afxazeTis ganaTlebisa da kulturis saministro iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti
narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan
afxazeTi uZvelesi droidan dRemde
Tbilisi inteleqti 2007 UDC (uak) 94(479.22)+94(479.224) n – 295 1
saredaqcio kolegia: profesori jemal gamaxaria (mTavari redaqtori), profesori profesori Teimuraz gvancelaZe
avtorTa
Tamaz
beraZe,
koleqtivi:
jemal gamaxaria (proeqtis xelmZRvaneli), lia axalaZe, malxaz baramiZe, Tamaz beraZe, lia biTaZe, irakli gelenava, Teimuraz gvancelaZe, badri gogia, koba okujava, guranda fxakaZe, rezo xvistani, beJan xorava, dazmir jojua.
recenzentebi: profesori oTar Jordania profesori manana sanaZe profesori tariel futkaraZe
wigni warmoadgens pirvel ganmazogadebel mecnierul naSroms afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebze uZvelesi droidan dRemde. misi meSveobiT mkiTxveli gaecnoba qarTveli da afxazi istorikosebis Sexedulebebs sadavo sakiTxebze, rac, Tavis mxriv, mkiTxvels saSualebas miscems darwmundes ama Tu im debulebis sisworeSi. naSromi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes damxmare saxelmZRvanelod umaRles saswavleblebSi saqarTvelos istoriis, politologiis, geopolitikis, konfliqtologiis da sxva kursebis Seswavlisas. igi daexmareba pedagogebs kvalifikaciis amaRlebaSi. garekanze gamosaxulia gudauTis raionis sofel anuxvis miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebis eklesiis svetze amokveTili giorgi basilis Zis qarTuli warwera (XIs.). ISBN
978-9941-0-0410-0
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sarCevi Sesavali (jemal gamaxaria)...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Tavi I. istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva (Tamaz beraZe, beJan xorava)............................... 6-10 Tavi II. winareantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze (m.alxaz baramiZe, guranda fxakaZe) 1. qvis xana (Zv.w. 1 800 000 – 50 000) ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11-14 2. eneoliT-Suabrinjaos xana (Zv.w. V-II aTaswleulis Suaxanebi) ............................................................................................... 15-22 3. gvianbrinjao – adrerkinis xana (Zv.w. XVI-VIIss.) .............................................................................................................................................. 22-29 Tavi III. Tanamedrove afxazeTis miwa-wyali - Zveli egrisis (kolxeTis) SemadgenlobaSi Zv.w. I saukunemde (jemal gamaxaria) 1. monacemebi winareantikuri periodis Sesaxeb ........................................................................................... 30-40 2. eTnopolitikuri viTareba Zv. w. VI-I ss. ....................................................................................................... 40-57 Tavi IV. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria I saukunidan VIII saukunis Sua xanebamde (jemal gamaxaria) 1. eTnikuri viTareba ............................................................................................................................................................... 58-77 2. qristianobis gavrceleba................................................................................................................................................. 77-80 3. afxazeTi egrisis (lazikis) SemadgenlobaSi. ........................................................................................... 80-92 Tavi V. afxazeTi `afxazTa samefos” SemadgenlobaSi. VIIIs. meore naxevari – Xs. (lia axalaZe) ……............................................................................................................................................................................................. 93-112 Tavi VI. afxazeTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba (revaz xvistani) ............................................ 113-118 Tavi VII. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. XI – XVss. 1. afxazeTi XI saukunidan XIII saukunis 40-ian wlebamde (lia axalaZe)............................. 119-130 2. afxazeTi XIIIs-is 40-iani wlebidan XVs-is 90-ian wlebamde (Tamaz beraZe) ............. 130-140 3 genuelTa savaWro faqtoria savastopol-cxomSi//cxumSi (Tamaz beraZe) ................... 141-147 Tavi VIII. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria XVI saukuneSi (Tamaz beraZe) ................ 148-152 Tavi IX. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria XVII saukuneSi (koba okujava) 1. politikuri viTareba ........................................................................................................................................................ 153-161 2. eTnikuri procesebi ............................................................................................................................................................. 161-171 3. religiuri viTareba.............................................................................................................................................................. 171-174 Tavi X. anTropologiuri monacemebi afxazTa eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis (lia biTaZe) ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 175-179 Tavi XI. afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis lingvisturi safuZvlebi (Teimuraz gvancelaZe) ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 180-198 Tavi XII. afxazeTi XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan 80-ian wlebamde (beJan xorava)........ 199-204 Tavi XIII. afxazeTi XVIIIs. miwurulsa da XIXs. damdegs. afxazeTis Sesvla ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi” (beJan xorava) .............................................................................................................. 205-220
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Tavi XIV. afxazeTi 1810-1880 wlebSi (beJan xorava) 1. ruseTis batonobis ganmtkicebis mcdelobani. 1810-1820ww. ......................................................... 221-228 2. saxalxo ajanyebebi da ruseTis mier gatarebuli samxedro-diplomatiuri RonisZiebebi. XIXs. 20-iani wlebi. .................................................................................................................................................................... 228-241 3. afxazeTis samTavro XIXs. 30-50-ian wlebSi ................................................................................................ 242-251 4. ruseT-kavkasiis omis dasruleba da afxazeTis samTavros gauqmeba ............................... 251-260 5. afxazeTis kolonizacia XIX s. 60-70-ian wlebSi..................................................................................... 260-265 Tavi XV. afxazeTi 1881 wlidan 1917 wlis Tebervlamde (irakli gelenava) 1. rusuli kolonialuri politikis gamkacreba afxazeTSi. 1880-1905ww. ........................... 266-276 2. afxazeTi demokratiuli revoluciis, reaqciisa da pirveli msoflio omis periodSi. 1905 - 1917 wlebi ............................................................................................................................................................................. 277-286 Tavi XVI. afxazeTi – saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi (jemal gamaxaria) 1. afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis periodSi. 1917w. Tebervali – 1918w. maisi ............................................................................................................. 287-292 2. afxazeTi – saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis avtonomiuri erTeuli. 1918w. ivnisi – 1919w. marti ................................................................................................................................................................... 292-301 3. politikuri viTareba avtonomiur afxazeTSi da misi okupacia sabWoTa ruseTis mier. 1919w. marti – 1921w. marti ..................................................................................................................................... 301-311 Tavi XVII. afxazeTis politikuri statusi sabWoTa saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. 1921-1937ww. (jemal gamaxaria) ............................................................................................................................................ 312-324 Tavi XVIII. afxazeTi sabWoTa socializmis epoqaSi. 1938-1990ww. (dazmir jojua) .... 325-344 Tavi XIX. afxazeTi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel wlebSi. 1990-1992ww. (dazmir jojua) ................................................................................................................................................ 345-354 Tavi XX. afxazeTi 1992-2007 wlebSi (dazmir jojua) 1. omi afxazeTSi. 1992-1993ww.................................................................................................................................................. 355-366 2. afxazeTi omisSemdgom wlebSi. 1993-2007ww. ................................................................................................... 366-369 Tavi XXI. Zveli rukebi saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT sazRvrebis Sesaxeb (badri gogia) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 370 - ruk. ##1-16 pirTa saZiebeli ........................................................................................................................................................................... 371-377
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Sesavali afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebze ganmazogadebeli mecnieruli naSromis momzadeba da sxvadasxva enebze gamocema metismetad gaWianurda. aseTi naSromis Seqmnis aucilebloba ki mravali garemoebiT aris nakarnaxevi. pirvel rigSi, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ruseTis saxelmwifos mudmivi mcdeloba, CamoaSoros saqarTvelos Tavisi Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili, jer kidev saukuneze meti xnis win gaxda afxazeTisa da masTan erTad mTlianad dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis politizaciis, Sesabamisad, istoriuli warsulis uxeSi falsifikaciis mizezi. swored gayalbebuli istoriis safuZvelze, lozungiT `afxazeTi – saqarTvelo ar aris”, XXs. dasawyisSi aRmocenda Tanamedrove afsuur-afxazuri politikuri separatizmi – rusuli imperializmis erTerTi nairsaxeoba da misi dasayrdeni saqarTveloSi. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom afxazeTSi dRes arsebuli ukanono reJimi da misi mfarvelebi odiTganve qarTuli regionis `saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis” safuZvlad `xalxis nebasTan” erTad, istorias, `istoriul uflebas” (?!) asaxeleben. am `uflebis” dasacavad separatistulad ganwyobilma avtorebma (s.lakoba, o. bRaJba, v. Cirikba, m. gunba, v. hagba, g. oTirba, n. akaba, e. ajinjali, i. maruxba, T. aCugba, d.dbari, s.Samba, T.ZafSba da sxvebma) rusul da inglisur enebze gamoaqveynes aTobiT tendenciuri naSromi, maT Soris saxelmZRvaneloebi. xsenebul avtorTa gamocemebs mecnieruli Rirebuleba praqtikulad ar gaaCnia. separatistebi TavianTi fantastikuri `daskvnebiT” ufro iluzorul politikur miznebs emsaxurebian, vidre mecnierebas. yalbi istoriografia separatistuli xelisuflebis gansakuTrebuli mzrunvelobisa da yuradRebis qveS imyofeba. qarTuli istoriografia ki, samwuxarod, Zlier CamorCa movlenebs. miuxedavad didi potencialisa, damoukidebel saqarTveloSi man jer ver daimkvidra Rirseuli adgili. saTanadod ar aris gacnobierebuli istoriografiis mniSvneloba erovnuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis, politikuri da ideologiuri safrTxeebisagan qveynis dacvis, awmyosa da momavlis ukeTesad gaazrebis saqmeSi. am pirobebSic afxazeTis istoriisadmi miZRvnilma araerTma sayuradRebo naSromma ixila mzis sinaTle. Tumca aSkaraa, rom qarTulma istoriografiam dRemde ver SeimuSava erTiani midgoma calkeuli sakvanZo problemebisadmi; bolomde ar aris daZleuli sabWoTa istoriografiis negatiuri gavlena iseT problemaTa kvlevisas, rogorebicaa antikuri xanis kolxeTis//egrisis samefos eTnopolitikuri istoria, qarTveli da afxazi xalxebis eTnogenezisi da a.S. es ki, Tavis mxriv, garkveul zemoqmedebas axdens sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebisa da Semdgomi periodis istoriis gaSuqebazec. avtorTa koleqtivis amocanas warmoadgenda afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriis (da ara mxolod sakuTriv afxazeTis, romlis sazRvrebi yovelTvis ar emTxveoda mis amJamindel farglebs) upiratesad eTnopolitikuri istoriis gaSuqeba, argumentirebuli pasuxis gacema separatist-falsifikatorebisaTvis. mTavari argumenti ki qarTuli da ucxouri istoriuli wyaroebia, romelTa cnobebiTac gajerebulia warmodgenili naSromi. gamokvlevis erT-erTi Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi gamoyenebulia rogorc istorikosebisa da arqeologebis, ise anTropologebis, istoriuli geografiis specialistebisa da lingvistebis ukanaskneli mecnieruli miRwevebi. winamdebare naSroms aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs da arc SeiZleba hqondes mimdinare politikasTan, afxazeTis momavali statusis gansazRvrasTan. narkvevis mizans warmoadgens ara qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaze zemoqmedeba misi gaumjobesebis, miT umetes gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed istoriuli sinamdvilis aRdgena. vinaidan qarTvel da afxaz istorikosTa mosazrebebi am etapze sruliad SeuTavsebelia, TanamSromloba maT Soris ver xerxdeba. miuxedavad amisa, avtorebi gamoTqvamen mzadyofnas, momavalSi iTanamSromlon meore mxaresTan. wignis momzadebaSi gaweuli sxvadasxva saxis kvalificiuri daxmarebisaTvis avtorebi madlobas moaxseneben simon gogiZes, nana kvaracxelias, dinara darsalias, lika (Teona) nucubiZes, xviCa qardavas, daviT Jvanias. naSromi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes damxmare saxelZvanelod umaRles saswavleblebSi saqarTvelos istoriis, politologiis, geopolitikis, konfliqtologiis da sxva kursebis Seswavlisas. igi daexmareba pedagogebs kvalifikaciis amaRlebaSi.
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Tavi I. istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, Savi zRvis sanapiroze, mdinareebs _ engursa da fsous Soris mdebareobs qveynis erT-erTi mxare afxazeTi, romelic aris avtonomiuri respublika saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikas md. fsou da kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi ruseTis federaciisagan gamoyofs, xolo md.enguri da kavkasionis gverdiTi kodorisa da afxazeT-svaneTis qedebi - mezobeli svaneTisa da samegrelos mxareebisagan. afxazeTis farTobia 7600kv.km, rac saqarTvelos farTobis 12,3% Seadgens; dedaqalaqia _ q.soxumi, saqarTvelos erT-erTi uZvelesi da saxelganTqmuli qalaqi. saxelwodeba `soxumi“ qarTuli cxomi//cxumisagan modis, rac rcxilas niSnavs. Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi (fsevdo skilaqs kariandeli - Zv.w. IVs. da sxv.) mas dioskuria ewodeba. antikuri tradiciiT, es saxelwodeba miTiuri dioskurebidan momdinareobs. dioskurebi (berZn. Dioskuroi, zedmiwevniT _ zevsis vaJiSvilebi) iyvnen tyupi Zmebi kastori da polidevke. TiTqos, dioskurTa meetleebma, argonavtebma telxisma da amfistma daaarses q.dioskuria. Tumca, qalaqis saxeli dioskuria Zveli qarTuli saxelwodebis berZnul gaazrebas unda warmoadgendes. aRsaniSnavia, rom `dia~ qarTuli enis ramdenime dialeqtze, maT Soris megrulad dedas niSnavs, xolo `skuri~ _ wyals. romaelebma Zv.w I saukuneSi mas sebastopolisi uwodes romis imperatoris gaius oqtaviane avgustusis (Zv.w. 43 _ ax.w. 14ww.) pativsacemad, romelic avgustusTan erTad sebastosis (,,didi~) titulsac atarebda. mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze qarTul wyaroebSi qalaqis saxelwodeba ori formiT _ cxomi da cxumi - gvxvdeba. XIVs. dasawyisSi arabi avtori abu-al-feda pirvelad ixseniebs qalaqs saxelwodebiT `suxum“, rac misi qarTuli saxelisagan `cxumi“ momdinareobs. suxum//soxums eZaxdnen mas Turq-osmalebic, romlebic SavizRvispireTSi XVs. II naxevridan gamoCndnen. aRmosavlur enebSi (arabuli, Turquli) c bgera ar aris, amasTan ori Tanxmovnis erTad gamoTqmac Wirs. ase miviReT qarTuli cxomi//cxumidan suxum//soxumi. es saxelwodeba qarTulSi soxumis, xolo rusulSi suxumis formiT damkvidrda. sakuTriv afxazebi am qalaqs `ayvas“ uwodeben. es afxazuri geografiuli saxeli pirvelad italieli kartografis j.gastaldis 1561 wlis rukazea dafiqsirebuli ,,ayva~ formiT md.yubanis Sua welze, xolo Semdeg, 1737w. qarTulad Sedgenil dasavleT saqarTvelos rukaze dRevandel qalaq soxumis adgilas dafiqsirebulia `ayu“ formiT, Tumca iqve maxloblad aRniSnulia `cxumis cixec”. * * * afxazeTs CrdiloeTiT kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi sazRvravs, romelic Crdilo-dasavleTidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiskenaa gadaWimuli. afxazeTis farglebSi kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis, afxazeTis kavkasionis, mwvervalebia: dombaiulgeni (4046 m), gvandra (3985 m), ercaxu (3910 m), fSiSi (3790 m), aRefsTa (3257 m). sanCaros (2292 m), aZafSis (2497 m), alaSTraxus (2723 m), xidas (2632 m), naharis (2931 m), maruxis (2746 m) da qluxoris (2781 m) uReltexilebze gadadis sacalfexo gzebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi cicabod eSveba mdinareebis bzifis, CxalTis, sakenis xeobebisaken. afxazeTis mTiani Sua nawili uWiravs kavkasionis gverdiT _ gagris, bzifis, CxalTis anu afxazeTis, kodoris anu fanavis qedebs, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv, mravali ganStoeba aqvT. afxazeTi mTagoriani mxarea. misi teritoriis 74% mTasa da mTiswineTs uWiravs, danarCeni _ vake-dablobebs. zogan mTa uSualod adgeba zRvas, zogan maT Soris SedarebiT didi manZilia. Crdilo-dasavleTiT, md.fsous marcxena
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napirze, 10-15km. manZilze, zRvasa da kavkasions Soris zRvis piras mozrdili vakea. samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, gagris qedi uSualod adgeba zRvas. gagris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mTis masivi TandaTan ukan ixevs da zRvispira viwro vake zoli biWvinTis dablobSi gadadis. biWvinTis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mTa kvlav zRvisken miiwevs da axali aTonis midamoebSi uSualod zRvas adgeba. soxumis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT zRvispira vake zoli TandaTan farTovdeba da md.kodoris marcxena napiridan kolxeTis dablobSi gadadis. sanapiro zoli sworxazovania; aRsaniSnavia soxumisa da gagris ubeebi, biWvinTisa da soxumis koncxebi. kodoris qedis CrdiloeTiT, md.kodoris Sua welSi mdebareobs mTiani mxare webeli, xolo mis zemo welSi _ mTiani mxare dali (afxazeTis svaneTi); md.bzifis zemo welSi, kavkasionis qedsa da bzifis qeds Soris qvabulSi _ mTiani mxare fsxu. afxazeTSi bevri tbaa: riwa, adueda aZiJi, derikvara aZiSi, yvaraSi, patara riwa, amtyeli, cisferi tba, inkiTi, bebesiri, papanwyvili da sxv. afxazeTis mdinareTa qseli xSiria. mTavari mdinareebia: fsou, bzifi, kodori, gumisTa, kelasuri, RaliZga, moqvi, enguri, romlebic Savi zRvis auzs miekuTvnebian. saqarTvelos, da Sesabamisad afxazeTis, sasazRvro mdinare fsou saTaves aibgis qedze iRebs da Sav zRvas sof.leseliZesTan erTvis. mis samxreTaRmosavleTiT md.mehadiri moedineba, romelsac saTave gagris qedis samxreTdasavleT kalTaze aqvs da Sav zRvaSi daba ganTiadTan Caedineba. daba ganTiadis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT Sav zRvas patara mdinare beRerefsTa, igive xolodnaia reCka erTvis. afxazeTis yvelaze grZeli mdinarea bzifi. igi saTaves kavkasionis qedis samxreT kalTaze, uReltexil adangesTan iRebs. misi sigrZea 110km. Tavisi dinebis umetes nawilSi, md.iufSaras SesarTavamde, zogadad dasavleTis mimarTuleba aqvs, Semdeg gezs icvlis da samxreTisaken uxvevs. zemo dinebaSi xeoba viwro da Rrmaa; sof.fsxusTan xeoba ganierdeba da mdinare itoteba; qvemoT xeoba viwro, zogan kanionisebria, daba bzifTan dablobze gamodis da biWvinTis koncxTan Sav zRvas erTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom `bzifi“ am mdinaris SedarebiT axali saxelwodebaa. XIXs. 20-ian wlebamde mas kapoetis wyali (kapoetis mdinare) erqva. saxelwodeba qarTulia da momdinareobs Tevzis saxelidan kapoeti. Tevzi kapoeti kalmax-oragulis jiSs ekuTvnis; igi mozrdili saxis kalmaxia da swored am mdinareSi gvxvdeba. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom qarTulia saxelwodeba bzific (bzibi), rac dakavSirebulia mcenaris saxelTan _ bza. afxazeTis mTavar mdinares, romelic bzebis xeobaze moedineba bzifis (bzebis) wyali ewodeba. bzifis marjvena Senakadis iufSaras xeobaSi, zRvis donidan 884 m-ze umSvenieresi riwis tba mdebareobs. igi mTa fSegiSxis Camoqcevisa da md.laSifsas dagubebis Sedegad gaCnda. riwis sanapiroebi garSemortymulia wiwviani da Sereuli tyeebiT dafaruli mTis ferdobebiT, ris gamoc is kavkasiaSi erT-erT ulamazes tbad iTvleba. sakuTriv bzifis marjvena napirze, zRvasTan axlos, patara, magram uaRresad lamazi cisferi tba mdebareobs. bzifis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT moedineba md.mWiSTa anu Savwyala, romelic saTaves bzifis qedis samxreT kalTaze iRebs da Sav zRvas gudauTis dasavleTiT erTvis. is karstuli mdinarea. Sua saukuneebSi `muwis wyali“ anu miwis wyali ewodeboda, radgan did manZilze miwis qveS moedineba. misi afxazuri (mWiSTa) da rusuli (Cornaia reCka) saxelebi Savwyalas irib Targmans warmoadgens. mWiSTas samxreT-aRmosavleTiT moedineba md. xifsTa, romelic saTaves bzifis qedis samxreT kalTaze iRebs da Sav zRvas gudauTasTan erTvis. misi rusuli saxeli _ belaia reCka, qarTuli TeTrwyalas pirdapiri Targmania. Sua
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saukuneebSi am mdinares zufu (zufus mdinare) erqva, mis napirze iyo sof. zufu (amJ. lixni), saidanac man saxelwodeba miiRo. xifsTas samxreT-aRmosavleTiT md. aafsTa moedineba, romelic saTaves bzifis qedis aRmosavleT nawilSi iRebs, samxreT kalTas miuyveba da gudauTasa da axal aTons Soris Sav zRvaSi Caedineba. mas baklanovkasac eZaxian, Tumca misi istoriuli saxelia aRacos wyali, romelic soflis saxelidan `aRaco~ momdinareobs. XIX saukuneSi am mdinares aacs eZaxdnen, rac qarTuli aRacos wylis afxazuri formaa; sofel aRacos ki dResac aaci ewodeba. md.xifsTas marjvena Senakadia patara mdinare egri. axali aTonis Crdilo-dasavleTiT Sav zRvaSi patara mdinare fsircxa Caedineba. Sua saukuneebSi mas anakofiis mdinare ewodeboda Zveli cixe-qalaqis, anakofiis (amJ. axali aToni) saxelis mixedviT. fsircxas samxreT-aRmosavleTiT md.gumisTa moedineba. igi mdinareebis aRmosavleT gumisTis da dasavleT gumisTis SeerTebiT warmoiqmneba. es mdinare Sav zRvas soxumis dasavleTiT erTvis. dRevandeli q.soxumis farglebSi Sav zRvaSi md.besleTi (basla) Caedineba. igi karstuli mdinarea, saTaves karstuli wyaroebidan iRebs. Sua saukuneebSi mas cxomis, igive cxumis mdinare ewodeboda q.cxomis (amJ. soxumi) saxelis mixedviT. besleTi 4km-iani karstuli gvirabiT dakavSirebulia md.kelasurTan, romelic soxumis aRmosavleTiT, sof.kelasurTan erTvis Sav zRvas. igi saTaves bzifis qedis samxreT kalTaze, ximsis myinvarze iRebs. saxelwodeba `kelasuri“ berZnuli `klisuradan“ momdinareobs, rac gasasvlel adgils, viwrobs niSnavs. kelasuris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT yvelaze didi mdinarea kodori, romelic sigrZiT afxazeTis meore mdinarea. igi dalis xeobaSi iRebs saTaves, iqmneba mdinareebis gvandrisa da sakenis SeerTebis Sedegad. kodori jer dasavleTiT, Semdeg ki samxreT-dasavleTiT miedineba da sof.aZiubJas (istoriuli sof. Sqawyari, igive Suawyali, romlis Targmania afxazuri aZiubJa) samxreTiT Sav zRvas erTvis. misi sigrZea 84km. md.kodoris marjvena napirze mdebareobs drandis taZari, X-XVIIss. dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi saeklesio centri. didi qarTveli istorikosisa da geografis vaxuSti bagrationis (1696-1758ww.) cnobiT, kodori Tavdapirvelad dabis saxelwodeba yofila da aqedan darqmevia Semdeg es saxeli mdinares. sof. kodori skotoris formiT jer kidev VII saukuneSi bizantiel avtorTan Teodosi gangrelTan ixsenieba. saxelwodeba `kodori“ qarTulia, rogorc fuZe sityviT, ise gramatikuli gaformebiT. kodoris umTavresi Senakadebia: CxalTa (afxazurad awgara), mramba, jampali amtyeliT. md. amtyelis xeobaSi amtyelis anu azanTis tba mdebareobs, romelic 1891w. warmoiSva miwis uzarmazari masis mier md. amtyelis dagubebis Sedegad. kodoris aRmosavleTiT, erT patara mdinares cxeniswyali ewodeba. am mdinaris berZnulad Targmnili saxelwodeba jer kidev II saukunis berZeni istorikosisa da romis imperiis didmoxelis flavius arianes TxzulebaSi gvxvdeba. afxazeTis mniSvnelovani mdinarea agreTve moqvi, romelic saTaves kodoris qedis samxreT kalTaze iRebs da Sav zRvas oCamCiris maxloblad erTvis. md. moqvTan misi marjvena Senakadis md.dvabis SeerTebis adgilas mdebareobs moqvis taZari, X-XVIIss. dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi saeklesio centri; q.oCamCiris aRmosavleTiT Sav zRvas erTvis md.RaliZga (saxeli RaliZga - `Relis napiri~ Tavidan am mdinarispiras mdebare sofels erqva), romelic saTaves kodoris qedis samxreT kalTaze, mwverval xojalis maxloblad iRebs. Sua saukuneebSi mas egriswyali ewodeboda; kodoris qedis samxreT kalTaze iRebs saTaves md.oqumic, romelic Sav zRvas sof.gudavasTan erTvis. mis marjvena napirzea istoriuli sofeli oqumi, saidanac mdinarem es saxeli miiRo. oqumis marjvena Senakadebia: md.warCe _ istoriuli wyaroebis dadiswyali _ da md.oxoje, romlis napirzec mdebareobs dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi saeklesio
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centri X-XVIIIss. bediis taZari; marcxena Senakadia md.didi eriswyali, istoriuli wyaroebis erTiswyali. md.oqumis aRmosavleTiT swrafi da wyaluxvi md.enguri moedineba. igi saTaves svaneTSi, zRvis donidan 2614m-ze, myinvar engurze iRebs da Sav zRvas sof.anakliasTan erTvis. misi qvemo dineba afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikas samegrelosgan gamoyofs. afxazeTi subtropikuli sartylis yvelaze CrdiloeT sazRvarze mdebareobs. kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi mas CrdiloeTis civi qarebis SemoWrisagan icavs. Tbili zRva, romelic arasodes iyineba, mSfoTvare mTis mdinareebi rbil, tenian subtropikul klimats qmnian. afxazeTSi ZiriTadad zRvis notio subtropikuli havaa gavrcelebuli. misi teritoriis didi nawili, daaxloebiT 55% tyiT aris dafaruli. aq 2 aTasze meti saxeobis mcenarea gavrcelebuli, maT Soris, 150 saxeobis xe da buCqovani mcenare. xe-mcenareebidan aRsaniSnavia: muxa, rcxila, nekerCxali, cacxvi, wifeli, wabli, kakali, naZvi, fiWvi, soWi, bza da sxv. aq gvxvdeba rogorc barisa da mTis tyis, ise maRali mTis cxovelTa saxeobebi. binadrobs: jixvi, Sveli, arCvi, riwis tyeebSi _ kavkasiuri iremi. gvxvdeba: daTvi, mgeli, tura, mela, maCvi, kverna, ciyvi, kurdReli da sxv. XXs. dasawyisSi moispo kavkasiuri domba. frinvelebidan gavrcelebulia: arwivi, mimino, orbi, Sevardeni, kavkasiuri SurTxi, xoxobi, mwyeri, Tolia, ofofi da sxv. mdinareebsa da tbebSi aris kalmaxi, kolxuri wvera, loqo, zogan Savi zRvidan _ oraguli da zuTxi. sasargeblo florisa da faunis dasacavad Seqmnilia: riwa-avadharis, fsxus, biWvinTis, gumisTis, miuseris nakrZalebi. afxazeTi mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT. aRsaniSnavia tyvarCelisa da bzifis qvanaxSiris sabadoebi. bevrganaa tyviis, TuTiis, spilenZis sabadoebi; TabaSiri, kirqva, saagure Tixa da sxv. gansakuTrebiT uxvad aris samkurnalo mineraluri wylebi mdinareebis kodoris, sakenis, bzifis, avadharis da sxv. xeobebSi, xolo Termuli samkurnalo wylebi _ tyvarCelis, soxumis, axali aTonis da gagris midamoebSi. SesaniSnavi buneba da Zvirfasi samkurnalo wyaroebi afxazeTs umdidresi klimatologiuri janmrTelobis kerad aqceven. afxazeTis ZiriTad mosaxleobas qarTvelebi da afxazebi Seadgenen. amJamindeli afxazebi (afsuebi) eTnikurad afxazur-adiRuri jgufis xalxebs miekuTvnebian, maTi ena _ afxazuri, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTa ojaxis Crdilodasavlur, afxazur-adiRur enaTa jgufSi Sedis. am jgufSi afxazurTan erTad Sedis abazuri, adiReuri, yabardouli, ubixuri enebi, romlebzec CrdiloeT kavkasiis monaTesave xalxebi _ abazebi, adiReelebi, yabardoelebi, Cerqezebi metyveleben. gvian Sua saukuneebamde afxazebi eTnokulturuli TvalsazrisiT iseTive qarTvelebi iyvnen, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli provinciebis mosaxleoba (qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, megrelebi, svanebi da sxv.) da qarTuli saxelmwifosa da qarTuli kulturis CamoyalibebaSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen. gvian Sua saukuneebSi mTis Camowolis – dasavleT kavkasiis mTis mosaxleobis afxazeTSi moZalebisa da Camosaxlebis Sedegad am mxareSi radikaluri eTnikuri cvlileba moxda. Camosaxlebul mTielTa adgilobriv qarTul mosaxleobasTan Serwymis Sedegad Tanamedrove afxazuri (afsua) eTnosi Camoyalibda. 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, afxazeTis mosaxleoba 525 061 Seadgenda. erovnuli Semadgenloba aseTi iyo: qarTveli _ 239 872 (45,7%), afxazi _ 93 267 (17,8%), somexi _ 76 541 (14,6%), rusi _ 74 913 (14,2%), berZeni _ 14 664 (2,8%), sxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli _ 25 804 (4,9%). 1991 wlis administraciul-teritoriuli dayofiT afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi Sedis 5 administraciuli raioni _ galis, oCamCiris, gulrifSis, soxumis, gudauTis; 1 _ gagris saqalaqo sabWosadmi daqvemdebarebuli
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teritoria, 6 qalaqi _ gali, oCamCire, tyvarCeli, soxumi, gudauTa, gagra; 4'daba _ axali aToni, biWvinTa, ganTiadi, gulrifSi. afxazeTis dRevandel sazRvrebSi Camoyalibeba rTuli eTno-politikuri procesebis Sedegia, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da mxolod XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos dasrulda. iyo dro, rodesac afxazeTi, rogorc calke administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli ar arsebobda. Zv.w. XV-IIss. dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria kolxeTis samefoSi Sedioda da mTlianad qarTuli modgmis tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. Zv.w. I _ ax.w. IIss. am teritoriaze Canan kvlav qarTveluri Temebi amjerad sanigebis, afSilebisa da abazgebis saxelwodebiT. II-VIIIss. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria egrisis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT, VI-VIIIss. am teritoriis samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawili md.kodorsa da md.engurs Soris egrisis samefos odiSis erisTavebs eqvemdebareboda. kodoris saTaveebSi _ dalis xeobaSi misimianTa svanuri tomi cxovrobda, romelic uSualod egrisis mefes emorCileboda. uSualod lazeTis samefo administracias emorCileboda agreTve afSileTic, romelic Savi zRvis piras, mdinareebis kodorisa da anakofiiswyals Soris mdebareobda. ufro Crdilo-dasavleTiT, md.aqeuntamde (amJamad md.Saxe), lazTa samefos daqvemdebarebuli abazgiis ori saerisTavo mdebareobda. IX-Xss. dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria damoukidebel dasavlurqarTul samefoSi Sedioda, romelsac samefo dinastiis mixedviT, saistorio tradiciiT, `afxazTa samefos~ uwodeben. am samefoSi, mdinareebs kodorsa da engurs Soris teritoria, iseve rogorc adre, odiSis saerisTavoSi Sedioda; dalis xeoba svaneTis erisTavs emorCileboda; Zveli afSileTis teritorias cxumis saerisTavo moicavda, mis Crdilo-dasavleTiT ki sakuTriv afxazeTis saerisTavo mdebareobda, romelic Savi zRvis sanapiroze md. nikofsiamde (amJ. negofsuxo) aRwevda. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 2,5 saukuneze met xans dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriis administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa ar Secvlila. XIVs. dasawyisSi cxumis saerisTavo odiSis saerisTavos SeuerTda. amis Semdeg odiSisa da afxazeTis saerisTavoebs Soris sazRvari md. anakofiiswyalze gadioda. XVs. 70-90-ian wlebSi erTiani qarTuli samefo daiSala. dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria iseTive administraciul-teritoriuli danawilebiT dasavlurqarTul imereTis samefoSi gaerTianda. afxazeTis erisTavebi imereTis mefeebis da imavdroulad odiSis erisTavebis vasalebi iyvnen. XVIs. 50-ian wlebSi imereTis samefos guria, odiSi da afxazeTi ganudgnen. Tavdapirvelad afxazeTsa da odiSs Soris sazRvari md.anakofiiswyalze gadioda, magram XVIs. 80-iani wlebis Semdeg sazRvarma ufro samxreTaRmosavleTiT, md.kelasurze gadainacvla. am droisaTvis afxazeTis gamgeblebi jer kidev odiSis mTavrebis uzenaesobas aRiarebdnen. XVI-XVIIss. afxazeTSi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, radikaluri eTnikuri cvlilebebi moxda, rac dakavSirebuli iyo dasavleT kavkasiis tomebis CamosaxlebasTan. maTze dayrdnobiTa da osmaleTis gadamwyveti mxardaWeriT XVII-XVIIIss. mijnaze afxazeTis mTavrebma sazRvari samxreT-aRmosavleTiT md.egriswyalze (amJ. RaliZga), mogvianebiT ki md.engurze gadaitanes. TandaTanobiT md.engursa da md.RaliZgas Soris Camoyalibda mcire feodaluri samflobelo _ samurzayano. 1702 wlidan 1840 wlamde es olqi odiSis (samegrelos) samTavroSi Sedioda, garda drois patara monakveTisa XVIIIs. 80iani wlebidan 1805 wlamde, roca is afxazTa mTavars emorCileboda. 1810w. ruseTis imperiam afxazeTis samTavro (md.bzifidan md.RaliZgamde webelisa da sxva mTis sazogadoebebis gareSe) misi okupaciis mizniT Tavisi
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`mfarvelobis” qveS Seiyvana. 1864w. ruseTis xelisuflebam afxazeTis samTavro gaauqma da teritoria md.enguridan gagris CaTvliT `soxumis samxedro ganyofilebaSi~ Seiyvana, romelsac Semdeg soxumis olqi ewoda. afxazeTis teritorias TiTqmis Tanamedrove sazRvrebSi (mehadir-fsous monakveTis gareSe) oficialurad afxazeTi pirvelad 1919 wlis maisSi ewoda mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam afxazeTis avtonomia aRiara da afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom regionis saxelis gadarqmevasTan dakavSirebiT specialuri gadawyvetileba miiRo. afxazeTis avtonomia dRevandel sazRvrebSi sabolood XXs. 20-iani wlebis bolos Camoyalibda, rodesac ruseTis sabWoTa federaciulma socialisturma respublikam saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikas md.mehadirsa da md.fsous Soris mdebare teritoria daubruna.
Tavi II. winareantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze 11
1. qvis xana (Zv.w. 1 800 000 – 50 000) qvis xana kacobriobis ganviTarebis uZvelesi da yvelaze xangrZlivi periodia, romlis adreul etapze mkvlevarebi ZiriTadad 2 – Selis da aSelis safexurebs gamoyofen. maT win unda uswrebdes uZvelesi safexuri, romelic oldeveis kulturis saxeliT aris cnobili. am safexurisTvis niSandoblivia qvis iaraRebis gamoyeneba damuSavebis gareSe, romlebsac eoliTebs uwodeben. es periodi meoTxeuli periodis sawyiss, daaxloebiT 1 800 000 wlis farglebSia sagulisxmebeli. meoTxeuli periodi, romelsac zogjer anTropogenur (adamianis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebul) periodsac uwodeben. SeiniSneba gamyinvarebis oTxi da gamyinvarebaTaSorisi sami periodi. kavkasiaSi gamyinvarebis kvali SedarebiT sustia da igi Zlieri ar unda yofiliyo. kavkasiaSi misi vertikaluri zonalobis gamo faqtobrivad yovelTvis iyo pirobebi adamianis gansaxlebisTvis. klimatis acivebasTan erTad adamiani inacvlebs dablob, SedarebiT Tbil zolSi, xolo daTbobasTan erTad adamiani kvlav iTvisebs maRliv zonebs. adamianis sacxovrisis vertikaluri cvlileba marto qvis xanisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli da SeiniSneba momdevno xanebSic. amgvarad, aSkaraa, rom geografiuli garemo da klimati aris is gadamwyveti piroba, romelic mxedvelobaSia misaRebi adamianis gansaxlebis procesis Seswavlis dros. afxazeTis teritoriaze yvela vertikaluri zona aris warmodgenili: kolxeTis dablobis sanapiro viwro zoli, mTiswina, 80-110m. simaRlis terasebi, mTa-borcvovani da alpuri zona. es garemoeba ki klimatis cvlilebasTan erTad qmnida safuZvels mosaxleobis Sida migraciisTvis. afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoria qvis xanis ZeglebiT sakmaod adridan gaxda cnobili. am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia s.zamiatninis1, b.kuftinis, l.soloviovis, a.lukinis, i.voronovis, v.bJanias2, n.berZeniSvilis, al.kalandaZis, l.wereTlis, g.grigolias, l.qorqias Sromebi3. maT miuZRviT gansakuTrebuli wvlili ZeglTa gamovlenis, gaTxrisa da mecnieruli ganzogadoebisTvis. am kvlevebis Sedegad sadReisod afxazeTis teritoriaze qvis xanis ramdenime aTeuli Zeglia dafiqsirebuli4. maT Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs iaSTxvis sadgomi. igi ganfenilia soxumis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi iaSTxvas mTis ferdebsa da ZirSi. nasaxlaris mTeli teritoria (farTobi 70 ha) mofenilia kulturuli naSTebiT. iaraRisTvis saWiro nedleuli, kargi klimati da mdebareoba saukeTeso pirobebs qmnida pirvelyofili adamianis gansaxlebisTvis. iaSTxvis ferdobebi mofenilia sawarmoo naSTebiT, anatkecebiT. maTTan erTad vxvdebiT nukleusebs, uxeS lamelebs, wvetanisebr saxokebs. iSviaTia xelculi,, damzadebuli bifaseri teqnikiT, romelic farTodaa gavrcelebuli am periodis Zeglebze da faqtobrivad ZiriTad sameurneo da sabrZolo iaraRs warmoadgens. Cveulebriv, igi mogrZo ovaluri, zogjer wawvetebuli formisaa. monapovari masala aSkarad aSeluri xanisaa, zogierT nimuSs emCneva ufro arqauli winaaSeluri niSnebi5, Tumca es sakiTxi jer kidev dasazustebelia6. С. Н. Замятнин. Палеолит Абхазии. Сухуми, 1937; misive: Очерки по палеолиту. М-Л., 1961. Б.А. Куфтин. Материалы к археологии Колхиды, т.I. Тб., 1949; А.Л. Лукин. Неолитическое селище Кистрик близ Гудаута. - С.А., XII. М., 1950; Ю.Воронов. Археологическая карта Абхазии. Сухуми, 1969; В.Бжания. Древнейшая культура Абхазии. Автореферат канд. диссертации. М., 1966; Л.Н.Соловьев. Первобытное общество на территории Абхазии. Сухуми, 1971. 3. n. berZeniSvili, al.kalandaZe da sxv. saqarTvelos arqeologia. Tb., 1959. Н.З.Бердзенишвили. Новые данные по палеолиту Абхазии. - ТАИ, т. XXX, 1959; А.Н.Каландадзе. Разыскания по археологии до-античной Грузии. Автореферат. Тб., 1969; l.wereTeli, l.qorqia, g.grigolia, m.baramiZe. dazverviTi arqeologiuri samuSaoebi engurhesis samSeneblo teritoriaze. _ akZ. 1963 wels saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1964. 4. sadReisod qvis xanis yvela etapis daaxloebiT 150-mde Zeglia cnobili. aqedan qveda paleoliTs ganekuTvneba 15-20. 5. Л.Н. Соловьев. dasax. naSromi, gv. 27, 35. 6. И.И. Коробков. Итоги пятилетних исследований Яштухского палеолитического местонахождения. - С.А.У. М.,1967, gv. 201; o. jafariZe. qarTvel tomTa eTnikuri istoriis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1976, gv. 12-13. 1.
2.
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qveda paleoliTuri Zeglebi kavkasiaSi sadReisod sakmaod mravalricxovania da, SeiZleba iTqvas, TiTqmis yvela klimatur zolSia fiqsirebuli, maT Soris iaSTxvaSi. es periodi Zeglebis gansakuTrebuli simravliT gamoirCeva. marto afxazeTis teritoriaze mustieuri iaraR-nakeTobebi 100-mde punqtSia mopovebuli. isini ganlagebulia faqtobrivad yvela vertikalur zolSi dablobidan dawyebuli maRalmTiani zonis CaTvliT. aSkaraa, mosaxleobam imdenad moimata, rom saWiro gaxda axali sasicocxlo teritoriebis aTviseba. gvianSelisa da adre musties xanaSi, rogorc Cans, hava mkveTrad Seicvala da mosaxleoba tovebs maRalmTian zols. gvianmusties xanaSi sakmaod daTba da mosaxleoba kvlav ubrundeba mTian regions. ganviTarebuli da gvianmusties masalebi Cans kodoris xeobaSi sof.aJaris zemoT, faqtobrivad alpur zonaSi maSin, rodesac galis, oCamCiris, kelasuris, bzifis exis da sxva adremusties da momdevno xanis Zeglebi ZiriTadad dablob da mTiswina zolSia ganfenili. mxaris istoriis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba im faqts, rom mustieuri xanis Zeglebi mravladaa gamovlenili afxazeTis mimdebare soWis regionSi. afxazeTisgan gansxvavebiT, aq Ria sadgomebi ar Cans da musties xana fiqsirdeba navaliSenis, axStiris, voroncovis, xostis da sxva gamoqvabulebSi, rac, SesaZloa, klimatis gavleniT iyo gamowveuli. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom afxazeTis Zeglebze kraniologiuri masala faqtobrivad ar aris, rac aZnelebs msjelobas anTropogenezis procesebze. erTaderTi xelmosaWidi am TvalsazrisiT aris axStiris gamoqvabulSi gvianmusties fenaSi napovni anTropologiuri naSTebi. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom axStiris paleoanTropi axlos dgas Tanamedrove adamianis tipTan da ganekuTvneba e.w. palestinel adamianebs, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove adamianis zogierTi niSnebi. sakaJias, jruWulas, cucxvaTis da gansakuTrebiT axStiris mcirericxovani anTropologiuri masala TiTqos imis maniSnebelia, rom swored am jgufidan unda ganviTarebuliyo Tanamedrove fizikuri tipis adamiani Homo Sapiens–i. magram es mosazreba ar iqna gaziarebuli rigi mkvlevarebis mier. mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala dmanisis aRmoCenebis Semdgom, romlis mixedviT, gonieri adamianis formirebis procesis erT-erT ZiriTad kerad samxreT saqarTvelo, ufro farTod ki dasavleT amierkavkasia unda iqnes miCneuli. kerZod, afxazeTis, aWarisa da zemo imereTis regionebia sagulisxmebeli. primitiuli iaraRis arsebobis pirobebSi pirvelyofil adamianebs patara jgufebad unda ecxovraT da sakmaod unda emoZravaT sakvebis mosapoveblad. ganviTarebuli musties periodSi ki aSkarad SeiniSneba mosaxleobis ricxvis mateba, pirvelyofili sazogadoebis uadres safexurs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT bzari uCndeba da iqmneba gvarovnuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis winapiroba. paleoliTis dasawyisSi mTeli kavkasiis teritoriaze SeiniSneba klimatis mkveTri aciveba, rac garkveul gavlenas axdens mcenareul safarze da cxovelTa samyaroze. adamiani tovebs mTian regions da ikavebs ufro Tbil, dablob da Rrma xeobebs. amis gamo kulturul fenebSi mopovebuli Zvlovani da mcenareuli naSTebi tipuria zeda viurmis gamyinvarebis periodisaTvis. SeiniSneba mosaxleobis koncentracia or ZiriTad regionSi – rion-yvirilas auzsa da Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi. SemuSavebulia qronologiuri Skala1. es xana ufro xanmoklea da grZeldeba daaxloebiT 25 aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi. icvleba qvis damuSavebis teqnika. Cndeba sruliad axali formebi – safxekebi, saWrisebi, wvetanebi, mogrZo lamelebi, nukleusebi. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa mikroliTuri geometriuli CasarTebis da Zvlis damuSavebuli iaraRebis gamoCenis faqti. zogierT Zeglze (mRvimevis exi) SeiniSneba kedelze saWrisiT gamoyvanili gravirebuli usistemo xazebi. afxazeTis teritoriaze zedapaleoliTuri masalebi yvelaze srulad sam punqtSia Seswavlili – afianCa, sufinifSahva (civi mRvime), oqumi. saintereso Zeglebi mikvleulia, soWi-adleris mxaris gamoqvabulebSi: axSTiri, novoliSeni, xosta, awi da sxva. mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom axSTiris gamoqvabulis zedapaleoliTuri fena radionaxSirbadiT 19500±500w. aris daTariRebuli (kalibrirebuli meTodiT TariRi kidev 1.
С. Н. Замятнин. О локальных различиях в культуре палеолитического периода. - ТИЭ, XVI. М., 1951,
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gv. 131.
ufro aZvelebs mas). swored es Zeglebi qmnian Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis zedapaleoliTur ZeglTa regions, Tumca raime lokalur gansxvavebaze laparaki jerjerobiT saTuoa. afxazeTis Zeglebidan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da srulad Seswavlilia afianCas gamoqvabuli2. kulturul fenaTa saerTo simZlavre 16m. aRwevs. adamiani masSi dasaxlebula zeda paleoliTis adreul etapze da cxovrobda neoliTis xanis CaTvliT. amdenad, saqme gvaqvs qvis xanis sami safexuris uwyveti ganviTarebis suraTTan. am TvalsazrisiT afianCas stratigrafiuli Wrili faqtobrivad erTaderTia da etalonuri zogadad kavkasiis qvis xanis SeswavlisaTvis. afianCas zedapaleoliTur fenebSi (2 done) yvela zemoTnaxsenebi iaraRia mopovebuli. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa mikroliTuri iaraRebis simravle da nairgvaroba. am fenebSi Cndeba Zvlis naprialevi iaraRebi: nemsebi, sakinZebi, danisebri, harpunisebri da sxva. msgavsi masalebi mopovebulia md.kodoris da amtyelis SesarTavTan civi mRvimis orfenian exSi (xufinifSahva). gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia cxovelTa Zvlebis naSTebi. maTSi gamoirCeva gamoqvabulis daTvi, keTilSobili iremi, taxi, frinvelTa nairsaxeoba. aSkaraa, rom monadireoba jer kidev meurneobis ZiriTadi saxeobaa. SesaZloa, garkveuli wili ukavia meTevzeobasac. zedapaleoliTi socialurad ar aris is sazogadoeba, sadac ukve unda iyos gamoyofili beladi an winamZRoli. es pirvelyofili gvarovnuli sazogadoebaa yovelgvari diferenciaciis gareSe. amrigad Cans, rom gvianpaleoliTis adamiani ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriazea gansaxlebuli da, SesaZlebelia, swored aqedan xdeba misi gadaadgileba kavkasiis sxva regionebSi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa am masalebis msgavseba CrdiloeT kavkasiis ZeglebTan. mniSvnelovani Cans kontaqtebi da tipologiuri msgavseba iran-erayis da azovispireTis masalebTan. aRniSnuli garemoeba migvaniSnebs kavkasiis, maT Soris afxazeTis, zedapaleoliTis erTian xasiaTze, rac erTgvarovani istoriuli procesebiTaa ganpirobebuli. kraniologiuri masalebis simcire ar iZleva saSualebas im periodis adamianis fizikuri tipis, miT ufro eTnikuri kuTvnilebis garkvevisaTvis. savaraudoa, rom es adamiani qveda paleoliTSi mosaxle gonieri adamianis, neandertalelis ganviTarebis Semdgomi etapi iyos, risTvisac Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSi yvela piroba arsebobda. gvianpaleoliTuri kulturis ganviTarebis Semdgomi etapi mezoliTis saxeliTaa cnobili. es periodi, upirveles yovlisa, xasiaTdeba im garemoebiT, rom kvlav mkveTrad icvleba klimati, mTavrdeba gamyinvarebis periodi da dgeba Tanamedrove geologiuri periodi, holoceni. mezoliTi aRmocenebulia adgilobrivi zeda paleoliTis safuZvelze. amaze aSkarad miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom zemoTxsenebul rig Zeglebze (afianCa, TeTri mRvime, rionyvirilas auzi) mezoliTi zemodan adevs zeda paleoliTs1. monapovari masalebis tipologiuri analizi aSkarad miuTiTebs TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis evoluciur suraTs. zeda paleoliTSi Casaxuli qvis damuSavebis mikroliTuri industria TandaTan ixveweba da srulyofil saxes Rebulobs. adamiani jer kidev ZiriTadad saxlobs gamoqvabulSi, Tumca klimatis daTboba SesaZleblobas aZlevs, barisa da mTis regionebis xelaxali aTviseba daiwyos. amis gamo mezoliTis xanaSi faqtobrivad aTvisebulia yvela landSaftur-klimaturi zoli, Tumca upiratesoba kvlav, rionyvirilas auzsa da afxazeTs ukavia. am ukanasknelis teritoriaze dafiqsirebulia da nawilobriv Seswavlili iseTi pirvelxarisxovani Zeglebi, rogoricaa qvaCara (qvabCara), civi mRvime, jampali, iaSTxvis Ria sadgomi da sxva. masalis Seswavla saSualebas iZleva am ZeglebSi gamoiyos ori periodi: adreuli etapi da mogviano. damaxasiaTebelia adreul etapze makroliTuri teqnikis Semdgomi aRmavloba da geometriuli formebis 2
l. wereTeli. mezoliTuri kultura kavkasiis SavizRvispireTSi. Tb., 1973, gv. 37 da Smd. o. jafariZe. saqarTvelos arqeologia, gv. 34-39; misive: qarTvel tomTa..., gv. 25-29; l. wereTeli. dasax. naSromi, gv. 77 da Smd. 1.
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gaCena (segmenti, trapecia, samkuTxedi). amasTanave Cndeba kombinirebuli iaraRebi, romlebsac amzadebdnen xisgan an cxovelis Zvlisgan. specialur napralSi webovani nivTierebis gamoyenebiT magrdeboda CasarTebi, geometriuli formis mikroliTebi. CasarTis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi igi advilad icvleboda da iaraRi axldeboda. savaraudoa, rom aRniSnul periodSi kombinirebuli iaraRi gamoiyeneboda Semgroveblur meurneobaSi mcenareuli sakvebis mopovebis dros. araa gamoricxuli maTi gamoyeneba cxoveluri nawilebis (magaliTad, tyavis) damuSavebis drosac. mezoliTis adamianis meurneoba mimTvisebluri xasiaTisaa da damyarebulia Semgrovebloba-monadireobaze, razec miuTiTebs zemoTaRniSnuli Zvlovani naSTebi. mcenareuli sakvebis mopovebaSi, rogorc Cans, gamoiyeneboda Zvlis wverwamaxuli da namuSevari Toxisebri iaraRi. es garemoeba SeiZleba CaiTvalos mompovebeli meurneobis primitiul, Canasaxovan saxed. am TvalsazrisiT afianCas (Tanamedrove gulrifSis raioni) aRmoCenebs arsebiTi da gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWebaT. garkveuli Zvrebi meurneobis xasiaTSi iwvevs cvlilebebs sazogadoebis socialur sferoSi. am periodisTvis pirvelyofil adamianTa jogi, rogorc erTeuli, daSlili da gamqrali Cans da safuZveli eyreba gvarovnul wyobilebas, mis uadres safexurs adrematriarqalur gvars. SesaZlebelia, amave periodSi vivaraudoT adretomobrivi gaerTianebebic. aSkaraa, rom mosaxleoba xangrZlivadaa dasaxlebuli erT adgilze, rac sakmaod organizebuli da mWidro kavSirSi myofi erTeulebis arsebobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. pirveli aseTi organizacia ki mxolod matriarqalur principze damyarebuli gvarovnuli Temi unda yofiliyo. es Temebi erTiandeboda tomobriv gaerTianebebaSi, risi Canasaxic ukve zeda paleoliTidan SeiniSneba. savaraudoa zeda paleoliTis xanaSi saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi ramdenime tomobrivi gaerTianebis arseboba. monaTesave tomebi SemdgomSi ifantebian mTeli dasavleT amierkavkasiis teritoriaze, ramac gamoiwvia saerTokavkasiuri erTiani kulturuli erTobis daSla, risi asaxva lokaluri regionebis Casaxva unda iyos. materialuri kulturis ZiriTadSi erTgvarovani xasiaTi TiTqos imisken migvaniSnebs, rom dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi mosaxle tomebSi sagrZnobi eTnikuri cvlileba ar momxdara. farTo teritoriaze gansaxlebas ki unda gamoewvia enobrivi erTobis TandaTanobiTi daSla. es procesi swored paleoliTis bolo da mezoliTis etapze unda dawyebuliyo. neoliTi anu axali qvis xana (Zv.w. IX-VI aTaswleulebi) sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi periodia. am dros xdeba Zireuli Zvrebi meurneobis xasiaTSi, rodesac paleoliTuri miTvisebiTi meurneoba mwarmoeblur safuZvelze gadadis. neoliTSi xdeba warmoebiTi meurneobis ZiriTadi saxeebis – miwaTmoqmedebis da mesaqonleobis Casaxva-ganviTareba. meurneobis axali formebis Camoyalibebam gamoiwvia didi Zvrebi sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa TiTqmis yvela sferoSi. adamiani mkvidrad ukavSirdeba miwas da myarad saxldeba masze. Cndeba soflis tipis dasaxlebani xelovnuri sacxovrisiT. Cndeba axali tipis iaraRebi, axali teqnikuri Cvevebi: gaxexva-gaprialeba, gaxvreta, gaxexva, makroliTuri teqnika. am teqnikiT aris damzadebuli neoliTuri culebi, romlebic sakmaod efeqturi da produqtiuli iaraRia da gvian safexurze Cndeba. mwarmoebluri meurneobis gaCenam sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela saxeobaze moaxdina gavlena. swored amis gamo am movlenas `neoliTur revolucias~ uwodeben. ekonomikuri revolucia unda momxdariyo iq, sadac amisTvis xelsayreli pirobebi arsebobda. amis gamo neoliTuri kultura yvelgan erTdroulad ar Camoyalibebula. am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze momzadebuli winaaziuri regioni aRmoCnda, romelSic eqceva dasavleT amierkavkasia afxazeTis CaTvliT. neoliTuri kulturis formireba aq moxda adgilobrivi mezoliTis evoluciuri ganviTarebis Sedegad, rac gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans qvis mikroliTur teqnikaSi. neoliTuri kulturis Zeglebi naklebadaa Seswavlili. aSkaraa, rom maTi koncentracia ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze xdeba. maTSi or safexurs gamoyofen – adreuli da gviandeli neoliTi. mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasvla aSkarad gviani periodis Zeglebze SeiniSneba. afxazeTis teritoriaze neoliTuri
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Zeglebi ramdenime punqtSia dafiqsirebuli1. yvelaze adreuli Cans RumuriSis nasaxlari, romelic `ukeramiko neoliTur~ ZeglTa rigs unda miekuTvnos. qronologiurad masTan yvelaze axlos dgas gali I-is nasaxlari, Semdgom modis lemsa, kistrik-CxorToli, aTara. gansakuTrebiT siaxlove SeiniSneba yubanispireTis masalebTan (kamenomostkoe) da, SesaZloa, maTTan erTad erT lokalur variants qmnides. meore aseTi lokaluri varianti isaxeba dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobis Zeglebis saxiT (anaseuli I da II, odiSi, gurianTa, paluri, mamaTi, TeTramiwa, saTaflia da sxv.). yoveli maTgani specifikuri niSnebiT xasiaTdeba, rac etapebis mixedviT maTi qronologiuri dajgufebis saSualebas iZleva. masalis ZiriTadad erTgvarovani xasiaTi safuZvels iZleva dasavleT amierkavkasiis teritoriaze erTiani materialuri kulturis ori lokaluri varianti vigulisxmoT.
2. eneoliT-Suabrinjaos xana (Zv.w. V-II aTaswleulis Suaxanebi) `eneoliTi~ laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs spilenZ-qvis xanas, xSirad mas `xalkoliTsac~ uwodeben (berZnulad xalkos `spilenZi~). specialur literaturaSi bolo dros eneoliTur xanasa da kulturas ufro xSirad adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturas uwodeben. am kulturis Zeglebi kargadaa warmodgenili afxazeTis teritoriaze, magram unda iTqvas, rom arcerTi maTgani bolomde ar aris gaTxrili, rac Zalian aZnelebs misi nasaxlarebis, mSeneblobis teqnikisa da sxva sameurneo mniSvnelobis faqtebis srulad dadgenas1. adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanis Zeglebi (eneoliTi) afxazeTis teritoriaze dasaxlebis ori tipiT aris warmodgenili: Ria sadgomebi da mRvime-nabinavari. afxazeTis eneoliTuri Zeglebi ZiriTadad erTgvarovan masalas Seicavs: qva, Zvali, Tixis WurWeli; am epoqaSi gamoCenas iwyebs liTonis pirveli nivTebi, romlebic TviTnabadi spilenZisaganaa damzadebuli civi gamoWedvis gziT. afxazeTis eneoliTuri kultura genetikurad ukavSirdeba winamorbed neoliTs. neoliTuri kulturis tradiciebis gagrZeleba-ganviTareba mkafiodaa gamosaxuli iseT wamyvan elementebSi, rogoricaa dasaxlebis tipi, meurneobis saxeobani, qvis industria, keramikuli nawarmi da Semkuloba. eneoliTis xanaSi dasaxlebis ori tipi dgindeba: mRvimeebi da Ria nasaxlarebi. mRvimeebs miekuTvnebaa: oqumi2, voroncovis mRvimis farduli `oCaJni~3, axSTiri4. Ria nasaxlarebia: fsou5 aTara6, maWara7, gvandra8 da sxv. nasaxlarebze myari nagebobis naSTi aRmoCenili ar yofila, Tumca gamTxrelebi varaudoben, maWarasa da gvandraze miwurebi da naxevradmiwurebi unda yofiliyo, romelTa zeda nawili sar-lastze mownuli da xSirad TixiT Selesili `facxiseburi~ tipisa unda yofiliyo. 1. l. nebieriZe. dasavleT amierkavkasiis neoliTi. Tb,. 1972; o. jafariZe. qarTvel tomTa..., gv. 35-44; misive: saqarTvelos arqeologia, gv. 41-56; k. kalandaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos neoliTuri kultura. Tb., 1986; Ю. Воронов. Археологическая карта, gv. 17; О.Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии. Сухуми, 2006, gv. 26. 1 . g. fxakaZe. afxazeTis eneoliTuri Zeglebi. - afxazeTi. I Tb., 2006, gv. 20-29. 2. g.fxakaZe. oqumis gamoqvebulis eneoliTuri naSTebi. _ masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis, VII. Tb., 1979, gv. 68-76. 3 . Л.Н. Соловьев. Новый памятник культурных связей Кавказского причерноморья эпохи энеолита и бронзы – стоянки Воронцовской пещеры. - Труды Абх. ИЯЛИ, 29. Сухуми, 1958,gv.. 115-135. 4 . s. zamiatninis gaTxrebi. masala inaxeba peterburgSi. eTnografiis da anTropologiis muzeumSi. 5 . Л.К. Соловьев. dasax. naSromi, gv. 120. 6 . М.В. Барамидзе, Г.Г. Пхакадзе, А.З. Орджоникидзе. Раскопки в С. Атара. - Арх. открытия. 1977 г. М., 1977, gv. 174-175. 7 . В.В. Бжания. Поселение Мачара эпохи энеолита и ранней бронзы в Абхазии. – Совет. Археология, I. М., 1966, gv. 113-126. 8 . И.И. Цвинария. Поселение Гуандра. Тб., 1978.
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nasaxlarebze aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala ZiriTadad erTgvarovania. esaa qva, kaJi, keramika. iSviaTia Zvlisa da rqis nivTebi. masala Tavmoyrili iyo savaraudo sacxovrebelTa iatakebze, an qviT Semowyobili nacrovani ormoebis (kerebis) garSemo. qvis industria eneoliTuri sazogadoebis meurneobis safuZvels warmoadgens. qvis iaraRebis tipologiur-morfologiuri analizi aSkarad adasturebs, rom industria Zlieri neoliTuri tradiciebis kvals atarebs. farTod ixmareba riyis qvis, bazaltis, serpantinis da qvis sxva jiSebisagan damzadebuli iaraRebi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia riyis qvis gaxexil-gaprialebuli calpirlesili da soliseburi culebi, saTlelebi, satexebi da sxv. neoliTSive iwyebs gamoCenas qvis iaraRebis damuSavebis axali teqnika – atkecva da mokodva, romlebic eneoliTsa da Semdeg adrebrinjaos xanaSi viTardeba da universalur xasiaTs iRebs. atkecva-mokodviTaa damzadebuli eneoliTuri iaraRebis umravlesoba: culebi, satexebi, saTlelebi, Toxebi, `pikis~ tipis iaraRebi. farTo xmarebaSi iyo sibrtyiT gapobili riyis qvebi, romelTa napirebis damatebiT Camotexisa da wamaxvilebis Sedegad isini gamoiyeneboda safxekebad, saWrisebad da sxv. qvis industriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs qvis Toxebs, e.w. soWi-adleris tipis Toxebi soWi-adleris regionis Zeglebs axasiaTebs. xolo soxumis regionSi ki Toxebi gansxvavebuli formisaa da maT `soxumis tipis~ Toxebs uwodeben. Toxis es orive tipi adrebrinjos xanaSi ganagrZobs arsebobas. kaJis iaraRebi umniSvnelodaa warmodgenili. esaa anatkecebi da uxeSi lamelebi retuSis gareSe, zogjer namuSevrobis kvaliT. gamonakliss warmoadgens oqumis da axSTiris mRvimeebi. aq napovnia geometriuli mikroliTebi, trapeciebi da segmentebi; aseTive kompleqsiTaa kaJis iaraRebi warmodgenili axSTiris mRvimeSi. neoliTuri tradiciebi Tavs iCens keramikul nawarmSic. Tixis Semadgenloba, formebi da ornamenti amis aSkara sabuTia. kaJis ormxriv damuSavebuli isrisa da Subispirebis simravliT gamoirCeva farduli `oCaJni~. zemoTaRniSnuli iaraRebi migviTieben, rom mRvimeTa eneoliTuri kulturuli fenebi amavdroul Ria nasaxlarebze (maWara, guandra) ufro adreulebia. amas mowmobs ara marto kaJis industriis degradacia, aramed keramikuli produqciac. afxazeTis eneoliTuri Zeglebis asakis gansazRvrisaTvis arsebobs erTi TariRi C14 maWaris nasaxlaris Zira IV fenidan 3810±90, magram Sesworebuli, kalibrebuli daTariRebiT es kultura ukve Zv.w. V aTaswleulSi gadadis. qvisa da kaJis iaraRebis morfologiuri analizi cxadyofs rom sxvadasxva jgufebis nasaxlarebze meurneobis gansxvavebuli xasiaTi fiqsirdeba. Ria terasul nasaxlarebze (maWara, gvandra, fsou, gvadixu) `pikis~ tipis weraqviseburi iaraRebis siWarbe samiwaTmoqmedo saqmianobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. miwaTmoqmedebas ukavSirdeba aseve `soxumisa~ da `soWi-adleris~ tipis Toxebi da xelsafqvavebi. amave Zeglebze nanaxi qvis mrgvali an ovaluri formis badis sawafebi meTevzeobis mniSvnelovan rolze migviTiTebs. mRvimur nasaxlarebze (oqumi, oCaJni, axSTiri) samiwaTmoqmedo xasiaTis iaraRebi ar Cans. `oCaJnisa~ da axSTirSi isrisa da Subispirebis arseboba adasturebs, rom am Zeglebis meurneobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili monadireobas eWira. afxazeTis eneoliTuri masalebi, qvis iaraRebi da gansakuTrebiT Toxebi axlo msgavsebas pouloben wina aziis ZeglebSi (xasuna, sialki, jemdeT-nasri, suza da sxv.). es masalebi mWidro kavSirs avlenen agreTve rion-yvirilas auzis mRvimeebis Tanadroul masalebTan. dasavleT amierkavkasiis am orive regionis masalebi kulturis mTeli rigi wamyvani elementebiT garkveul urTierTobaSia CrdiloeT kavkasiis – yubanispireTis cnobil adremaikopur kulturasTan1. eneoliTuri kulturis uSualo memkvidrea brinjaos xana, romelic adre, Sua da gviani brinjaos xanad iyofa. IV aTaswleulis bolosaTvis mTeli dasavleT amierkavkasiis mosaxleobis cxovrebaSi Tavs iCens progresuli cvlilebani, romlebic istoriuli ganviTarebiT iyo 1
. А.А. Формозов. Каменный век и энеолит Прикубанья. М.,1965.
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ganpirobebuli. mTeli momdevno aTaswleulis manZilze es cvlilebebi matulobs. miwaTmoqmedebis intensifikacia, mesaqonleobis axali formebi, xelosnobis, pirvel rigSi metalurgiis ganviTareba, ganapirobebdnen sawarmoo Zalebis Semdgom ganviTarebas da axal sawarmoo urTierTobebs, romlebic asaxvas poulobda materialur kulturaSi. miwaTmoqmedebam da mesaqonleobam maRalganviTarebul metalurgiasTan erTad Seqmna axali ekonomikis myari safuZveli, romelmac Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia mniSvnelovani socialuri Zvrebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. am droisaTvis sabolood mTavrdeba dasavleT amierkavkasiis, maT Soris afxazeTis, mTeli teritoriis aTviseba. Tumca bunebrivia, rom kulturuli fenebi yvela Zeglze erTnairi siZlieriT ar aris warmodgenili. mRvime-nasaxlarebze adrebrinjao-eneoliTis uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgens (voroncovis mRvime, zRvispira da mdinarispira terasebze ganlagebuli nasaxlarebi maWara, gvandra). kulturuli fenebi ufro intensiurad Cans bunebrivi SemaRlebebis ferdobebze da xelovnur gora-namosaxlarebze (oCamCire, fiCori). Zv. w. III aTaswleuli aris adrebrinjaos qronologiuri CarCo. im periodSi sazogadoebis ekonomikuri, kulturuli da socialuri dawinaurebis ZiriTad safuZvels metalurgia warmoadgens. liToni (spilenZi Tavisi bunebrivi SenarevebiT), romelic erTeuli civi WedviT damzadebuli nivTebiT iyo cnobili winamorbed eneoliTur epoqaSi, swraf aRamvlobas ganicdis. adamianebma iswavles madnidan spilenZis gamodnoba, masSi sasurveli raodenobiT sxvadasxva minarevis Setana jer dariSxanisa an anTimonisa, xolo Semdeg ukve kalisa. liTonis gamodnobis mignebam adrebrinjaos sazogadoebas saSualeba misca mravalgvari iaraRebi daemzadebina rogorc sameurneo, aseve sabrZolo miznebisaTvis. Seiqmna da gamoiyo calke jgufi adamianebisa, romlebic liTonis warmoeba-CamosxmaSi iyo daxelovnebuli. adrebrinjaos xanis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia iaraRebis warmoebis seriuli xasiaTi.. amis damadasturebelia is mravalricxovani Ria da orsagduliani yalibebi, romlebic mravladaa nasaxlarebze aRmoCenili (fiCori). madani afxazeTis teritoriaze mcxovreb mosaxleobas mohqonda md. bzifis zeda welze arsebuli spilenZis sabadoebidan. baSkafsaris spilenZis sabadoebze dadasturebulia rogorc Ria gamonamuSevrebi, aseve Saxtebi da Stolnebi, romlebic, rogorc Tvlian, funqcionirebdnen Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan Zv.w. VIII s.-mde. dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi am periodSi dafiqsirebulia meore mZlavri metalurgiuli kera rionyvirilas zeda welze. adrebrinjaos adreul safexurze sacxovreblad isev gamoiyeneba karstuli gamoqvabulebi (voroncovis mRvimis `kolokolni~ da `zaloJeni~ grotebi)2; am mRvimeebSi Tixatkepnili iatakebis naSTebicaa SemorCenili, romlebSic zogjer kerebia Calesili. Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis zRvispira nasaxlarebze - maWarasa3 da gvandraze miwurebi da naxevarmiwurebi gvxvdeba. isini mrgvalgegmiani an oTxkuTxa Zirbrtyeli ormoebia, romelTac garSemo sarebis Casamagrebeli ormoebi Semouyveba. varaudoben, rom xis karkasebi lerwmis tipis specialuri mcenariT iyo Semownuli. mTeli es konstruqcia Semdeg Sida da gare mxridan TixiT iyo Semolesili. saTavsoebis asagebad moednebi winaswar iyo momzadebul-motkepnili4. sul sxva suraTia ganviTarebuli finaluri etapis Zeglebze, gora-nasaxlarebze. isini dabali xelovnuri an bunebrivi gorakebia, romelTac garSemo sadrenaJo Txrilebi uvlis. aseTi borcvebi sakmaod axlo-axlosaa ganlagebuli da erTmaneTs TxrilebiT ukavSirdebian (oCamCire, fiCori). afxazeTis adrebrinjaos pirveli Zegli aRmoCenil iqna oCamCiris raionSi md. juymuris zRvasTan SerTvis adgilas. 3 nasaxlari borcvidan erT-erTze _ dasavleTis 2 . ix. vrclad g. fxakaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos adrebrinjaos xanisa da maikopis kulturis urTierTobis sakiTxebi. _ saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi, III. Tb., 1975. 3. В.В. Бжания. Поселение Мачара... - Совет.Археология, I. М., 1966. 4. И.И. Цвинария. Поселение Гуандра. Тб., 1978.
