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÂÏÂÙ¿Ù·È Û ‚¿ıÔ˜. ŒÙÛÈ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹, ¢ÓÔÂ›Ù·È Ë ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È Î·ÏÏÈÂÚÁÂ›Ù·È Ë ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛΤ„Ë. √È ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ı· ¿ÚÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· (¶·ÓÙÂÏÈ¿‰Ô˘, 2004) ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ: 1. ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ: ·Ó·‰È¿ÚıÚˆÛË Ù˘ ‡Ï˘, ÂÈ‚Ú¿‰˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡ Î¿Ï˘„˘ Ù˘ ‡Ï˘, ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙ¢ÛË ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË ‰˘ÛÓfiËÙˆÓ ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. 2. ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ: ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, ÔÌ·‰ÔÔ›ËÛË Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›ˆÓ. 3. ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ: ·˘ÙÔ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô, ·˘ÙÔÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË, ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ, ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. 4. ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜: ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÎÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó, ηٿ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ, Ù· ÔʤÏË ·fi ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·. ■
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2 ™ÎÂÊÙ›Ù ٷ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·: ◗ ∫·Ù¿ fiÛÔ ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ·˘ı·ÈÚÂÙ‹ÛÂÙ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ; ◗ ªÔÚ›Ù ӷ ÌÂÈÒÛÂÙ ÙËÓ ‡ÏË ÁÈ· ¯¿ÚË Î¿ÔÈˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ; ◗ ∆È ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ οÓÂÙ ÛÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ¿ Û·˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÙ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·˘Ùfi Ó· ·Ô‚› ÂȘ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔ›ˆÓ;
¢È‰·Ûηϛ· °ÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ªÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È fiϘ ÔÈ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ‹ ÔÈ ÛΤ„ÂȘ Ô˘ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ Ì¿ıËÛË ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ˘Ô‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÎÙËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÏËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÂÓÒ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó· Û¯¤‰È· ‰Ú¿Û˘ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ (∫ˆÛÙ·-
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Ú›‰Ô˘-∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë, 1997). √È ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹, ÙËÓ Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË, ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚ¿ÙËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Û˘ÚÛË ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ (∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2002). ∏ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘. √ fiÚÔ˜ «ÌÂÙ·ÁÓÒÛË» ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ÌÓ‹ÌË Î·È ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Â›ÁÓˆÛË Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÙËÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ (∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2002). √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù¤¯Ô˘Ó ‹ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰ÂȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ηÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜, ‰ÂÓ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Ô‡Ù ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ Â·ÚΛ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ (AÁ·ÏÈÒÙ˘, 2000, Lerner, 1993). °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó Ò˜ Ó· Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó, Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Ó· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË Ì¿ıËÛË, Ó· ÚÔ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙË ÛΤ„Ë Î·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜. °È· Ó· ‰È‰¿ÍÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıԇ̠ٷ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ‚‹Ì·Ù· (Bender, 2002): 1. EÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜. 2. ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ì ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋. 3. ¶·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ˆ˜ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ô˘ ÛΤÊÙÂÙ·È ÊˆÓ·¯Ù¿. 4. √ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÈ ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Û ÌÈ· ‡ÎÔÏË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·. 5. √ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÈ ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Û ‰˘ÛÎÔÏfiÙÂÚË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·. 6. ª·˙› Ì ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹, ÁÂÓÈ·ԢÌ ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋. 7. √ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÈ Ù·ÎÙÈο ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ì ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘. ¶·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ô˘ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ·È‰› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì¿Ù· ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÂÏÏ›„ÂȘ (ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, 1999, ¶·ÓÙÂÏÈ¿‰Ô˘, 2004, ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, 2002):
¶Ò˜ Ó· Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ: ■ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ■ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ› ¯¿ÚÙ˜: ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜, ϤÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ, Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ, ■ ıËÛ·˘Úfi˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ: ηÚ٤Ϙ Ì ˘ÏÈÎfi ÁÈ· ·ӷϋ„ÂȘ, ■ ·Ó·ÎÂÊ·Ï·›ˆÛË Û ÙÚÂȘ ÛًϘ: ϤÍË-ÎÏÂȉ›, ÂÚÒÙËÛË, ·¿ÓÙËÛË, ■ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ: ηıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛˆÓ, ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·.
¶Ò˜ Ó· ÛΤÊÙÂÙ·È: ■ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘, ■ ÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘, ■ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË.
¶Ò˜ Ó· ı˘Ì¿Ù·È: ■ ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ, ■ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ù˘ ·ÏÈ¿˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Ì ÙË Ó¤·, ■ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘, ■ ·˘ÙÔÂͤٷÛË Ì ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ■ ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÌÌÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î‡ÚÈˆÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ,
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¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ∆¿Í˘
■ ÔÙÈ΋ ·ÔÙ‡ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, ■ ·ÎÚÔÛÙȯ›‰Â˜, ■ ηٿÙÌËÛË Ù˘ ‡Ï˘.
¶Ò˜ Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ: ■ ›Ó·Î·˜ ηıËÎfiÓÙˆÓ, ■ ËÌÂÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ Î·ıËÎfiÓÙˆÓ, ■ ¯ÚÔÓԉȿÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÌÂϤÙ˘, ■ ›Ó·Î·˜ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈÔًوÓ, ■ ηٿÏÔÁÔÈ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘.
¶Ò˜ Ó· ÂϤÁ¯ÂÈ: ■ ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘, ■ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ì¤Û· ·fi ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·Ù˘ÒÛÂÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ, ■ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ì¤Ûˆ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘, ■ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û ڈÙfiÙ˘Ô ˘ÏÈÎfi.
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] Bender, W.N. (2002). Differentiating instruction foe students with learning disabilities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press & Council for Exceptional Children. 1[2] Deschler, D.D., Ellis, E. & Lenz, B.K. (1996). Teaching adolescents with learning disabilities. Strategies and methods. Denver: Love Publishing Co. 1[3] Ellis, E. & Wortham, J. (1999). “Watering up” Content Instruction. In W.N. Bender (Ed.). Professional issues in le·rning disabilities: Practical strategies and relevant research findings (141-186). Austin, Texas: Pro-ed. 1[4] Kirk, S.A. & Gallaher, J.J. (1989). Education of Exceptional Children (6th ed.). Boston: Horighton Mittlin Co. 1[5] Lerner, J. (1993). Learning disabilities: theories, diagnosis and teaching strategies. Boston: Horighton Mittlin Co. 1[6] Hammill, D.D. (1990). A brief history of learning disabilities. In P. Myers & D.D. Hmmills, (Eds). Learning disabilities: Basic concepts, assessment practices and instructional strategies. Austin Texas: Pro-ed. 1[7] Cancerel, J.L. (1990). H ÂȉÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ¯ÒÚÔ. ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Î·È Î·Ù¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ. (∂ÈÌ., ∞ıËÓ¿ ™ÈËÙ¿ÓÔ˘). ∞ı‹Ó·: °ÂÓÈ΋ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›· ¡¤·˜ °ÂÓÈ¿˜. 1[8] ∞Á·ÏÈÒÙ˘, π. (2000). ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙ· ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο. 2Ë ¤Î‰ÔÛË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. 1[9] ∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, ∂. (2002). °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¡Â˘ÚÔÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ¶Ú¿ÍË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∞˘ÙԤΉÔÛË. 1[10] ∫˘ÚȈٿ΢, ∞. (2000). ∆· ÂȉÈο ·È‰È¿ Î·È Ë ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ı‹Ó·: °ÚËÁfiÚË. 1[11] ∫ˆÛÙ·Ú›‰Ô˘-∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë ∞. (1997). æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘. ∞ı‹Ó·: °ÚËÁfiÚË 1[12] ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, ∏. (1998). ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, 4Ë ¤Î‰ÔÛË. ∞ı‹Ó·: Gutenberg. 1[13] ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, ∏. (1999). ∏ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∞˘ÙԤΉÔÛË. 1[14] ¶·ÓÙÂÏÈ¿‰Ô˘, ™. (2000). ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. 1[15] ¶·ÓÙÂÏÈ¿‰Ô˘, ™. (2004). √È ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙË ¢Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË. µfiÏÔ˜: ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜. 1[16] ¶fiÚÔ‰·˜, ∫. (2003). ∏ Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ù˘: °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË. ¶¿ÙÚ·: ∞˘ÙԤΉÔÛË. 1[17] ∆˙Ô˘ÚÈ¿‰Ô˘, ª. (1987). ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜. £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË: ¶ÚÔÌËı‡˜.
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3.2.1.‰. ÷ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈο ¶·È‰È¿
™Ùfi¯Ô˜ H ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‹/Î·È Â˘Ê˘Â›˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÊÔÈÙÔ‡Ó ¿ÓÙ· ÛÙËÓ Î·ÓÔÓÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÛÂÈ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙÔ˘˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ.
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙÚÔÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙȘ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ¯·ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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3.2.2.‰ . ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ √È ¯·ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› (‹ Â˘Ê˘Â›˜) Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ͯˆÚÈÛÙ‹ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ú·ÌÂÏË̤ÓË Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡. ™ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ·˘Ù‹ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ÂÙ˘¯·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ˘„ËϤ˜ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ ÛÙ· ÙÂÛÙ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÌÂÙÚËıÔ‡Ó, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ËÁÂÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜, ÔÈ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Ù· ηÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈο ٷϤÓÙ·. √È ¯·ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÚÂȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (Maker, 1982): ·) ÙËÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó, ‚) ÙÔ ‚¿ıÔ˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È Á) Ù· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó. ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÛÙËÓ Î·ÓÔÓÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈı› ÛÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (Archambault et al., 1993, Cox, Daniel & Boston, 1985, Westberg, Archambault, Dobyns & Salvin, 1993), Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ÌËÓ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó Ï‹Úˆ˜ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ (Callahan, 1990, Kantrowitz & Wingert, 1992, Ness & Latessa, 1979). ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi Ì·ıËÛÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó Ï‹Úˆ˜ ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ¯¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ì¤ÏË ÌÈ·˜ ÂÓÈ·›·˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Î·È ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·fi ÌfiÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ‹ ÔÌ¿‰·. ∆Ô Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ¿ ¤Ó· ÌÔÓԉȿÛÙ·ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ô˘ ı· ÈηÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ fiψÓ, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙË ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô˘ ı· Ï¿‚ÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (Cox, Daniel & Boston, 1985, Parke, 1989). ∆· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔÓ ˘„ËÏfi ‰Â›ÎÙË ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÙÔ Ù·Ï¤ÓÙÔ Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ì¿ıËÌ·, ÙÔ È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó ÙÔ̤· Î.Ï. ∏ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ÓË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ‚ÔËı¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó›· Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÂ›Ù·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ÔÌÔÈfiÌÔÚÊ˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û ÌÈ· Ù¿ÍË Ì ̷ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÂÈÎÙÒÓ ÈηÓÔًوÓ. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi, ÔÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ·ÊËÚË̤Ó˜, ÔχÏÔΘ, ·ÓÔȯ٤˜ Î·È ÔÏ˘‰È¿Ûٷ٘ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËϘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ (Tomlinson). ∆Ô Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ì ·Ï¿ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ (.¯. ‰¤Î· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ·ÓÙ› ÁÈ· Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ·) ‰Â ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋.
3.2.3.‰. °ÂÓÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ √È ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Ì·˜, fiÙ·Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈԇ̠ÙÔ Î·ÓÔÓÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ Laura McGrail, ›ӷÈ: ■ Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÁÈ· Ì¿ıËÛË, ■ Ó· ÈηÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ù·¯‡ Ú˘ıÌfi Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ‹ Û οÔÈÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜, ■ Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ÙȘ ËÁ¤˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏËıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔÌ›˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó. °È· Ó· ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Î·ÓÔÓÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Ê˘Â›˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, Ô Lois Roets (1993) ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙÚÂȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜:
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1. ÙȘ ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·: ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛË ‹ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘, 2. ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜: ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ˜ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ Î·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, 3. ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜: ·ÚÔ¯‹ ¢ηÈÚÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ÌÂϤÙË, ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË Û ÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓ›˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Ù· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ›˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜.
∆ÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·: ■ ∂ÌÏÔ˘Ù›˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ οÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÓÔȯÙÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ·ÓÒÙÂÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÓfiËÛ˘ Î·È ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, fiˆ˜ Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË, Ë Û‡ÓıÂÛË, Ë ÂÌ‚¿ı˘ÓÛË, Ë ˘fiıÂÛË, Ë Û‡˙¢ÍË Î·È Ë ·ÊÔÌÔ›ˆÛË. ■ ¶Ú·ÁÌ·Ù¢fiÌ·ÛÙ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ‹ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Û¯Â‰È¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ì·˜ ÔÌ·‰ÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙˆÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ (Winebrenner, 1992).