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borcvze (m.ivaSCenko, l.soloviovi,5 b.kuftini6) nasaxlari fena zRvis doneze dabla Cadioda. dafiqsirda riyis qviT mokenWili TixiT gadalesili moednebi, romlebzec mownuli da TixiT Selesili `facxis~ tipis nagebobebi idga. meore Zeglze, gumisTaSi (soxumis raioni) nagebobis aranairi kvali ar aRmoCenila. aqve gaiTxara yorRani, sadac micvalebulebi mokrunCxul mdgomareobaSi gverdze iyvnen dasvenebulni.7 oCamCiresa da gumisTis nasaxlarebze mopovebuli masala _ keramika da qvis iaraRebi savsebiT identuria amave droisa da aseTive tipis keramikuli Tu qvis masalebisa. adrebrinjaos kulturas misi pirveli aRmoCenis punqtis mixedviT oCamCiruli kultura uwodes da asea cnobili literaturaSi. magram amave epoqas `protokolxur kulturasac~ uwodeben8. am bolo dros aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis yvela am periodis ZeglTa Seswavlam naTelyo, rom erTgvarovani adrebrinjaos kultura mTel sanapiro zolsa da borcvovan zolzec vrceldeba, amitom literaturaSi SexvdebiT termins `kolxeTis adrebrinjaos xanis kultura~ (g. fxakaZe)9, romelSic ZiriTadi erTgvaronebis miuxedavad sami lokaluri regioni gamoiyofa: Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTi (afxazeTi), centraluri kolxeTi da samxreT-dasavleT kolxeTi (aWara-guria). adrebrinjaos xanis nasaxlarebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili daimkvidra fiCoris nasaxlarma (galis r-ni). igi SeiZleba etalonurad CaiTvalos, radgan centralur borcvze dafiqsirda 8 kulturuli fena: Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevari - Zv.w. IIIs. dasawyisi10, aqedan adrebrinjaos VII da VIII fenebi ganekuTvneba. sisqiT 3m. qveda me-8 fenaSi dafiqsirda ximinjebze dayrdnobili xis baqniani saTavsoebis naSTebi, romelTa iatakebi TixiT iyo molesili. wnelis anabeWdiani baTqaSebis mixedviT kedlebi mownuli da TixiT Selesili unda yofiliyo. nasaxlaris me-8 fenaSive aRmoCnda `sakulto~ saTavso, romlis iatakze keris garSemo Tavmoyrili iyo mravalgvari Tixis WurWeli, qvis iaraRebi, xis saxnisebi, liTonis nivTebi da Tixis orsagduliani 60 yalibi. fiCoris nasaxlarisa da aq aRmoCenili artefaqtebis Seswavlam safuZveli misca mkvlevarebs (m.baramiZe, g.fxakaZe, l.jiblaZe) srulad aRedginaT adrebrinjaos xanis sazogadoebis cxovrebis, meurneobis, ekonomikis, sawarmoo iaraRebisa da sakulto wes-CveulebaTa ganviTarebis suraTi. afxazeTis adrebrinjaos xanis kultura eneoliTis memkvidrea. qvis industrias Zlieri eneoliTuri tradiciebi etyoba: riyis qvis iaraRebi atkecvisa da mokodvis gziT aris damzadebuli. kaJis warmoeba dacemulia, nukleusebi amorfulia, amorfulia anatkecTa umravlesobac. lamelebi ar aris. safxekebi, saWrisebi da saxokebic Zalze mcire da atipuria. kaJis isriswveri sul samia; samive asimetriuli, frTebdaSvebuli, erTi maTgani yunwiania. aseTi formisaa xelSubispirebic. sayuradRebo faqtia nasaxlarze kaJis namglispirebis arseboba, romlebic ormxriv damuSavebulia, gverdebdakbiluli. WurWelTa umetesoba xeliT naZerwia. Tixis coms urevia kalciti, Samoti, qarsi, kiri, kvarci; gamomwvaria mura-movardisfrod, mura-mowiTalod, lega da moyavisfrod; formebia: qilebi, qoTnebi, dergebi, jamebi, koWbis tipis da kasriseburi WurWlebi. umravlesobas zedapirze nafotiT mosworebuli paraleluri zolebi etyoba. funqciurad isini samzareulo da sameurneo (sanovagisa da siTxis Sesanax) WurWlebs warmoadgendnen. yuri WurWlis yvela tips axasiaTebs. upiratesia pirsa da mxarze damagrebuli yurebi, gansakuTrebiT didi zomis WurWelze (qoTani) da jam-fialebze. danarCenebs yuri 5 . Л.Н. Соловьев. Энеолитическое селище у Очамчирского порта в Абхазии. - Труды Абх. Института ЯЛИ. Сухуми, 1939; Л.Н. Соловьев. Археологические раскопки близ Очамчири в Абхазии. - С.А., IV. 1937, gv. 323. 6 . Б. А. Куфтин. Материалы к археологии Колхиды, II, Т. 5. 1950, gv. 267. 7 . В.В. Бжания. Результаты исследования Гумистинского поселения в 1967 г. – КСИЯ, 15. М., 1969. 8 . T. miqelaZe. Ziebani kolxeTisa da aRmosavleT SavizRvispierTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan. Tb., 1974, gv. 41; m. baramiZe. dasax. naSromi; l. jiblaZe. kolxeTis dablobis Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis namosaxlarebi, Tb., 2007, gv. 7-12. 9 . g. fxakaZe. dasavleT amierkavkasia Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi. Tb., 1993, gv. 120-121. 10 . iTxreboda 1980-1991 ww. saq. mecn. akad. areqologiuri kvlevis centris eqspediciis mier, xelmZRvaneli m. baramiZe. ix.: m. baramiZe. fiCoris nasaxlari da kavkasiis arqeologiis zogierTi sakiTxi. Tb., 1977.
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yelsa da tanze aqvT miZerwili. Semkulobis yvelaze gavrcelebul saxeobas sxvadasxva formis Sveril-kopebi warmoadgens: ZuZuseburi, qimiseburi, mogrZo, ovaluri, unagiriseburi, jibiseburi, yelze an mxarze daZerwili reliefuri sartyeli. fiCoris da oCamCiris nasaxlarebze am zemoT aRwerili tradiciuli keramikis gverdiT aris misgan sruliad gansxvavebuli Txeli, ganleqili Tixisagan naZerwi, muqi priala zedapiriani Tixis WurWeli, romelic adgilobrivi ar aris da ukavSirdeba AaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul adreyorRanul kulturaSi (TrialeTi, bedeni) cnobil nawarms. adrebrinjaos asaks gansazRvravs fiCoris nasaxlaris me-8 fenis C-14 TariRi 2290±60, romelic kalibrebis Semdeg Zv.w. III aTasw. I naxevramde Cadis. am periodSi maRal ganviTarebas aRwevs miwaTmoqmedeba. miwis damuSaveba xdeba ukve xis saxnisis saSualebiT. fiCoraSi aRmoCenilia xis ori sxvadasxva tipis saxvneli; e.i. miwaTmoqmedeba ukve guTnur xasiaTs iRebs, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs gamwevi Zalis gamoyenebas. amis dadasturebaa mTel amierkavkasiaSi am dros gavrcelebuli xaris figurebi, romelTa nawili kiserTan gaxvretilia. amave periods ukavSirdeba borblisa da sazidari transportis gaCena. fiCoris nasaxlarze didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda kulturuli marcvleulis naSTebi: xorbali, qeri, Svria da sxv. oCamCiris nasaxlarze aRmoCenilia msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis (xaris, Zroxis), aseve wvrilfexa rqosnebis, Rorisa da sxva Zvlebi, romlebic metyveleben mesaqonleobis did rolze imdroindeli adamianebis meurneobaSi. sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis aRmavlobis realur safuZvels warmoadgenda metalurgia. adrebrinjaos epoqaSi xdeba liTonis warmoebis mkveTri da swrafi ganviTareba. seriulad Camoisxmeba sameurneo da sabrZolo iaraRebi. fiCoris nasaxlarma metalurgiis unikaluri nimuSebi mogvca: 60 orsagduliani yalibi yuamiliani culebisa da samkuTxa ToxebisaTvis, oTxmxrivi Ria yalibi oTxi sxvadasxva nivTisaTvis (kovzi, satevari, Subispiri da ucnobi nivTi). amasTan erTad aRmoCenili iyo saqSeni milebi, cicxvebi, kovzebi, WurWeli fskerze liTonis naSTiT da sxva, rac imis damadasturebelia, rom nivTebis damzadeba nasaxlarzeve xdeboda; am nivTebma saSualeba misca mkvlevarebs, liTonis iaraRis warmoebis mTeli procesi aRedginaT. savaraudoa, rom brinjaos metalurgiaSi gamoiyeneboda afxazeTsa da zemo raWaSi mopovebuli spilenZis madani. SesaniSnavi liTonis nivTebi aRmoCnda agreTve saSualo zomis dolmenebSi, romlebic adrebrinjaos xanas ganekuTvneba: yuadaqanebuli culebi, foTlisebri satevari, masragaxsnili da masraSekruli kavebi zedwnuli ornamentiT, qinZisTavebi da sxva. amaT dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneboda Camosxmis, civad Wedvisa da cvilis modelis dakargvis wesi. zogierTi nivTi jer Camosxmulia yalibSi da Semdeg damatebiT aris gamoWedili11. liTonis nivTebi dariSxaniani spilenZisagan iyo damzadebuli. sxvadasxva daniSnulebis mixedviT dariSxanis minarevi meryeobda 2,7%-dan 6,73%-mde. metalurgiis ganviTarebam, meurneobis intensiurma zrdam ojaxSi win wamoswia mamakacis wamyvani roli da sabolood Camoyalibda patriarqaluri sazogadoeba. eneoliTis da gansakuTrebiT adrebrinjaos xanaSi mTel aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTsa da mimdebare borcvian zolSi erTgvarovani kultura iyo gavrcelebuli. Znelia am kulturis matarebeli tomebis eTnikuri vinaobis gansazRvra, magram arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT, es teritoria im dros erTi tomiT Tu ara, erTmaneTis monaTesave tomebiT unda yofiliyo dasaxlebuli. am erTgvarovan kulturaSi lokaluri regionebi gamoiyofa. afxazeTi swored erT-erT aseT Tavisebur lokalur regions warmoadgens, romlis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli da ganmasxvavebeli niSani aris dolmenebi. Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Suaxanebs ganekuTvneba adreuli dolmenebi, romlebic patara zomebiT gamoirCeva. rogorc zRvasTan axlos, aseve mTis zolSi (eSera, azanTa, oThara, 11 . Г.Г. Пхакадзе. Восточное причерноморье во второй половине IV-III тысяч. до н. э. (К проблеме культурных конттактов). Петербург, 2000, gv. 50-59.
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yulanurxva, Sroma, dou). maT gaTxrasa da SeswavlaSi didi Rvawli miuZRviT a. lukins, l. soloviovs, b. kuftins, o. jafariZes, i. wvinarias12. dRemde cnobili yvela dolmeni daaxloebiT erTi tipisaa. isini warmoadgenen megaliTur samarx nagebobebs, romelTac gegmaSi trapeciis forma aqvT. agebulia oTxi vertikalurad dadgmuli masiuri brtyeli qvisagan da mexuTe qviTaa gadaxuruli. zog dolmens iatakadac qvis fila aqvs. wina kedelSi, romelic yovelTvis samxreTiT an samxreT-aRmosavleTiTaa miqceuli, mrgvali xvreli aqvs, romelic qvis sacobiT ixureboda. dolmeni koleqtiuri sagvareulo samarxia. masSi meoradi damarxvis wesi iyo gamoyenebuli. micvalebulebs xeebze kidebdnen da droTa ganmavlobaSi xorcisagan ganTavisuflebuli Zvlebi dolmenSi wina xvreliT SehqondaT. adrebrinjaos xanas mcire da saSualo zomis dolmenebi ganekuTvneba, didi zomis dolmenebi ukve momdevno xanaSia agebuli da gvianbrinjaos epoqamde iyo gamoyenebuli. rogorc cnobilia, dolmenebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic, gansakuTrebiT novosvobodnaias etapze, magram dolmenTa agebulebisa da SigTavsi masalis Sedarebam cxadi gaxada, rom afxazeTis dolmenebi ufro adreulia, vidre CrdiloeT kavkasiisa13. afxazeTis adrebrinjaos xanis Zeglebi da kultura Tavisi tradiciebis gagrZelebas Sua brinjaos epoqaSi poulobs. es xana erT-erTi yvelaze nakleb Seswavlili periodia. amis mizezi, upirveles yovlisa, Sesabamisi Zeglebis naklebobaSi, an maT araswor SefasebaSi unda veZeboT. prof. T. miqelaZem faqtobrivad pirvelma dixaguZuba I-is da IIis monacemebze dayrdnobiT daasabuTa dasavleT saqarTvelos masalebSi Sua brinjaos xanis arseboba, romelic ganisazRvra protokolxuri II-iT.14 fiCori I-is stratigrafiulma Wrilma ZiriTadad daadastura T. miqelaZis klasifikacia, Tumca Sua brinjaos xanis 2 kulturuli fenis gamovlenam arsebuli sqema daazusta. gamoyofil iqna Sua brinjaos xanis ori qronologiuri etapi, romelic protokolxuri II a da b fazebad iqna dayofili.15 aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis Sua brinjaos xanis Zeglebs miekuTvneba fiCori I-s VI_V fenebis, fiCori VI-s nakarRalis III-VI fenebi, ispanis (aWara) zeda horizonti, anaklia II, anaklia I-is meore-mesame fenebi, nosiris pirveli da meore fena. protokolxur keramikaSi gamoiyofa 3 jgufis nawarmi. pirvel jgufSi gaerTianebulia e.w. Savpriala an yavisferpriala nawarmi. formaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia kvercxiseburtaniani mozrdili WurWeli pirTan mierTebuli brtyeli lenturi yurebiT, pirgaSlili koWbebi, maRalqusliani vazebi, brtyelZiriani jamebi, ziari WurWeli da sxva. Txelkeciani WurWlis fragmentebi, gansakuTrebiT yurebi nakawri, geometriuli, talRuri an texilxazovani ornamentiT aris Semkuli.16 Savpriala WurWlis nimuSebi napovnia oCamCiresa da fiCoris I-s VIII-VII fenebSi, ispanis qveda fenaSi. CvenTvis saintereso periodis Savpriala nawarmi aRmoCenilia fiCori I-s VI-IV fenebSi, fiCori VI-Si, nakarRalSi, anaklia I-sa da II-Si, ispanis zeda fenaSi da sxva. TiTqmis yvela am Zeglze Savpriala da yavisferpriala nawarmi erTeulebis saxiTaa warmodgenili da TviT fiCorSi, sadac am tipis keramika yvelaze mravalferovania, saerTo raodenobis 1%-s aRwevs. aqdan gamomdinare, saeWvoa am jgufis adgilobriv, kolxur nawarmad miCneva (T. miqelaZe), radgan sazogadoeba Tu flobs am donis maRalxarisxovani nawarmis damzadebis teqnologias, bunebrivia, upiratesad mas awarmoebs da moixmars kidec. amave dros masiuri keramika (99%) Zalze uxeSi, mdare xarisxis da sruliad sxva formebiTaa warmodgenili. mkvlevarTa nawili mas Semotanil nawarmad miiCnevs (l. soloviovi, b. kuftini, m. baramiZe, l. jiblaZe, e. gogaZe)17.am keramikis pirvelad kerad zogjer maikopis kultura miiCneva. Tumca masSi ar 12 . o. jafariZe. dolmenuri kultura saqarTveloSi. _ Tsu-s Sromebi, 1955.; o. jafariZe. qarTvel tomTa istoriisaTvis liTnonis warmoebis adreul safexurze. Tb., 1961. 13 . g. fxakaZe. afxazeTis dolmenebis kvlevis zogierTi aspeqti. _ afxazeTi, I, 2006, gv. 138-142. 14 . T. miqelaZe. Ziebani, gv. 41. 15 . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi.,.. gv. 117-145;l. jiblaZe.dasax. naSromi, gv. 103-126. 16 . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi..., gv. 117-126. 17 . iqve.
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dasturdeba vaziseburi sasmisebi, msgavsi profilis jamebi, grZeli lenturi yurebi, nakawri ornamenti. mkvlevarTa meore nawili (l.soloviovi, i. voronovi, j. afaqiZe)18 am keramikis saTaveebs winaazia-anatoliis Zeglebze xedavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom arc am regionSi Cans gavrcelebuli msgavsi profilis Tixis nawarmi, nakawri ornamenti; iq ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia yavisferpriala nawarmi, Savpriala ki erTeulia. Savpriala keramikis warmomavlobis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze realuri gzebi isaxeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. fiCoris keramikis zedmiwevniTi msgavseba bedenuri ieris nawarmTan, kerZod, formaTa msgavseba (jamebi, vaziseburi sasmisebi, ziari WurWeli, lentiseburi yurebi), nakawri ornamenti, keci da zedapiris metaluri bzinvareba is elementebia, romlebic erTmaneTs ukavSirebs am or regions da svams sakiTxs maTi erTi keridan momdinareobis Sesaxeb. kolxeTSi Savpriala keramikis gamoCena faqtobrivad emTxveva beden-martyofis kulturis ayvavebis safexurs. keramikis meore jgufSi erTiandeba uxeSi kvarc - da qarsnarev comis nakeTobebi. gamomwvaria ruxad, monacrisfrod da yavisfrad, iSviaTad Savad. es aris tipuri protokolxuri nawarmi, romelic gavrcelebuli Cans kolxeTSi Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebamde. bunebrivia, mTeli am xanis ganmavlobaSi SeiniSneba calkeul formaTa ganviTarebis suraTi, Tumca saerTo ieriT es principulad erTgvarovani nawarmia. formebidan aRsaniSnavia horizontalur yurebiani mozrdili, pirgaSlili dergebi, TiTisebri an Wrili anabeWdiani reliefuri sartylebiT, zogjer `jibiseburi~ reliefuri danaZerwebiT, rac ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebeli Cans Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTisaTvis; samyura WurWeli, vertikalurnaxvretiani an ZuZusebrkopiani jamebi, cilindrultaniani qilebi vertikaluri, xSirad dublirebuli yuriT, upiratesad zeda nawilSi naWdevi ornamentiT; Txelkedliani xeladebi, mcenaris an Wilobis anabeWdebiT Semkuli Zirebi. vxvdebiT rqisebur sadgrebsac. Sua brinjaos xanis mogviano safexurze vxvdebiT mesame jgufis keramikul nawarmsac. am jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia jamisebri formebi, moSavo feri, zogjer naprialevi zedapiri, SedarebiT ukeTesad damuSavebuli keci. isini Semkulia kopis an patara cru yuris irgvliv datanili koncentruli wreebiT, naxevarrkalebiT, SevronebiT. am jgufis keramikas garkveuli Sexebis wertilebi aqvs teramarebis kulturis nawarmTan evropaSi19 da, SesaZloa, saqme gvqondes kulturul gavlenasTan aRmosavleT evropis mxriv. aRsaniSnavia, rom bulgareTis adreTrakiuli namosaxlarebidan igrZnoba garkveuli impulsebi Zv. w. VII-VI ss. kolxur keramikaze, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom aRmosavleT evropidan kavkasiisaken perioduli kavSirebi asaxvas poulobs materialur kulturaSi. es keramika Tavs iCens fiCori I-is IV fenaSi, sadac mas axlavs meore jgufis, uxeSi reliefurWrili ornamentiT Semkuli keramika da gvianbrinjaos sawyisis iseTi tipuri masala, rogoricaa frinvelismkerdisebri da pirTan mierTebuli orferda yurebi. aSkaraa, rom saqme gvaqvs Sua da gvianbrinjaos xanebs Soris gardamaval safexurTan, romlis mikuTvneba romelime am periodisadmi safuZvels moklebulia. sayuradReboa, rom msgavsi narevi masala dafiqsirebulia namWeduris qveda (VI) fenebSi, anaklia I-is III fenaSi, nosiris I fenaSi, ergetis IV_V fenebSi. amgvarad, kolxur namosaxlarebze gamoiyofa mTeli plasti, romelic aSkarad Suidan gvianbrinjaoze gardamaval etapSi unda gaerTiandes. am mosazrebas mxars uWers interdisciplinaruli meTodebiT Sesabamisi fenebis daTariReba (Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebi). protokolxuri II etapis keramikis Seswavla stratigrafiul WrilSi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, saSualebas iZleva Suabrinjaos xanis nawarmi pirobiT or qronologiur safexurad gaiyos: protokolxuri IIa da IIb. protokolxuri IIa safexurs ganekuTvneba fiCori I-is VI kulturuli fena, maWara III-is fena, gumisTa I, gvandra – zeda fena, axra yapSi da pali. am periodis ganmsazRvrelad Cans grZeli lenturi yurebi, romlebic saTaves VIII_VII fenebSi iRebs, magram aRaraa V fenaSi; qronologiurad protokolxuri 18 19
j. afaqiZis moxxeneba siRnaRis saerTaSoriso simpoziumze. 1995. Б.А.Куфтин. dasax. naSromi, gv. 237-240; T. miqelaZe. Ziebani, gv. 21.
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IIa moicavs periods Zv.w. XXs. meore naxevridan XVIIIs. CaTvliT. protokolxuri IIb safexurs miekuTvneba fiCori I-is V fena, fiCori VI, nakarRalis IV_VI horizontebi, anaklia II-is zeda fena; anaklia I-is III fena; am safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cans Wilofis anabeWdiani an Rruqusliani Zirebi, horizontaluri, wyviladi an zemodan dakeWnili yurebi, vertikalurxvreliani an ZuZusebri kopiT Semkuli jamebi, rqiseburi sadgrebi, Savpriala WurWlis minabaZebi Wrili ornamentiT, lenturi yurebi, farTo, brtyeli yurebi da sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom aris formebi, romlebic axasiaTebs orive safexurs. qronologiurad IIb moicavs Zv.w. XVII-XVIss., SesaZloa, XVIs. pirvel naxevars. Sua brinjaos xanis kulturis erT-erT ZiriTad komponents yuamiliani culebis ramdenime varianti warmoadgens. pirvel variantSi e.w. saCxeruli culebi gavrcelebuli Cans adrebrinjaos xanis dasasrulis safexurze da ZiriTadad kolxeTis mTiani da mTiswina zolSia gavrcelebuli. meore variantSi erTiandeba culebi afxazeTis dolmenebidan da TrialeTis adreuli yorRanebidan. pirveli variantisagan gansxvavebiT, maT SedarebiT mokle satare mili, moxrili, magram sakmaod masiuri tani da odnav gafarToebuli piri axasiaTebs. fiCorSi aRmoCenili culis yalibebis Tu culebis Qqronologiuri diapazoni xangrZlivia da moicavs Zv.w. XXIII-XVss. am culebs axasiaTebs swori eqvswaxnaga tani, zemodan reliefuri zolebiT Semkuli mokle satare, momrgvalebuli piri. maTi originaluri forma saSualebas iZleva isini calke yuamiliani culebis `fiCorul~ variantSi iqnen gaerTianebuli. am tipis met-naklebad msgavsi iaraRi cnobilia krasnodaridan, ganTiadidan da svaneTidan. SeiniSneba garkveuli msgavseba urupis da faskaus iaraRTan. Crdilokavkasiuri iaraRebis samxreTuli prototipebi swored `fiCorul variantSia~ saZebneli, razec migviTiTebs swori tani da morkaluri piri. qvis culebs axasiaTebs mogrZo, cilindruli forma, momrgvalebuli yua, soliseburi farTo piri. Sua nawilSi datanilia xexviT Sesrulebuli satare. maTi gamoCena xdeba adrebrinjaos xanis dasasruls, udidesi raodenoba Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSia mopovebuli da, SesaZloa, regionis lokalur niSnad iyos miCneuli. satevrispiri erT-erTi yvelaze naklebadgavrcelebuli iaraRia. gvaqvs ramdenime cali saCxeridan, dolmenebidan da 2 c fiCori I-dan. maTi gamoCena xdeba adrebrinjaos xanaSi, Tumca VI fenaSi misi aRmoCena gviCvenebs, rom isini Suabrinjaos xanis adreul etapzec gamoiyeneba, rogorc Cans, gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyo meore tipis satevrispiric, razec fiCori I-is kombinirebuli yalibis erT-erT waxnagze amokveTili forma migviTiTebs. igi brtyeli, tolferda samkuTxediseburia, uyunwo. tipologiurad ufro mogviano ierisaa. brinjaos Toxi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis ramdenime punqtSia fiqsirebuli. fiCori I-is, VIII fenaSi aRmoCenili 10-mdis yalibis da 3 Toxis mixedviT irkveva, rom ZiriTadad 3 variantis Toxia gamoyenebuli. maTi gaCena Zv.w. III aTaswleulis ukanasknel meoTxedSi xdeba, Tumca arseboben Suabrinjaos xanaSi. kaJis iaraRi warmodgenilia namglis CasarTebiT da Subis Tu isrispirebiT. Sua brinjaos xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cans calgverddakbiluli, zogjer zurgis mxridan morkaluli, viwrotaniani CasarTebis formebi. isini Cans ukve adrebrinjaos xanaSi. samkuTxa, simetriulad quslamoRaruli isrispirTa formebi damaxasiaTebelia gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis ZeglebisaTvis, xolo asimetriulad quslamoRaruli formebi gavrcelebulia e.w protokolxuri kulturis orive safexurze. materialuri kulturis analizi gviCvenebs, rom protokolxuri kulturis II etapi genetikur kavSirSia winare da momdevno safexurebTan da maTi gaTiSva SeuZlebelia. Sua brinjaos xanis es mcirericxovani masala aSkarad gviCvenebs, rom protokolxuri II-is or, adreul da mogviano safexurebad dayofa realur safuZvels moklebuli ar unda iyos. sayuradReboa sakiTxi kolxeTis Sua da gvianbrinjaos xanis kulturaTa kavSirurTierTobis Sesaxeb. ukanasknel xanebamdis es kavSiri sakmaod problematuri Canda. fiCoris nasaxlaris gaTxrebma mogvca erTgvari gasaRebi am sakiTxis
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gadasawyvetad. centraluri borcvis IV fenaSi gamovlinda narevi masala, rac imaze SeiZleba mianiSnebdes, rom momxdara kolxuri kulturis erTi qronologiur-lokaluri variantis SeWra – Serwyma imave kulturis imave qronologiur-lokalur variantSi. am mxriv fiCori gamonaklisi ar aris. aseTive narevoba axasiaTebs ergetis nasaxlars1, anaklia I-is III fenas, nakarRalis (aWara) VI fenas, namWeduris VI fenas, nosiris II fenas. es garemoeba safuZvels iZleva, rom dasaxelebuli Zeglebi ganekuTvnos Sua brinjaosa da gviani brinjaos xanebis gardamaval periods, roca mosaxleobis erTi nawili intensiurad iTvisebs mTas, meore nawili ki rCeba barSi da agrZelebs kolxuri kulturis tradiciebs. raRac etapze, rogorc Cans, barSi damkvidrebuli mosaxleobis nawili midis mTaSi, samxreTelebi inacvleben amJamindeli galis raionisaken, rac iwvevs mikrokulturaTa erTmaneTSi umtkivneulo Serwymas. es procesi asaxulia keramikaSi, magram am kulturaTa mWidro genetikuri kavSiri ukeTesad Cans liTonis nawarmSi, rac gansakuTrebiT mkafioa gardamavali etapis masalebSi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa kolxuri culebisa da sxva iaraRebis (Toxis, Subispiris, satevris) monacemebi. isini adastureben, rom Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba ar Secvlila Sua da gviani brinjaos xanebis gardamaval periodSi. gardamavali periodis Zeglebze SeniSnuli Zvrebi dakavSirebuli unda iyos kidev erT movlenasTan, romlis Seswavlas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs kavkasiaSi mimdinare istoriuli procesebis garkvevisaTvis. Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi adre da Sua brinjaos xanaSi,rogorc ukve iTqva, gavrcelebulia dolmenuri kultura specifikuri nagebobiT, dakrZalvis wesiT da inventariT2. dolmeni, rogorc samarxi, moulodnelad wyvets arsebobas Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebisaTvis da adgils uTmobs samarxTa axal tipebs (kromlexi, osuariumi), Tumca SeiniSneba genetikuri kavSiri dakrZalvis ritualsa da samarxul inventarSi. roca mosaxleobis nawili tovebs baris teritorias, xdeba am dolmenuri, mosaxleobis nawilis gadaadgileba mTis zolisaken. amis sabuTad gamodgeba brilis samarovanze gaTxrili erTi akldama,3 romelic nagebia mSrali wyobiT Tixa-fiqaliT nagebi qvebidan. Tavisi arqiteqturuli detalebiT, dakrZalvis ritualiT da samarxeuli inventariT (ZiriTadad samkauliT) igi imeorebs afxazeTis dolmenebis gviandel fenebsa da Suabrinjaos xanis dasasrulis zogierT kompleqss (Rari, Tli, saCxere, nuli). gansakuTrebuli msgavseba SeiniSneba zemo ruTxis #16 samarxTan4, romelic nagebobiT, dakrZalvis wesiTa da inventariT imeorebs brilis akldamas. misi Sedareba brilisa da Tlis kompleqsebTan gviCvenebs, rom igi gardamavali periodis ZeglebTan unda iqnes gaerTianebuli da misi zeda sazRvari Zv.w. XIVs. sawyisze mogviano ar unda iyos. amave dros, zemo ruTxis #16 samarxis qveda zRvari Zv.w. XIIs. qvemoT ar midis. amgvarad, isaxeba gza afxazeTis dolmenebidan raWis gavliT yobanis teritoriaze. arqeologiurad dadasturebuli es movlena gviCvenebs samxreTul impulsebs da novaciebs, romelsac adgili aqvs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.5 faqtobrivad es aris samxreTuli gavlenis gavrcelebis pirveli safexuri, romelic zemoT aRniSnul eTnokulturul ZvrebTan aris dakavSirebuli. am garemoebas ki gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda hqondes yobanuri kulturis samxreTuli fesvebis Ziebis saqmeSi.
3. gvianbrinjao – adrerkinis xana (Zv.w. XVI-VIIss.) Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan faqtobrivad mTel kavkasiaSi SeiniSneba mniSvnelovani Zvrebi da gardaqmnebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yofasa da kulturaSi. aSkarad mcirdeba kulturuli kontaqtebi gare samyarosTan da iqmneba erTgvari `kulturuli izolacia~. kavkasiis SigniT SeiniSneba ganviTarebis erTgvarovani da amave Т. Микеладзе и др. О работах колхидской археологической экспедиции. – ПАИ в 1984-85гг. Тб., 1987, gv. 40. . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi, gv. 102-117. 3 . iqve, gv. 142. 4 . Е.И. Крупнов. Материали по археологии Северной Осетии докобанского периода. – ЛИА, 23. М., Л. 1951, gv. 4960; В. И. Козенкова. Культурно-экномические процессы на Северном Кавказе. М., 1966, gv. 74-103. 5 . m. baramiZe. kolxur-yobanur kulturaTa urTierTobis sakiTxisaTvis keramikuli nawarmis mixedviT. _ afxazeTi I, Tb., 2006, gv. 49-61. 1. 2
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dros Taviseburi ganviTarebis xazi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze am periodidan, winare xanebis msgavsad, yalibdeba ori sxvadasxva arqeologiuri kultura: aRmosavleTSi – centralur amierkavkasiuri, dasavleTSi ki – dasavlur-qarTuli (kolxuri). TiToeul am kulturaSi erTiani materialuri kultura da ganviTarebis erTiani suraTi SeiniSneba. amasTanave am kulturebSi SesaZlebeli xdeba lokaluri regionebisa da maT SigniT mikro-lokaluri samrewvelo kerebis gamoyofa. Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTi (Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria) am erTiani kolxuri kulturis lokalur variantad aris miCneuli.20 sayuradReboa aRvniSnoT, rom aRniSnuli periodi zogadad xasiaTdeba ZeglTa gansakuTrebuli simravliT. aSkaraa, rom meurneobis sxvadasxva dargebis, gansakuTrebiT brinjaos da rkinis metalurgiis mkveTri aRmavlobis Sedegad xdeba erTgvari `demografiuli afeTqeba~, romelmac moicva istoriuli kolxeTis rogorc dablobi, ise mTiani kavkasionis zolic. am periodSi ukve SesaZlebeli xdeba vilaparakoT xelosnuri warmoebis aRmavlobaze, gansakuTrebiT keramikul warmoebasa da metalurgiaSi, mozrdil samarovnebsa da nasaxlarebze, protourbanistul dasaxlebebze da sxva. es yovelive winapirobaa kolxeTis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze migvaniSnebs. gansakuTrebiT kargad es movlenebi SeiniSneba fiCoris mravalfenian nasaxlarze. afxazeTis teritoriaze sakvlevi periodis 300-mdis obieqtia dafiqsirebuli. isini warmodgenilia nasaxlarebiT, samarovnebiT, sawarmoo kerebiT da ganZebiT, e.i. kulturis yvela im komponentiT, romlebic saerTod arqeologiuri ZeglebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. bunebrivia, rom yvela maTgani ar gamxdara (da verc gaxdeboda) mecnieruli kvlevis obieqti, Tumca rac Seswavlilia SemTxveviTi aRmoCenebis gaTvaliswinebiT saSualebas iZleva am periodis zogadi suraTis aRsadgenad. erTi ram ki aSkaraa: kolxuri kultura aRmocenebulia adgilobrivi, TviTmyofadi kulturis safuZvelze da raime kataklizmebi an kulturul-eTnikuri cvlilebebi ar SeiniSneba. afxazeTis namosaxlarTa Seswavlis dRevandel safexurze kolxuri kulturis afxazeTis lokalur variantSi SeiZleba gamoiyos 3 mikroregioni. I mikrolokalur variants warmoadgens md. enguris qvemo welis namosaxlarebi, fiCoris nasaxlaris II-III fenebi da mimdebare #2-10 borcvebi, mziuris, abaJus, Tagilonis da warCes xelovnuri namosaxlari borcvebi, romelTa arqeologiuri monapovari ZiriTadad imeorebs kolxeTis dablobisa da samxreT-dasavleT kolxeTis namosaxlarTa monapovars, zogierTi Taviseburi elementiT. II lokalur variants warmoadgens moqvisa da tamiSis namosaxlarebi. aq gvaqvs rogorc xelovnur namosaxlarTa kompleqsi tamiSis saxiT, ise bunebriv zRvispira terasaze ganfenili dasaxleba. arqeologiuri monapovari, erTi mxriv, msgavsia I lokaluri variantis nawarmisa da, meore mxriv, garkveulad ukavSirdeba III variantis nasaxlarTa monapovars. III lokaluri variantis nasaxlarebi (kistriki, bombora) warmodgenilia zRvispira dabal terasaze gamovlenili kulturuli fenebiT da naxevrad miwuri wnuli, facxiseburi nagebobebiT, romelic gvxvdeba meore variantis nasaxlarebze. I lokaluri variantis nagebobani Zeluri, `jargvaluri~ tipis nagebobebiTaa warmodgenili, rac tipuria dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnografiuli yofisaTvis. aSkaraa, rom xis arqiteqtura faqtobrivad erTgvarovania da ar icvleba kolxeTis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi. faqtobrivad igive SeiZleba iTqvas wnulkedlebian, baTqaSiT Selesil `facxaze~.21 xis arqiteqturis paralelurad sxva saxis nagebobani Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze, TiTqos ar dasturdeba. erTgvar gamonakliss warmoadgens `abaJus~ namosaxlari sof. pirvel galSi, sadac qveda, Zv.w. VIII-VIIss. fenaSi gaTxrilia kldeSi (Tiri) CaWrili sworkedliani (simaRle 3-1,6m), dasavleTiT gaxsnili nagebobis naSTebi saerTo farTiT daaxloebiT 400m2 meti.22 msgavsi nageboba sadReisod ucnobia kolxeTis 20 . o. jafariZe. saqarTvelos arqeologia, gv. 200; m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi,
gv. 217; misive: kolxur-yobanur kulturaTa urTierTobis sakiTxisaTvis, gv. 49 da sxva. 21 . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi ... gv. 57-72; T. CigoSvili. engur-kodoris ormdinareTis namosaxlarTa kultura. .... afxazeTi I, Tb. 2006, gv. 133-136. 22 . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi, gv. 38-40; ix. agreTve eqspediciis angariSebi 1983-1990ww.
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arqeologiaSi. gaurkvevelia misi daniSnulebac, Tumca gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom igi warmoadgenda saqonlis gadarekvis dros DdroebiT sadgoms23. aseT SemTxvevaSi erTgvarad gaurkvevelia misi originaluri konstruqcia, gansakuTrebuli zomebi, gadaxurvaSi xis svetebis gamoyeneba da sxva. igi ufro SeiZleba iyos xeobis Camketi, saTvalTvalo, sasimagro sistema. afxazeTis namosaxlarTa sistemaSi SeiniSneba kidev erTi kanonzomiereba. engurkodoris ormdinareTSi, dablob zolSi, sadac mravladaa Waobiani, nestiani niadagi, namosaxlarebi gamarTulia xelovnurad mozvinul borcvebze mdinareebis an Zveli namdinarevi kalapotebis gaswvriv. msgavsi suraTi fiqsirdeba kolxeTis dablobis gavrcelebis mTel teritoriaze.24 sayuradReboa, rom xelovnur borcvTa ganlagebaSic SeiniSneba Tavisebureba. erTerTi borcvi iyo centraluri da nasaxlaris arsebobis pirvel etapze hegemoni. fiCoris nasaxlaris magaliTze Cans, rom centraluri borcvi arsebobs Zv.w. III aTaswleulis bolodan da cxovreba masze grZeldeba uwyvetad mTeli 20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi, vidre Zv.w. IIIs. dasawyisamde (fenebi I-VIII). mxolod Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi (fenebi III-II) mosaxleoba iwyebs borcvis mimdebare teritoriis aTvisebas. Zv.w. IX_VIII s-Tvis centraluri borcvis irgvliv or rigad 10 xelovnuri borcvis aTviseba xdeba, sadac ZiriTadad winareantikur-adreelinisturi (Zv.w. VIII-IIIss) xanis fenebia warmodgenili. am periodSi ukve nasaxlars ukavia daaxloebiT 10 heqtari farTobi. es aris mozrdili sofeli, Tanamedrove terminologiiT dabis tipisa. msgavsi suraTi SeiniSneba kolxeTis rig Zeglebzec: tamiSi (afxazeTi), namarnu, wyemi, nosiri, namWeduri, nakarRali da sxva (kolxeTis dablobi). yovel borcvs da borcvebis mTel am sistemas Semouyveba xelovnuri Txrili (arxi), romelic, rogorc Cans, ivseboda md. zorRaTis wyliT da samxreT-dasavleTiT gadadioda zRvaSi. sayuradReboa, rom Zv.w. IVs. berZeni avtoris hipokrates cnoba pirdapir adasturebs kolxeTSi arxebis, rogorc sagzao arteriebis arsebobas. igi ambobs: `maTi (kolxebis - avt.) saxlebi gakeTebulia wyalze da masalad gamoyenebulia xeebi an lerwami. isini cotas dadian fexiT da isic mxolod qalaqSi an bazarSi. Cveulebriv mogzauroben navebiT, romlebiTac zemoT da qvemoT miuyvebian arxebs. arxebi ki iq bevria~.25 aSkaraa, rom es arxebi ZiriTadad samimosvlo arteriaa, Tumca mas, rogorc Cans, sxva funqciac hqonda. kerZod, gamoiyeneboda Tavdasacavad, sameurneod da sadrenaJod. amgvarad, igi mravalprofiliani daniSnulebis sistemas warmoadgenda. sayuradReboa, rom fiCoris nasaxlaris saarxo sistema Zalze kargadaa SemorCenili. nasaxlaridan arxis kvali miemarTeba CrdiloeTiT 4 kilometris manZilze. 2 kilometrSi aRmarTulia xelovnuri borcvi, `jvaralebi~, xolo 4 kilometrSi `nakarRali~. aqedan arxis (Rali-s) erT Stod, savaraudaod (Sualedi monakveTi dazianebulia sameurneo samuSaoebis dros) uxvevs samxreT-aRmosavleTiT da 3 kilometrSi miadgeba ganmuxuris namosaxlar kompleqss (5 borcvi). aqedan ki arxi midis samxreTiT, zRvisken. amgvarad, aSkaraa, rom erT saarxo sistemaSi ganlagebulia 4 erTmaneTis sinqronuli namosaxlari (sofeli). sayuradReboa, rom msgavsi saarxo sistemebi fiqsirdeba centralur kolxeTSi abaSa-senakis raionSi (wyemi–Zigura-keTilari da sagviCios borcvebi., agreTve namarnus sistema lanCxuTis raionSi). nasaxlar borcvTa aRniSnuli suraTi aSkarad gviCvenebs, rom gvianbrinjaos xanis dasasrulisTvis kolxeTis – dasavleT saqarTvelos mTeli teritoria Zalze mWidrod aris dasaxlebuli. namosaxlarTa didi farTobi, gamagrebis sistema, meurneobis mwarmoebluri xasiaTi, savaraudod, calkeul xelosanTa jgufebi (keramika, liTonis iaraRi da samkauli) TiTqos imaze migvaniSnebs, rom saqme gvaqvs protourbanistul civilizaciasTan, romelic aucileblad saxelmwifoebrivi politikuri erTeulis saxiT unda yofiliyo warmodgenili. 23 . T. CigoSvili. dasax. naSromi, gv. 134. 24 . g. grigolia. egris-lazikis samefos istoriuli geografiis problemebi. Tb., 1978, gv. 4-5. 25 . В.В. Латышев. Известия древних писателей о Скифим и Кавказе, т. I, вып. I. CПБ., 1895, gv. 58.
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afxazeTis teritoriaze ramdenime aTeuli samarovania mokvleuli da nawilobriv Seswavlili. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia iseTi cnobili sagvareulo samarovnebi, rogoricaa wiTeli Suqura, gvadixu, eSera, jantuxa, ayarmara, merxeuli, fiCori da sxva. sayuradReboa, rom yvela maTgani TiTqmis sinqronulia da Zv.w. VIII-Vss. farglebSi eqceva. isini ZiriTadad tipologiurad da arqeologiuri masalebiT zustad jdebian e.w. kolxuri samarovnebis rigebSi, romlebic ukanasknel ramdenime aTwleulSi iqna mokvleuli (paluri, larilari, brili, muxurCa, ureki, ergeta da sxva). SeiniSneba erTi saerTo niSani am samarovnebis daTariRebis sakiTxSi. gviani brinjaos xanis samarovnebi adreuli safexuris (Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevari) kolxeTis dablobze faqtobrivad jerjerobiT ucnobia da es problema erT-erTi ZiriTadi da sakvanZoa arqeologiaSi. gvaqvs namosaxlari fenebi, ganZebi, SemTxveviTi monapovari, samarxeuli kompleqtebi mTian regionSi, magram ar Cans maTi sinqronuli samarovnebi kolxeTis dablobze. riT aixsneba es garemoeba, Zneli saTqmelia da am mimarTulebiT kvleva kolxeTis arqeologiis ZiriTadi problemaa. am problemis gadawyvetis gareSe ki qronologiis garkveva SeuZlebelia. aqedan gamomdinare, mTeli zemoT aRniSnuli samarovnebi zogjer zogadad sakvlevi periodiT aris daTariRebuli, rac gaurkvevlobas iwvevs.26 sayuradReboa, rom afxazeTis dRevandel teritoriaze aRmoCenili samarovnebi gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. aris ormosamarxebi sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSi dakrZaluli micvalebulebiT, meoradi dakrZalvis ritualiT, kremaciiTa da naxevradkremaciiT da sxva. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia meoradi dakrZalvis rituali, rac Zalze damaxasiaTebelia kolxuri samarovnebisTvis da gavrcelebulia kolxeTis mTel teritoriaze.27 samegrelos, imereTisa da afxazeTis eTnografiul yofaSi dadasturebulia, rom dakrZalvis es rituali erTnairad damaxasiaTebelia mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis, rac aRniSnul teritoriaze mosaxleobis erTgvarovnebaze unda miuTiTebdes; imavdroulad igi eTnikuri vinaobis sakiTxebis kvlevisaTvis erT-erT sayuradRebo wyaros warmoadgens. gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo Cans samarxis erTi tipi, romelic gavrcelebulia mxolod soxumis Crdilo-dasavleTiT da cnobilia Tixis osuariumebiT. dakrZalvis wesi aqac meoradia. aRniSnuli garemoeba aSkarad migviTiTebs, rom kolxuri kulturis afxazeTis lokaluri raionis erT-erTi mikrolokaluri varianti swored am regions moicavs. sayuradReboa, rom swored am variants axasiaTebs brinjaos samkaulis erTi jgufi Wviruli mZivebi, sartylebi cxovelis TaviT, frinvelis formis sakidebi da sxva. amave jgufisTvis tipuria arqauli ieris agurisferi an monacrisfro keramika reliefur-Wrili an texili saxeebiT. Zalze mcirea tipuri kolxuri nairgvari ornamentiT Semkuli Tixis nawarmi. SedarebiT mravladaa kaJis isrispiri, namglis CasarTi, riyis qvis salesebi, sabegveli, xelsafqvavi. regionis specifika, SesaZloa, kolxur kulturaSi periferiuli mdgomareobiT aixsnas. arqeologiuri masalebis am jgufis gavrcelebis CrdiloeT nawili garkveulad moicavs dRevandeli adleris raions, rac kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis Crdilo-dasavlur sazRvrad unda iqnes miCneuli. kolxuri kulturis erT-erT specifikur komponents e.w. diunuri dasaxlebani warmoadgens. isini vrceldeba faqtobrivad mTel aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi aWaridan moyolebuli afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriis CaTvliT zRvis sanapiro zolis gaswvriv TiTqmis uwyvetad. amgvari dasaxlebebi cnobilia da nawilobriv Seswavlili baTumSi, urekSi, qobuleTSi, yulevSi, gagidaSi, oCamCireSi, gulrifSSi, soxumSi, axal aTonSi, qvemo eSeraSi da sxvagan. isini warmoadgenen 1,5-3,5m. simaRlis qviSazvinulebs, romlebzec dasturdeba uZvelesi adamianis saqmianobis ramdenime (2-3-dan 12 donemdis) fena, romlebic WrilSi moSavo-monacrisfro feriT gamoiyofa. es Sreebi mozrdil laqebadaa fiqsirebuli (sigrZe 40-50 m-mdis, sisqe 10-15sm). gamonaklisis saxiT rig 26 . amaSi scodaven separatistebi. ix.: О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 39-41. naSromSi faqtobrivad
mogviano kompleqsebi xelaRebiT adreuladaa aRiarebuli. xdeba sruli aRreva calkeuli, kargad gansazRvruli tipis nakeTobebis qronologiisa. 27 . m. baramiZe. merxeulis samarovani. Tb., 1997, gv. 13-14.
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Zeglebze fiqsirdeba Tixatkepnili iataki (gudava II). fenebSi gamovlenili arqeologiuri masala mravalricxovania da erTgvarovani. warmodgenilia Zirze qsovilis anabeWdiani oTxkuTxa an ovaluri formis `abazanisebri~ WurWlebi da rqiseburi an wawvetebulTaviani sadgrebi. keramika uxeSia, xreSnarevi, ferad mowiTalo. TiTqmis uklebliv yvela abazanisebri WurWeli atarebs cecxlSi yofnis kvals. Tanmxlebi kolxuri keramikisa da iSviaTad brinjaos nakeTobaTa mixedviT irkveva, rom diunuri dasaxlebebi gaCndnen Zv.w. VIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis da wyveten arsebobas Zv.w. VI saukunis Sua xanebisTvis. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom es dasaxlebebi marilis sarew saxelosnoebs Tu sxva daniSnulebis sadgomebs warmoadgendnen28. mkvlevarTa nawili am mosazrebebs dRemde iziarebs.29 am dros sruliad ugulebelyofilia qarTvel arqeologTa ukanaskneli gamokvlevebi am sadgomebis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb30. istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT da arqeologiuri masalis Seswavlis axleburi interpretaciis Sedegad diunuri nasaxlarebi rkinis sawarmoo obieqtebad aris miCneuli.31 ufro misaRebia diunur sadgomTa rkinis metalurgiasTan dakavSireba. irkveva, rom uklebliv yvela sadgomi Seicavs rkinas magnetitis saxiT da misi miReba qviSazvinulidan savsebiT SesaZlebelia.32 a. ramiSvilis mier aRdgenili es procesi, SesaZloa, iwvevs garkveul kiTxvebs, magram saerTo suraTi mainc misaRebia da gasaziarebeli. amasTanave faqtia, rom ukve Zv.w. VIII saukunidan rkinis iaraRi kolxuri kulturis wamyvani da gadamwyveti elementia. Tumca misi pirveli nakeTobebis gaCena afxazeTis teritoriaze, SesaZloa, ramdenadme winac uswrebdes am TariRs. sayuradReboa, rom rkinis pirveli nakeTobebi zustad imeoreben brinjaos nakeTobaTa formebs da Camoyalibebuli Canan adgilobrivi, kolxuri brinjaos formebis mibaZviT.33 ar aris gamoricxuli, rkinis madnis nawili, misi masStaburobis gamo, warmoadgenda importis erT-erT saxes da spilenZis madnis paralelurad sacvlel produqtad iyo gamoyenebuli. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom faqtobrivad mkvlevarTa udidesi nawili rkinis metalurgiis Camoyalibebas qarTveluri tomis, xalibebis saxelTan akavSirebs. aRniSnuli sakiTxebi detalurad Seiswavla akad. d.xaxutaiSvilma. mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriaze (guria-aWara, qvemo qarTli) warmoqmnili metalurgiuli warmoebis procesis uadresi safexurebi Zv.w. XIV saukuniT mainc unda ganisazRvros.34 rogorc Cans, swored aqedan gavrcelda rkinis metalurgia saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi, Tanac arasinqronulad, sxvadasxva periodSi. afxazeTis dRevandel teritoriaze misi gavrceleba Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisiT aris gansazRvruli.35 diunur sadgomTa gverdiT rkinis metalurgiis maRal dones aWarasamegrelos teritoriaze Seswavlili rkinis qura-saxelosnoebi adastureben. aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi qurebi Seswavlilia afxazeTSi, Tanamedrove galis raionSi, kerZod mziuris teritoriazec, romelic aSkarad sinqronulia diunuri sadgomebisa da ganekuTvneba winareantikur xanas. kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis mTel teritoriaze (Tanamedrove afxazeTis regionis CaTvliT) materialuri kulturis erT-erT specifikur da damaxasiaTebel komponents brinjaos nivTebis ganZebi warmoadgenen. sadReisod samecniero
28 . Л. Соловьев. Следы древнего сольярного промысла в близ г. Очамчире и Сухуми. - Труды Абхазского Гос. Музея, 1.Сухуми, 1947. 29 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 41; И.И. Цвинария. Поселение Гуандра. Тб., 1978. 30 . Г. Инанишвили. Железо-плавильное дело в центральном и западном Закавказье в XIII – I веках до н.э. Тб., 1997. 31 . Н.В. Хоштария. Археологические исследование в с. Уреки; А.Т. Рамишвили, И. Грдзелишвили. Железоплавильное дело в древней Грузии. Тб., 1964, gv. 17; Д. А . Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде. Тб., 1987, gv. 6-39. 32 . r. abramiSvili. rkinis warmoebis aTvisebis sakiTxebisaTvis. _ ssmm XXIII-B. Tb., 1967. 33 . iqve. 34 . iqve. 35 . iqve.
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literaturaSi cnobilia daaxloebiT 200-mde amgvari kompleqsi.36 maT Soris 65 swored dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriazea fiqsirebuli.37 isini Seicaven brinjaos wundebul, xmarebidan gamosul iaraRebs (kolxuri culebi, segmentiseburi iaraRi, Toxi, zodebi), iSviaTad samkauls, kombinirebul iaraRs da `meliToneTa~ ganZebis saxeliTaa cnobili. savaraudod, isini xelmeored gadasadnobad da axali iaraRis Camosasxmelad iyo gankuTvnili. maTi gaCena ZiriTadad Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi xdeba (gali, ureki, biWvinTa/lZava, ganTiadi), e.i. periodSi, romelic uSualod uswrebs win kolxur kulturas da warmoadgens erTgvar gardamaval etaps. ganZebi gvxvdeba gvianbrinjaoadrerkinis xanis yvela etapze da, rogorc Cans, wyvets arsebobas Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebisTvis. Cveulebriv, isini dakavSirebuli arian im periodis namosaxlarTa sawarmoo ubnebTan (fiCori, gali). maTi gaqroba dakavSirebuli unda iyos brinjaos nawarmis warmoebis SemcirebasTan rkinis metalurgiaze sruli gadasvlis Semdgom. kolxuri kultura38 drois did monakveTs moicavs da qronologiurad Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore da I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevars moicavs. arqeologiuri masalebis tipologiur-qronologiuri Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom masSi ZiriTadad ori etapia warmodgenili. pirveli etapi xasiaTdeba brinjaos industriis maRali doniT da warmodgenilia yvela im iaraRiT, rac saerTod am kulturas axasiaTebs arsebobis mTel manZilze. meore etapi ki am kulturis ayvavebis xanaa, roca brinjaos metalurgiasTan erTad rkinis warmoeba wamyvani dargi xdeba.39 TiToeuli am etapis SigniT SesaZlebeli xdeba ramdenime qronologiuri safexuris gamoyofa.40 kolxuri kulturis xasiaTi ganpirobebulia misi sameurneo TaviseburebiT. igi ZiriTadad miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleobis kulturaa da iaraRebic swored am funqciis matarebelia. ukve adrebrinjaos xanidan kolxeTis teritoriaze guTnuri miwaTmoqmedeba iyo meurneobis wamyvani dargi, risTvisac gamoiyeneboda xis saxvnelebi. isini agrZeleben arsebobas sakvlev periodSic, razec unda migviTiTebdes fiWvnaris gvianbrinjaos xanis fenebSi aRmoCenili xis saxnisebi.41 SesaZloa, saxniss am periodSi ukve hqonda liTonis damcavi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi (Zv.w. VII-VIss.) kolxeTSi dasturdeba rkinis saxnisebis arseboba, romlebic xis saxnisze wamosagebad iyo gankuTvnili (nigvzianis da fiCoris samarovnebi).42 miwis dasamuSaveblad gamoyenebulia brinjaos Toxebi, romlebic xasiaTdeba simravliT da nairgvarobiT. isini gavrcelebulia faqtobrivad mTel kolxeTSi, Tumca SeiniSneba erTi garemoeba afxazeTis teritoriaze isini SedarebiT mcire raodenobiTaa cnobili. Toxebis gavrcelebis CrdiloeTi punqti qvemo eSeraa. mis samxreTiT ki Toxebi ramdenime punqtSia gamovlenili.43 aSkaraa, rom qvis iaraRis (Toxebis) farTod gavrcelebis gamo md. gumisTis CrdiloeTiT liTonis Toxi ufro gvian Sedis, rac am mikrolokaluri keris44 erT-erTi TaviseburebiT unda aixsnas. kulturis erT-erT ZiriTad da ganmsazRvrel iaraRad kolxuri culebia aRiarebuli. afxazeTis teritoriaze vxvdebiT am iaraRis samive ZiriTad saxeobas – Svetiltaniani, maxvili yuiT, swortaniani dawaxnagebuli yuiT da tanSi orgzis 36 . d. qoriZe. kolxeTis materialuri kulturis istoriidan. Tb., 1965; al. ramiSvili. kolxeTis materialuri kulturis istoriidan. Tb., 1974 w.; l. saxarova. brinjaos ganZebi leCxumidan; Ю.Н. Воронов. dasax. naSromi; m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi... da sxva. 37 . j. afaqiZe. afxazeTis gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis ganZebi. _ afxazeTi, I, Tb., 2006. 38 termini `kolxuri kultura~ samecniero literaturaSi ixmareba gvianbrinajao-adrerkinis periodis aRsaniSnavad da erTgvarad pirobiTi cnebaa, radgan Sinaarsobrivad rogorc misi winare, ise momdevno kulturebic aseve kolxuria. 39 . o. jafariZe. saqarTvelos arqeologia, gv. 202. 40 . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi..., gv. 147-159. 41 . l. ZiZiguri. uZvelesi saxvneli iaraRebi Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTidan. - afxazeTi. I, Tb., 2006, gv. 40; i. CavliSvili. uZvelesi saxvneli iaraRebi fiWvnaridan. _ baTumis areqologiuri muzeumis Sromebi, III. Tb., 2005. 42 . m. baramiZe. dasax. naSromi. 43 . j. afaqiZe. afxazeTis gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis ganZebi, gv. 66-85. 44 . o. jafariZe. kolxuri culi. _ saqarTvelos sax. muzeumis moambe, XVI –B. Tb., 1955; d. qoriZe. dasax. naSromi; l. saxarova. dasax. naSromi.
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moxrili.45 kulturis ganviTarebis meore etapze maTi formebi ufro daxvewilia, koxta da msubuqi. zogierTi maTgani ornamentirebulia. rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad sabrZolo iaraRis funqcia hqonda, Tumca, SesaZloa, uxeSi, masiuri egzemplarebi sameurneo daniSnulebisa iyo. kolxuri kulturis erT-erT ZiriTad elements warmoadgens segmentiseburi iaraRi, romelic sakmao raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili afxazeTSi, ZiriTadad gumisTis samxreT zolSi. maTi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. mkvlevarTa nawils mozrdili nimuSebi baris funqciis matareblad miaCnia, nawils _ xvewisa, nawils ki _ xis saxnisis garsakravad. gamoTqmulia mosazreba sacvlel erTeulad maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. kolxuri kulturis adreul safexurebze samarovanTa naklebad Seswavlilobis gamo naklebi informacia gvaqvs sxva rigis (sabrZolo, samkauli) masalebis Sesaxeb. ganZebis SemadgenlobaSi es nakeTobani iSviaTi gamonaklisis saxiTaa warmodgenili. meore etapze (Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevari) ukve mravladaa am rigis masalac: sxvadasxva tipis brinjaos Subispirebi, satevrebi, liTonis samkauli. sayuradReboa, rom am nakeTobaTa erTgvarovnebis fonze maT Soris gamoiyofa afxazeTis lokaluri regionisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri formebic, magaliTad, grZelyunwiani, samkuTxapiriani Subispirebi, cxovelis gamosaxulebiani brtyeli balTebi, Wviruli da brtyeli samajurebi, kirkalis Taviseburi formebi, Tavdafanjruli da fuye mZivebi, cxovelisa da frinvelis formis sakidi amuletebi da sxva. kolxuri kulturis brinjaos nawarmi aSkarad migviTiTebs brinjaos metalurgiis maRal doneze. ukve adre brinjaos xanidan spilenZis mopoveba kolxuri tomebis sameurneo yofaSi erT-erTi prioritetuli mimarTulebaa. kavkasionis samxreTi kalTebis teritoriaze sadReisod cnobilia ramdenime punqti, sadac dasturdeba liTonis mopovebisa da damuSavebis mTeli procesi (baSkafsara, CxalTa –afxazeTSi, brili, gona – raWaSi, mestia – svaneTSi, Tlia da misi Semogareni – cxinvalis regionSi). mikvleulia uZvelesi samTomadno gamonamuSevrebi da masTan dakavSirebuli sawarmoo kerebi. am Zeglebidan yvelaze ukeT raWis samTo-metalurgiuli centria Seswavlili.46 gansakuTrebul aRmavlobas es dargi ganicdis gvianbrinjaos xanaSi. am periodis Stolnebi, Strekebi, saZiebo Txrilebi, kamerebi da fuZe qanebis gadanayari aSkarad gviCveneben, rom mopovebulia ramdenime aseuli aTasi tona spilenZis madani; igi sakmarisi iyo aramarto adgilobrivi warmoebisaTvis, aramed sruliad realuria maTi eqsporti wina aziaSi da anatoliis saSualedo vaWrobis gziT ufro samxreTiTac ki.47 swored raWaSi, brilis samarovnis Zv.w. VI-IVss fenis samarxebSi vxvdebiT kilogramobiT lurji minis navkratisul mZivebs, egviptur skarabeebs, sanelsacxeblebs, Tevzis gamosaxulebian brinjaos finikiur (?) monetebs. es ukanaskneli saSuamavlo vaWrobaSi finikiuri qalaqebis (mag. puneJis) rolze unda migviTiTebdes.48 SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos is garemoebac, rom egvipturi importi TiTqmis ar Cans kolxeTis dablobis am periodis Zeglebze da igi mxolod raWis samTometalurgiuli centris zolSia dadasturebuli. amiT unda aixsnas kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis mTel arealSi (maT Soris afxazeTSic) brinjaos zodebis gansakuTrebuli simravle, romelTa forma transportirebisaTvis sakmaod moxerxebulia. brinjaos metalurgiis maRalma donem da sawarmoo Cvevebma moamzada axal, ufro progresul da srulyofil rkinis metalurgiaze gadasvla. amitom SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos rkinis metalurgiaSi qarTvelur tomTa gansakuTrebuli rolis aRiareba. samwuxarod, separatisti mkvlevarebi sruliad uaryofen am Tvalsazriss da cdiloben
45 . d. qoriZe. dasax. naSromi; l. saxarova. dasax. naSromi; l. jafariZe. miwaTmoqmedebis iaraRebi dasavlur-qarTul kulturaSi. _ Tsu Sromebi, t. 49, Tb., 1953. 46 . g. gobejiSvili. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi..., gv.; a. afaqiZe, al kalandaZe, g. gobejiSvili. saqarTvelos arqeologia. Tb., 1959. 47 . m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi..., gv. 175-184; misive: aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis brinjaos metalurigiis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. _ zRva da adamiani. Tb., 1995, gv. 26-27. 48 . yuradReba am mimarTulebiT gaamaxvila k. kuSnariovam siRnaRis saerTaSoriso (saqarTvelo, ruseTi, aSS) kolokviumze, 1995 w.
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rkinis metalurgiis afxazeTSi Semosvla, gavrceleba Crdiloeli skivTuri eTnosis gavleniT axsnan49. kimerielTa da skviTTa tomebi Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi gansaxlebuli Canan Crdilo SavizRvispireTisa da, savaraudod, stepebis zolSi. wyaroebis mixedviT, kimerielebi skviTebma gandevnes am zolidan da isini Zv.w. VIIIs. dasawyisisaTvis gadadian wina aziis teritoriaze. maT ukan misdevs skviTuri masa, romelic am regionSi Cans Zv.w. VIIs. 90-iani wlebisaTvis. orive am eTnosma garkveuli roli iTamaSa wina aziis politikuri situaciis SeqmnaSi da xan damoukideblad, xan daqiravebuli razmebis saxiT monawileoba miiRo rig saxelmwifoTa ganadgurebaSi. CvenTvis sainteresoa, ra gziT unda moxvedriliyvnen es xalxebi wina aziaSi. mkvlevarTa nawili (maT Soris afxazi separatistebi) am gzad Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros, e.w. meotida-kolxeTis gzas aRiareben. es daskvna ZiriTadad wyaroTa araswori interpretaciis Sedegad aris miRebuli da srulad uaryofilia arqeologiuri monacemebi. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore meoTxedi aris kolxuri kulturis ayvavebis xana. umaRles doneze asuli brinjaos da rkinis metalurgia, demografiuli afeTqeba, protourbanistuli civilizacia da sxva gvaZlevs uflebas aRvniSnoT, rom am periodis kolxeTi (afxazeTis CaTvliT) aris Zlieri saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri erTeuli, romlis teritoriis gadalaxva arc ise ioli unda yofiliyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom kolxur nasaxlarebze araviTari kvali ucxo eTnosis SemoWrisa ar SeiniSneba. warmoudgenelia, amodena momTabare tomTa gavlas ar daetovebina raime kvali xanZris, Setakebebis, anda ubralod tipuri kimeriul Tu skviTur nakeTobaTa saxiT. dasavleT saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze mxolod erTaderTi kimeriuli brinjaos keltia napovni (Txmoris ganZi, qvemo raWa). Aamgvarad, kimerielTa mier kolxeTis gziT wina aziaSi moxvedra arqeologiuri monacemebiT ar dasturdeba. wyaros mixedviT, kimerielebs mosdeven skviTuri tomebi (Zv.w. VIIs.), Tumca araviTari kvali Setakebisa an nivTieri masalisa ar fiqsirdeba arc kolxeTSi da arc sakuTriv afxazeTSi. amgvarad, aSkaraa, rom CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTidan momaval skviTebs kolxeTis teritoria ar gadaulaxavT da, savaraudoa, rom verc gadalaxavdnen Zlieri saxelmwifosa da nairgvari sabrZolo iaraRis arsebobis pirobebSi. amasTanave kolxeTis Waobiani teritoria da klimati naklebad mosaxerxebelia ucxoelTa laSqrobisaTvis. ramdenadme gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs Zv.w. VIs. Sua xanebisaTvis. winaaziuri laSqrobebis Semdgom skviTTa erTi nawili, rogorc Cans, Zalze mcirericxovani masa, ukan dasabruneblad iyenebs kolxeTis gzas. am SemTxvevaSic araviTari Setakebebis kvali ar Cans. swored am periodidan Cndeba winaaziuri maxvilebis mibaZviT da gavleniT warmoqmnili e.w. skviTuri akinakebi., romlebic kolxeTSi garkveul modifikacias ganicdian da am iaraRis kavkasiur variantad yalibdebian. amave periodSi Cndeba e.w. skviTuri cxovelurmotivebiani nakeTobani, romlebic aSkarad winaaziuri gavleniTaa Camoyalibebuli. mesame komponenti, romelic skviTuri kulturis elementad aris miCneuli, aris e.w. skviTuri isrispiri. misi gamoCena xdeba Zv.w. VIIs-is bolosaTvis da VII-VIss. faqtobrivad gavrcelebulia cimbiridan dawyebuli samxreT ruseTis stepebis, evropis nawilis, kavkasiis da wina aziis teritoriaze. aRniSnulis gamo romelime regionis miCneva mis Semqmnelad, miT ufro eTnikuri kuTvnilebis dadgena SeuZlebelia. skviTebis CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTidan wina aziisaken laSqrobis TvalsazrisiT garkveuli perspeqtivebi isaxeba aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis teritoriis saxiT, sadac, savaraudod, derbentis gasasvlelis gamoyenebiT Cans moxvedrili skviTuri nakeTobani, magram ZiriTadad es masalac ukanmobrunebul mosaxleobas ekuTvnis. amrigad, raime sabuTi kolxeTis gzis kimerielTa da skviTebis mier gamoyenebis Sesaxeb yovelgvar safuZvels aris moklebuli. usafuZvloa rkinis metalurgiis skviTebTan dakavSireba, Tundac imitom, rom uZvelesi skviTuri nakeTobani Zv.w. VIIs. uadresi ar aris. am dros ki kolxeTSi (aWaraSi, aseve qvemo qarTlSi) ukve Zv.w. XIV-XIII ss-dan Cndeba rkinis pirveli nivTebi da umaRlesi donis cementaciis wesiT miRebuli 49 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 48, 50-54.
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foladi. aqedan igi vrceldeba saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. afxazeTSi maTi gamoyeneba Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisze modis, rac skviTebTan veranairad ver iqneba dakavSirebuli.
Tavi III. Tanamedrove afxazeTis miwa-wyali Zveli egrisis (kolxeTis) SemadgenlobaSi Zv.w. I saukunemde 1. monacemebi winareantikuri periodis Sesaxeb ' Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriis meti nawilis momcveli da Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan uwyvetad arsebuli pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifos –
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kolxeTis samefos Sesaxeb cnobebs Seicavs ZvelberZnuli Tqmuleba argonavtebis Sesaxeb50. masSi gaSuqebuli calkeuli movlenebi rionis xeobaSi viTardeba. zogierTi avtoris monacemebiT, argonavtebi TiTqos dioskuriaSi (soxumSi) movidnen. ase, magaliTad, apiane (IIs.) werda: `kolxebs es qalaqi (dioskuria _ avt.) miaCniaT argonavtebTan erTad dioskurebis aq yofnis sabuTad~51. nikonor aleqsandrielis (VIIs.) mtkicebiT, dioskurias `adre aia erqva~52. dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriasTan argonavtebis kavSirze werda zogierTi mkvlevaric53. rusma enaTmecnierma g.turCaninovma q.maikopSi aRmoCenili, viTom, afxazuri damwerlobis uZvelesi nimuSis safuZvelze q.aias lokalizeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi moaxdina54. cnobilia, rom e.w. maikopis warwerasTan dakavSirebiT g.turCaninovis mosazrebebi Tavis droze TviT cnobilma rusma mecnierebmac ki (i.diakonovi, l.lavrovi, e.krupnovi, p.autlevi da sxv.) ar gaiziares55 da arc amJamad iziareben56. argonavtebis Sesaxeb miTis afxazebTan (da ara kolxebTan) kavSirze separatistuli istoriografia dRes mxolod miniSnebiT wers, argumentad iyenebs medeas Zmis _ afsirtes saxelis viTom afxazur (afsuur) JReradobas57. msgavsi JReradobis gvar-saxelebi ki mravlad gvxvdeba Zvel msoflioSi58. amdenad, mxolod afsuebisadmi maTi mikuTvneba usafuZvloa, miT umetes, msgavsi saxelebi damajereblad ar ixsneba afxazur enaze. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze argonavtTa yofnis Sesaxeb arsebul cnobebs is mniSvneloba aqvT, rom maTi avtorebi soxums kolxTa qalaqad, aietis samefos nawilad miiCneven. kolxeTis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis drois, politikuri da socialuri wyobis sakiTxebze gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs.59 l.sanikiZes miaCnda, rom igi Zv.w. XVII-XVss. warmoiSva60. daaxloebiT imave azrisaa T.gamyreliZec, romelic wers: `uaxlesi gamokvlevebis mixedviT, kolxuri saxelmwifoebriobis arseboba Cven ukve Zv.w. me-15 saukunisaTvis unda vivaraudoT, ramdenadac mikenuri epoqis berZnul warwerebSi (Zv.w. XV-XIVss.) dokumenturad dasturdeba mravali saxeli, romlebic `argonavtebis miTidan~ iyo CvenTvis cnobili, maT Soris iseTi saxelebi, rogoricaa `(qveyana) aia~, `kolxida~, `iasoni~ da sxv.~61 Zveli egrisis saxelmwifos warmoSobas T.beraZe Zv.w. XV-XIV saukuneebiT aTariRebs, m.lorTqifaniZe _ Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisiT62. ZvelberZen 50. apolonios rodoseli. argonavtika. Targmani da Sesavali akaki gelovanisa. redaqcia, narkvevi, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi akaki uruSaZisa. Tb., 1975; a.uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi. Tb., 1964w. 51 . apiane. miTridates omebis istoria. berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo T. yauxCiSvilma. Tb., 1958, gv. 195. 52 . , . IV. Тб.,1884, gv. 212-213. 53 . m. brose. saqarTvelos istoria, naw. I. Tb., 1895, gv. 13; П.К. Услар. Древнейшия сказания о Кавказе. Тб., 1881, gv. 378; . . , 1926, . 39, 41-42 da a.S. 54 . Г. Ф. Турчанинов. Памятники письма и языка народов Кавказа и Восточной Европы. Л., 1971, gv. 11-34. 55 . Вестник Древней Истории, 1966, №2; Советская Этнография, 1967, №2; Вопросы Истории, 1964, №8; 1965, №4 da a.S. 56 . g.turCaninovi cdilobda afsua-afxazebisaTvis `didi istoriis~ Seqmnas. man maikopis warwera xeTur ieroglifebs miamsgavsa, daaTariRa Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT da afxazurad `waikiTxa~; gamodioda, rom kolxebi viTom afxazebi arian, isini (afxazebi) cxovrobdnen mcire aziidan yubanamde, hqondaT TavianTi damwerloba da saxelmwifo qalaq aiaTi; g.turCaninovis mizani kolxeTis saxelmwifos Sesaxeb qarTuli versiis ganeitraleba iyo; misma `aRmoCenam~ seriozuli gavlena moaxdina separatistul istoriografiaze ( . . . . ., 2003, gv. 349-354). 57 . О. Г. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 59. afsirte saxelis warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebobs sakmaod saintereso mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac igi ixsneba qarTvelur enobriv niadagze (m. Cuxua. qarTvelur enakoloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni. Tb., 2000-2001, gv. 206). 58 . egviptis Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis sami faraoni _ fsametixebi, ofsite VIs. lazikasa da afxazeTSi, mwerali mixeil fselosi (XIs.). 59 . ix. amis Sesaxeb: g.yoranaSvili. saqarTveloSi saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxi. Tb., 2000; wignSi motanilia qarTvel da ucxoel mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi aRniSnul sakiTxze. Tavad avtors uZvelesi kolxeTis samefos arsebobisa ar sjera. 60 . l. sanikiZe. aranakleb 3500 _ meTqi!!!. _ saqarTvelos respublika, 1997, 16 Tebervali. 61 . T. gamyreliZe. saqarTvelo evropaa Tu azia? _ literaturuli saqarTvelo, 1999, 18-25 ivnisi, gv. 4. 62 . T. beraZe. Zveli egrisis (kolxeTis) samefo. _ aia, 2001, #9-10, gv. 32; m. lorTqifaniZe. qarTuli saxelmwifos arsebobis uwyveti xazi. _ qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis saTaveebTan. Tb., 2001, gv.140.
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mweralTagan `kolxeTis qveyana~-s pirvelad evmelos korinTeli (Zv.w. VIIIs.) axsenebs argonavtebTan dakavSirebul konteqstSi.63 ra Tqma unda, amJamad SeuZlebelia am saxelmwifos formirebis zusti TariRis dadgena, magram Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan misi arseboba savsebiT realuria. `argonavtikis~ mixedviT, aia damoukidebeli, Zlieri da civilizebuli saxelmwifoa64. kolxeTis xalxi da mefe, romlebmac gulTbili miReba mouwyves argonavtebs, _ werda diubua de monpere, _ `civilizaciis gacilebiT ufro maRal safexurze idgnen, vidre is faTerakebis maZiebelni da maTi molaSqreni, romlebic, Sua saukuneebis normanebis msgavsad, maTTan saZarcvavad movidnen da daarRvies stumarTmoyvareobis yvela kanoni~65. oqros sawmisisa da medeas gamtacebel berZnebs, - wers apolonios rodoseli, _ aiet mefis SiSi aqvT; fiqroben, `male Camova is eladaSi, rom SvilisaTvis iZios Suri~66; kolxTa mbrZaneblis gadakideba, berZnebis azriT, ar ivargebs, radganac `qveynad veravin gautoldeba Zlevamosil kolxeTis mefes. Tumca Sors aris, Tu moindoma, eladaSic wava salaSqrod~67. qveynis Zliereba da misi warmatebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba asaxulia kolxeTis mefis epitafiaSi, romelic moyvanili aqvs aristoteles: `oqroTi mdidari kolxeTis mefe aieti RmerTebis yovlismZle svem aq gaapatiosna~68. argonavtebis Sesaxeb miTis Tanaxmad, Zveli kolxeTi kulturuladac dawinaurebuli qveyana yofila, hqonia Tavisi damwerlobac ki: `Senaxuli aqvT mamapapuri Zveli kirbebi da am kirbebSia naCvenebi gzebi yovelTa zRvaTa da xmelTa~69. es aris uZvelesi cnoba qarTuli damwerlobisa da kartografiis arsebobis Sesaxeb. aia-kolxeTSi sakuTar enaze urTierTobdnen. igive medea `Tavis kolxur enaze~70 saubrobda, Tumca flobda tavrebis enasac71. kolxeTi namdvilad oqroTi mdidari saxelmwifo Cans. gansakuTrebuli brwyinvalebiTa da simdidriT dedaqalaqi kutaiisi gamoirCeoda. roca fazisSi Semosuli argonavtebi gemiT mdinares aRma auyvnen, maT xelmarcxniv aRmoCnda `maRali kavkasioni, aias qalaq kutaiisi~72. kolxeTis samefos sazRvrebi marTlac kavkasionamde unda yofiliyo gadaWimuli. amaze miuTiTebs homerosis (Zv.w. VIIIs.) `odiseac~ (masSi CarTulia cnoba argonavtebis Sesaxeb, aia ki moqceulia odisevsis mogzaurobebis sferoSi), romlis mixedviT, aietis samefo sarmatiaSi mdebare kimerielebs esazRvreboda73. ovidius nazonTan (herodiebi, XII, 25-28) medea ambobs: `Cemi mama saxelganTqmulia, mas upyria Tovliani skviTeTi, rac ki pontos sanapiroa~74. amrigad, aietis droindeli kolxeTis samefos Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari, SesaZloa, azovis zRvasTan axlos gadioda; amasve adasturebs diodore sicilielis (Zv.w. Is.) cnobac kolxTa tomis 33 saukunis win meotis tbis (azovis
63
.
ak. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, gv.195. . o.lorTqifaniZis azriT, Zv.w. XII s. is ukve arsebobda, magram saeWvoa, `argonavtikaSi~ aRwerili sazogadoebriv-yofiTi fonis Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevriT daTariReba; mecnieri varaudobs, rom igi ufro Zv. w. VI-IV ss. realobas Seesabameba (О. Лорткипанидзе. Наследие древней Грузии. Тб., 1989, gv. 210, 217). 65 . Фредерик Дюбуа де Монпере. Путешествие вокруг Кавказа, т. 1. Сухуми, 1937, gv. 12. 66 . apolonios rodoseli. argonavtika, w. 4, str. 740-741. 67 . iqve, str. 1100-1103. 68 . ak. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi. Tb., 1964, gv. 294. 69 . apolonios rodoseli. argonavtika, w. 4, str. 278-280; Zvelkolxuri damwerlobis Sesaxeb ix.: Г. А. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии. Тб., 1959, gv. 215; ak. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxebi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, gv. 145-168. 70 . apolonios rodoseli. argonavtika, w. IV, str. 730. 71 . T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, w. III, Tb., 1976, gv. 90, 91. 72 . apolonios rodoseli. argonavtika, w. II, str. 1265-1266. 73 . homerosi. odisea. redaqtori r.gordeziani. Tb., 1979, simRera XI, 10. 74 . . . ., 1973, gv. 125; flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo. Targmani, gamokvleva, komentarebi da ruqa naTela keWaymaZisa. Tb., 1961, gv. 9. 64
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zRvis) midamoebSi formirebis Sesaxeb75. es yovelive srul TanxmobaSia `qarTlis cxovrebasTan~ _ leonti mrovelis TxzulebasTan, romlis mixedviTac `egross ergo aRmosavliT mTa mcire, romelsa aw hqvian lixi; dasavliT zRua; mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa (yubani _ avt.), sada warswuTebis wueri kavkasisa~76. Zveli egrisis sazRvrebi T.beraZis azriTac Woroxis auzidan mcire xazareTis mdinaremde vrceldeboda77. aia-kolxeTis samefos mkvidrTa eTnikuri kuTvnilebis dasadgenad pirvel rigSi unda mivmarToT `qarTlis cxovrebas~, aseve arqeologiur da arsebul mwir, magram saintereso lingvistur masalas. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, dasavleT saqarTvelo aris Tanamedrove afxazeTisa da misi Crdilo-dasavleT regionebis CaTvliT egrTa _ uZveles qarTvelTa samkvidro. amas adasturebs arqeologTa dasabuTebuli daskvna Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi erTiani kolxuri kulturis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb78. seriozuli daskvnebia gakeTebuli enobrivi monacemebis mixedviTac. T.gamyreliZisa da viaC. ivanovis erTobliv naSromSi (`indoevropuli enebi da indoevropelebi~) specialuri paragrafi eZRvneba Temas _ `berZnul-qarTveluri leqsikuri kavSirebi da `miTi argonavtebis Sesaxeb~. avtorebi asabuTeben, rom berZnul enaSi jer kidev uZveles xanaSi nasesxebi ramdenime aTeuli qarTveluri sityvaa Sesuli, maT Soris `tkov~ (tyavi), rac egrisSi, maT Soris Tanamedrove afxazeTis farglebSi qarTvelTa winaprebis mosaxleobaze miuTiTebs79. amasve mowmobs `odiseaSi~ dafiqsirebuli samkurnalo balaxis saxelwodeba _ `moli~80, romelic aiaSi xarobda. msgavsi termini sxva berZnul teqstSi ar gvxvdeba da misi axsna indoevropul enobriv safuZvelze SeuZlebelia. specialistTa azriT, moli berZnebis mier nasesxebi qarTuli sityvaa81. tanze wasasmeli wamlis Tu wamosasxamis mniSvnelobiT igi SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosanSic~ aris gamoyenebuli82. profesor merab Cuxuas azriT, `argonavtikaSi~ da sxva berZnul wyaroebSi fiqsirebuli `kirbos~ warmomavlobiT aris megrul-lazuri saxeoba saerToqarTveluri `kerb~ samwerlo terminisa, romelic Semonaxulia s.s.orbelianis leqsikonSi `kefi~ (`mTeli furceli ars werilisa~) formis saxiT. qarTuli saistorio tradicia, ZvelberZnuli miTologiidan moxmobili cnobebi, lingvisturi monacemebi, aseve wina TavSi motanili arqeologiuri 75 . T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi..., w. III, gv. 75. diodore sicilieli imeorebs herodotes cnobas kolxebis egvipturi warmoSobis Sesaxeb. qarTuli istoriografia am Teorias, romelic `herodotes nasibrZni unda iyos~ (iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriuleTnologiuri problemebi. Tb., 1950, gv. 17), ar iziarebs, Tumca im uZvelesi xanis qarTvelTa da egviptelTa naTesaobisa da kulturuli kavSirebis damadasturebeli uamravi masalaa dagrovili (m. janaSvili. saqarTvelos istoria, t. 1. Tb., 1906, gv. 4, 28-32; s. kakabaZe. qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis genezisis sakiTxebi. _ saistorio moambe, 1924, w. I, gv. 61-62; am konkretul SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania diodore sicilielis cnoba kolxTa tomis ara fazisis, rogorc herodote miiCnevda (T. yauxCiSvili. herodotes cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb,. 1960, gv. 71), aramed azovis zRvis napirebze formirebis da, Sesabamisad, iq mkvidrobis Sesaxeb. 76 . qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. 1. Tb., 1955, gv. 5. 77 . T. beraZe. Zveli egrisis (kolxeTis) samefo, gv. 34. ix. agreTve: T. beraZe, m. sanaZe. saqarTvelos istoria, w. I. Tb., 2003, gv. 45-46. rogorc qvemoT iqneba naCvenebi, XVIII saukunis bolomde (miuxedavad aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis eTnikuri suraTis mkveTri cvlilebisa) mTel rig ucxour (maT Soris rusul) wyaroebSi, rukebze saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvari, istoriuli tradiciisamebr, swored yubanTan, azovis zRvasTan, an maTTan axlos fiqsirdeboda (ix. aqve rukebi ##1, 10, 16 da a.S). 78 . o.jafariZe. saqarTvelos istoriis saTaveebTan. Tb., 2003, gv. 203 (ix. aqve, Tavi II). 79 . . . , . . , . II. ., 1984, gv. 904-909; T. gamyreliZe. Zveli kolxeTis satomo saxelTa istoriidan. _ saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia. Tb., 1993, gv. 588. T. gamyreliZisagan gansxvavebiT, t. futkaraZes sityva `tyov~ ar miaCnia Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi zanuris arsebobis damadastureblad (t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi, gv. 282-284). is, albaT, ufro saerToqarTveluri sityvaa, saidanac SemdgomSi miviReT tyebi (megr.) da tyavi. 80 . homerosi. odisea. gv. 218 (X, 303-306); Р. В. Гордезиани. Проблемы Гомеровского эпоса. Тб., 1978, gv. 209. 81 . `moli _ axali balaxi~. ix.: _ s. orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, t. 1. Tb., 1991, gv. 500; es sityva dResac arsebobs. 82 . SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t. 4. Tb., 1988, gv. 262 (266-e strofi); Ш. В. Дзидзигури. Грузинский язык. Тб., 1968, gv. 69.
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masala iZlevian sakmaod myar safuZvels varaudisaTvis, rom Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan mainc afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoria aiakolxeTis samefos, anu Zveli qarTuli saxelmwifos organul nawils Seadgenda da mxolod qarTvelTa winaprebiT, saerToqarTveluri enis matarebeli xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli. o.lorTqifaniZis mtkicebiT, Zv.w. VIII saukunidan kolxeTi moicavda mTlianad dasavleT saqarTvelos da uZveles qarTvelTa samkvidrebels warmoadgenda.83 am samefos arsebobis periodSi megrel-Wanebsa da qarTebs Soris enobrivi gansxvaveba jer ar unda yofiliyo, _ samarTlianad wers g.meliqiSvili. misi azriT, `kolxi~ saxeli maSin `saerToqarTveluri Tu qarTi-zanuri (megrul-Wanuri) elementis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. ionieli berZnebi qarTvel tomebs jer kidev qarTul-zanuri erTobis arsebobis `kolxur~ xanaSi gaecvnen da `kolxi~ saxelsac, unda vifiqroT, am erTobis aRsaniSnavad xmarobdnen~84. yvela winapiroba arsebobda maSin, raTa intensiurad ganviTarebuliyo erTiani qarTuli eTnosis Camoyalibebis, albaT, bevrad adre dawyebuli procesi. aseTi winapirobebi gaxldaT mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli ekonomikurad mdidari (`oqromravali~), samxedro TvalsazrisiT Zlieri (eladis dalaSqvris SemZle), kulturulad dawinaurebuli (damwerlobisa da kartografiis mqone), teritoriulad vrceli kolxeTis saxelmwifo, romlis sazRvrebi Tavdapirvelad aSkarad scildeboda qarTuli wyaroebis egrisis farglebs da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos did nawilsac moicavda (SemdgomSi `kolxeTi” da `egrisi” identuri cnebebia). mis SemadgenlobaSi moqceuli engur-fsous monakveTic iyo is mxare, sadac qarTvelTa eTnogenezis xangrZlivi procesi mimdinareobda. sruli safuZveli gvaqvs, vifiqroT, rom qarTvelobam swored aia-kolxeTis epoqaSi miaRwia konsolidaciis iseT maRal xarisxs, romelmac istoriis qartexilebs gauZlo. rac mTavaria, SenarCunda saerToerovnuli TviTSegneba, romelic efuZneboda saerTo kulturuli enis (miuxedavad fuZeenis rRvevisa), saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi gancdis (miuxedavad teritoriuli daqucmacebisa) arsebobas. marTalia, eris konsolidaciis procesi SemdgomSiac grZeldeboda (am mxriv gansakuTrebuli roli qristianobas miuZRvis), magram qarTveli xalxis myari sulieri erToba mainc aia-kolxeTis xanaSi Camoyalibda. sxva axsna qarTvelTa sami ZiriTadi Stos (megrul-svanur-qarTluri) mtkice erTobis unikaluri faqtisa SeuZlebelia imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Semdgom epoqebSi qarTveli xalxis arsebobis bevrad meti xnis ganmavlobaSi ukve gareSe faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli upiratesad dezintegraciis xelSemwyobi procesebi moqmedebdnen. Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze da ufro Soreul warsulSi dasavleT saqarTvelos, maT Soris engur-fsous monakveTis mosaxleobaze, konkretul eTnikur jgufze arsebiTi `msjelobis SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia~85 sakmarisi wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis uqonlobis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs sruliad gansxvavebuli mosazreba aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis eTnikuri kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb. igi efuZneba usabuTo hipoTezas, romlis Tanaxmadac III-II aTaswleulebSi mcire aziaSi mosaxle qaSqa-abeSlas tomebi TiTqos afxaz-adiRTa winaprebi arian. am mosazrebas iziarebdnen p.uslari, n.mari, p.uSakovi, d.gulia, v.struve, m.diakonovi da sxvebi86. n.mari afxazTa pirvandel samSoblos kolxeTis samxreTiT da wina aziaSi eZebda; Tanamedrove geografiuli saxelebi _ gubazouli, CibaTi, anCa (guria), agreTve aWara, fazisi da a.S. man afxazur toponimebad miiCnia87. d.guliam yovelgvari dasabuTebis 83 . o. lorTqifaniZe. kolxuri eTnokulturuli sistemis ganiTareba. _ qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi. Tb., 2002, gv. 18-28. 84 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1. Tb., 1970, gv. 295. 85 . m. lorTqifaniZe. afxazebi da afxazeTi. Tb., 1990, gv. 5. 86 . Всемирная история, т. 1. М., 1965, gv. 379, 515. 87 . Н. Я. Марр. История термина «абхаз». – Известия Императорской Академии Наук. VI серия, 1912, №11, с. 697-706; misive: Лингвистическая поездка в Абхазию (к этимологическим вопросам). – Известия..., 1913, №6, gv. 303-337; misive:
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gareSe kolxebi afxazTa (afsuaTa) winaprebad Seracxa da daaskvna, TiTqos, axal welTaRricxvamde mTeli kolxeTi, mcire somxeTi, CrdiloeT mesopotamia da kolxeTis mimdebare sxva regionebi rogorc amierkavkasiaSi, ise CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi afxazur-Cerqezulenovani xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli88; ufro metic, man Tavisi wignis mTeli Tavi (Tavi IV) miuZRvna imis `damtkicebas~, `rom afxazebi egviptidan da abisiniidan, e.i. abasiidan arian gamosulebi~89. d.gulia emyareboda XIX-XX saukuneebis evropel da qarTvel mecnierTa Sexedulebebs qarTvelTa da sxva kavkasiel xalxTa winaprebis samxreTidan gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb90, kolxTa egvipturi warmoSobis herodoteseul Teorias. mosazreba qarTvelTa samxreTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb eWvqveS dadga, rogorc ki dasavleTis mecnierebma (b.grozni CexeTidan da sxv.) Tubalebi, muSqebi (qarTvelebis savaraudo winaprebi) indoevropelebad aRiares. amis Semdeg iv. javaxiSvilma, romelic qarTvelebis samxreTidan gadmosaxlebis Teorias uWerda mxars, pozicia ramdenadme Secvala. igi Seudga qarTveli da sxva kavkasieli xalxebis naTesaobis ideis damuSavebas. epigrafikuli wyaroebis, tomobrivi saxelwodebebisa da toponimebis analizis safuZvelze i.javaxiSvilma iranulenovan xalxebad aRiarebuli skviTebi da sarmatebi adiRebis, CeCnebisa da lekebis winaprebad gamoacxada. CrdiloeT kavkasielTa kvali, misi azriT, saqarTvelosa da mezobel albaneTSic moipoveboda; toponimebisa da eTnonimebis es kvali mcire aziamde aRwevda, - werda mecnieri. sakuTari monacemebis safuZvelze i.javaxiSvili odnavi gansxvavebiT, magram mainc tradiciul Tvalsazriss daubrunda. amjerad, misi mtkicebiT, `monaTesave qarTuli, qarTveluri da skviTur-sarmatuli tomebi” gadaadgildnen samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken; amitom uSualod qarTvelTa winaprebi Tubaltibarenebi da muSkebi//meSexebi, iv.javaxiSvilis azriT, indoevropelebi ver iqnebodnen91. akad. s.janaSiam sruliad axali Teoria wamoayena. `qarTvelebi warmoSobiT wina aziis Zvels mkvidr mosaxleobas ekuTvnian~ da xeTa-subarebis STamomavlebi arian, _ werda mecnieri; 6 aTasi wlis win uzarmazar teritoriaze (wina azia, balkaneTi, apeninisa da pireneis naxevarkunZulebi) ganfenili es mosaxleoba TandaTanobiT Seviwrovda, Zv.w. XIII saukunidan (xeTebis saxelmwifos damxobis Semdeg) wvril-wvril saxelmwifoebad daqucmacda; pirveli aTaswleulis pirvel saukuneebSi saqarTvelos Tanamedrove teritoriaze dasavluri da aRmosavluri kulturuli wre Camoyalibda, romelic qarTvelTa or gaerTianebas _ dasavlurqarTuls da aRmosavlur qarTuls _ Seesabameboda; `dasavluri kulturuli wre Seicavda mTels dasavleT saqarTvelos, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTianeTs md.Tergis dasavleTiT, md. Woroxis xeobasa da Savi zRvis samxreT sanapirosac”; Zv.w. VI saukunisaTvis, roca urartus samefo daeca, saxelmwifoebrivma centrebma CrdiloeTisaken gadainacvles92. s.janaSias Teoriam didi popularoba da mxardaWera moipova. dRis wesrigidan moixsna qarTvelTa winaprebis sxvagan Zebnisa da maTi gadmosaxlebis sakiTxi; yovelgvari azri dakarges d.gulias mosazrebebmac. unda vivaraudoT, rom swored s.janaSias Teoriis gavleniT Tqva man uari Tavis
. _ , 1916, 5, gv. 154. n.maris mosazrebaTa kritika ix.: T.gvancelaZe. mosazrebani termin `afxazis” n. mariseuli etimologizebis cdis Sesaxeb. – arnold Ciqobavas sakiTxavebi – 12. masalebi. Tb., 2001, gv. 33-34 (ix. aqve, Tavi XI). 88 . Д. И. Гулия. История Абхазии, т. 1. Тб., 1925, gv. 76. 89 . iqve, gv. 79-134. 90 . sakiTxis mokle istoriografiuli mimoxilva ix.: g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1965, gv. 18-26.. 91 . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba. Tb., 1937; misive: , . – . , 1939, 4, gv. 47-48; misive: saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi. Tb., 1950, gv. 250. 92 . saqarTvelos istoria. akad. s. janaSias redaqciiT. Tb., 1943, gv. 14, 16, 21, 45-48.
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ZiriTad daskvnebze93, Tumca XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi94 arc mkacri kritika dahklebia mecnierTa Tu xelisufalTa mxridan95. d.guliam ki uaryo Zveli absurduli Sexedulebebi, magram separatistuli istoriografia dRemde iziarebs maT.96 egvipte-abisiniidan afxazTa gamosvlis idea seriozulad aravis miuRia, samagierod araerTi cnobili avtori, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, umTavresad fonetikur msgavsebaTa safuZvelze qaSqa-abeSlas tomebs CerqezTa winaprebad miCneul kerketebTan da afxazur-afsuur tomad monaTlul afSilebTan aigivebda. erT-erTi pirveli iyo germaneli mecnieri edmund maieri, romelmac sxva evropel mecnierebTan erTad jer kidev 1884 wels kolxebi, savaraudod, qaSqebad miiCnia.97 igive mosazreba gamoTqva miSel TamaraTim (mixeil TamaraSvilma) 1910w. romSi frangul enaze gamocemul wignSi `qarTuli eklesia dasabamiTgan dRemde~98. qasqebs kolxebad Tvlida iv. javaxiSvilic99. gansxvavebuli varaudebi gamoTqves i.diakonovma, i.dunaevskaiam, g.meliqiSvilma100. am ukanasknelis azriT, qaSqa-abeSla protoxeTebis (xaTebis) monaTesave krebiTi mniSvnelobis erTi da igive tomobrivi saxelis ori sxvadasxva variantia. qaSqebis saxeliT xeTebi moixseniebdnen Crdilo-aRmosavleT mcire aziis mTielebs, romelTa Soris, TiTqos, iyvnen, - werda g.meliqiSvili, - rogorc afxaz-adiRTa, ise qarTvelTa winaprebic101. XX saukunis 50-60 wlebidan aqtiurad muSavdeboda afxazTa samxreTuli warmoSobis Teoria, rac dakavSirebuli iyo p.ingoroyvas fundamenturi naSromis _ `giorgi merCules~ (Tb., 1954) oficialur dagmobasTan. masSi dasabuTebulia afsua-afxazTa Crdilokavkasiuri warmoSobisa da gvian Sua saukuneebSi samegrelos samTavros Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi Camosaxlebis, rogorc qvemoT iqneba naCvenebi, adrec arsebuli Teoria. amis gamo aRelvebuli afxazuri sazogadoebis daSoSminebis mizniT da aseve politikuri motivebiT sabWoTa kavSiris kompartiis centralurma komitetma (romlis gansakuTrebuli kontrolis qveS imyofeboda istoriuli mecniereba) 1956 wlis 10 ivlisis dadgenilebiT qarTvelebi afxazTa (aseve osTa da somexTa) erovnuli kulturis viTom likvidaciisa da asimilaciis mcdelobaSi daadanaSaula. `braldeba~ aRiares saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetisa (1956 wlis 6-8 agvisto) da afxazeTis saolqo komitetis (1956 wlis 16 agvisto) plenumebma102. ararsebuli `qarTuli Sovinizmis~, afxazTa erovnul-kulturuli `Cagvris” dagmobam gza gauxsna istoriografiaSi p.ingoroyvas Teoriis sapirispiro varaudebis, maT Soris afxazTa samxreTuli warmoSobis koncefciis damkvidrebas. 93
. . . « ». , 1951. . 30-ani wlebidan sabWoTa istoriografiaSi damkvidrda zemodan dakveTiT damuSavebuli n. maris axali koncefcia xalxTa adgilobrivi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb; amiT uari eTqva migraciul Teoriebs, brZola gamocxadda nacionalizmisa da Sovinizmis winaaRmdeg (ix. . Шни . , gv. 290). 95 . d.gulias, aseve s.basarias ( . , 1923) da s. aSxvawaas ( . . . , 1925) antimecnieruli publikaciebis kritika (maT Soris partiuli organizaciebis mxridan) ix.: . . , . I. , 1934. gv. 13-18; В. Шнирельман. Войны памяти, gv. 290-291. 96 . . , 1991, gv. 9-11; . . ж , . . . , gv. 4-5. 97 . А. С. Хаханов. Древние пределы разселения грузин по Малой . ., 1903, gv. 17; g.meliqiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiis ..., gv. 32. 98 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 515. 99 . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, w. I-II. Tb., 1913, gv. 26. 100 . И. М. Дьяконов. Языки древней Передней Азии. М., 1967; misive: Предыстория армянского народа. М., 1968, gv. 12-13; misive: Урарту, Фригия, Лидия. – История древнего мира. Расцвет древних обществ. Изд. III. М., 1989, gv. 40, 46-49; И. М. Дунаевская. О структурном сходстве хаттского языка с языками Северо-Западного Кавказа. – Исследования по истории культуры народов Востока. М., - Л., 1960; Г. А. Меликишвили. Наири – Урарту. Тб., 1954, с. 77, 401; misive: К истории древной Грузии. Тб., 1959, с. 97, 120-122; misive: saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis. gv. 32; misive: Ziebani saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis Zveli istoriis dargSi. Tb., 1999, gv. 84-96. 101 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1, gv. 360. 102 . komunisti,1956, 9, 25 agvisto. 94
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aRniSnul Temas Seexo k.Sayrili. mas miaCnda, rom qaSqebi adiRTa winaprebi arian, abeSla ki _ afsua-afxazebisa; daaxloebiT III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze isini TiTqos nel-nela daiZrnen kavkasiisaken da Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriamde moaRwies; avtoris azriT, mosuli afxazur-adiRuri tomebi ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze idgnen, vidre adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, romelsac Tavs moaxvies TavianTi ena da kultura103. amasTanave k.Sayrili arafers ambobs (da verc ityoda) imis Sesaxeb, Tu raSi gamoixateboda viTom mcire aziidan gadmosaxlebulTa kulturuli upiratesoba da sad gaqra igi SemdgomSi. amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom arqeologiuri masala ar adasturebs mosaxleobis Semadgenlobis radikalur cvlas Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi, an mis gadaadgilebas mcire aziidan CrdiloeT kavkasiis mimarTulebiT. qaSqa-abeSlas tomebis mcire aziidan kavkasiaSi, maT Soris dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebis Teorias mxars uWerda arqeologi l.soloviovi. misi azriT, dolmenebi afxazeTSi qaSqebma daamkvidres, Tumca TviTonve aRniSnavda, rom SavizRvispireTSi es dolmenebi mcireazieli tomebis savaraudo gadmosaxlebamdec aris dafiqsirebuli104. aRniSnul mosazrebas emxroboda z.anCabaZec; igi amtkicebda, rom afxazuri eTnosis Camoyalibeba moxda kavkasiis SavizRvispireTSi adgilobrivi aborigenuli mosaxleobisa da Crdilo-dasavleT mcire aziidan mosuli tomebis konsolidaciis xangrZlivi procesis (neoliTis xanidan wina antikuri xanis bolo saukuneebamde) Sedegad;105 SemdgomSi z.anCabaZem ramdenadme gansxvavebuli mosazreba warmoadgina. misi mtkicebiT, afxazur-adiRur-qarTvelur tomebs uxsovari droidan ekavaT kavkasiis dasavleTi nawili da mimdebare raionebi mcire aziaSi. e.w. dolmenuri kulturis ayvavebis periodi, III aTaswleulis dasasruli - II aTaswleulis pirveli naxevari, unda ganvixiloT, _ werda mecnieri, _ rogorc Zvelafxazuri eTnosis Camoyalibebis periodi, vinaidan ufro metad swored maSin moxda protoafxazur-adiRuri eTnikuri erTobis saboloo rRveva106. z.anCabaZesTan ver vpoulobT sarwmuno monacemebs III-II aTaswleulebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, engur-fsous monakveTze maincdamainc Zvelafxazuri tomebis mkvidrobis Sesaxeb. S.inal-ifas azriTac, xaTur-afxazur-adiRuri tomebi samxreTidan Camosulni ki ar arian, aramed III-II aTaswleulebSi saxlobdnen teritoriaze CrdiloeT kavkasiidan mcire aziamde107. eTnikuri istoriis sakiTxebs Seexo o. jafariZec. kavkasiis kulturulenobrivi daSlis Semdeg (IV-III aTaswleulebi) mis dasavleT nawils (afxazeTis CaTvliT) xaTur-afxazur-adiRuri tomebi ikaveben, _ werda igi, _ qarTveluri tomebi ki am dros amierkavkasiis dasavleT da centralur olqebSi arian. dasavleT kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili kultura o.jafariZem afxaz-adiRTa kuTvnilebad miiCnia108. samwuxarod, imaves amtkicebda mecnieri mogvianebiTac109. o.jafariZis pozicia amJamadac TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba _ gvianneoliTis xanaSi (III aTaswleuli) afxaz-adiRTa winaprebi yubanispireTSi arian, magram dasavleT kolxeTSi maTi yofna gamoricxuli ar aris; aq isini viTom qarTveluri tomebis mezoblad mosaxleobdnen, ramac, SesaZloa, ganapiroba afxazur-adiRur da qarT-
103 . К. Шакрыл. К вопросу об этногенезе абхазско-адыгских народов. – Ученые записки Адыгейского НИИ, IV. Краснодар, 1965, с. 205-221. 104 . Л. Н. Соловьев. Новый памятник культурных связей Кавказского Причерноморья в эпоху неолита и бронзы – стоянки Воронцовской пещеры. – Труды АБНИИ, т. ХХ1 . , 1958, . 163-165. 105 . З. Анчабадзе. История и культура древней Абхазии. М., 1964, с. 121. 106 . З. Анчабадзе. Очерк этнической истории абхазского народа. Сухуми, 1976, с. 21 107 . Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Вопросы этнокультурной истории абхазов. Сухуми, 1976, с. 423-424. 108 . o. jafariZe. qarTvel tomTa eTnikuri istoriis sakiTxisaTvis arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT. Tb., 1976, gv. 61, 266, 305. 109 . О. Джапаридзе. На заре этнокультурной истории Кавказа. Тб., 1989, с. 393.
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velur enebSi asaxuli Sexvedrebi110. sinamdvileSi aseTi Sexvedrebi bevrad ufro gviandeli xanisaa. arsebobs sapirispiro Sexedulebebic. mcire aziidan dasavleT kavkasiaSi qaSqebis gadasaxleba, ar dasturdeba arqeologiuri masalebiT111, maT Soris dolmenebiT, romlebic ar arian dafiqsirebuli mcire aziaSi112. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom qaSqebis eTnikuri jgufi dRemde arsebobs iranSi113. afxaz-adiRTa lingvistur kavSirebs xaTebTan uaryofs germaneli mecnieri a.kamenhuberi. igi miiCnevs, rom xaTuri da kavkasiuri enebis genetikurad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis mcdeloba warumatebeli iqneba imis gamo, rom xaTuris kvdomidan kavkasiuri enebis werilobiT fiqsaciamde 3000 weliwadia gasuli; Sesabamisad, daskvnebis gamosatanad aucilebeli masala ar darCa; aqedan gamomdinare, igi uaryofs i.dunaevskaias pretenziebs imis Taobaze, rom jerovnad ar mimdinareobs xaTur da afxazur-adiRur enebs Soris struqturuli Tu SesaZlo genetikuri kavSirebis Seswavla; mecnieri darwmunebulia, rom am enebSi arsebul msgavsi JReradobis sityvebs kavSiri erTmaneTTan ara aqvT114. genetikuri kavSiris arseboba Cerqez-adiRTa winaprebis aRmniSvnel `qasag~, `qaSag~ terminebsa da qaSqas Soris gamoricxulad miaCnia n.volkovas, vinaidan wyaroebSi isini ori aTasi wlis intervaliT moixseniebian115. aseTive Sualedia lursmuli warwerebis `abeSlasa~ da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ `afSils~ Soris. marto did wyvetilobas drosa da agreTve sivrceSic damajerebel argumentad ar miiCnevs gr.giorgaZe. mecnieris azriT, ufro mTavari is gaxlavT, rom `qaSag~ _ `qaSqas~ igiveobis dasadgenad mxolod terminTa fonetikuri msgavseba (romelic SeiZleba SemTxveviTi iyos) sakmarisi ar aris; xeTuri wyaroebis `qasqa~ msgavsi an identuria sxvadasxva epoqis xalxTa saxelwodebebisa, romlebic cxovrobdnen (zog SemTxvevaSi axlac cxovroben) msoflios sxvadasxva mxareSi (kamerunSi aris tomi `qasqa~, indoeTSi _ gaSqa, pamfiliaSi samxreT mcire aziaSi – cxovrobda qerqoi da a.S.); gr.giorgaZe yuradRebas aqcevs im garemoebasac, rom `qaSagi~ s.-s. orbelianTan ganmartebulia rogorc `mozrdili tyve~, xolo zaza fanaskertelTan sityva `qaSqi~ _ niSnavs `wueni qeris korkotisa~ (gamoiyeneboda ludis aRsaniSnavadac)116. ufro zustad, s.-s. orbeliani aseT ganmartebas iZleva: `qaSagi mozrdili tyve, da baRana-Cvili~117. d.CubinaSvili ufro akonkretebs am qarTuli sityvis mniSvnelobas: `qaSagi, tyved gasayidad daniSnuli mozdili yrma~118. aqve, gansjisaTvis SegviZlia davsZinoT, rom Cingiz-xanis pirad gvardias qeSigi erqva. amrigad, mtkicebas `qaSag”-`qaSqas” identurobis Sesaxeb mtkice safuZveli ar gaaCnia. gr.giorgaZem Seiswavla qasqebis eTnikuri vinaoba; man ar gaiziara mosazreba xaTebTan maTi identificirebis Sesaxeb im mizeziT, rom es tomebi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurebze imyofebodnen; afxazur-adiRur tomebTan qasqebis dakavSirebac aradamajereblad miiCnia tomTa saxelebis bgeriTi siaxlovis garda sxva argumentebis uqonlobis gamo; ar arsebobs agreTve qasqebis gadasaxleba-gadmosaxlebis damadasturebeli raime masala. xeTur da lursmul
110
. o. jafariZe. qarTveli eris eTnogenezis saTaveebTan. Tb., 2006, gv. 248. . Е. Алексеева. Древняя и средневековая история Карачаево-Черкессии. М., 1971, с. 186-198. 112 . В. Марковин. Дольменная культура и вопросы раннего этногенеэа абхазо-адыгов. Нальчик, 1974, с. 29. 113 . . . а . – . , 1980, . 166. 114 . А. Камменхубер. Хатский язык. – Древние языки Малой Азии. Под редaкцией И. М. Дьяконова и Вяч. Вс. Иванова. М., 1980, с. 23-98. 115 . Н. Г. Волкова. Этнонимы и племенние названия Северного Кавказа. М., 1973, с. 22. 116 . gr. giorgaZe. uZvelesi axloaRmosavluri eTnosebi da qarTvelTa warmomavloba. Tb., 2002, gv. 96-97. 117 . sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, II. Tb., 1993, gv. 218. 118 . d. CubinaSvili. rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni. Tb., 1984, gv. 1330. 111
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teqstebSi asaxuli qasquri toponimebis119, sakuTari saxelebisa120 da calkeuli sityvebis121 pirveladma analizma mecnieri im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom qasqebi met erTobas avlenen qarTvelebTan (megrel-lazebTan da svanebTan), vidre afxazadiRebTan122. gr.giorgaZe ganixilavs abeSlaelTa123 vinaobis sakiTxsac. asureTis mefis tiglaTfalasar I-is (Zv.w. 1115-1077ww.) saxeliT Sedgenil teqstebSi isini moxseniebuli arian qasqebis variantad, rac imas unda niSnavdes, rom lursmuli teqstebis qaSqac aseve sinonimia imave abeSlasi, _ wers mecnieri da daaskvnis: `Tuki am Sexedulebas (`qaSqa~ _ `abeSlas~ sinonimobis Sesaxeb) gaviziarebT, maSin xeTuri da asuruli wyaroebis qasqebi (qaSqebi) da asuruli teqstebis abeSlaelebi (saerTo jamSi afsilebic _ `abeSla~ da `afsili~ terminebis gaigivebis SemTxvevaSi) erTi da imave Camomavlobis _ samxreTkolxuri warmoSobis tomebia~124. mTeli rigi argumentebis moSveliebiT (uzustobebi asurul teqstebSi, abeSlaelTa lokalizacia, xeTur teqstebSi maT Sesaxeb informaciis uqonloba, politikur asparezze SedarebiT gvian gamoCena da a.S.) gr. giorgaZe uaryofs `qaSqa~ _ `abeSlas~ igiveobas da gamoTqvams varauds, rom abeSlaelebi qaSqebTan da muSqebTan erTad dasavlurqarTveluri warmoSobisani arian; amasTanave, hipoTeturs uwodebs `abeSla~ _ `afsil~ _ `afsuas~ _ sul sxvadasxva epoqisa da regionis xalxebis gaigivebis mcdelobas, romelic mxolod da mxolod terminTa miaxloebiT msgavsebas efuZneba; Tuki aseT igiveobas davuSvebT, `maSin afsilebic kolxuri (megrul-lazuri) warmomavlobis tomad unda CavTvaloT, radgan abeSlaelebi qaSqebTan erTad swored aseT tomad migvaCnia~125. aseTia gr.giorgaZis mosazreba, romelic principulad gansxvavdeba am sakiTxze sxva mecnierebis, maT Soris g. meliqiSvilis126 daskvnebisagan. imedia, momavalSi es mosazreba damatebiTi argumentebiT gamyardeba. mcire aziis Crdilo-dasavleTidan afxazur-adiRuri tomebis winaparTa dasavleT kavkasiaSi gadasaxlebis Tu am tomebis kavkasiidan mcire aziamde gavrcelebis Teoriis dasabuTebas dasavleT saqarTveloSi amJamad arsebulo toponimebiTac cdiloben. rogorc ukve iTqva, erT-erTi pirveli iyo n.mari, romelmac dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT regionSi (aWara, guria, svaneTi, raWa) arsebuli calkeuli toponimebi viTom aq 3 aTasze meti wlis win mosaxle afxazTa winaprebs miakuTvna. sabWoTa periodSi es mosazreba ganaviTares d. guliam, s. janaSiam, iv. javaxiSvilma da sxvebma. `afxazur-Cerqezuli etimologiis mdinareTa da pirTa saxelebis~ safuZvelze d. guliam mTeli
119 .asxarbaia/aSxarbaia, eluria/iluria, ciTaxaria (mTa), gaxaria/qaxaria (dasaxleba), faTxaria, faTalia, susuria/Suxuria, Tifia, cixaria (qveyana), saria/Saria (mdinare), Texulia/Tixulia, Tasqulia/TaSquria (dasaxleba), Timia (dasaxleba), culia (mdinare), dudusqa/duduSqa (qasqebis mTavari dasaxleba), munisqa/muniSqa, TaTisqa/TaTiSqa, cianTisqa/cianTiSqa, xaTencuva, qaransuva, Tafasava, qaTaladuva, qaTiTimuva da a. S. 120 .psxafala, xacina, qasqamuva, faaTa (paaTa), faTalia, fixunia, fia (bia), suismeli (SuiSmeli), dadi (daTa, TaTa), dadidu, TemeTi, TiTa (diTa), qasqaili (qasqeli), sameTili (samTeli), dadilu (dadieli) da a. S. 121 . fegafilu, figuriali, fifalala, fiTauria, fiTunTuS da a. S. (maTi mniSvneloba ucnobia) 122 . gr.giorgaZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 108-111; n. xazaraZe Tvlis, rom urTierTkavSiri muSqebsa da mosxebs, muSqebsa da qaSqebs, qaSqebsa da mosxebs Soris aSkaraa, rac mosxebisa da muSkebis aRmniSvneli terminebis igiveobis erT-erT mowmobad SeiZleba CaTvaloT (n. xazaraZe. mesxi eTnikuri terminis istoriisaTvis. saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia. Tb., 1993, gv. 39). 123 . i. gelbi `abeSla~ termins akavSirebda mesopotamiuri wyaroebis `afSil~ (`abSil~) saxelwodebasTan, xolo abeSlaelebis teritorias _ md. tigrosisa da vanis tbas Soris mdebare raionebTan. sityva `abeSla~ Tavisi fonetikuri SemadgenlobiT axlos dgas agreTve erT-erTi asureli mefis saxelTan _ abiaSal (afiaSal); igive sityva SeiZleba gagebul iqnas rogorc mamakacis saxeli `abiSalam~. gr.giorgaZe dasaSvebad miiCnevs, rom abeSlaelebi semituri warmoSobisa iyvnen (gr. giorgaZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 119) 124 . gr. giorgaZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 115. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom Zv.w. III-II saukuneebSi winare qarTveluri ena jer kidev ar iyo dialeqtebad dayofili. 125 . iqve. gv. 121. 126 . g. meliqiSvili. Ziebani ... gv. 93-96.
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dasavleT kavkasia, somxeTi da TurqeTi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, afxazTa winaprebis istoriul sacxovrisad gamoacxada127. s.janaSias moxsenebaSi `Cerqezuli (adiReuri) elementi saqarTvelos toponimikaSi~ (1933w.) `araqarTuli~ saxelwodebebis (akamfsi, sufsa, agidayva, aWyva, malTayva, boboyvaTi, bereyva da a.S.) analizis safuZvelze gakeTebulia daskvna: `saqarTvelos teritoriis garkveul nawilSi Cerqezuli toponimika udavod dadasturebulad unda CaiTvalos... es ki aq Cerqezuli mosaxleobis odindeli mosaxleobis nakvalevia~128. igive mosazreba gamoTqva iv.javaxiSvilma. fs-bolokiduriani hidronimebi man Cerqezulad aRiara, xolo fSbolokiduriani saxelebis saxelmdeblad yabardoelebi miiCnia, yva, yuara ki afxazebs miakuTvna129. manve sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiaSi 1939w. maisSi wakiTxul moxsenebaSi im motiviT, rom Cerqezulad yva Ze-s niSnavs, qarTuli gvarebi ingoro-yva, Wanu-yva-Ze, Rele-yva adiRuri warmoSobis gvarebad gamoacxada. aseve adiRur toponimebad CaTvala xofa, sinopi. sofel bJinevis (xaragaulis r-ni) saxelwodebac Cerqezulad (niSnavs niors) iqna axsnili. `amrigad, _ askvnis iv.javaxiSvili, _ istoriamdel xanaSi adiRevelebi unda yofiliyvnen dasaxlebuli dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi, istoriuli xanis saqarTvelos teriroriaze~130. fs-, fS-, yva- elementebis Semcveli onomastika, mTel rig garemoebaTa gamo, Cerqez-adiRTa winaprebis nakvalevad ver CaiTvleba. pirvel rigSi, moyvanili toponimebi da hidronimebi laTinuri, berZnuli da qarTuli warmoSobisaa, razec yuradRebas iv.javaxiSvilic amaxvilebda131; meorec, maTi nawili ekuTvnis ara 3-5 aTasi wlis winandel periods, aramed gvianantikuri, an, SesaZloa adreuli Sua saukuneebis xanas, roca md.rionis samxreTiT mdebare TiTqmis ukacriel teritoriebze (Tanamedrove guria, imereTisa da aWaris nawilebi) kvlav qarTuli mosaxleoba damkvidrda132; meore nawili Zvel werilobiT wyaroebSi saerTod ar ixsenieba. Cerqez-adiRTa nakvalevad miCneuli saxelwodebebis daTariRebis aucileblobaze ki savsebiT samarTlianad gaamaxvila yuradReba m.inaZem133; mesamec, msgavsi toponimebi mravlad gvxvdeba rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise evraziisa da afrikis kontinentebze134. yva- (kva), fs-, fS- komponentebis Semcveli sityvebic sakmarisad moipoveba sxvadasxva enebSi, 127
. Д. Гулиа. dasax. naSromi, gv. 76-77. . s. janaSia. Sromebi, t. III. Tb., 1949, gv. 120-122. 129 . i. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali. saqarTvelos, kavkasiis da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi. Tb., 1950, gv. 43-46. 130 . Вестник Древней Истории, 1939, №4, с. 35-46. 131 . iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiis..., gv. 34-38. mogvianebiT g. axvledianma uaryo q. lomTaTiZis mier gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi da aRniSna, rom, savaraudod, fs- da yva- kompleqsebi saerTo unda yofiliyo adiRursa da qarTvelur enebSi. _ g. axvlediani. afxazeTis istoriuli toponimikis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis. _ mnaTobi, 1957, #2, gv. 113-114. 132 . bizantieli istorikosi pr. kesarieli (VI saukune) aRniSnavda, rom md. fazisis marcxena mxares lazebs petras garda sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebi ar hqondaT, rom es mxare moklebulia mniSvnelovan samosaxloebs, an mTlianad dausaxlebelia (georgika, t. 2, gv. 101, 182). es sarwmuno cnoba (d. musxeliSvili mas Secdomad miiCnevs. _ ix. misi: saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, I. Tb., 1977, gv. 102104) aRwerili viTarebis Tanamedrove kompetenturi avtorisa gvexmareba sakiTxis qronologiis garkvevaSi. sadavo geografiuli saxelwodebebi uZveles xanaSi maTi warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi ueWvelad gaqrebodnen (isedac arc erT wyaroSi ar moixseniebian), maTi gavrcelebis TiTqmis mTeli arealis didi xniT mosaxleobisgan daclis gamo. axali, maT Soris CvenTvis saintereso onomastikis formireba lazeTis xsenebul nawilSi VI saukunis Semdgom periods unda mivaweroT. 133 . m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis eTno-politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi. _ macne. istoriis... seria, 1992, #2, gv. 52. 134 . afSi (sof. duSeTis r-Si), akvi/ayvi (amJ. q. eqse safrangeTi), q. akvanendente (italia), q. akvilea (Zveli italia), kvanjou (samxreT korea), kvaleia (kunZ. norvegiaSi), fsaxia, fserimosi (kunZ. saberZneTSi), q. fskovi (ruseTi), q. fsodoritosi (saberZneTi), fsatura, fsara/ifsari/ifsara (kunZ. saberZneTSi). fseleckoe (sof. kurskis olqSi), fskenti (raionuli centri uzbekeTSi), fSemisli (Tanamedrove peremiSli poloneTSi); fSia (md. qarTlSi), akvitaniis auzi (safr.), kva (md. zairSi), kvango, kvanza (md. angolaSi), kvando (md. namibia-zambiaangola-botstvanaSi), kvarkeni (srute baltiis zRvaSi), kvalifordi (ube Crd. yinulovan okeaneSi), kvarnero (adriatikis zRvis yure), mdinare da qalaqi mos- kva (moskovi), fsioli (md. dnepris Senakadi), fskeni (md. uzbekeTSi), fskova (md. ruseTSi) da a. S. 128
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maT Soris qarTulSic135; meoTxec, daujerebelia, rom daaxloebiT 3-4 aTasi wlis win afxaz-adiRebs saqarTveloSi hqonodaT soflebi, romelTa saxelwodebebi ucvlelad dRemde SemorCa; igive exeba hidronimebs, miT umetes _ gvarebs136, romelTa Camoyalibeba gviandeli (ax.w. VII saukunisa da Semdgomi periodis) movlenaa; mexuTec, SeuZlebelia fs-, fS-, yva- elementebiani onomastika afxaz-adiRTa winaprebs im Soreul warsulSi daetovebinaT teritoriaze, romelic viTom gamoiares (an droebiT ekavaT) maSin, roca aseTi saxelwodebebi Sesabamisi uZvelesi xanisa ar gvxvdeba separatistuli istoriografiis mier afxazTa mudmiv sacxovreblad miCneul adgilebSi _ mcire aziasa137 da afxazeTSi, agreTve mis Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare raionebSi. gamodis, rom afxazur-adiRurad Tu Cerqezulad gamocxadebuli toponimika Soreul warsulSi arsebobda yvelgan, garda dasavleT saqarTvelos engurfsous monakveTisa. fs- kompleqsis Semcveli saxeli Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi pirvelad klavdios ptolemaiosTan (ax.w. Is.) gvxvdeba _ q.amfsalida, romelic daaxloebiT md.Saxes napiras, golovinis koncxTan mdebareobda138; V saukunis anonimi avtori aseve Tanamedrove afxazeTis farglebs gareT axsenebs `nikofsias~ (yofili `Zveli lazika~ mdebareobda dRevandeli tuafses CrdilodasavleTiT), `fsaxafss~ (mdinarea q.nikofsiasTan), `tofsidas~ (md.tuafse)139. savaraudod, laTinur, berZnul, an qarTul enebTan dakavSirebuli es saxelebi gaiTavises V saukunisaTvis nikofsiaSi damkvidrebulma jiqebma, sxva CrdiloeT kavkasielma xalxebma. SeuZlebelia, piriqiT momxdariyo: igive yva – XIX-XX saukuneebamde udamwerlobo afsuur-afxazuridan Sesuliyo laTinurSi, berZnulSi da msoflios sxvadasxva xalxTa enebSi. asea Tu ise, mosazreba dasavleT saqarTveloSi winare afxazur-adiRur tomTa mosaxleobis Sesaxeb safuZvels moklebulia. akad. simon janaSiam qarTvelTa eTnogenezis axali Teoriis SemuSavebiT faqtobrivad Tavadve uaryo igi. afxazur-adiRur tomTa winaprebis dasavleT saqarTveloSi yofnas `TavisTavad sakmaod saeWvod~ miiCnevs n. lomouri1. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba uaryofilia Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi (ix. aqve, Tavi XI). istoriamdel xanaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis CaTvliT) mosaxleobis Sesaxeb sarwmuno cnobebis Semcveli ZvelberZnuli Tqmulebebi da sxva masalebi aRniSnul teritoriaze, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, mxolod qarTvelTa winaprebs da Zvel qarTul saxelmwifos afiqsireben. varaudoben, rom Zv.w. VIIIs. bolos CrdiloeT kavkasiidan samxreTis mimarTulebiT salaSqrod daZrulma kimerielebma kolxeTis samefos teritoriaze gamoiares da TiTqos qveyanas mZime dartyma miayenes. rogorc o.lorTqifaniZe miiCnevs, Tu marTla ganxorcielda kimerielTa Semosevebi, maSin, albaT, mxolod samxreT-aRmosavleT kolxeTi dazaralda2. T.beraZe aseve 135 . amfsoni, afsida, afsindi, afsioreba, afski, akvalangi, akvamarini (minerali), akvaparki, ayva (laT. wyali), ayvaviTi (macocxlebeli wyali), elifsisi (berZn.), elifsoidi (beZrn.), fsalmuni, fsaltiri, fsati, fsevdonimi, fseli, fsveni, fsoni, fsiadi (sasakmevle), fsiti (arCvi), fsilebi (msubuqi qveiTi jari saberZneTSi), fsolefiti (mcenare), fsilomelani (minerali), fsilosi (berZn. SiSveli), fsini, fsiqo, fskeri, fsovi, fsoriazi, fstvini, fSani, fSati, si-yva-ruli, yvavi, yvavili, yvanCala da a. S. 136 . yva-s Semcveli gvarebis Cerqezul-adiRur warmoSobas Tu davuSvebT, es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom aseTi gvarebis matarebelTa winaprebi sxvadasxva socialuri mizezebis gamo arc Tu ise Soreul warsulSi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebulan (Sdr. gruzinovebi ruseTSi, sokolovebi, gogolebi saqarTveloSi, gvari afxazi kaxeTSi, marSaniebi guriaSi, da a. S.). 137 . gr. giorgaZe axloaRmosavlur eTnosebs Sumerebis CaTvliT, sakmaod dasabuTebulad, ara afsuaafxazebTan, aramed dasavlur-qarTul samyarosTan akavSirebs (gr. giorgaZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 22-26 da a. S.). 138 . n. lomouri. klavdios ptolemaiosi, `geografiis saxelmZRvanelo~, cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. _ masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 32. Tb., 1955, gv. 52. 139 . georgika, t. 2. Tb., 1965, gv. 11. 1. n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis eTno-kulturuli istoriidan. Tb., 1998, gv. 5; ix. agreTve misive: Некоторые вопросы ранней истории Абхазии (Ответ проф. Ш. Д. Инал-ипа). _ macne istoriis... seria, 1990, #3, gv. 165-166. 2. o. lorTqifaniZe. `oqromravali kolxeTi~ (miTi da realoba). _ samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi. Tbilisizugdidi, 1999, gv. 61.
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ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas Zv.w. VIIIs. bolo meoTxedSi kolxeTis samefos arsebobis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb da varaudobs, rom kimerielTa SesaZlo Semosevas katastrofuli Sedegebi ar mohyolia; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, es faqti aisaxeboda arqeologiur masalaSic (ix. aqve, gv. 26-27) da berZnul-somxur mwerlobaSic3. unda iTqvas, rom pirdapiri Tu iribi monacemebi sxva varaudebisaTvis _ kimerielebis mier kolxeTis sruli ganadgurebis, samefos teritoriaze mezobeli mTielebis SemoRwevisa da damkvidrebis, `ZalTa Tanafardobis Secvlis~ Sesaxeb4 ar arseboben. roca danamdvilebiT isic ki ar aris cnobili, kimerilebma aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi marTlac gamoiares da miayenes Tu ara dartyma Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTs, yovelgvar azrs kargavs Semdgomi varaudebis mTeli seriali am `dartymis~ negatiuri Sedegebis Taobaze. meti safuZveli arsebobs sxva varaudisaTvis _ kolxeTis samefom gansakuTrebul Zlierebas swored Zv.w. VIII saukunidan miaRwia (diauxis samefos ganadgureba da SemoerTeba da a.S.). im droidan daiwyo da momdevno saukuneebSi ufro intensiurad mimdinareobda Savi zRvis sanapiroebis berZnuli kolonizacia, ramac gavlena iqonia politikuri procesebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. marTebulia m. lorTqifaniZis mosazreba qarTuli saxelmwifos istoriis uwyveti xazis arsebobis Sesaxeb5. es uwyvetoba dadasturebulia T.miqelaZiseuli periodizaciiTac6, romlis Tanaxmad, Zv.w. XIII s-dan dawyebuli kolxeTis samefos istoriis pirveli periodi Zv.w. VIs. Sua xanebSi dasrulda. mecnieri mas `Zveli samefos periods~ uwodebs; amis Semdeg iwyeba da Zv.w. I saukunemde grZeldeba `Sua samefos~ axali periodi, romelic gviandeli (I-IV ss.) samefos periodma Secvala7.
2. eTnopolitikuri viTareba Zv. w. VI-I ss. Zv.w. VI saukunis dasasrulisaTvis koloniebiTaa dafaruli. es sakiTxi
3.
Savi zRvis sanapiroebi berZnuli detaluradaa Seswavlili qarTul
T. beraZe. Zveli egrisis (kolxeTis) samefo, gv. 34. . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, gv. 392-393; Н. Берулава. Город Диоскурия-Себастополис и район Сухумской бухты в античную эпоху (VI в. до н. э. и III в. н. э.). Тб., 2005, gv. 28. 5. qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis saTaveebTan, gv. 136-141. 6. T.miqelaZe. Ziebani kolxeTisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan (Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebi). YTb., 1974, gv. 179-182. 7. v. Snirelmani pirveli ZvelqarTuli saxelmwifos istorias, mosazrebas saxelmwifoebriobis uwyvetobis Sesaxeb `kolxidis miraJs~, xolo T. miqelaZis periodizacias fantastikurs, Zveli egviptis istoriis periodizaciis ganmeorebas uwodebs, magram qarTvel mecnierTa argumentebs RvarZliani Sefasebebis garda verafers upirispirebs ( . . . , gv. 336-349). 4
44
istoriografiaSi140. dadgenilia, rom afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze Zv.w. VIs. warmoiSvnen axalSenebi dioskuriasa (soxumi) da gienosSi (md.moqvis SesarTavTan)141; Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevriT TariRdeba eSeris naqalaqari, sadac aseve arsebobda berZnuli faqtoria. axalSenebis dafuZneba moxda adre arsebul savaWro-ekonomikur centrebSi, qalaqebSi, rasac jer kidev diubua de monperem miaqcia yuradReba142; berZnuli koloniebi, miuxedavad damfuZnebelTa dampyrobluri miznebisa, adgilobrivTa mxridan medgari winaaRmdegobis gamo Camoyalibdnen ara damoukidebel polisebad, aramed savaWro faqtoriebad. n.lomouri damajereblad asabuTebs, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebuli da `berZnulad miCneuli axalSenebi Tavidanve ar warmoadgendnen wminda berZnul qalaqebs da erTgvar `Sereul xasiaTs~ atarebdnen: berZen kolonistTa gverdiT am qalaqebSi, sxva berZnul koloniebTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda adgilobrivi, qarTuli mosaxleoba~143. berZnuli koloniebi ZiriTadad saSuamavlo vaWrobiT ifarglebodnen, rac, o.lorTqifaniZis azriT, imas niSnavda, rom isini swored emporionebs, e.i. savaWro qalaqebs warmoadgendnen; maT ver moaxerxes msxvil berZnul qalaqebad Camoyalibeba, risi ZiriTadi mizezi gaxldaT `politikuri viTareba _ kolxuri saxelmwifoebrioba da adgilobrivi demografiuli situacia. am ukanaskneli faqtoris sagangebo Seswavlam gviCvena swored, rom berZnuli kolonizaciis dawyebamde Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiro mTlianad iyo sameurneo TvalsazrisiT adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier aTvisebuli da aseve yovelgvari demografiuli Zvrebis gareSe darCa igi imave teritoriaze~.144 amasTan dakavSirebiT, damatebiT argumentacias moiTxovs mosazreba mxolod Zv.w. VIs. ukanasknel meoTxedSi kolxuri tomebis saxelmwifo gaerTianebis saboloo formirebis, faqtobrivad saxelmwifos aRdgenis Sesaxeb, rasac niadagi, TiTqos, ukanaskneli periodis ekonomikurma da kulturulma aRmavlobam moumzada (m. inaZe), agreTve mtkiceba, viTom berZnuli koloniebis daarseba emTxveva jer kidev `gasaxelmwifoebriobis gzaze~ Semdgari `mZlavri da farTo gaerTianebis arsebobas~ (n.lomouri)145. movlenaTa ganviTarebis logikidan da mkvlevarTa xelT arsebuli mwiri monacemebidan gamomdinare, pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom jer aravis daumtkicebia aia-kolxeTis samefos arsebobis Sewyvetis faqti; Zv. w. VIII-VII ss. saxelmwifoebriobis wyvetas Tu davuSvebT, maSin unda gvqondes pasuxi kiTxvaze: vin marTavda, romel dampyrobels ekuTvnoda am periodSi istoriuli kolxeTi? Mmeorec, imJamindeli sakmaod mdidari arqeologiuri masala dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis CaTvliT) ekonomikuri, kulturuli da socialuri ganviTarebis iseT maRal dones afiqsirebs, romlis miRweva saxelmwifo organizaciis gareSe warmoudgenelia; mesamec, berZen kolonizatorebTan gamklaveba, axalSenebis TviTmmarTvel polisebad CamoyalibebisaTvis xelis SeSla aseve SeuZlebeli iqneboda Zlieri saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gareSe; Crdilo-dasavleT SavizRvispireTSi berZnebs saxelmwifo rom ar daxvedrodaT, isini aucileblad damoukidebel polisebs Seqmnidnen (rogorc es CrdiloeT da samxreTaRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi gaakeTes) da SemdgomSi maTi uflebebis SemzRudavi saxelmwifos formirebas nebiT ar dauSvebdnen; Zv.w. VIs. ukanaskneli meoTxedidan mTel kolxeTSi saxelmwifos mier moWrili vercxlis 140 . n. lomouri. kolxeTis sanapiros berZnuli kolonizacia. Tb., 1962; m. inaZe.EaRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis berZnuli kolonizacia. Tb., 1982; Н. Берулава.. Город Диоскурия-Себастополис da a. S. 141 . n. lomouri savsebiT damajerebels uwodebs m. inaZis mosazrebas dioskuriisa da gienosis Zv. w. VI sSi daarsebis Sesaxeb, Tumca TviTon maT dafuZnebas Zv. w. V s-ze adre ar varaudobs (n. lomouri. kolxeTis sanapiros..., gv. 46-52; m. inaZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis ..., gv. 100, 101, 105-106 da a. S.). 142 . Фредерик Дюбуа де Монпере. dasax. naSromi, gv. 11. 143 . n. lomouri. kolxeTis sanapiros..., gv. 57. 144 . o. lorTqifaniZe. iyo Tu ara saxelmwifo kolxeTi? _ qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis saTaveebTan, gv. 68, 72. 145 . n. lomouri. kolxeTis sanapiros..., gv. 54; m. inaZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis..., gv. 126-127.
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monetebis (kolxuri TeTris) mimoqceva146 berZnebis mosvlamde aq Zlieri samefo xelisuflebis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. amrigad, Zv.w. VIs-Si kolxeTis samefo ki ar Camoyalibda147, aramed gadavida ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze, rac SavizRvispireTis berZnuli koloniebis meSveobiT mTel antikur samyarosTan ekonomikurma da kulturulma daaxloebam, aseve SedarebiT xelsayrelma sagareo pirobebma (mSvidobiani da garkveulwilad megobruli urTierToba aqmenidur sparseTTanac) ganapirobes148. adreantikuri xanis Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebuli eTnopolitikuri situacia asaxulia werilobiT wyaroebSi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba berZeni logografosebis149 hekate mileTelis (Zv.w. VIs), skilaqs kariandelis (Zv.w. VIs.; misi cnobebi Semonaxulia Zv.w. IVs. Sua xanebis avtorTan _ fsevdo skilaqs kariandelTan), helanike mitilenelis (Zv.w. Vs. meore naxevari), `istoriis mamis~ _ herodotes (Zv.w. Vs.) da sxvaTa cnobebs. hekate mileTelis Txzulebis (`dedamiwis aRweriloba~) fragmentebi, romlebic ax.w. VIs. avtoris _ stefane bizantielis leqsikon `eTnikaSi~150 aris SemorCenili, Semdegnairad gvixataven Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnikur suraTs: `koraqsebi, kolxuri tomi, kolebis mezoblad; hekate `aziaSi~ (ambobs) `koraqsebis kedeli da koraqsikes mxare~. kolebi, tomi kavkasionTan; hekate `aziaSi~ (ambobs): `xolo kavkasionis qveda ferdebs ewodeba kolikis mTebi; qveyana (iwodeba) koliked~151.
skilaqs kariandelis naSromSi `dasaxlebuli evropis, aziisa da libiis zRvis irgvliv mogzauroba~152 aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi aRwerilia CrdiloeTidan _ md.tanaisidan (doni) samxreTisaken, dasaxelebulia aq macxovrebeli xalxebi, agreTve qalaqebi da mdinareebi. igi werda: `70. savromatebi. mdinare tanaisidan iwyeba azia da misi pirveli tomi pontosTan aris savromatebi, xolo savromatTa tomi aris qalTa mier marTuli. 71. maiotebi. qalTa mier marTulTa Semdeg arian maiotebi. 72. sindebi. maiotebis Semdeg aris tomi _ sindebi. maTi (sacxovrisi) vrceldeba tbis iqiTac. maTSi aris Semdegi elinuri qalaqebi: fanagoriis qalaqi, kepo, sindis navsadguri, patusi. 73. kerketebi. sindis navsadguris Semdeg aris tomi kerketebi. 74. toretebi. kerketebis Semdeg aris tomi _ toretebi, elinuri qalaqi torikosi da da navsadguri. 75. aqaiebi. toretebis Semdeg aris tomi _ aqaiebi. 76. henioqebi. aqaiebis Semdeg aris tomi _ henioqebi. 77. koraqsebi. henioqebis Semdeg aris tomi _ koraqsebi. 78. kolebis (tomi). koraqsebis Semdeg aris kolebis tomi. 79. melanqlainebi. kolebis (tomis) Semdeg aris tomi _ melanqlainebi. maTSi aris md. metasorisi da mdinare aigiposi. 80. gelonebi. melanqlainebis Semdeg arian gelonebi. 81. kolxebi. amaT Semdeg aris tomi kolxebi, qalaqi dioskurisi, elinuri qalaqi gienosi, mdinare gienosi, mdinare qerobiosi, mdinare qorsosi, mdinare ariosi, mdinare fasisi da elinuri qalaqi fasisi, mdinaris zeviT ayolebiT 180 stadionis manZilze
146 . Д. Капанадзе, К. Голенко. К вопросу о происхождении колхидок. _ Вестник Древней Истории , 1957, №4, gv. 88-95; o. lorTqifaniZe. Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan. Tb., 2002, gv. 206. 147 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк, gv. 27 da sxv. 148 . ix. ufro vrclad: o. lorTqifaniZe. antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi. Tb., 1966; misive: argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi. Tb., 1986. 149 . istorikosebi, romlebic proziT werdnen. ix.: n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. _ masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 35. Tb., 1963, gv. 3-35. 150 . georgika, t. III. Tb., 1936, gv. 272-289. 151 . n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 29. 152 . skilaqs kariandelis pirovnebisa da naSromis Sesaxeb ix.: n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi...; ak. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi. Tb., 1964; ufro vrclad: T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I (skilaqs kariandeli, skimnos qioseli, dionisios periegeti). Tb., 1967.