∆ÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜: ■ ∂ÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ì ÛÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Ê˘Â›˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ˜ ‹ Ó· ÌËÓ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó Î·Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ˘fiÏÔÈË Ù¿ÍË, ·Ó·ı¤ÙÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ fï˜ ¿ÏϘ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜. ∞˘Ùfi, ‚¤‚·È·, ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰› ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ. ■ ™˘ÌʈÓԇ̠̠ÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Ê˘Â›˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ÂÎÔÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ‹ Û ÙÔÌ›˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÚÔÛˆÈο. √Ú›˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ Î·È Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ·ÊÈÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ì ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ˆ˜ «ÂȉÈÎÔ›» (Winebrenner, 1992).
∆ÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜: ■ ∂ÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ì ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯·ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏËıÔ‡Ó Ì ٷ ‰Èο ÙÔ˘˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· (.¯. Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙÔ‡Ó ‹ Ó· ÂÚ¢ÓÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔı‹ÎË ‹ ÛÙÔ ‰È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô), fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ‹ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜. ■ ∞ÍÈÔÔÈԇ̠ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ··ÈÙËÙÈΤ˜ ÔÌ·‰ÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜. ■ ŸÙ·Ó Ë ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ‹ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÙÔÔıÂÙԇ̠ÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Ê˘Â›˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÔÌ¿‰· ·Ó·ı¤ÙÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈ· ÔχÏÔÎË ÂΉԯ‹ Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ■ ŸÙ·Ó Ë ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ··ÈÙ› ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë, ÙÔÔıÂÙԇ̠ÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Ê˘Â›˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ›˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·Ù¢ÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ·fi ÔÏϤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ. °ÂÓÈο, ı¤ÙÔ˘Ì ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ fiϘ ÙȘ ËÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ì ӷ ·Ó·Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Ô˘ ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ Ù· fiÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜.
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µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] Archambault, F., Westberg, K., Brown, S., Hallmark, B., Zhang, W., & Emmons, C. (1993). Classroom practices used with gifted third and fourth grade students. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 16(2), 13-28. 1[2] Callahan, C. (1990). A commissioned paper on the performance of high ability students on national and international tests. University of Virginia, Charlottesville. 1[3] Cox, C. (2004). General accommodations for gifted children in the regular classroom. Georgia Department of Education 1[4] Cox, J., Daniel, N. & Boston, B. (1985). Educating able learners: Programs and promising practices. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ED 266 567 1[5] Kantrowitz, B. & Wingert, P. (1992, February 17). An ‘F’ in world competition. Newsweek, 57. 1[6] Maker, J. (1982). Curriculum development for the gifted. Rockville, MD: Aspen Systems Corporation. 1[7] McGrail, L. (2005). Modifying Regular Classroom Curricula for High-Ability. Prufrock Press Inc. 1[8] Ness, B. & Latessa, E. (1979). Gifted children and self-teaching techniques. Directive Teacher, 2, 10-12. 1[9] Parke, B. (1989). Gifted students in regular classrooms. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. 1[10] Roets, L. (1993). Modifying standard curriculum for high ability students. New Sharon, IA: Leadership Publishers. 1[11] Tomlinson, C. ∞. How Can Gifted Students Needs be Met in Mixed-Ability Classrooms. National Association for Gifted Children www.nagc.org 1[12] Westberg, K., Archambault, F., Dobyns, S. & Salvin, T. (1993). The classroom practices observation study. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 16(2), 29-56. 1[13] Winebrenner, S. (1992). Teaching gifted kids in the regular classroom. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit.
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3.3. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ∞ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ ™¯ÔÏ›Ô
™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÂÓۈ̿وۋ˜ Ù˘ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·.
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÛ·ÊËÓ›ÛÂÈ: ■ 1. ÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ■ 2. Ù· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ■ 3. ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÂÓۈ̿وۋ˜ Ù˘ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ■ 4. ÙÔ Ò˜ Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ (ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÁÔÓ›˜, Ì·ıËÙ¤˜) ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÛÎÔÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡, ■ 5. ÔȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ò˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓۈ̷وıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
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∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ª¿ıËÛË ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ∞˘Ùԉȷ¯Â›ÚÈÛË ¶ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜
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∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ∏ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ì¤Û· ·fi ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË. ªÂ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÂȯÂÈÚ›ٷÈ: ■ Ó· ‰ÔıÔ‡Ó ÂÓ·‡ÛÌ·Ù·, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó ¿Ô„Ë ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË, ■ Ó· ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ı· ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù¢ÙÔ‡Ó, ■ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó Ò˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ∆¶∂, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜.
3.3.1. ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ∆Ô Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ fiÙ·Ó Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÛÙËÓ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ (Elias et al., 1997). ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÓÈο ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Ó· ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÌÔÓfiÏ¢ڷ ›Ù ˆ˜ ·˘ÙÔÛÎÔfi ›Ù ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ (.¯. Ê·Ú̷΢ÙÈ΋ ÚfiÏË„Ë), Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ (.¯. ÚfiÏË„Ë ‚›·˜) ‹ ÙˆÓ Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ˘Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ (citizenship, service learning programmes). ∆Ô Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Û˘ÓÙÂÏ› ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È Ë Ì¿ıËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰Â Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÌfiÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ‹ Ó· ÂÌÔ‰›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Î·È ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·. ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ■ ∑ËÙ‹ÛÙ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û·˜ Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ■ ™˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÛÙ Û ÌÈÎÚ¿ ¯·ÚÙ¿ÎÈ· fiÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÌÔÚ›ÙÂ Î·È ˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· Ù· ηٷٿÍÔ˘Ó Û ıÂÙÈο Î·È ·ÚÓËÙÈο, Î·È Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·. ■ ¶ÔÏÏ¿ Û¯¤‰È· Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· ÙÔ˘ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡, Center for Social and Emotional Education. http://csee.net/climate/seeae/lessonplans.aspx
¶ÔÏÏ¿ Û¯ÔÏ›· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Û ÙÔÌ›˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË, Ë ËıÈ΋ Î·È Ë ˘Â‡ı˘ÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. √È ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ıÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ (intellectual development) (DiPerna & Elliott, 1999, Haynes, Ben-Avie & Ensign, 2003, Pasi, 2001) Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‰Â›ÎÙË Ù˘ ›‰ÔÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô (Malecki & Elliott, 2002,
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Welsh, Park, Widaman & O’Neil, 2001, Wentzel, 1993). ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Ì ÙË ¯·ÌËÏ‹ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË (Hawkins, Farrington & Catalano, 1998). ∑ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÈı·Ú¯›·, Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘, Ë ·Ó·Ú΋˜ Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛˆÓ, Ë ·ÏÏÔÙÚ›ˆÛË, Ë È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ›‰ÔÛË ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ë ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ηٿÏÏËÏË Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. √È Ó¤ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯‹ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ «‰‡ÛÎÔψӻ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. √È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ı· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó, ÂÈϤÔÓ, ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜.
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 1 ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È Û¯Â‰È¿ÛÙ ÌÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ı· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜.
3.3.2. ∆È Â›Ó·È Ë ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ∞ÁˆÁ‹; ¶ÔÏÏÔ› fiÚÔÈ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹, fiˆ˜ Ë ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· (emotional literacy), Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÔÈ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. √ Dr. Maurice Elias, æ˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˜, ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Rutgers Î·È ÂȉÈÎfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹, ‹Ù·Ó ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ·Û¯ÔÏ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË (Elias et al., 1997). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Elias Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ (social and emotional learning) ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜, Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÛˆÛÙ¤˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ, Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È Ì ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ËıÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÓfiÓ˜, Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ıÂÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ‚·ÛÈο Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÒÛÙ ٷ ·È‰È¿ Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·. ∂›Ó·È ÂÈϤÔÓ Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÂÂȉ‹ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÔÈΛϘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛ̘ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ·fi ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development Task Force Î·È ÙÔ Learning First Alliance, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ «Ë Ì¿ıËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› ÌfiÓÔ ·ÊÔ‡ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈËı› ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ŸÙ·Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÈηÓÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Èı·Ófi Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÙ˘¯›Â˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ի (Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning, 2002).
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™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Ô‰ËÁfi Safe and Sound (2002) ÙÔ˘ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL), Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒıËΠÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Illinois ÛÙÔ Chicago ÙÔ 1994, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ ¤ÓÙ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (™¯‹Ì· 1): 1. ∞˘ÙÔ›ÁÓˆÛË (Self-Awareness): ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù¿ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È (.¯. ¯·Ú¿, χË, ı˘Ìfi˜, Êfi‚Ô˜, ¤ÎÏËÍË), ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ› ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛË (ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘), ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÈ· ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ·›ÛıËÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ·Í›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘. 2. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ›ÁÓˆÛË (Social Awareness): ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ ‰È·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ì·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ÂÎÙÈÌ¿ Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿ ıÂÙÈο Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. 3. ∞˘Ùԉȷ¯Â›ÚÈÛË (Self-Management): ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ÂÈ̤ÓÂÈ Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È. 4. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ (Relationship Skills): ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË Û˘Ó·Ó·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› Î·È ‰È·ÙËÚ› ˘ÁÈ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·, ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛȷΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ·Ó·˙ËÙ¿ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· fiÙ·Ó ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È. 5. À¢ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ (Responsible Decision Making): ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ› Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ¤Ó·Ó ΛӉ˘ÓÔ, ·›ÚÓÂÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÊÔ‡ ÚÒÙ· Ï¿‚ÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘ fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ Èı·Ó¤˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯Â‰›ˆÓ ‰Ú¿Û˘, Û¤‚ÂÙ·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Î·È Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÚÔÛˆÈο ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘. ™¯‹Ì· 1: √È ¤ÓÙ ¢È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ ¡· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ ÙÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ ›Û˘ Ù· ‰˘Ó·Ù¿ Î·È Ù· ·‰‡Ó·Ù· ÛËÌ›· ÙÔ˘.
∞˘Ù›ÁÓˆÛË ¡· ¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘.
∞˘Ùԉȷ¯Â›ÚÈÛË ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ™˘Ó·ÈÛı/΋ ∞ÁˆÁ‹
∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ›ÁÓˆÛË ¡· ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜.
À¢ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ·Ô Ê¿ÛˆÓ
¡· οÓÂÈ ËıÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿.
∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜
¡· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, Ó· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÔÌ·‰Èο, Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛȷΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ.
¶ËÁ‹: http://www.casel.org/downloads/Safe%20and%20Sound/2B_Performance.pdf
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 2 ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÙ ÔÈ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ Î·È ÔÈ· ÁÏÒÛÛ· ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó Î¿ı ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ¤ÓÙ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜.
∫ˆ‰ÈÎÔÔÈ‹ÛÙ ÙȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û·˜. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ∞˘ÙÔ›ÁÓˆÛË ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ›ÁÓˆÛË ∞˘Ùԉȷ¯Â›ÚÈÛË ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ À¢ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ
ÃÚ‹ÛË Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÓËϛΈÓ
™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÂÓËϛΈÓ
¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ·fi ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Goleman (1996), ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ‰˘Ô ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘: ·. ÔÈ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ı¤Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘, Î·È ‚. ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ fiÛÔ Î·Ï¿ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜. √ Goleman ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ¤ÓÙ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹: 1. ∂›ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ (Self and other awareness): ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷÓÔ› Î·È Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜, Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ› fiÙ ٷ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È, Ó· ηٷÓÔ› ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘, ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ú¿Í˘, Î·È Ó· ηٷϷ‚·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÛÙ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ. 2. ¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ‰È¿ıÂÛ˘ (Mood management): ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÙÔ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô, Ó· Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÈÎfi, Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ù· ·ÚÓËÙÈο Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·, Ó· ÂϤÁ¯ÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÚÔÚÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ı˘Ìfi Ì ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ. 3. ∂Ó›Û¯˘ÛË ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ (Self-motivation): ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ı¤ÙÂÈ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÌ̤ÓÂÈ Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ì ·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›· Î·È ÂÏ›‰·, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È fiÙ·Ó ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÌfi‰È·. 4. ∂ÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË (Empathy): ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· Ì·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÏÏËϤÁÁ˘· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ‚ϤÂÈ Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙË ÛÎÔÈ¿ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È Ó· ÓÈÒıÂÈ fiˆ˜ ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó, Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÙËÓ
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ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ οÔÈÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÙ·È. 5. ¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ (Management of relationships): ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› Ê›ÏÔ˘˜, Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÊÈϛ˜, Ó· ÂÈχÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ, Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ› Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È.
3.3.3. ¶ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·fi ÙËÓ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ ∆· ‚·ÛÈο ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó: ■ ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Î·È Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·, ■ ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ■ ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ÂÓۈ̿وÛ˘, ■ ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘, ■ ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹˜, ■ ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜.
∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Î·È ∂·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ∂ÈÙ˘¯›· ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ «ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘», ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÂÈ ÚÔÛˆÈο Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ∏ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆ™¯‹Ì· 2: ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ∞ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ∂ÈÙ˘¯›·
¶ËÁ‹: www.casel.org/downloads/T3053c01.pdf
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È΋, ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ /Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·, Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ó· η٤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· (Goleman, 1996). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ™¯‹Ì· 2, Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î·È Ë ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó Ì¤Û· Û ¤Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈÎfi Ì·ıËÛÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ Îϛ̷ÙÔ˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ÁÈ· ·ÓÙ·ÌÔÈ‚‹ ÂÓÒ Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰¤ÛÌ¢Û˘ Î·È ·Á¿Ë˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· (Collaboration for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning, 2003). ∆· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› fiÙÈ ÂÈʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÔʤÏË, fiˆ˜ Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜, Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ Î·È Ë ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ (Durlak, 1995, Durlak & Wells, 1997). ŒÚ¢Ó˜ Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Û ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ Ù· ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ӷ ¿ÙÔÌ· ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÔÈ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÔÌ·‰È΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›·, ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ÙȘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î.Ï. (Goleman, 1998, Weisinger, 1998).
µÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ √ Wells (2001), ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜, η٤ÏËÍ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ Â›¯·Ó Û·Ê‹ Î·È ıÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ∆· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ·Ó¤Ù˘Í·Ó ÙȘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Û ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. √È Marshall Î·È Watt (1999) ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ·Ó fiÙÈ ¤ÓÙÂη ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ۯ‰ȷṲ̂ӷ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È‰¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, ‹Ù·Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÚÒÈÌˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜.
∞‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ∂Óۈ̿وÛ˘ ∏ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚË ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÙˆÓ «‰‡ÛÎÔψӻ ·È‰ÈÒÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ‰‡Ô ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ Âη›‰Â˘·Ó «‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ˘˜» Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ı· ÙÔ˘˜ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Î·È Ó· ÂϤÁÍÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ô‰Â›¯ıËÎ·Ó Ôχ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ·˘Ù‹Ó, Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë Ì¿ıËÛË ÙˆÓ ˘fiÏÔÈˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ∆·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, ‚Ô‹ıËÛ·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ·Ó¯ÙÔ‡Ó, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ¢ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ· ηÈ, ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÂÓۈ̿وÛË (Rogers, 1994, Epstein & Elias, 1996).
µÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ª¿ıËÛ˘ ∫¿ÔȘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ (ıÏ›„Ë, ı˘Ìfi˜, ÔÚÁ‹) ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË, ÂÓÒ ¿ÏϘ (·›ÛıËÛË Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜) ÙËÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË (Greenhalgh, 1994).
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√ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙ› Ì ۷ʋÓÂÈ·, Ó· ÈÂÚ·Ú¯‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ë ·ÚÔ¯‹ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· Ù· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ·. ∞fi ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ ÔÈ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ·fi Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜. √È ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙÔ‡Ó Ì ۷ʋÓÂÈ· fiÙ·Ó Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο ÊÔÚÙÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ (Weissberg & Elias, 1993). ¶ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ·‰È¿Û·ÛÙË ·fi ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ (Perry, 1996). √È Mayer Î·È Salovey (1997) ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛË, ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi. ∂›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÙËÓ ·Í›· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ó· Ù· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÈ Ì ٷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÛˆÛÙ¤˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ, ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο fiϘ ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ı· Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·Ó ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ηϤ˜ (Damasio, 1994).
ªÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ™˘ÓÔ¯‹ ∆· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Î·È È‰ÈˆÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹. ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈ·ÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ (Antidote, 1998). √È ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·. ™ÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÔ¯‹, Ë ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÚÓ¿ÂÈ ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ ÎÚ›ÛË Î·È Ë ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Ô˘ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ·Ú›¯Â ÛÙ· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ¤·„ ӷ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ. ∆· ÚÔÛˆÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ Î·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë „˘¯È΋˜ ·ʋ˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Î¿ÔȘ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜ ¤Ó· ·›ÛıËÌ· ·Ó·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È Êfi‚Ô˘. ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË Ì›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘ÌÂÏÒÓ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈÒÓ ‹ ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÛÔÛÙÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÌÔÓÔÁÔÓÂ˚ÎÒÓ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·˙˘Á›ˆÓ. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË Ù˘ ¶ËÁ‹: www.venturablvd.com Ô›ıËÛ˘ fiÙÈ Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÙ·È Ï¤ÔÓ ÂÍ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·. ¢Â‰Ô̤Ó˘ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎˆÓ ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜.
µÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ æ˘¯È΋˜ ÀÁ›·˜ √È ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û Ôχ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ë È‰¤· Ù˘ «·ıÒ·˜» ·È‰È΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ϤÔÓ, ηٿ ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜, ̇ıÔ. ¢È·¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÌÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÈÚÚ‹ Û „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·˘ÍË̤ÓË Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ‚ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi, Ó· ÂΉËÏÒÛÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÂÈÚÚ¤ÂÈ· ÛÙÔÓ ·ÏÎÔÔÏÈÛÌfi Î·È ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ó·ÚΈÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ (Durlak et al., 1997). ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ˘„ËÏ¿ ›‰· Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ ÙˆÓ
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Ó¤ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë, ÔÈ Ù¿ÛÂȘ ·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›·˜, ÔÈ ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜, Ë Î·Ù·›ÂÛË Î.¿. (Durlak et al. , 1997, Weare & Gray, 2003).
3.3.4. ∏ ∂Óۈ̿وÛË Ù˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ™¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› ÛÙÔ ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ ÂÓۈ̿وۋ˜ Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Zins, Bloodworth, Weissberg Î·È Walberg (2003), ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó: ■ Ó· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ·ÛÊ·ÏÔ‡˜ ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ˘„ËϤ˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘, ÔÏϷϤ˜ ¢ηÈڛ˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÛÙÂÓfiÙÂÚ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ■ Ó· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹, ■ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË ‹ ¿ÏϘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Τ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Ë ÌÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ÔÏÏ¿ Û¯ÔÏ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÙ¿ÍÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÌË Ù˘ÈΤ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂχÛÂȘ, Ù· Â͈ۯÔÏÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó‰ڛ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ) Î·È ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∏ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÛ·Ê‹ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÚfiÛıÂÙË ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (Education Commission of the States, 2003) ■ ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ Û ÙÔÌ›˜, fiˆ˜: ■ Ë Â›ÁÓˆÛË Î·È Ô Û‚·ÛÌfi˜ ÛÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, ■ Ô ·˘ÙÔ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜, ■ ÔÈ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, ■ Ô ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, Î·È ■ Ë Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. Ÿˆ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‹‰Ë ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi ‰È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÙÔ Î¿Ùˆ ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÍ‹˜ ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË: «∂›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜» ‹ «∞ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ï¿ Ì ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘». °ÂÓÈο ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· ¤ÚıÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ï¿‚ÂÈ ÔÙ¤ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË Âη›‰Â˘ÛË (Burke, 2002). √ Hamburg (1992) ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ fiÙÈ ÔÏÏÔ› Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ·Ô‰¤ÎÙ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ – Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ – Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎ·Ó ·Ú·¿Óˆ.
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 3 ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Â¿Ó ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ›Ù ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û·˜ Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·.
°È· ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó: ■ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜, ■ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Î·È ■ ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ – Û˘ÓÔÌ‹ÏÈÎÔÈ.
3.3.4.1. ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¤˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ °ÔÓ›˜ √ Stern (2000) ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜: ■ Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ηıÒ˜ fiÛÔ ÈÔ ÓˆÚ›˜ ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ÂÈ Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· Â›Ó·È Ù· ÔʤÏË. ŸÙ·Ó Ô ÁÔÓ¤·˜ ηχÙÂÈ ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘, Ë ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ˂›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ·. ■ Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·. ∆Ô ‰È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Î·È ÔÈ ‰ÈÎÙ˘·Î¤˜ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ■ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÁÈ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ηÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ Ì›ÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ■ Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì ÙÔ ·È‰› ÙÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ·˘ÙÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÚˆÙ¿Ó ٷ ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ò˜ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È, ÂÓÒ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ·È‰› fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ‰‡Ô Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·. ■ Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ■ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÈÁ̤˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ· (Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο) ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘˙ËÙÔ‡Ó Ì ٷ ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ٷ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ■ Ó· ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÈηÈÚfiÙËÙ·˜, ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ Î.Ï. ªÔÚÔ‡Ó, ›Û˘, Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÌË ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜, fiÔ˘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È, ÛÙ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û˘˙ËÙÔ‡Ó Ì ٷ ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ■ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ËÌÂÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ Ô˘ ı· ÙÔ˘˜ ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ Ó· ÛÙÔ¯¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·-
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ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È Ó· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈÌËıÔ‡Ó. ■ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ·È¯Ó›‰È· Î·È ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ¯Ù›˙Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ (Stern, 2000). ŒÓ· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÁÔÓ›˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆıÔ‡Ó Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜: ■
Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ,
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Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘˜,
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Ó· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜,
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Ó· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ΛÓËÙÚ· Î.Ï.
3.3.4.2. ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜
¶ËÁ‹: www.casel.org
√È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ Îϛ̷, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜, Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛˆÓ, Ó· Û˘˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ï‡ÛˆÓ, Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙË ı¤ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È Ó· ·ÛÎÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Î·È ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘Û¿ÚÂÛÙˆÓ È‰›ˆ˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Coleman, 1998).
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Stern (2000), ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó: ■ Ó· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÛÙÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ, ■ Ó· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ӷ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î·È Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ·fi„ÂȘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ■ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ (.¯. ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο ·È¯Ó›‰È· ‹ ‚ÈÓÙÂÔÙ·Èӛ˜) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÊfiÚÌËÛË ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜, ∂ÓË̤ڈÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜. ■ Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning: http://www.casel.org/ ■ Center for Social and Emotional Education: http://www.csee.net/climate/
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■ Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ÂÙÔÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏχÔÓÙ·È ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈο οÔȘ ÛÙÈÁ̤˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Ê˘ÛÈο ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ■ Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, ■ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·›ıÔ˘Û· Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ Ó· ‚ÔËı¿ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ›Ó·Î· ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒÛˆÓ, fiÔ˘ ı· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ÏÂ˙¿ÓÙ˜ ‹ ı· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó, ■ Ó· Û˘˙ËÙÔ‡Ó Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ■ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ (for·) ‹ Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈ·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ı¤Ì· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹, Ó· ÂÈÛΤÙÔÓÙ·È Û¯ÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÔ‡˜ ÙfiÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û¯ÂÙÈο, ■ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ËÌÂÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ Ô˘ ı· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔ˘Ó Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ·Ú·ÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ.
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 4 ™˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÙ Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Ù˘ ·›ıÔ˘Û·˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ.
∏ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË, ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· Î·È ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, Î·È ·ÔÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜.
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 5 ∞ÊÔ‡ ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ›Ù Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÙ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ù ÙÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Ô˘ ı· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÙÂ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·.
ŒÓ· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÛÂÈ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó:
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¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË: ■ √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ˙ËÙ¿ÂÈ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ¯ˆÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ‰›ÓÂÈ ÊˆÙÔÁڷʛ˜ Ì ÚfiÛˆ· ·fi ‰È·ÊËÌ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Û˘Óԉ‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì·, ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ ·ÓٛʷÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌËӇ̷ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (.¯. ¯ÂÈÚÔÓƠ̂˜, ÌÔÚÊ·ÛÌÔ›). ■ ∑ËÙ‹ÛÙ ·fi Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈο ÌËӇ̷ٷ Î·È Ù· ·›ÙÈ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ■ Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ Î·È ·˘ÙÔÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ (self-concept, selfimage) ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ■ Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (self-confidence), ■ Ó· ÂÓÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÎÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ Ó· ÌÂÙ·‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ·Í›Â˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Î·È Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ∞/‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ µ/‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘.
√ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ù˘ ¶ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ù˘ ∞/‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·ı¤ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ «‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ» ·È‰› Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙ› Ì ¤Ó· Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘, Ô˘ ı· ÙÔ ·Ô‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Î·È ı· ÙÔ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ. √È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÓۈ̿وÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ·È‰› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ¿ ¢ηÈڛ˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÚÔˆı‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ «ÌË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔṲ̂ÓÔ» ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ·È‰› (.¯. «£ˆÌ¿, Û ·Ú·Î·ÏÒ, ÌÔÚ›˜ Ó· ·˜ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ô Ù˘ ª·Ú›·˜ Î·È Ó· Ù˘ ÂȘ fiÙÈ ı· ‹ıÂÏ· Ó· ÌÔ˘ ʤÚÂÈ ÙÔ ÙÂÙÚ¿‰ÈÔ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ù˘;»). ∂›Ó·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ·Ó·ı¤ÙÂÈ Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜, ·Ó¿ ˙‡ÁË, ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÎÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó .¯. ¤Ó· ›ڷ̷, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· Ó· Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ¤Ó· ·È‰› ·fi ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ.