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aris didi barbarosuli qalaqi, saidanac iyo medea. aq aris mdinare risi, mdinare isisi, mdinare lestoni (yaCaRTa wyali) da mdinare afsarosi~153.
helanike mitilenelis `tomTa da qalaqTa dafuZneba~, agreTve palefate abidoselis (Zv.w. IVs.) Txzulebebi sindebisa da meoteli skviTebis samxreTiT macxovrebel xalxebze aseT informacias gvawvdian: `qarimatebi _ tomi pontos gayolebaze. palefate `troikis~ meSvide wignSi (ambobs): `kerketebs esazRvrebian mosxebi da qarimatebi, romlebmac aiRes parTenioni evqsinis pontosTan. (moixsenebs) helanikec `tomTa da qalaqTa dafuZnebebSi~: `kerketebis zemoT cxovroben mosxebi da qarimatebi, qvemoT henioxebi, zemoT ki koraqsebi~~154
uaRresad mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicavs herodotes `istoria~: `xolo meotidis tbidan md. fazisamde da kolxebamde aris 30 dRis savali msubuqad SeiaraRebuli (kacisaTvis), xolo kolxididan midiaSi didi araa gadasavali (1. 104)... cxadia, rom kolxebi egvipetelebi arian. amas me TviT mivxvdi uwin, vidre movismendi... SevekiTxe orives, kolxebs ukeT axsovdaT egviptelebi, vidre egviptelebs kolxebi. egviptelebi amboben, rom maT miaCniaT, rom kolxebi arian sesostrisis laSqridan, xolo TviT mec ase meCveneboda, radgan (kolxebi) arian Savgvremanebi da xuWuWTmianebi..., magram amasTanave da ufro metad (amas mowmobs is), rom yvela xalxTagan mxolod kolxebi, egviptelebi da eTiopelebi arian, romlebic imTaviTve misdeven winadacveTas... kidev sxva ramec SeiZleba, rom kolxebis Sesaxeb vTqva maTi egviptelebTan msgavsebis Sesaxeb: mxolod eseni da egviptelebi amuSaveben sels erTnairad; mTeli cxovreba da ena msgavsi aqvT erTmaneTisa... (2. 104). kolxebmac daiweses saCuqrebi da maTma mezoblebmac, vidre kavkasionis mTebamde (radgan am mTebamde vrceldeba sparseTis mmarTveloba, xolo kavkasionidan CrdiloeTisaken mdebare qveynebs araferi undaT icodnen sparselebisa), amaT saCuqrad daiweses Cven dromde, yovel mexuTe wels rom gadaixadon asi yrma da asi qalwuli... (III. 97). sparselebi cxovroben da aRweven samxreTis zRvamde, romelsac uwodeben mewamuls. amaT zemoT CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT cxovroben midielebi, midielebs zemoT saspeirebi, saspeirebs zemoT kolxebi, romlebic aRweven CrdiloeTis zRvamde, romelsac erTvis md. fazisi. es oTxi tomi mosaxleobs zRvidan zRvamde (4. 37). yvela adamianebze ufro veluri Cveulebebi androfagebsa aqvT. isini arc samarTalsa scnoben da arc raime kanons iyeneben. isini momTabareebi arian. tanisamoss atareben skviTuris msgavss, xolo ena ki sakuTari aqvT. am xalxebidan mxolod eseni Wamen adamianis xorcs (4. 106). yvela melanxlenebi Sav tansacmels atareben, aqedana aqvT maT es saxelic, xolo Cveulebebs skviTebisas misdeven (4. 107). marebs hqondaT Tavebze adgilobrivi mownuli muzaradebi, tyavis patara farebi da xelSubebi. xolo kolxebs Tavebze xis muzaradebi hqondaT. gamouqneli tyavis patara farebi da mokle Subebi, amas garda _ danebi. marebsa da kolxebs ganagebda farandate teaspis Ze. alarodielebi da saspeirebi laSqroben kolxebis msgavsad SeiaraRebulebi. maT winamZRolobda masistios siromitresis Ze (7. 79)~155.
mivmarToT kidev erTi avtoris _ herodore heraklelis (Zv.w. V-IVss.) cnobas, romelic kolxeTis miaxloebiT lokalizaciaSi dagvexmareba: `kavkasia armenielTa qveynidan kolxTa (mxaremdea) gadaWimuli~156. motanili cnobebis mimoxilvamde, sxvadasxva tomebis vinaobis garkvevamde upriania, gaverkveT `tomi~-s cnebaSi, gaverkveT, ras aRniSnavdnen Zveli avtorebi
153 . T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi..., I, gv. 46-49; T. yauxCiSvilis, n. lomourisa da ak. uruSaZis Targmanebs Soris umniSvnelo gansxvavebaa, isic mxolod stilisturi xasiaTisa; aris mcire sxvaoba saxelebis transkrifciaSic. magaliTad, `maiotebi~, `kepo~, `melanqlainebi~, `aigipiosi~ (n. lomouri, T. yauxCiSvili) da `meotebi~, `kepebi~, `melanqlenebi~, `egipiosi~ (ak. uruSaZe); `henioqebi, kolebi~ (T. yauxCiSvili) da `penioxebi~, `kolike~ (n. lomouri, ak. uruSaZe); `aqaiebi~ (T. yauxCiSvili), `axaiebi~ (n. lomouri), `aqeelebi ~ (ak. uruSaZe) da a. S. ix. n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 33-34; ak. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi..., gv. 288-289. 154 . ak. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi..., gv. 278; ix. agreTve n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 32. 155 . T. yauxCiSvili. herodotes cnobebi..., gv. 65, 71-73, 76, 82, 88, 113. 156 . n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 32.
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am terminiT da yovelTvis marTebulad gamoiyeneba Tu ara igi istoriografiaSi. ZvelqarTul literaturaSi, aseve `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ termini `tomi~ sami mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: zogadad adamianTa modgmis; konkretuli eTnosis (eri, xalxi); eris nawilis, ganStoebis _ naTesauri, administraciul-teritoriuli da sxva niSniT gamoyofili erTobis157. bibliis sxvadasxva drois qarTul TargmanebSi `tomi~ ZiriTadad xalxisa (eris) da misi ganStoebis mniSvnelobebiT gamoiyeneba158. sulxan-saba orbeliani ki am termins ase ganmartavs: `naTesavi, romlis naTesavisaganacaa, vityviT israelisa; Semdgomad vityviT: romeli tomisagan? vityviT: rubenis tomisagan, gina levisa, gina sxvaTa; rameTu erTi naTesavi ganiyofebis tom-tomad, tomi ganiyofebis saxlad-saxlad da saxli ganiyofebis kacad-kacad; tomad iTqmis gvamovanTa ganyofilebaica simravled-dasdasobaTa... tomad iTqmis gvamoanTa ganyofilebaica simravled das-dasobaT~159. mokled, tomi aris xalxis, eris garkveuli nawili da Sedgeba ramdenime saxlisagan _ jgufisagan, saTavadosagan, sanaTesaosagan, gvarisagan. rogorc vxedavT, s.-s. orbelianis mixedviT, tomi ar warmoadgens eTnikur kategorias. ZvelqarTulad `tomebai~ niSnavs naTesaobas, `tomebiT~ _ igivea, rac `STamomavlobiT~160. SemdgomSi cneba `tomi~ (племя) upiratesad eTnosis, xalxis mniSvnelobas imkvidrebs; am terminiT aRiniSneba eTnikuri erToba misi pirvelyofili formiT _ gvariT dawyebuli da zogjer eriTac damTavrebuli. dasavluri sociologiuri da istoriuli mecniereba eris warmoSobas ganixilavs rogorc gvartomobrivi kavSirebis gagrZeleba-ganviTarebas161. sabWoTa sociologiisa da istoriografiisaTvis tomi aseve iyo eTnikuri erTobisa da klasobrivamdeli sazogadoebis socialuri organizaciis tipi, eTnosis pirvandeli forma, winareeTnosi; momdevno formad ganixileboda xalxi (erovneba), bolos _ eri. qarTul-afxazuri istoriografia xSirad am sabWouri162 kategoriebiT (samsafexuriani eTnogenezi) udgeboda (arc Tu ise iSviaTad, amJamadac udgeba) antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi dafiqsirebuli mosaxleobis vinaobis dadgenis sakiTxs da ganixilavda maT calke eTnosebad. ase, magaliTad, z.anCabaZes mxedvelobaSi hqonda kolxeTis samefoSi arsebuli viTareba da aRniSnavda, rom tomebi warmoadgendnen teritoriul-eTnikur jgufebs, romlebic qveynis administraciuli dayofisas ar iyvnen erTmaneTSi organulad Serwymulni; mas miaCnda, rom termini `tomebi~ yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi garkveuli mniSvnelobiT unda gamoiyenebodes. erT SemTxvevaSi eseni iyvnen pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis eTnikuri erTeulebi, meore SemTxvevaSi 157 . gamoTqmebSi _ `misgan kide sanaxavad ara unda kacTa tomi” (SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t. 4. Tb., 1988, str. 990, gv. 207), agreTve `naTesavi adamisi da tomni noesni~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV. Tb., 1973, gv. 14) adamianTa modgma igulisxmeba (`tomni noesni~ SeiZleba gavigoT agreTve rogorc calkeuli erebi). konkretuli eri (erebi) ivaraudeba frazebSi: `yovelni tomni qveyanisani~ (giorgi merCule. grigol xanZTelis cxovreba. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t. I. Tb., 1987, gv. 536.); `vin xar, mzeo, anu Svili visTa tomTa~ (SoTa rusTaveli. iqve, str. 1130, gv. 236); `SeiZra razmi indoTa tomisa~ (iqve, str. 1336 gv. 276); `tomman ebraelTaman~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. II. Tb., 1959, gv. 8.); `aRvwereT tomoba da Camomavloba qarTvelTa~ (iqve, t. IV, gv. 14.). eris nawilis ganStoebis mniSvnelobiT termin `tomi~-s gamoyenebis magaliTebia: `aginebda varsqen Tesl-tomsa missa~ (sanaTesavos _ avt.). – ix.: iakob xucesi. SuSanikis wameba. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t. I, gv. 230; `tomni didisa efrem mawyverel episkoposisani~ (giorgi merCule. grigol xanZTelis cxovreba. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t. 1, gv. 611.); `mun xel-yos ganbrwyinebad xelmwifobasa da Saravandedobasa tomis-guarisa Tquenisa~, `aw ismineT Cemi, tomno da erT-nebanno~, `aw ismineT Cemi, tomno da erT-nebanno~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 26, 312.); `xolo ese qarTvelTa tomni...~ (iqve, t. IV, gv. 14.); `Semdgomad mokuda dedofali Tamari, coli mefisa, romeli iyo kaxT—batonTa tomisa~ (iqve, gv. 459.) da a.S. 158 . ix. amis Sesaxeb: d. meliqiSvili. Zveli qarTuli filosofiur-Teologiuri terminologiis istoriidan. Tb., 1999, gv. 208-229. gamoTqma `vefxistyaosnis” proloogSi `tomi gvarTa zenaTa” (str. 20), z.gamsaxurdias azriT, samebas gulisxmobs (z.gamsaxurdia. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba. Tb., 1991, gv. 124). 159 . s.-s. orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, II. Tb., 1993, gv. 142. 160 . z. sarjvelaZe. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni. Tb., 1995, gv. 197. 161 . r. TofCiSvili. qarTvelTa eTnikuri istoria da saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi. Tb., 2002, gv. 162 . ix.: i. b. stalini. marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi. Txz. t.2.
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_ adreklasobriv urTierTobaTa doneze myofi eTnikuri erToba, mcire erovneba. sruliad usafuZvlod, magram konkretuli miznebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos didi nawilis momcveli kolxeTis samefo mecnierma `eTnikurad daqucmacebul~ saxelmwifod gamoacxada, sadac kolxebis garda, viTom cxovrobda eTnikuri individualobiT gamorCeuli bevri sxva xalxi; am samefos Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili _ Tanamedrove afxazeTic, z.anCabaZis azriT, eTnikuri siWreliT gamoirCeoda163. moviyvanT kidev erT magaliTs. m.inaZe wuxs imis gamo, rom berZen-romaeli avtorebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze sxvadasxva tomebs maTi eTnikuri vinaobis miTiTebis gareSe asaxeleben, rac arTulebs afxazeTis Zveli mosaxleobis eTnopolitikuri procesebis kvlevas da xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis am sakiTxze msjelobisas azrTa sxvadasxvaobis gaCenisaTvis. pativcemuli mecnieri ar iTvaliswinebs im garemoebas, rom aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, istoriuli saqarTvelos farglebSi moxseniebuli tomebi, SesaZloa, sulac ar warmoadgendnen calke eTnikur jgufebs. aqve unda davazustoT, rom antikur periodSi ki ar daiwyo `satomo erTeulebidan erovnebis Camoyalibebis rTuli procesi~164, aramed im droisaTvis es procesi ZiriTadad dasrulda. rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, qarTveli eri antikur xanamde, kerZod, II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi rom ar yofiliyo sakmaod myar erTobad (saerTo TviTSegnebiT, eniT, kulturiT, saxelmwifoebriobiT) Camoyalibebuli, gardauvali iqneboda sxvadasxva eTnosebad misi daSla,165 radganac xelsayreli pirobebi monaTesave qarTvelur tomTa konsolidaciisa da istoriuli saqarTvelos mTel sivrceze ganfenil erTian eTnosad formirebisaTvis SemdgomSi ax.w. VIII-X saukuneebamde mxolod epizodurad (Zv.w. IIIs., ax.w. Vs.) Tu arsebobda. gareSe faqtorebis zegavleniT, antikuri xana, sinamdvileSi iyo erSi dezintegraciuli procesebis mimdinareobis, ganStoebebad misi dayofis periodi; rogorc t.futkaraZe asabuTebs, saerToqarTveluri enis divergenciac im epoqaSi _ welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze xdeba166. gamomdinare aqedan, droa, uari vTqvaT Teoriaze sami viTom sxvadasxva tomis (qarTebis, megrelebisa da svanebis) Serwymis Sedegad qarTveli eris formirebis Sesaxeb. samive ganStoeba, piriqiT, erTi mTlianis nawilobrivi dezintegraciis gziT Camoyalibda; amasTanave rRvevis procesi Sors ar wasula, ar gaRrmavebula, zogadqarTuli TviTSegnebisa da saerTo kulturuli enis daSla ar gamouwvevia. es ki xelsayrel viTarebaSi Zlier qarTvel mefeebs droebiT an xangrZlivi periodiT qveynisa da eris mTlianad Tu nawilobriv gaerTianebis saSualebas aZlevda. gareSe mtruli Zalebi rogorc eris, ise misi ama Tu im ganStoebis mcire `eTnosebad~ daSlas cdilobdnen. gansakuTrebiT rTuli viTareba Seiqmna am mxriv dampyrobTaTvis yvelaze mimzidvel saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi, sadac, romaul-bizantiuri wyaroebis mixedviT, mravali `eTnosia~ dafiqsirebuli. msgavsi `tomebis~ Tu `xalxebis~ vinaoba Tavidanve ainteresebdaT mwerlebs, mematianeebs. jer kidev straboni (Is.) akritikebda helanikes, herodotes da evdoqses Crdilo-dasavleT SavizRvispireTis satomo saxelebis damaxinjebisaTvis167. XIX saukunis rusi istorikosi p.buraCkovi werda, rom 163
. З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк..., gv. 27-28. . m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis eTno-politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi. _ macne. istoriis... seria, 1992, #1, gv. 7. 165 . SedarebisaTvis SeiZleba ebraeli xalxis magaliTi movitanoT. Zv.w. 722 wels israelis samefos, xolo Zv.w. 586w. iudevelTa samefos ganadgurebamde da msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi gansaxlebamde ebraelebi myar, erTian erad rom ar yofiliyvnen Camoyalibebuli, ver SeinarCunebdnen erTianobas da 1948w. ver aRadgendnen israelis saxelmwifos. 166 . t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi, gv. 50-51; saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drois Sesaxeb ix. gv. 280-297. 167 . strabonis rusul gamocemaSi naTqvamia, rom es damaxinjebuli satomo saxelebi `нам наболтали Гелланик, Геродот и Евдокс~. – . 17 . , . . . . . . ., 1964,gv. 516. 164
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ruseTis samxreTiT dafiqsirebuli axali geografiuli saxelebi, aseve eTnonimebi warmoadgendnen erTi da imave saxelis sxvadasxva enaze Targmans; zogjer ki toponimikisa da eTnonimikis cvlilebebi sacxovrebeli adgilebis Tu mmarTvelTa gamocvlas ukavSirdeboda. Tavis mosazrebas igi ganamtkicebda cnobiT erT-erTi rusuli matianedan, romelSic naTqvamia, rom Zvel tomebs `saxelebi daerqvaT im adgilebis mixedviT, sadac isini damkvidrdnen~168. yabardoeli istorikosi g. kokievi aseve amtkicebda, rom Zveli avtorebi `erTi da imave tomis nawilebs, sacxovrebeli adgilis cvlilebisa da maT mier dakavebuli miwebis geografiuli Taviseburebebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva saxelebiT moixseniebdnen~169. satomo saxelebis mikuTvneba sxva mizezebiTac xdeboda, kerZod, saqmianobis, profesiis, garegnobis, ama Tu im dasaxlebisaTvis (`tomisaTvis~) miniWebuli funqciis mixedviT da a.S. igive koraqsebi ZvelberZnuli enidan iTargmneba rogorc yvavebi; henioxebi _ meetleebi, mxedrebi, sadavis damWerebi; savromatebi _ xvlikisTvalianebi; melanqlenebi _ SavebSi (nabadSi) Cacmulebi; kerketebi _ mesaWeebi; xarimatebi _ sasiamovno Tvalebianebi; telonebi _ xarkis amkrefni; fterofagebi _ girCis mWamelebi, tilis mWamelebi; makrocefalebi _ grZelTavianebi da a.S.170 amis Taobaze a.diaCkov-tarasovi werda: `saerTod elinebi ar eridebodnen adgilobrivi tomebisaTvis saxelebis moZebnas: SeamCnies usufTaoba toms, daarqves fTirofagebi (tilismWamelebi), unaxes grZeli wverebi _ makropogonebi; henioxebis erT-erT mezobel toms, SeiZleba TviT henioxTa erT-erT toms ubralod kefalotomebi (Tavis mWrelebi, baSibuzukebi) uwodes. TviT `henioxi~ berZnuli saxelwodebaa, romelic miRebulia dioskuriadis saxelis asociaciiT~171. zogjer xdeboda adgilobrivi saxelis berZnul-romauli gaazreba da amis Sesabamisad saxelis Secvla. rogorc vxedavT, umetes SemTxvevaSi satomo saxelebis etimologia maTi matarebeli xalxebis eTnikur TavisTavadobaze sulac ar miuTiTebs. garkveul problemas da gaugebrobas qmnis is garemoeba, rom berZen-romaeli avtorebis `toms~ mkacri definicia ar gaaCnia. is xan ers, eTnoss niSnavs172, xan kidev, rogorc zemoT iyo naCvenebi, sxvadasxva niSniT misgan gamoyofil nawils (nawilebs) Tu administraciul-teritoriul erTeuls (erTeulebs). ZvelberZnulSi termin `eTnoss~ mravali mniSvneloba hqonda; igi aRniSnavda ara mxolod `toms~ an `xalxs~, aramed mas hqonda zogadmadiferencirebeli mniSvneloba da aRniSnavda saxelmwifos, `barbarosul~, araelinur sazogadoebas173 da a.S. stefane bizantielis cnobil `eTnika~-Sic am terminiT, garda eTnikuri erTeulebisa, aRiniSneba saxelmwifoebi, qalaqebi, kunZulebi, mTebi, ubralod adgilebi, dasaxlebebi da a.S. magaliTad: `gogarene, adgili kolxebsa da aRmosavleTis iberebs Sua. eTnikuria gogareni~; `tvienosi, kolxTa qalaqi... eTnikuria tvienites~174 (igulisxmeba q.gienosi). am sakiTxs yuradReba miaqcia g.meliqiSvilmac. igi marTebulad miuTiTebda, rom mravali satomo saxelis arseboba jer kidev ar niSnavs sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmoSobis tomebis arsebobas. `zogieri saxelwodeba zogadi (aRwerilobiTi) berZnulia (magaliTad, `makrokefalebi~ _ `grZelTavianebi~) da ar unda ganixilebodnen 168
. П. Бурачков. О местоположении древняго города Каркинитеса и монетах ему принадлежащих. – Записки Императорского Одесского Общества Истории древностей, т.IX. Одесса, 1875, gv. 118. 169 . Г. А. Кокиев. Некоторые сведения из древней истории адыгов (кабардинцев). Нальчик, 1946, gv. 7. 170 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 28-30; b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis zogierTi tomis eTnonimebTan dakavSirebiT. parizi, 2003, gv. 51-54. 171 . a. diaCkov-tarasovi. gagra da misi Semogareni. rusulidan Targmnes da komentarebi daurTes z. papasqirma da b.xoravam. Tb., 2003, gv. 63. SedarebisaTvis gavixsenoT, rom Turqebi imerlebs `baSiaCukebs~ (TavSiSvelebs) eZaxdnen; yizilbaSi niSnavs wiTelTavians da a.S. 172 . ix. magaliTad, `strabonis terminologia~. _ T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb., 1957, gv. 26-30. 173 . o. lorTqifaniZe. iyo Tu ara saxelmwifo kolxeTi? gv. 41-43. 174 . georgika, t. 3, gv. 277, 286.
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rogorc saxelebi garkveuli tomebisa, romlebsac sxva SemTxvevaSi SeeZloT sxva saxelebiT gamoCena, _ werda g.meliqiSvili. _ rig SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs satomo saxelebis damaxinjebasTan an modifikaciasTan... erTi da igive eTnikur koleqtivs SeeZlo wyaroebSi gamoCeniliyo sxvadasxva saxelebiT am ukanasknelTa sxvadasxvaenovani wyaroebisa an sxvadasxva mezoblebisagan gadmoRebis Sedegad. amitom Cven, ra Tqma unda, ar SegviZlia antikur wyaroebSi Cvenamde moRweuli SavizRvispira tomTa saxelebi ganvixiloT rogorc sxvadasxva tomTa realuri saxelebi da maTi gaqrobis SemTxvevaSi visaubroT am eTnikuri jgufebis raRacnair gadaadgilebebze an ganadgurebazec ki da a.S.~175 es absoluturad swori daskvna iSviaTad Tu aris mkvlevarebis mier gaTvaliswinebuli; samwuxarod, istoriografiaSi kvlavac grZeldeba nebismieri `tomis~ eTnikur warmonaqmnad ganxilva, Sesabamisad, kvlavac mimdinareobs usafuZvlo da simarTlis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT sruliad uperspeqtivo dava-kamaTi (gansakuTrebiT qarTvel da afxaz istorikosebs Soris), `varaudebis~ wamoyeneba maT eTnikur kuTvnilebasTan dakavSirebiT. `tomis~ araswori gageba xdeba safuZveli araswori daskvnebisa istoriografiaSi kolxeTis `mravaltomianobis~, mTielTa `Tavdasxmebis~, CrdiloeTkavkasiidan mudmivi `Semosevebis~, xalxTa `gadasaxlebebis~ Sesaxeb. sakiTxisadmi amgvari mcdari midgoma saSualebas aZlevs separatistebs gaayalbon da `miiTvison~ kolxeTis istoria. termin `tomis~ xmarebisas mudam unda gvaxsovdes yvela es momenti da ara sazogadoebriv-politikuri formaciebi, rogorc amas mkacrad moiTxovda sabWoTa ideologia. antikuri xanis bolomde da adre Sua saukuneebSic dasaSvebia saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle kolxebis (laz-megrelebis, svanebis) mimarT termin `tomis~ gamoyeneba eris ganStoebis mniSvnelobiT, Tumca Tanamedrove gagebiT `tomi~ namdvilad aris winareeTnosi176. saubaria mxolod antikuri wyaroebis `tomis~ swor definiciaze. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom xSirad terminebs `tomi~, `Sto~ (ganStoeba) paraleluri mniSvnelobiT iyenebdnen iv. javaxiSvili, s. janaSia, p.ingoroyva da sxvebi177. dasavlurqarTuli tomebisagan (laz-megrelebisa da svanebisagan) gamoyofil da wyaroebSi calke dasaxelebul wvril administraciul erTeulebs ufro miesadageba termini `Temi~. am termins zogjer xmarobda iv.javaxiSvili178. TezisebSi `qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis genezis istoriidan~ s.janaSia kolxeTis samefos Sesaxeb werda: igi Seicavs `mravaltomians Tu mravalTemian mosaxleobas~; `mravaltomiani (Tu mravalTemiani) kolxuri samyaros mTlianoba...; `kolxeTis samefosaTvis damaxda a.S. Tanamedrove asiaTebeli mravaltomianoba (mravalTemianoba)...~179 saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebis mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad termin `Temis~ gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba daasabuTa t.futkaraZem. misi azriT, termini `tomi~ mxolod winareeTnosis aRsaniSnavad unda iyos gamoyenebuli, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki _ Temi180. r TofCiSvilisaTvis aseve misaRebia `Temis~ imave mniSvnelobiT xmareba, Tumca sxva variantebsac (`eTnografiuli jgufi~, `eTnografiuldialeqturi erTeuli~ da a.S.) gvTavazobs181. aRniSnuli mosazrebebi ZiriTadad gasaziarebelia, magram antikur xanasTan mimarTebaSi garkveuli koreqtivebia saWiro. magaliTad, kolxTa mimarT termin `Temis~ gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi marTebuli ar iqneboda imave terminiT misi ganStoebebis aRniSvna. amitom 175
. Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 83. . t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi, gv. 37. 177 . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria w. I-II. Tb., 1913, gv. 59; s. janaSia. Sromebi, II. Tb., 1952, gv. 21; p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 143, 145. 178 . iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa..., gv. 12. 179 . s. janaSia. Sromebi, II. Tb., 1952, gv. 19,20. 180 . t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi, gv. 37-41. 181 . r. TofCiSvili. qarTvelTa eTnikuri istoria..., gv. 26, 28, 78, 83, 90 da a. S.; misive: eTnoistoriuli etiudebi, w. I. Tb., 2005, gv. 53. 176
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antikur wyaroebSi dafiqsirebul mosaxleobas saukeTesod miesadageba terminebi `tomi~ da `Temi~ (sxva wvrili erTeulebi). adreantikuri xanis avtorTa zemoTmoyvanili cnobebi saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi kolxebs da kolxur Temebs aTavseben. afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze da mis mezoblad dafiqsirebuli arian koraqsebi, kolebi, henioxebi, mosxebi, kerketebi. qarTul istoriografiaSi garkveulia hekate mileTelTan moxseniebuli koraqsebisa da kolebis vinaoba. koraqsebis kolxebisadmi kuTvnileba pirdapir wyaroSia miTiTebuli da mis sizusteSi eWvi aravis epareba. kolebTan erTad maT kolxebTan aigivebdnen iv.javaxiSvili182, p.ingoroyva183, n.lomouri184, m.inaZe185 da mravali sxva. z.anCabaZe cdilobda, magram ver moaxerxa koraqsebis sanigebTan an afsilebTan dakavSireba. saboloo jamSi, man is zogadi daskvna gaakeTa, rom ar arsebobs sakmarisi safuZveli koraqsebisa da kolebis eTnikur kolxebTan gaigivebisaTvis186. sainteresoa, rom TviT d.guliac ki koraqsebs qarTvelebad, kerZod, svanebad miiCnevda187. hekaTe mileTelTan moxseniebuli `koraqsebis kedeli~ sxvadasxva avtorebis mier lokalizebulia kodorTan (frederik diubua de monpere)188, kelasurTan (k.kudriavcevi, p.ingoroyva)189. mkvlevarebisaTvis jer kidev XIXs. dasawyisSi iyo cnobili, rom biWvinTidan viwro gasasvleli zRvasa da mTas Sua uZveles xanaSi berZnebma Caketes kedliT; igi biWvinTasTan iwyeboda190. swored es aris `koraqsis kedeli~. avtorTa umetesoba (b.kuftini, n.lomouri, d.kaWarava, g. kvirkvelia, b.gogia da a.S.) mis lokalizacias axdens md. bzifis xeobaSi, sadac uZvelesi nagebobis kedlis naSTebia aRmoCenili191. Sesabamisad, md. bzifisa da gagris midamoebSi unda moxdes `koraqsikes mxaris~, `kolikes qveynisa~ da `kolikes mTebis~ lokalizaciac. p.ingoroyvas azriT, kolxeTis (kolikes) mTebi erqva kavkasionis qedis qluxoris zonas; misi saxelwodeba iyo kolxori, saidanac momdinareobs am terminis gviandeli saxenacvali forma qluxori192. mecnierTa gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyroben henioxebi (henioqebi), romlebic Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebidan (skilaqs kariandeli, helanike mitileneli) ax.w. I saukunemde uamrav avtorTan Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi moixseniebian193. ariane (IIs.) henioxebs samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi aTavsebs. plinius ufrosis (Is.) cnobiT, meetle sanebi _ henioxebi trapizonis CrdiloeTiT cxovrobdnen; igive avtori sxvadasxva saxelebis matarebel henioxebs CrdilodasavleT SavizRvispireTSi moixseniebs194. flavius ariane (IIs.) ki henioxebs
182
iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiis..., gv. 12. p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule..., gv. 132, 141. 184 n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 8, 10. 185 m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis..., macne, 1992, #1, gv. 9-10. 186 З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк..., gv. 30-31. 187 g. gasviani. afxazeTi. Zveli da axali afxazebi. Tb., 1998, gv. 17-18. 188 . Фредерик Дюбуа де Монпере. Путешествие вокруг Кавказа. Сухуми, 1937, gv. 148. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom kaTolike misionerebi qr. kasteli da arq. lamberti md. kodors koraqsTan aigivebdnen. _ Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 251, 252. 189 . К. Кудрявцев. Сборник…, gv. 28-29; p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 141. 190 . Новейшие географические и историч. известия о Кавказе, собранные и пополненные С. Броневским, ч. I. M., 1823, gv. 293. 191 . Б.А.Куфтин. Материалы по археологии Колхиды, т.1. Тб., 1949, gv.124; n.lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi, gv.9; Д.Качарава. Города и поселения Причерноморья антической эпохи. Тб., 1991, gv. 141; b.gogia. Zveli kolxeTis, gv. 49-50. 192 . p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 143. 193 . ix. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 168 (straboni), 170 (pomponius mela), 171 (pliniusi), 175 (dionise periegeti), 177 (amiane marcelinusi), 182 (Vs. anonimi), 189 (stefane bizantieli); n.lomouri. klavdios ptolemaiosi, gv. 44. I saukunis avtori valerius flaviusi axsenebs mrisxane henioxebs medeasTan kavSirSi. misi cnobiT, medeas hyolia ZiZa _ henioxi qali (T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiuri tomebis sakiTxisaTvis antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT. 2. henioxebi. _ macne, istoriis... seria, 1980, #4, gv. 68). 194 . l. arboliSvili. plinius ufrosis `bunebis istoria~ rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis wyaro. Tb., 2006 gv.146, 148. 183
. . . . . .
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samxreTiT aTavsebs195. Vs. anonimis mixedviTac henioxebi fiqsirdebian rogorc Crdilo-aRmosavleT, ise samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi196. aristotele (Zv.w. Vs.), II saukunis aleqsandrieli swavluli heraklide lembusi (qarTul istoriografiaSi igi miCneuli iyo Zv.w. III-IVss. berZen mweral heraklide pontoelad) henioxebs fazisis macxovreblebad Tvlian, romlebic SemdgomSi mileTelebma Secvales197. erT-erTi pirveli mecnieri, romelmac specialuri naSromi miuZRvna henioxebs, gaxldaT i. orbeli. werilSi `tyupebis qalaqi dioskuria da henioxTa meetle tomi~ (rus. en.) avtoris mier Camoyalibebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, soxumi uZvelesi droidan qarTvelebis (an maT monaTesaveTa) kuTvnileba iyo, xolo qalaqis (dioskuriis) daarsebasTan kavSiris mqone meetleebi _ henioxebi (`heniqi~) igive sanigebi anu svanebi arian198. am Temas n.maric Seexo. man mxaric dauWira i.orbelis im daskvnas, rom `henioxi~ aris swori pirveladi formis _ `heniqi~//`sanigi~-s berZnuli damaxinjeba; sufiqs `q~-s gaTvaliswinebiT, es sityva, TiTqos, ekuTvnis iafetur enaTa im Stos, romlis warmomadgenelicaa afxazuri. n.mari ar eTanxmeba i.orbels imaSi, rom ZvelqarTul `hune~-s (cxeni) kavSiri ara aqvs `henioq~-ebTan//henioxebTan199, romlebic berZnul-romauli wyaroebis mixedviT, ganTqmuli iyvnen yaCaRobiT, avazakobiT, mekobreobiT; somxuri `heun~, _ dasZens n.mari, - niSnavs aseve yaCaRs, mekobres, avazaks; es ukanaskneli sityva qarTulSi Sesula, viTom misgan yofila nawarmoebi avazgi//abazgi//afxazi200. amrigad, xelovnuri lingvisturi kombinaciebiT n. marma `henioxi~ (`henioqi~) mainc afxazebs daukavSira. `afxazeTis istoriis~ II Tavi (`henioxebi_inioxebi=abasgebis_abasebis_ afxazebis winaprebi~) d.guliam henioxebs miuZRvna da isini kolxebTan gaaigiva, z.anCabaZe orive erTad afsua-afxazTa winaprebad gamoacxada201. 202 henioxebs//sanigebs jiq-saZebad miiCnevda . am mosazrebas, romelic pirvelad 1903 wels a.diaCkov-tarasovma gamoTqva203, iziarebda204 da iziarebs 205 separatistuli istoriografia . henioxebs SesaqmeTa wignis enoqs206//henoxs ukavSirebda da Wan-megrelebad miiCnevda iv.javaxiSvili207. aseTive mosazreba hqonda s.janaSias208. p.ingoroyvas azriT, henioxebi, igive sanixebi anu sanebi, megrul-lazur Stos ekuTvnodnen; `maTi gansaxlebis teritoria sam nawilad iyofoda: Zveli samxreT henioxeTi _ 195 . flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo. Targmani, gamokvleva, komentarebi da ruka n. keWaymaZisa. Tb., 1961, gv. 42. 196 . georgika, t. 2. Tb., 1965, gv. 3-4, 11. 197 . T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTvel mTielTa eTnogenezis, gansaxlebisa da kulturis istoriidan. Tb., 1989 gv.51; b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis..., gv. 83-93. 198 . . , . XXIII, 1911, май. СПБ., 1911, gv. 202-215. kislingi henioxebs qarTvelur tomad miiCnevda, akavSirebda maT sanebsa da lazebTan, am ukanasknelebs ki _ kerketebTan (T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis... 2. henioxebi. _ macne, istoriis... sesia, 1980, #4, gv. 72). 199 . i. orbelis zogierT mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT m. inaZe wers: `satomo saxelwodebas` `heni~ da mis variantebs `honi~, `huni~ ZvelqarTul saxelwodebas `hune~ ukavSirebda i. orbeli... eTnonim `henis~ variantuli saxesxvaobidan `Weni~ SesaZlebelia nawarmoebi iyos zmna `Weneba~ (m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis..., macne, 1992, #1, gv. 14.). aseT dakavSirebas axdenda ara i. orbeli, aramed n. mari. `Нельзя однако решительно примкнуть к мнению И. А. Орбели, _ werda igi, _ что с henioq-ами не имеет ничего общаго древнегрузинский hone hone>hune hune конь... Трудно отказаться от мысли о связи древне-грузинского названия лошади hone hone>hune hune-с этническим термином hon, двоиником henioq...~. `heni~, `Weni~, `Weneba~-s erTmaneTTan dakavSirebasac n. mari axdenda (Н. Марр. Из лингвистической поездки в Абхазию…, gv. 327). 200 . Н. Марр. Из лингвистической поездки в Абхазию, gv. 325-330. 201 . Д. Гулия. История Абхазии, т. 1, gv. 35-52. 202 . З. Анчабадзе. Очерк..., gv. 31-36. 203 . a. diaCkov-tarasovi. gagra da misi Semogareni, gv. 74-75. 204 . Ю. Воронов. Материальная культура гениохских племен в VI-I вв. до н. э. – Сборник работ молодых учених-историков Абхазии. Сухуми, 1974; misive: Диоскурия-Себастополис – Цхум. М., 1980 da a.S. 205 . О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 62-68. 206 . dabadeba, IV. 17, 18; V. 18, 19, 21-24. 207 . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, I. Tb., 1981, gv. 401, 403. 208 . s. janaSia. Sromebi, III. Tb., 1959, gv. 8.
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Semdgomi zRvispira afxazeTi soxumidan adleramde; Sida henioxeTi (soWis raioni) da Crdilo henioxeTi _ SemdgomSi afxazeTis jiqeTi (tuafses raioni)~. sakuTar Sexedulebas p.ingoroyva henioxTa gansaxlebis teritoriaze mxolod qarTveluri toponimebis arsebobiTac asabuTebda209. henioxTa vinaobis sakiTxs Seexo g.meliqiSvili. igi iziarebda p. uSakovis Sexedulebas maTi urartuli warmoSobis iganiexTan gaigivebis Sesaxeb210. g.meliqiSvili henioxebs qarTvelTa dasavluri Stos _ Wanebisa da svanebis winaprebad Tvlida211. specialur gamokvlevebSi henioxebi qarTvelebad hyavT gaazrebuli ak. uruSaZes212 da b. gigineiSvils213. es ukanaskneli uaryofs `henioxis~ kavSirs enox//enuqTan (iv. javaxiSvili) da agreTve iganiexTan (p. uSakovi, g. meliqiSvili). henioxebisadmi miZRvnil gamokvlevaTa Soris dRemde saukeTesod rCeba masSi moyvanili, Sejerebuli da Rrmad T.yauxCiSvilis naSromi214. gaanalizebulia TiTqmis yvela uZvelesi cnoba am jgufis Sesaxeb, gaTvaliswinebulia qarTvel da ucxoel (kislingi da sxv.) specialistTa naazrevi; naCvenebia, rom `wyaroebis umravlesobis mixedviT, Zv.w. V-IVss-dan Ismde henioxebi cxovrobdnen soWidan pitiunt-dioskuriamde~; warmomavlobiT ki es xalxi aris `WeSmaritad erT-erTi uZvelesi qarTuli tomi~; avtori miiCnevs, rom mxolod I saukunidan xdeba henioxTa samxreTiT gadaadgileba jiqTa mowolis Tu sxva mizezebis gamo215. henioxebs eZRvneba vrceli paragrafi T.mibCuanis monografiaSi. avtori maT qarTul samyaros miakuTvnebs216. seriozuli istoriografiuli analizis Semdeg imave daskvnas akeTebs g.gasviani217. henioxebis Temas ramdenime naSromSi sainteresod aviTarebs m.inaZe da mohyavs garkveuli argumentebi qarTvelTa ama Tu im Stosadmi maTi kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb218. n.berulavas azriT ki henioxebs Soris iyvnen svanebi, megrelebi, qarTebi (mosxebis saxiT) da afxazTa winaprebic219. henioxTa vinaobisa da gansaxlebis sakiTxs vrclad exeba b.gogia. `saboloo jamSi unda davaskvnaT, _ wers igi, _ rom arsebobda henioxTa ZiriTadi kolxuri tomi dioskuriasa da mis mimdebare teritoriebze, xolo henioxTa ramdenime tomi (kolonia) ki aqedan wasula da damkvidrebula: kimeriul bosforTan, tuafsesTan, rizesTan da fazisTan~220. Tavis daskvnas is afuZnebs qarTvel da evropel mecnierTa Sromebze, agreTve pirvelwyaroebze. yvelasagan gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs n. lomours. adre gamoqveynebul werilebSi man damajereblad ar miiCnia henioxebisa da sanigebis identuroba, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze henioxTa mkvidroba, qarTveluri Stos (gansakuTrebiT svanebis) warmomadgenlebad maTi gamocxadeba, Tumca adre ar gamoricxavda, `rom henioxebi Tavdapirvelad das. saqarTvelos samxreT nawilSi binadrobdnen da Semdgom TandaTan gadaiwies Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze221~; amasTanave n.lomouri uSvebda henioxebis `kuTvnilebas megrul209
. p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 129, 134-136. . П. Ушаков. К походам урартийцев в Закавказье. – Вестник Древней Истории, 1946, №2, с. 38. 211 . . . . , gv. 91, 93, 115, 210, 214, 223, 373-734; g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiis..., gv. 67. 212 . ak. uruSaZe. henioxebis Sesaxeb. _ Tsu-s Sromebi, t. 96. Tb., 1963, gv. 243-248. 213 . b. gigineiSvili. eTnonim henioxis warmomavlobisaTvis. _ macne. istoriis.. seria, 1975, #1, gv. 115-124. 214 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT. _ macne, istoriis... seria, 1980, #4, gv. 57-77. 215 . iqve, gv. 69, 75, 76. 216 . T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos... gv. 48-83; ix. agreTve misive: afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis istoria. Tb., 2003, gv. 36-44. 217 . g. gasviani. afxazeTi, gv. 21-25. 218 . m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis... _ macne, 1992, #1, gv. 10-14. 219 . Н. Берулава. Диоскурия-Себастополис, gv. 129. 220 . b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis..., gv. 93. 221 . n. lomouri. klavdios ptolemaiosi... gv. 54. 210
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Wanuri Stosadmi~222. bolo periodSi misi pozicia ufro kategoriuli gaxda. `arsebiTad gamoricxulia, _ wers n.lomouri, _ henioxebis mosaxleoba kolxeTis da e.i. afxazeTis teritoriaze, maTi qarTveloba, megrul-Wanuri Tu svanuri warmomavlobis tomad gamocxadeba, isev dausabuTebelia maTi kavSiri sanigebTan~223. mecnieri fiqrobs, rom mxolod amgvari poziciis dacviT aris SesaZlebeli afxazeTSi qarTvelTa yofnis dasabuTeba da mogerieba separatistulad ganwyobili istorikosebisa, romlebic henioxebs (aseve sanigebs) afxazebad miiCneven da maTi gansaxlebis arealad mTel kolxeTs moiazreben; henioxebs afxazeTidan Tu `gavasaxlebT~, miaCnia n.lomours, yvela problema TiTqos mogvardeba224. Znelia, daeTanxmo am, erTi SexedviT, keTilSobiluri miznebiT nakarnaxev, magram mcdar da Tanac miamitur mosazrebas. n.lomouris Sexedulebebi henioxebTan mimarTebaSi detaluradaa ganxiluli da uaryofilia b. gogias monografiaSi225. amjerad ki upriania vaCvenoT, ramdenad aris dasabuTebuli mecnieris erT-erTi mTavari argumenti: `erTaderTi cnoba, romelic gancalkevebiT dgas da henioxebis lokalizacias dioskuriis olqSi axdens, ekuTvnis ax.w. I saukunis geografs, pomponius melas~, romelic viTom `sakmaod zerele~avtoric yofila226. n. lomouris Targmanis mixedviTac, fsevdo-skilaqs kariandelTan `henioxebis iqiT (samxreTiT _ avt.) aris koraqsebis tomi~227. rogorc zemoT iyo naCvenebi, n.lomouri aris erT-erTi, vinc damajereblad moaxdina koraqsebis lokalizeba bzifis midamoebSi. am versias Tu miviRebT, cxadia, fsevdo-skilaqs kariandelis henioxebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis farglebSi _ gagraSi da mis CrdilodasavleTiT arian savaraudebeli. strabonTan damowmebuli artemidores (II-Iss.) cnobiT, kerketebisa da aqavelebis Semdeg modian henioxebi, romelTa 100 stadionis sigrZis sanapiro did pitiuntamde aRwevs (XI. 2,14)228. n.lomouris mier dawunebuli pomponius melas Tanamedrove pliniusi, rogorc ukve iTqva, henioxebs kolxeTis samxreTiT (VI. 12) da aseve CrdiloeTiTac (VI. 14) aTavsebs. igi werda: `zogierTTa azriT, es qalaqi (dioskuria) dasaxlebuli iyo tyupi Zmebis, kastorisa da poluqsis, amfitis da telxiusis mier, romelTagan, rogorc iuwyebian TiTqmis sruliad sando (wyaroebi), Tavis warmomavlobas iRebs henioxTa tomi~229. msgavsi cnoba aqvs solinussac (IIs.): `kolxidis qalaqi dioskuriada daaarses kastorisa da poluqsis meetleebma, romelTaganac warmosdga henioxTa tomi~230. mivmarToT n. lomouris naSroms _ klavdios ptolemaiosis (IIs.) `geografiuli saxelmZRvanelos~ miseul Targmans Sesabamisi winasityvaobiTa da komentarebiT. am wyaroSi henioxebi Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi suano-kolxebis samxreTiT arian dasaxelebuli231. es ki utyuari mtkicebaa imisa, rom henioxebi kolxeTis (maT Soris afxazeTis) farglebSi arian moqceulni. n.lomouri faqtobrivad uaryofs sakuTar Teorias henioxebis afxazeTis miRma (CrdiloeTiT) mkvidrobis Sesaxeb, roca svano-kolxebis lokalizacias sworad axdens `md.bzifis (ptolemaiosis koraqsi) gaswvriv~232. gamodis, rom henioxebi sadRac dioskuriasa da md. bzifs Soris arian. n.lomouri aRniSnavs da asec aris, apiane (IIs.) henioxebs uSualod dioskuriis Semdeg (CrdiloeTiT) 222
. n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 24. . n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis eTnokulturuli istoriidan. Tb., 1998, gv. 20. 224 . .iqve. piriqiT, henioxTa `gasaxleba~ ufro wamgebiania. 225 . b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis..., gv. 36-39, 54-60, 77-93. ix. agreTve: j. gamaxaria. afsil-abazgTa eTnikuri vinaobis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1989, gv. 34-36. 226 . n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis..., gv. 12. 227 . n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 33. 228 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb., 1957, gv. 120. 229 . l. arboliSvili. plinius ufrosis `bunebis istoria~, gv. 149. 230 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis... _ macne, 1980, #4, gv. 58. 231 . n. lomouri. klavdios ptolemaiosi..., gv. 44. 232 . n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis..., gv. 33. 223
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aTavsebs233. amianus marcelinusi (IVs.) q.dioskurias, gadmocemebis safuZvelze, kastor-poluqsis meetleebisa da henioxebis winaprebis daarsebulad miiCnevs (XXII. 24)234. Aamrigad, n.lomouris mtkiceba, TiTqos `zerele~ pomponius melas garda Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze aravin axdens henioxTa lokalizacias, sinamdviles ar Seefereba. xSirad henioxebi namdvilad moixseniebian gagris Crdilo-dasavleTiTac, magram ara afxaz-adiRTa garemocvaSi, rogorc n. lomouri wers, aramed ueWvelad qarTuli qalaqis _ Zveli lazikis midamoebSi, rac TavisTavad mravlismTqmelia da im mecnierTa mosazrebas amyarebs, vinc SavizRvispira mosaxleobis am jgufs qarTvelTa dasavlur Stos miakuTvnebs. henioxebis vinaobasTan dakavSirebiT n.kvezerel-kopaZes miiCnevs, rom isini ar warmoadgendnen gansakuTrebul eTnikur jgufs; isini iyvnen profesionali mzidavebi (Tu gamcileblebi)235, romlebic vaWrebs emsaxurebodnen erTi adgilidan meoreze gadasvlisas236. marTalia, es mosazreba mecnierebis mier gaziarebuli ar aris237, magram mxolod misi meSveobiT (da ara imdenad gadasaxlebebiT) SeiZleba aixsnas henioxTa erTdrouli moxsenieba aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis ramdenime regionSi, maT Soris samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi.238 sxva qarTuli Temebisagan profesiuli niSniT gancalkevebulobaze miuTiTeben `henioxis~ etimologia, `mravaltomianoba~ (anu mravali dasaxlebis mqone), agreTve istoriuli arenidan SeumCneveli gaqroba regionSi romaelTa poziciebis ganmtkicebis, adgilobrivi politikuri warmonaqmnebis gaZlierebisa da vaWarTa momsaxureba-dacvis funqciis sakuTar Tavze aRebis kvalobaze. arsebobs safuZveli `sxvadasxva saxelwodebis~ henioxebs mivakuTvnoT ara mxolod sanebi (pliniusi), aramed kerketebic. damkvidrebuli mosazreba, rom isini Cerqezebi arian, eyrdnoba mxolod TiTqmis ararsebul an Zalian miaxloebiT fonetikur msgavsebas. T.yauxCiSvili yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebaze, rom henioxTa legendaruli winaprebi _ dioskurTa meetleebi wyaroebSi sxvadasxva saxelebiT moixseniebian. erTs hqvia amfistratosi (straboni, trogus iustinusi), an amfitosi (pliniusi, amianus marcelinusi); meore saxelis oTxi variantia cnobili _ rekasi an krekasi (straboni), Telxiosi (pliniusi), frigiasi (trogus iustinusi) da kerkiosi (amianus marcelinusi). `krekasi~ da `kerkiosi~ `SeiZleba erTi saxelis gadasxvafereba iyos da masSic `kerketebis~ eponimi imalebodes~239, _ wers T.yauxCiSvili. kerketebis vinaobasTan dakavSirebiT g.meliqiSvili marTebulad SeniSnavda, rom `Cerqezi~ ar aris adgilobriv niadagze warmoqmnili saxeli (marTlac, `Cerqezi~ Turqulad `Sara-gzis yaCaRs~ niSnavs) maSin, roca `kerketebi~ SeiZleba davukavSiroT `egr~-s, romelic pliniusTan (VI. 14) `kegritiki~-s, xolo ptolemaiosTan (9. 4) `ekrektikas~ saxeliT ixsenieba. am mosazrebas adasturebs, _ Tvlis g.meliqiSvili, _ kerketebis teritoriaze q. Zveli lazikis arsebobac240. aRniSnul Sexedulebas arsebobis sruli ufleba aqvs. garda amisa, kerketebis semantika am saxelis henioxebTan dakavSirebis saSualebasac iZleva. 233
. apiane. miTridates omebis istoria, gv. 195. . georgika, t. 1. Tb., 1961, gv. 112. 235 . d. gulias azriT, mekobre henioxebis dacvis Tanxlebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo aRmosavleT SavizRvispi-reTSi mogzauroba da amitomac uwodes maT berZnebma meetleebi. _ Д. Гулия. История Абхазии, т.1, gv. 45-46. 236 . Н. Квезерели-Копадзе. Дорожные сооружения древней Абхазии. Сухуми, 1955, gv. 30-55. 237 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis... _ macne, 1980, #4, gv. 71; m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis..., macne, 1992, #1, gv. 13-14. 238 . ax. w. I s. samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi dafiqsirebulma henioxebma, SesaZloa, Caanacvles Zv. w. 64 w. pompeusis mier ganadgurebuli kilikieli yaCaRebi da mekobreebi. 239 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis... _ macne, 1980, #4, gv. 58-59. 240 . Г. А. Меликишвили. История древней Грузии, gv. 89. 234
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rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, `kerketi~ berZnulad niSnavs `mesaWe~-s (Sdr. henioxi _ meetle, mxedari, sadavis damWeri). gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa misi qarTuli ganmarteba: `kerketni... eseni arian kacni Ramis mcvelni, raTa borotad mavalni Seipyran. kerketni arian kacni RameTa mcvelni, raTa borotad moqmedni ara uteon~241. amrigad, `kerketis~ berZnul da qarTul semantikaSi asaxulia sakmaod mWidro kavSiri henioxebTan242, orivesi erTad ki _ qarTul samyarosTan. arsebobs aseTi ganmartebac _ kerketi _ maRali da Casxmuli kaci243, rac aseve amyarebs gakeTebul daskvnas. kerketebi ax.w. Is. avtorebis _ strabonis (XII. 3, 18)244, kvintus kurcius rufusis245 mier samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi moixseniebian. es garemoeba kidev ufro safuZvlians xdis kerketebis qarTvelur samyarosTan, maT Soris henioxebTan dakavSirebis albaTobas. m.inaZe, piriqiT, cdilobs viTom Cerqezuli warmoSobis kerketebis Is. samxreT saqarTveloSi yofna yva-Ti warmoebul toponimebs daukavSiros246 maSin, roca im periodSi msgavsi toponimebi samxreT saqarTveloSi dafiqsirebuli ar aris. aseTi saxelebi kerketebs ar dautovebiaT Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSic, sadac adre mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi mkvidrobdnen. Vs. anonimis mier kerketebTan gaigivebuli toretebic247, savaraudod, henioxTa erT-erT jgufs da qarTul Tems miekuTvneba248. b.gogias sakmaod dasabuTebuli mosazrebiT, henioxebi arian telonebic (`xarkis amkrefni~, `moZaladeni~), romelTa saxelwodeba meetle telqiusis saxels ukavSirdeba249. adreantikuri xanis afxazeTis teritoriaze, helanike mitilenelisa da palefate abidoselis zemoT moyvanili cnobebis Tanaxmad, saxlobdnen mosxebic250. amas adastureben strabonTan daculi miTridate didis omebis istorikosebic, `romelTac metad daejerebaT. amboben, rom jer arian zigebi, mere henioxebi, kvlav kerketebi, mosxebi, kolxebi, Semdeg amaT fTirofagebi, svanebi da sxva patara tomebi kavkasionTan~ (XI. 2,14)251. sarwmuno cnobebi (`romelTac metad daejerebaT~) xels ar uSlian strabons sam nawilad (kolxebis, iberebisa da armenielebis) gayofili `mosxebis qveyana~ samxreT saqarTveloSic daafiqsiros Tavisi `mosxuri mTebiT~ (XI. 2, 15, 17; XI 12, 4; XI. 14, 1; XII. 3, 18)252. motanil cnobebSi straboni winaaRmdegobas ver xedavs. mosxebis samxreTSi yofna araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs. maT jer kidev herodote d moixseniebda ariosis XIX satrapiis SemadgenlobaSi253. diskusiis sagania CrdiloeTSi, maT Soris Tanamedrove afxazeTis farglebSi mosxebis mosaxleoba-armosaxleobis sakiTxi. pomponius melas monacemebiT, mosxuri mTebi ukve CrdiloeTiT (kavkasiaSi) arian dasaxelebuli254. ax.w. VIs. iseTi kompetenturi avtori, rogoric iyo prokopi kesarieli, mosxebis qveyanas kavkasiis mTianeTSi aTavsebs da iqauri mosaxleobis sameurneo saqmianobasac aRwers255. 241
. s.-s. orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, I, gv. 367. . T. yauxCiSviliseuli qarTuli Targmanis mixedviT (magram ara rusuli TargmaniT), henioxebi da kerketebi strabonTan erTi da igive xalxi Cans: `amis Semdeg (arian) aqeelebi, zigebi, henioxebi _ kerketebi~ (XI. 2,1). _ T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 111; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 168. 243 . d. CubinaSvili. qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, gv. 604. 244 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 203. 245 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis... _ macne, 1980, #4, gv. 75. 246 . m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis... _ macne, 1992, #1, gv. 15-16. 247 . georgika. t. 2. gv. 12. 248 . s. yauxCiSvili Tvlida, rom toretebs, evdusinebs da sxvebs `qarTvelur elementTan SeiZleba Zalian Soreuli kavSiri hqondeT~ (georgika, t. 2, gv. 28). 249 . b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis..., gv. 57. 250 . terminis istoriis Sesaxeb ix.: n. xazaraZe. `mesxi~ eTnikuri terminis istoriisaTvis. _ saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia. Tb., 1993, gv. 21-42. 251 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 120. 252 . iqve, gv. 121, 124, 125, 174, 185-186, 203. 253 . T. yauxCiSvili. herodotes cnobebi, gv. 45. 254 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 170. 255 . georgika, t. 2. gv. 127. 242
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aseTia wyaroTa cnobebi, romelTa mixedviTac mosxebi arian rogorc CrdiloeTiT, ise samxreTiT. n.marma isini, pirvel rigSi, afxazebTan daakavSira. saxelwodeba `mcxeTa~, _ werda igi, _ `etyoba danergilia abxaz-abazxebis, saxeldobr, maTi winaprebis _ mosxebisa da ara qarTebis mier~256. saintereso mosazreba gamoTqva iv.javaxiSvilma. `pr. n.mari marTali unda iyos, _ werda igi, _ rodesac afxazebis Zvel saxelwodebas `abasxi~-s am `masxi~-s ukavSirebs, mxolod mas TavSi Cveulebrivi afxazuri TavsarTi `a~ uzis... amgvarad, afxazebs da mesxebs erTi da igive tomobrivi saxeli aqvT, magram marto amiT, rasakvirvelia, tomobrivi igiveoba ver damtkicdeba, metadre sanam am sityvis `mas~, `mos~, `mes~-xis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba gamorkveuli ar aris. piriqiT, SesaZlebelia igi sazogado saxeli iyos. mainc da mainc sagulisxmoa, rom es saxeli marto am or toms _ afxazebs da mesxebs ki ar rqmeviaT, aramed lekebi TuSebs axlac `moseqebs~, e.i. `mosoxebs~ eZaxian~257. iv.javaxiSvilis msjelobaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania varaudi `mesxi~-s sazogado mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom msgavsi saxeli SeiZleba Segvxvdes qarTvelTa gansaxlebis farTo arealSi _ afxazeTSi, samxreT saqarTveloSi, TuSeTSi da a.S. p. ingoroyvam gaiziara n.marisa da iv.javaxiSvilis mosazrebaTa is nawili, romelic mosxisa da abasxis identurobas Seexeboda; radganac mesxebi saxeldebodnen, mecnieris azriT, kelasuris xeobaSi (sinamdvileSi ki bzifis mxareSi) mcxovrebi koraqsebis Semdeg, maTi gansaxlebis arealad sakuTriv afxazeTi (dioskuria-bzifis monakveTi) miiCnia258. vinaidan mesxebis qarTveloba eWvs ar iwvevda (da arc iwvevs), p.ingoroyvam gaakeTa originaluri daskvnebi (mesxisa da afxazis igivveobis Sesaxeb), romelTa Sesaxeb qvemoT iqneba saubari. p.ingoroyvas winaaRmdeg z.anCabaZem gailaSqra. man aRniSna, rom damowmebul wyaroebSi (helanike, palefate, miTridates omebis istorikosebi) mosxebis gansaxlebis zusti adgili miTiTebuli ar aris, amitom am `erTeuli avtorebis saeWvo cnobebze~ dayrdnobiT afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze maTi lokalizeba ar SeiZleba; mosxebis namdvili sacxovrisi ki samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSia, sadac n.maris mtkicebiT, SesaZloa, afxazebic mosaxleobdnen259. n.lomourmac CaTvala, rom helanikes cnobebi zogadia, sizustiT ar gamoirCevian, amitom mis mier dasaxelebul tomTa samosaxlo teritoriis gansazRvrisaTvis ar gamodgebian260. radganac palefate abidoselis fragmentis Tanaxmad, mosxebis mezobeli xarimatebi flobdnen md.parTenions mcire aziaSi261, n.lomourma mxari dauWira n.xazaraZis Sexedulebas262 mosxebis mcire aziaSi, matienebis mezoblad mosaxleobis Taobaze da gaakeTa kategoriuli daskvna: `absoluturad gamoricxulia mosxebis moTavseba afxazeTis teritoriaze~; amasTanave dasZina, rom `Tu Cven vaRiarebT afxazeTis teritoriaze mesxTa odesme mosaxleobas, p.ingoroyvas momxre-mimdevarTa pozicia SeiZleba erTgvarad ganmtkicdes~263. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvelur TemTa zogadi saxeli `mesxi~ (iv.javaxiSvili) romel regionSic ar unda dafiqsirdes, amiT aranairad ar gamoiricxeba am saxelis matarebeli xalxis afxazeTSic yofna; imavdroulad, 256
. Н. Марр. История термина «Абхаз», gv. 704. . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, w. I-II, gv. 21-22. 258 . p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 137-140. 259 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Вопросы истории Абхазии в книге П. Ингороква «Георгий Мерчуле – грузинский писатель X века». – Труды Абхазского института языка, литературы и истории им. Д. И. Гулия. XXVII. Сухуми, 1956, gv. 262-264. 260 . n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi, gv. 10-12, 26. 261 . rogorc b. gogia wers, parTenioni arsebobda ara mxolod mcire aziaSi, aramed xersonesTan da feodosiasTanac (anu xarimatebis siaxloves). _ b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis..., gv. 127. 262 . n. xazaraZe. saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis eTno-politikuri problemebi. Tb., 1984, gv. 34. 263 . n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis..., gv. 24, 25. 257
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afxazeTSi mosxTa mosaxleobis daSveba-ardaSvebaze naklebad aris damokidebuli p.ingoroyvas koncefciisa da misi mimdevrebis poziciis simtkice Tu sisuste. es martivi WeSmariteba kargad esmiT mecnierebs. g.Citaiam jer kidev 1955w. p.ingoroyvas `giorgi merCule~-ze daweril recenziaSi ar gaiziara `mesxisa~ da `afxazis~ urTierTkavSiri, magram mxari dauWira istoriul afxazTa qarTvelobis ideas264. T.miqelaZem, romelic ar unda iyos p.ingoroyvas mimdevari, SesaniSnavad daasabuTa mesxebis afxazeTSi yofna265. adre m.inaZe Tvlida, `rom mosxTa binadroba Zv.w. I _ ax.w. Iss-Si Savi zRvis CrdiloaRmosavleT sanapiroze sakmaod saeWvod gamoiyureba da met dasabuTebas moiTxovs~266. damatebiT sabuTebad SemdgomSi man gamoiyena strabonis, gansakuTrebiT prokopi kesarielis cnobebi da gaakeTa daskvna mesxebis erTi jgufis afxazeTis mTianeTSi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb; amasTanave, m.inaZe adasturebs Zv.w. VIs. mesxebis mcire aziaSi binadrobis cnobil faqtsac267. b.gogia aseve aRniSnavs, rom uZveles wyaroebSi arsebobs mosxTa binadrobis ori (CrdiloeTsa da samxreTSi) gansxvavebuli tradicia268. amrigad, adreantikur xanaSi zogadi saxelis matarebeli erT-erTi qarTuli Temis _ mosxebis afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze yofna dadasturebulad unda CaiTvalos, Tumca am faqtis mxolod aRiarebiT damajereblad ver dgindeba mosxisa da abasxis identuroba. afxazeTis siaxloves dasaxelebuli arian aqaiebi269 da melanqlenebi270, romelTa Sesaxeb cota ram aris cnobili; s.yauxCiSvili am Temebsac qarTul samyaros miakuTvnebs271. adreantikuri xanis wyaroebis mixedviT, afxazeTis mTeli Tanamedrove teritoria kolxeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSia da kolxebiTaa dasaxlebuli. miuxedavad aqemeniduri sparseTis eqspansiisa da Zv.w. VIs. qveynis samxreT raionebis damorCilebisa, kolxeTi inarCunebda damoukideblobas, Tumca herodotes cnobiT, yovel mexuTe wels nebayoflobiTi saCuqris saxiT sparseTSi 100 Wabuks da 100 qalwuls agzavnida (III. 97). samefos qarTveluri mosaxleoba Zveli avtorebis mier kolxebad miCneul koraqsebTan da kolebTan erTad bzifamde Tu kavkasionis qedamdea gavrcelebuli. herodotes cnobiT ki kolxebs eWiraT uzarmazari sivrce meotis tbamde (azovis zRvamde)272; samxreTis sazRvari afsarosTan (Woroxi) Tu trapezund-kerasuntis midamoebSia savaraudebeli273. wyaroTa monacemebiT, aRniSnul teritoriaze ucxo eTnikuri jgufebi dasaxlebuli ar arian. gansakuTrebiT naTelia situacia engur-fsous monakveTze, sadac sxva eTnosis kvali ar Cans.. separatistTa politikuri ambiciebis dakmayofilebas emsaxureba versia termin `kolxeTi~-s krebiTi anu farTo (geografiuli) da viwro (eTnikuri) mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. terminebs `kolxeTi~, `kolxi~ zogjer marTlac aqvT krebiTi mniSvneloba; maTSi igulisxmeba qarTuli regionebi, qarTveli eris sxvadasxva ganStoebebi da Temebi. ase esmoda ivane javaxiSvils `kolxeTis 264 . g. Citaia. Zveli afxazeTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Camomavlobis Sesaxeb. _ Sromebi xuT tomad, II. Tb., 2000, gv. 119. 265 . T. miqelaZe. Ziebani..., gv. 21-24. 266 . m. inaZe. antikuri xanis...,_ moambe, 1960, #2, gv. 148. 267 . m. inaZe. afxazebis..., _ macne, 1992, #1, gv. 16-20;. . . . – // . ., 1999. gv. 66. 268 . b. gogia. Zveli kolxeTis..., gv. 127-130. 269 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT. 1. aqaiebi. _ macne, 1980, #3, gv. 31-40. 270 . n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi.., gv. 32, 33. 271 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 28. 272 . herodote axsenebs kolxTa mezoblebs vidre kavkasionis mTebamde. m. inaZem sxva wyaroTa monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT kolxTa mezoblebad, savsebiT marTebulad, isev kolxebi _ kolebi da koraqsebi miiCnia (T. yauxCiSvili. herodotes cnobebi, gv. 76; М. Инадзе. Вопросы..., gv. 63). 273 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк, gv. 27; T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi, I, gv. 31; d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. Tb., 1977, gv. 46 da sxv.
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saxelis zogadi SemkreblobiTi mniSvneloba~274. TviT sabWoTa istoriul enciklopediaSi `kolxebi~ (`Колхи~) ganmartebulia rogorc `qarTvelur tomTa krebiTi saxelwodeba~275. sruliad gansxvavebuli mosazreba ganaviTara g.meliqiSvilma. adreantikuri xanis avtorebis mier dioskuria-biWvinTis nawilSi da kavkasionamde miTiTebuli kolxeTis sazRvari yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe CaTvala geografiul da ara eTnikur sazRvrad276. amaSi mas mxari dauWira z.anCabaZem277. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba gaiziara n.lomourma278. antikuri drois avtorebi, _ wers igi, _ aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi `mxolod erT xalxs _ kolxebs asaxelebs (herodote, fsevdo-skilaqs kariandeli, straboni da sxv.). araa gamoricxuli, rom eTnonimi kolxi am SemTxvevaSi politikuri Sinaarsisaa da mas krebiTi xasiaTi aqvs. e.i. faravs yvela im toms, romelic kolxeTis samefos teritoriaze saxlobda da berZnul-romauli wyaroebisaTvis gvian gaxda cnobili, Tumca aseTi varaudebisaTvis pirdapiri cnobebi ar mogvepoveba~279. swored, cnobebis ararsebobis gamo varaudebi adreantikur xanaSi afsuaafxazebis dRevandeli maTi gansaxlebis teritoriaze yofnis Sesaxeb280 yovlad usafuZvlo da ararealuria. Sesabamisi utyuari monacemebis gareSe, gaugebaria, rogor unda daadgino, Tundac ivaraudo afxazTa winaprebis afxazeTSi yofna, roca xSirad Wirs, SeuZlebelic ki xdeba wyaroebSi araerTgzis miTiTebuli zogierTi tomis Tu Temis vinaobis garkveva. terminebis `kolxeTi~, `kolxi~ mniSvnelobis damaxinjebas saTavisod iyenebda da amJamadac iyenebs separatistuli istoriografia, romelic saerTod gamoricxavs qarTvelTa gansaxlebas afxazeTis teritoriaze281; wyaroebi ki, rogorc davinaxeT, sruliad sapirispiros amtkiceben. zemoxsenebul terminebs uZvelesi droidan hqondaT konkretulad istoriuli kolxeTis (Zveli saqarTvelos) da eTnikuri kolxis (qarTvelis) mniSvneloba. ucnobia sxva araqarTvel eTnosebze am terminebis gavrcelebis Tundac erTi faqtic ki. piriqiT, berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroebi asaxavdnen `gaTiSe da ibatones~ oficialur saxelmwifo politikas an sxvadasxva mizezebiT gamowveul ama Tu im etapze arsebul realur mdgomareobas (politikur daqucmacebas da a.S.) da erTian toms umetes SemTxvevaSi wvril-wvrili erTeulebis saxiT (da ara `farTo~ geografiuli gagebiT) warmogvidgenen. am viTarebaSi `kolxis~ `krebiT mniSvnelobaze~ saubars aqvs mxolod politikuri mizani: Zveli kolxeTis teritoriaze Tanamedrove afsua-afxazTa winaprebs rogorme miuCinon adgili, romelic istoriuli wyaroebiT dadasturebuli ar aris. mkvlevarseparatistebs es aZlevs mTeli kolxuri civilizaciis miTvisebis mcdelobis saSualebas. istoriografiaSi tendenciurad aris gaSuqebuli Zv.w. III-I saukuneebis eTnopolitikuri movlenebi. rogorc cnobilia, Zv.w. IIIs. pirveli naxevridan, qarTuli saistorio tradiciis Tanaxmad, dasavleT saqarTvelo qarTlis samefos nebayoflobiT SeuerTda282 da erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos nawils warmoadgenda. es ar yofila gamowveuli egrisis samefos dasustebiTa da 274
. iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa..., gv. 12. . Советская Историческая Энциклопедия , т. 7. М., 1965, gv. 546. 276 . Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 62-63; misive: saqarTvelos, kavkasiis..., gv. 87. 277 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк..., gv. 29; missive: История и культура..., gv. 132. 278 . n. lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 25; misive: `kolxidis~ da `kolxebis~ gagebisaTvis. _ Tsu Sromebi, t. 1. . 1971, gv. 19-31. daaxloebiT igive pozicia aqvs m. inaZesac (Zveli afxazeTis..., macne, 1992, #1, gv. 8; misive: Вопросы..., gv. 63). 279 . n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis..., gv. 6. 280 . iqve. ix. agreTve: Н. Ломоури. Некоторые вопросы ранней истории Абхазии (Ответ проф. Ш. Д. Инал-Ипа), _ macne, istoriis..., seria, 1990, #3, gv. 161. 281 . Ш. Д. Инал-Ипа. Вопросы…, gv. 200; misive: О моем народе, его истории и отечестве. – Советская Абхазия, 1989, 16 сентября; О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 60-84 da sxv. 282 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 22-24. 275
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daSliT. farnavazma daxmarebisaTvis qujis imitom mimarTa283, rom egrisi im droisaTvis kvlav Zlier saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos maSindeli gaerTianeba iyo, rogorc ukve iTqva, nebayoflobiTi, saerTo erovnuli interesebiT ganpirobebuli istoriuli aqti, romlis realizebas xels uwyobda saerTaSoriso viTarebac_elinuri saxelmwifoebis rRvevisa da urTierTdapirispirebis xangrZlivi procesis dawyeba284. am process ar SeeZlo ar gamoewvia saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri aqtiurobisa da kavSirebis Sesusteba, axal saxelmwifoTa warmoSoba Tu aRdgena, seriozuli geopolitikuri Zvrebi. Seqmnil viTarebaSi qarTl-egrisis gaerTianeba da Zlieri gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba arsebuli realobiT nakarnaxev obieqtur aucileblobas warmoadgenda. rogorc n.berulava asabuTebs, maSin qarTls SeuerTda ara mxolod centraluri egrisi md.RaliZgamde,285 aramed mTeli samefo dioskuriis CaTvliT286. daqucmacebuli da gamudmebuli SinaomebiT dakavebuli saberZneTis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, namdvilad saeWvod gamoiyureba leonti mrovelis cnoba egriswylis (RaliZgis) Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare teritoriis berZnebis (Tundac, Zv.w. III saukunis ganmavlobaSi galatiasTan mZime brZolebSi dasustebuli pontos samefos) xelSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb. Zv.w. IIs. dasawyisidan, roca qarTlze selevkidebis saxelmwifos rRvevis Sedegad warmoqmnili somxeTi gabatonda, egrisi isev calke samefod Cans, razec imave saukunis meore naxevris mefe savlakis monetebi mowmoben.287 soxumis raionSi misi aRmoCena samefos kvlav Zvel sazRvrebSi aRdgenaze unda miuTiTebdes288. pliniusis cnobiT, `kolxeTSi mefobda aietis STamomavali savlaki, romelmac miiRo samTavrod mTeli miwa; amboben, mas Semosdioda didi raodenobiT oqro da vercxli svanTa tomebis miwidan da saerTod mTeli Tavisi samflobelodan, romelic saxelganTqmuli iyo oqros sawmisebiT~289. aqedanac irkveva, rom savlaki mTlianad flobda egriss (`mTel miwas~) Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriisa da svaneTis CaTvliT. Zv.w. II-I ss. mijnaze pontos mefe miTridate VI evpatorma (111-63ww.) mTeli aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi, sakuTari samefos SemadgenlobaSi moaqcia290. egrisi agrZelebda arsebobas calke erTeulis saxiT. misi mmarTveli gaxda miTridate umcrosi (mefis vaJi), romelic male RalatSi iqna eWvmitanili da sikvdiliT dasajes291. mmarTvelebad kolxeTSi miTridate VI-Tan daaxloebuli pirovnebebi igzavnebodnen. aseTi iyo strabonis `dedis biZac mamis mxridan~ _ moaferne; pontos mefes egrisidan `mosdioda meti wili Zalebisa sanaosno samsaxurisaTvis~292. Zv.w. I saukunis Suaxanebidan, roca romaelebma daamarcxes miTridate VI, TviTon daeuflnen yofili kolxeTis samefos da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTs, maT Soris afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritorias. romaelTagan devnilma 283
. iqve, gv. 22. farnavaz mefes megobruli urTierToba hqonda dasustebul selevkidebTan (siria), `msaxurebda igi antioqoss~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 25). 285 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 24. 286 . . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 90. 287 . Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 305. 288 . m. inaZis mosazrebas kolxeTis samefos mxolod RaliZgamde aRdgenis Sesaxeb sakmao damajereblobiT uaryofs n. berulava ( . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 89-90). 289 . l. arboliSvili. plinius ufrosis `bunebis istoria~, gv. 154. 290 . Zv.w. IVs. bolos Seqmnil da Zv.w. IIs. gaZlierebul pontos samefos qarTuli istoriografia ganixilavda qarTuli samyaros nawilad, romlis mosaxleobas Seadgendnen mesxebi, tabal-tibarenebi (iberebi), xaldebi, xalibebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi da sxvebi; am samyaros RviZli Svilis, _ miTridate VI-is xelmZRvanelobiT warmoebuli omi ki, zogierTi mecnieris azriT, iyo didi qarTuli saxelmwifos brZola Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis (l. sanikiZe. pontos samefo. Tb., 1956, gv. 3; saqarTvelos istoria, I. Tb., 1958, gv. 58; g. gozaliSvili. miTridate pontoeli. Tb., 1965, gv. 278-279). 291 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, gv. 475. 292 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 124-125. 284.
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miTridatem 66/65ww. zamTari dioskuriaSi gaatara da aq SeimuSava grandiozuli samoqmedo gegmebi, romelTa ganxorcieleba ver moaxerxa293. kolxeTi//egrisi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli elinistur samyarosTan gacxovelebul savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. elinistur xanas ganekuTvneba strabonis cnobac dioskuriaSi aTobiT erovnebis warmomadgenelTa, ZiriTadad kavkasielebis Tavmoyris Sesaxeb.294 n.berulavas varaudiT, es cnoba exeba kolxeTSi romaelTa batonobis, kerZod, aristarxis mmarTvelobis periods; rogorc energiulma mmarTvelma, man gaaerTiana kolxeTi, Wrida monetebs dioskuriaSi, sadac erT-erTi, Tu erTaderTi (g.gamyreliZe, T.Todua) rezidencia hqonda; moaxerxa vaWrobis gamococxleba aReb-micemobaSi romaelTa CarTvis gziT.295 Zv.w. 48w. pompeusis daRupviTa da aristarxis poziciebis SesustebiT isargebla bosforis mefe farnakem (miTridates vaJma) da mZime brZolebis gadaxdis Semdeg kolxeTs daeufla, daibruna pontos samefo da Tavi aziis mefed gamoacxada. 47w. iulius keisarma (Zv.w. 49-44ww.) iolad daamarcxa farnake296; kolxeTi kvlav rCeboda romis provinciad. ar arsebobs arqeologiuri masala an werilobiTi cnobebi Zv.w. II-Iss-Si afxazeTis amJamindel farglebSi da mis siaxloves eTnikuri situaciis Secvlis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, g.meliqiSvili wers afxazeTis mTianeTSi viTom mcxovreb meomar tomebze, CrdiloeT kavkasiidan mTielTa SemoRwevaze, jiqebis Semosevaze da kerketebis miwebis mitacebaze, baris mosaxleobis awiokebaze da a.S.297. es daskvna agebulia strabonis cnobaze zigebis CrdiloaRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi pirvelad gamoCenis Taobaze; berZeni mwerali saubrobda kargad cnobil Temaze _ aqeelebis, zigebis da henioxebis yaCaRobamekobreobaze, mosaxleobis Seviwroebaze, xalxis gatacebaze (XI. 2, 12)298. strabonTan ar aris cnoba mTielTa Semosevebis, kerketebis zigebiT Canacvlebis, mTisa da baris dapirispirebis, eTnikuri da, aqedan gamomdinare, politikuri viTarebis Secvlis Sesaxeb. gaugebaria, ratom aniWebs g.meliqiSvili gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas wyaroSi zigebis gamoCenas. es xalxi miTridate VI-s dros ukve cxovrobda aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi299. zigis semantika (`uRelSi Sebmulni~ _ berZn.) raRacnairad mosaxleobis saqmianobaze unda migvaniSnebdes; Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi am xalxis gamoCenas araviTari politikuri Tu teritoriuli cvlilebebi ar mohyolia, arc maTi eTnikuri vinaobaa (Zveli wyaroebiT, pelazguri warmoSobisani arian) sabolood dadgenili, xolo damkvidrebuli mosazreba zigebis adiRelobis Sesaxeb damajereblad dasabuTebuli ar aris. asec rom iyos, ra SuaSia aq afxazeTi? zigebi xom aqedan Sors _ Tanamedrove tuafses midamoebSi saxlobdnen da mxolod Vs-Si daeuflnen q.Zvel lazikas1. mZime, magram aseve ararealur suraTs gvixatavs m.inaZec, romlis azriT, straboniseuli `skeptuxiebi~2 warmoadgendnen jer kidev adreklasobrivi sazogadoebis wina xanaSi arsebul satomo organizaciaTa safuZvelze warmoqmnil administraciul erTeulebs, romlebmac saukuneebis manZilze SeinarCunes eTnikuri TavisTavadoba, midrekileba samefosagan gandgomisa, riTac, saboloo jamSi, Ziri gamouTxares kolxeTis saxelmwifos da 293 . apiane. miTridates omebis istoria, gv. 195-196, 261; g. gamyreliZe, T. Todua. romis samxedropolitikuri eqspansia saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2006, gv. 28-32. 294 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 122-123. 295 . Н. Берулава. dasax. naSromi, gv. 97-98; g. gamyreliZe, T. Todua. dasax. naSromi, gv. 40. 296 . g. gamyreliZe, T. Todua. dasax. naSromi, gv. 41-42.gamarjvebulma iulius keisarma roms saswrafod upataka: `mivedi, vnaxe, gavimarjve~ ( . Р . . ., 1998, gv. 604). 297 . Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 307-310; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1, gv. 478-482. 298 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 118-119. 299 . iqve, gv. 119. 1 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 11. 2 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 124.
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adreantikuri xanis dasasrulisaTvis igi TiTqos wvril politikur erTeulebad daqucmacda.3 SemdgomSi m.inaZem odnav Searbila pozicia, magram `skeptuxiebis~ arsi (viTom, eTno-teritoriuli erTeuli) ucvleli datova4. kolxeTis samefos eTno-teritoriul erTeulebad daSlis Tema xelovnuradaa Seqmnili da miznad isaxavs ax.w. pirvel saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi dafiqsirebuli `mravaltomianobis~ mizezebis `axsnas~; m.inaZe am movlenis mizezebs mTielTa etapobriv CamosaxlebebSi, xan kidev kolxeTis viTom mravaltomianobaSi, skeptuxiebSi xedavs5. aRniSnul problemas sakmaod vrclad Seexo o. lorTqifaniZe. kolxeTis samefos mravaltomianoba `Znelad sarwmunoa, _ wers mecnieri. _ yvela wyaro, romelic ki CvenTvis saintereso xanas exeba... dRevandel dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze zRvispireTSi CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken (romelic strabonTan `kolxeTis zRvad~ iwodeba.... XI. 1, 6) pitiuntidan (dRevandeli biWvinta) md.afsarosamde (md. Woroxi) da aRmosavleTiT iberiamde _ asaxelebs yovelTvis da mxolod (!) erT xalxs _ kolxebs (sxva arcerTi tomi am teritoriaze arianemde ar ixsenieba)~6. skeptuxiebs eTnopolitikur erTeulebad ar miiCnevs T. beraZe. misi daskvniT, skeptuxia aris saerisTavo, romelic zog SeTxvevaSi mxolod teritoriul-administraciul erTeuls warmoadgenda, zogjer ki maTSi erTi qarTuli modgmis tomi iyo gaerTianebuli7. amrigad, wyaroTa monacemebiT, Zv.w. VI – Iss. afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze eTnopolitikuri xasiaTis cvlilebebi ar momxdara, igi kvlav qarTul regionad rCeboda. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis didi xniT romaelTa xelSi gadasvlam ganapiroba mniSvnelovani politikuri Zvrebi momavalSi.
Tavi IV. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria I saukunidan VIII saukunis Sua xanebamde 3 . m. inaZe. kolxeTis samefos skeptuxiaTa sakiTxisaTvis. _ saq. sssr mecn. akademiis moambe, t. 26, #6, 1961, gv. 783-789; misive: Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoeba. Tb., 1994, gv. 54. 4 . m. inaZe. kidev erTxel eTno-teritoriuli erTeulis Sesaxeb. _ qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi. Tb., 2002, gv. 93-111.; skeptuxiebis `separatizmze~ da `Sidadapirispirebebze~ saubrobs n. berulavac ( . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 87, 88, 121, 131 da a. S.). 5 . m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis... - macne, 1992, #2, gv. 47, 48, 58; misive: ..., gv. 64, 71, 77-78, 80 da a. S. 6 . o. lorTqifaniZe. iyo Tu ara saxelmwifo kolxeTi, gv. 49-50. 7 . T. beraZe. samegrelos istoria. _ aia, 2001, #9-10, gv. 39.
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1. eTnikuri viTareba welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze kolxeTi Tanamedrove afxazeTis CaTvliT warmoadgenda romTan vasalur damokidebulebaSi myofi pontos samefos Semadgenel calke administraciul erTeuls. Zv.w. 14 wlidan pontoSi (Sesabamisad egrisSi) mefobdnen jer polemon I, Semdeg misi meuRle piTodorisi; ax.w. 38w. taxti, romis nebiT, maTma SviliSvilma polemon II-m daikava. 63 wels imperatorma neronma (54-68ww.) uaryo buferul qveynebze dayrdnobis politika, amitom pontos samefo gaauqma, gadaaqcia igi imperiis provinciad da egrisTan erTad galatiis SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvana. 72 wlidan imperator domicianes (81-96ww.) mmarTvelobamde egrisi Sedioda `kapadokiur kompleqsSi~ _ kapadokiisa da galatiisagan Semdgar erTian provinciaSi, mogvianebiT ki igi kapadokiis nawili gaxda300. kolxeTis zRvispira qalaqebSi _ fazissa da dioskuriaSi I saukunis 60-ni wlebidan romauli samxedro garnizonebi idgnen. es qalaqebi imavdroulad iTvlebodnen imperiis sazRvao flotis sayrden punqtebad. ioseb flaviusis sityvebiT (66w.), iudevelTa mefes herode agripas (29-93ww.) ganucxadebia, rom henioxebi da kolxebi, tavrebi da bosforelebi, saerTod pontosa da meotidis garSemo mcxovrebi xalxebi, `romlebic uwin sakuTar mflobelebsac ki ar scnobdnen, axla 3000 hoplits hyavT isini morCilebaSi da 40 xomaldi icavs mSvidobas zRvaze, romelzedac uwin curva ar SeiZleboda da SemaZrwunebeli aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom romaelebi sakmaod mtkiced iyo~301. akontrolebdnen aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis did nawils, gansakuTrebiT samxedro garnizonebis mimdebare regionebs, maT Soris afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritorias. eTnopolitikuri istoriis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdian straboni (I saukunis dasawyisi), pomponius mela (Is. pirveli naxevari), plinius ufrosi (79 w-mde), flavius ariane (131w.), klavdios ptolemaiosi (IIs. 20-60-ani wlebi) da sxvebi. strabonis `geografiaSi~ kolxeTTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadad wina saukuneebis mweralTa wyaroebia gamoyenebuli, magram masSi aris avtoris Tanadrouli monacemebic. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs pontos mefeebis polemon I-isa da piTodorisis mmarTvelobis periodi (XI. 2, 18)302; kolxeTis farglebSia moxseniebuli dioskuria da biWvinTa (XI. 2, 14)303. uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs cnobas dioskuriis Tavze da mis irgvliv svanTa Zlieri tomis dominirebis Sesaxeb. straboni wers, rom svanebi `TiTqmis saukeTesoni arian simamacisa da Zalis mxriv: floben isini irgvliv (yvelafers) da upyriaT kavkasionis mwvervalebi, romlebic dioskuriis zemoT aris: hyavT maT basilevsi da sabWo 300 mamakacisagan Semdgari da, rogorc amboben, hkreben laSqars 200000 (kacis raodenobiT): marTlac mTeli xalxi meomaria, magram araa organizebuli~ (XI. 2,19)304. ara aqvs principuli mniSvneloba, ramdenad Seesabameba sinamdviles svanuri laSqris savaraudo raodenoba. aSkaraa, rom dioskuriis mxare da kavkasiis zekarebi kvlav qarTvelTa xelSia. amasTanave, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom aranair pirdapir Tu irib cnobebs Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze eTnikuri situaciis Secvlis Sesaxeb strabonis `geografia~ ar Seicavs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Is. pirveli naxevris moRvawis _ pomponius melas 300 . Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 363-364; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1, gv. 537-538; T. Todua. romauli samyaro da kolxeTi. I-IV ss. Tb., 2003, gv. 7-8. 301 . georgika, t. 1, gv 274; T. Todua. dasax. naSromi, gv. 6. 302 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 120-121, 125 – 126. 303 . iqve, gv. 120-121. 304 . iqve, gv. 125-126.
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`qveynis aRwerilobazec~. am naSromis pirvel wignSi moyvanilia cnobebi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis Sesaxeb; fazisis Semdeg miTiTebulia qalaqi, romelic `berZeni vaWrebis daarsebulia da kiknosi hqvia~305. T.yauxCiSvilis azriT, saubari unda iyos q.gienosze306 (oCamCiresTan), romlis Semdegac pomponius mela asaxelebs `velur da gaunaTlebel tomebs, farTo zRvasTan mcxovrebT _ melanxlenebs, toretikas, eqvs koliks, koraqsikebs, fTirofagebs, henioxebs, aqeebs, kerketebs da, ukve meotidis axlos _ sindonebs. henioxTa sazRvrebSia dioskuria...~307 am cnobis Sefasebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT , rom pomponius mela, rogorc al. gamyreliZe werda, marTalia, `sapatio adgils ikavebs antikuri geografiis warmomadgenelTa Soris~, magram misi naSromisadmi mainc `didi sifrTxiliT midgomaa saWiro, radgan sxvadasxva drois avtorebis cnobebi xSirad erTmaneTis gverdiT aqvs moTavsebuli~308. swored, es aris mizezi dasaxelebul `tomTa~ Tanmimdevrobis aRrevisa, Tumca qarTveluri warmomavlobis henioxTa sazRvrebSi dioskuriis moqcevas garkveuli sicxade Seaqvs danarCenTa lokalizaciis sakiTxSic. SeuZlebelia melanqlenebi, romlebic, zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, dRevandel moskovTan, xarkovTan, zogadad, skviTebis CrdiloeTiT fiqsirdebian309, sxvebTan erTad henioxebis samxreTiT yofiliyvnen. pomponius melas mier dasaxelebuli `tomebidan~ afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze unda vivaraudoT henioxebi, kolikebi, koraqsebi da, albaT, fTeirofagebic, romlebsac svanebTan aigiveben310. sakmaod rTul suraTs gvixatavs plinius ufrosi. misi monacemebiT, md. fazisis `Semdeg aris sxva mdinare qarienti, saltiebis tomi, romelTac Zvelad fTeirofagebi ewodeboda da sxvebi sannebi. svanebis gavliT kavkasionidan moedineba mdinare xobusi, Semdeg _ roani, kegritikes mxare. mdinareebi: sigania, Tersosi, asTelefosi, qrisoroasi. absilTa tomi, cixesimagre sebastopolisi, fasisidan 100000 nabijia; sanikebis tomi, q. kignumi, mdinare da qalaqi peniusi da bolos henioxTa tomebi, romlebic ganirCevian bevri saxelwodebebiT. maT (henioxebs) esazRvreba pontos mxare kolika, romelSic, rogorc naTqvamia, kavkasiis mTebi mibrunebulia rifeebis mTebisaken... danarCeni sanapiro uWiravT tomebs: melanqlenebsa da koraqsebs, kolxuri qalaqiT dioskuriadiT, romelic mdebareobs mdinare anTemuntTan, axla is gaukacrielebulia... dioskuriadidan Semdegi qalaqia heraklea. sebastopolisidan is daSorebulia 70000 nabijiT. aq cxovroben aqaelebi, mardebi, kerketebi, maT miRma arian _ serebi, kefalotomebi; am sivrcis SigniT aris umdidresi qalaqi pitiunti, gaZarcvuli henioxebis mier. mis ukan kavkasiis mTebSi cxovroben savromatebis xalxi _ epageritebi, xolo maT Semdeg savromatebi~ (VI. 1416)311.
aSkarad Cans, rom pliniusi, msgavsad pomponius melasi, sxvadasxva drois mweralTa cnobebs iyenebs312, amitomac geografiuli punqtebisa da mosaxleobis ama Tu im jgufis lokalizacias arasworad iZleva. avtori sxvadasxva qalaqebad warmogvidgens sebastopolissa da dioskurias; cnoba melanqlenebisa da koraqsebis Sesaxeb kolxuri qalaqiT dioskuriadiT aSkarad Zvelia da Is. mdgomareobas ar asaxavs; simarTles unda Seesabamebodes mtkiceba dioskuriis gaukacrielebis Sesaxeb, rac gamowveuli iyo, albaT, rogorc kolxeTis samefos gauqmebiT, savaWro faqtoriebis moSliT, ise faqtobrivad axali qalaqis _ 305 . al. gamyreliZe. pomponius melas cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. _ qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, kr. I. Tb., 1965, gv. 29. 306 . T. yauxCiSvili. kavkasiis tomebis sakiTxisaTvis... _ macne, 1980, #4, gv. 64; m. inaZis azriT, kiknosi md. xobis SesarTavTan mdebare sof. yulevia (m. inaZe. Zveli kolxeTis qalaqebi kignumi da ea-aia. _ qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba. X. Tb., 2004, gv. 36-42).. 307 . al. gamyreliZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 29. 308 . iqve, gv. 12, 13. 309 . T. yauxCiSvili. fsevdo-sqilaqsis zogierTi cnobis Sesaxeb. _ qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, kr. I, gv. 6. 310 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 527. 311 . l. arboliSvili. plinius ufrosis `bunebis istoria~, gv. 147-149. 312 . ix. amis Sesaxeb: m. inaZe. kolxeTis aRweriloba plinius ufrosis `bunebis istoriaSi~. _ kavkasiuraxloaRmosavluri krebuli, X. Tb., 2001, gv. 211-212, 218; l. arboliSvili. dasax. naSromi, gv. 10, 13-14.
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sebastopolisis gaSenebiT Tavisi samxedro garnizoniT, saiTkenac gadainacvla aqtiurma cxovrebam. sebastopolisis Crdilo-dasavleTiT SecdomiT miTiTebuli q.kignumi, savaraudod, unda iyos pomponius melas kiknosi//gienosi. gasaziarebelia g.lorTqifaniZis mosazreba peniusisa da pitiuntis identurobis Sesaxeb; am versiis Tanaxmad, md.peniusi SeiZleba md.bzifTan gaigivdes313. dioskuriis Crdilo-dasavleTiT dasaxelebuli q.heraklea identificirebuli unda iyos flavius arianes herakles koncxTan314, romlis lokalizacias s.janaSia xostasTan axdens315. aSkara Secdomaa, rodesac pliniusi fTeireofagebs (saltiebs) amJamindel samegreloSi (kegritikes mxareSi) ixseniebs maSin, roca isini ufro adrindel (straboni)316 da gviandel (flavius ariane)317 avtorebTan gagris midamoebSi arian dafiqsirebuli. sinamdviles unda Seesabamebodes mdidari qalaqis _ biWvinTis Is. gaZarcva henioxebis mier. amave dros, gaugebaria am faqtis, aseve dioskuriis dacarielebis axsna kavkasiel mTielTa `TavdasxmebiT~, razec sruliad usafuZvlod mudmivad amaxvilebs yuradRebas g.meliqiSvili318. biWvinTis ukan kavkasiis mTebSi (arsebiTad, afxazeTis farglebs gareT) savromatuli tomebis moxsenieba aranairad ar gamodgeba afxazeTSi eTnikuri situaciis Secvlis dasadastureblad. pliniusis cnoba principuli mniSvnelobis erTaderT siaxles Seicavs. es aris istoriaSi absilTa pirvelad moxsenieba. maT lokalizaciasTan da vinaobasTan dakavSirebuli diskusiebi dRemde grZeldeba (ix. qvemoT). afxazeTis istoriis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa kvintus epius flavius arianes `mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~319. naSromi warmoadgens moxsenebas, romelic avtorma (kapadokiis mmarTvelma) miarTva romis keisar adrianes (117-138ww.) mas Semdeg, rac misi davalebiT 134w. moinaxula Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli (trapizonidan sebastopolamde) da Caatara romauli garnizonebis inspeqcia. danarCeni sanapiro aRwerilia sxvaTa zepiri gadmocemebis, an adrindeli mwerlebis cnobaTa safuZvelze. trapizonis Crdilo-dasavleTiT flavius ariane asaxelebs kolxebs, drilebs anu sanebs da wers: `amaT gverdiT arian makronebi da henioxebi, maTi mefe anqialea. makronebisa da henioxebis mezoblebi Zidritebi arian, eseni farsmanis qveSevrdomni arian. Zidritebis gverdiT lazebi arian. lazebis mefe malasaa, romelsac taxti Sengana aqvs miRebuli. lazebis mezoblebi afsilebi arian, maTma mefem iulianem mefoba Seni mamisagan miiRo. afsilebis mezoblebi abaskebi arian. abaskTa mefe resmagaa, amasac taxti Sengana aqvs miRebuli. abaskTa mezoblebi sanigebi arian, maT miwaze imyofeba sebastopolisi. sanigTa mefe spadagam Sengan miiRo taxti... hiposidan dawyebuli astelefamde da dioskuriamde Cven vxedavdiT kavkasionis mTas, romelic simaRliT waagavs yvelaze metad keltur alpebs. gviCvenes erT-erTi mwvervali kavkasionisa _ strobili, romelzedac miTis mixedviT zevsis brZanebiT promeTeosi Camokidebul iqna hefestos mier~320. dioskuria ukve aRar aris
dacarielebuli qalaqi: `sebastopolisi Zvelad dioskuriad iwodeboda, mileTis axalSenia~, _ naTqvamia `mogzaurobaSi~; trapizonidan igi 2260 stadioniTaa321 daSorebuli, sebastopolisidan biWvinTamde ki 350 stadionia; aqedan stenitikis mxaremde (Zv. trigliti) iyo 150 stadioni; am mxareSi 313 . g. lorTqifaniZe. biWvinTis naqalaqari. Tb., 1991, gv. 12; ix. agreTve: l. arboliSvili. dasax. naSromi, gv. 35-36 (sxva mdinareebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb ix. iqve, gv. 32-35). 314 . flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 92. 315 . s. janaSia. Sromebi, t. 6. Tb., 1988, gv. 267. 316 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 111. 317 . flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 52. 318 . Г. А. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 364. 319 . veyrdnobiT n. keWaRmaZis gamocemas: `mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~ arianes sxva SromebTan erTad Targmna da winasityvaoba-komentarebiT gamoaqveyna T. yauxCiSvilmac. ix.: berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, V. Tb., 1983. 320 . flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 42-44. 321 . erTi stadioni udrida daaxloebiT 178-180 metrs. ix.: Н. Ломоури. Из исторической географии древней Колхиды. – Вестник Древней Истории, 1957, #4, gv. 97.
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girCismWamelebi (fTeirofagebi) cxovrobdnen. manZili stenitikidan md. abaskosamde322 (fsou Tu mZimTa) 90 stadions Seadgenda, aqedan md.aqeuntamde (Saxe) _ 420 stadions. am mdinareze gadioda sanixebis sazRvari zixebTan, romelTa mmarTvels `mefoba~ adrianesagan miuRia. es faqti ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom romaelTa batonoba ar mTavrdeboda dioskuriasTan, sadac ukanaskneli garnizoni idga. manZili md. Saxedan q.Zvel lazikamde 450 stadions Seadgenda; aqedan Zvel aqaiamde _ 150 stadions323. mTel sivrceze trapizonidan Zvel lazikamde flavius arianesTan aSkarad erTi _ qarTuli samyaroa warmodgenili, magram, garemoebaTa gamo, wvril-wvril politikur erTeulebad aris dayofili. gansakuTrebul interess iwveven wyaroebSi pirvelad moxseniebuli abaskebi, aseve afsilebi. sayuradRebo faqtia agreTve Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi henioxTa Canacvleba pliniusTan da arianesTan moxseniebuli sanikebiT (ix. qvemoT). flavius arianes teqstTan Tavisi SinaarsiT axlos dgas Vs. anonimis `mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~. zogjer igi sityva-sityviT mihyveba winamorbedis teqsts, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca aRwers trapizonidan dioskuriamde, agreTve qalaq `Zvel lazikamde” da `Zvel aqaiamde” mcxovreb mosaxleobas. anonimi asaxelebs imave politikur erTeulebs da mmarTvelebsac ki (paragrafi 8-9, 13-17)324. gansxvavebiT flavius arianesagan, man `tomTa~ aRweras win aseTi cnoba daurTo: `dioskuriidan (romelsac agreTve sebastopoli ewodeba) vidre afsaris wylamde (Woroxi) winaT cxovrobda is xalxi, romlebsac kolxebi ewodebodaT da (mere) gadaerqvaT lazebi~.325 amrigad, anonimis cnobiT, dioskuria-Woroxis monakveTi, miuxedavad aq arsebuli sami politikuri erTeulisa (lazeTi, afsileTi, abazgia), eTnikurad erTferovania. Zvel aqaiamde teritoriis aRweris Semdeg avtori ganmartavs: `”Zveli aqaiidan~ vidre `Zvel lazikamde~ da Semdeg vidre aqeuntis mdinaremde winaT cxovrobdnen tomebi, romelTac ewodebodaT henioxebi, koraqsebi da kolikebi, melanqlenebi, maqelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, amJamad ki cxovroben jiqebi~326. anonimi ar uTiTebs, aqac ubralod saxelis gadarqmeva moxda (rac ar aris gamoricxuli), Tu adrindeli mosaxleobis ayra maTi sacxovrebeli adgilebidan (aseTi ram ki wyaroebSi ar aris dafiqsirebuli) da sxva tomis dasaxleba. afxazeTis eTnopolitikuri istoriisaTvis axal da uaRresad mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicavs klavdios ptolemaiosis `geografiis saxelmZRvanelo~, romelic Targmna da winasityvaoba-komentarebiT gamosca n. lomourma. mexuTe wignis merve TavSi _ `aziis sarmatiis mdebareoba~ _ geografiuli punqtebis dasaxeleba iwyeba hermonasadan327 da mTavrdeba md. korakosis (bzifis) SesarTavTan. miTiTebul punqtebs Sorisaa q.taZosi (q. Zveli lazika), md. burkas (mzimTas) SesarTavi, oinanTea (arianes nitika//gagra), karteron teixosi (koraqsis kedeli)328. aRniSnul teritoriaze `pontos gaswvriv~, klavdios ptolemaiosis mixedviT, cxovrobdnen axaielebi, kerketebi, henioxebi da sxva imJamindeli wyaroebisaTvis ucnobi suanno-kolxebi329. 322 . sanigebis teritoriaze, kerZod, gagris zeviT dasaxelebuli md. abaskosis saxelis dakavSireba imave sanigTa qalaq dioskuriis samxreTiT lokalizebul abaskebTan (m. inaZe. Zveli kolxeTis..., _ macne, 1992, #2, gv. 49) veranair kritikas ver uZlebs. piriqiT, aRniSnulma mdinarem abaskebisagan ki ar miiRo, aramed swored maTi mosvlis Semdeg dakarga Tavisi saxelwodeba. 323 . flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 52-53. 324 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 6-11. 325 . iqve, gv. 6. 326 . iqve, gv. 11. 327 . savaraudebelia tamanis naxevarkunZulze; aq da qvemoT, Tu sxva ar aris miTiTebuli, geografiuli punqtebis lokalizacia naCvenebia n. lomouris komentarebis mixedviT. _ n. lomouri. klavdios ptolemaiosi, gv. 52-57. 328 . Д. Качарава, Г. Квирквелия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 141-142. 329 . Seesabameba favstos buzandis egersvanebs (История Армении Фавстоса Бузанда. Перевод с древнеармянского М. А. Геворкяна, 1953, gv. 15).
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`geografiis saxelmZRvanelos~ mexuTe wignis mecxre Tavi eZRvneba kolxeTs,, romelic md. bzifidan iwyeba330. dasaxelebulia `dioskuria anu sebastopolisi~, md. hiposis (aq kodoris) SesarTavi, md. kianeosis (moqviswyali) SesarTavi, siganeoni (eriswyali), neapolisi (lokalizacia ucnobia), aia331 da a.S. sayuradReboa is faqti, rom, miuxedavad pliniusisa da arianes Sromebis gamoyenebisa, klavdios ptolemaiosma ar daasaxela wvril-wvrili politikuri erTeulebi da kolxeTis (e.i. md. bzifidan kapadokiamde) mTeli mosaxleoba qarTvelebad warmoadgina: `kolxeTis zRvispira nawilSi mosaxleoben lazebi, zeviT mdebare adgilebSi manralebi da ekrektikis qveynis mcxovrebni332~. sayovelTao aRiarebiT, manralebi _ megrelebi arian, ekrektikis qveyana _ egrisia333. egrisis teritoriaze I-II saukuneebis mijnaze wvril-wvril politikur erTeulTa warmoqmnis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT qarTul istoriografiaSi erTiani mosazreba ar arsebobs. iv. javaxiSvili gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsad im garemoebas miiCnevda, `rom mTliani dasavleT saqarTvelos magier 134w. qr. S. qveyana ukve oTx samefod daqucmacebuli yofila. rogorc Cans, romaelebs TavianTi sayvareli politikuri mcneba divide et impera aqac ganuxorcielebiaT da gaerTianebuli kolxeTis magier oTxi samefos SeqmnisaTvis SeuwyviaT xeli334.” sxva mosazreba hqonda s. janaSias. misi azriT, `arianesdroindeli zogierTi samTavro warmoadgens uwyebuli skeptuxiebis Semdgom ganviTarebas~335. straboniseul skeptuxiebs (aqve, gv. 55) _ kolxeTis samefos administraciulteritoriul erTeulebs _ s. janaSia satomo organizaciebad, kolxeTs ki `mravaltomian samefod~ miiCnevda336. `skeptuxiebis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi~ igulisxmeboda arianes `samefoebis~ primitiuli `socialuri diferenciaciis~, feodalizaciis niadagze aRmoceneba337. afsilebis, abaskebis, sanigebis (da sxva) politikur warmonaqmnebs s.janaSia `tomobriv samTavroebs~ (племенные княжества) uwodebda, romelTa Seqmna, TiTqos, damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli adgilobrivi Zalebis winaSe romis iZulebiTma daTmobam ganapiroba338. IIs. egrisis politikuri erTeulebi `tomobrivi samTavroebi~ rom yofiliyvnen, s.janaSias mier afsua-afxazTa winaprebad miCneuli, erTmaneTis mezoblad mcire teritoriaze mcxovrebi afsilebi da abazgebi erT gaerTianebas Seqmnidnen. ase imitom ar moxda, rom, etyoba, imperiis interesebSi marTlac Sedioda mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebriobis mqone da am saxelmwifoebriobis dakargviT aSkarad ukmayofilo kolxebis politikuri daqucmaceba, raTa gamoricxuliyo samefos kvlav aRdgena339. s.janaSias mosazreba sxvadasxva formiT araerTma avtorma gaimeora. niko berZeniSvili Tvlida, rom kolxeTis samefo warmoadgenda tomTa did gaerTianebas, romlis daSlis Semdeg `TavSemonaxuli~ aRmoCndnen sxva tomebic _ afSilebi, afxazebi da a. S.340 g. meliqiSvili werda CrdiloeT kavkasiidan I s. axali `mrisxane stiqiis~ moZalebis, centraluri kolxeTidan uZvelesi 330 . klavdios ptolemaiosi kolxidas msoflios did qveynebs Soris moixseniebda (`tetrabiblosi~) da kavkasiis qedis qvemoT aTavsebda. _ Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi , gv. 532. 331 . n. lomouri. klavdios ptolemaiosi, gv. 43-45. 332 . iqve, gv. 45. 333 . iqve, gv. 57; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi , gv. 523. 334 . iv. javaxiSvili. Txz., t. I . Tb., 1979, gv. 214. 335 . s. janaSia. Sromebi, t. II. Tb., 1952, gv. 311. 336 . iqve, t. I. Tb., 1949, gv.210; t. II, gv. 311. 337 . iqve, t. II, gv. 312. 338 . С. Н. Джанашиа. Абхазия в составе Колхидского царства и Лазики. Образование «Абхазского царства» _macne, istoriis... seria, 1991, #2, gv. 23. 339 . amitomac mcdaria n. keWaymaZis mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom imperias arc ainteresebda da arc gasCenia kolxeTSi `axali wyobis damyarebis survili~. _ flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 13. 340 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, w. VIII. Tb., 1975, gv. 245-246, 251; misive: saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1990, gv. 554.
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mosaxleobis gandevnisa da `ueWvelad~ im `stiqiis~ Semadgeneli afSilebis, abazgebisa da sanigebis iq damkvidrebis Sesaxeb. es iqca, misi azriT, kolxeTSi wvrili politikuri erTeulebis Camoyalibebis mTavar mizezad. aRniSnuli warmonaqmnebi TiTqos warmoadgendnen tomTa kavSirebs `saxelmwifoebriobis Zlieri CanasaxiT~, `mefeebi~ ki _ tomTa kavSirebis beladebs.341 g. meliqiSvilis mTeli es msjeloba da daskvnebi efuZneba ara wyaroTa monacemebs, aramed I saukunidan kolxeTis teritoriaze mis mier mTiel afsuaafxazebad miCneuli `tomebis~ gamoCenis faqtis Tavisebur interpretacias. gaugebaria, henioxebs (romelTac mecnieri svanebad da megrelebad Tvlis) ratom miakuTvnebs Crdilokavkasiur `mrisxane stiqias~, ratom acxadebs am `stiqiis~ nawilad aseve qarTvelebad aRiarebul sanigebs? sxvaTa Soris, arc pirveli saukuneebis jiqebi (`mrisxane stiqiis~ viTom avangardi) Canan ucxo Zalad da ar warmoadgenen gansakuTrebul safrTxes. arianes mixedviT, maTac romaelTa daniSnuli mefe hyavdaT; jiqTa teritoriaze mdebareobda qarTuli qalaqi Zveli lazika. `mrisxane stiqiis~ kidev erTi `mTavari Zala~ _ aqeelebi g.meliqiSvilis mier aRwerili viTom masobrivi Semotevebis Semdeg henioxebTan erTad male saerTod qrebian istoriuli asparezidan. es yovelive dasturia imisa, rom axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi araviTari `mrisxane stiqia~ ar arsebula. g.meliqiSvilis mosazrebas `metad meryev safuZvelze~ damyarebulad Tvlis n. lomouric, magram aviTarebs aranakleb mcdar da ukve nacnob Sexedulebas (s. janaSia) kolxeTis samefoSi damoukideblobisaken miswrafebis tendenciebis mqone teritoriul-tomobrivi erTeulebis (skeptuxiebis) arsebobis Sesaxeb. adre Zlieri samefo xelisufleba (jer kolxeTis, mere romisa) boWavda partikularizms, magram ax. w. pirvel saukuneebSi, roca viTareba Seicvala, romi iZulebiT daTmobaze wavida da cno `kolxeTis calkeul teritoriuleTnikur erTeulTa beladebis pretenzia, maT mier faqtiurad damoukideblobis mopoveba, raTa formalurad suzerenoba da erTgvari gavlena mainc SeinarCunos kolxeTSi~, - wers n. lomouri; mTavari daskvna ki, romelic wyaroTa monacemebs ar eyrdnoba da, amdenad, miuRebelia, aseTia: `kolxeTis samefos arsebobis xanaSive moqmedi tendenciebis gaZlierebis winaaRmdeg brZolis SeuZlebloba, gamowveuli amierkavkasiaSi saerTo politikuri situaciis romis sazianod SecvliT, kolxeTis calkeul `skeptuxiaTa~ gaaqtiurebiT da iberiis momZlavreba-gaagresiulobiT, aris, Cveni azriT, kolxeTis teritoriaze calkeul samefoTa warmoqmnis obieqturi pirobebi da realuri mizezebi~342. n.lomouri faqtobrivad imeorebs g.meliqiSvilis Sexedulebas gaZlierebuli da dasavleTis mimarTulebiT gaaqtiurebuli iberiis faqtoris Sesaxeb343. viTom es faqtori aiZulebda SavizRvispira wvril `eTnikur~ erTeulebs romTan garkveuli kavSiris damyarebas; am TvalsazrisiT, romauli garnizonebis fazissa da dioskuriaSi ganlagebac aRniSnul erTeulTa mmarTveloebisaTvis yofila sasargeblo; n.lomouris azriT, romis xelqveiToba egrisSi warmoqmnil `samefoebs~ saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT periferiaze mcxovreb tomTa Tavdasxmebisagan icavda da a.S.344 VI saukuneSi afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze dafiqsirebulia kidev erTi politikuri erTeuli _ misimianeTi. agaTia sqolastikosi (VIs.) gvawvdis vrcel informacias bizantielTa winaaRmdeg misimielebis ajanyebisa da 345 imperiis mier misi sastikad CaxSobis Sesaxeb .
341 342 343 344 345
. . . . .
Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 365, 373-375. n. lomouri. egrisis samefos istoria. Tb., 1968, gv. 21-23. Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 369. n. lomouri. egrisis samefos istoria, gv. 24, 25, 27. georgika, t. 3. Tb., 1936, gv. 85-90; 154-157; 159-174.
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amrigad, gvianantikur xanaSi da adreul Sua saukuneebSi enguridan fsoumde monakveTze (mis Crdilo-dasavleTiTac) garda lazebisa mkvidrobdnen afsilebi, abazgebi, sanigebi, svanokolxebi da misimianebi. maTi eTnikuri vinaobis garkveva warmoadgens regionis eTnopolitikuri istoriis sakvanZo sakiTxs. uZveles mosaxleobas miekuTvnebian sanigebi. maTi vinaoba istoriografiaSi faqtobrivad dadgenilia, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT afxaz istorikosTa akviatebul azrs md.enguridan (ufro samxreTidanac) fsoumde mxolod afxazTa mkvidrobis Sesaxeb. z.anCabaZes, aseve S.inal-ifas da sxva avtorebs sanigebi saTanado dasabuTebis gareSe saZebis winaprebad miaCndaT346 maSin, roca maTi (saZebis) saxeli ara antikur, aramed mxolod gviandeli Sua saukuneebis wyaroebSi Cndeba. Zv.w. I saukunis Suaxanebis movlenebTan kavSirSi sanigebs axsenebs memnoni (IIIss.). igi werda, rom `pontos ukidures aRmosavleT mxareSi~, saiTkenac `gaiqcnen miTridates momxreebi..., saxlobdnen sanigebi da lazebi~347. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT pompeusisagan devnili miTridate VI-is yofnas dioskuriaSi da am qalaqis sanigTa miwaze mdebareobas (ariane), unda gaviziaroT T. yauxCiSvilis varaudi Zv.w. I saukuneSi sanigebis dioskuriis midamoebSi mkvidrobis Sesaxeb348. arianes cnobiT, isini md.Saxemde _ jiqTa sazRvrebamde saxlobdnen. zemoT ukve iTqva, rom jer kidev i.orbelma `henioxi~ (`henixi~) daakavSira `sanig~-Tan da orive qarTvelur (svanur) toms miakuTvna (aqve, gv. 46). sanigebs qarTvelTa ama Tu im Stos (megrul-Wanuris, svanuris an orives) warmomadgenlebad miiCneven n.mari, s.janaSia, s.yauxCiSvili, p.ingoroyva, g,meliqiSvili, n.keWaymaZe, m.inaZe, n.lomouri, T.mibCuani, g.gasviani, b.gogia, d.leTodiani da mravali sxva349. qarTuli istoriografia am sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, pirvel rigSi, wyaroTa zust monacemebs efuZneba. ase, magaliTad, ipolite romaeli (IIIs.) wers, rom kapadokiis Semdeg arian `marcxena mxareebSi skviTebi, kolxebi da bosforelebi... savnebi, egreTwodebuli sanigebi, romlebic gadaWimuli arian vidre pontomde, im adgilamde, sadac aris afsarosi (da sebastopolisi), hisos navsadguri da mdinare fazisi. da vidre trapezuntamde cxovroben da gadaWimuli arian es tomebi350~. amrigad, motanil wyaroebSi istoriuli kolxeTis teritoriaze, sadac viTom mravali `samefo~ arsebobda da mravali `tomi~ cxovrobda, saxeldebian mxolod kolxebi da savnebi (svanebi)//sanigebi. am tomebs mciredi koreqtiviT uklebliv asaxelebs evstaTi kesarieli (260-340ww.). igi saubrobs sannebze, `romelTac sannigebi ewodebaT~351. aRniSnuli avtoris mixedviTac, istoriuli kolxeTi mxolod sannebis//sannigebisa da kolxebis samkvidroa. VI saukunis avtori prokopi kesarieli eyrdnoba wina epoqebis avtorTa sarwmuno cnobebs da araerTxel axsenebs sanigebs//saginebs, romelTa `qveynamde dafuZnebul iqna romael jariskacTa razmebi~ romis `TviTmpyrobel traianes dros~ (98-117wlebi); sanigebis//saginebis `miwa-wylis, zRvispira nawili, _ agrZelebs prokopi kesarieli, _ ZvelTaganve epyraT romaelebs. romaelebma aq zRvis piras ori simagre gaaSenes: sebastopolisi da pitiunti... da imTaviTve Caayenes iq mcveli razmi~352. 346
З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк..., gv. 34-36; Ш. Инал-Ипа. Абхазы…, gv. 97-98. . berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, VI. Zveli berZnulidan Targmna , gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTo T. yauxCiSvilma. Tb., 1987, gv. 46. 348 . iqve, gv. 22-23. .
347
349
. literaturis mimoxilva am Temaze ix.: T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos... gv. 83-94; m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis... macne, 1992, #2, gv. 45-47; З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк... gv. 34. ix. agreTve: d. leTodiani. afxazeTis, afSileTis da sanigeTis politikuri damokidebuleba egrisTan (lazikasTan) IV-VIII ss-Si. Tb., 1991, gv. 120-140. 350 . georgika, t. I, gv. 19-20. 351 . iqve, gv. 32. 352 . iqve, t. 2, gv. 125, 126.
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sanigebTan dakavSirebul cnobas Seicavs VII saukunis wyaro - `pasqaluri qronika~, sadac saubaria miwa-wyalze `egreTwodebuli sallebisa, romlebsac sanitebsac eZaxian~353. sallebi unda iyvnen fazisis CrdiloeTiT lokalizebuli pliniusis saltiebi, romlebsac Zvelad fTeirofagebi erqvaT, sxvebi ki uwodebdnen sannebs (aqve, gv. 57). aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT plinius ufrosis `sanTa henioxTa tomi~ (VI. 12), agreTve makronebisa (stefane bizantielis mixedviT _ sanebi354) da henioxebis `samefo~ flavius arianesTan (aqve, gv. 58), raTa kidev erTxel gavusvaT xazi sanebis//sanigebis da henioxebis rogorc identurobas, ise maT qarTvelobas. savnebze//svanebze da sanebze `pretenzia~ TviT separatistulad ganwyobil mkvlevarebsac ara aqvT., vinaidan maTi (Sesabamisad, sanigebis) qarTveloba udavoa. prokopi kesarieli werda, rom `trapezuntelTa mosazRvreni arian sanebi, romelTac axla Wanebi ewodebaT, an kolxebi, sxvanairad lazebs rom eZaxdnen, romelnic axla imave saxels atareben~355. amrigad, istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, sanigebi, igive sanebi//Wankolxebi da svanebi, qarTvelebi arian. aRsaniSnavia, rom am ueWvel faqts, Tanamedrove separatistebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRiarebda TviT d.gulia356. sanigebis qarTvelobis utyuari sabuTia Tanamedrove gagris zonaSi kl.ptolemaiosis mier svanokolxebis moxsenieba (aqve, gv. 59), agreTve flavius arianesTan da V saukunis anonimTan Tanamedrove tuafses Crdilo-dasavleTiT am xsenebuli q.Zveli lazika (aqve, gv. 58,59), V saukunidan _ nikofsia357. faqtebTan dakavSirebiT separatistuli istoriografia srul dumils amjobinebs, vinaidan isini mTlianad arRveven afsua-afxazTa avtoqTonobis yalb koncefcias. q. Zveli lazikis arsebobas m. inaZe savsebiT logikurad da damajereblad ukavSirebs uZveles saistorio tradicias egrosis samflobelos gavrcelebis Sesaxeb zRvamde, `sada warswuTebis wueri kavkasisa~ da aRniSnavs, rom kavkasionis qedis dasavleTi kalTebi swored Zvel lazikasTan eSvebian zRvaSi.358 sanigTa qarTvelobis sasargeblod moyvanil istoriul mtkicebulebebs ver uaryofs afxaz avtorTa yvelaze mTavari argumenti _ `sanig~-isa da `saZ~-is fonetikuri msgavseba, romelic iolad gaabaTiles m. inaZem da n. lomourma359. bevrad ufro rTuli aRmoCnda afsil-abazgTa vinaobis garkveva.am sakiTxze TviT qarTul istoriografiaSic ar aris azrTa sruli erTianoba, rom araferi vTqvaT afxaz istorikosebze. specialistTa erTi nawili afsil-abazgebs afxazTa winaprebad miiCnevs im motiviT, rom `afsili~, TiTqos, aris `afsuas~ afxazis TviTsaxelwodebis identuri, `abazgi~ _ `afxazisa~. sxva ufro seriozuli argumentebi am Sexedulebis avtorebs ar gaaCniaT. arsebobda da arsebobs sapirispiro mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac istoriuli engur-fsous monakveTi uZvelesi droidan gvian Sua saukuneebamde qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli; istoriuli afxazi igive qarTvelia, Tanamedrove afsua-afxazebi ki XVI-XVIIss. Camosaxlebuli Crdilokavkasiuri modgmis xalxia. es mosazreba XVI saukunidan TandaTanobiT ixveweboda da dasrulebuli saxe XXs. miiRo. afxazeTis uZveles istorias, maT Soris afsua-afxazTa warmoSobis Temas gvian Sua saukuneebidan exebodnen mogzaurebi, misionerebi, diplomatebi, mecnierebi. germaneli diplomati s.gerberStaini, romelic XVIs. pirvel meoTxedSi sagangebo misiiT orjer imyofeboda ruseTSi, md.yubanis samxreTiT 353
. iqve, t. 4, w. 1, gv. 10. . iqve, t. 3, gv. 281. 355 . iqve, t. 2, gv. 120. 356 . »Санны (саниги, суани, нынешние свани) родственное племя абазгов, до Рождества Христова долгое время и после Р. Хр. жили около Диоскурии». – Д. И. Гулиа. Собр. соч., т. 6, gv.. 100-101. 357 . saqarTvelos istoriuli sasazRvro punqti XIV s. meore naxevramde mainc. _ qarTlis cxovreba, t. 4. Tb., 1973, gv. 201. 354
358 359
. .
m. inaZe Zveli afxazeTis... macne, 1992, #2, gv. 47. m. inaZe. antikuri xanis..., moambe, 1960, #2, gv. 148-156;
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n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis... gv. 31-33.
mdebare teritoriebs, rusebis mier miwodebuli informaciis safuZvelze, samegrelos miakuTvnebda; iqve aRniSnavda, rom `mdinare yubanTan cxovrobda afxazi xalxi~360. XVIIs. Sua xanebis Turqi istorikosi qaTib Celebi afxazebs ebrauli warmoSobis xalxad miiCnevda; ebraelebSi is, savaraudod, gulisxmobda xazarebs, romelTa umetesoba iudaizms misdevda; afxazTa uSualo winaprebad Turqi istorikosi yara aJdahanis (astraxanis) mosaxleobas (sadac yvelaze metad iyo iudaizmi gavrcelebuli xazarTa Soris) Tvlida361. qaTib Celebis mosazrebas amyarebs pliniusis cnoba abzoas tomis kaspiis zRvis CrdiloeTiT binadrobis Sesaxeb. kaTolike misioneri arqanjelo lamberti, romelic 1633-1649 wlebSi samegrelos samTavroSi imyofeboda da kargad icoda saqarTvelos istoria, werda: `...saqarTvelos samefo midioda kafamdi~362. mniSvnelovania, rom 1672w. saqarTveloSi Camosuli Jan Sardeni samegrelos mkvidrTa istoriul mexsierebaze dayrdnobiiT werda: `kolxTa samefos aseTi mcire teritoria rodi eWira, rogorc dRes. igi erTi mxriv ganvrcobili iyo meotidis (azovis _ avt.) Waobamde, meore mxriv ki _ iberiamde~363. qarTul saistorio literaturaSi pirvelad XVIIIs. gaCnda termini `afsari~//`afsua~, romelic CanarTis saxiTaa Setanili XIIIs. TxzulebaSi `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~364. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstebis damdgenisa da gamomcemlis _ s.yauxCiSvilis ganmartebiT, `afsari~ aris `erT-erTi qarTveli tomi dasavleT saqarTveloSi~365. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, `anakofiis dasavleTi aris afxazeTi, pirvelad wodebuli egreTve egrisi~. es teritoria, `daipyres ra berZenTa, uwodes abasa, xolo qarTvelTa _ afxazeTi. garna umetes sagonebeli ars ZeTagan anu Zis ZeTagan egrosisaTa ewoda saxeli ese366~. amrigad, abazgTa gansaxlebis teritoria aris ara mTiel kavkasianTa, aramed egrosianTa kuTvnileba. Tanamedrove afsua-afxazebma, rogorc vaxuSti werda, miwebi `egrisis mdinaredmde~ daipyres XVIIs. bolos367. afxazeTis Temas Seexo pirveli rusi profesionali istorikosi da saxelmwifo moRvawe v.tatiSCevi (1686-1750ww.), romlis Sromebs rusul istoriografiaSi wyaros mniSvneloba eniWeba. misi sityvebiT, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria _ CrdiloeT samegreloa, romlis `meti nawili~ amJamad sxva xalxiT _ yubanelebiT gaivso368 (кубанцы наполняют). v.tatiSCevma termini `avxazos~ rusul matianeTa `obezebs~ daukavSira da es ukanasknelni qarTvelebTan gaaigiva. `obezTa qveynidan anu qarTveli dedofali~369, _ ase uwodebs igi kievis mTavris iziaslav II-is (1146-1154ww.) meuRles. Sexeduleba, rom afxazeTi samegrelos CrdiloeTi nawilia, anu igive samegreloa, XVIIIs. bolomde da XIXs. dasawyisamde myarad iyo gabatonebuli rusul mecnierebasa da politikur azrovnebaSi. generali pietro _ simeon palasi (1741-1811ww.), peterburgis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevri, romelmac 1794w. kavkasiaSi imogzaura, afxazebs (`absne~) abazebad moixseniebda da maT Sesaxeb werda: `es xalxi, rogorc Cans,
360
. С. Герберштейн. Записки о Московии. М.,1988, gv. 181. . qaTib Celebis cnobebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. Turqulidan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo g. alasaniam. Tb., 1973, gv. 132, 133. 362 . a. lamberti. samegrelos aRwera. Tb., 1938, gv. 9-10. 363 . Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis qveynebSi. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. frangulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobliSvilma. Tb., 1975, gv. 108. 364 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 2. Tb., 1959, gv. 58. 365 . iqve, gv. 636. 366 . iqve, t. IV, gv. 783, 784. 367 . iqve, gv. 845. 368 . В. Н. Татищев. История Российская, т. 1. М., - Л., 1962, gv. 171. 369 . iqve, gv. 422.. 361
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warmoSobiT aris kavkasiis mTebis Crdilo-dasavleTi nawilidan~370. amdenad, palasis mixedviT, SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove afxazebi afsil-abazgTa STamomavlebi iyvnen. afsilebis lokalizacia samegreloSi moaxdina da megrelebad miiCnia istorikosma da geografma, ruseTis sagareo uwyebis TanamSromelma Jan (ian) potockim (1761-1815ww.), romelmac kavkasia 1799 wels moinaxula371. abazebis saxeliT icnobs afxazebs minas mediCi-bJiSkiani, romelmac aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi 1815-1819ww. imogzaura. misi daskvniT, `abasi skviTuri tomia, rogorc Cans, didi saTaTreTidan mosuli da aq dasaxlebuli da, cxovrobdnen ra megrelebis mezoblad, maT JamTa ganmavlobaSi miiRes qristianoba da Seerivnen megrelebs Savi zRvis sanapiroze. Semdgom maT, abasebma, dauteves qristianoba da xis Tayvanismcemlebi Seiqmnen~. m.mediCi-bJiSkianis dakvirvebiT, `uTuod soxumeli abasebic am tomebs (megrelebs _ avt.) ekuTvnian. SemdgomSi isini, gaxdnen ra xis Tayvanismcemlebi, SeuerTdnen ZiriTadad abasebs~.372 afxazeTs da afxazebs (abaziebs) kargad icnobda germaneli mogzauri da enaTmecnieri hainrix iulius klaproTi (1783-1835ww.); kavkasiaSi mogzaurobis (1807-1808ww.) Semdeg man gamosca ramdenime naSromi germanul da frangul enebze. afxazTa (`absne~) Sesaxeb 1812w. igi werda: `fiqroben, rom isini CrdilodasavleT kavkasiis aborigenebi arian da mogvianebiT gavrceldnen sxva raionebSi...~373 klaproTi, rogorc vxedavT, eyrdnoba im droisaTvis gabatonebul mosazrebas (`fiqroben~ sxvebic) afsua-afxazTa CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Camosaxlebis Sesaxeb. morig naSromSi (1823w.) ki man aRniSna: abazebi (`absne~), `rogorc etyoba, mTeli antikuri epoqa cxovrobdnen kavkasiis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi~, saidanac gamodevnes Cerqezebma374. es daskvna gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania. Tanamedrove afxazTa winaprebs antikur xanaSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi rom ar ucxovriaT da es winaprebi afsil-abazgebi ar arian, damajereblad mtkicdeba afxazuri enobrivi masalisa da xalxis zneCveulebebis analizis safuZvelze. sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT375, amas iolad mixvda germaneli mecnieri. 1827 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSic i.klaproTma kidev erTxel daadastura: afsua-afxazebi `Zalian didxans cxovrobdnen kavkasiis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi~376. kavkasiaSi, saqarTveloSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi mogzaurobas (1833w.) seriozuli mecnieruli gamokvleva miuZRvna Sveicarielma frangma, parizis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrma frederik diubua de monperem. avtori paraleluri mniSvnelobiT xmarobda terminebs `afxazeTi~ da `lazika~; aRniSnavda, rom mTielTa Semotevebis Sedegad samegrelos sazRvarma ori saukunis win jer anakofiamde, SemdgomSi ki md.RaliZgamde gadainacvla377; exeboda ra uZveles istorias, kerZod, arianesTan dasaxelebul `tomebs~, diubua de monpere kolxeTSi eTnikur cvlilebebs ver xedavda378. is specialurad ar ikvlevs aRniSnul `tomTa~ eTnikuri vinaobis sakiTxs, magram komentarebSi
370
. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 285. . Б. Гогия, Абхазия, gv. 7. 372 . citirebulia naSromidan: g. Citaia. Zveli afxazebis eTnikuri Camomavlobis Sesaxeb. _ Sromebi xuT tomad, II. Tb., 2000, gv. 118. 373 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 289-290. 374 . iqve, gv. 298. 375 . rusi istorikosi m. selezniovi gaocebas ver malavda, misi TqmiT, niWier afxazTa CamorCenilobis gamo. `saocaria, _ werda igi, _ rom afxazebma, romlebsac mudmivi urTierToba hqondaT berZnebTan, romaelebTan, bosforelebTan, genuelebTan, ar gadmoiRes imaTgan arc samoqalaqo mowyoba, arc ganaTleba, an miiRes igi da ver SeiTvises Tavis zne-CveulebebSi~ (М. Селезнев. Руководство к познанию Кавказа, кн. II. СПБ, 1847, с. 203).. m. selezniovi ver mixvda, rom afsua-afxazebs arasodes hqoniaT uSualo mWidro urTierToba berZnebTan da romaelebTan. Sdr. Т. Гванцеладзе. О пути заимствования греческой христианской лексики в абхазском языке. – Rocznik orientalistychny. T. L. I, z. 2, Wafrszawa, gv. 130-134. 376 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 301. 377 . iqve, gv. 312-313, 681. 378 . Фредерик Дюбуа де Монпере. Путешествие вокруг Кавказа, т I. Сухуми., 1967, gv. 148. 371
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miTiTebuli aqvs: `afsilebi _ megruli mosaxleoba (adre henioxebi erqvaT)~379. igi ganmartavda, rom egrisi aris kolxeTis mkvidri georgianebis sacxovrisi; maT `axsenebs pliniusi `ekrektikes~ formiT da am saxeliT Tanamedrove 380 samegrelos moixseniebs~ . mokled, fr. diubua de monpere istoriul kolxeTSi, egrisSi, samegreloSi araqarTvel tomebs ar icnobda. Teimuraz bagrationis mixedviT, afxazeTi aris qvemo iveria, `romelsaca egrisi saxelsZevs~; saxeli `afxazi~, misi azriT, ukavSirdeba egrosis STamomavlis, gmirisa da afxazeTis pirveli mefis _ afxazosis saxels381. rogorc Cans, Teimurazi emyareba vaxuSti batoniSvilis versias _ legendas egrosisa da misi STamomavlebis Sesaxeb (aqve, gv. 63). magram es aris istoriuli realobis Semcveli legenda, romelic xazs usvams uZveles afxazTa qarTul warmomavlobas. am dros, arsebobs kavkasiis xalxebis, maT Soris afsua-afxazebis legenda _ narTebis eposi, romlis gmirebis ZiriTadi samoqmedo areali yubanispireTia; afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriasTan ki isini dakavSirebuli ar arian. eposis yvelaze Zveli da mniSvnelovani nawili yubanispireTSi mcxovrebi xalxis Semoqmedebis nayofia~382, _ askvnis n.anTelava. afsilTa eTnikur vinaobaze aris saubari prokopi kesarielis Txzulebis frangul gamocemaSi (1856w.), romelic m. isambers ekuTvnis. masSi naTqvamia: `afsilebi arian lazebi, romlebic Crdilo-dasavleTiT cxovroben da abazgebs esazRvrebian (isini ueWvelad, Tanamedrove megrelebi arian)~383. i.Sopenis azriTac, afsilebi (henioxebTan da sanigebTan erTad) qarTuli (megruli) warmomavlobisani arian, abazg (апгасы)-afxazebi ki `didxans cxovrobdnen mTis (kavkasionis) xeobebSi~384. d.baqraZe axali epigrafikuri da arqeologiuri masalis gaTvaliswinebiT daweril wignSi Crdilo-dasavleTis mxridan qarTuli enisa da misi megrulsvanuri dialeqtebis gavrcelebis arealad Tvlida Tanamedrove afxazeTs gagramde, Tumca `megrelebs ekavaT, _ werda igi, _ mTeli SavizRvispireTi, yubanidan trapizonamde da TviT trapizonic~385. e.i. d.baqraZe mTielTa yofnas megrelebTan erTad Tanamedrove afxazeTis Crdilo-dasavleTiT varaudobda. mogvianebiT igi kvlav miubrunda afxazeTis Temas. `Cven vfiqrobT, _ werda d. baqraZe, _ rom afxazni, Semdeg imaTis gadmoxvewnisa mTas-iqidam, rogorc ufro Zlierni, moawvnen megrelebs da am ukanasknelebma Tavis sisustis gamo dauTmes maT Tavisi miwawyali... cxadi unda iyos, rom afxazuri ena Zveladganve cota-cotad iWerda megrulis enis adgils _ miwasa da, rogorc Cven vfiqrobT, im dros, romelsac zemoT xsenebuli naSTebi ekuTvnis, mTeli webeldi da afxazeTi, mTlad Tu ara, mometebuli nawili mainc, jer isev megruls toms eWira. rogorc winaTac gviTqvams, Zveli geografiuli saxelwodebani STebian adgilobriv, Tumca SecvliT, SemdegSiac, rodesac am saxelwodebaTa enis adgili ucxo _ toms enas dauWeria. ai mizezi, rom mTels afxazeTSi aqamomde mravali megruli saxelwodeba ismis; imaT Soris TviT istoriuli cxumi anu cxomi (soxumi), romelic didi xania xmarebidam gamovida da romelsac aqamomde afxazni uwodeben erTs cixis nangrevs soxumis maxloblad~386. d. baqraZis
379
. Б. Гогия. Абхазия – историческая провинция Грузии, gv. 7. . iqve, gv. 4. 381 . Teimuraz batoniSvili. istoria dawyebidan iveriisa, ese igi giorgiisa, romeli ars sruliad saqarTveloisa. spb., 1848, gv. 56. 382 . n. anTelava. afxazuri miTebi, ritualebi, simboloebi. enciklopedia. Tb., 2006, gv. 56. 383 . Б. Гогия. Абхазия – историческая провинция Грузии, gv. 7. 384 . Иван Шопен. Новыя заметки на древния истории Кавказа и его обитателей. С-Пб, 1866, gv. 282-283, 286. 385 . Д. Бакрадзе. История Грузии на основе новых изысканий. СПБ., 1873, gv. 2-3. 386 . d. baqraZe. istoria saqarTvelosi. Tb., 1889, gv. 272-273. `cxumi~, d. baqraZis azriT, `cxels~ niSnavs (iqve). 380
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azriT, abazgebi ki arian afsua-afxazTa winaprebi387, magram cxovrobdnen `mTas iqiT~ da mxolod mogvianebiT (XVIIs.) gavrceldnen maTi Tanamedrove gansaxlebis teritoriaze. orive - afsilebi da abazgebi afsua-afxazTa winaprebad, rogorc irkveva, pirvelad mari brosem aRiara. abazgia//afxazeTSi, _ werda igi, _ `garda afxazebisa cxovrobdnen abJuelebi=afsilebi~; mari broses mtkicebiT, `abJua=afsilia bizantielebisa da somexi mwerlebis `afSeRi~388 niSnavs `Sua~-s imitom, rom afsilebi misimianebsa da abazgebs Soris cxovrobdnen RaliZgasa da kodors Sua~389. unda iTqvas, rom afsilebi namdvilad iyvnen `Sua soflis~ (afx. abJua) mkvidrTa _ qarTvelTa winaprebi. mari brosem, samwuxarod, ar icoda, rom RaliZga-kodoris monakveTi uZvelesi droidan XVIIs. bolomde megrelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da mas `Sua sofeli~ erqva. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi aq damkvidrebulma afsua-afxazebma es saxeli ubralod TavianT enaze Targmnes. mari brosem ki qarTuli `Sua soflis~ mkvidrTa winaprebi _ afsilebi Camosaxlebul `abJuelTa~ winaprebad gamoacxada. unda iTqvas, rom igi sulac ar Tvlida afxazTa da CerqezTa warmoSobis sakiTxs gadawyvetilad390. XX saukunis dasawyisamde istoriul mecnierebaSi mainc is azri iyo gabatonebuli, rom saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis uZveles mosaxleobas qarTvelebi warmoadgendnen. am mosazrebis momxre gaxldaT afxazeTis mkvidri Tedo Jordaniac. mxolod XVIIs. bolodan kelasuris samxreTiT afsua-afxazTa gavrceleba man SinaaSlilobebs, TurqeTis intrigebsa da mis gadamwyvet daxmarebas daukavSira391. manamde afsuebs am teritoriaze (arianes afsilabazgTa gansaxlebis arealSi), Tedo Jordanias azriT, ar ucxovriaT. SavizRvispireTis eTnikuri istoriis Temas Seexo ilia WavWavaZe Tavis `qvaTa RaRadSi~, romelic rCeba mecnieruli publicistikis nimuSad. misi azriT, ZvelisZvel `qarTvel naTesaobas sWeria mTeli sivrce Ralisis mdinaridgan mcire aziaSi _ Savi zRvis piramde da mTeli aRmosavleTis mxare am zRvisa, agreTve igi adgilebi, romelnic mtkvarsa da araqs Sua mdebareoben~. k.patkanovis msgavsi antiqarTvelebi (maT Soris niko maric; is mkacradaa gakritikebuli `qvaTa RaRadSi~), romelTac am adgilebis daCemeba surT an `qarTulis kuTvnilebis gauqmeba~, _ agrZelebs ilia WavWavaZe, _ amtkiceben, TiTqos mesxebi, tibarenebi, kolxebi da a.S. `qarTvelTa naTesaobisa arc iyvnen da arc arian~392O. aseTi iyo da darCa dResac saqarTvelos istoriis falsifikatorTa mizani. 1899w. gaz. `Cernomorski vestnikis~ furclebze gaimarTa pirveli Ria diskusia afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebze393. oponentebad gamodiodnen k.maWavariani da mama ambrosi xelaia (`samurzakanec~). pirveli im poziciaze idga, rom samurzayanoelebi arian afsua-afxazebi, rom afxazeTi saqarTvelo ar aris; amasTan, igi ususur argumentebs iSveliebda (afxazur gvar saxelebs, uxucesTa gamonaTqvamebs). meore _ ambrosi xelaia im droisaTvis cnobil istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT mowinaaRmdeges sruliad sapirispiros umtkicebda. wyaroTa mokle mimoxilvis Semdeg ambrosi xelaia oponents ekiTxeboda: `xom ar aris swori istorikosTa azri imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove soxumis olqi fsircxamde dasaxlebuli iyo megrelebiT, romlebsac samurzayanos Tanamedrove 387 . d. baqraZe ase imitom werda, rom mas jer ar hqonda pasuxi kiTxvaze: `berZnulis saxelwodebidam warmosdga qarTuli afxazi, Tu qarTulis saxelwodebidam _ berZnuli abazgi~? (d. baqraZe. istoria saqarTvelosi, gv. 271-272).am kiTxvaze pasuxi T. gamyreliZem gasca (aqve, gv. 71). 388 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 191, 547-548. 389 . Мари Броссе. О Сочинении г. Верещагина под заглавием: «Путевые заметки по Черноморскому округу». М., 1874, gv. 2. 390 . iqve, gv. 3. igive mosazrebas iziarebda v. Cerniavski. ixile: . . , gv. 11, 15. 391 . Ф. Жордания. Абхазские католикосы. Ставрополь, 1893, gv. 21. 392 . ilia WavWavaZe. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, t. V. Tb., 1987, gv. 40. 393 . wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi. krebuli Seadgina, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo j. gamaxariam. Tb., 2006, gv. 62-75; 425-439.
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sazRvramde daaxevines~?394 orive mxare, Rrmad iyo dauflebuli istoriul literaturas da wyaroebs afxazeTis Sesaxeb, isini afsilebs uyoymanod megrelebad miiCnevdnen. uTanxmoeba iyo mxolod maTi lokalizaciis sakiTxSi. k.maWavarianis mtkicebiT, Tanamedrove samegreloSi afsilebi md.enguramde vrceldebodnen, Sesabamisad, megrelebi am mdinaris marjvena mxares ar cxovrobdnen; mama ambrosi, pr. kesarielze dayrdnobiT, pasuxobda, rom afsilebi fsircxamde Tu ara, kodoramde mainc vrceldebodnen, Sesabamisad, am teritoriis uZvelesi mkvidrni megrelebi arian. Ambrosi xelaia SemdgomSic araerTxel Seexo afsil-abazgTa vinaobis, afxazeTis saqarTvelosadmi kuTvnilebisa da afsua-afxazTa gvian Camosaxlebis Temas395. al. xaxanaSvilis azriT, afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze XIs. bolomde mainc megrelebi cxovrobdnen396. kavkasiaSi kargad cnobili rusi istorikosi a. diaCkov-tarasovi ki, romelic afxazeTSi gaizarda da webeldaSi mamis (n.diaCkov-tarasovis) mier datovebul mamulebsac flobda, 1903, 1905 da 1909-1910 wlebSi Seqmnil sxvadasxva naSromSi afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze afsua-afxazTa XVI-XVIIss. Camosaxlebis versias aviTarebda (aqve, gv. 167-168). afxazeTis uZvelesi istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli iyo ivane javaxiSvilic. strabonis, pliniusis, arianes, ptolemaiosisa da pr. kesarielis cnobebis safuZvliani analizis Sedegad man Semdegi daskvna gaakeTa: `rogorc vxedavT, kolxeTis mosaxleoba qarTvelTa sam Stos hkuTvnebia: laz-megrelebs, afSil-afxazebs da svanebs~397. SemdgomSi iv.javaxiSvilma ramdenadme Seicvala aRniSnuli Sexeduleba, magram didma mecnierma gardacvalebamde ver moaswro am sakiTxze kvlevis dasruleba da argumentirebuli saboloo azris Camoyalibeba. amitom zemoxsenebuli daskvna afSil-afxazebis qarTvelobis Sesaxeb Sevida `qarTveli eris istoriis~ pirveli tomis 1951 da 1961 wlebis gamocemebSi398. imave tomis bolo gamocemidan (1979w.) ki igi amoRebulia da datovebulia iv.javaxiSvilis pasuxi n. maris kritikaze afxazTa eTnikuri vinaobis Taobaze: `afxazebs me qarTvelTa monaTesaved vTvli, magram qarTvelebs ar vuwodeb~399. avtori, rogorc Cans, Segnebulad ar akonkretebs, viszea saubari _ Tanamedrove afxazebze, romelTac aravin Tvlis qarTvelebad, Tu istoriul afsilabazgebze. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom iv.javaxiSvili faqtobrivad erTaderTi aRmoCnda, vinc arianes `samefoebSi~ calkeuli eTnosebi ki ar dainaxa, aramed `dayavi da ibatone~-s romauli politikis gamovlineba (aqve, gv. 60). amiT man iribad mianiSna sakuTari `Zveli~ poziciis sisworeze afsilabazgTa qarTvelobis Sesaxeb. niko marma, romelic iyo afxazeTis separatistuli istoriografiis fuZemdebeli, afxazi erovnebis istorikosebis pirveli Taobis erTgvari sulieri moZRvari, 1912w. 23 maiss ruseTis saimperatoro mecnierebaTa akademiis saistorio-filologiur ganyofilebas warudgina moxseneba `termin `afxazi~-s istoriidan~400. `abaski~ (ariane), `obezi~ (rusuli matianeebi), `afsili~ (pliniusi, ariane) am naSromSi afsuaTa aRmniSvnel saxelebadaa miCneuli; afsilTa lokalizacias momxsenebeli md.rionis marjvena mxares axdenda. ufro metic, zaqaria mitilenelis (V-VIss.) `istoriis~ siriuli teqstis `bazguni, Tavisi eniT, romelic emijneba da vrceldeba kaspiis karebamde da zRvamde~,
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iqve, gv. 423. iqve, gv. 330, 554-555, 593, 602, 667. 396 А. Хаханов. Древнейшие предели расселения грузии по Малой Азии. Тифлис, 1903, gv. 62-63. 397 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. w. I-II, Tb., 1913, gv. 55. 398 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. t. I, Tb., 1951, gv. 420; iqve. Tb., 1961, gv. 427. 399 iqve, Tb., 1979, gv. 152; iv. javaxiSvilma `dauTmo~ n. mars am erT – afxazTa eTnikuri vinaobis sakiTxSi, magram kategoriulad ar daeTanxma megrelebisa da svanebis, aseve Wanebis araqarTvelebad gamocxadebis moTxovnas (ix. iqve). 400 . Н. Я. Марр. История термина «абхаз», gv. 697-706. 395
. . . . . .