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¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· 6 ∞ÊÔ‡ ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ›Ù Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÚÚÈÊı› ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Î·È ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÓۈ̿وۋ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·›ıÔ˘Û·.
ŒÓ·˜ Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ Ì ÌÂȈ̤Ó˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·fiÚÚÈ„Ë Û οı ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ··ÈÙ› Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ η̛· ÔÌ¿‰· ‰ÂÓ ÙÔÓ ÂÈϤÁÂÈ. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜, ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ʤÚÓÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰› ÛÙË ‰˘Û¿ÚÂÛÙË ı¤ÛË Ó· Â›Ó·È Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÏÂÁ›. √ ‰¿ÛηÏÔ˜ ηÏfi Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ Ù·ÂÈÓˆÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ‹ ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË (.¯. Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙ› fiÏ· Ù· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û ¤Ó· η¤ÏÔ Î·È ÂÈϤÁÂÈ Ù˘¯·›· Ù· ̤-
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ÏË ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ). ŒÓ·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ηٿ ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ 6 ‹ 8 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÈÏÂÁ› ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈÛÔ‡˜ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Û ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û ¿ÏÏË. ∆· ÂÈÙÚ·¤˙È· ·È¯Ó›‰È· (board games) Î·È Ù· ·È¯Ó›‰È· Ì οÚÙ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÁÈ· Ó· ÚÔˆı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ∆¤ÙÔȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈΛϘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ (.¯. Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi), ÂÓÒ, ÂÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ÂÂȉ‹ Â›Ó·È Â˘¯¿ÚÈÛÙ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ÚÔˆı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂Âȉ‹ Ù· ·È¯Ó›‰È· ·Ú·ÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ıÂÙÈ΋ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË, ·Ó Î·È ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ϛÁ˜ ÒÚ˜ οı ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰· (Lavoie, 1994).
√ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ù˘ ¢Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙÔ °˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈÔ Î·È ÙÔ §‡ÎÂÈÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÔÈÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·ÁÓÔÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‹ ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÔÓÙ·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÂÊ˂›·˜, Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ Ë ·fiÚÚÈ„Ë Ô˘ ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ¤Ó·˜ ¤ÊË‚Ô˜ Ì ÌÂȈ̤Ó˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔÓ ı¤ÙÂÈ Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ Û ΛӉ˘ÓÔ Î·È Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ªÔÚ› Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ· ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Ú¤ÂÈ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Ó· Â›Ó·È Úfiı˘ÌÔ˜ Î·È ÈηÓfi˜ Ó· ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆Ô ·È‰› Ì ÌÂȈ̤ÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·fiÚÚÈ„Ë Î·È ÓÈÒıÂÈ ·ÔÌÔӈ̤ÓÔ ÛÙË ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈ¿ ÙÔ˘, ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ψÊÔÚÂ›Ô Î·È ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜. √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Îϛ̷, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÓÈÒÛÂÈ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘, Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë fiÙÈ ÁÈ· οÔÈ· ·È‰È¿ Ë Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÚÔۤϢÛË ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· Ì¿Ù·ÈÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·Ó ÂÙ˘¯·›ÓÔ˘Ó Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó (Lavoie, 1994).
∫·Ù¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ª·ıËÙ¤˜ ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Stern (2000), ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó: ■ Ó· ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ËÌÂÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ›ÁÓˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ Ó· Û˘˙ËÙÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÙÔÓ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È Ô Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ Ê›ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È fi¯È Ô ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ÎÚÈÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ Ó· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ■ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ¯·Ï¿ÚˆÛ˘ Î·È ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ Ù˘ ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ Û ıÂÙÈ΋, ■ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ȉÈÔÙÚԛ˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎÓ¢ڛ˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ˘¤Ú‚·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Ó Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ÁÈ· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ Ó· ·ÎÔ‡Ó Ù· ¤ÓÛÙÈÎÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ■ Ó· ·ÊÈÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó Ï›ÁÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÎÔ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ʈӋ ÙÔ˘˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ,
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¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ∆¿Í˘
■ Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Î·È Ù· ̤ÚË Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ οÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÌÔÚÊ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂΛӷ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Á·Ô‡Ó (Stern, 2000). ŒÓ· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÁÈ· Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÛÂÈ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó: ■ Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘Ó ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·, ■ Ó· ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ■ Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·˘Ùo-ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘˜.
3.3.5. ™˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÙˆÓ ∞ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Ô‰ËÁfi Safe and Sound ÙÔ˘ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ CASEL (2003), ¤Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÏËÚÔ› ÙȘ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ: 1. ∂Óۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‚·ÛÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÛÙȘ ıˆڛ˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ. 2. ∂Ê·ÚÌfi˙ÂÈ ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Û ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ‰È‰¿ÛÎÂÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ËıÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ˙ˆ‹. 3. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÌϤÍÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Îϛ̷ÙÔ˜ fiÔ˘ ¢ËÌÂÚ› Ë ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰·, Ë Â˘ı‡ÓË Î·È Ë ‰¤ÛÌ¢ÛË ÁÈ· Ì¿ıËÛË. 4. ¶ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, .¯. Û·Ê‹ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ οı ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‚·ıÌ›‰·˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·È‰ÈÎfi ÛÙ·ıÌfi ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ §‡ÎÂÈÔ. ∂›Û˘, ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ Û‚·ÛÌfi Ù˘ ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›·˜. 5. µÔËı¿ÂÈ Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›· Ó· Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο. 6. √ÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ› ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ÙË ıÂÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙȘ ηϤ˜ Û˘Ó‹ıÂȘ ÌÂϤÙ˘. 7. ∂ÌϤÎÂÈ ÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi Î·È ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎfi ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi, ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È Ù· ̤ÏË ÙË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. 8. ∂Í·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÒÓÙ·˜ fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ËÁÂÛ›·, ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·/¿ÚÎÂÈ· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ηıÒ˜ ›Û˘ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ (ÁÔÓ›˜, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›, Ì·ıËÙ¤˜) ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡. 9. ¶·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÁÈ· fiÏÔ ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. 10. ¢ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÓ·ÚÌÔÓ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Î·È ÙȘ ÂȉÈÒÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, Î·È Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÈ Ì ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ ÙË Û˘Ó¯‹ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË (CASEL, 2003).
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3.3.6. ™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· – ¶ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ̤۷ ·fi Ù· ÂÈÌÔÚʈÙÈο ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ·, ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ó¤· ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙ· Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË. ªÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜, Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÛˆÛÙ¤˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ, Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È Ì ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ËıÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÓfiÓ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ıÂÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·ÔʇÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ (∆ÛÈÏËÙ¿Ú˘, 1998, ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, 2003, ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2003). ∏ ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ‰ÂÎÙÈÎÔ› Û ¤ÓÓÔȘ fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ô ·ÌÔÈ‚·›Ô˜ Û‚·ÛÌfi˜, Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘, ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓÒÓÙ·˜ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÈÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜.
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µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· 1[1] Antidote (1998). Realising the Potential: Emotional Education for All, London: Antidote. 1[2] Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL) (2003). Safe and Sound: An Educational Leader's Guide To Evidence-Based Social and Emotional Learning Programs, Chicago, IL: University of Illinois at Chicago In http://www.casel.org/projects_products/majorpubs.php 1[3] Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes' error: emotions, reason, and the human brain, New York: Avon Books. 1[4] DiPerna, J.C. & Elliott S.N. (1999). The development and validation of the Academic Competence Evaluation Scales, Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 17, 207–225. 1[5] Durlak, J. (1995). School-based prevention programs for children and adolescents. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. 1[6] Durlak, J. A. & Wells A. M. (1997). Primary prevention mental health programs for children and adolescents, American Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 775-802. 1[7] Education Commission of the States (ECS) (2003). Making the Case for Social and Emotional Learning and Service-Learning, ECS Denver, http://ecs.org/clearinghouse/44/04/4404.pdf 1[8] Elias, M.J., Zins J.E., Weissberg R.P., Frey K.S., Greenberg M.T., Haynes N.M., Kessler R., SchwabStone M.E. & Shriver T.P., (1997). Promoting social and emotional learning: Guidelines for educators, Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. 1[9] Epstein, T. & Elias M. (1996). To Reach for the Stars: How Social/Affective Education Can Foster Truly Inclusive Environments, Phi Delta Kappan, 157 - 162. 1[10] Hawkins, J. D., Farrington D. P. & Catalano R. F. (1998). Reducing violence through the schools, In D. S. Eliot B. A. Hamburg, and K. R. Williams (Eds), Violence in American schools: A new perspective (pp. 188–216). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1[11] Haynes, N.M, Ben-Avie M. & Ensign J. (Eds) (2003). How social and emotional development add up: Getting results in math and science education, New York: Teachers College Press. 1[12] Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence, Bantam Books. 1[13] Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More than IQ, London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 1[14] Goleman, D. (1998). Working with Emotional Intelligence, New York: Bantam Books. 1[15] Coleman, D. (1998). ∏ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·. 1[16] Greenhalgh, P. (1994). Emotional Growth and Learning, London: Routledge. 1[17] Hamburg, D.A. (1992). Today's children: Creating a future for a generation in crisis, New York: Times Books. 1[18] Lavoie, R. (1994). The Teacher's Role in Developing Social Skills, East Sandwich, Massachusetts, Available at: http://www.ldonline.org/article/6170?theme=print 1[19] Malecki, C.K. & Elliott S.N. (2002). Children’s social behaviors as predictors of academic achievement: A longitudinal analysis, School Psychology Quarterly, 17 (1), 1–23. 1[20] Marshal, J. & Watt P. (1999). Child behaviour problems: a literature review of its size and nature and prevention intervention, The interagency committee on children’s futures, Perth. 1[21] Mayer, J.D. & Salovery P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovery and D. Sluyter (Eds). Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Books. 1[22] Pasi, R.J. (2001). Higher expectations: Promoting social emotional learning and academic achievement in your school, New York: Teachers College Press. 1[23] Payton, J.W., Wardlaw D.M., Graczyk P.A., Bloodworth M.R., Tompsett C. J. & Weissberg R. P. (2000). Social and emotional learning: A framework for promoting mental health and reducing risk behavior in children and youth, Journal of School Health, 70(5), 179–185.
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1[24] Perry C. (1996). Learning Styles and Learning Outcomes, Set: Research Information for Teachers, 1, 1-4, Acer, Wellington, Nz. 1[25] Rogers, B. (1994). Behaviour Recovery: A Whole School Program for Mainstream Schools, Australian Council for Educational Research, Victoria. 1[26] Stern, R. (2000). Social and Emotional Learning: What is it? How can we use it to help our children?, Center for Social and Emotional Education at Teacher's College, Columbia University. http://www.aboutourkids.org/aboutour/articles/socialemotional.html#introduction 1[27] Weare, K. & Gray G. (2003). What works in developing children’s emotional and social competence and well-being?, The Health Education Unit, Research and Graduate School of Education, University of Southampton. 1[28] Wentzel, K. R. (1993). Does being good make the grade? Social behavior and academic competence in middle school, Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 357–364. 1[29] Weisinger, H. (1998). Emotional intelligence at work, San Francisco: Jossy-Bass. 1[30] Weissberg, R. P. & Elias M. J. (1993). Enhancing young people's social competence and health behavior: An important challenge for educators, scientists, policymakers, and funders, Applied and Preventive Psychology, 2, 179-190. 1[31] Welsh, M. Park R.D., Widaman, K. & O’Neil R. (2001). Linkages between children’s social and academic competence: A longitudinal analysis, Journal of School Psychology, 39(6), 463–481. 1[32] Zins J. E., Bloodworth M. R., Weissberg R. P. & Walberg H. J. (2003). The Scientific Base Linking Social and Emotional Learning to School Success, In Zins et al., Social and Emotional Learning and School Success, New York: Teachers College Press. 1[33] ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, ∏. (2003). ∏ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ∆¿ÍË. ∞ı‹Ó·: °ÚËÁfiÚ˘ 1[34] ∆ÛÈÏËÙ¿Ú˘, ∞.º.(1998). æ˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘. ∞ı‹Ó·: ¶ÂÚÈ‚ÔÏ¿ÎÈ. 1[35] ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, Ã. (2003). ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ∞ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ ™¯ÔÏ›Ô. ∞ı‹Ó·: ÃÔÚËÁfi˜ ÿ‰Ú˘Ì· §Â‚¤ÓÙË.
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3.4. ∏ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ˜ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ∆Ô ·ÚfiÓ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜, ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë Î·È ÛÙȘ ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜. √È Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÛÙÚ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ·È‰› ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘, ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË.
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ªÂ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È: ■ 1. Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ Ù· ·›ÙÈ· Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹. ■ 2. Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Î·È ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÔÛË, ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘.