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n.marma afsua-afxazebad gamoacxada, rogorc es manamde gaakeTes h.gelcerma da J.markvartma401. n.maris kalams ekuTvnis mravali naSromi afxazTa enisa da istoriis Sesaxeb402. mas oficialurad ar uaruyvia Tavisi arcerTi adrindeli daskvna, magram XXs. 20-iani wlebidan aSkarad SeimCneva poziciis gadasinjvis mcdeloba. kerZod, igi afxazTa fesvebs ukve ara samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelosa da wina aziaSi, aramed CrdiloeTSi, ruseTis mezoblad eZebda403. `afxazuri enac, _ werda mecnieri, _ ZiriTad Tavis fenebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Camoyalibda~404. amasTanave, n.maris mtkicebiT, megrel-Wanebs uZvelesi droidan ekavaT `mTeli SavizRvispireTi sinopidan da halisidan anapamde da pantikapeamde~405; afxazebi Camovidnen CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, Sesabamisad, megrel-Wanebma datoves CrdilodasavleT SavizRvispireTi. es moxda ara antikur xanaSi, rogorc n.mari werda, aramed gvian Sua saukuneebSi. n.marma mSvenivrad icoda istoriuli simarTle, magram mas jer ruseTis imperiis, Semdeg sabWoTa xelisuflebis dakveTiT mainc ayalbebda. XXs. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisidan qveyndeba afxazi erovnebis avtorTa wignebi da broSurebi afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebze, romlebsac safuZvlad edo n.maris zemoxsenebuli `Zveli~ ideebi, Sovinistebis mier SeTiTxnili wignarebi.406. mxedvelobaSi gvyavs s.basaria, s.aSxvawaa, d.gulia407, romelTa Sromebs istoriografiaSi ukve mieca saTanado Sefaseba408. 30-40-ian wlebSi afxazeTis uZvelesi istoriis sakiTxebs Rrma gamokvlevebi miuZRvna s.janaSiam. afsil-abazgebs igi afsua-afxazTa winaprebad miiCnevda409. miuxedavad amisa, 1950w. niko berZeniSvili sulac ar Tvlida sabolood dadgenilad, `Tu vin iyvnen awindel afxazeTis teritoriaze mosaxle is tomebi... saqarTvelos istoriis mSeneblobaSi organulad rom monawileobdnen am istoriis mTels sigrZeze uZvelesi droidanve mokidebuli~410. afxazeTis eTnopolitikuri istoriis Temaze Seqmnil naSromebs Soris saetapo mniSvnelobisa aRmoCnda pavle ingoroyvas `giorgi merCule~ (Tb., 1954), afxazTa vinaobisa da eTnogenezis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili misi IV Tavi: `dasavleT saqarTvelos feodaluri saxelmwifo (afxazeTis samefo) da cnobebi mis Sesaxeb giorgi merCules ZeglSi~. p.ingoroyvam, arsebiTad, aRadgina da damajereblad daasabuTa viTarebaTa gamo miviwyebuli wina saukuneebis evropeli, rusi, qarTveli mecnierebis zemoTmotanili daskvnebi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi qarTvelTa mkvidrobisa da afsua-afxazTa gvian Camosaxlebis Sesaxeb411. amiT myari mecnieruli safuZveli Caeyara afxazeTis istoriografias.
401 . georgika, t. 3, gv. 18; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 187-188, 542-544. n. maris lingvisturi hipoTezebis kritika ix. qvemoT (Tavi XI). 402 . Н. Я. Марр. О языке и истории абхазов. М.,-Л., 1938. 403 . iqve, gv. 167-211. 404 . iqve, gv. 247. 405 . Н. Я. Марр. Избранные работы, т. V. М., - Л., 1935, gv. 24-25. n. maris mtkicebiT, megrel-Wanebi da iberebi arian skviTTa STamomavlebi; skviTebis SigniT soliseburad SeWrilma afxazebma TiTqos gayves isini CrdiloeT skviTebad da samxreT kolxebad, mogvianebiT, iberielebad (Н. Я. Марр. О языке и истории абхазов, gv. 240-241). 406 . Л. Воронов. – . ., 1907; . . . - б., 1908; . . й ( ). , 1919, da a.S. 407 . С. Басария. Абхазия в географическом,этнографическом и экономическом отношении. Сухуми, 1923; С. Ашхацава. Пути развития абхазской истории. Сухуми, 1925 (redaqtori n. mari); Д. Гулиа. История Абхазии., т. 1. Тб., 1925. 408 . T. mibCuani. d. gulia afxazTa eTnogenezis Sesaxeb. _ afxazeTis istoriis problemebi. Tb., 1998, gv. 167-179; g. gasviani. qarTveli mecnierebi pavle ingoroyvas Sexedulebebze afxazeTisa da afxazebis Sesaxeb. Tb., 2003, gv. 41-53; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriuli warsulidan, nakv. II. Tb., 2007, gv. 110111. ix. agreTve: Шнирельман. Войны памяти, gv. 280-289. 409. s. janaSias Sromebis mimoxilva ix.: e.xoStaria-brose. afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebi qarTul istoriografiaSi. Tb., 2000, gv. 7-9. 410 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, w. III. Tb., 1966, gv. 278. 411 . gansxvavebuli mosazreba ix.: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriuli warsulidan, nakv. I. Tb., 2004, gv. 28.
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rogorc mosalodneli iyo, p.ingoroyvas monografiis gamosvlam afxaz separatistTa ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, Tumca pirveli ori-sami wlis ganmavlobaSi (1954-1956ww.) is ar igrZnoboda. separatistTa Ria gamosvlebs biZgi misca skkp centraluri komitetis 1956 wlis 10 ivlisis cnobilma dadgenilebam, romelSic saubari iyo saqarTveloSi afxazi, somexi da osi xalxebis viTom diskriminaciis Sesaxeb (aqve, gv. 33). separatistebma `diskriminaciis” erT-erT gamovlinebad miiCnies p.ingoroyvas `giorgi merCule~. am wignis Sesaxeb 1956w. saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur komitets misive moTxovniT waredgina sakmaod zomierad Sedgenili moxsenebiTi baraTi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis institutis direqtoris n.berZeniSvilis xelmoweriT412. amis Semdeg gadawyda, gamarTuliyo diskusia saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris Jurnal `mnaTobi~-is furclebze. unda aRiniSnos, rom 1956 wlamdec p.ingoroyvas naSromis is nawili, romelic afxazeTis istorias exeba, istorikosma da eTnografma giorgi Citaiam Seafasa413 (1955w). man gaiziara `giorgi merCules~ mTavari debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac afxazeTi Zireuli qarTuli qveyanaa; uZvelesi droidanve, maT Soris antikur xanaSi igi qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom dasabuTebulad ar miaCnda `afxazis~ dakavSireba `mosxTan~, g.Citaias azriT, amiT ar irRveva p.ingoroyvas ZiriTadi debuleba, iseve, rogorc ar ixsneba sakiTxi istoriuli afxazebis qarTuli warmoSobis Sesaxeb. man mimoixila n.maris, arn. Ciqobavas, l. blaixStaineris, kislingis, a.namitokis, m.mediCi-bJiSkianis, aseve sxvaTa Sexedulebebi afxazTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb, gaiTvaliswina eTnografiuli masalebic da daaskvna: `cxadi unda iyos, rom afxazebi, sakuTriv Zveli afxazebi gansxvavdebian abasaafsua-afsilebisagan. rom es ukanaskneli mTis iqidan mosuli tomia, xolo sakuTriv afxazebi _ adgilobrivi Zveli mosaxleobaa~414. 1955w. p.ingoroyvas naSroms maRali Sefaseba misca agreTve g.axvledianmac, romlis recenzia saTauriT `mniSvnelovani naSromi qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi~ saqarTvelos kompartiis rusulenovan organoSi, _ `zaria vostoka~Si gamoqveynda. `giorgi merCules~ erT-erT mTavar Rirsebad recenzentma afxazeTis istoriis axleburi gaSuqeba, afsil-abazgTa da istoriul afxazTa qarTvelebad aRiareba miiCnia. `p.ingoroyvas am Tezisis istoriulma dasabuTebam, _ werda g.axvlediani, _ ara mgonia, raime Sepasuxeba gamoiwvios~415. seriozuli gamokvleva uwoda man specialur eqskurss _ `afxazeTis mxareTa geografiuli saxelwodebani da maTi kavSiri qarTul enobriv samyarosTan~, Tumca yvela toponimis etimologia, misi azriT, erTnairi damajereblobiT ar iyo axsnili. orive mecnieris pozicia imaze miuTiTebda, rom qarTulma istoriulma da filologiurma mecnierebam imTaviTve gaiziara p. ingoroyvas mTavari debulebebi416. xelisuflebis mier organizebuli diskusiis farglebSi pirvelad gamoqveynda s.yauxCiSvilis recenzia, romelic p. ingoroyvas monografiis ZiriTad _ filologiur nawils Seexeboda da naSroms maRal Sefasebas aZlevda417.
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. e. xoStaria-brose. mecnieris arqividan. _ mnaTobi, 1990, # 5, gv. 138-145. . g. Citaia. Zveli afxazeTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Camomavlobis Seasxeb. _ Sromebi xuT tomad, II. Tb., 2000, gv. 112-122. 414 . iqve, gv. 119. 415 . Заря Востока, 1955 , 9 ivlisi. 416 . z. papasqiris mosazrebiT, qarTulma istoriografiam ar gaiziara p. ingoroyvas Sexedulebebi. ix. z. papasqiri: narkvevebi..., nakv. I, gv.28. 417 . s. yauxCiSvili. axali masalebi Zveli qarTuli poeziis istoriisaTvis. _ mnaTobi, 1956, #10, gv. 109-119. 413
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kritikuli recenziebi gamoaqveynes n. berZeniSvilma da q.lomTaTiZem418. soxumSi gamoqveynda agreTve z. anCabaZisa da x. bRaJbas uaryofiTi gamoxmaurebebi419. p.ingoroyvas oponentebs Soris gansakuTrebuli pozicia n.berZeniSvils ekava. rogorc xelmZRvaneli, akademiuri institutis direqtori, xelisuflebas oficialurad is ar daupirispirda, magram im mkvlevrebma, romlebic n.berZeniSvilze dayrdnobiT icaven e.w. oraborigenobis Teorias (am Teoriis sasargeblo gamonaTqvamebi mecniers namdvilad aqvs), unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom swored am didi mecnieris Sromebis mesame tomis gamosvla da masSi afxazeTis istoriis p.ingoroyvas suliskveTebiT `gayalbeba~ gaxda 1967w. separatistTa morigi saprotesto gamosvlebis sababi. gairkva, rom n.berZeniSvili jer kidev 1951 wels afxazeTis enis, literaturisa da istoriis institutis direqtors p.ratians swerda: `maincdamainc mecnierebas ar moepoveba imis sabuTi, afxazeTSi mobinadre es tomebi (afsil-abazgebi _ avt.) ufro Sors idgnen iberlazebisagan, vidre vTqvaT svanebi, mesxebi, herebi. marto is rada Rirs, rom qarTuli gadmocemiT qveyana lixis mTidan vidre yubanis mdinaremde da maS Sua saukuneebis `afxazTa saerisTaoc~ _ uZveles droidanve egrosis wili iyo da rom qalaqi bedia (afSileTSi) daarsebulia imave megrelTa eponimis (mamamTavris) egrosis mier~420. e.i. `giorgi merCules~ gamosvlamde da gansakuTrebiT zemoTnaxsenebi partiuli direqtivebis miRebamde n.berZeniSvili faqtobrivad iyo p.ingoroyvas Tanamoazre, rac SemdgomSiac araerTxel dadasturebula. magaliTad, igi werda, rom egrosis wili qveynebis, maT Soris svaneTisa da afxazeTis mimarT `ar SeiZleba sxvadasxva erovnebaze, rogorc eTnokulturul cnebaze saubari~421. amrigad, n.berZeniSvilis poziciis calmxrivi Sefaseba, oraborigenobis Teoriis aSkara momxred, an mowinaaRmdeged misi gamocxadeba swori ar aris. aRniSnuli Tema mecniers specialurad ar ukvlevia; sakiTxis aqtualurobidan gamomdinare, igi gamoTqvamda ama Tu im mosazrebas rogorc mecnieri da rogorc xelmZRvaneli422. p.ingoroyvas ZiriTadi debulebebi mtkiced da argumentirebulad daicves g.axvledianma, s.yauxCiSvilma da d.kobiZem423. vinaidan diskusiis masalebi safuZvlianad ganixila g.gasvianma424, SeiZleba SemovifargloT im faqtis konstataciiT, rom 50-iani wlebis bolodan qarTul istoriografiaSi mxolod wminda politikuri motivebiT damkvidrda afxazeTis oraborigenobis Teoria425. afsil-abazgebi upirobod afsua-afxazTa winaprebad gamocxaddnen, danarCen TemebTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevrebs SeeZloT sakuTari,gansxvavebuli mosazreba hqonodaT426.es Teoria iqca Tavisebur `maSvel rgolad~, romlis wyalobiT qarTveli mecnierebi afiqsirebdnen uZvelesi droidan afxazeTSi qarTvelTa mosaxleobas, rasac yovelnairad ewinaaRmdegeboda separatistuli 418 . n. berZeniSvili. p. ingoroyvas wignis _ `giorgi merCules~ gamo. _ mnaTobi, 1956, #12, gv. 125-131; q. lomTaTiZe. afxazTa vinaobisa da ganlagebis zogierTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb. _ iqve, gv. 132-139. 419 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Вопросы истории Абхазии в книге П. Ингороква «Георогий Мнрчуле – Грузинский писатель X века. – Труды Абхазского института языка, литературы и истории им. Д. И. Гулиа, т. XXVII. Сухуми, 1956, с. 261-278; Х. С. Бгажба. Некоторые вопросы этнонимики и топонимики Абхазии (В связи с работой Павле Ингороква «Георгий Мерчуле»). _ iqve, gv. 279303. 420 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. III, gv. 278. 421 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1990, gv. 607-608. 422 . xelmZRvanelis (romelic valdebuli iyo daecva oficiaaluri Sexeduleba) poziciebidan aris dawerili `p. ingoroyvas wignis _ `giorgi merCules~ gamo~ (mnaTobi, 1956, #12, gv. 126). 423 . g. axvlediani. afxazeTis toponimikis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis. _ mnaTobi, 1957, #2, gv. 107-114; s. yauxCiSvili. `giorgi merCules gamo~. _ iqve, gv. 115-125; d. kobiZe. termini `abxazis~ mniSvneloba sparsuli wyaroebis mixedviT. _ iqve, gv. 126-128. 424 . g. gasviani. qarTveli mecnierebi p. ingoroyvas Sexedulebebze... 425 . Очерки истории Абхазской АССР I. Сухуми, 1960; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1 da a.S. 426 . amis nimuSad gamodgeba m. inaZis werili `antikuri xanis Savi zRvis Crdilo aRmosavleTi sanapiros mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sakiTxisaTvis~ (saq. mecn. akad. sazogad. mecn. gany. `moambe~, 1960, #2, gv. 145-163), romelSic kritikulad aris ganxiluli z. anCabaZis monografiis (Из истории средневековой Абхазии. Сухуми, 1959) calkeuli debulebebi.
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istoriografia. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT didad dasafasebelia g.meliqiSvilis, m.lorTqifaniZis427, m.inaZis, n.lomouris428, z.anCabaZis da yvela imaTi Rvawli, vinc sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi upirispirdeboda aRviraxsnil separatizms istoriul mecnierebaSi. Tanamedrove etapze ki oraborigenobis dausabuTebeli Teoria im gagebiT, rogorc mas XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan sabWoTa istoriografia gvTavazobda da dResac zogierTi avtori gvTavazobs, anaqronizmad iqca. mtkiceba, TiTqos afxazeTis mTianeTi welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan Tu ufro adrec TandaTanobiT ivseboda velur mTielTa axal-axali nakadebiT (g.meliqiSvili, m.inaZe da a.S.), rom iq binadrobdnen mTeli eTnosebi TavianTi politikuri warmonaqmne-
biT, veranair kritikas ver uZlebs; werilobiTi wyaroebi da arqeologiuri monacemebi msgavs faqtebs ar adastureben. Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriografia nel-nela Tavisufldeba sabWoTa periodSi Tavsmoxveuli Sefasebebisagan, axali argumentebiTa da damatebiTi mtkicebulebebiT ubrundeba miviwyebul tradiciul Sexedulebebs429, romlebsac jer kidev hyavT mowinaaRmdegeebi430. amitom kvlav aqtualuri rCeba afsilabazgTa vinaobis sakiTxi. saintereso mosazreba gamoTqva akad. T.gamyreliZem. man uaryo mtkiceba, TiTqos, saxeli `abazgi~ Seesabameba `abazas~. termini `afxazi~ (`abxazi~), T.gamyreliZis mtkicebiT, aris pirveladi qarTuli forma, romelic berZnulSi abazg//abazRis saxiT Sevida431 (berZnulisTvis ucxo fx/bx TanxmovanTkompleqsi zg/zR kompleqsma Secvala); rac Seexeba saxel `abaza~-s, igi pirveladi rom yofiliyo, yovelgvari saxecvlilebis gareSe Sevidoda berZnulSi, xolo berZnulidan imave formiT _ qarTulSi; mecnieris avtoritetuli azriT, afxaz-abazgebi `Zvel kolxeTSi mobinadre svanuri da megrul-lazuri tomebis axlo monaTesaveni unda yofiliyvnen432~.
427 . m.lorTqifaniZis azriT, istoriul afxazTa eTnikuri warmomavlobis sakiTxis garkveva, wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis simwiris gamo Zalian Znelia, `magram vin iyvnen isini TavianTi moRvaweobiT? isini iyvnen qarTvelebi, radganac emsaxurebodnen qarTul saqmes, erovnul saxelmwifos~ (ix.: marTlmadidebloba afxazeTSi da erovnuli TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxebi. Tb., 2005, gv.7). 428 . n. lomouri adre p.ingoroyvas pozicias iziarebda. 1963w. igi werda: `Tavis gamokvlevaSi `giorgi merCule~ p.ingoroyva, rogorc cnobilia, ayenebs TavisTavad, Cveni azriT, sakmaod swor debulebas afxazTa tomebis (abazgebis, afsilebis) qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, magram am hipoTezis dasamtkiceblad zogjer, Cvenis azriT, aradamarwmunebel sabuTebs iSveliebs~ (n.lomouri. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi..., gv. 25-26). SemdgomSi n.lomouri p.ingoroyvas Teorias daupirispirda (ix. misi: afxazeTis.) 429 . T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos...; misive: afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis istoria, I nawili. Tb.,2003; g. gasviani. Zveli da axali afxazeTi; misive: qarTveli mecnierebi...; d.gogolaZe. `afxazTa~ saerisTavos, dRevandeli afxazeTis Zvel eTnosTa vinaobisa da eTnosis mkvidrobis sakiTxi. Tb., 1995; . , . . и – ; j.gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba. Tb., 2005; misive: afsil-abazgTa eTnikuri vinaobis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1998; Б. Гогия. Абхазия – историческая провинция Грузии. Тбилиси-Париж, 2005; misive: Zveli kolxeTis...; z.ratiani. wyaroTa RaRadi anu piriqiTa saqarTvelo. Tb., 1995; a.sonRulaSvili. afxazi Tu afsua? Tb., 2007 da a.S. qarTul istoriografias zurgs umagrebs enaTmecniereba (T.gvancelaZe. afxazeTis istoriografiis lingvisturi safuZvlebi. sadoqt. dis. Tb., 1997; t.futkaraZe. qarTvelebi) da anTropologia (Tavi X). 430 . n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis...; e.xoStaria-brose. afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebi...; o.jafariZe. qarTveli eris eTnogenezis saTaveebTan. Tb.,2006; М. Инадзе. Вопросы этнологической истории древней Абхазии. – Разыскания по истории Абхазии/Грузия. Тб., 1999, gv. 61-88, da a. S. 431 . s. janaSias azriT, piriqiT, berZnuli abazgi qarTulSi afxazis formiT Sevida (С. Джанашиа. Абхазия в составе Колхидского царства и Лазики, gv. 39). 432 . T. gamyreliZe. Zveli kolxeTis satomo saxelTa istoriidan. _ saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia. Tb., 1993, gv. 582, 587, 588.
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afsilTa vinaobis sakiTxi specialurad Seiswavla d.musxeliSvilma da im daskvnamde mivida, rom `afSils~ geografiulad, qronologiurad, formalurlingvisturad araferi aqvs saerTo afsuasTan da erT-erT dasavlur-qarTul tomad unda CaiTvalos433.. man es Tezisi ufro adrec (1999w.) wamoayena da Tamaz gamyreliZis mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT daaskvna, rom arc abazgebis gamocxadeba afsua-afxazTa winaprebad aris udavo (не бесспорен)434. T.gamyreliZisa da d.musxeliSvilisgan gansxvavebiT, n.lomouri ar cdilobs sakuTari mosazrebis _ afsil-abazgTa araqarTvelobis dasabuTebas. vinaidan wyaroebSi amaze araferia naTqvami, _ wers igi, _ `rCeba erTaderTi gza _ TviT am eTnonimebis lingvisturi analizisa, xolo es analizi ueWvels xdis saxelwodebis afsili kavSirs afxazTa TviTdasaxelebasTan afsua da abazgisa _ erT-erTi afxazur-adiRuri tomis _ abazinebis saxelTan~435. es aris mTeli `argumentacia~. aRsaniSnavia, rom araviTari lingvisturi analizi xsenebuli eTnonimebisa n.lomours ar Cautarebia da terminebis mxolod garegnul msgavsebaze miTiTebiT Semoifargleba, rac ar aris sakmarisi afsilis _ afsuasTan, xolo abazgis _ abazebTan identificirebisaTvis. magaliTad, afsili berZnulad niSnavs vinc ar aris SiSveli, meloti, qaCali (fsili _ SiSveli, meloti, qaCali da a.S.). absili iTargmneba agreTve, rogorc asxltoma, aqeT-iqiT gafrena (отскакивать, разлетаться) da a.S.436 zusti fonetikuri msgavsebis miuxedavad, araferi saerTo Tanamedrove afsuasTan ara aqvT afsar/afsaras-s (Zvelinduri naxevarRvTaeba), ofs-s (romauli RvTaeba), afsati-s (svanebis, agreTve yaraCaelebis, balyarebisa da osebis RvTaeba) da a.S. abasko berZnul enaze gauvals, Znelad gasavlels niSnavs, abaskia _ gauval mxares437. aqedan ukve Cans, ramdenad saxifaToa mxolod terminebis garegnuli msgavsebis safuZvelze seriozuli daskvnebis gamotana. afsil-abazgis berZnuli etimologia araviTar kavSirSi ar aris afsua438-abazasTan, zogadad eTnonimTan. SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove afsuaafxazebs//abazebs davukavSiroT zaqaria mitilenelis (VIs.) bazguni, Tumca fonetikuri msgavseba aSkaraa439; Sua saukuneebis qalaqebs abeskursa da abxazs Tanamedrove azerbaijanis teritoriaze araviTari kavSiri afsua-abask-abxazTan ara aqvT, miuxedavad absoluturi fonetikuri msgavsebisa440. erTdroulad ori q.abxazis arseboba Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT (soWTan)441 da Crdilo-aRmosavleT sazRvrebTan safuZvels iZleva varaudisaTvis, rom aRniSnuli saxelis matarebel qalaqebs erTnairi funqciuri (da ara eTnikuri) datvirTva hqondaT, msgavsad ori darubandisa (kari _ zRude) _ Tanamedrove
433 .. d. musxeliSvili. afSilTa eTnikuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxisaTvis. _ artanuji, 2000, #10, gv. 17-24. manamde aseTive mosazreba sxva argumentebis moSveliebiT n. afxazavam gamoTqva. _ ix. misi: afSilTa eTnikuri vinaobisaTvis. _ afxazeTis istoriis problemebi. Tb., 1998, gv. 6-13. 434 . Д. Мусхелишвили. Исторический статус Абхазии в грузинской государственности. – Разыскания по истории Абхазии/Грузия. Тб., 1999, gv. 124. 435 . n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis..., gv. 31. 436 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 28-30. termin `afsilis~ `afs~ fuZis materialuri kavSiri `afsua~ saxelTan udavoa, Tumca mas erTvis sadaurobis aRmniSvneli qarTuli sufiqsi il//el; ufro mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom `afsilis~ da `afsuas~ semantika aris gansxvavebuli. msgavsi magaliTebi ki istoriaSi mravlad moipoveba (magaliTad, kavkasieli da balkaneli albanebi da a.S.). _ ix.: T. gvancelaZe. enobrivi monacemebi da maTi mniSvneloba afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis kvlevisaTvis. _ afxazeTis istoriis problemebi, gv. 34-35. 437 . Б. Гогия. Абхазия – историческая провинция Грузии, gv. 9. 438 . imisaTvis, rom fTeirofagebis (girCismWamelebis) afsua eTnosisadmi kuTvnileba `daemtkicebina~, S. inal-ifam afsua axsna rogorc soWis Tu soWnaris xalxi (afsa afxazurad niSnavs soWs). _ ix. Ш. Инал-Ипа. Вопросы ..., gv. 255. imave monografiaSi vkiTxulobT, rom afsua aris afsiliis xalxi (iqve, gv. 354); d. gulia Tavis droze acxadebda, rom afsua _ absua aris abasiis, abisiniis xalxi (ix. misi История Абхазии, t. 1, gv. 95); g. fifias azriT, afsTa (xeoba)+uaa niSnavs `xeobaSi macxovrebels~ (saxalxo ganaTleba, 1990, 5 ivlisi). 439 . georgika, t. 3, gv. 17-19; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 187, 542-544. 440 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 543, 553, 577-578. 441 . iqve, gv. 221,590.
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gagrisa442 da derbendisa.amrigad, n. lomouris lingvisturi `analizi~ da daskvna mraval winaaRmdegobas awydeba. afsil-abazgTa da Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze mosaxle sxva `tomTa~ qarTuli eTnosisadmi kuTvnileba, pirvel rigSi, wyaroTa monacemebiT dasturdeba. mivmarToT flavius arianes `mogzaurobas Savi zRvis garSemo~ (aqve, gv. 58). kolxuri tomi avtors ramdenime nawilad hyavs daqucmacebuli: drilebad, anu sanebad//Wanebad makronebad//sanebad (aqve, gv. 62), henioxebad, Zidritebad (iberiis nawili), lazebad; ar SeiZleba eWvs iwvevdes (da arc iwvevs) `kolxebidan~ `lazebamde~ ganTavsebuli `tomebis~ qarTveloba. lazebis Semdeg modian afsil-abazgebi, romelTa Crdilo-dasavleTiT kvlav qarTvel sanigebs vxedavT qalaqebiT _ dioskuria-sebastopolisi, biWvinTa da Zveli lazika. jer aravis daumtkicebia, rogor aRmoCndnen `araqarTveli~ afsil-abazgebi qarTvelTa gansaxlebis SuagulSi. pirvelad es m.inaZem scada. I saukuneSi pliniusTan kaspiis zRvis CrdiloeTiT, TiTqos, SecdomiT lokalizebuli `abzoas~ tomi man jer samxreT-dasavleTiT `gadmoswia~, Semdeg gaaigiva `abazasTan~, bolos gamoTqva varaudi imave pirvel saukuneSi afxazeTSi maTi Camosaxlebis, II saukuneSi ki `samefos~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb443. m. inaZis versia imden `albaTobazea~ damyarebuli da imdenad sustia, rom Znelia misi gaziareba. ar aris damtkicebuli, marTla cdeba Tu ara pliniusi `abzoas~ lokalizaciisas. piriqiT, avtorma met-naklebi sizustiT icis tomis gansaxlebis areali – sarmatebis `meores mxares~; Tu pliniusi cdeba, maSin gaurkvevelia, sad iyo abzoas namdvili samosaxlo teritoria? ar aris realuri kavkasionis qedis gadmolaxva mravalricxovani organizebuli masis mier, Tavisuflad Camosaxleba jer pontos samefos, Semdeg ki romaelebis kontrolirebad kolxeTis teritoriaze da uceb `samefos~ Camoyalibeba, Tanac `TanamoZme~ afsilTa gverdiT. am dros saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebs ver ayalibeben CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi darCenili abzoa//abazebi, romlebic gvian Sua saukuneebamde wyaroebSi arc ixseniebian444. ucnauria isic, rom arcerT werilobiT wyaroSi ar aris aRnusxuli aseTi maStaburi faqtebi. miuxedavad amisa, m.inaZis versiaSi SeiZleba simarTlis marcvalic davinaxoT. es aris `abzoas~ identificireba `abazasTan~. istoriografiaSi ukve arsebobs Sexeduleba `abzoa~ _ `afsuas~ igiveobis, misi TandaTanobiTi gadaadgilebisa, azovisa da yubanis mimarTulebiT, monRolTa Semosevebis periodSi md.yubanis samxreTiT gavrcelebis (istoriuli saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT sazRvrebamde Tu sazRvrebSic ki), xolo gvian Sua saukuneebSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze Camosaxlebis Sesaxeb445. es mosazreba efuZneba XIVs. berZeni istorikosis nikifore grigorasis koncefcias aziis nawilis skviTizaciis Taobaze446. am koncefciis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ki SeuZlebelia Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mimdinare eTnikuri procesebis swori gaazreba. afsua-abzoas urTierTkavSiris damamtkicebeli Cans qaTib Celebis zemoTmotanili mosazreba afxazebis yara aJdaxanis (astraxanis) mosaxleobis STamomavlebad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb (aqve, gv. 63). davubrundeT pirvelwyaroebs. elementaruli logika gvkarnaxobs, fl.arianes mier aRweril teritoriaze kolxebidan da lazTa samefodan dawyebuli q.Zvel 442
. g. alasania. saqarTvelo `jihan numas~ kavkasiis rukaze. _ macne, istoriis... seria, 1971, #2, gv. 101. . m.inaZe. antikuri xanis Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros..., gv. 162; misive: Zveli afxazeTis... _ macne, 1992, #2, gv. 58; ix. aseve: Н. Берулава. dasax. naSromi, gv. 140-141. 444 . m. inaZis varaudi I-II saukuneTa mijnaze abzoa//abazgebis CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze Camosaxlebis Sesaxeb ewinaaRmdegeba missave varaudebs Tu mosazrebebs adreantikur xanaSi samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Cerqezul-adiRuri tomebis mkvidrobis Sesaxeb, aseve mtkicebas, TiTqos, strabonTan moxseniebul kavkasielebSi (Zv. w. II-I ss. monacemebi) abazg-afsuaTa winaprebic igulisxmebian (m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis..., macne, 1992, #1, gv. 15-16; #2, gv. 57). 445 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 26, 31, 528; Б. Гогия. Абхазия – историческая провинция Грузии, gv. 11, 12. 446 . georgika, t. 7. gv. 124-131; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 221-223; 590-593. 443
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lazikamde mainc `dayavi da ibatones~ principiT warmodgenili qarTuli mosaxleoba vigulisxmoT. amas adasturebs IVs. meore naxevris avtori rufinus avieniusi, romelmac zigebis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mxolod `energiuli kolxebi” da `mkacri iberebi” daafiqsira447. mis mosazrebas kidev ufro amyarebs Vs. anonimis zemoTmotanili cnoba dioskuriidan Woroxamde adre kolxebad cnobili, imJamad ki lazebad saxeldebuli xalxis mkvidrobis Sesaxeb (aqve, gv. 59). amiT Vs. wyaro afsil-abazgebs uyoymanod aigivebs lazebTan. jer arianesTan, Semdgom Vs. anonimTan dasaxelebuli `tomebi~ da `samefoebi~ sxva araferia, Tu ara msxvili kompaqturi dasaxlebebi _ Temebi TavianTi beladebiT. am sakiTxze msjelobisas mniSvnelovania agreTve Vs. anonimis cnoba `Zveli aqaiidan~, vidre `Zvel lazikamde~ da md.aqeuntamde (Saxe) qarTvelTa saxlobis Sesaxeb (aqve, gv. 59) maSin, roca masSi abzoa//abazebze saubari arc aris. amrigad, pirveli saukuneebis eTnopolitikuri situaciis amsaxveli ori ZiriTadi wyaro (ariane, Vs. anonimi) md.enguridan md.fsoumde mxolod qarTvelebs icnobs. rogorc vnaxeT, kl. ptolemaiosmac bzifidan kapadokiamde mxolod qarTvelebi daasaxela (aqve, gv. 59). am daskvnas amyarebs IVs. sxva avtori _ agaTangelosic. mis mier somexTa moqcevis Sesaxeb dawerili naSromis VII-VIIIss. redaqcia, romelic Semdeg arabul enaze iTargmna, 1902w. niko marma sinas mTaze aRmoaCina da mas miuZRvna vrceli gamokvleva `somexTa, qarTvelTa, afxazTa da alanTa moqceva~448. dokumentSi abazgebi lazebis mniSvnelobiT moixseniebian. n.maris aRiarebiTac `afxazebSi... aq, aSkaraa, lazebi igulisxmebian~449. agaTangelosis naSromis adrindel redaqciaSi `afxaz~-is nacvlad marTlac `lazi~ figurirebs450. afsil-abazgebs calke erovnebad ar Tvlis arcerTi avtori, visac mocemuli aqvs xalxTa genealogiuri sqemebi. Zveli literatorebi cdilobdnen kacobrioba noes ZeTa _ semis, qamisa da iafetis STamomavlebad daeyoT da am dayofaSi yvela cnobili eTnosisaTvis Tavisi adgili mieCinaT. evstaTi antioqielTan (280-360ww.) da ioane zonarasTan (XIIs.) iafetis modgmaSi qarTvelTagan mxolod iberebi moixseniebian451; zonara icnobda abazgebs, pr.kesarielze dayrdnobiT, maTi moqcevis Sesaxebac werda, magram genealogiur sqemaSi ar Seiyvana, vinaidan afxazebad iberielebs miiCnevda. bizantieli mwerlebi: 334 wels dawerili Liber generationis–is (`modgmaTa wignis”) avtori, epifane kvipreli (314-403ww.), `pasqaluri qronikis~ Semdgeneli (630-640ww.), romelic Tavis mxriv ipolite romaelis (IIIs.) monacemebs eyrdnoba, giorgi singelozi (VIII-IXss.), leon gramatikosi (XIs.), giorgi kedrene (XIs.) genealogiur sqemebSi kolx-iberebs, agreTve xalibebs, mosinikebs, tibarenebs, sanebsa da kolebs moixsenieben, magram ara afsil-abazgebs an afxazebs452. mxolod, ioane antioqielTan (VIIs.), naTqvamia, rom iafets sxva teritoriebTan erTad abazgebis qveyanac xvda wilad453. avtori am dros kolx-iberebs ar axsenebs. ioane antioqielis naSromis is fragmenti, romelSic genealogiuri sqemaa mocemuli, SemorCenilia mxolod XIVs. xelnawerSi, rac seriozul safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom gadamweri termin abazgias (afxazeTi) sruliad saqarTvelos mniSvnelobiT xmarobs, rogorc bevri sxva imdroindeli avtori454. yovelive amis Semdeg meti ndobiT unda movekidoT leonti mrovelis eTnogenetur 447
. . . 358-359. 448 . Записки Восточного Отделения 36-211. 449 . iqve, gv. 160. 450 . georgika, t. 1, gv. 71. 451 . georgika, t. 1, gv. 35; t. 6, gv. 191. 452 . iqve, t. 1, gv. 11-20, 39-41; t. 4, w. 1, gv. 6-9, 61-63; t. 5, gv. 3-4, 10. 453 . iqve, t. 1,gv. 2. 454 . iqve, t. 7, gv. 90-91; t. 8, gv. 25-26 da a. S.
83
, ,
.II, . 16,
. 2- . . 2-3.
., 1906, gv. ., 1905.,
.
koncefcias455, romelic afxaz ers ar axsenebs, xolo afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritorias egrosis samkvidrod acxadebs456. roca bizantieli avtorebisaTvis kargad cnobili abazgi da afsili semis, qamisa da iafetis, xolo afxazi leonti mroveliseul TargamosianTa modgmaSi ar figurireben, roca isini sruliad miukerZoebel avtorebTan ar fiqsirdebian, es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom am saxelebis matarebeli calke erebi, xalxebi im periodSi ar arsebobdnen. amitomac ver moxvda `afxazi~ Tundac `pasqalur qronikaSi~, romelic dawvrilebiT informacias Seicavs maSindeli (VIIs.) msoflios mosaxleobis tomobrivi Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli qronika bosforidan trapizonamde macxovrebel xalxebs Soris im droisaTvis uZlieresi samTavros mqone abazgebis nacvlad kolx-iberebs asaxelebs.457 afxazebs ar axsenebs XII-XIIIss.Bbizantieli avtori niketa xoniate, roca CamoTvlis qveSevrdomebs imperator manuel porfirogenetisa (1143-1180ww.), romelic iyo `lazTa, iberTa, bulgarTa, serbTa, jiqTa, xazarTa, guTTa RvTivmmarTveli”.458 motanili masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze pirvel saukuneebSi dasaxelebuli xalxebi eTnikurad qarTul samyaros miekuTvnebian. z.anCabaZe ar iyenebda bizantiel mweralTa cnobebs eTnosTa klasifikaciis Sesaxeb da aRniSnavda, rom afsua-afxazTa individualobas eqvTime aTonelisa (XI) da XIIIs. qarTveli anonimis mier Sedgenili xalxTa siebi adastureben459. eqvTime aToneli eyrdnoba epifane kviprelisa da sxva avtorTa monacemebs. igi marTlac amatebs am monacemebs afxazebs, osebs, jiqebs da herebs; calcalke asaxelebs kolxebsa da megrelebs. XIIIs. anonimi asaxelebs qarTvelebs, afxazebs, svanebs, megrelebs, dvalebs da TuSebs460. z.anCabaZis azriT, qarTvel avtorTa siebs safuZvlad udevs enobrivi gansxvaveba; amdenad, afxazi am sruliad dokumentebSi viTom calke eTnosad aris warmodgenili461. sapirispiros wers TviTon eqvTime aToneli: `amaT yovelTa naTesavTa ara Tu yovelTa Tuisi enai aqus, aramed mravalni erTiTa eniTa zraxven, xolo tomtomadni da naTesav-naTesavni aRweril arian~462. namdvilad ar SeiZleba sxvadasxva enebis matareblebad miviCnioT dokumentSi dasaxelebuli qarTuli Temebi. eqvTime aToneli da XIIIs. anonimi termin `toms~ xmaroben s.s.orbelianis leqsikonSi mocemuli mniSvnelobiT (aqve, gv. 42), anu `afxazi~ zemoxsenebul dokumentebSi qarTveli eris Semadgenel nawilad aris warmodgenili da ara calke eTnosad. adreul Sua saukuneebamde afxazeTSi mosaxle Temebis, maT Soris afsil-abazgebis eTnikur vinaobaze aSkarad miuTiTeben qarTuli toponimebi463. uZvelesi maT Soris gaxlavT legendaruli egrisi, romelic egrosis 455
. qarTlis cxovreba. t. 1, gv. 3-6. . aseT mosazrebas ar iziarebs z. anCabaZe. ix.: Из истории средневековой Абхазии, gv. 222-226. 457 . georgika, t. 4, w. 1, gv. 10. 458 . iqve, t. 6, gv. 133. 459 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии, gv. 216-217. 460 . k. kekeliZe. xalxTa klasifikaciisa da geografiuli ganrigebis sakiTxebi Zvels qarTuls mwerlobaSi (Liber Generationis-is qarTuli versia). _ Tsu-s Sromebi, 1938, VII, gv. 7, 11, 12. 461 . З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии, gv. 217-218. 462 . k.kekeliZe. xalxTa klasifikaciisa da geografiuli ganrigebis sakiTxebi, gv. 12. 463 . vrclad amis Sesaxeb ix.: p.ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 145-189; g.gasviani. afxazeTi, gv. 83-134; T.mibCuani. afxazeTis toponimika. _ afxazeTis istoriis problemebi, gv.154-166; d.gogolaZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 29-30; d.musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, I. Tb., 1977, gv. 108-123; T.gvancelaZe. afxazeTis istoriografiis lingvisturi safuZvlebi, gv. 183-200; misive: biWvinTis Tavdapirveli saxelwodebis sakiTxisaTvis. _ quTaisis universitetis moambe, 1995, #1, gv. 25-32; afxazeTis qarTveluri toponimia: gagra. _ qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, t.6. Tb., 1996, gv. 44-49; toponim `tyvarCelisa~ da yoCivardas megruli saxelwodebis etimologiisaTvis. _ qarTveluri onomastika, t.1. Tb., 1998, gv.102-108; qarTveluri substratuli toponimebi afxazeTSi (soxumi, gagra, tyvarCeli)._artanuji, 2000, #10, gv.87-92; qarTveluri substratuli toponimebi afxazeTSi: avadhara, oThara. _ qarTvelologiuri krebuli, t.1. Tb., 2002, gv. 34-41; qarTveluri leqsika oCamCiris raionis afxazur sofelTa mikrotoponimiaSi. _ arn.Ciqobavas sax. enaTmecnierebis institutis 61-e samecniero sesiis masalebi. Tb., 2002, gv. 16-18; T. Gvantseladze, R. Chanturia. Kartvelian substrate toponyms in Abkhazia. _ Lund University. Working Papers, 47, Lund, 1999, gv. 99-105; p.cxadaia, v.jojua. samurzayanos geografiuli 456
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saxels ukavSirdeba464. m.janaSvilis mixedviT, es qalaqi Zv.w. XXI saukuneSia dafuZnebuli465. Zv.w. IIIs. I naxevarSi _ farnavaz-qujis xanaSi mas bedia ewodeboda466. uZvelesi qalaqia aseve dioskuria467, romelic Zv.w. IVsaukunidan (fsevdo skilaqs kariandeli) ax.w. I saukunemde (plinius ufrosi) ixsenieba; I saukunidan mas sebastopolisi ewodeba, VIII saukunidan _ cxumi468. fsevdo skilaqsTan gvxvdeba q.gienosi (oCamCire), romelic ixsenieba agreTve pomponius melasTan (kiknosi) da pliniusTan (kignumi). Zv.w. II saukunidan ixsenieba biWvinTa//pitiunti, pitiota (artemidore efeseli, straboni)469. IV saukunidan aris cnobili ziganeosi//gudayva (gudava)470, V saukunidan _ komani, aseve md. moqvi471. VI saukuneSi ixsenieba traqea, tibeleosis//webeldis cixe472, agreTve darini473, Zaxaris (CxalTis) cixe, buqlosi//bukolusi (qarT. bokeri)474. VIIs. ierusalimelma monazonma Teodosi gangrelma Semogvinaxa lazika//egrisSi gadasaxlebuli anastasi apokrisiaris (VIIs.) werili, romelic Seicavs cnobebs Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze lokalizebuli araerTi qarTveluri toponimis Sesaxeb: sxemaris cixe, sqimari (sqiomari, himari), Tusume, moqvi, jixaxora, fustas cixe, skotori, svanidis cixe, mukorisi475; amaTgan arcerTs ar eZebneba afxazuri etimologia (ix. aqve, gv. 192). xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom engur-fsous monakveTze gvian Sua saukuneebamde ar aris dafiqsirebuli arcerTi sxva toponimi, romelic afsuaafxazTa enaze aixsneba. es faqti gamoricxavs am teritoriaze araqarTvelTa mosaxleobas. ufro metic, toponimikuri masala, romelic warmodgenilia k.meretukovis wignSi - `adiReuri toponimikuri leqsikoni~ (m., 1990)476, TviT avtoris aRiarebiT mraval aSkarad qarTul geografiul saxels Seicavs. es aris kidev erTi damatebiTi argumenti ara mxolod md.fsoumde, aramed md.yubanamde qarTvelTa gavrcelebisa.
2. qristianobis gavrceleba afxazeTSi eTnikur-politikuri viTarebis garkvevaSi gvexmareba I saukunidan qristianobis gavrcelebisa da TandaTanobiT damkvidrebis istoria. qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT, iveria RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveyanaa. uflis nebiTa da
saxelwodebani. Tb., 2003; p.cxadaia. samurzayanos istoriuli da Tanamedrove toponimia (enaTmecnieruli gamokvleva). Tb., 2004, gv. 166. 464 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 5. 465 . wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 606. 466 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 5. 467 . dioskuriis qarTuli etimologiis Sesaxeb saintereso mosazreba aqvs a.tuRuSs. ix. misi: `dioskuriSi _ dedai wylisa~ (aia, 1999, #7, gv. 62-76). masve ekuTvnis gamokvleva `oikonim gagra-s etimologiisaTvis~ (aia, 1999, #7, gv. 77-81.). 468 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 235. 469 . T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia, gv. 120, 121. 470 . o.akiSbaia. gudava. Tb., 1998; pliniusi axsenebs md. siganias (aqve, gv. 57), ariane_ sigames (n. keWaRmaZis azriT, eriswyali, romelic ziganeosTan//gudavasTan erTvis Sav zRvas. ix.: flavius ariane. mogzauroba, gv. 69, 70, 90). 471 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 6; iqve, t. 6, gv. 187-188; 203-204. 472 . iqve, t. 3, gv. 160; ariane axsenebs strobilis (webeldis?) mwvervals (aqve, gv. 58); georgika, t. 2, gv. 159. 473 . georgika, t. 3, gv. 236-237. s. s. orbelianTan darani ganmartebulia rogorc kldeSi, miwis qveS samalavi (leqsikoni, t. 1, gv. 197). darini megrulad sacxovriss, sadgoms niSnavs. `darinis gza~ SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc usafrTxo (sparselebisagan), sicocxlis gza. 474 . georgika, t. 3, gv. 85-87, 163; t. 4, naw. I, gv. 42., d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis..., I, gv. 122. 475 . georgika, t.4, naw. I, gv. 42-46, 50-51; maTi lokalizaciis Sesaxeb ix. d.musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. II, Tb., 1980, gv. 52-57. 476 . leqsikoni daamuSavebulia monografiaSi: z.ratiani. wyaroTa RaRadi anu piriqiTa saqarTvelo. Tb., 1995.
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RvTismSoblis TxovniT saqarTveloSi, konkretulad afxazeTSi mociqulebi _ andria pirvelwodebuli da svimon kananeli Camovidnen477. es moxda daaxloebiT 30-35 wlebSi478, sxva monacemebiT, mociqulebi afxazeTSi 55w. imyofebodnen479. maTi misioneruli moRvaweoba aRwerilia X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze moRvawe eqvTime aTonelis TxzulebaSi `mosaxsenebeli mimosvlaTaTvis da qadagebaTa mociqulisa andriaisa~. mas safuZvlad udevs VIII saukunis meore naxevris avtoris epifane konstantinopolelis `andrias cxovreba~; igi, Tavis mxriv, gacilebiT ufro adrindel avtorTa (klementi romaeli, evagre sicilieli, epifane kvipreli) naSromebsa da sxva masalebs emyareboda480. wm.simon kananeli (ziloti) afxazeTSi daiRupa da, savaraudod, jer nikofsiaSi, mere ki anakofiaSi daikrZala; wm.andriam ki moaqcia `megrelni da afxazni da warvida skviTed~481. anania jafariZis azriT, skviTebSi Zalian xSirad kolx-iberebi igulisxmebian482. epifane kviprelis cnobiT, wm.andriam skviTebi, sogdianebi da gorsinebi, marTlac, saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi damoZRvra _ `did sebastopolisSi, sadac aris afsaris cixe, hisos navsadguri da md.fazisi; iq mosaxleoben iberielebi, susebi, fustelebi da alanebi~483. wm.andrias afxazeTSi yofnas adasturebs fustelebis moxsenieba; fusta _ svanuri uzenaesi RvTaebaa; garda amisa, dRemdea SemorCenili gadmocema Tanamedrove soxumis raionSi fustas saxelis matarebeli ubnis arsebobis Sesaxeb484. epifane kviprelis mixedviT, wm.andrias mounaTlavs iberebi, svanebi (susebi, fustelebi), alanebic; monaTlulTa Soris ki ar Canan afxazebi, Tumca wyaroebis mixedviT isinic gananaTles mociqulebma. I saukuneSi afxazeTi da afxazebi arenaze jer arc Candnen, magram qarTveli avtorebi eqvTime aToneli, efrem mcire, leonti mroveli TavianT Tanadroul (XIs.) terminebs iyeneben. T. gvancelaZe varaudobs, rom leonti mrovels `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa~-Si mociqulebTan mimarTebaSi Tavdapirvelad ar ewera `afxazeTi~, xolo teqstSi xSirad naxmari `egrisi~, `megrni~ da `megrelni~ mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelosa (nikofsiamde) da am miwa-wylis mcxovrebTa ganmazogadebeli saxelebia, romlebsac SemdgomSi imave mniSvnelobiT Caenacvla terminebi `afxazeTi~, `afxazni~485. qristianobis gavrceleba mxolod mociqulTa moRvaweobiT ar Semoifargleboda. II-IIIss. es procesi saqarTvelos mTel SavizRvispireTSi mimdinareobda da lazika-abazgiaSi gadasaxlebul pirvel qristianTa wminda saxelebs (klimenti palmosi, orentiosi ZmebTan erTad, ioane oqropiri) ukavSirdeba486. qristianobis gavrcelebisaTvis xeli unda SeewyoT afxazeTis teritoriaze dislocirebul romael jariskacebs, imperiis Soreul garnizonebSi momsaxure da mere samSobloSi dabrunebul adgilobriv qarTvelebs. IIs. bolos mcxovrebi lionis episkoposi irinei adasturebda iveriaSi qristianobis arsebobas487. im droisaTvis saqarTveloSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi ukve arsebobdnen qristianuli Temebi488.
477
. qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 38. . anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 1. Tb., 1996, gv. 38. 479 . Сказание о Св. Апостоле Симоне Кананите (он же Зилот). М., 1891, gv. 7. 480 . Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, t. 1. Tb., 1946, gv. 27-28; georgika, t. 4, w. 1, gv. 57-59. 481 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 42-43. 482 . anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 1, gv. 71, 86-102. 483 . georgika, t. 4, naw. I, gv.57. 484 . georgika, t. 4, naw. I, gv. 54; T. mibCuani. afxazeTis materialuri kulturis Zeglebi da epigrafika. Tb., 1999, gv. 22. qarTvelur enobriv sivrceSi RvTaebis saxelis gamoyeneba geografiuli punqtebis saxelwodebad sakmaod gavrcelebulia. Aam tipisaa, magaliTad, toponimebi: sameba, dali (dalis xeoba), mTavarangelozi (Sdr. afxazeTis teritoriaze fiqsirebuli Targelozi_ mTavarangelozi) da a. S. 485 . T. gvancelaZe. afxazeTis istoriografiis lingvisturi safuZvlebi, gv. 40, 44-45. 486 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba. Tb., 2005, gv. 47-56. 487 . iqve, gv. 51. 488 . anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 1, gv. 133. 478
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axali sarwmunoebis gavrcelebas afxazeTSi didad Seuwyo xeli IVs. pirvel meoTxedSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebam rogorc romis imperiaSi, ise saqarTveloSi _ iberiaSi, lazikaSi, am ukanasknelisadmi daqvemdebarebul abazgiasa da afsiliaSi. wm.nino kapadokieli, savaraudod, dasavleT saqarTvelos ganmanaTlebelicaa. Vs. avtoris gelasi kvizirelis cnobiT (eyrdnoba gelasi kesariels), imperator konstantine I-is (306-337ww.) dros `RmerTis mcneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma~489, rasac igi `tyve dedakacis~ _ wm.ninos damsaxurebad miiCnevda. nikeis I msoflio saeklesio krebaze (325w.) biWvinTis episkopos stratofiles, agreTve trapizonis episkopos domnusis daswreba490 dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianobis farTod gavrcelebaze miuTiTebs. mTeli am regionis mTavari saeklesio centri im periodidan vidre hunebis Semosevamde biWvinTa unda yofiliyo491. V saukuneSi _ vaxtang gorgaslis epoqaSi - saqarTvelo erTiania, Sesabamisad erTiani iyo eklesiac; igi mcxeTas emorCileboda, wirva-locva qarTulad aResruleboda; kelasurTan sazRvris gavlebis Semdeg am sazRvris Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare afxazeTi, anania jafariZis dasabuTebuli varaudiT, saxelmwifoebrivad da, Sesabamisad, eklesiuradac bizantiis nawili gaxda492. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze qristianoba sakmao doneze iyo gavrcelebuli, razec komanis episkopos vasiliskos moRvaweobac miuTiTebs. igi didmowame Tevdore tironis naTesavi yofila. vasiliskos, rogorc qristianis, wameba daaxloebiT 308w. momxdara. swored is gamoecxada gardacvalebis win ioane oqropirs493. wmindanebi vasilisko da 407w. gardacvlili ioane erTmaneTis gverdi-gverd iyvnen komanSi dasaflavebulni. aqauri mosaxleobis sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobis maCvenebelia komanis episkoposisa da adgilobrivi mrevlis Tayvaniscema ioane oqropiris saflavisadmi. roca imperatorma Teodosi II-m (408-450ww.) wmindanis konstantinopolSi gadasveneba gadawyvita (438w.), komanis mRvdelmTavrisa da mosaxleobis did winaaRmdegobas waawyda. adgilobrivi qristianebi ar Tmobdnen ioane oqropiris neSTs; iyo mwuxareba, sevda da moTqma-godeba; roca wmindanis uxrwneli neSTi sarkofagidan amoasvenes, Sekrebili mosaxleoba samRvdeloebasTan erTad mTeli Rame galobda, anTebuli sanTlebiT xelSi Tayvans scemda mas. xalxma winaaRmdegoba bolomde mainc ver gaswia da gulamoskvnili tiriliT gaacila ioane oqropiris neSTi494. udidesi siwminde _ sarkofagi maSin komanSi darCa da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi morwmuneTa Tayvaniscemis sagans warmoadgens495. qristianobis gavrcelebis masStabebze metyveleben biWvinTasa da mis SemogarenSi aRmoCenil sakulto nagebobaTa (IV-VIss.) mTeli kompleqsi unikaluri nivTebiT; aranakleb mniSvnelovani qristianuli ganZia aRmoCenili webeldaSic496. aq mopovebuli masala adasturebs webeldaSi mcxovrebi afsilebis Sesaxeb pr.kesarielis cnobis WeSmaritebas: `afsilebi lazebis qveSevrdomni arian da isini ZveliTganve qristianebi iyvnen~497. is faqti, rom 489
. georgika, t. I, gv.186, 245-246. . iqve, gv. 1-10. 491 . b. diasamiZe. qristianoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi (I-X ss.). baTumi, 2001, gv. 105; samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi (T. beraZe), gv. 105. 492 . anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 1, gv. 16-28. 493 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 56. 494 . . ., 1898, . 200; . - б., 1902,gv. 158. 495 . saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma, uwmindesma da unetaresma ilia II-m, roca igi cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti brZandeboda (1967-1977 ww.), wm. ioane oqropiris sarkofagi soxumis sakaTedro taZarSi gadaasvena da amiT ganadgurebas gadaarCina. mogvianebiT iuri (giorgi) anuasa da zoia adamias RvTismosavma ojaxma komanis eklesia aRadgina. 1990 w. 25 noembers sarkofagi am eklesiaSi gadmoasvenes. meore dRes komanis eklesiaSi pirveli RvTismsaxureba misma uwmindesobam ilia II-m Caatara. _ madli, 1997, 18 seqtemberi. 496 . Sesabamisi literatura ix.: j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 97, sq. 88. 497 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 128. 490
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Tanamedrove afsua-afxazebs sakuTari qristianuli terminologia ar gaaCniaT da igi literaturuli qarTulidan, an misi megruli dialeqtidan aqvT nasesxebi (aqve, gv. 190-192), afxazeTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis eTnikur kuTvnilebaze, maT qarTvelobaze miuTiTebs. qristianobis gavrceleba iyo sawindari romTan da bizantiasTan mWidro kavSiris damyarebisa, regionis usafrTxoebisa, misi kulturul-ekonomikuri dawinaurebisa, qarTvelTa Semdgomi erovnuli konsolidaciisa. amave dros igi emsaxureboda politikuri miznebis miRwevasac _ imperiis poziciebis ganmtkicebas lazikaSi. am miznebis Sesabamisad xdeboda calkeuli politikuri erTeulebis Camoyalibeba, SemdgomSi zogierTi maTganis dawinaureba Tu CamoqveiTeba, agreTve qristianuli centrebis dafuZneba da maTi reorganizacia.
3. afxazeTi egrisis (lazikis) SemadgenlobaSi rTuli saerTaSoriso viTareba Tavisebur gavlenas axdenda regionSi mimdinare politikur procesebze. IIIs. SuaxanebisaTvis gaZlierebuli sasaniduri irani TandaTanobiT aviwroebda romis imperias, romelic Sida anarqiam moicva; xSirad icvlebodnen imperatorebi (`jariskacTa imperatorebis~ periodi 235 wlidan 284 wlamde gagrZelda); imperias gamoeyo britaneTi, espaneTi, galia da siria-egvipte (palmiris samefo); gaxSirda sxvadasxva velur tomTa Tavdasxmebi. IIIs. meore naxevarSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo lazeTis samefoc, Tumca misi ganTavisufleba ufro gvianaa savaraudebeli. 50-ian wlebSi kolxeTis sanapiro goTebma dalaSqres, Tavs daesxnen biWvinTas, magram adgilobrivma romaulma garnizonma momxdurebi daamarcxa; male goTebi kvlav gamoCndnen jer fazisTan (sadac Zlier winaaRmdegobas waawydnen), mere biWvinTasTan, romelic aiRes da pirwmindad gaZarcves, daxoces romaeli jariskacebis498 umetesoba, nawili tyved waasxes. goTebma aaoxres trapizonic499. IIIs. bolos romis winaaRmdeg bosforis samefom gailaSqra, aiRo lazeTi da mcire aziamde miaRwia. g.meliqiSvilis azriT, lazebi marto ebrZodnen dampyroblebs, romaelebi ki, savaraudod, lazeTSi ukve aRar iyvnen500. IIIs. dasasruli romis imperiisaTvis aris garkveuli stabilizaciisa da dakarguli poziciebis aRdgenis periodi. moxerxda warTmeuli teritoriebis nawilis isev SemoerTeba, sxvadasxva tomTa Semotevis mogerieba, warmatebis miRweva iranTan omSi. im periodSi imperiuli centri nel-nela aRmosavleTisaken iwyebs gadmonacvlebas; Zlierdeba poziciebi aRmosavleTis provinciebSi. IIIs. bolosaTvis aRdga biWvinTis romauli garnizoni, igi male gafarTovda; aq unda yofiliyo aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi romaelTa saxmeleTo Tu sazRvao Zalebis ZiriTadi birTvi mTavarsardlobis rezidenciiTurT; aRdga da gafarTovda sebastopolisis garnizonic (savaraudod, isic goTebma aaoxres); IVs. I naxevarSi savaraudoa romauli garnizonis kvlav Cayeneba lazikaSi501. T.beraZis azriT, IVs. 60-ian wlebSi egrisi ukve imperiis farglebs gareT mdebare qveyanaa502.
498 499 500 501 502
. romauli garnizoni biWvinTaSi 135-152 ww. Soris Cadga (T. Todua. dasax. naSromi, gv. 26). . n. lomouri. egrisis samefos istoria, gv. 40-42; T. Todua. dasax. naSromi, gv. 32-33. . . . . , gv. 381. . iqve, gv. 381, 385.; T. Todua. dasax. naSromi, gv. 30-36. . samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi, gv. 102.
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s. janaSia lazikis TiTqmis damoukidebeli samefos Seqmnas romis dasustebasa da iranis gaZlierebas ukavSirebda503. aucileblad aris gasaTvaliswinebeli g.meliqiSvilis poziciac, romlis azriT, lazikis saxiT roms sWirdeboda Zlieri mokavSire kavkasiis zekarebis dasacavad, velur tomTa Semosevebis aRsakveTad. gansakuTrebul safrTxes warmoadgendnen hunebi. maT gaanadgures bosforis samefo, alanTa gaerTianebebi, SemoiWrnen kavkasiaSi, aaoxres biWvinTa (IVs. 70-iani wlebi) da a.S. hunebis Sekaveba orive mxaris interesebSi Sedioda. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi kidev erTi garemoeba. IVs. dasawyisidan didi yuradReba eqceoda qristianobis faqtors, romelic romsa da lazikas Soris samokavSireo urTierTobis damyarebis erT-erTi safuZveli xdeba im viTarebaSi, roca iranTan dapirispirebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli ZalTa axali Tanafardoba imperias ar aZlevda egrisze kontrolis srulad aRdgenis saSualebas. romi Tu ar exmareboda, Tvals mainc xuWavda lazikis gafarToebaze CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. amasTanave, kategoriulad miuRebelia g.meliqiSvilisa da sxva mecnierTa mtkiceba II saukuneSi lazebis mier `mTieli~ afSilebis, abazgebis da aseve svanebis CrdilodasavleTiT Seviwroebis Sesaxeb504. araviTari gadaadgileba da `eTnikuri~ sazRvrebis Secvla afxazeTis teritoriaze arcerTi mimarTulebiT wyaroebSi ar ixsenieba. miuxedavad amisa, n.lomouri wers: `Vs-is dasawyisisaTvis, Tu ufro adre ara, lazikis samefos gaZlierebis Sedegad, sazRvarma lazebsa da afsilebs Soris gadainacvla md.kodoramde; lazebma Seaviwroves afsilebi, am ukanasknelebma ki _ abazgebi... CrdiloeTisaken gadainacvles abazgebmac _ maT daikaves teritoria md. gumisTasa da md.fsous Soris. sanigebis gankargulebaSi darCa sanapiros monakveTi mdinareebis _ fsousa da Saxes Soris~505. mokled, lazebis `Setevis~ Sedegad afsilebi gumisTamde gadaadgilebulan; afsilebis mier `Seviwroebul~ abazgebs daukavebiaT gumisTa-fsous monakveTi da a.S. orive `Seviwroebuli tomi~ bevrad ukeTes da bevrad met teritorias `ikavebs~, vidre `Seviwroebamde~ flobda. afsil-abazgTa mTielebad gamocxadeba aris mizezi msgavsi usafuZvlo da alogikuri daskvnebisa. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze maSin cxovrobda romaelebis mier xelovnurad ramdenime `samefod~ dayofili erTi xalxi. am erTeulebs Soris sazRvrebis Secvla ar iwvevda aranair masobriv gadaadgilebebs erTi SuamdinareTidan `aucileblad~ meore SuamdinareTamde. erTsa da imave adgilas calkeuli avtorebis mier sxvadasxva `eTnosTa~ dasaxeleba xazs usvamda mxolod maT eTnikur identurobas da ar gulisxmobda aRniSnul teritoriaze wyaroebisTvis ucnob gadasaxlebagadaadgilebebs. droa, gavTavisufldeT am Tavsmoxveul imperiul506 separatistuli versiebisagan . swori unda iyos T.mibCuani, romelic gagrabiWvinTis monakveTze sxvadasxva avtorTa mier sxvadasxva dros henioxebis, sanigebis, suano-kolxebis, abazgebis dasaxelebas maTi igiveobiT _ qarTvelobiT xsnis507. igive suraTi gvaqvs afxazeTis sxva regionebSic. IVs. meore naxevrisaTvis lazika moicavda mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos dedaqalaqiT cixe-gojSi508 (arqeopolisi). Crdilo-dasavleTiT misi iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda afsilebze, abazgebze, svanebze, skvimniaze – Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis Takverze (raWa-leCxumi), savaraudod, sanigebzec. maTi mTavrebi Zalauflebas inarCunebdnen, magram iyvnen vasalebi lazTa mefisa, romelic maT amtkicebda. abazgebs ori Tvistomi mTavari hyoliaT; `amasTan erTi dawesebuli 503
. . . , gv. 24-25. . . . . , gv. 383. 505 . n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis..., gv. 40. 506 . separatistebis mtkicebiT, afsilebi VI saukuneSi lazebma md. enguramde Seaviwroves (?!). ix.: О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. , gv. 85. 507 . T.mibCuani. afxazeTis mat. kulturis Zeglebi, gv. 16; misive: afxazeTis avt. resp. istoria, gv. 45-46. 508 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1. gv. 555-558. 504
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iyo dasavleTis nawilSi, _ werda pr.kesarieli, _ xolo meore _ aRmosavleTisaSi~.509 ori mmarTvelis yola abazgiis dabali statusis maCvenebelia. pr.kesarielis mowmobiT, afsilebi ZvelTaganve lazTa 510 qveSevrdomebi arian ; rogorc irkveva, afSileTi warmoadgenda lazikis uSualo nawils, magram calke administraciul erTeuls, romelsac lazTa mefis daniSnuli magistrosebi da sxva moxeleebi marTavdnen; aqaur cixeebSi lazuri garnizonebi idgnen511. Tavis mxriv, lazTa mefec konstantinopolSi mtkicdeboda; sxva valdebulebebi romaelTa winaSe mas ar hqonda, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT kavkasiis zekarebis dacvis saerTo interesebs. amitom ambobda Teodore kvireli (Vs.): `bevrma miiRo monobis lagami, magram dammonebelTa kanonebis mixedviT cxovreba ar SeeZloT... arc lazebi, arc sanebi, arc abazgebi, arc sxva barbarosebi, romelnic ki romaelTa batonobas eloliavebian, ar sdeben erTmaneTSi xelSekrulebebs romaelTa kanonebis mixedviT~512. prokopi kesarieli adasturebda, rom lazebi ki iyvnen romaelebis qveSevrdomebi, magram `arc xarks uxdidnen, arc sxva rameSi emorCilebodnen maT, garda imisa, rom rodesac maT mefe moukvdebodaT, romaelTa mefe ugzavnida samefo taxtis memkvidres Zalauflebis simbolos~513. romi icavda am qveynis sazRvrebs, raTa hunebi lazeTis gavliT romaelTa miwa-wyalze ar SeWriliyvnen. lazebs am dros romaelebTan erTad laSqrobac ki ar evalebodaT. agaTia sqolastikosis cnobiT, `Zliersa da mamac toms warmoadgendnen lazebi da sxva Zlier tomebsac mbrZaneblobdnen; amayobdnen kolxTa Zveli saxeliT da zomaze metad qedmaRlobdnen, SesaZlebelia, arc Tu ise usafuZvlod. im tomebs Soris, romlebic sxva saxelmwifos eqvemdebarebian, me ar meguleba arc erTi sxva, esoden saxelganTqmuli da morWmuli, rogorc Tavisi simdidris siuxviT, ise qveSevrdomTa simravliT, rogorc miwawylis siWarbiT da mosavlianobiT, ise xasiaTis silamaziTa da sicqvitiT~514. es cnobac romisagan damoukideblobis maRal xarisxze da sxva mezobel politikur erTeulebze lazikis Zalauflebis gavrcelebaze miuTiTebs. Vs. 50-60-ian wlebSi warumateblad dasrulda lazeTis mcdeloba bizantiisagan sruli damoukideblobis mopovebisa; ufro metic, im periodSi man svaneTze kontrolic dakarga515, rac, SesaZloa, bizantiis nebiTa da xelSewyobiT ganxorcielda. qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT, rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, daaxloebiT imave periodSi qarTlis mefe vaxtang gorgasalma Vs. SuaxanebSi isargebla im garemoebiT, rom `mefe berZenTa leon didi (457-474ww. _ avt.) ucalo iyo brZolisagan sparsTasa da verSemZlebel iyo spaTa gamogzavnad afxazeTs~, dalaSqra dasavleT saqarTvelo vidre cixe-gojamde516. warmatebuli aRmoCnda laSqroba berZenTa winaaRmdeg, romelic zaviT dasrulda: `da gamoikiTxa keisarman sazRvari saberZneTisa, qveyana zRvis pirisa, romel ars afxazeTi, da rqua esreT: `egris wyliTgan vidre mdinaredmde mcirisa xazareTisa _ ese sazRvari ars saberZneTisa aleqsandrobiTgan (aleqsandre makedonelis droidan _ avt.), romeli aw Sen migiRia mklaviTa Cuengan. aw igi ukumoguec, da odes wariyvanebde colsa Sensa, asulsa Cemsa, maSin mogce misgan queyana. da dauwera egris wyalsa da klisurasa Sua queyana ziTvad, da sxua afxazeTi ukusca vaxtang berZenTa~517. es aris istoriuli realobis Semcveli legenda, romelic asaxavs bizantiis mcdelobas iranisken taqtikuri 509 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 133. d. leTodianis azriT, aq saqme unda gvqondes ori sxvadasxva erTeulis _ sanigebisa da abazgebis saerisTavoebis arsebobasTan (d. leTodiani. afxazeTis.., gv. 145). 510 . iqve, gv. 128, 162-165. 511 . iqve, gv. 162-165; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II,. gv. 165-166. 512 . georgika, t. 1, gv. 226-227. 513 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 172. 514 . iqve gv. 50-51. 515 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, gv. 167-169. 516 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 157. 517 . iqve, gv. 177.
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mosazrebiT gadaxrili lazikis dasustebisa misgan abazgiis CamocilebiT. rogorc Cans, V saukuneSi es mizani mainc ver iqna miRweuli518. VIs. pirvel naxevarSi viTareba gamwvavda. 523w. iranma qarTlSi mefoba gaauqma da egrisis xelSi Cagdeba gadawyvita; dasavleT saqarTvelo afSileTabazgiis CaTvliT bizantia-iranis dapirispirebis asparezad iqca. etyoba, egriss im droisaTvis ukve hqonda damyarebuli kavSiri iranTan da, SesaZloa, garkveuli valdebulebac nakisri, magram bizantiis mier saswrafod miRebulma zomebma mas pozicia Seacvlevina. 523w. gardacvlili egrisis mefis taxtze bizantiam imave wels kanonieri memkvidre waTe aiyvana; igi, Turme, adre qristianobisagan gamdgara (albaT, es iyo erT-erTi valdebuleba iranis winaSe). amjerad ki mefed damtkicebis pirobiT kvlav moinaTla da meuRlesTan _ bizantieli didebulis asulTan erTad sakuTar qveyanaSi dabrunda. waTes gaqristianeba Sahma kavadma bizantiis mier qveSevrdomis gadabirebad Seafasa. urCi `qveSevrdomis~ dasjis sababiT 528w. iranelTa jari egrisSi SemoiWra, magram igi egris-bizantiis gaerTianebulma laSqarma ukuaqcia da samefos sazRvrebidan gandevna519. 532 wels bizantia-irans Soris dadebuli `uvado zavis~ safuZvelze bizantiam dasavleT saqarTveloSi, maT Soris biWvinTasa da sebastopolisSi sakuTari garnizonebi Caayena. swored am jarebis xelmZRvanelTa TviTnebobam ubiZga lazebs iranTan kavSirisaken. 542w. gubaz mefis mowveuli iranis jari egrisSi Semovida da adgilobriv ZalebTan erTad bizantielTa mTavari samxedro punqti _ petra gaaTavisufla. bizantielebma maSinve sebastopolisisa da biWvinTis cixeebi Tavad daangries da iqauroba saswrafod datoves. 545-546ww. bizantiam da iranma xuTwliani zavi Sekres. amasobaSi gubaz mefem iranelTa veragoba ver aitana da orientacia kvlav bizantiisaken aiRo. 549w. iranelebi egrisidan gandevnes. 550w. maT scades dabruneba, magram amaod. iranelTa axali jari nabedis sardlobiT bizantia-egrisisagan gandgomil abazgiaSi cdilobda damkvidrebas520. am istoriuli movlenebis fonze moxda abazgebis moqceva. abazgiaSi qristianobis gavrceleba da amasTan dakavSirebuli ambebi 542-548 wlebSi Tavsdeba521. abazgTa moqceva da maTTvis taZris aSeneba522, agreTve fazisis samitropolitos Seqmna523, VI s.SuaxanebSi sebastopolisis eparqiis dafuZneba, V msoflio saeklesio krebaze (konstantinopoli, 533w. maisi) misi mRvdelmTavris miwveva524, sarwmunoebrivi xasiaTis sxva RonisZiebebi525 pirdapir ukavSirdeba bizantia-iranis dapirispirebas regionSi da emsaxureba dasavleT saqarTveloSi bizantiis poziciebis ganmtkicebisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis interesebs. es RonisZiebebi miznad isaxavdnen arasaimedo lazikis dasustebas, misgan abazgiis Camocilebas, erTmorwmune, morCili politikuri erTeulis Seqmnas, kavkasiis karebis Caketvas da a.S. abazgiis gaqristianebasTan erTad mTavrebs aekrZalaT ymawvilebis dasaWuriseba, ramac mosaxleobis didi kmayofileba gamoiwvia. male abazgebma gadawyvites Tavisuflad ecxovraT da 518 . wyaroebidan ar Cans, rom abazgia V s. Camoscilda lazikas, rogorc werda a. bogveraZe (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, gv. 258). es moxda SedarebiT gvian (aqve, gv. 83). 519 . samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi (T. beraZe), gv. 107-108. 520 . iqve, gv. 109-112. 521 . d. leTodiani. Ziebani. Tb., 2003, gv. 121. 522 . m.uridias gamouqveynebeli werilis mixedviT, iustiniane I-ma abazgebisaTvis taZari aaSena lixnSi, sadac romauli stilis uZvelesi eklesiis naSTebia aRmoCenili. sxva mosazrebebi ix.: j.gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 71-72. 523 . b. kudava. dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia (IX-XI ss.). sakand. dis. Tb., 2002, gv. 12, 13. 524 . b. diasamiZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 157; b. kudava. dasax. naSromi, gv. 14. sebastopolisis episkoposis V msoflio saeklesio krebaze daswrebis faqts saeWvod miiCnevs anania jafariZe. _ ix. misi: msoflio saeklesio krebebi qarTvel episkoposTa monawileobiT. Tb., 2003, gv.11. 525 . b. diasamiZis azriT, VI s. 60-70-n wlebSi moxda sebastopolisis episkoposis ayvana arqiepiskoposis xarisxSi, am gziT biWvinTis saepiskopososaTvis pirvelobis CamorTmeva, bizantia-iranis gaWianurebuli omis pirobebSi erTguli da Zlieri mxardamWeris SeZena.
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mospes mefoba, magram romaelTa mier SemoRebuli wesebi kidev ufro autaneli aRmoCnda. isini ganudgnen romaelebsac da lazebsac. `imis SiSiT, rom amieridan romaelTa monebad ar gamxdariyvnen, _ werda pr.kesarieli, _ maT kvlav daiyenes TavisTvis mTavrebi, aRmosavleTis nawilisaTvis ofsite saxelad, xolo dasavleTisaTvis skeparna~526. T.beraZis varaudiT, amaSi egrisis mefis xelic eria, rasac adasturebda aRmosavleT afxazeTSi ofsites _ gubaz II-is biZis gamTavreba; egrisis samefo saxlis am warmomadgenlis STamomavlebi iyvnen, _ fiqrobs T.beraZe, _ afxazTa erisTavebi, romlebsac legitimuri ufleba hqondaT egrisze527. sayuradRebo mosazrebaa. abazgebma ara marto mTavrebi daiyenes xelaxla, aramed farulad sparselebs miekedlnen (maTTan mosalaparakeblad skeparna gaemgzavra), rac male gamomJRavnda da iustinianes ganrisxeba gamoiwvia. abazgTa winaaRmdeg 550w. man didZali jari gamogzavna bessas meTaurobiT. gadamwyveti brZolebi traqeas (axal aTonTan Tu gagrasTan) cixis midamoebSi gaimarTa. romaelebi sastikad gauswordnen abazgebs; ofsitem gaqceva moaxerxa da Tavi hunebs Seafara; danarCenebi ki, _ werda pr. kesarieli, _ an ferflad iqcnen gadamwvar saxlebTan erTad, an mtris xelSi Cavardnen. romaelebma daatyveves mTavarTa colebi mTeli maTi STamomavlobiTurT, cixis galavani ki miwasTan gaaswores da mTeli miwa-wyali udabnod aqcies. ase dasrulda abazgebis gandgoma~528. imave xanebSi (552w.) moxda afsilebis gandgomac. lazTa mefe gubazTan dapirispirebulma afSileTis magistrosma, warCinebulma lazma Terdetma529 webelis cixe sparselebs Caabara. maSveli Zala arsaidan Canda, romaelebi da lazebi petrasTan iranelebis winaaRmdeg brZoliT iyvnen dakavebulni. iniciativa Tavis Tavze aiRo cixis ufrosma, romelmac ver aitana iranelTa jaris meTauris mxridan misi afSili meuRlis Seuracxyofa da cixeSi Semosuli sparselebi RamiT erTianad amowyvita. amis Semdeg afSilebi `kolxebs gadaudgnen da ambobdnen, rom kolxebma ar isurves daxmareba aRmoeCinaT maTTvis, rodesac isini sparselebis mxriT gansacdelSi iyvnen Cayenebuli, magram gubazma gagzavna maT winaaRmdeg aTasi romaeli da ioane Tomas Ze... man Tavi mouqona maT da ubrZolvelad SeZlo damorCileba da isini kvlav lazTa qveSevrdomebi gaxdnen~530. egriselebma da romaelebma iranelebi afxazeTidan mTlianad gandevnes. dapirispireba or did saxelmwifos Soris amiT ar dasrulebula. bizantielebma miwasTan gaaswores petras cixe-simagre, misi mcveli iranelebi ki erTianad amoxoces; sastiki marcxi ganicada iranelTa jarma arqeopolisTan, magram moaxerxa quTaisSi gamagreba. 552 wels dadebuli xuTwliani zaviT mxolod iranelebma isargebles. erTma warCinebulma lazma maT uqimerionis cixe Caabara, ris Semdegac leCxumi da svaneTic iranelTa xelSi gadavida. maT daikaves agreTve telefisis cixe (tolebis midamoebSi). gubaz mefe, romelic bizantielTa erTguli darCa, keisars misi sardlebis samarcxvino saqcielis Sesaxeb acnobebda, rac gaxda mizezi mefis veraguli mkvlelobisa (554w.). aRSfoTebulma lazebma TaTbiris Semdeg mainc bizantiasTan kavSiri arCies im pirobiT, rom gubazis mkvlelebi sastikad daisjebodnen. keisarma lazTa es moTxovna daakmayofila. axali mefe waTe II pativiT gamoistumres samSobloSi. saSinao sakiTxebSi igi mTlianad damoukidebeli iyo531. 526
. georgika, t. 2, gv. 156, 157. . samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi, gv. 112; s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, gubaz mefis biZa ofsite da afxazeTis erT-erTi mmarTveli ofsite sxvadasxva pirovnebebi arian. _ georgika, t. 2, gv. 156. 528 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 161. 529 . separatistebi mkiTxvelebs umalaven, rom Terdeti iyo ara ubralod `lazi warCinebuli, romelsac kargad icnobdnen afsilebi~ ( . , . . , gv. 88.), aramed am mxaris mmarTveli. 530 . georgika, t. 2, gv. 164-165. 531 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, gv. 259-265; samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi (T. beraZe), gv. 113-115. 527
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bizantielma sardalma soteriqem, romelic waTes konstantinopolidan gamoayoles, Tavisi saqcieliT misimielTa Temi aajanya. dadgenilia, rom es Temi afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze, kodoris xeobaSi cxovrobda; eWvs ar iwvevs misi svanuri warmomavlobac532. rogorc agaTia sqolastikosi werda, misimianebi `kolxTa qveSevrdomni arian msgavsad afsilebisa, xolo gansxvavebul enaze laparakoben da sxva kanonebsac misdeven. isini am afsilTa tomze ufro CrdiloeTiT cxovroben, odnav aRmosavleTisaken~533. afSilebisgan gansxvavebuli ena _ svanuri metyvelebaa, Crdilo-aRmosavleTi mxare ki _ kodoris xeoba. 555w. buqlosis cixeSi Casuli soteriqe mokavSire kavkasiel xalxTa warmomadgenlebs fuls urigebda. misimielebma ifiqres, rom bizantiel sardals am cixis alanebisaTvis gadacema surda, amitom delegacia miugzavnes da iqaurobis datoveba mosTxoves. soteriqem delegaciis wevrebi acemina, riTac Seuracxyofa miayena mTel Tems. aRelvebuli mosaxleoba RamiT bizantielTa banakSi SeiWra da yvela daxoca, waiRo iaraRi da fuli. imavdroulad, misimielebma daxmarebisaTvis iberiaSi myof iranelebs mimarTes, Tavis mxrivac mxardaWera aRuTqves. `Cveni qveyana mdebareobs kolxeTis zemoT, is Tqven sando sayrden adgilad gamogadgebaT da mtris winaaRmdeg sasimagro farad~534., _ ganucxada misimielTa delegaciam iranel sardals. es yovelive maSinve gaxda cnobili bizantielebisaTvis. maT jer naxoraganis (vinc miiRo misimielTa delegacia) sardlobiT egrisSi SemoWrili iranelTa jari daamarcxes da daiwyes mzadeba misimianeTis dasalaSqravad. iranelTa gaaqtiurebasTan dakavSirebiT, gazafxulisaTvis dagegmili operaciis ganxorcieleba zamTris dadgomamde ver moxerxda. bizantielTa laSqari Tavidan afSileTSi Cavida; iqidan misimielebs elCebi (afSilebi) gaugzavnes da konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvareba SesTavazes. es winadadeba ar iqna miRebuli; ufro metic, misimielebma elCebic daxoces. miuxedavad misimielTa mxridan medgari winaaRmdegobisa da Tavdadebisa, bizantielebi sastikad gauswordnen amboxebulebs, daxoces 5 aTasamde vaJkaci, ufro meti qali da kidev ufro meti bavSvi535. amis Semdeg bizantielebma wamoiyvanes mZevlebi, daibrunes gatacebuli fuli da didZali nadavliT ukan gabrundnen; misimielebs ki ufleba misces, `kvlav TavianT nebaze ecxovraT sakuTar qveyanaSi misimielTa qarTuli Temi da Zveleburi cxovreba gaegrZelebinaT~536. bizantielTa mier Cadenili barbarosobis Sedegad dasustda da VIIIs. Suaxanebis Semdeg istoriul arenaze ar Cans. savaraudod, maT kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT, svaneTisaken gadaiwies da usafrTxo adgilebSi dasaxldnen. adgilze darCenilebma XVIIs. bolodan afsuizacia ganicades da mogvianebiT muhajirebad iqcnen. 562 wels `didi omianoba egrisSi~ dasrulda ocwliani zaviT. dasavleT saqarTveloSi iranelebi mxolod svaneTSi rCebodnen. 575 wels bizantia-egrisis jarma iranuli orientaciis svaneTis mTavari daatyveva, ris Semdegac sparselebma mTlianad amoikveTes fexi egrisis samefodan537. egrisSi, romlis qveSevrdomebad kvlav rCebodnen afSileTi, misimianeTi da abazgia (yvelani erTad ki _ bizantiis gavlenis sferoSi) droebiT mSvidobianobam daisadgura. z.anCabaZis mtkicebiT, abazgia VIs. Suaxanebidan uSualod bizantias eqvemdebareboda, afSileTi da misimianeTi ki lazikis vasalebad rCebodnen538. 532 . s. yauxCiSvili. misimianTa tomi. _ Tsu-s Sromebi, t. 1, Tb., 1936, gv. 277-280; T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos..., gv. 128-143; g. gasviani. vin iyvnen misimianebi. _ cxumi, 1990, #3, gv. 23-42. da a.S. 533 . georgika, t. 3, gv. 86. 534 . iqve, gv. 155. 535 . iqve, gv. 156-157, 160-174. 536 . iqve, gv. 174. 537 . samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi (T. beraZe), gv. 117. 538 . . . ..., gv. 48, 49.
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ufro swori unda iyos p.ingoroyvas mosazreba VIs. pirvel naxevarSi lazeTis samefosagan abazgiis gamoyofis mxolod mcdelobis Sesaxeb. eklesiuri gamijvnac bolomde ver ganxorcielda539; politikurad abazgia `erTgvarad gankerZoebul adgils iWers lazeTis mxareTa SemadgenlobaSi. igi Tumca lazeTis qveynis nawilad iTvleba (da mosaxleobis SemadgenlobiTac qarTulia), magram politikuri gavlena bizantiisa aq ufro Zlieria, vidre lazeTis sxva mxareebSi. aseTi mdgomareoba Seiqmna me-6 saukuneSi da gagrZelebula me-7-8 saukuneSic~540. p.ingoroyvas am mosazrebis bolo nawili met dasabuTebas da dakonkretebas moiTxovs iseve, rogorc mtkiceba VIs. meore naxevarSi lazeTSi mefobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb541. mefobis gauqmeba da lazikisgan abazgiis gamoyofa SemdgomSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma ganapirobes. VIIs. dasawyisSi, 604 wels iranma sababad gamoiyena konstantinopolSi momxdari saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, ganaaxla saomari moqmedebebi da mokle xanSi bizantias gamanadgurebeli dartymebi miayena, daipyro misi teritoriis didi nawili. mZime mdgomareobidan imperiis gamoyvanis mizniT senatma saimperatoro taxtze energiuli mmarTveli herakle (610-641ww.) aiyvana. VIIs. 20ian wlebSi man gadawyvita ieriSi mietana iranze. am samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolebSi erTxans iberia, lazika da abazgiac monawileobdnen, magram maT mxari ar dauWeriaT iranSi SeWris herakleseuli gegmisaTvis, xolo roca sparselTa jari keisars wamoewia da kritikuli mdgomareoba Seiqmna, lazebsa da abazgebs uari uTqvamT mokavSireobaze da Sinisaken gabrunebulan542. es faqti cxadad metyvelebs qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis damoukideblobis sakmaod maRal xarisxze. iranTan omSi bizantias ufro saimedo da Zlieri mokavSire sWirdeboda. aseTi aRmoCnda xazareTi, romlis daxmarebiT herakle keisarma 627-628ww. daamarcxa irani da mTel amierkavkasiaze didi xniT bizantielTa hegemonia daamyara543. bizantiam swored VIIs. 20-ian wlebSi abazgia gamoiyvana lazikis samefos daqvemdebarebidan, daimorCila uSualod da anakofiaSi dasva Tavisi arqonti _ qarTuli wyaroebis `afxazeTis erisTavi~544. imave periodSi unda momxdariyo eklesiuri gamijvnac, rasac adasturebs herakles mmarTvelobis dros Sedgenili I noticia _ konstantinopolis sapatriarqo kaTedraTa nusxebi. Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze dafiqsirebulia jiqeTis eparqiaSi Semavali nikofsiis avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposo, abazgiis eparqiaSi Semavali sebastopolisis avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposo da lazikis (fazisis samitropolito) eparqiaSi Semavali ziganevis (gudavis) saepiskoposo545. abazgiis eparqia moicavda afSileTsac, romlis mTavar qalaq sebastopolisSi iyo ganlagebuli avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposo. imJamindeli `avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposo~ Tanamedrove gagebiT samociqulo eklesiis damoukideblobas ar niSnavda, rogorc es e.ajinjals warmoudgenia, aramed uSualod konstantinopolisadmi daqvemdebarebul saeklesio centrs, romlis damoukidebloba iyo formaluri, realur Sinaarss moklebuli. 539 . b. kudavas azriT, sebastopolisis saepiskoposo fazisis mitropolits eqvemdebareboda (b. kudava. dasax. naSromi, gv. 185-187.) 540 . p. ingoroyva. dasax. naSromi, gv. 194. 541 . iqve, gv. 191. 542 . . . , gv. 36-37; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, gv. 379-380. 543 . saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, gv. 281-283. 544 . . . , gv. 37; Д. Мусхелишвили. Исторический статус Абхазии в грузинской государственности. – Разыскания по истории Абхазии/Грузия, gv. 125. 545 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 79, 100 (sqolio 137). b. diasamiZe sebastopolisis saepiskoposos avtokefalur saarqiepiskoposod gardaqmnas VI s. 70-ian wlebSi varaudobs (b.diasamiZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 161).
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ase esmis `avtokefalia~ meore afxaz mkvlevars d.dbars546. sebastopolisis avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposos dafuZneba ganapiroba, albaT, im garemoebam, rom misi iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda or, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel (abazgia da lazikis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali afSileTi) politikur Tu administraciul erTeulze; rogorc imperiis interesebis gamomxatveli da damcveli, is iyo damoukidebeli, savaraudod, ara mxolod fazisis samitropolitosagan547, aramed bizantiisaTvis naklebad sando abazgia-egrisis mmarTvelTaganac. etyoba, es ukanaskneli faqtori (saero mmarTvelebisagan damoukidebloba) Zalian mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda. aman ganapiroba, albaT, Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi avtokefalur saepiskoposoTa simravle. mxolod jiqeTis eparqiaSi sami (xersonis, bosforisa da nikofsiis), mTlianad konstantinopolis daqvemdebarebaSi ki 41 aseTi kaTedra imyofeboda548. aSkaraa maTi kavSiri imperiis politikur miznebTan da amocanebTan. arsebobs mosazreba, rom konstantinopols daqvemdebarebuli da bizantiis interesebis samsaxurSi myofi kaTedrebis paralelurad arsebobdnen adgilobrivi qarTuli saeklesio centrebic549. eklesiuri gaucxoeba, SesaZloa, daiwyo ukve VIIs., roca imperiaSi imZlavres monoTelitebma, roca TanamoazreebTan erTad lazikaSi gadasaxlebuli am mimdinareobis mTavari mowinaaRmdege maqsime aRmsarebeli 662w. saqarTveloSi gardaicvala da leCxumSi daikrZala550. es gaucxoeba kidev ufro gaRrmavda e.w. xatmebrZolobis periodSi (VIIIs. 20-iani _ IXs. 40-iani wlebi) da saqme ganxeTqilebamdec mivida. anania jafariZis azriT, ukve VIIIs. I naxevarSi dasavleT saqarTvelo eklesiurad bizantias gamoeyo. amasTan igi eyrdnoba 1669-1702ww. ierusalimeli patriarqis dosiTeosis aseT cnobas: `erekles Semdeg (610-641ww. _ avt.) lev isavrosamde (717-741ww. _ avt.) qvemo iberia ukve iyo avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposo, magram Cven ar viciT romeli imperatoris dros da romel krebaze mianiWes mas avtokefalia. qvemo iberiis kaTalikosi pativiT ufro metia zemo iberiis kaTalikosze, radganac is ukve isavrosis dros, 720 wels kaTalikosi iyo qvemo iberiisa~551. antioqiis patriarq makaris (1648-1672 ww.) mixedviT, qarTvelTa pirveli kaTalikosis _ ioanes kurTxeva (romelsac taxti afxazTa qveyanaSi edga) moxda Teofilaqte antioqielis dros552. v.goilaZe amtkicebs, rom 744750ww. antioqiaSi xeldasxmuli ioane namdvilad iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos pirveli kaTalikosi553. afxazTa samefos Seqmnamde igi, savaraudod, biWvinTis kaTalikosis tituls atarebda da imTaviTve gamijnuli iyo konstaninopolis sapatriarqosagan. biWvinTis kaTedra abazgiis gaZlierebasTan erTad viTardeboda rogorc xatmebrZolobis sapirwone mniSvnelovani qarTuli saeklesio centri. savsebiT damsaxurebulad iqca igi dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso kaTedrad. 758w. swored biWvinTaSi moxda guTeli episkoposis xeldasxmac. amrigad, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiuri gaerTianeba, misi gamijvna konstantinopolis sapatriarqosagan554 win uswrebda mTeli am regionis politikur gaerTianebas, imperiisagan gamoyofas da saxelmwifoebrivi 546
.
. . dasax. naSromi, gv. 4-5 (d. dbaris winasityvaoba), 85-87. . anania jafariZe miiCnevs, rom fazisis mitropolits eqvemdebarebodnen Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposoebic (ix. misi: msoflio saeklesio krebebi, gv. 25-27). 548 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 81. 549 . iqve, gv. 88-89. 550 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 4, gv. 749. 551 . anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 2. Tb., 1999, gv. 90-91. 552 . armaRani. aRmosavluri mwerlobis nimuSebi. Tb., 1932, gv. 89-90. 553 . v. goilaZe. qarTuli eklesiis saTaveebTan. Tb, 1991, gv. 169-178. v. goilaZis mosazrebas ar iziarebs b. kudava (dasax. naSromi, gv. 135). 554 . afxazeTis sakaTalikosos VIII s. SuaxanebSi Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb mosazrebebs iziarebs d. dbari ( . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 5-8). 547
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damoukideblobis mopovebas. damoukidebeli qarTuli eklesiis arseboba xels uwyobda eris konsolidacias, qarTul enaze RvTismsaxurebis aRdgena _ erovnuli kulturis aRorZinebasa da ganviTarebas. es yovelive ki uTuod TamaSobda katalizatoris rols politikuri procesebis daCqarebis saqmeSi. VIIs. Suaxanebsa da meore naxevarSi afxazeTSi arsebuli politikuri viTarebis Taobaze warmodgenas gviqmnis ierusalimeli monazoni Teodosi gangreli, romlis TxzulebaSi avtoris mogonebebTan (668-669ww.) erTad Setanilia 662w. lazeTSi gadasaxlebuli bizantieli moazrovnisa da RvTismetyvelis maqsime aRmsareblis cxovrebis ukanaskneli wlebis Sesaxeb cnobebis Semcveli anastasi apokrisiaris (maqsimesTan erTad iyo lazeTSi gadasaxlebuli) werili555. misgan vigebT, rom lazika da abazgia erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli, bizantiis daqvemdebarebaSi moqceuli politikuri erTeulebia; maT ar hyoliaT mefeebi da konstantinopolidan daniSnuli patrikiosebis mier imarTebodnen. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriis umetesi nawili afSileTisa (md.kelasuridan md.gumisTamde Tu anakofiamde) da misimianeTis (kodoris xeoba) CaTvliT lazikis SemadgenlobaSia (sakuTriv lazikis sazRvrebi kelasuramde aRwevda). aSkarad Cans abazgiis dawinaurebis tendenciac. lazikis damxobili mTavrebi abazgiaSi garbian; iq miRebuli rCevebisa da mxardaWeris wyalobiT erT-erTma droebiT pativic daibruna. lazika da abazgia qristesmoyvare qveynebia; qristesmoyvareni arian abazgiis mmarTvelebic. lazikis mmarTveli grigoli moixsenieba rogorc `RvTivdaculi patrikiosi da magistrosi~, romlis pirveli saxli jixaxoraSi (Tanamedrove oCamCiris Tu gulrifSis rnSi) mdebareobda; cnobili xdeba lazikis kidev erTi mmarTvelis _ lebarnikiosis saxeli, romelsac Teodosi gangreli piradad esaubra. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom lazikis, gansakuTrebiT abazgiis mmarTvelebi keTil damokidebulebas amJRavnebdnen gadasaxlebulTa mimarT; amiT isini eurCebodnen bizantiis monoTelitur saero xelisuflebas da aseve konstantinopolis monoTelitur sapatriarqos. VIIs. Suaxanebidan saqarTvelo axali _ arabuli safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda; saukunis bolosaTvis muhamedis mimdevrebma mtkiced moikides fexi qarTlSi. 697 wels lazikis patrikiosi sergi barnukis Ze bizantielebs aujanyda da qveyana arabebs gadasca. VIIIs. dasawyisSi arabebis xelSi aRmoCnda mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo abazgiisa da kodoris xeobis CaTvliT556. bizantiam scada dasavleT saqarTvelodan arabebis gandevna da regionze kontrolis aRdgena. am mizniT keisarma vardan filipikosma (711-713ww.) qarTlis erismTavar stefanoz III-s (710738ww.) egrisis (dasavleT saqarTvelos afxazeTis CaTvliT) erismTavrobac uboZa da arabTa winaaRmdeg brZola ubrZana557. 712 wels stefanoz III da misi ufrosi vaJi miri gadavidnen egrisSi, sadac bizantielebTan erTad monawileoba miiRes cixe-gojis arabTagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi. 714w. Semodgomaze darubandis gavliT xazareTidan mobrunebuli arabi sardali maslama ibn abdal-maliqi stefanozis dasjis mizniT uzarmazari laSqriT jer qarTlSi, Semdeg ki egrisSi SeiWra. bizantielebi da iberebi iZulebulni gaxdnen moexsnaT alya cixe-gojisaTvis. bizantielTa Zalebma fazisisaken daixies, mirma da arCilma (romelic aseve gamoeqca qarTlSi Semosul maslamas) Tavi afxazeTs Seafares da anakofiaSi gamagrdnen. aq mosuli arabTa laSqari qarTvelebma sastikad daamarcxes. stefanoz III am dros, rogorc T.beraZe da m.sanaZe 555
. georgika, t. 4, w. 1, gv. 38-56. . . a. , gv. 38; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, gv. 285-288. 557 . dasavleT saqarTveloSi arabTa winaaRmdeg brZolis istoriis, stefanoz III-is, arCilis, mirisa da afxazeTis mTavris leon I-is moRvaweobis gaSuqebisas veyrdnobiT m.sanaZisa da T.beraZis axal, yovelmxriv dasabuTebul mosazrebebs (m.sanaZe. erismTavrebi arCili da miri da `qarTlis cxovreba~. _ mesxeTi, 2001, IV, gv. 71-88; T. beraZe, m. sanaZe. saqarTvelos istoria, naw. I. Tb., 2003, gv. 97-99; m. sanaZe, T. beraZe. VIII s.-s I naxevris qarTlisa da egrisis politikuri istoriidan. _ qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, 2004, X, gv. 70-81). 556
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varaudoben, cocxalia da imyofeba SvilebTan (rac nakleb savaraudoa), an fazisSi _ bizantielTa banakSi. stefanozisa da misi vaJebis egrisSi moRvaweobis pirveli periodis zustma daTariRebam da im arabi sardlis vinaobis garkvevam (maslama), romelTanac 714w. qarTvelebs brZola mouxdaT, T.beraZes da m.sanaZes saSualeba misca sxvadasxva wyaroTa (mose kalankatvacis `alvanTa istoria~, mirisa da arCilis cxovrebis amsaxveli `qronika~, atenis warwerebi, Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis cnobebi) SejerebiT daedginaT dasavleT saqarTveloSi arabTa orgzis _ jer maslamas (714w.), SemdgomSi ki murvan yrus (738w.) sardlobiT - laSqrobis faqti, agreTve iustiniane meoris (705-711ww.) elCis leon spaTaris (bizantiis keisari 717-741 wlebSi leon III isavrieli) egrissa da alaniaSi yofnis vadebi _ 711-714ww. leon spaTars keisrisagan davalebuli hqonda alanebis mosyidva da waqezeba abazgiis winaaRmdeg im dros, rodesac sarkinozebs epyraT abazgiac, lazikac da iberiac558, _ gvamcnobs Teofane JamTaaRmwereli (760-818ww.). alanebi marTlac SeiWrnen kodoris xeobaSi da didZali nadavliT ukan dabrundnen. abazgTa mcdeloba, xelSi CaegdoT lev isavrieli alanebisaTvis gagzavnili `didZali saCuqris~ fasad, alanTa axali SemoseviT, abazgiis darbeviTa da gaZarcviT dasrulda. amis Semdeg abazgebma siamovnebiT miiRes iustiniane II-is winadadeba misi elCis maT teritoriaze uvneblad gatarebis Sesaxeb; `samagierod yvela Tqvens Secodebas gapatiebTo~559, _ SemoTvala keisarma. lev isavrieli ar endo abazgebs da mxolod `afsilTa Soris upirvelesis~ _ marines (marianes) meSveobiT samSvidobos gaaRwia. gzaSi man moaxerxa xelSi Caegdo egreTwodebuli `rkinis cixe~, `sadac mcvelad ijda vinme farasmani, sarkinozTagan dayenebuli~560. leon isavrielma daikava da daarbia es cixe, amis Semdeg marianes xelSewyobiT afSileTidan konstantinopolSi dabrunda. mas Tan gaayoles arabebze gamarjvebis mauwyebeli mociqulic. im periodisaTvis iustiniane II ukve moeklaT (711w.), filipike daebrmavebinaT (713w.) da artemi (anastasi II) mefobda (713-716ww.)561. m.sanaZem da T.beraZem daamtkices, rom arabebTan brZolis konteqstSi moxseniebuli `erisTavi keisrisa leon~, romelic `Sesrul iyo cixesa Sina sobRisasa~562, aris ara afxazeTis erisTavi leon I, rogorc es miRebulia istoriografiaSi, aramed alaniidan mobrunebuli leon isavrieli. man Tavisi misia warmatebiT Seasrula, afxazeTi kvlav imperias daumorCila, magram samSoblosken gaRweva egrisSi arabTa mZlavrobis gamo gauWirda; misi xelSemwyobi marine (mariane) aris igive mir stefanozis Ze563. T.beraZisa da m.sanaZis mtkicebiT, leon III isavrielma rogorc ki keisris taxti daikava (717-741ww.), amagi daufasa mirs da arCils. 717-718 wlebSi keisarma maT ori _ egrisisa da qarTlis samefo gvirgvini gamougzavna. Sesabamisad, stefanoz III-is titulaturam erTi safexuriT `maRla aiwia~ _ is gaxda `megrelTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT erisTavTa ufali~564. samxreT kavkasia arabebisa da xazarebis xSiri Setakebebis asparezad iqca, amitom stefanoz III da misi vaJebi verc qarTlsa da verc egrisSi Tavs myarad ver grZnobdnen. mxolod 730w. Semdeg, roca stefanoz III-is mowveviT aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi SemoWrilma xazarebma arabebi daamarcxes, qarTlis mefis Zalaufleba mTel saqarTveloze gavrcelda. qveynis gaerTianebas arabTa axali sadamsjelo laSqroba mohyva. 738w. xazarTa mokavSire stefanoz mesamesTan sabrZolvelad arabTa xalifam Tavisi naTesavi, sastiki da daundobeli marvan
558 559 560 561 562 563 564
. . . . . . .
georgika, t. 4, w. 1, gv. 106-107. iqve, gv. 109. iqve, gv. 111. iqve, gv. 1113. qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 235 m. sanaZe, T. beraZe. VIII s-is I naxevris qarTlisa da egrisis politikuri istoriidan, gv. 73-75. iqve, gv. gv. 76.
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ibn muhamedi (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ murvan yru, 744-750ww. xalifa) gamogzavna. stefanoz III arCilTan erTad kvlav egrisSi gadavida. maT murvan yru daedevna. arabebma daamarcxes da awames argveTis erisTavebi daviTi da konstantine565 (qarTuli eklesiis wmindanebi), aiRes cixe-goji, moaoxres Sida egrisi, gadalaxes `klisura, romeli mas Jamsa iyo sazRvari saberZneTisa da saqarTvelosa“, gaanadgures cxumi da anakofiis cixes miadgnen; cixis SigniT iyo `xati yovlad wmindisa RmrTismSoblisa, ara kacobriviTa xeliTa dawerili, aramed zegardamo... mun Sina iyvnen maSin mefeni qarTlisani mir da arCil; xolo mama maTi gardacvalebul iyo da damarxul egrsa Sina~566. qarTlisa da egrisis mefeebTan erTad imyofeboda afxazTa erisTavi leon I oriaTasiani razmiT. anakofiasTan brZolaSi qarTvelebi damarcxdnen, miri ki mZimed daiWra. 738 wels arabebma kodoris xeobaSic ilaSqres da daibrunes rkinis (sobRis) cixe. aq maT miris (marines//marianes) vaJi evstaTi Seipyres da tyved waiyvanes. Teofane JamTaaRmwerelis cnobiT, 740w. `arabTa sardalma isamma gaJlita misi gamgeblobis qveS myof yvela qalaqis qristiani tyveebi, maT Soris iyo netari evstaTi, brwyinvale patrikiosis marines Ze; is Zalian awvales, magram man ar uaryo Tavisi wrfeli rwmena da igi WeSmarit martvilad iqmna gamocxadebuli qaranSi, sadac misi patiosani da wminda neSTi yovelgvar gankurnebas aniWebs xalxs RvTis wyalobiT~567. 738-739 wlebSi lev isavrielma moawesriga urTierToba mirs, arCilsa da leon I-s Soris. leons afxazeTi memkvidreobiT gadaeca da erismTavroba eboZa, amasTanave imperatorma mas `mefeTa da erTa magaT qarTlisaTa~ pativiscema mosTxova; ubrZana: `amieriTgan nu xelgewifebis vnebad maTda da sazRvarTa maTTa egrisisaTa, vidremdis iyvnen manda anu ganvidnen mandiT~568. egrisis mefe miri anakofiaSi miRebuli Wrilobisagan gardaicvala, rogorc Cans, vaJiSvilis _ evstaTis daRupvis (740w.) Semdeg. amitomac sikvdilis win Tavis Zmas arCils uTxra: `da ara mivis Ze _ wuli Svili mkvidrad, aramed misxen Svidni qalni~569. `egriss vidre Sorapnamde~ daemkvidra mefe arCili570. iuridiulad is iyo sruliad saqarTvelos mefe. afxazeTis mTavar leons man madloba uTxra, `rameTu keTilad iRuawe stumroba Cueni, da damicven Cuen adgilTa SenTa mSvidobiT: garna aw uwyies Seneba adgilTa CuenTa klisuriTgan aRmarT. warval da daveSenebi cixe-gojs da quTaTiss~571. arCili afxazeTis mTavars nebismieri Txovnis dakmayofilebas dahpirda, `nacvlad keTilisa msaxurebisa~; leonma ki saqarTvelos mefes qveSevrdomoba sTxova: `momca me keisarman queyana ese mkvidrobiT keTilad simxniTa TqueniTa. xolo amieriTgan ars ese mamulobiT samkvidrebel Cemda klisuriTgan vidre mdinaredmde didad xazareTad, sada daswudebis wueri kavkasiisa amis. SemrTe meca monaTa SenTa Tana, romelni _ ese dRes Rirs yven Svilad da Zmad Senda. ara minda nawili Sengan, aramed Cemica ese Sendave iyos~572. mxedvelobaSi Tu ar miviRebT `mcire xazareTis~ (md.yubanis) nacvlad `didi xazareTis (md.donis) dasaxelebas, leonis samflobelos Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari (`sada daswudebis wueri kavkasiisa~) zustad emTxveva egrosis samkvidros sazRvars. qarTuli saistorio tradiciiTac, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, afxazeTis erisTavebi egrosis memkvidreebi arian (aqve, gv. 63, 65). vinaidan afxazTa mefeebis qarTuli warmomavloba 565
. daviT da konstantines wameba. – qarTuli mwerloba, t. I. Tb., 1987, gv. 488-501. . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, ,gv. 235. 567 . georgika, t. 4, w. 1, gv. 115, 116 (s. yauxCiSvilis mier daSvebulia meqanikuri Secdoma da `netari evstaTi~ Targmnilia, rogorc `netari makari~; ZvelberZnulSi makariosi niSnavs netars); . ., 1884, gv. 301,303; j.gamaxaria, l. axalaZe. netari evstaTi. _ iverielni, 2007, #6, gv. 21. 568 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 240. 569 . iqve. 570 . iqve, gv. 243. 571 . iqve, gv. 242. 572 . iqve. 566
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istoriografiaSi praqtikulad damtkicebulia (aqve, Tavi V), cxadia, erisTavi leonic (afxazTa pirveli mefis biZa) am dinastiis warmomadgenelia. `afxazeTis mefeTa divanSi~ misi saxeli, albaT, imitom ar aris Setanili, rom am dokumentSi moxseniebuli pirebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi ar flobda farTo gagebiT afxazeTs _ dasavleT saqarTvelos da ganagebda mxolod md.kelasuris Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare teritoriebs573. arCil mefem Tavisi Zmiswuli _ miris qaliSvili guranduxti colad SerTo leons da masve gadasca `gvirgvini igi, romeli berZenTa mefesa warmoeca mirisTvis. da yves aRTqma da fici saSineli, viTarmed ara iyos mteroba Soris maTsa, aramed erCdes (morCilebdes _ avt.) leon arCils yovelTa dReTa misTa~574. 744 wlis Semdeg, roca murvan yrum samxreT kavkasia datova da xalifas taxtic daikava, arCili umcros SvilTan juanSerTan erTad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida575, egrisi ki samarTavad ufros vaJs, ioanes gadasca. amrigad, dasavleT saqarTveloSi arabTa batonobis gadagdebas qarTlis samefo saxlis meTaurobiT egrisSi mefobis aRdgena da kvlav misi iurisdiqciis afxazeTze gavrceleba mohyva. erisTavi leoni egrisis (da aseve qarTlis) mefis vasali, morCili, xolo qorwinebis Semdeg samefo saxlis wevric gaxda. sxva politikuri erTeulebi VIIIs. SuaxanebSi ukve ar Canan; bunebrivad moxda maTi integrireba egrisisa da afxazeTis SemadgenlobaSi. im viTarebaSi, roca aRmosavleT saqarTvelo arabTa mZime uRlis qveS gminavda, roca TbilisSi amira ijda, saxelmwifoebrioba suls Rafavda, dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaken gadadgmuli es pirveli nabiji saetapo mniSvnelobis movlenad iqca qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebisa da eris Semdgomi konsolidaciis istoriaSi. VIIIs. Suaxanebis politikur procesebTan dakavSirebiT wyaroTa mkafio, calsaxa Cvenebebis miuxedavad, separatistebi utifrad cruoben, SecdomaSi SehyavT sakuTari mkiTxvelebi da weren, rom anakofiasTan brZolis Semdeg leon Is, TiTqos, epyra teritoria samxreTiT cixe-gojidan enguramde. CrdiloeTiT _ kavkasiis qedamde; falsifikatorebi arafers amboben, im `fici saSinelis~ Sesaxeb, romlis ZaliT leon pirveli egrisisa da qarTlis mefis vasali, morCili (`erCdes leon arCils~) gaxda576. VIIIs. Sua xanebSi afxazeTi damoukideblobis gzas ki ar daadga, rogorc separatistebi tyuian577, aramed sakuTari nebiT egrisis samefos nawili gaxda, xolo misi erisTavi _ samefo taxtis kanonieri memkvidre. ufro Zlieri afxazeTis nebayoflobiT Sesvla dasustebuli egrisis SemadgenlobaSi kidev erTi damatebiTi sabuTia Sua saukuneebis da adrindeli periodis egriselTa da abazgTa (istoriul afxazTa) eTnikuri erTianobisa; amis utyuari dasturia leonisaTvis qarTuli samefo gvirgvinis gadacemis faqtic. gamomdinare aqedan da sxva zemoTmotanili argumentebidan, sruliad usafuZvloa afxazur istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli mosazreba VI-VII saukuneebSi viTom arsebuli afxazuri erovnebebis (народности) _ abazgebis, afsilebis, sanigebisa da misimianebis VIIIs. ukve erTian feodalur erad Camoyalibebis
573 . miri, arCili da ioanec flobdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos, magram `afxazeTis mefeTa divanSi~ ver moxvdnen, radganac iyvnen sruliad saqarTvelos mefeebi. 574 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 242-243. 575 . 762 wels kaxeTSi SemoWrilma arabTa jarebis sardalma, romelsac arCili Tavisi nebiT eaxla, saqarTvelos mefes mahmadianobis miReba mosTxova. uaris miRebis Semdeg man arCili daapatimra da Tavadve ramdenjerme dakiTxa. bolo dakiTxvaze arabi dainteresda: `Sen ukue iyav dacemasa mas sarkinozTa afxazeTs Sina~? arCilma upasuxa: `me viyav maSin, raJams dascna igini RmerTman~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 274). mefe arCili arabebma sikvdiliT dasajes. qarTulma eklesiam igi wmindanad Seracxa. 576 . . Бгажба, С. Лакоба. dasax. naSromi, gv. 126; 577 . iqve, gv. 127.
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Sesaxeb578. igi mkveTr winaaRmdegobaSia rogorc ganxilul istoriul wyaroebTan, ise, rac yvelaze mTavaria, `afxazuri feodaluri erovnebis~ mdidar zogadqarTul politikur da kulturul memkvidreobasTan. samwuxarod, qarTulma istoriografiam afxaz mkvlevarTa mtkicebas erTiani e.w. afxazuri feodaluri erovnebis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb p.ingoroyvas naSromis faqtobrivad akrZalvis Semdeg mxolod is argumenti daupirispira, rom VIII saukunisaTvis kavkasiaSi gasuli iyo dro `afxazi feodaluri erovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis~; im periodSi, TiTqos, xdeboda ara axal `feodalur erovnebaTa~ Camoyalibeba, aramed ukve arsebul erTeulebSi (qarTli, somxeTi) gaerTianeba da a.S.579 unda aRiniSnos, rom `feodaluri erovnebis~ cneba eris warmoSobis mcdar sabWour Teorias efuZneba. am Teoriis Tanaxmad (gakvriT masze ukve iyo saubari _ aqve, gv. 42), eri istoriuli kategoriaa da dakavSirebulia sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur formaciebTan: pirvelyofil Temur wyobilebasTan, monaTmflobelobasTan, feodalizmTan, kapitalizmTan da socializmTan; is garkveul epoqaSi warmoiSoba, viTardeba da bolos qreba. kerZod, pirvelyofili Temuri da monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tomebi da tomTa kavSirebi feodalizmis epoqaSi erTmaneTTan Serwymis Sedegad viTom ayalibeben `feodalur erovnebebs~ (народности); maTi SerwymiT ki kapitalizmis xanaSi ukve yalibdebian Tanamedrove erebi; am ukanasknelTa Serwyma da erebis gaqroba oficialuri komunisturi ideologiisa da, Sesabamisad, sabWoTa istoriografiis Tanaxmad, komunizmis epoqaSi unda ganxorcieldes. ssr kavSiris kraxamde istorikosebi, maT Soris iseTi gamoCenili mecnierebi, rogorebic iyvnen n.berZeniSvili, z.anCabaZe da a.S., antikomunisturi TeoriebiT ubralod ver ixelmZRvanelebdnen, magram dRes sabWoTa ideologiis prizmaSi erebis formirebis sakiTxis ganxilvis aucilebloba da safuZveli ar arsebobs. jer ar aris sakmarisad dasabuTebuli, Tu ratom ver Camoyalibdnen `araqarTveli~ afSilebi da abazgebi e.w. feodalur erovnebad. miuxedavad amisa, n.berZeniSvilis mosazrebas am sakiTxSi hyavs mimdevrebi580. isini ar iTvaliswineben im garemoebas, rom II-VIIIss. afSil-abazgebs gaaCndaT umTavresi komponenti erad CamoyalibebisaTvis _ Zlieri saxelmwifoebrioba. bizantiisa da egrisis gavlenis qveS maTi yofna xelisSemSleli faqtori ver iqneboda iseve, rogorc arsebobis meti xnis manZilze ama Tu im Zlieri mezobeli imperiis gavlenis qveS yofnas xeli ar SeuSlia (mxolod process anelebda) qarTuli tomebisaTvis uZvelesi droidan erTian erad CamoyalibebaSi; xelisSemSlel faqtorad ver CaiTvleba `drois gasvla~. piriqiT, im periodSi arsebobda xelsayreli viTareba calke erad CamoyalibebisaTvis: aRmosavleT saqarTvelo arabTa xelSi iyo, xolo mefe arCili, rogorc vnaxeT, iqiT sTavazobda leon Is nebismieri Txovnis dakmayofilebas. VIII saukuneSi afsua eri `drois gasvlis~ mizeziT ki ara, afSil-abazgTa qarTuli eTnosisadmi kuTvnilebis gamo ver Camoyalibda. amitom ar hqondaT maT sakuTari damwerloba da saxelmwifo ena. yovlad miuRebeli da realur safuZvels moklebulia egriselTa da svanTa araqarTvelebad moxsenieba maSin, roca mecnierebaSi aRiarebulia erTiani eris arseboba aia-kolxeTis xanidan mainc. Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan qarTvelebma SeinarCunes erTianoba miuxedavad mZime politikuri viTarebisa, 578
. З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии, gv. 69; misive: ..., gv. 48-51; . , . , gv. 127 da a. S.. 579 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, gv. 591-592; n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis..., gv. 45 da a.S. 580 . e. xoStaria-brose. Sua saukuneebis afxazeTi da afxazTa erovnuli konsolidaciis sakiTxi. _ mnaTobi, 1992, #4, gv.160-168. avtori iziarebs n.berZeniSvilis mosazrebebs, magram mainc uSvebs VIIIs. `afxazTa eTnosis garkveul konsolidacias~ da akeTebs daskvnas: afsil-abazgebs TviTsaxelwodebad `afsua~ aurCeviaT, radganac isini lazebis qveSevrdomebi iyvnen da ufro ganviTarebulni yofilan (?!?); `garedan (bizantielebi, qarTvelebi)~ am `ers~afxazebs eZaxdnen wamyvani samxedro potencialis mqone abazgebis saxelwodebis mixedviT (iqve, gv. 161-162).
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xangrZlivi droiT qveynis daqucmacebisa da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ucxo dampyrobTa uRlis qveS cal-calke yofnisa; amitom dauSvebelia VIIIs. `egriseli feodaluri erovnebis~ arCamoyalibebis mizezebze, dasavleT saqarTvelos^viTom `qarTizaciaze~ saubari581. im periodSi qarTli yofna-aryofnis zRvarze imyofeboda, Tavad saWiroebda Svelas; obieqturi mizezebis gamo is ver gaxdeboda da arc gamxdara maSin eris makonsolidirebeli Zala. `qarTizaciis~ Teoria efuZneba eris warmoSobis dromoWmul dogmebs da ar iTvaliswinebs, rom qarTveli eri VIII-IX saukuneebamde TiTqmis 1500 wliT adre Camoyalibda erTiani eniT, damwerlobiTa da saxelmwifoTi; rom iberebi Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi582 da welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze, ukve cxovrobdnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi, maT Soris SavizRvispireTSi, sadac isini andria pirvelwodebulma monaTla; angariSi ar eweva somxur versias (uxtanesi) iberebis dasavleT saqarTvelodan aRmosavleTisaken gavrcelebis Sesaxeb583 da arc im avtorebs, vinc kolxebsa da svanebs iberebad moixseniebdnen ybadaRebul `qarTizaciamde~ didi xniT adre.584 `araqarTvel~ egrTa da svanTa `gaqarTvelebis~ Teoria sabWoTa istoriografiam q.patkanovisa da n.marisagan isesxa585. carizmis asimilatoruli politikis konteqstSi SemuSavebuli qarTveli eris gaTiSvis es koncefcia SesaniSnavad moergo `sxvadasxva xalxebis~ Serwymis Sedegad `feodaluri qarTuli erovnebis~ Camoyalibebis komunistur Teorias. amitomac aitaca igi sabWourma istoriografiam. am ukanasknelis umaxinjes gadmonaSTad qceuli `qarTizaciis~ versia safuZvlianadaa ganxiluli da uaryofili anania jafariZis, tariel futkaraZisa da sxvaTa SromebSi586. VII-IXss. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda ara qarTvelTa `gaqarTveleba~, ara `qarTizacia~, aramed `nacionalizacia~ _ berZnuli gavlenisagan Tavis daRweva, mSobliuri qarTuli enis uflebebis TandaTanobiTi aRdgena _ gafarToeba eklesiasa da saxelmwifo aparatSi, nacionaluri kulturis ganviTareba da a.S. `qarTizaciaSi~ Cveulebriv gulisxmoben arabTa batonobas iZulebiT gamoqceuli qarTlelebis nawilis dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadasaxlebas. sruliad aSkaraa, rom es procesi ar Sexebia egrisis centralur raionebs da gansakuTrebiT afxazeTs. yovelgvari `qarTizaciis~ gareSe afxazeTi warmoadgenda wminda qarTul regions da istoriul viTarebaTa gamo VIIIs. Suaxanebidan swored is iqca qarTvelTa makonsolidirebel mZlavr politikur erTeulad.
581
. n. lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis..., gv. 45. . z. bragvaZe. kolxeTis aRmosavleTi regionebis (yvirilas xeobis) qarTizaciis sakiTxisaTvis. _ macne, istoriis... seria, 1990, #4, gv. 137-150. plutarqe. rCeuli paraleluri biografiebi, I. berZnulidan Targmna, Sesavali werili da ganmartebebi daurTo ak. uruSaZem. Tb., 1957, gv. 117. georgika. t. 4, w. 1, gv. 57. 583 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 197-198. 584 . anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 1, gv. 71, 86-102. 585 . n.mari megrelebs (misi azriT skviTebis STamomavlebs), ar miiCnevda qarTvelebad da Tvlida, rom `qarTulma solma~ _ qarTlelTa viTom SemoWram egrisSi maT Wanebi CamoaSora ( . . . , gv. 241 da a.S.). 586 . anania jafariZe. ori Teoria qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibebis drois Sesaxeb. Tb., 2003; t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi, da a.S. 582
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Tavi V. afxazeTi `afxazTa samefos” SemadgenlobaSi. VIIIs. meore naxevari - Xs. afxazTa samefos Camoyalibeba ganpirobebuli iyo VII-VIII saukuneebis manZilze ganviTarebuli saerTaSoriso da saSinao politikuri faqtorebiT. erTi mxriv, arabTa batonobis gaZlierebam qarTlSi da, meore mxriv, bizantiis dasustebam, iq mimdinare saSinao-politikurma da saeklesio ganxeTqilebam587 saqarTvelos istoriul regionebSi xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmna axali qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis warmoSobisaTvis. faqtobrivad, VIII saukunis Sua xanebSi qarTul politikur samyaroSi safuZveli Caeyara axal process, romelic imave saukunis 80-ian wlebSi dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifos _ afxazTa samefos CamoyalibebiT dasrulda. afxazTa erisTavis leon I-is Zmiswulma leon II-m Tavi gaiTavisufla bizantiis vasalobisagan da mefis tituli miiRo. `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ cnobiT, `xolo raJams mouZlurdes berZenni, gadga maTgan erisTavi afxazTa, saxeliT leon, Zmiswuli leon erisTavisa, romlisad mieca samkvidrod afxazeTi. ese meore leon asulis wuli iyo xazarTa mefisa, da ZaliTa maTiTa gaadga berZenTa, daipyra afxazeTi da egrisi vidre lixamde, saxel-idva mefe afxazTa, rameTu micvalebul iyo iovane da daberebul iyo juanSer. da Semdgomad amissa juanSerica miicvala.~588 bunebrivia, aseTi politikuri realoba xelsayrel pirobebs uqmnida leon II-s, dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis, miT ufro, rom mas politikurad da samxedro TvalsazrisiT mxars uWerda xazarTa xakani. afxazTa samefo moicavda mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos da TandaTanobiT afarToebda sazRvrebs rogorc aRmosavleTis, ise samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, VIIIs. 80-ian wlebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianeba afxazTa erisTavis meTaurobiT nebayoflobiTi politikuri aqti iyo589. leon II-is am nabijs qarTuli wyaroebi uaryofiT konteqstSi ar moixseniebs, radgan afxazeTi, iseve rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli regionebi, saukuneebis manZilze, jer kolxeTis (egrisis) samefos, xolo Semdeg qarTlis (iberiis), egrisis (lazikis), xolo bolos isev qarTlis samefos (saerismTavros) nawili iyo. amjerad, VIIIs. 80-ian wlebSi mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo gaerTianda afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi. rogorc zemoT iyo naCvenebi, stefanoz III-is memkvidris _ arCilis epoqaSi saqarTvelo erTian qveyanas warmoadgenda da arCili mefis tituls atarebda590. bunebrivia, aseTi erTianoba emyareboda qveynis mTlianobis Zvel tradiciebs, romelic politikuri memkvidreobis saxiT SemdegSi leon II-m miiRo da moxerxebulad gamoiyena kidec dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis saqmeSi. VIIIs. Sua xanebidan vidre 80-ian wlebamde, TandaTanobiT farTovdeba termin `afxazeTis~ mniSvneloba da bolos igi gavrcelda afxazTa erisTavebis mier gaerTianebul dasavleT saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze.591 niSandoblivia, rom mogvianebiT erTian qarTul samefos ucxoeli avtorebi uwodeben `afxazeTs~, xolo saqarTvelos mefeebs `afxazTa mefeebad~ moixsenieben.592 587. igulisxmeba bizantiis eklesiaSi mimdinare xatmebrZoloba, romelmac gaxliCa konstantinopolis sapatriarqosadmi damokidebuli eklesiebis erToba. frangi istorikosis Sarl dilis sityvebiT, `es brZola umagaliTo siSmagis, mZvinvarebis, ukiduresi sisastikis saTaved iqca da imperiaSi arnaxuli SinaaSliloba gamoiwvia.~ Sarl dili. bizantiis imperiis istoria. frangulidan Targmna baCana bregaZem. Tb., 1989, gv. 62. 588. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I., gv. 251. 589. m. lorTqifaniZe. egris-afxazeTi. _ saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, gv. 418. 590. am cnobas adasturebs `matiane qarTlisaÁ~, leonti mrovelis `wmida arCilis wameba~, juanSeri da vaxuSti bagrationi. ix.: . . . _ ..., gv. 155. 591. p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 119-120; . . , gv. 155. 592. aRniSnul sakiTxze ixileT: n. lomouri. saqarTvelos saxelwodebani bizantiur wyaroebSi. _ saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, gv. 82, 83; g. jafariZe. qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelos arabuli saxelwodebebi. _ saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri
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VIIIs. II naxevarSi qarTveli mwerlis ioane sabanis Zis cnobiT, dasavleT saqarTvelos ganagebs `mTavari afxazeTisa~,593 anu leon II-s VIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi dasavleT saqarTvelo gaerTianebuli aqvs, magram mefis tituls jer kidev ar atarebs. am konteqstSi sayuradReboa afxazTa erisTavis titulis evolucia. leon II Tavdapirvelad atarebda `erisTavis~, Semdeg `mTavris~, xolo bolos `mefis~594 tituls. leonis titulis evolucia pirdapirproporciulia misi xelisuflebis TandaTanobiTi gavrcelebisa mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. istoriografiaSi gaziarebulia azri imis Sesaxeb, rom leon II-m bizantiis imperatoris vasalitetisagan Tavis ganTavisufleba moaxerxa mxolod mas Semdeg, rac bizantiaSi Sidapolitikuri mdgomareoba daiZaba.595 mkvlevarTa didi nawili Tvlis, rom leonis politikuri aRzeveba da antibizantiuri politikuri kursi596 unda dawyebuliyo bizantiis imperatoris irines zeobis dros _ 797-802 wlebSi.597 afxazTa samefos sazRvrebis sakiTxic araerTgzis aris Seswavlili mkvlevarTa mier. miuxedavad amisa, am sakiTxze arsebobs gansxvavebuli Sexedulebani. rogorc aRiniSna, `afxazTa samefos~ teritoria moicavda mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos. daarsebis dros misi aRmosavleTi sazRvari lixis qedamde aRwevda, CrdiloeTi sazRvari _ nikofsiamde da jiqTa samflobeloebamde. dasavleTiT mas Savi zRva ekvroda. rac Seexeba samxreTis sazRvrebs, igi dResac sadavo sakiTxs warmoadgens. VIII saukunis mwerali ioane sabanisZe `trapezunts” afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi ganixilavda. misi cnobiT, `netari habo ufroisRa hmadlobda RmerTsa, rameTu ixila man queyanai igi savseÁ qristes sarwmunoebiTa da aravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad ipovebis sazRuarTa maTTa. rameTu sazRvari maTda ars zRvaÁ igi pontoisaÁ, samkvidrebeli yovladve qristianeTaÁ, misazRvradmde qaldiaÁsa, trapezuntisaÁ mun ars, sayofeli igi afsaraÁsaÁ da nafsaÁs...~598. s. janaSias mosazrebiT, trapizoni ar Sedioda afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi599. aRniSnuli mosazreba gaziarebuli iqna z.anCabaZisa da m.lorTqifaniZis mier600. k.kekeliZis azriT, trapezunti Sedioda afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi, rasac ioane sabanisZis cnobis garda sxva wyaroebic adastureben: kerZod, 787 wlis saeklesio krebis aqtebs xels awers `qristefore, episkoposi fazisisa anu trapizonisa~9; VIII saukunis II naxevris da qarTuli terminologia, gv.132,134; z.papasqiri. afxazeTi - saqarTveloa. Tb., 1998, gv. 141-142; z.papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. I, gv. 67-68. 593 . ioane sabanisZe. wameba wmidisa abosi. - : saqarTvelos samoTxe, sruli aRweraÁ RuawlTa da vnebaTa saqarTuÀlos wmidaTa, Sekrebili qronologiurad da gamocemuli peterburRis sasuliero akademiis kandidatis iverielis gobron (mixail) pavlis Zis sabininis mier. peterburRi, 1882, gv. 339. 594 . `afxazTa~ mefeTa titulaturis sakiTxis Seswavlisas qarTul da somxur naratiul da qarTul epigrafikul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT ukve gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos mefeebi VIII-X saukuneebSi ar atarebdnen tituls `mefe afxazTa~. amis dasturia somxuri wyaroebi da `afxazTa~ mefeTa warwerebi, romlebSic isini dasaxelebuli arian rogorc `egrisis mefe~, an ubralod TavisTavs uwodeben `mefe~-s. epigrafikul Zeglebsa da somxur wyaroebSi termini `mefe afxazTa~ pirvelad Cans gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefis bagrat III bagrationis titulaturaSi. rac Seexeba qarTul saistorio tradicias (matiane qarTlisaÁ, sumbati, vaxuSti da sxvebi), igi Seiqmna saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdeg, anu mas Semdeg, rac bagrat III-is titulaturaSi damkvidrda termini `mefe afxazTa~. dawvrilebiT ixileT: l.axalaZe. qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebi `afxazTa~ mefeTa titulaturis Sesaxeb. _ saistorio Ziebani, t. VII, gv. 26-33. 595 . s. janaSia. Sromebi, t. II. Tb., 1952, gv. 216; . . , gv. 156. 596 . `afxazTa~ mefeTa sagareo politikuri orientaciis sakiTxebze ixileT: z. papasqiri. `afxazTa~ samefos sagareo politikuri orientaciis dazustebis sakiTxisaTvis. _ qarTuli diplomatia. Tb., 1999, gv. 325335. 597 . aRniSnul qronologiasTan dakavSirebiT, gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvs S. glovels. misi azriT, leoni afxazeTis erisTavi iyo 781-782 wlebamde; am periodidan 786-787 wlebamde _ gaerTianebuli egrisafxazeTis mTavari, xolo 786-787 wlidan _ `afxazTa mefe~. ix. S. gloveli. `afxazTa samefo~. sakan. dis. avtoreferati. Tb., 2004, gv. 9. 598 . qarTuli literatura, t. 1, gv. 454. 599 . s. janaSia. afxazTa samefos warmoSobis..., gv. 338. 600 . . . . ..., gv. 11-116; m. lorTqifaniZe. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba. Tb., 1963. gv. 185. 9 . k. kekeliZe. adrindeli feodaluri qarTuli literatura. tf., 1935, gv. 28.
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bizantieli mwerlis epifane konstantinopolelis TxzulebaSi dadasturebulia gamoTqma `lazeTis qalaqi trapezunti~. amasve adasturebs somxuri usaxelo `geografiis~ cnoba, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos farglebSi Sedioda qalaqebi: aTina, rize da trapezunti10. aRniSnul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, p. ingoroyvam samarTlianad gaiziara k. kekeliZis mosazreba afxazTa samefos samxreTi sazRvrebis Sesaxeb. axlaxan es mosazreba gaiziara S. glovelmac.601 konstantonopolis samwysoSi Semavali ekTezisebis mixedviT, lazikis eparqiis samitropolito qalaqad trapezuntis mxolod IX saukunis miwuruls dasaxeleba ar unda iyos sakmarisi argumenti ioane sabanisZis cnobis gasabaTileblad. aq aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia, is faqti, rom trapezuntis polemonis pontos samwysoSi dasaxeleba ar asaxavs politikur situacias da igi saeklesio daqvemdebarebis mauwyebel wyaros warmoadgens. magaliTad, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, VIII saukunis I meoTxedSi stefanoz III, rogorc zemod vnaxeT, `qarTvelTa da megrelTa erismTavris~ tituls atarebda da igi flobda qarTlsac da egrisis mniSvnelovan nawilsac. qarTlSi ukve arsebobda damoukidebeli samociqulo eklesia mcxeTis sakaTalikosos saxiT, xolo stefanoz III-is samflobelos meore sakmaod didi nawili _ egrisi, eklesiurad jer kidev konstantinopolis samwysos ekuTvnoda. anu politikuri xelisuflebis gavrcelebis areali am SemTxvevaSi ar emTxveoda saeklesio iurisdiqciis gavrcelebis areals. maSasadame, konstantonopolis ekTezisebi ver gamodgeba `afxazTa samefos~ teritoriuli sazRvrebis dasazusteblad. davubrundeT p. ingoroyvas mosazrebas, romelmac ioane sabanisZis zemoTxsenebuli cnoba Seajera anonimi somxuri geografiis monacemebTan. am wignis 1881 wlis rusul gamocemaSi vkiTxulobT, rom `kolxeTi aris qveyana aziisa da mdebareobs pontos zRvidan sarmatiamde, da mdinare drakonidan vidre kavkasiis mTamde da mis Stomde [lixamde], romelic hyofs mas iveriisagan. . . . igi ganiyofeba oTx mcire qveynad: margveli, egreviki, lazi, Wani, romel ars xalteTi [xaldia]. . . aqvs xuTi qalaqi: iani, kota, rodopolisi, aTina, rizoni da sxva mravalni navTsadgurni, e. i. zRvis sanapiro daba-qalaqni, romelTa Soris ars trapezunti.~602 am oTxi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli wyaros: ioane sabanisZis, somxuri `geografiis~, epifane konstantinopolelisa da 787 wlis saeklesio krebis cnobebis urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom trapezunti garkveuli periodis manZilze mainc namdvilad Sedioda jer afxazTa samTavros, xolo Semdeg afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi. `afxazTa samefos~ warmoqmnisTanave, leon II_m gaatara administraciuli reforma, romelic iTvaliswinebda qveynis saerisTavoebad dayofas da samefos teritoriul _ administraciul mowyobas. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, leon II-m afxazTa samefo dayo rva saerisTavod: cxomis, egrisis, guriis, raWaleCxumis, svaneTis, sruliad argveTis centriT SorapanSi, vakis centriT quTaisSi da sakuTriv afxazeTis.603 yvela saerisTavos Tavisi teritoria hqonda da gansazRvruli iyo misi farglebi. leon meorem erisTavebi `dasua afxazTa da misca afxazeTi, jiqeTi, vidre zRuamde da xazarTa mdinaremde; dasua cxoms da misca egris iqiT anakofia alaniTurT; dasua bedias da misca egrisis aRmosavleTi cxenis wylamde; vinaÁTgana amasve leons moerTnen oZraxos wilni, Woroxis samÃreTisani da ganudgnen oZraxos erisTavsa, uwoda guria da dasua mun erisTavi TÂisi; dasua raWa-leCxumisa; dasua suaneTisa; Sorapnisave, rionisa da xanis-wylis aRmosavleTisa lixamde sruliad argueTisa; dasua quTaTiss va10
. p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 213. . S. gloveli. afxazTa samefo, gv. 11. 602 . VII . . ., 1881, gv. 27-28. dRes mkvlevarTa didi nawili Tvlis, rom somxuri `geografiis~ avtori aris VII saukunis somexi saeklesio moRvawe anania Sirakaci. somxur `geografias~ qarTvel mkvlevarTagan 1964-1965 wlebSi ikvlevda n. janaSia. ix.: n. janaSia. somxuri anonimuri geografia. - : istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi narkvevebi. Tb., 1986, gv. 243-346. 603 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 796. 601
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kisa, okribisa da xanis-wylis dasavleTisa guriamde da rionis dasavleTis cxeniswylamde.~604 leon meoris mier gatarebuli teritoriul-administraciuli mowyoba SinaarsiT msgavsebas avlens farnavazis mier qarTlis samefos daarsebis dros gatarebul administraciul reformasTan. farnavazis msgavsad, samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT, leonic Seecada adgilebze Seeqmna centraluri xelisuflebis mtkice dasayrdeni saerisTavoebis saxiT, romlebsac mefis erTguli moxeleebi Cauyena saTaveSi. sakuTriv afxazeTi, rogorc vxedavT `afxazTa samefoSi” Semavali mxolod erT-erTi saerisTavoa. leon meoris mier gatarebuli saxelisuflebo RonisZiebebidan aRsaniSnavia afxazTa samefos dedaqalaqad quTaisis gamocxadeba. vaxuStis mixedviT, `amanve aRaSena quTaTisi qalaqi da cixe da hyo saydari afxazTa mefisa, viTarca anakofia, hyo taxtad meored ese quTaTisi~. es politikuri aqti iyo logikuri gagrZeleba im mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi nabijebisa, romlebic manamde gadaidga. geografiulad da politikuradac quTaisi ukve `afxazTa samefos~ centri iyo da, bunebrivia, es qmedeba ganapiroba am qalaqis mniSvnelovanma geopolitikurma mdebareobam. es movlena, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebuli iyo im istoriul tradiciasTan, romelic jer kidev kolxeTis samefodan momdinareobda, roca quTaisi dasavleT saqarTvelos politikur da kulturul centrs warmoadgenda. istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, leon meoresTvis aq iseTive mSobliuri garemoa, rogorc anakofiis midamoebSi. Tanamedrove afxazur istoriografiaSi es politika Sefasebulia, rogorc afxazTa mefeebis eqspansia aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT.605 Tu asea, maSin gaugebaria, ratom gadmoitana leon meorem Tavisi samefos dedaqalaqi `dapyrobil~ teritoriaze, misTvis mtrulad ganwyobili da `dapyrobili~ xalxis garemocvaSi? sayuradReboa, is faqtic, rom leon meoris `eqspansias~ dasavleT saqarTveloSi `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ ucnobi avtori qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis dadebiT istoriul movlenaTa WrilSi ganixilavs. igi keTilganwyobiTa da mowiwebiT mogviTxrobs afxazTa mefeebis saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobaze. z. papasqiri acxadebs, rom erTaderTi axsna qarTvel mematianeTa keTilganwyobisa `afxazi~ mefeebis e.w. `dampyrobluri~ politikisadmi SeiZleba veZioT mxolod imaSi, rom isini maTSi ara `ucxoel dampyroblebs~, aramed iseTive qarTvel politikur liderebs xedavdnen, rogoradac miaCndaT bagrationTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebi.606 ufro metic, `eqspansiis~ SemTxvevaSi qarTveli mematianeebi Seecdebodnen odnavi guliswyroma mainc gamoexataT `dampyrobeli~ leonis politikis mimarT, rogorc amas akeTebdnen qarTveli mematianeebi dampyrobelTa Semosevebisa da arakeTilmosurne mezoblebis politikis gaSuqebisas. quTaisis `afxazTa samefos~ dedaqalaqad gamocxadebasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli `afxazTa mefeTa~ eTnikuri warmomavlobis sakiTxi. XIII s. somexi avtoris vardan arevelcis mixedviT, afxazTa mefeebi vaxtang gorgasalis STamomavlebi arian607. mkvlevarebi _ p. uvarova608, d. baqraZe609, d. gulia610 da sxvebi Tvlidnen, rom `afxazTa~ mefeebi eTnikuri berZnebi iyvnen. rusi 604
. iqve. . erT-erTi pirveli vinc es mosazreba gamoTqva ingliseli qarTvelologi jorj hiuiti, romlis azriT, termini `daÁpyra~ pirdapir ZaliT dapyrobas niSnavs. j. gamaxariam da b. gogiam, saistorio wyaroebze dayrdnobiT argumentirebulad daadastures, rom termini `daÁpyra~ Zvel qarTulSi dauflebis, teritoriis flobis, taxtis dakavebis, axloblis TavisTan darCenis mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda. ix. ж. , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 567-568; msgavsi ganmarteba aqvs sityva `daipyra~-s qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia_leqsikonSi. ix. i. imnaiSvili. qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia-leqsikoni, a.SaniZis redaqciiT. Tb., 1986, gv. 129. miuxedavad amisa, j. hiuitis mosazrebas imeoreben: . . , . . . , gv. 132. 606 . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., I, gv. 50. 607 . vardan arevelci. Msoflio istoria. Zveli somxuridan Targmnes n. SoSiaSvilma da e. kvaWantiraZem, Sesavali komentarebi da saZieblebi daurTo e. kvaWantiraZem. Tb., 2004, gv. 116. 608 . . . . , IV, ., 1894, gv. 8. 609 . d. baqraZem yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom `afxazTa~ mefeebi berZnul saxelebs atarebdnen. ix. d. baqraZe. istoria saqarTvelosi uZvelesi droidan X saukunis dasasrulamde, naw. I. tf., 1889, gv. 273-274. 610 . . . , . I, gv. 208. 605
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mecnieri v.latiSevi maT bagrationTa sagvareulos akuTvnebda.611 afxazi istorikosebi z. anCabaZe, S. inal-ifa, m. gunba, o. bRaJba, s. lakoba612 da sxvebi Tvlian, rom isini afxazebi iyvnen. m. lorTqifaniZis azriT, `afxazTa mefeebi~ politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobiT qarTveli saxelmwifo moRvaweebi iyvnen.613 msgavs Sexedulebas adasturebs `afxazTa~ mefeTa epigrafikuli masala da sxva istoriuli wyaroebi. maTi Seswavlis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom `afxazTa~ mefeebis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi da sarwmunoebrivi identobis maCveneli aris is materialuri da sulieri kultura, agreTve saxelmwifoebrivi politika, romelsac isini atarebdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi erovnuli identifikacia SesaZlebelia mxolod qarTul politikur samyarosTan. Sesabamisad, `afxazTa~ mefeebi Sua saukuneebis SesaniSnav qarTvel politikur moRvaweTa galereas miekuTvnebian.614 z.papasqiri Tvlis, rom vinc unda yofiliyvnen `afxazTa~ mefeebi eTno-tomobrivad, isini TavianTi politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobiT erTmniSvnelovnad warmoadgendnen saerTo-qarTul kulturul-politikur da saxelmwifoebriv samyaros, Tumca ar gamoricxavs maT afxazur-afsuur warmoSobas.615 eTnikurad `afxazTa mefeebs~ egrisis patrikiosebis STamomavlebad miiCnevda p.ingoroyva.616 am mosazrebis pirdapiri dadasturebaa Xs. somexi avtoris ioane drasxanakertelisa da fsevdo Sapux bagratunis mier afxazTa mefis (konstantine III-is) moxsenieba pirvel SemTxvevaSi `egrisis mefed~, meore SemTxvevaSi _ `lazTa mefed~.617 `afxaz mefeTa divanis~ monacemebze dayrdnobiT, p. ingoroyvas mosazreba axali argumentebiT gaamyares T. beraZem da m. sanaZem, romlebmac egrisis patrikiosebisa da `afxazTa mefeTa~ divanSi warmodgenili genealogiis Sejerebis safuZvelze, `leonidebis~ dinastiis warmomavloba damajereblad daukavSires egrisis patrikiosis sergi barnukis Zis samemkvidreo xazs.618 am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs `afxazTa mefeTa~ saxelmwifoebrivi da sarwmunoebrivi politika, romlis safuZvelze isini Tavad axdenen TviTidentifikacias. aucileblad yuradsaRebia, is faqtic, rom quTaisis sataxto qalaqad gamocxadeba veranairad ver jdeba `dampyroblis~, `ucxoelis~ mier gadadgmuli politikuri nabijis konteqstSi. rogorc iTqva, leon meorisTvis quTaisic da anakofiis midamoebic erTnairad mSobliuri garemoa. Mman xelsayreli momenti gamoiyena da dedaqalaqi kolxeTis/egrisis istoriul centrSi gadaitana. leonis dros quTaisi gafarTovda, Catarda mniSvnelovani samSeneblo samuSaoebi, aigo axali TavdacviTi simagreebi da sasaxlis nagebobani.619 leon meoris eTnikuri vinaoba kargad Cans mis mier gadadgmuli sxva politikuri nabijebiTac, aseve im damokidebulebiT, romelsac igi avlenda danarCeni qarTuli politikuri samyarosadmi. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania leon II-is urTierToba da mxardaWera qarTlis erismTavar nersesadmi, taxtis memkvidris dinastiuri qorwineba tao-klarjeTis bagrationebTan da a. S. gansakuTrebiT unda gaesvas xazi vaxuStis zemoT moyvanil Semdeg cnobas: `vinaÁTgana amasve leons moerTnen oZraxos wilni, Woroxis samÃreTisani da 611 . . . . ., 1911, gv. 10-11. aRniSnuli mosazreba gaiziara T.mibCuanma. ix. misi: afxazeTis mefeebi da mTavrebi. Tb., 1977. 612 . . . . ..., gv. 80; . . ..., gv. 120; . . . ., gv. 234-244; . . , . . . . 613 . . . , gv. 157. 614 . l. axalaZe. `afxazTa~ mefeTa erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi identobis sakiTxisaTvis. _ disciplinaTaSorisi respublikuri konferencia `erovnuli da sarwmunoebrivi identoba~. Tb, 2004, gv. 12; 615 . z. papasqiri, narkvevebi..., I..gv. 51. 616 . p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 192. 617 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 192, 196. 618 . m. sanaZe, T. beraZe. VIII s-is I naxevris qarTlisa da egrisis politikuri istoriidan, gv. 76-77. 619 . . . , gv. 158. m. lorTqifaniZis azriT, es dasturdeba quTaisSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis safuZvelze. iqve., gv.171.