ŒÓÓÔȘ – ∫ÏÂȉȿ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
ÕÁ¯Ô˜ ∞ÔÙ˘¯›· ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË ∞˘Ùԉȷ¯Â›ÚÈÛË ∞ÍÈÔÛ‡ÓË
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∫›ÓËÙÚÔ Â›Ù¢Í˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ ∫›ÓËÙÚÔ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ∏ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹, ̤۷ ·fi ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔÈ: ■ Ó· ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ı· ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù¢ÙÔ‡Ó, ■ Ó· Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó ÂÓ·‡ÛÌ·Ù·, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó ¿Ô„Ë ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Ú¿ÍË, ■ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó Ò˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ.
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∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ °È· ÔÏÏ¿ ¿ÙÔÌ· ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ΛÓËÙÚÔ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ Êfi‚Ô Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜. ∏ Ù¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ ÁÈ· ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ Atkinson (1996), Ô Êfi‚Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜, ˆ˜ ÂΉËÏÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ··Û¯ÔÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜. ¢È¿ÛËÌÔÈ ·ıÏËÙ¤˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ô Êfi‚Ô˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘˜ ‚Ô‹ıËÛ ӷ ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ¤˜ ˘„ËϤ˜ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ (Conroy, 2001), ÂÓÒ Û ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÙËÓ ·ÈÙ›· Ù˘ ·Ú·›ÙËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (√rlick, 1972). ŒÙÛÈ, ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ı· Á›ÓÂÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚÔ˘ Ù˘ ›Ù¢Í˘ Î·È ı· ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô˘ ÌÂϤÙËÛ·Ó ÙÔ Êfi‚Ô Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜, ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë. ∂›Û˘, ı· ·Ó·ÊÂÚıԇ̠۠¤Ú¢Ó˜ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È ÙȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÚÔۋψۋ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô ‹ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Û ·˘ÙfiÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜.
£ÂˆÚ›· ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚÔ˘ ›Ù¢Í˘ ∆Ô ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ «ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚÔ˘ ›Ù¢Í˘». ∏ ıˆڛ· ·˘Ù‹ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒıËÎÂ Î·È ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ McClelland Î·È Atkinson (1953), ÂÓÒ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ı¤Ì· ›¯Â Á›ÓÂÈ Î·È ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ· ̤۷ ·fi ÌÈ· ·ÔÎ·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ Murray (1938). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ Î¿ı ¿ÙÔÌÔ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔ «Î›ÓËÙÚÔ Â›Ù¢Í˘», Ô˘ ÙÔ ‚ÔËı¿ Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ ˘„ËÏÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÊÙ¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Û ›‰· ÙÂÏÂÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Ô Atkinson (1964) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ fiÏ· Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ˆıÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ‰‡Ô ΛÓËÙÚ·, ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ Â›Ù¢Í˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜. ∆· ‰˘Ô ·˘Ù¿ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ΛÓËÙÚ· ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ‰‡Ô Ù¿ÛÂȘ, ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ ÁÈ· ÂÈÙ˘¯›·, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË ÁÈ· ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ ÁÈ· ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜. ∏ ÚÒÙË Ù¿ÛË ˆı› ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙÔ˘ Û οÔÈÔ ¤ÚÁÔ, ÂÓÒ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÙÔ˘. ŒÙÛÈ, Ù· ‰˘Ô ·˘Ù¿ ΛÓËÙÚ· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ó· ÂÎÙÂϤÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ¤ÚÁÔ Î·È Î·ıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÙË ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ·˘Ùfi (∫ˆÛÙ·Ú›‰Ô˘-∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë, 1999 ). øÛÙfiÛÔ, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·’ fi,ÙÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ, ηıÒ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ó·Ù˘Á̤ÓÔ ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔηÏ›. ŒÙÛÈ, ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ì ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÚÔÛ·ı› Ì οı ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Î·È ÂÊÈÎÙfi ÙÚfiÔ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ ‹ Ó· ηı˘ÛÙÂÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙÔ˘ Û ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ›Ù¢Í˘ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ (∫ˆÛÙ·Ú›‰Ô˘ - ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë, 1999). ™ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÍÂʇÁÂÈ ·fi Ù¤ÙÔȘ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛٷ٤„ÂÈ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ‰Ú·ÂÙ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ·fi ÙË Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Â›Ù ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈο, ÂÁηٷÏ›ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·, ›Ù Ȥ˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÎÏËÚ¿ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· (Covington, 1992, Elliot & Church, 1997). √È ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ô Êfi‚Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÌÊ·Ó›˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÚÔ˚fiÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙË ›‰È· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ (Atkinson & Feather, 1966, Birney, Burdick & Teevan, 1969 Î.¿.). ∆Ô ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÊÔ‡ ˆı› ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ, ‚¿ÛÂÈ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜,
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ÛÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÌÌÂÛË ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚ› ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ·Ô‚Ô‡Ó Î·Ù·Ï˘ÙÈο ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ (Elliot & Church, 1997). °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ·˘Ùfi ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ ηı·˘Ù‹ ÙfiÛÔ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ fiÛÔ ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂȤ˜ Ù˘ (Birney, 1969, Û. 201). ∞ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Ô Conroy (2001), ˆ˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜, ·Ó¤Ù˘Í Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÙÔ˘ Êfi‚Ô˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ¤ÓÙ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜. ∞ӷʤÚÂÈ fiÙÈ Û ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ¤ÓÙÔÓ· Ù· ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·: ·) Ù˘ ÓÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔÛ‚ÔÏ‹˜, ‚) ÙÔ˘ Êfi‚Ô˘ Ù˘ ·ÒÏÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, Á) ÙÔ˘ Êfi‚Ô˘ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ·‚¤‚·ÈÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ, ‰) ÙÔ˘ Êfi‚Ô˘ Ù˘ ·ÒÏÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È Â) ÙÔ˘ Êfi‚Ô˘ Ù˘ ÚfiÎÏËÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆Ô ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ËÁ¿˙ÂÈ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÓÙ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÛÙËÚ›¯ÙËÎÂ Ë ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË, ηıÒ˜ ›Û˘ Î·È ·fi ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ηٿ ÙË Ó·ڋ ËÏÈΛ·, ÙȘ Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Î·È ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘.
ÕÁ¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ¶·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙÔ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ› ÔÈΛϷ ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Î·È ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô˘ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·˘Ùfi (Conroy, 2001). ŒÓ·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÁÔÓ¤·-·È‰ÈÔ‡. √ Winterbotton (1958) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ÌËÙÚÈ΋ ··›ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÙÔÔ›ËÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ ·›ÙËÌ· ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÔÓ¤· Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ù˘ ÌËÙ¤Ú·˜ Ó· ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌÂ›Ù·È Î·È Ó· ÌËÓ Î·Ù¢ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ ·È‰› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÙÔ˘. ™Â ÌÈ· ¤ÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Á˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ··›ÙËÛ·Ó ÚÒÈ̘ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›·˜ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·¤‰ˆÛ·Ó ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ· Û ¤Ó· ÙÂÛÙ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚÔ˘ ›Ù¢Í˘. √ ∆eevan (1983) ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Û˘Ó¤‰ÂÛ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Ì ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ Ó· ÙÈ̈ÚÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ıËÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙȘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ˆ˜, ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ˘„ËÏfi Â›Â‰Ô ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ˜ ·ÌÔÈ‚¤˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ‹ ‰ÂÓ ÂÈ‚Ú·‚Â‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ۇÁÎÚÈÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ¯·ÌËÏfi ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜. ŒÙÛÈ Ë ÙÈ̈ڛ· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ΛÓËÙÚÔ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ. √È Robinson Î·È Argyle (1962), ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓÂ˚ÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜, ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ˘„ËϤ˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ıÂÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· Ì ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜. ∂›Û˘, ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ù˘ ÌËÙ¤Ú·˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÂÎÓ¢ÚÈÛÌfi˜, Ë ·ÓËÛ˘¯›· Î·È Ë ·fiÚÚÈ„Ë, ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙ› Ì ˘„ËÏfi ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿. √ Singh (1992), Û ۯÂÙÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ, ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Îϛ̷ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜. ¶·ÚfiÌÔȘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· (Van Ijendoorn, 1992, Kandel & Wu, 1995, Belsky & Pensky, 1988). ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÔÈ Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Î·È fi¯È ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ, ÙfiÛÔ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· fiÛÔ Î·È ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÔ ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔṲ̂ÓË, ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ Î·È Ûˆ-
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ÛÙ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ¶·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó Êfi‚Ô ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Û ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· fiÔ˘ Ë ·Á¿Ë, Ë ¤ÁÎÚÈÛË, Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Î·È Ë Û˘Ì¿ıÂÈ· ÂΉËÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û¯ÂÙÈο Û¿ÓÈ· ›Ù ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ·Ô˘Û›·˜, ÂȉÈο ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ı·Ó¿ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·Ù¤Ú· (Greenfeld & Teevan, 1986), ›Ù ÏfiÁˆ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰È·ÊˆÓÈÒÓ (Singh, 1992). ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙ¤ÚËÛ˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂȉÂÈÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ˘„ËÏfi ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Á˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘ Ì ˘„ËÏfi ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÂÚȤÁÚ·„·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ÂÈÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ (Krohne, 1992, Teevan & McChee, 1972), ÂÓÒ Î·È ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹ÚÈÛ·Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ··ÈÙËÙÈÎfi fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ (Schmalt, 1982, Teevan & McGhee, 1972). √È ÁÔÓ›˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Ì ٷ ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ Ù˘ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (Bowlby, 1979, Harlow, 1958). ∆· ·È‰È¿ ̤۷ ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ÙÈ̈ڛ· ‹ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ·fi Ù· ›‰È·, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· Û˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ· ÓÙÚÔ‹˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ηٿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ (Atkinson, 1996, Conroy, 2001, Lewis, 1992, Thrash & Elliot, 1999). √È ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ› ·Ó·Ï‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÓÙÚÔ‹ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ›ÔÓË ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÓÈÒıÂÈ ·ÔÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ, ·ÓfiËÙÔ ‹ Î·È Î·Îfi (Lewis, 1992). H ÓÙÚÔ‹, ›Û˘, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó¿ÚÎÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔÓ ÂÎı¤ÙÂÈ Û ¤Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‹ Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈÎfi ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹ÚÈÔ, ÙÔÓ Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ·Ó¿ÍÈÔ Ù˘ ·Á¿Ë˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È ÙÔÓ ı¤ÙÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ Ù˘ ÂÁηٿÏÂȄ˘ (Andrews, 1995). ∏ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË Ô˘ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ÓÙÚÔ‹ ›ӷÈ, ηٿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Ë Ù¿ÛË ·ÔÊ˘Á‹˜ Î·È ·fiÛ˘ÚÛ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ˆı› ÛÙÔ Ó· ‰Ú·ÂÙ‡ÂÈ ·fi ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙÔ˘ Ì ¿ÏÏ· ¿ÙÔÌ· (Maskolo & Fisher, 1995). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Atkinson (1997), fiˆ˜ ÚԷӷʤÚıËÎÂ, ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·, ÂÂȉ‹ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó Â›Ó·È Ë ÓÙÚÔ‹. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ·˘Ù‹ ηı·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ÊÔ‚›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ÓÙÚÔ‹ Ô˘ ÙË Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÈ (Atkinson, 1957, Birney, 1969). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Lazarus (1991), ÙÔ Û˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ· Ù˘ ÓÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·˜ ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È fiÙ·Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜. °ÂÓÈο, Ë ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Î·È ·ÚÓËÙÈο Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡. √È Thrash Î·È Elliot (1999), ›Û˘, ÌÂϤÙËÛ·Ó ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Ì ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÁÔÓ¤· Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡. ∞Ó¤ÊÂÚ·Ó Ì¤ÙÚÈ· ›‰· Û˘Ìʈӛ·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÁÔÓ¤· Î·È ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ Ì ·˘ÍË̤ÓÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ·Ó fiÙÈ Â›¯·Ó ÎfiÚ˜ Ì ›Û˘ ˘„ËÏ¿ ›‰· ¿Á¯Ô˘˜, fiˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ù¤Ú˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆Ô Ê‡ÏÔ ıˆÚ›ٷÈ, ηٿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, ¤Ó·˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Ô˘ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È Âȉڿ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ (ªÂÙ·ÏÏ›‰Ô˘, 2003). ∆Ô ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·ıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Â›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÛÙȘ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ, ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜
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Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ÛÙȘ ÛΤ„ÂȘ, Ù· ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙȘ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ (Heckhausen, 1975). ∞‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ·, ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈÎÈÏÔÙÚfiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÔÈ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ› ÚfiÙÂÈÓ·Ó ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ˆ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÚÚÔÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. √ Conroy (2001) Û˘Ó¤‰ÂÛ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Ì ٷ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈ˙·Ó ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‹Ù·Ó Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ·ıÏËÙ¤˜, ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. Ÿˆ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Ì ˘„ËÏ¿ ›‰· Êfi‚Ô˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÂÚȤÁÚ·„·Ó Ù· ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈο ÚfiÙ˘· ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ (ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ) ˆ˜ ¯ıÚÈο ‹ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÊÈÏÈο ÚÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜. √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙÂÎÌËÚÈÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ‹ ¯ıÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ (Krohne, 1992, Hermans et al., 1972, Teevan & Mcchee, 1972, Teevan, 1983). ÕÏÏÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Â›Û˘ ÙËÓ ·˘ÍË̤ÓË Â¯ıÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ˆ˜ ·ÈÙ›· Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ (Krohne, 1992), ˆ˜ ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÙÈ̈ڛ· Ô˘ ¤ÂÙ·È Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ (Teevan, 1983). ∞˘Ù¿ Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· Â›Ó·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜, ÂÂȉ‹ ÔÈ Â¯ıÚÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂȉÂÈÓÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÂÚËı› ÙËÓ ·Á¿Ë. ∏ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ·Á¿Ë˜ Î·È ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ ÌÔÚ› Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ (Conroy, 2001). ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Ì ˘„ËÏfi ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÂÚȤÁÚ·„·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ˆ˜ ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ¯ıÚÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË ‹ ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·ÁÓÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË fiÛÔ ·˘Ù‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, Ô˘ Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ·Í›· Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ù· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÚfiÙ˘· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ. §·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘’ fi„ÈÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÌÈ·˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ·˘Ù¿ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË Ù˘ „˘¯Ô‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ (Conroy, 2001). ∞ÍÈfiÏÔÁË Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË. ∂›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜, fiˆ˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ·ıÏËÙÈÛÌfi, Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¿ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο. ™¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ıÂÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ¿ÏψÓ. √ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ·ÒÏÂÈ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·˘ÍË̤ÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏχÂÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ Î¿ı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓ˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÊÔ‚¿Ù·È fiÙÈ ı· ·ÔÙ‡¯ÂÈ. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÌÈ· ¯·Ì¤ÓË Â˘Î·ÈÚ›·. ∏ ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Ë ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ·ÔÁÔËÙ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Birney (1969) Ì ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ÁÈ· ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Í›·. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ·fi„ÂȘ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó Ó¤Â˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜, ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· fiˆ˜ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ó·ÚΈÙÈÎÒÓ, Ë ·ÓÔÚÂÍ›·, ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È Ë Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ‹ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (Conroy, 2001). ∂Ú¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙË „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ıÏËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÌÂϤÙËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ·Í›· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô
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¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ∆¿Í˘
·ıÏËÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ·ıÏËÙ¤˜. √ ·ıÏËÙÈÛÌfi˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ·˘Ùfi, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÔÏÏÔ› ·ıÏËÙ¤˜ ‰È·Î·Ù¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ¤ÓÙÔÓÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È ·ÓËÛ˘¯›· Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ·ÁÒÓ˜ ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ó· ÌËÓ Î·Ù·Ê¤ÚÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÊÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi Â›Â‰Ô Â›‰ÔÛ˘ (Conroy, 2001). √ Anshel (1991) ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙȘ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÔÏÏÔ› ·ıÏËÙ¤˜ ÂΉËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Êfi‚Ô ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ê·Ú̷΢ÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘Û›Â˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÂÂͤÏıÔ˘Ó ÛÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ıÏËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, ÏfiÁˆ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó, Ó· ÌË ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ó¯›ÛÔ˘Ó (Rainey, 1995, Taylor, Daniel, Leith & Burke, 1990) Î·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·›ÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·ıÏËÙÈÛÌfi (Orlick, 1972). ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ¿ÏÏÔÈ ·ıÏËÙ¤˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘˜ ‚Ô‹ıËÛ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÂÓfi˜ ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ˘ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ (Conroy, 2001). ∞˘Ù¿ Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· Ì·˜ ·Ú·¤ÌÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÏÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ Î·È ıÂÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘. ∞ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙË Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Conroy (2001) ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘. ¶ÔÏÏ¿ ¿ÙÔÌ· ˘ÂÚÂÎÙÈÌÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘„ËÏ‹ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË, ÂÓÒ ¿ÏÏ· ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË (Conroy, 2001) Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ, ·Ó ·ÔÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó, ı· ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó Î·È ı· ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·ÙÒÙÂÚ· (Birney, 1969). ™·ÊÒ˜, ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ì ˘„ËÏ‹ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ Î·È Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ Û ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÊÔ‚¿Ù·È (ª¿ÓÙË, 2004), Û˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ· Ô˘ ΢Úȷگ› ÛÙ· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË. ™Â ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙÔ˘ ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë (2004) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ΛÓËÙÚÔ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ (¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜) ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂȈ̤ÓË ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ¤Ú¢ӷ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ۠49 ·ÁfiÚÈ·, Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÎÔÏÂÁ›Ô˘, ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛ ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ˘„ËÏ¿ ›‰· ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ›¯·Ó ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Î·È ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÊÔ›ÙËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÎÔϤÁÈÔ (Goldberg, 1973). øÛÙfiÛÔ Ô Nieves (2001), Û ̛· ¤ÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÙÔ˘ fiÔ˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó 175 ·È‰È¿, ·ÓÙÈÙ›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ·Ú·¿Óˆ Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË. ™ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Û˘¯Ó‹ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›· Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ. Ÿˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›¯ÙËΠ·fi ÙÔÓ Conroy (2001), ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜. ™Â ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ¤Ó· ·È‰› ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ Ó· ‰ÔÎÈÌ¿˙ÂÈ Ó¤· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ fiÙÈ ı· οÓÂÈ Ï¿ıË Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ ı· ·ÔÙ‡¯ÂÈ (Church, 2004). ™Â Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËΠfiÙÈ ¤Ó· ·È‰› Ì ΛÓËÙÚÔ ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·˘ÙÔÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË, ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·˘ÙԉȿıÂÛË, ·Ô‰ÈÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ‰È¿Û·ÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘. ∞ÎfiÌË, ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÈ ·ÚÔı˘Ì›· Ó· ‰Â¯Ù› ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È Î·Ù·‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ‰Ú·ÂÙ‡ÛÂÈ ·fi ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ (Elliot & Church, 1997). ™ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÙËÎÂ Î·È Ì ˘„ËÏ¿ ›‰· ÂÍ·¿ÙËÛ˘, ΢ڛˆ˜ fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ‹Ù·Ó ̤ÙÚÈ·˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ (Monte & Fish, 1987) Î·È fiÙ·Ó Ë ·fi‰ÔÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ‹Ù·Ó ‹‰Ë ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ (Shelton & Hill, 1969). ŒÙÛÈ, fiÙ·Ó Ë ·fi‰ÔÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ‹Ù·Ó ˘„ËÏ‹, ¤Ó· ·È‰› Ì ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡ÛÂ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ó· ·ÓÙÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ¿ÚÂÈ Î·Ïfi ‚·ıÌfi.
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∂›Û˘, Ô Sighn (1992) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ fiÙÈ ¤Ó· ·È‰› Ì ˘„ËÏfi ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÚÔÛ¤Ï΢Û˘ Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ Û ۇÁÎÚÈÛË ÌÂ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯·ÌËÏfi ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚·›ÓÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ (∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë & ¶··ÓÙˆÓ›Ô˘, 2004). ªÂ ‚¿ÛË, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ù· fiÛ· ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Î·È ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó, ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ô˘ Âȉڿ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ Â›‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô.
ºfi‚Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È æ˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ∆Ô ¿Á¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ôχ ÁÓÒÚÈÌË Î·È Û˘¯Ó‹ ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜. £ÂˆÚÂ›Ù·È ¤Ó· ÔχÏÔÎÔ ÌÔÙ›‚Ô ÎÈÓËÙÈÎÒÓ, ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂˆÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ÌÈ· ·ÏËıÈÓ‹ ‹ ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË ·ÂÈÏ‹. ∏ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÚÂıÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈο ‰È·ÁˆÓ›ÛÌ·Ù· (∫¿ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜ & ª·ÓÈ·‰¿ÎË, 2003), ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÈʤÚÔ˘Ó Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÔ‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›· ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Èı·Ó‹ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·. ∫¿ı ÂÚ›ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È Â›Ù¢Í˘ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ·ÚȘ ·Á¯ÔÁfiÓ˜ ËÁ¤˜ (§ÂÔÓÙ¿ÚË & °È·Ï·Ì¿˜, 1996). ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ¿ÌÂÛË Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· (Atkinson, 1966, Hill, 1972, Dweck, 1976). ∂Ú¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë ÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÚ·ÛÌfi˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡ Êfi‚Ô˘ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚÔ˘ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜. ∆· ·È‰È¿ Ì ˘„ËÏ¿ ›‰· ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯›Â˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÚ·˘Ì·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ŒÙÛÈ, Û ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ Ù˘ Âȉ›ˆÍ˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜, ÂÓÒ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·fi‰ÔÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Dweck, 1976). Ÿˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È Û ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ (Comunian, 1993, Covington & Omelich, 1982) ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÌÂȈ̤ÓË ·›ÛıËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ô Êfi‚Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È Ë ·fi‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÈÙÈÒÓ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Û ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÚÎÂÈ·. ™Â ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙˆÓ Hazlett-Stevens Î·È Craske (2003) Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜ ÎÔÏÂÁ›Ô˘ (34 Ì ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È 29 ¯ˆÚ›˜) ‚Ú¤ıËΠfiÙÈ ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ Ì ˘„ËÏ¿ ›‰· ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˙·Ó ˘„ËÏ¿ ›‰· Êfi‚Ô˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ¿Á¯Ô˜. ¶·ÚÔÌÔ›ˆ˜, Û ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙˆÓ Kilpatrick, Sutker, Roitzsch Î·È Mason (1975) Û 32 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÎÔÏÂÁ›Ô˘ Ô Êfi‚Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÙËΠıÂÙÈο Ì ٷ ˘„ËÏ¿ ›‰· ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Hagtvet (1983), Ô Êfi‚Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ ÙÔ ¤Ó· Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ. ∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÔÏÏÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ (Beidel & Turner, 1988, Gottfried, 1982) ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Û·Ê¤˜ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈο ÙËÓ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË. ™Â Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ, Ë ªÂÙ·ÏÏ›‰Ô˘ (1996), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë, ¶··‰¿ÎË, ¶··ÓÙˆÓ›Ô˘ Î·È ∫ÈÔÛÛ¤ÔÁÏÔ˘ (1999) ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛ·Ó ÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ Êfi‚Ô Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜. ∂›Û˘, ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ¤Ú¢ӷ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË. ™Â ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÙÔ˘ Kuhl (1984), ÙÔ˘ Bassong (1994) Î·È Ù˘ Boekaerts (1994) ÂȂ‚·ÈÒıËΠfiÙÈ Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ÁÂÓÈο, ˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ë Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏ› ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ
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ÛÙËÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ÂËÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (Cantwell & Carlson, 1983). ™ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙˆÓ Doi, Hashigushi Î·È Hidetoshi (2000) ‚Ú¤ıËΠӷ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ıÂÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë. ∂›Û˘, Û ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙÔ˘ ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë (2004) Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ΛÓËÙÚÔ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˙·Ó ˘„ËÏ¿ ›‰· ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Î·È Î·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘.
ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, ™˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÕÁ¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ™Â Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ ¤¯ÂÈ ‚ÚÂı› ˆ˜ ÙÔ 60% ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 80% ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ‰È·ÁÓˆṲ̂Ó˜ ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÁfiÚÈ· (∞ƒ∞, 1994). øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë ·Ú·ÔÌ‹ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο ÙÔÓ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Î·È ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÌ¿ ÛÙËÓ ·fiÊ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∂›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙfi fiÙÈ Ù· ·ÁfiÚÈ· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·. ∆· ·ÁfiÚÈ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÈÔ Â͈ÛÙÚÂÊ‹, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο, ˙ˆËÚ¿ Î·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÈÔ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈο ·ã fi,ÙÈ Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·. √ Henry (1996) ÂÎÙÈÌ¿ ˆ˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ· ÙȘ ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÁÔÚÈÒÓ ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ÂÈΤÓÙÚˆÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó¤ÛÙÂÚË ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÈÔ ÂÛˆÛÙÚÂÊ‹, ÈÔ ‹Û˘¯· Î·È ÈÔ ‹È·, ‰ÂÓ ÂΉËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó Ì ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ. ŒÙÛÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ‰ÂÓ ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ë ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ··ÈÙ› ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ (∫¿ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜ Î·È ª·ÓÈ·‰¿ÎË, 2003). °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÙÔÓfiÙÂÚÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÂΉËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ı˘ÌÔ‡, ·Ó˘·ÎÔ‹˜, ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ¿Á¯Ô˘˜, ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·˜ Î·È Êfi‚Ô˘. ∏ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Ôχ Û‡ÓËı˜ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ. Ë Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓË fï˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù˘¯·›Ô Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÂÈʤÚÂÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ. ∫·Ù’ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, Û ÌÈ· ¤Ú¢ӷ ÔÈ Yasutake Î·È Bryan (1995), Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ·È‰È¿ ÌÂ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛ·Ó ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ıÂÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛ·Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎfi Û˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜. ∆· ·È‰È¿ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË. √È Kavale Î·È Forness (1996), Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·-·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ 150 ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ, ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ·Ó ˆ˜ ÔÈ ÙÚÂȘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜. ™‡ÌʈÓË ‹Ù·Ó Î·È Ë Maurice J. Ellias (2004) Ô˘ ·¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ Ë ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ÙÔ ·È‰› Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ô‰ËÁÂ›Ù·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ÌÔÓ·ÍÈ¿, fiÙ·Ó ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó‹ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË Ô˘ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌ‹ÏÈÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ÛÙÈÁÌ·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó, ÙÔÓ ·ÔÌÔÓÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙÔ˘ (Vauras, 1998). ¶·ÚÔÌÔ›ˆ˜, Û ۯÂÙÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙÔ˘ Valas (1999) ‚Ú¤ıËΠfiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¿ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜ Î·È ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÔÌÔӈ̤ӷ. Ÿˆ˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó ÔÈ Latani, Williams Î·È Harkins (1979), fiÙ·Ó ¤Ó· ·È‰› ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÏÔ˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ Î·È ÂÌϤÎÂÙ·È Û ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ, ÚÔÛ·-
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ı› Ó· ÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ··Ú·Ù‹ÚËÙÔ Î·È ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈ›ٷÈ. ŒÙÛÈ, ÙÔ ·È‰› ·Ó·Áο˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ·˘ÙÔÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ÂÓÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÛÙË ÌÂȈ̤ÓË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÙˆÓ Bouffard, Vezeau Î·È Bordeleau (1998) ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˙·Ó ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÌÂȈ̤Ó˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙˆÓ Butkowski Î·È Willows (1980) ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·‰‡Ó·ÌÔÈ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ Ì ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·fi‰ÔÛË Î·È ÂÈÌÔÓ‹ ·¤‰È‰·Ó ›Û˘ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙÔًوÓ. √ Seligman (1975) ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛ ÙËÓ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ·ÓÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ıˆÚ› ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ·Ó›Û¯˘ÚÔ Î·È ·Ó›Î·ÓÔ Ó· ÂϤÁÍÂÈ Î·È Ó· Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂÈ Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·, ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ·ÓÙÂÂͤÏıÂÈ ÛÙȘ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ıˆÚ› fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘. ∂›Û˘, ¤Ó· ·È‰› Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÁÔ‹ÙÂ˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘, ‰Â ‰Ú· Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙȉڿ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈο ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏÈο ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·Ù·, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÛ‡ÚÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Î·È ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÂȉÂÈÓÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘. ∂›Û˘, Û ۯÂÙÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ ‚Ú¤ıËΠfiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ·˘Ù¿ ÂΉËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ·Ó›Û¯˘Ú˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜, ¯·ÌËÏfi ·˘ÙÔÛ‚·ÛÌfi Î·È ÌÂȈ̤ÓË ·˘ÙÔÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË (Valas, 2001). ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Û ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙÔ˘ ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë (2004) Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ›¯·Ó ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ıÂÙÈ΋ ¢·ÈÛıËÛ›·, ·˘ÍË̤ÓË ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ¢·ÈÛıËÛ›· Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·fiÁÓˆÛ˘. ∞Ó·ÓÙ›ÚÚËÙ·, Ë Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓË ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ¤¯ÂÈ ·fi ÌfiÓË Ù˘ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ›وÛË ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ Î‡ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙfiÛÔ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È Û˘ÓÙÂÏ› ÛÙËÓ ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛË, Û ¯·ÌËϤ˜ ÂȉÈÒÍÂȘ Î·È ÌÂȈ̤Ó˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÙÈ ÙÂÏÈο ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ù· ηٷʤÚÔ˘Ó (Fontana, 1996). ŒÙÛÈ, ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜, fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ·È‰› ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡˜ ‚·ıÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘, ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓË ·›ÛıËÛË Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡, Ë ÔÔ›· ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ô˘ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘. ™Â ÌÈ· ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË, ÔÈ Rochelle Î·È Norman (2001) ÂÍ¤Ù·Û·Ó ·È‰È¿ ÌÂ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ηıÒ˜ Î·È ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó. ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ ·¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ ¤Ó· ·È‰› Ì ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ¢ÌÂÙ¿‚ÏËÙÔ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·›ÛıËÛË Ù˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÂÎÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙÔ˘, ÂÓÒ Â›Û˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›¯ıËΠfiÙÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈı› ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο Û ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚˆÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ŸÙ·Ó ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ Êfi‚Ô Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜. ŒÙÛÈ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Â›ÊԂ˜. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› ÔÏϤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô˘ Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ¿ÌÂÛ· ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Ì ÙȘ ª·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ¢˘ÛÎÔϛ˜.
∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ˜ ™ÙÚ˜ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›· Ô˘ ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓÔ˘ Î·È Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓÔ˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÏÔȤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi, ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi Î·È Ú·ÍÈ·Îfi, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ‚¤‚·È· Ì ÙȘ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜
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ÙˆÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÂÌÏÂÎÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ (∫·Ï·ÓÙ˙‹ -∞˙›˙È & ∑·ÊÂÈÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, 2006) ™ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ¿ Ì·˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «ÛÙÚ˜» ÚÔÛ·ıÒÓÙ·˜ Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ì ·Á¯ÔÁfiÓ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÂϤÁÍÔ˘ÌÂ. ™ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ô˘ ˙ԇ̠ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ì ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·Ù·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ηÏԇ̷ÛÙ ӷ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÔ‡ÌÂ. √ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÓÙȉڿ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÛÙ· ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ, fiˆ˜ ›ӷÈ: ÔÈ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜, Ë ‰È·ıÂÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·, ÔÈ Û˘Ó‹ıÂȘ Î·È Ë ÁÂÓÈ΋ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘. √È ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ›Û˘ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÂÚ¤ıÈÛÌ· Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ, ÁÈ·Ù› ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ·fi Ù˘¯fiÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈο ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·, ·fi ÙËÓ ·Û¿ÊÂÈ· Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘, ÙȘ ηı˘ÛÙÂÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î.Ï. °ÂÓÈο, fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ·ÓÙÈÏËÊı› ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÛÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÌÈ·˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤Ó˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘, ÙfiÙ ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ (Serafino, 1999). ∂›‰Ë ËÁÒÓ ÛÙÚ˜
ÃÚfiÓȘ ËÁ¤˜: Ì·ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ¿Û¯Ë̘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ‰È·‚›ˆÛ˘. ∆Ú·˘Ì·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜: ·Ù˘¯‹Ì·Ù·, Í·ÊÓÈÎfi˜ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ˜, Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔʤ˜, ¯ÚfiÓȘ ·Ûı¤ÓÂȘ. ¶È¤ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ‹ ·fi ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·: ·Ó·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜, ¯ÚfiÓȘ ÚÔÛÙÚÈ‚¤˜, fiÏÂÌÔ˜. ∫·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ ÚÔÛÙÚÈ‚¤˜: ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘, ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘, Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì ʛÏÔ˘˜, Ì ÙÔ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜. ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÚÒÙË ÈÔ ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓ· ËÁ‹ Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÙËÓ Â›‰ÔÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ˆ˜ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË, ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜, ÙÔ˘˜ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜, Ù· ·‰¤ÏÊÈ·, ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘˜, Î·È ˆ˜ ÙÚ›ÙË, Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË (Jones, Sears & Milburn, 1990, Spirito, Stark, Crace & Stamoulis, 1991) Î·È ÙȘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó È¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Wheaton, Roszell & Hall, Ë ·ÒÏÂÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ - Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ ΢ڛˆ˜ (‰È·˙‡ÁÈÔ, ı¿Ó·ÙÔ˜, Ê˘Ï¿ÎÈÛË) - ‹ ÔÈ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Â˜ ËÁ¤˜ ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ì ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ ·Ó‹ÏÈÎˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ÕÏϘ ËÁ¤˜ ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ - ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ˘ ¤ÓÙ·Û˘ ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ - ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ë Î·Ù¿¯ÚËÛË ·ÏÎÔfiÏ ‹ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÈΛԢ˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Ë ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÂÓfi˜ ·Ù˘¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÌÈ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·Ûı¤ÓÂÈ· Î·È Ë Â·Ó¿ÏË„Ë Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘.
∂‡ÏÔÁ· ÏÔÈfiÓ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·: ¶ÔȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ·Ó‹ÏÈÎÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ‹ Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ; ■ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ■ ∞Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÈÎÂ›Ô ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ■ ∞ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË ·fi οı ÛΤ„Ë Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÂÚ¤ıÈÛÌ· Ù˘ ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓÔ˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘
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■ ∞fiÛ˘ÚÛË, ¯·Ï¿ÚˆÛË, Ú‡ıÌÈÛË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ √ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ËÏÈÎÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Ô˘ Ì·˜ ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡Ó (∞/‚¿ıÌÈ· & µ/‚¿ıÌÈ·) Î·È Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ó Î·È ı· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·Ù·. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, ÙÔ ÛÙÚ˜ Û fiϘ ÙȘ ËÏÈÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÚÔηÏ› ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ۈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ûı¤ÓÂȘ, Ì „˘¯ÈΤ˜ ·Ûı¤ÓÂȘ Î·È Ì ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∏ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Ì ÛÙÔ¯Â˘Ì¤ÓË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô Â›Ó·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ó· ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο.
∏ ¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ™ÙÚ˜ ∏ ¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ™ÙÚ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ΢ڛˆ˜ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ٤ÛÛÂÚȘ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ (∫·Ï·ÓÙ˙‹ - ∞˙›˙È & ∑·ÊÂÈÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, 2006) : ■ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Ô˘ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ı¤Ì·Ù· ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ·ÚÚÒÛÙÈ·˜ ‹ ·ÈÊÓ›‰È·˜ ·ÒÏÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÔ ¿ÌÂÛÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹. ■ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ˘fi ÙËÓ Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˘ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ˘Á›·˜ ‹ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢‹ÌÔ˘ ‹ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Ù· ΤÓÙÚ· ÚfiÏ˄˘. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ó· ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÌÈ· ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙË ÂÁ΢ÌÔÛ‡ÓË ‹ ÌÈ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ηٿ¯ÚËÛ˘ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ Í·ÊÓÈ΋˜ ·ÒÏÂÈ·˜. ■ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ¿ÌÂÛ· ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ηٿ ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· ¤Ó· ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜, fiˆ˜ Ë ·ÒÏÂÈ· ÂÓfi˜ ̤ÏÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜. ∆· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÌÂÛË ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÛÙÚ˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ÙÔ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ª¤ÚÈÌÓ·, ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ¿ÌÂÛË ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Û ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Í·ÊÓÈο Û ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÔÈ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔʤ˜. ÕÙÔÌ· ηϿ ηٷÚÙÈṲ̂ӷ, Ì ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›· Î·È Â¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ηٷʤÚÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÈÔ Â‡ÎÔÏ· ÙȘ ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·Ú¿ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ï¿‚ÂÈ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ì¿ıÂÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. √È ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ·ÚΛ Ó· ηٷÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È ÔÈ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÂÍ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÚÔÙ·ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËϘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ۯ‰ȷṲ̂ӷ Î·È ‰ÔÌË̤ӷ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘.
™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Î·È Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ∏ ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘ (2004) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ fiÙÈ Û ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ÙÔ ·È‰› ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÌ¤ÙˆÔ Ì ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÎÚ›Û˘ ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÎÔfi˜ fiÏˆÓ fiÛˆÓ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ÔÌ·Ï‹ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ô˘ ˙ÂÈ. °È· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÛÎÔÔ‡ ÔÈ Moos & Schaefer (1986) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ¤ÓÙ ÂӉȿÌÂÛÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜:
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¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ∆¿Í˘
∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ – ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ˜ ªÂ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛ˘. ªÂ ·Û΋ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈ΋ Ó¢ÚÔÌ˘˚΋ ¯·Ï¿ÚˆÛË ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ·Ó·ÓÔ‹˜, Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘ Î·È Ù˘ Ê·ÓÙ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·ÙÔÚıÒÓÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ „˘¯Ú·ÈÌ›· Ô˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·. ∂›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∞˘ÙÔ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Î·È ·˘ÙÔηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË. °ÓˆÛȷΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜: ·ÔÛ·Ê‹ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ, ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ (ÛΤ„ÂȘ, Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·, ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘). ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Î·È Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ.
■ ¡· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰› ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È Ó· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÏËÊı› ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘ ÔÙÈ΋, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘. ■ ¡· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÙÔ˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ ‹ Ó· ÙȘ ‰ÈÔ¯ÂÙ‡ÛÂÈ Û ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ■ ¡· ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ì ٷ ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜, ÙÔ˘˜ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ¿ÙÔÌ·, Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ¿ ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙ› Î·È Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÙ·È. ■ ¡· ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ÂϤÁ¯ÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ·ÚÓËÙÈο Î·È ¤ÓÙÔÓ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·. ¡· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂÈ Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Ì ηٿÏÏËÏÔ ÙÚfiÔ Î·È Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ‹ ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Û¿ÚÂÛÙˆÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜. ■ ¡· ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ·›ÛıËÛË Â¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘. ∆Ô ·È‰› Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ó¤Ô˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ‹ Ó· ÂÈÛÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Ï·ÈÔ‡˜, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈÓfiÙ·Ó Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ.
∂·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È ™ÙÚ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ∆Ô Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¿Á¯Ô˜, Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ·˘Ùfi ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ ··Û¯ÔÏ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ηٿ ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÌÈÛfi ÙÔ˘ 20Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ›‰Ú·Û˘ Ô˘ ·ÛΛ ÛÙËÓ „˘¯È΋ Î·È ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˘Á›· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ Â͇ÚÂÛË ÙÚfiˆÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ‰ËÌÔÛÎÔÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó Ì¤ÙÚÈÔ ‹ ˘„ËÏfi ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÁÁ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ 33% ÛÙË µÚÂÙ·Ó›· Î·È ÙÔ 70% ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ (Travers & Cooper, 1996 ÛÙÔ ∞Ú¤ı·˜, 1998). ™Â ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ Potsdam ÛÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·, ÙÔ ¤Ó· ÙÚ›ÙÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈο ÂÍÔ˘ıÂӈ̤ÓÔ, ÂÓÒ ¤Ó· ÂÈϤÔÓ ÙÚ›ÙÔ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È ˘Ô‚·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓÔ Î·È ÎÔ˘Ú·Ṳ̂ÓÔ, fiˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰· Sueddeutsche Zeitung (3-1-2000). ∞Èٛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÔÏ˘¿ÚÈı̘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ, ÔÈ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ™ÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ¤Ú¢ӷ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û ÙÔ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ ÀÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ Î·È ∞ÛÊ¿-
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ÏÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ (∂§π¡À∞∂) ÙÔ 2000, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ·fi Ù· ϤÔÓ Û˘Ó‹ıË ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜, Û ÔÛÔÛÙfi 28%, Î·È Ë Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛË, Û ÔÛÔÛÙfi 23%. ™Â ¿ÏÏË ¤Ú¢ӷ (∫¿ÓÙ·˜ – ∞Ú¤ı·˜, 1998), ˆ˜ ΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ËÁ¤˜ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Ô ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈÎfi˜ ÊfiÚÙÔ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÎÔÓ‰˘Ï›ˆÓ, Ë ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ΋ Î·È ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ô ¯·ÌËÏfi˜ ÌÈÛıfi˜, Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û‚·ÛÌÔ‡, Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Â˘Î·ÈÚÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË Î.Ï. ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ËÁ‹ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙÔ 70% ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. °›ÓÂÙ·È Û·Ê¤˜ ÏÔÈfiÓ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¿Á¯Ô˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ Î·Ù·Ú¯‹Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ Î·È Î·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘˜. ∆Ô Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¿Á¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÛÂ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Û ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ.
¶ËÁ¤˜ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ∆Ô Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡, fiˆ˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ‹ ÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·Á¯ÔÁfiÓÔ.
¶ÔÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È fï˜ ÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÂΛÓÔÈ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜; √È Kyriacou & Sutcliffe (∞Ú¤ı·˜, 1998) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¿Á¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ: 1) ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, 2) ÙȘ ηΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·ÛȷΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ (ÌÈÛıfi˜, ÂͤÏÈÍË, ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡, ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ), 3) ÙËÓ ›ÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ηٿ ÙË ÂÈÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘, Î·È 4) ÙÔ ¯·ÌËÏfi Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ‹ıÔ˜ (ÂÈı·Ú¯›·, ·Í›Â˜, ÂȉfiÛÂȘ, ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Cox, Boot & Cox (∞Ú¤ı·˜, 1998), ÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Â›Ó·È ¤ÓÙÂ: 1) ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡, 2) ÂÛˆÁÂÓ›˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, 3) Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡, 4) Ë ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ΋ Î·È ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, Î·È 5) Â͈ÁÂÓ›˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· √È ËÁ¤˜ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙˆÓ Cooper et al. (∫¿ÓÙ·˜ 1995) ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ¯ˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ¤ÍÈ Î·ÙËÁÔڛ˜: 1) ∂ÛˆÁÂÓ›˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·: ÔÈ ¿Û¯Ë̘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÔÈ ‰ÈÏÔ‚¿Ú‰È˜, ÙÔ Â‚‰ÔÌ·‰È·›Ô ˆÚ¿ÚÈÔ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜. 2) √ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË: Ë Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ı¤ÛË, Ë ·Û¿ÊÂÈ· ÚfiÏÔ˘, Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÚfiψÓ.
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3) √È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜: ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓˆÙ¤ÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÊÈÛٷ̤ÓÔ˘˜, Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘, Ë ·Ó·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ ·ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÛÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ ı¤Û˘, Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏÒÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ¯ÒÚÔ, Ë ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÔÌ·Ó‹ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ, ÔÈ È¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Û˘ÌÌfiÚʈÛË Ì ηÓfiÓ˜ Ô˘ ›Ûˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘ÈÔıÂÙ› ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ. 4) ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÛÙ·‰ÈÔ‰ÚÔÌ›·˜: Ë ÌÔÓÈÌfiÙËÙ·, Ô Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ ·fiÏ˘Û˘, Ë ·ÓÂÚÁ›·, Ë ·›ÛıËÛË fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ·‰˘Ó·Ù› Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ, Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË. 5) ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙÔ Îϛ̷ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË: Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, Ë ·›ÛıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ë Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Îϛ̷ÙÔ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·˙Ô̤ӈÓ. 6) ∏ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÛÈÙÈÔ‡ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜: Ë ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊÔ, Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘˙‡ÁˆÓ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙ·‰ÈÔ‰ÚÔÌ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ηıÂÓfi˜, ÔÈ Û˘¯Ó¤˜ ·Ô˘Û›Â˜ ·fi ÙÔ Û›ÙÈ ÏfiÁˆ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛˆÓ. ∂ÎÙfi˜ fï˜ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, ¿Á¯Ô˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÔ˘Ó ·ÎfiÌË: ■ Ë ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÙÔ˘ Ó· ·ÓÙÂÂͤÏıÂÈ ÛÙ· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ηı‹ÎÔÓÙ·, ›Ù ÏfiÁˆ ·ÂÈÚ›·˜ ›Ù ÏfiÁˆ ·Ó¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜, ■ ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, ■ ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ■ Ô ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ ÙÌ‹Ì·, ■ Ë ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·ÌÔÈ‚‹ ÙÔ˘, ■ Ë ‰È¿„¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ·Ó·Áο˙ÂÙ·È Ó· Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÙ› Ì ÙËÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË.
∞ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ∆Ô Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¿Á¯Ô˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ûı¤ÓÂÈ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛı› Ì οÔÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË È·ÙÚÈ΋ Û˘ÓÙ·Á‹. ∏ ηχÙÂÚË ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ÚfiÏË„Ë. ŒÙÛÈ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔˆıÔ‡ÓÙ·È fiϘ ÂΛӘ ÔÈ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ Ô˘ ı· ÚÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∂Âȉ‹ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰Ôı› ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ. ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ·›˙ÂÈ, ›Û˘, ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÔϤÌËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ (Ross & Altmaier, 1994 ÛÙÔ ∫¿ÓÙ·˜, 1995), ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú¿Û¯ÂÈ Â›Ù ÙÔ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi ›Ù ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, ÂÓÒ Î·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ¯·Ï¿-
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ÚˆÛ˘ ‹ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Á¯ÔÁfiÓˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ. √ Murphy (1995, ÛÙÔ ∫¿ÓÙ·˜, 1995) ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·¯ı› Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Û ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÛÈ·Îfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ì ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙÔ˘ οıÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ̤ۈ: ■ Û·ÊÒÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘, ■ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ·˜ ÌÂٷΛÓËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·˙Ô̤ӈÓ, ■ ·ӷۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÂÚÁÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ, ■ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ÂÈÙÚÔÒÓ ÂÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ■ ÂȉÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È Î·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛ˘, ÒÛÙ ٷ ¿ÙÔÌ· Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ, ■ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ¯ÒÚˆÓ Ì¤ÚÈÌÓ·˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·˙Ô̤ӈÓ, ■ ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·˙Ô̤ӈÓ. ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ ·fi Ù· ›‰È· Ù· ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ·, Ù· ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ӷ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó fiÏ· Ù· ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÂÊfi‰È·, ÒÛÙÂ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ó· ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·ÚȤڷ ÙÔ˘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Ì ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛË, ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÈ· ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ‚¿ÛË. ™ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÔÈ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ¤˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔ˚ÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔÈ ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈο ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙȘ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ‚ÔËıÒÓÙ·˜ fiÔ˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È, ··ÏÏ·Á̤ÓÔÈ ·fi ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·Á΢ÏÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ οı ηÈÓÔÙfiÌÔ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ë ›‰È· Ë ÔÏÈÙ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË, Ì ηٿÏÏËÏ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Î·È Ì ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, Ó· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿ÛÂÈ ·Ú¯Èο ÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ fiÏ· Ù· ¯¤ÁÁ˘· ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ¿ÓÂÙË Î·È ·ÚfiÛÎÔÙË Î·ÚȤڷ ÚÔ˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ, Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∞Ó·ÎÂÊ·Ï·ÈÒÓÔÓÙ·˜, ·Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·ÊÂÚı› fiÙÈ Ë ÚfiÏË„Ë Î·È Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ›Ûˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹, ·Ó ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıËıÔ‡Ó Ù· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÛÙ¿‰È· (Needle, 1980 ÛÙÔ ∞ÚÁ˘ÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, 1999): ■ ¡· Á›ÓÂÈ Û·Ê¤˜ ÔȘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ·Á¯ÔÁfiÓ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ■ ¡· ÍÂηı·ÚÈÛÙ› ÔȘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ·Èٛ˜ ÂΛӘ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ·Á¯ÔÁfiÓ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ■ ¡· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ. ■ ¡· ۯ‰ȷÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ηٷÔϤÌËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÈÙ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘.
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1[24] ª¿ÓÙË, ∂. & ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë˜, ∆. °. (2004). ºfi‚Ô˜ ∂ÈÙ˘¯›·˜, ºfi‚Ô˜ ∞ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È ¶ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙÔ ™Ùfi¯Ô: ªÈ· ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË. 1[25] ªÂÙ·ÏÏ›‰Ô˘, ¶. (2003). ∫›ÓËÙÚ·, ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË, Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Û ¤Ó· ¤ÚÁÔ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·,10 (4),538-555. 1[26] Nieves, Edwin Eleuterio (2001). The impact of perception of modeling history, self-esteem, locus of control, and fear of failure on the academic continuance and achievement of academically atrisk college students. Dissertation Abstract International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences 61(1-A),106. 1[27] Senko, C. & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2002). Performance goals: The moderating roles of context and achievement orientation. Journal of Experimental of Social Psychology, 38, 603-610. 1[28] Sideridis, G. D.(2004). Goal Orientation, Academic Achievement, and Depression: Evidence in Favor of a Revised Goal Theory Framework. Journal of Educational Psychology. 1[29] Sideridis, G.D. (2004). On the origins of helpless behaviour of students with learning disabilities: avoidance motivation? International Journal of Educational 1[30] Singh, S. (1992). Hostile Press Measure of Fear of Failure and Its Relation to Child-Rearing Attitudes and Behavior Problems. Journal of Sosial Psychology; 132(3), 397. Research, 39, 497-517. 1[31] Yasutake, D. & Bryan, T. (1995). The influence of Affect on the Achievment and Behavior of Students with Learning Disabilities. Volume 28. 1[32] Vauras, M. , Kajamies, A. , Junttila, N. , Kinnunen, R. , Iiskala, T. & Kaukiainen, A. (2004). Learning Difficulties, Social Competence, and Loneliness. æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·. 1[33] Valas, H. (1999). Students with Learning Disabilities and Low- Achieving Students: Peer Acceptance, Loneliness, Self-Esteem and Depression. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sosial Psychology of Education: 3,173-192. 1[34] Fontana, D. (1996). æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÁÈ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜. ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ: ™·‚‚¿Ï·˜.
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