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ganudgnen oZraxos erisTavsa, uwoda guria da dasua mun erisTavi Tvisi~ (aqve, gv. 93). es cnoba erTmniSvnelovnad adasturebs, rom guriisa da Woroxis mosaxleoba sakuTari nebiT irCevs afxazTa samefos iurisdiqciaSi Sesvlas. Sesabamisad, leon mefe maTTvis ucxo da Tanac `dampyrobeli~ ki ar iyo, aramed eTnikurad da kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT axlobeli, xolo afxazTa samefo - saimedo TavSesafari arabTa batonobisagan Tavdasacavad. 2006 da 2007 ww afxazi avtorebis o. bRaJbasa da s. lakobas mier gamocemul SromebSi, ugulvebelyofilia rogorc istoriuli wyaroebis cnobebi, aseve wina epoqis istorikosTa TiTqmis yvela Sefaseba `afxazTa~ samefos warmoSobisa da saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb. `afxazTa~ samefos erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi iersaxe, mosaxloebis eTnikuri Semadgenloba da `afxazTa~ mefeebis eTnikuri kuTvnileba kargad Cans maT mier gatarebul saeklesio politikaSi, romelic aSkarad antibizantiur da qarTul xasiaTs atarebda. o. bRaJbasa da s. lakobas naSromebi farTod mimoixilaven `afxazTa~ samefos periods, magram miuxedavad amisa, avtorebis yuradRebis miRma `darCa~ iseTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, rogoricaa `afxazTa~ mefeebis saeklesio politika. ufro metic, Tu afxazuri istoriografiis erT-erTi avtoriteti z. anCabaZe berZnul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT werda, rom afxazeTi iyo `qristesmoyvaruli~ qveyana da misi mmarTvelebi `qristes megobrebi~iyvnen,620 Tanamedrove afxaz istorikosebs miaCniaT, rom `afxazTa samefos~ saeklesio da sarwmunoebrivi politika ganxilvis saganic ar unda gaxdes, radgan am mxriv mniSvnelovani araferi momxdara. maTi mtkicebiT, `afxazTa~ samefos damaarseblis leon II-is pirovnebis formirebaze didi gavlena iqonia xazarma dedam, igi mxolod warmarTul religiur tradiciebs scemda pativs da misdevda iudaistur sarwmunoebas, romelic xazarebma IX saukuneSi saxelmwifo religiadac ki gamoacxades621. rogorc vxedavT, leon II-is saxelmwifoebrivi da religiursarwmunoebrivi saxis warmosaCenad moTxrobilia ara wyaroebSi dafiqsirebuli realuri istoriuli faqtebi da warmodgenilia ara realuri istoriuli suraTi, aramed avtorebis dausabuTebeli varaudi, romliTac mkiTxvels unda Seeqmnas warmodgena, rom `afxazTa~ samefo da `afxazi~ mefeebi sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT Sors iyvnen qristianobisagan, da Sesabamisad, qarTuli samyarosagan. SesaZlebelia, _ weren avtorebi, _ leon II swored amitom aqcevda nakleb yuradRebas qristianobas da savaraudod, misi mefobis dros unda gaCeniliyo `religiuri sinkretizmis~ niSnebi afxazTa samefoSi. amis argumentad avtorebs mohyavT lixnis sasaxlis CrdiloeT kedelze amokveTili jvari, romelic eqvsqimian varskvlavSia Cawerili.622 sayuradReboa, is faqti, rom msgavsi simbolika xSirad gvxvdeba qristianuli samyaros xelovnebaSi da maT Soris saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic. ufro metic, es qarTuli ornamentuli xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli simboloa. magaliTad, msgavs nimuSebs vxvdebiT rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mcire formis ornamentebSi da es Tavis droze Seswavlili aqvT r. Smerlings623 da l. xruSkovas624. o. bRaJba da s. lakoba, exebian ra sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebs weren, rom afxazebi gansakuTrebul pativs scemdnen Weqa-quxilis RmerTs, aseve gavrcelebuli iyo Tayvaniscema xeebisadmi (gansakuTrebiT muxisadmi) da a.S.625 am mosazrebiT afxazi avtorebi uaryofen istoriografiaSi miRebul mTel rig debulebebs afxazTa samefos religiur - sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobisa da afxazi mefeebis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb, romelic kargad aris 620 621 622 623 624 625
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. . . . . , . . iqve, gv. 133. . . . . . . , . .
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, gv. 80. , gv. 132.
V-X .
, gv. 133.
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. ., 1962. ., 1982.
Seswavlili z. anCabaZis, m. lorTqifaniZis, p. ingoroyvas, z. papasqiris zemoTdasaxelebul naSromebSi. ukanasknel xans gamoica a. jafariZis, b. kudavas, T. qoriZis, S. glovelis, l. axalaZis, j. gamaxariasa626 da sxvaTa naSromebi, romlebic erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTeben, rom afxazTa samefo feodaluri epoqis qristianuli saxelmwifo iyo da afxazi mefeebi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad iyvnen CarTuli qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebisa da gaZlierebis saqmeSi. amis naTeli argumentia is aqtiuri saeklesio mSenebloba, romelsac afxazTa mefeebi eweodnen saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTels teritoriaze. ufro metic, isini aqtiurad iyvnenen CarTuli mezobeli kavkasieli xalxebis gaqristianebis saqmeSi. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom warmarTuli RvTaebebisadmi afxazTa Tayvaniscemis faqtebi ufro gviani Sua saukuneebis, kerZod, XVII-XVIII saukuneebis, an Tundac XIX saukunis realobaa da ara afxazTa samefos epoqisa, rodesac `afxazTa mefeTa~ saxelmwifoebrivi da sarwmunoebrivi saqmianoba mTlianad emsaxureboda qristianuli mrwamsis ganmtkiceba-gaZlierebis saqmes. afxazTa samefos warmarTul _ religiuri ideologiuri saxis warmoCena avtorebs dasWirdaT im mcdari daskvnis gamosatanad, romlis Tanaxmad afxazTa da xazarTa adre Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebs hqondaT mWidro kontaqtebi rogorc politikuri, aseve religiuri TvalsazrisiT, agreTve imis damadastureblad, rom Tanamedrove afxazebSi SemorCenil warmarTobas istoriuli safuZveli afxazTa samefos wiaRSi mouZebnon. TiTqmis yvela naSromi, romelic oponirebas uwevs qarTul istoriografias, gverds uvlis afxazTa mefeebis religiur-sarwmunoebriv politikas. qarTuli da ucxoenovani werilobiTi wyaroebi - naratiuli Txzulebebi, saeklesio sabuTebi da epigrafikuli Zeglebi - argumentirebulad asabuTeben maT sarwmunoebriv identifikacias. am wyaroebis analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs axleburad gaviazroT `afxazTa~ mefeebis saeklesio politikis sakiTxebi. `afxazTa~ samefos saeklesio politikaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ori periodi: pirveli etapze _ VIII saukunis 90-iani wlebidan vidre IX saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisamde, `afxazTa~ mefeebi gacilebiT met yuradRebas aqcevdnen saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis sakiTxebs. kerZod, am dros leon II-is, Teodosi II-isa da demetre II-is Zalisxmeva ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo bizantiis saimperatoro karisagan da saeklesio gavlenisagan ganTavisuflebisaken, raTa moepovebinaT sruli politikuri damoukidebloba. IX saukunis Suaxanebidan mdgomareoba icvleba _ `afxazTa~ mefeebs politikuri TvalsazrisiT xelsayreli dro daudgaT, raTa gaetarebinaT ufro aqtiuri politika, rogorc qarTuli eklesiis, aseve danarCeni qarTuli miwebis gaerTianebis TvalsazrisiT. es miswrafeba axal fazaSi gadavida da aSkarad Cans giorgi I_is, bagrat I-is, konstantine III_is, giorgi II_isa da leon III_is saeklesio da saxelmwifoebriv politikaSi. afxazTa mefeebis saeklesio politikaSi ramdenime mimarTuleba gamoiyofa: 1. pirveli da ZiriTadi am politikaSi iyo konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebidan TandaTanobiT gamosvla. 2. saeklesio mSeneblobis gafarToeba da axali saeklesio centrebis daarseba. 3. qarTul avtokefalur eklesiasTan gaerTianebisken swrafva 626 anania jafariZe. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, tomi meore, Tb.1998; b. kudava. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio centrebi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebaSi (VI_IXss). Tb., 2002; b. kudava. afxazTa sakaTalikosos istoriidan (XI_XIIss). Tb., 2002; b. kudava. dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia IXXI ss. sakand. dis. Tb., 2002; T. qoriZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos istoria (IX-X ss). avtoreferati. Tb., 2003; S. gloveli. `afaxazTa samefo~, sakand. dis. avtoreferati. Tb., 2004; Akhaladze. Inscriptions of Abkhazian kings on Christian art monuments, International simpozium Christianity: past, present, future. Tb.. 2000, gv. 9; l. axalaZe. `afxazTa~ mefeTa erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi identobis sakiTxisaTvis, gv. 12; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 102-121.
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4. mezobeli CrdiloeTkavkasieli xalxebis gaqristianebisaTvis brZola da am mimarTulebiT saxelmwifo sazRvrebis ufro saimedod dacvis uzrunvelyofa.627 qarTuli wyaroebi - `matiane qarTlisaÁ,~ sumbat daviTis Ze, vaxuSti, qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi da, rac mTavaria, iseTi berZnuli wyaro, rogoricaa konstantinopolis samwysoSi Semavali kaTedrebis nusxebi, anu e.w. `ekTezisebis~ cnobebi erTianobaSi iZlevian am sakiTxebze warmodgenas. Tavis droze am problemas arerTi mkvlevari Seexo da kvlevis Sedegebi Sejamda kidec m.lorTqifaniZis naSromSi, romelSic dasabuTda, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da politikurad bizantiis gavlenisagan gamosvlis Semdeg SeuZlebeli iyo bizantiis saeklesio hegemoniis moTmena. egris-afxazeTis saxelmwifos qarTuli politika aqtiurad ayenebda eklesiurad mcxeTasTan, saerToqarTul saxelmwifosTan gaerTianebis sakiTxs. brZola xangrZlivi da mZime iyo da politikuri damoukideblobis msgavsad bizantiisagan saeklesio gamoyofac TandaTan xorcieldeboda.628 politikuri damoukideblobis miRebisTanave `afxazTa mefis~ winaSe mTeli simwvaviT dadga eklesiis damoukideblobis sakiTxi; bizantiis saimperatoro karisadmi dapirispirebuli leon II ver SeZlebda sakuTari saeklesio politikis gatarebas manam, vidre `afxazTa samefos~ eklesia konstantinopolis samwysos warmoadgenda. garda amisa imperia Seecdeboda, eklesiis saSualebiT gavlena moexdina dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo politikaze da morCilebaSi hyoloda is. vaxuSti bagrationis mixedviT, afxazeTis samefo eklesiurad swored leon II-is dros gamoeyo konstantinopolis samwysos: `amisganve sagonebel ars ganTavisufleba afxazTa kaTalikozisa, nebiTave berZenTaTa~.629 rogorc Cans, afxazeTis politikuri damoukidebloba, _ wers m. lorTqifaniZe, _ uSualod ukavSirdeba afxazeTis eklesiis gamoyofas bizantiis eklesiisagan.630 am periodSi leon meorisTvis bizantias winaaRmdegoba ver unda gaewia garTulebuli Sidapolitikuri da sagareo viTarebidan gamomdinare. SesaZloa, mas xels aZlevda kidec `afxazTa samefosTan~ kargi urTieTobis SenarCunebis fasad, droebiT daeTmo dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukidebloba. miT ufro, rom zRvispira zolSi garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi SenarCunda konstantinopolis saeklesio iurisdiqcia. da, rac yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania, `afxazTa samefo~ arabTa winaaRmdeg brZolis pirobebSi mniSvnelovani da gasaTvaliswinebeli Zala iqneboda imperiisaTvis. sruli saeklesio damoukideblobis misaRwevad saWiro gaxda Semdgomi nabijebis gadadgma. am istoriul faqtze miuTiTebs `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ cnobac: `aman bagrat gaaCina da ganawesa kaTalikosi afxazeTs qristes aqeT y‘ l~631 (anu 830 wels). e. i. wyaros mixedviT, tao-klarjeTis mflobeli bagrat I kurapalati mxars uWers dasavleT saqarTveloSi sakaTalikosos anu bizantiisagan damoukidebeli eklesiis Seqmnas. rogorc Cans, es procesi xangrZlivi da rTuli iyo da am saqmeSi qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi afxazTa mefeebis mxardamWerebad gamodiodnen. rac Seexeba afxazTa sakaTalikosos gaerTianebas mcxeTis saydarTan, es saeklesio reformis meore etapi unda yofiliyo. leon II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg `afxazTa samefo~ taxtze erTmaneTis monacvleobiT adian misi vaJebi: Teodosi II (806-825 ww.), demetre II (825-861 ww.) da giorgi I (861-868 ww.). Teodosi II gamefda 806 wels. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, leon mefem jer kidev Tavis sicocxleSi daiWira Tadarigi da gaZlierebuli tao-klarjeTis
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. l. axalaZe. `afxazTa~ mefeTa erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi identobis sakiTxisaTvis, gv. 12. . m. lorTqifaniZe. axali qarTuli samTavroebis warmoqmna. - saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II. gv. 422; . . , gv. 155-170. 629 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 796. 630 . m. lorTqifaniZe. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba. Tb., 1963, gv. 193. 631 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 255. 628
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politikur wreebTan Tavisi kavSirebi dinastiuri qorwinebiT gaamyara632. am dros `afxazTa samefo~ jer kidev saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis etapze iyo da is naklebad aqtiurobda aRmosavleTisaken samefo sazRvrebis gafarToebis saqmeSi, samagierod, aSot bagrationTan erTad gamodis erTiani koaliciiT kaxeTis qorepiskoposis _ grigolis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. garda imisa, rom tao-klarjeTis samTavrosa da `afxazTa samefos~ Soris dinastiur-naTesauri urTierTobebi arsebobda, es erTianoba saerTo qarTuli interesebiTac iyo gamowveuli, radgan `brZola qarTlsa zeda~, anu qarTlis daufleba niSnavda pirvelobas saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZolaSi. es miswrafeba pirvelad swored aSot bagrationisa da Teodosi afxazTa mefis erToblivi brZolis procesSi gamoCnda. Zalze mniSvnelovani cnobebia daculi istoriul wyaroebSi afxazTa mefeebis mier warmoebuli saeklesio mSeneblobis Sesaxeb ara marto afxazTa samefos teritoriaze, aramed saqarTvelos danarCen istoriul regionebSi, romlebsac TandaTanobiT ierTebdnen `afxazTa~ mefeebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ da qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis monacemebi, romlebzec `afxazTa~ mefeTa samSeneblo warwerebia daculi. qronologiurad yvelaze adreuli cnoba afxazTa mefeebis saeklesio mSeneblobis Sesaxeb daculia X saukunis qarTveli mwerlis giorgi merCules `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~, romelic exeba afxazTa mefis demetre II–is (825-861ww.) TxovniT grigol xanZTelis mier samefos teritoriaze sof. ubeSi taZris agebis istorias. niSandoblivia, rom giorgi merCule gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiTa da mowiwebiT aRwers afxazTa mefis demetre II-is, rogorc qristiani da sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavdadebuli mefis saxes. `wmidao mamao, - mimarTavs demetre mefe grigols, - aha, iqmna wadierebaÁ nebisa SenisaÁ, aramed ufalman yavn nebaÁca gulisa CemisaÁ, rameTu maqus sulsa Cemsa monastrisa axlad SenebaÁ. aw brZane da movixilneT mravalni adgilni afxazeTisani da, sadaca siwmindeman Senman inebos, monastrad aRvaSenoT adgili igi.~ rogorc vxedavT, afxazTa samefos teritoriaze taZris mSeneblobis idea demetre II-s ekuTvnoda da swored misi iniciativiT daiwyo grigol xanZTelma taZris ageba: `maSin mamaman grigol, sarwmunoebisaebr mefisa, aRaSena monasteri da uwoda saxeli misi ubÀ~. am istoriul movlenaze miuTiTebs ubisis taZris warwera, romelSic demetre mefe (825-861ww.) aris dasaxelebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes es warwera daTariRebulia XII s. 40-iani wlebiT633, sarwmunoa, rom igi IX s. warweraa da masSi demetre afxazTa mefe iyo dasaxelebuli da ara daviT aRmaSeneblis vaJi saqarTvelos mefe demetre I (1025-1056ww.), romlis drosac restavracia Cautarda am taZars da warweris `mefe demetre~ gaigivebuli iqna demetre I bagrationTan. am SemTxvevaSi naratiuli da epigrafikuli wyaroebis Sejerebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, rom aRniSnuli taZris mSenebloba demetre II (825861ww.) afxazTa mefis zeobis wlebiT TariRdeba. demetre II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, 861 wels, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas darCa mcirewlovani Svili _ bagrati, afxazTa samefo taxti daikava mefis Zmam giorgi I-ma (861-868ww.). rogorc Cans, giorgis gamefeba bagratis mcirewlovanebiT iyo gamowveuli. msgavsad winamorbedebisa, giorgi pirvelic aqtiur saxelmwifoebriv da saeklesio politikas agrZelebda. igi afxazTa mefeebs Soris pirvelia, vinc brZola daiwyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTebisaTvis da aqtiurad CaerTo im politikur procesebSi, romlebsac `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ avtorma `brZola qarTlsa zeda~ uwoda. Tu IX saukunis dasawyisSi `afxazTa mefe~ aSot bagrations exmareboda qarTlisaTvis warmoebul 632 . `matiane qarTlisaÁsa~ da vaxuStis cnobiT, Teodosi `afxazTa mefes~ colad hyavda aSot bagrationis asuli. - `qarTlis cxovreba~, t. I, gv. 252-253; iqve, t. IV, gv. 797. 633 . qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis korpusi. dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi, nakv. I (IX _ XIIIss). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada v. silogavam. Tb., 1980, gv. 140-141.
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brZolaSi, amjerad IX saukunis meore naxevridan, gaZlierebuli afxazTa mefeebi cdiloben Tavad CaerTon am brZolaSi. afxazTa samefos Careva Sida qarTlis saqmeebSi IX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan sruliad realur saxes iRebs da qarTlisaTvis brZolas ara marto politikuri, aramed ekonomikuri mniSvnelobac mieca. am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia, rom afxazTa mefe, romelic ibrZvis rogorc Sida qarTlze gamavali, ise darialis gzisaTvis, amave dros cdilobs xelSi Caigdos bardavidan saqarTvelosaken mimavali gzis monakveTi, romelic alaznis ayolebiT gavazze gadis.634 momdevo xanebSi afxazTa mefeebi afarToeben brZolas, amjerad samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. giorgi I (861_868ww.) `afxazTa~ mefis saxeli daculia armazSi (qsnis xeobaSi), erT-erTi eklesiis saamSeneblo warweraSi, romelic daTariRebulia giorgi mefis zeobis wlebiT, kerZod, 864 wliT. warweraSi vkiTxulobT: `s(a)x(e)l(i)T/a R(mr)TisaÁTa, me, g(iorg)[i] [armazelma] m(a)m(a)s(a)xl(isma)n d(a)[v(i)wy]/e w(mida)Á ek(le)s(ia)Á qr(oni)k(on)sa, pd, Ã(e)lmw(i)f(oba)sa/ g[iorgi]sa.~635 IX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, 864 wlisaTvis, roca safuZveli Caeyara taZris mSeneblobas, `xelmwifis tituls~ qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis liderebidan mxolod `afxazTa~ mefeebi atarebdnen. bunebrivia, warweraSi dasaxelebuli `Ãelmwife~ unda iyos `afxazTa~ mefe giorgi I. Tavis droze armazis warweris `giorgi mefis~ identifikacia moxda giorgi afxazTa mefesTan, radgan swored am dros, 864 wlis maxlobel xanebSi, giorgi I ganagebda afxazTa samefos qarTliTurT.636 amaze miuTiTebs sxva wyaroc, kerZod, `matiane qarTlisaÁ~: `gamovida giorgi afxazTa mefe, Zma Teodosesi da demetresi, Ze leonisi, daipyra qarTli da dauteva erisTavad Cixas Ze demetresi~.637 matianis es cnoba gaziarebulia qarTul istoriografiaSi. m. lorTqifaniZis azriT, am periodidan tao-klarjeTis mmarTvelebi ver axerxeben damoukidebel brZolas qarTlisaTvis, riTac isargebla `afxazTa~ samefom da igi qarTlis SemoerTebisaTvis brZolaSi aqtiurad CaerTo638, rasac giorgi I-is mier qarTlis `afxazTa~ samefos saerisTavod gamocxadeba mohyva. mogvianebiT, afxazTa samefom droebiT dakarga Sida qarTli, magram udavoa, rom swored am periodSi daiwyo armazis taZris mSenebloba, romlis saamSeneblo warweraSi asaxva hpova afxazTa mefeebis mier dawyebulma brZolam qarTuli miwebis gaerTianebisaTvis639. sayuradReboa, rom am politikas afxazi avtorebi s. lakoba da o. bRaJba Cveulebriv `dapyrobiT~ politikas uwodeben da aRniSnaven, rom aseTi politikiT afxazma mefeebma ubralod ganavrces afxazuri eTnosis gansaxlebis areali. am TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa is faqti, rom giorgi I gvevlineba ara marto politikuri sazRvrebis gafarToebis momxred (Sida qarTlis SemoerTeba), aramed saeklesio politikis aqtiur gamtarebladac (armazis taZris mSenebloba qarTlSi), anu qarTli misTvis `dapyrobili~ qveyana ki ar aris, aramed misi mzrunvelobis qveS myofi teritoria, sadac mefis mxardaWeriT saeklesio mSenebloba mimdinareobs. savaraudoa, rom swored giorgi I unda iyos saeklesio reformis meore etapis damwyebi, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis mcxeTis sakaTalikoso taxtTan gaerTianebas isaxavda miznad. es gaer-
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. m. lorTqifaniZe. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba, gv.196. . qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t.I. lapidaruli warwerebi, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V_X ss). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada n. SoSiaSvilma. Tb., 1980.. gv. 168; l. axalaZe. egris-afxazeTis (`afxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi. _ afxazeTi, I. Tb., 2004, gv. 56. 636 . l. axalaZe. egris-afxazeTis (`afxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi, gv. 56. 637 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 258. 638 . m. lorTqifaniZe. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba, gv. 155-170. 639 . l. axalaZe. egris _ afxazeTis (`afxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi, gv. 56. 635
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Tianeba erTbaSad ar momxdara da, rogorc Cans, igi bagrat I-is (881-893 ww.) epoqaSi dasrulda. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom giorgi I aris pirveli mefe, romelmac gaafarTova politikuri sazRvrebi aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. cxadia, saeklesio erTianobis idea, romelic manamdec arsebobda, amis Semdeg gacilebiT ufro aqtiuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiTac myari gaxdeboda. realurad swored am dros unda dawyebuliyo mcxeTis taxtTan `afxazTa sakaTalikosos~ gaerTianebis procesi. rogorc Cans, giorgi I-is mier dawyebuli saeklesio reformis meore etapi Seaferxa afxazTa samefo taxtze dinastiurma cvlilebebma 868-881 wlebSi, magram samefo xelisuflebaSi dabrunebis Semdeg biZis mier dawyebuli saqme, rogorc ukve iTqva, warmatebiT dagvirgvinda bagrat I-is epoqaSi. 868 wels uSvilo giorgi I gardaicvala. afxazTa samefo taxti arsebuli memkvidreobis wesiT ekuTvnoda giorgi I-is Zmis demetre II-is vaJs _ bagrats, romelsac giorgi I-ma qarTlis erisTavoba uboZa640. amieridan afxazTa samefoSi tradiciad damkvidrda, rom taxtis memkvidreebi mamis sicocxleSi jer qarTlis erisTavebi xdebodnen. bagrati qarTlis erisTavad Cans giorgis mefobis ukanasknel wlebSi, magram misi gardacvalebis Semdeg `afxazTa samefo~ taxti droebiT xelSi Caigdo sxva dinastiam. 868 wels samefo taxti daikava ioane Savlianma, xolo taxtis kanonierma memkvidrem bagratma Tavi bizantias Seafara. Savlianebis dinastia samefos 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi 881 wlamde ganagebda. am periodSi afxazTa samefom ver SeZlo Sida qarTlis SenarCuneba da igi kaxeTis mefeebma daimorCiles. 881 wels bagrat ufliswuls bizantiam realuri daxmareba aRmouCina da `moscna berZenTa mefeman laSqari, da mogzavna zRviTda naviT Semovida afxazeTad, mokla (bagratma _ avt.) adarnase, Ze iovanesi, da daipyra afxazeTi~. bagrati afxazTa samefos istoriaSi Sevida bagrat I-is saxeliT. misi mefobis dros kidev ufro gaZlierda `afxazTa samefo~. politikuri mosazrebiT bagrat I daqorwinda adarnase Savlianis qvrivze, romelic iyo guaram mamfalis asuli. am dros dasavlurqarTulma saxelmwifom aqtiurad daiwyo samxreTqarTuli saxelmwifos saqmeebSi Careva. IX saukunis 80iani wlebidan bizantiis mxardaWeriT afxazTa samefos taxtze ganmtkicebuli bagrati exmareba bizantiaSi gaxiznul Tavis colisZmas, guaram mamfalis vaJs, nasrs. man gamoiyvana nasri bizantiidan, `misca laSqari misi. xolo nasrma Seipyrna samni cixeni samcxes: oZrxes, juarcixe da lomsianTa.~641 bagratis es Careva amjerad warmatebuli ver aRmoCnda, magram momdevno saukuneSi misi STamomavali leon III ukve seriozul politikur sayrdens flobda samxreT saqarTveloSi da mis mniSvnelovan nawils, kerZod, javaxeTs daeufla. bagrat I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg samefo taxtis memkvidreobis wesi kvlav gasworda da taxti karga xnis manZilze mamidan ufros Svils gadaecemoda. 893 wels gamefda bagratis vaJi da kanonieri memkvidre _ konstantine III (893-922 ww). is ufro aqtiur politikas atarebda saqarTvelos gaerTianebis mimarTulebiT. IX_X saukuneebis mijnaze afxazTa samefom dakarga Sida qarTli, romelsac droebiT daeufla adgilobriv feodalTa warCinebuli fena, magram 904 wels konstantine III-m SeZlo, aRedgina Tavisi Zalaufleba Sida qarTlSi da ufliscixeSi kvlav Tavisi erisTavi dasva. 912 wels amierkavkasia dalaSqres arabebma saji amiras abul-kasimis meTaurobiT. maTi mTavari mizani somexTa mefis sumbat bagratunis damorCileba iyo. sumbatma mters ver gauwia winaaRmdegoba da Tavi mokavSire `afxazTa~ me640 ..`qarTlis cxovrebis~ xelnawerebis wyaroTmcodneobiTi Seswavlis safuZvelze qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom giorgi I-ma qarTlis erisTavad `dauteva~ misi Zmis demetre II-is (825-861ww.) vaJi tinine, da ara ufrosi vaJi bagrati. ix. z. papasqiri, vin iyo `erisTavi Cixisa~. `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ teqstSi erTi koniunqturis Setanis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. _ `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~, t. XI. Tb., 2006, gv. 64-68. 641 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 261.
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fis konstantine III-is samflobelos Seafara. abul-kasimma dalaSqra qarTli, romelic am dros `afxazTa~ samefos nawili iyo. verc konstantine III-m SeZlo winaaRmdegobis gaweva mtrisaTvis. `Semovida qarTlad (abusajisZe), moaoxra qarTli...~ da raTa ar gamagrebuliyo qarTlSi `moarRÂines zRudeni ufliscixisani, romel ara daimWiron~.642 marTalia, dasavleT saqarTvelo gadaurCa am Semosevebs, magram afxazTa mefem, rogorc Cans, axlad gamagrebuli ufliscixis kedlebi daangria, raTa iq arabebi ver gamagrebuliyvnen. abulkasimis wasvlis Semdeg konstantine III-m kidev ufro gaaaqtiura Tavis politika aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. kaxeTis qorepiskoposma kvirikem miiwvia konstantine III hereTSi salaSqrod. kvirike kaxTa mefem da konstantine III-m hereTi dalaSqres, romlis Semdeg afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi gadavida ori simagre hereTSi: ariSi da gavazi. am istoriul movlenebs exmaureba qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi, romlebic, ZiriTadad, mogviTxroben konstantine mefis mier warmoebuli saeklesio mSeneblobis Sesaxeb, magram gverds ver uvlian aRniSnuli periodis politikur movlenebs. konstantine III-is iniciativiT aigo eredvisa da samwevrisis taZrebi, rasac am taZrebze daculi saamSeneblo warwerebi miuTiTeben. eredvis wm. giorgis eklesiis fasadebze 1943 wels r. mefisaSvilma pirvelad gaSifra da amoikiTxa eklesiis mTavari saamSeneblo warwera, romelic moTavsebulia taZris samxreTis fasadis mrgvali svetis zeda nawilis irgvliv: `[sax]eliTa R(mrTisa)ÁTa m[amisa, Zisa da] su[lisa wmidisaÁTa], meoxebiTa wm(i)d(i)sa R(mr)Ti[smS]obelisaÁTa, [SewevniTa w(mi)d(i)sa gi](orgi)siTa, Ãelmwifobasa R(mr)T(i)vdamyar[e]bulisa wmid[i]sa k[ostanti]ne mefisasa, r(ome)l(ma)n brZana da Cavida here/Ts [S]igan, herTa mef[e]Á ga(a)[q]cia da muniT mSuidobiT iqca, ciskrad alaverds iloca, [m]wux(r) breZas gadahÃTa, meored k(u)la avida, vejin/isa cixe dalewa; qarTlsa Sina uflobasa tbelisa ivanesa, mTava/re[bi]sko[so]basa sanatrelisa y(uaryuar)esa, j(ua)riTa misiTa; gazraxviTa niqoz/e[li]sa _ sanatr[e]lisa stefane ebiskosisaÁTa, ZaliTa, SewevniTa moyuas/TaÁTa, me T(evdor)e TaflaÁsZeman davde saZirkveli _welni iy(u)nes xfi, qoronik[onsa rkv].~643 warweraSi ikiTxeba eklesiis mSeneblobis dawyebis TariRad _xfi _906 weli, Tumca masSi dasaxelebuli istoriuli movlenebi odnav gvian moxda. aRniSnuli movlenebi zust asaxvas pouloben sxva istoriul wyaroebSi, kerZod, `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ avtori wers, rom abul-kasimis meored laSqrobis Semdeg `uÃmo kvirike qorepiskoposman kostanti afxazTa mefesa, Cavida hereTad da moadges cixesa vejinisasa. afxazTa mefe moadga zedaT kerZo da kÂrke qvemoT. da viTar miswudes waRebad, maSin adarnase patriki movida paraskevis juarsa, miupyra zavis piri, mosca afxazTa mefesa ariSi, gavazni da kvirikes orWobi. viTar daizavnes da Semoiqces. movida kostanti, iloca alaverds wm. giorgis winaSe, Semosa xati misi oqroTa. xolo laSqari misi umravlesi waravlina gzasa garesa da friad pativ-sca kÂirike qorepiskoposman da warvida qveynad TÂisad.~644. rogorc vxedavT, orive wyaro, warwera da matianec erTi da imave monacemebs gvawvdis konstantine `afxazTa~ mefis mier hereTs laSqrobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli laSqroba matianis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi abul kasimis laSqrobis, e.i. 914 wlis Semdeg moxda. maSasadame, eredvis wm.giorgis eklesiis mSenebloba konstantine mefis iniciativiT, xuroTmoZRvar Tevdore TaflaÁsZes 906 wels dauwyia da 914 wlis Semdeg dasrulebula. yuradRebas iqcevs konstantine mefisa da kvirike kaxTa qorepiskoposis hereTSi erToblivi laSqrobis istoriis calkeuli detalebi, romelSic mema642
. iqve, gv. 263. . qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. I. gv. 171; l. axalaZe. egris _ afxazeTis (`afxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi, gv. 56-57.. 644 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1,gv. 264. 643
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tiane xazgasmiT aRniSnavs dasavleT saqarTvelos mefis damokidebulebas aRmosavlurqarTuli siwmindeebis mimarT. `afxazTa~ mefes am dros myarad uWiravs Sida qarTli, romelsac mis mier dasmuli erisTavi ufliscixidan ganagebda, magram hereTs laSqrobis Semdeg konstantinem miiRo `ariSi da gavazni~645. amieridan, praqtikulad istoriuli qarTli mTlianad (garda Tbilisis saamirosi, romlis teritoria TandaTan mcirdeboda) `afxazTa~ mefes daemorCila, rac `afxazTa~ mefeTa mier IX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi safuZvelCayrili politikis _ qarTuli miwebis gaerTianebisaTvis brZolis erTi brwyinvale furceli iyo. konstantine III-is saeklesio saamSeneblo saqmianobis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani wyaroa samwevrisis warwera, romelic warmoadgens mamasaxlis domninosisa da giorgi TualoÁsZis warweras konstantine mefis moxseniebiT: `† z(ed)a welsa k-s kostantine mefisa me, domninos, samwevrisa juarisa mamasaxlisman da gi/orgi TualoÁsZeman moviReT ruvi ese juarad./ da aravi[n] ars sxuaÁ mo[m]xumare da [ufali] ruvisa amis, garna/ patiosani juari da giorgi, vin ese aRmoikiTxos me, domninos, monaÁ juarisaÁ, [locvasa momiÃseneT da TualoÁs]Zeca/ g(ior)gi q(riste)m(a)n Se(i)wy(ale)n. amen. iyavn.~646 warwera daTariRebulia konstantine mefis zeobis me-20, e.i. 912 wliT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, eredvis wm.giorgis eklesiis warwerisa da `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ zemoT moyvanil monacemebs, swored am periodSi flobda `afxazTa~ mefe konstantine III qarTlis mniSvnelovan nawils. zogadad, armazis, eredvis, samwevrisis xuroTmoZRvrul Zeglebze `afxazTa~ mefeebis dasaxeleba argumentirebulad asabuTebs, rom adgilobrivi saero da saeklesio fenis warmomadgenlebisTvis savaldebulo iyo mefis zeobis wlebiT daeTariRebinaT didi mSeneblobebi.647 rasakvirvelia, es ver moxdeboda `dampyrobeli~ mefis pirobebSi. sayuradRebo faqtia, rom afxazi avtorebi s. lakoba da o. bRaJba icnoben samwevrisisa da eredvis warwerebs, Tumca erT-erTi maTganis (eredvis) lokalizacias SecdomiT kaxeTSi axdenen648. avtorebis azriT, es miuTiTebs, rom konstantinem qarTli daipyro, magram xazs usvamen, rom brZola qarTlisaTvis mimdinareobda afxazTa da somexTa samefoebs Soris. o. bRaJbasa da s. lakobas wignSi arsad ar aris naxsenebi `qarTvelTa samefo~, an kaxeTis samefo. mkiTxvels STabeWdileba rCeba, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi da samxreTi nawili maSin somxeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi iyo da brZola mimdinareobda afxazur da somxur samefoebs Soris.649 afxazi avtorebi ignorirebas ukeTeben im faqtsac, rom es epigrafikuli masala _ afxazTa mefeTa warwerebi qarTul enazea daculi da arsad ar axseneben, ratom werdnen isini TavianTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb qarTulad da ara berZnulad, an afxazurad? maSin, roca konstantine II_is berZnulenovan warweraze sagangebod Cerdebian da es erTaderTi warwera aRmoCnda argumenti imis, `dasasabuTeblad~, rom `afxazTa~ mefeebi berZnulad awarmoebdnen samefo kancelariis saqmianobas. davubrundeT isev konstantine III-s, romelic cdilobda gaemagrebina Tavisi poziciebi qarTlsa da kaxeTSi. am mizniT konstantine III dinastiuri qorwinebiT 645
. ariSi mdebareobda hereTSi, gavazi – Tanamedrove yvarlis raionSia. . qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. I, gv. 222; l. axalaZe. egris _ afxazeTis (`afxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi, gv. 57. 647 . amis Sesaxeb ix.: qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. I. lapidaruli warwerebi. aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V-Xss.). Semdg. n. SoSiaSvili. Tb., 1980, gv. 34. 648 . О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 133. 649 . aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom am wignSi somxuri Tema saerTod Zalze farTo da mravalferovania, magaliTad, klisuris cixe Turme somxebs augiaT, kerZod, vinme Toma somexs, aseve afxazeTis mTebSi cibiliumis komendati VIII saukuneSi somexi yofila, 550 wels petras damcvelTa rigebSi ioane somexic iyo da a. S. qarTli viTom somxebis xelSia, an afxazebisa; sad iyo qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi, ar Cans. ix. О. Х. Бгажба, С. . Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 156. 646
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daukavSirda kaxeTis qorepiskoposs, riTac SeZlo zurgi gaemagrebina Tavisi politikis Semdgomi gafarToebis pirobebSi. konstantine III Seecada alanTa karis mimdebare qveynebis damorCilebas, anu man scada qarTlidan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadamavali strategiuli da ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis gza gaekontrolebina. somexi istorikosis ioane drasxanakertelis cnobiT: `egrisis mefe konstantinem . . . Sekriba jari da gaemarTa CrdiloeTis mxriT kavkasiis mTis xevebiT, raTa gugarTa qveyana da alanTa karis axlos mcxovrebi mosaxleoba Tavis xelqveiT daemorCilebina~650. afxazTa mefis am ganzraxvas, drasxanakertelis cnobiT, win aRudga somexTa mefe sumbat bagratuni. marTalia, konstantine III am brZolaSi damarcxda, magram verc sumbatma SeZlo alanTa karis mimdebare teritoriis dakaveba. rogorc Cans, konstantine III_s alanTa karis (darialis) xelSi Cagdebis garda sxva ufro farTo miznebic hqonda. `afxazTa samefos~ istoriaSi erTerTi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs alanTa gaqristianebis sakiTxs. bizantiis imperia aqtiurad cdilobda oseTSi qristianobis gavrcelebas, magram es problema IX_X saukuneebamde kvlav gadauWreli iyo. marTalia, osebi qristianobas adridanve icnobdnen, magram miuxedavad amisa, qristianoba aq fexs ver ikidebda. IX saukunidan osebis gaqristianeba SedarebiT warmatebiT warimarTa.651 bizantiis imperiisa da gaZlierebuli `afxazTa~ samefosaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda oseTze gavlenis mopovebas. m. lorTqifaniZis azriT, bizantiis imperia da `egris_afxazeTi erTnairad cdilobdnen osTa damorCilebas da am mizniT, orive saxelmwifo iyenebda ideologiur saSualebas, qristianul sarwmunoebas da cdilobda qristianobis Setanasa da gavrcelebas alanebSi.652 `afxazTa~ samefos alanebisa da saerTod, CrdiloeTkavkasieli xalxebis mimarT sxva ufro mniSvnelovani miznebi da miswrafebebi amoZravebda. kerZod, es unda yofiliyo `afxazTa~ samefos CrdiloeTi sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. konstantine III, swored am mimarTulebiT warmarTavda Tavis RonisZiebebs, kerZod, misi mxardaWeriT alanTa Soris qristianobis saqadageblad gaigzavna arqiepiskoposi. es, ra Tqma unda, bizantiis interesebSic Sedioda, amitom konstantine mefis am RonisZiebas, rogorc Cans, bizantiis mmarTveli wreebi da berZeni patriarqic iwonebdnen. am istoriul movlenebze mogviTxrobs bizantiis patriarqis nikoloz mistikosis (914-925ww.) werilebi giorgi II `afxazTa~ mefisadmi653, saidanac irkveva, rom alanebSi qristianobis Setanis saqme konstantine III-is dros dawyebula. konstantine mefis interesebi alanebisadmi jer kidev maSin gamoikveTa, roca man alanTa karis (darialis) SemoerTeba gadawyvita, magram misi damorCileba ver SeZlo. rogorc vxedavT, es brZola im didi politikis nawili iyo, romelic iTvaliswinebda CrdiloeTkavkasieli xalxebis mxridan `afxazTa~ samefos sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebas da, Sesabamisad, iq qristianobis qadagebas, rac mniSvnelovani ideologiuri dasayrdeni iqneboda `afxazTa~ samefosaTvis. konstantine III-is mier wamowyebuli didi politikis gamgrZelebeli Cans misi vaJi giorgi II (922-957ww.). gamefebis pirvel wlebSi giorgi II-s taxts ecileboda Tavisi Zma bagrati, romelic male gardaicvala da giorgim `daipyra sruliad afxazeTi~. am periodisaTvis `sruliad afxazeTi~ ewodeboda ara marto sakuT650 . ioane drasxanakerteli. somxeTis istoria, somxuri teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT, gamokvleviTa da saZieblebiT gamosca e. cagareiSvilma. Tb., 1965, gv. 109. 651 . g. TogoSvili. saqarTvelo-oseTis urTierTobis istoriidan. cxinvali, 1958, gv. 108-115; m. lorTqifaniZe. axali qarTuli samTavroebis warmoqmna, egris-afxazeTis samefo, gv. 443. 652 . m. lorTqifaniZe. axali qarTuli samTavroebis, gv. 443. 653 . cnobilia nikoloz mistikosis sami werili giorgi II afxazTa mefisadmi. ukanasknel xans gamoiTqva mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, nikoloz mistikosis erT-erTi werili konstantine III-is saxelze unda iyos gagzavnili. ix. Е. Аджинджал. dasax. naSromi, gv. 83, 89, 91; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 112-113, 115.
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riv afxazeTs, an mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed afxazTa samefos mTel teritorias Sida qarTliTa da hereTiTurT. giorgi II afxazTa mefes wyaroebi axasiaTeben, rogorc eklesiaTa maSenebels, RvTismosavsa da glaxakTa mowyales. `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ ucnobi avtoris sityvebiT, `iyo igi sruli yovlisa sikeTisa, simÃniTa da axovanebiTa; RmrTismoyuare iyo, umetes maSenebeli eklesiaTa, mowyale glaxakTa, uxvi da mdabali, da yovliTa keTiliTa da saTnoebiTa sruli.~654 msgavs daxasiaTebas gvawvdis vaxuSti bagrationic: `ese giorgi mefe iyo RuTismoSiSi da moyuaruli, haerovani, mÃne, axovani, mowyale, uxvi, eklesiaTa maSenebeli da quriv-obolTa Semwynare~.655 albaT, naklebad warmosadgenia, romelime qveynis mematianes mezobeli xalxis `dampyrobeli~ mefe aseTi daxasiaTebiT waredginos STamomavlebisaTvis. qarTveli mematianeebis amgvari damokidebuleba `afxazTa~ mefeebis mier warmoebuli, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi, aseve saeklesio politikisadmi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTeben maT eTnikur vinaobaze, adgilsa da rolze qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi. IX saukunis II naxevridan bizantiis imperiis saSinao da sagareo mdgomareoba mkveTrad gaumjobesda, magram dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tavisi Zveli gavlenis aRdgena ver moaxerxa. amieridan bizantiis imperiam dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT taqtika Seicvala da Seecada formaluri gavlena mainc SeenarCunebina saqarTvelos am nawilze. `am dros qarTvelTa ymoba, – wers iv. javaxiSvili, _ mxolod garegnuli yofila da ufros-umcros samefoTa Soris kavSirs ufro udrida vidre namdvils politikur damokidebulebas~.656 miuxedavad amisa, am formalur damokidebulebas imperiis mesveurebi karga xnis manZilze didi gulmodginebiT icavdnen ara mxolod saqarTvelos, aramed sxva qristianuli qveynebis mefeebis mimarT. niSandoblivia `afxazTa~ mefeebisadmi boZebuli titulatura da mimarTvis wesi. giorgi II afxazTa mefes bizantiis imperiis patriarqi nikoloz mistikosi `eqsusiasts~, an `brwyinvale eqsusiasts~ uwodebda, magram arasodes uwodebda mas `mefes~. miuxedavad imisa, rom `afxazTa~ mefeebs am tituliT ar moixseniebdnen, bizantia maT mainc damoukidebel xelisuflad Tvlida. nikoloz mistikosi giorgi II-is `mefuri Rirsebis~ Sesaxebac laparakobs da arsad ar mimarTavs mas `mefis~ tituliT. es faqti, maSin roca bizantiis patriarqi kavkasiis arcerT mefesa da mTavars `mefis~ tituliT ar moixseniebs, giorgi II-is did avtoritetsa da politikur damoukideblobaze miuTiTebs. nikoloz mistikosis werilebidan Cans, rom bizantias surs, `afxazTa~ samefom gaagrZelos CrdiloeT kavkasiis mimarT dawyebuli politika, pirvel werilSi patriarqi giorgi II-s Seaxsenebs Tavisi mamis saqmianobas da urCevs, es gza manac gaagrZelos. `Sen sakmaod Segnebuli da gonieri xar da mamaSenis saqmianobasac icnob, rom adamianTa xsnisaTvis, RvTis didi saxelis didebisaTvis, sazogadod... Seni moRvaweobiT gverdSi amoudge mas~657 (igulisxmeba alanTa arqiepiskoposi). nikoloz mistikosis sxva werilebidan kargad Cans, rom giorgi II `afxazTa~ mefem warmatebiT gaagrZela mamis saqme da uSualod miiRo monawileoba alanebSi qristianobis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. `Sen RvTis cnebis mixedviT, didi amagi dasde da gananaTle alaniis mmarTveli da yvela isini, vinc masTan erTad Rirsi gaxda wminda naTlisRebisa~, _ wers bizantiis patriarqi.658 rogorc Cans, `afxazTa~ mefe uSualod monawileobda alanTa mTavrisa da misi axloblebis gaqristianebis saqmeSi659.
654 655 656 657 658 659
. . . . . .
qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 265. qarTlis cxovreb, t. IV, gv. 799. iv. javaxiSvili qarTveli eris istoria, t. II, gv. 109. geogika, t. IV. gv. 213. iqve, gv. 214. m. lorTqifaniZe. egris-afxazeTis samefo, gv. 444.
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afxazTa~ mefeebis mier warmoebuli Crdilokavkasiuri politika mimarTuli iyo `afxazTa~ samefos politikuri gavlenis gavrcelebisaken am regionSi da, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, amave dros dakavSirebuli iyo CrdiloeTis mxridan samefos sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebasTanac. am faqtze miuTiTebs qarTuli marTlmadidebluri taZrebis arseboba dasavleT saqarTvelodan oseTSi gadasasvlel gzebze da qarTuli qristianuli terminologia, romelic dadasturebulia osur enaSi.660 garda `matiane qarTlisaÁsa~ da nikoloz mistikosis werilebisa, giorgi IIis sarwmunoebrivi politika sxva wyaroebiTac dasturdeba. magaliTad, qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi, rogorc lapidaruli, ise Weduri warwerebi mogviTxroben giorgi II-is saqmianobaze am mimarTulebiT. giorgi II–is epoqaSi misive iniciativiT aigo Wyondidis, xofisa (xvafis) da qiaCis taZrebi. aRniSnuli informacia daculia zemoTxsenebul qarTul warwerebSi. Wyondidis (martvilis) taZris mSeneblobis istorias mogviTxrobs `matiane qarTlisaÁ~: `aRaSena saydari Wyondidisa, Seqmna saepiskoposod da ganaSuena igi.~661 matianeSi dacul informacias taZris mSeneblobis Sesaxeb ewinaaRmdegeba taZris dRevandeli daTariReba. g. CubinaSvilisa da n. aladaSvilis specialuri gamokvlevebiT dazustda, rom Wyondidis taZari agebuli unda iyos VII saukuneSi.662 taZris warwerebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, v. silogava mivida im daskvnamde, rom sworia `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ cnoba giorgi II afxazTa mefis mier WyondidSi saepiskoposo kaTedris daarsebis Sesaxeb, magram taZari agebulia VII saukuneSi, giorgi II afxazTa mefem garkveuli samSeneblo samuSaoebi Caatara: ganaxlda da SekeTda taZari, aigo saepiskoposo saxli da sxva nagebobani.663 rac Seexeba taZris saamSeneblo warweras, igi mogviTxrobs 996 wels bagrat III-is (978-1014ww.) mier sanaTlavis agebis istorias. giorgi II-is mier agebulia xofis wm. nikolozis saxelobis taZari gudauTis raionSi, romlis saamSeneblo warwera mogviTxrobs: `[†] aR(a)Sena w(mida)Á e[se eklesiaÁ] [. . .] m(a)m(adm)T(a)v(a)rm[an], [.] m(e)f(o)b(a)sa g(iorg)Á(s)sa, od(e)s [da]ibada [g(ua)r(a)nd(u)xt] [. . . .] m(i)sa. w(mida)o n(i)k(o)l(o)z, m(eo)x eyav w(inaS)e q(riste)sa.~664 warweris Sinaarsi gvauwyebs, rom xofis taZari imTaviTve wm. nikolozis saxelze yofila agebuli. rac Seexeba warweris daTariRebas, v. silogavas varaudiT, warweris paleografia XII saukunisaa da `warweraSi dasaxelebuli giorgi mefe SeiZleba sruliad saqarTvelos mefed _ giorgi mesamed (11561184ww.) miviCnioT, amis mixedviT warwera 1156-1178 wlebiT TariRdeba.~665 magram warweris pirvelgamomcemlis a. aviZbas monacemebiT, xofis warweraSi misi aRmoCenis dros ikiTxeboda qalis saxeli guaranduxt666 (l. ServaSiZis wakiTxviT), rac cvlis warweris daTariRebis adreul variants. cnobilia, rom guranduxti, egris-afxazeTis mefe giorgi II –is (922-957ww.) asuli, gaTxovili iyo tao-klarjeTSi `qarTvelTa mefis~ bagrat II bagrationis (958-994ww.) Svilze gurgenze. warwera guranduxtis dabadebis niSnad aris amokveTili xofis wm. nikolozis saxelobis taZris fasadze, romlis mSenebloba asulis dabadebisas unda daesrulebina giorgi meores; amdenad, warweraSi dasaxelebuli mefe giorgi II aris `afxazTa~ mefe, romlis iniciativiT aigo xofis wm. nikolozis saxelobis taZari.
660 661 662 663 664 665 666
. s. janaSia. Sromebi. t. I, gv. 215-252; m. lorTqifaniZe. egris-afxazeTis samefo, gv. 445. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 265. . . . . ., 1948, gv. 31,59; . . V_XI . ., 1977, gv. 48-61. . v. silogava. samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika. Tb., 2004, gv. 51. . l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro, I, gv. 147-148. . qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, IIm gv. 142. . . . . , 1967, 7 октября.
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.
qarTuli Weduri warwerebi mogviTxroben giorgi II-is mier qiaCis taZrisadmi gansakuTrebiT mdidari Sewirulebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, man qiaCis taZars Seswira vercxlis sacecxluri da samwerobeli, romelsac qiaCis xatsac uwodeben667. vercxlis sacecxlurze vkiTxulobT: `† w(mida)o eklesiao, meox meyav me, g(iorg)i mefesa w(inaS)e R(mrT)isa~.668 g. CubunaSvilma vercxlis sacecxluris Seswavlis Semdeg aRniSna, rom es aris adreuli qarTuli Weduri xelovnebis SesaniSnavi nimuSi da warweraSi dasaxelebuli giorgi mefe aris `afxazTa~ mefe giorgi II. qiaCis xatze daculi warwerac mogviTxrobs, rom igi damzadebulia giorgi mefis iniciativiT. `s(a)x(e)l(i)Ta R(mr)TisaÁTa, me, g(iorg)I m(e)f(e)m(a)n, davsxen ese samwerobelni w(mi)dasa amas eklesiasa qiaCs salocvelad sulisa CemisaTÂs. mRvdelno, raJams SeswirvideT xorcsa da sisxlsa qristesa da locvas momixseneT, amen. wmidao RmrTismSobelo, meox meyav winaSe Zesa Senisa da RmrTisa Cvenisa me, giorgi mefesa.~669 qiaCis xati (samwerobeli) g. CubinaSvilma vercxlis sacecxlurTan erTad xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT Seiswavla da X saukunis I naxevriT, giorgi II-is mefobis wlebiT daaTariRa. rogorc vxedavT, afxazTa samefos saxelmwifoebrivi da saeklesio politika, romelsac jer kidev IX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi Cauyara safuZveli giorgi I-ma da Semdeg ufro gafarTovda bagrat I-isa da konstantine III–is mefobis dros, axal fazaSi gadadis giorgi II-is epoqaSi, romlis moRvaweobis xana aris `afxazTa~ samefos arsebobis manZilze yvelaze warmatebuli xana. X saukunis somexi istorikosi uxtanesi am periodis `afxazTa~ samefos Sesaxeb werda, Tu rogor gafarTovda da ganviTarda es qveyana, gavrcelda pontos napirebze da misi sazRvrebi aRwevda somexTa da alvanTa sazRvrebamde, . . . es tomi Tavis Tavdapirvel qveyanaSi iberebs uwodebda Tavis Tavs, xolo aq hqviaT qarTvelebi. da am qveyanas hqvia afxazeTi670. uxtanesis es cnoba pirdapiri dadasturebaa im faqtisa, rom afxazTa samefos mosaxleobas eTnikuri qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. afxazi istorikosebi, maT Soris o. bRaJba da s. lakoba671, cdiloben gaayalbon Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoria da xSirad iSvelieben uxtanesis motanili cnobis mxolod pirvel nawils, meore nawils ki, sadac afxazeTis vrceli saxelmwifos mosaxleobis eTnikuri vinaobaa 672 miTiTebuli, mkiTxvels umalaven . afxazTa mefis giorgi II-is saxelmwifoebrivi politikis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgenda brZola kaxeTis SemoerTebisaTvis. fadla qorepiskoposis gardacvalebis Semdeg kaxi feodalebis erTma nawilma ar aRiara kvirike II-is (929-976ww.) xelisufleba da gadawyvites, kaxeTi giorgi II afxazTa mefisaTvis gadaecaT. `Semdgomad gadges aznaurni gardabanelni, iwyes zraxvad giorgi mefisa. gamoilaSqra giorgi mefeman, Cavida kaxeTad, moswua da aswyvida. . . da kualad dadga atens da Ze misi leon iyo erisTavad qarTlisa~673. kaxeTisaTvis brZolaSi, rogorc matianis avtori gvamcnobs, mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni iyo qarTli, sadac giorgis ufrosi vaJi leoni erisTavad ijda. kvirike qorepiskoposma giorgi mefes Tavisi Zma Surta miugzavna, romelmac `afxazTa~ mefes gadasca cixeebi ujarma, boWorma, lowobani da naxWevani. am cixeebis 667
. aRniSnuli nivTebi aRmoCenilia walenjixis raionis sof. obujis eklesiaSi. . . . . ., 1959, 29, 30, 31. . 148; l. axalaZe. egris _ afxazeTis (`afxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi, gv. 58. 669 . . . , foto 22, 23, 24, gv. 138. 670 . uxtanesi. istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan. somxuri teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa da gamokvleviT gamosca z. aleqsiZem. Tb., 1975, gv. 66-67. 671 . О. Х. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 156. 672 . afxazi istorikosebis r. xonelias, m. gunbas mier uxtanesis am cnobis gayalbebis Sesaxeb ixileT: . , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 197, 556. 673 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 268. 668
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aReba giorgi mefem iolad SeZlo. naxWevanis aRebis Semdeg `viTar ixila kvirike qorepiskoposman, rameTu arara iyo Rone misi, iTxova simtkice cocxlebiT gagzavnisa, da dauloca kaxeTi giorgi mefesa~674. rogorc Cans, giorgi mefem kvirike qorepiskoposi Seipyro, romelmac sicocxlis SenarCuneba iTxova da giorgi mefes kaxeTi dauloca. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTlis erisTavs _ leons ar surda cocxali gaeSva kvirike qorepiskoposi, giorgim Svils ar usmina da igi cocxali datova. ufro metic, Seiwynara kvirikes Txovna da gazafxulamde mas boWormis cixe dautova. amasobaSi kvirikesTan qarTlis aznaurebis jgufi movida da daxmareba aRuTqves giorgi mefis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, romelTa daxmarebiT `kualad eufla kvirike mamulsa Tvissa~, wers `matiane qarTlisais~ avtori. miuxedavad amisa, giorgi mefem mainc gaagrZela brZola kaxeTis SemoerTebisaTvis. misi ZiriTadi politika, saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaken iyo mimarTuli da, bunebrivia, rom kaxeTs Tavs ver daanebebda. 956 wlis axlo xanebSi giorgi mefem kaxeTis SemosaerTeblad Tavisi vaJi _ leon qarTlis erisTavi gagzavna. `kualad gagzavna laSqari Tvisi, da Ze misi leon uCina winamZRurad. da mivida da mowua kaxeTi, da masve laSqrobasa Sina moarTues ambavi: micvaleba didisa da RmrTis-moyuarisa giorgi mefisa~.675 rogorc vxedavT, leonma SeZlo mamis davalebis Sesruleba, magram giorgis gardacvalebam aiZula droebiT gadaedo kaxeTis SemoerTebis sakiTxi. man saswrafod zavi dado kvirike qorepiskoposTan da quTaiss dabrunda. 957 wels afxazTa samefos taxti daikava leon III-m (957-967ww.). wyaroebis mixedviT, giorgi II-s oTxi vaJi da erTi asuli hyavda: leoni, demetre, Teodosi, bagrati da guranduxti. afxazTa mefem ori vaJi - Teodosi da bagrati, Tavidanve bizantiaSi gagzavna, raTa misi sikvdilis Semdeg Zmebs Soris taxtisaTvis brZola ar atexiliyo, `raTa Semdgomad sikudilisa misisa ar iyos maT Soris brZola da Ãdoma~676. miuxedavad amisa, Teodosi mainc dabrunebula, romelsac, rogorc Cans, taxtze seriozuli pretenziebi hqonda. 957 wels leons taxtze asvlisas winaaRmdegobani ar Sexvedria da man energiulad gaagrZela mamis politika; gamefebisTanave ganaaxla brZola qarTlis danarCeni miwebis SemoerTebisaTvis. leonma Tavisi mefobis pirvel wlebSive SeZlo javaxeTis SemoerTeba da iq Tavisi erTguli moxelis zviad maruSianis erisTavad dasma. am istoriul faqts adasturebs kumurdos taZris warwera. `S(e)w(e)vn(i)Ta R(mRT)is(a)ÁTa, iov(a)ne/ eb(i)sk(o)p(o)sm(a)n d(a)dva s(a)Z(i)rkv(e)li am(i)s/ ekles(ii)s(a)Á Ã(e)liTa C(e)m c(o)dv(i)lisa s(a)koc(a)ris(aÁ)Ta,/ leon mefisa zÀ _ ad(i)d(e)n R(merTma)n, qr(o)n(i)k(o)nsa / rpd, T(ues)a m/aÁs(s)a a,/ dResa S(a)f(a)Tsa, a mTuari/s(a)sa, erisTvob(a)sa zÂiassa; ese b(a)/la(h)v(a)ri m(un) da/Ádva; q(rist)e, Se(e)w(i)e m(o)n(a)sa S(e)nsa, a(me)n.~677 warweris teqstSi mocemulia TariRi rpd _ 964 weli. damaTariRebel argumentad leon mefis moxseniebac SeiZleboda. rogorc warweridan irkveva, afxazTa mefe leon mesame daaxloebiT 964 wlisaTvis, anu Tavisi mefobis me-7 wels ukve flobda javaxeTsac, sadac mis xelisuflebas zviad erisTavi warmoadgenda. istoriografiaSi miRebulia azri imis Sesaxeb, rom `afxazTa~ mefeebi qarTlTan erTad javaxeTsac flobdnen. naratiuli wyaroebidan Cans, rom egris-afxazeTis mefeebi TavianT Zalauflebas saqarTvelos samxreTi mimarTulebiTac avrcelebdnen. kumurdos taZris saamSeneblo warwera amis naTeli dadasturebaa.
674 675 676 677
. . . .
iqve. 269. iqve, gv. 269. iqve, gv. 270. gamocemaTa sruli sia ix.: v. silogava. kumurdo. taZris epigrafika. Tb., 1994, gv. 39.
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leon III aqtiur politikas atarebda kaxeTis SemoerTebisaTvis. leonma `kualad iwyo mterobad kÂirikes da Zebnad kaxeTisa; gailaSqra spiTa didiTa. Cadga aragÂis pirsa, aswyÂida muxnari xerki, da bazaleTi~, magram, mematianis sityvebiT, mefe am laSqrobis dros dasneulda, `Seiqca gare da mokuda~.678 rogorc vxedavT, leon III-m ver SeZlo mamis mier dawyebuli saqmis bolomde miyvana, Tumca `afxazTa~ samefos sazRvrebi sxva mimarTulebiT, kerZod, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gaafarTova. iseve rogorc giorgi mefes, leon III-sac istoriuli wyaroebi axasiaTeben, rogorc qristesmoyvare, eklesiaTa maSenebelsa da qvriv-obolTa mfarvel mefes. `matiane qarTlisaÁ~-s cnobiT, `ganadida ufalman RmerTman mefoba misi msgavsad mamisa misisa. iyo igica RmrTis-moyuare da savse yovliTa keTiliTa. aman aRaSena eklesia moqÂisa da Seqmna saydrad saepiskoposod, akurTxa da miuTiTeben, rom ganasrula yovliTa gangebiTa~679. zemoTaRniSnuli wyaroebi leon III warmatebiT agrZelebda misi winaprebis mier dawyebul saxelmwifoebriv da saeklesio politikas. man aago moqvis, kumurdos, wirqolis taZrebi, xobis eklesia. kumurdos, wirqolisa da xobis epigrafikul ZeglebSi daculia informacia am taZrebis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, wirqolis taZris warweraSi vkiTxulobT: `danieli ityuis: miÃ/sen / me, u(fal)o, [p]iris(a)g(a)n lomTa/[Ása, iÃsen sasjelisagan, g(a)br(ie)l mT(a)v(a)rang(e)l(o)z/o, l(e)on me/fe.~; xolo xobis taZridan SemorCenilia Weduri warwera RvTismSoblis xatze, romelSic aseve leon mefis saxeli ikiTxeba: `† y(ov)l(a)d w(mida)o R(mr)TismS(o)b(e)lo, meox eyav w(inaS)e q(rist)esa s(u)lsa leon mefis(a)~.680 sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom afxazi avtorebi s. lakoba da o. bRaJba TavianT SromebSi gverds uvlian giorgi II-isa da leon III-is mier ganxorcielebul saxelmwifoebriv RonisZiebebs da amaod cdiloben maT warmoCenas `dampyrobel~ afxaz (afsua) mefeebad. 967 wels leon III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg gamefda demetre III (967-975ww.), romelsac taxts ecileboda bizantiidan dabrunebuli Zma Teodosi. Zmis winaaRmdeg mebrZol Teodosis, marTalia, mesxi aznaurebi uWerdnen mxars, magram demetrem igi Seipyro da Tvalebi dasTxara. rogorc Cans, usinaTlo (`mwuxare~) Teodosi SemdegSic ganagrZobda brZolas taxtisaTvis, radgan demetres bevri mowinaaRmdege hyolia. aseT pirobebSi 975 w. demetre III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze avida usinaTlo da uSvilo Teodosi, romlis erTaderTi memkvidre iyo Teodosis disSvili, giorgi II `afxazTa~ mefis SviliSvili asulis mxridan da `qarTvelTa~ mefis bagrat II `reguenis~ SviliSvili bagrat bagrationi. X saukunis 70-iani wlebidan `afxazTa~ samefos istoriaSi axali epoqa daiwyo, romelic saqarTvelos gaerTianebiT dasrulda. `afxazTa~ samefos kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi iersaxis warmosaCenad uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs dasavlurqarTul eklesiaSi moRvawe saeklesio pirebis, `afxazTa~ mefeebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dakveTiT Sesrulebul damwerlobis nimuSebs, romlebic mxolod qarTul enaze, qarTuli damwerlobiTaa Sesrulebuli681. rogorc cnobilia, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi qarTuli mwignobrobisa da kulturis centrebs qristianuli eklesia warmoadgenda. eklesia iyo ZiriTadi ZarRvi, saidanac iwyeboda qarTuli kulturisa da mwignobrobis, qarTuli sulierebis saTaveebi. VIs. saqarTveloSi safuZveli Caeyara samonastro cxovrebas. gansakuTrebul aRmavlobas ganicdis igi VIII saukunidan taoklarjeTSi grigol xanZTelis mier daarsebul eklesia-monastrebSi, romlebic 678
. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. gv. 270 . iqve, gv. 270. 680 . l. axalaZe. egris-afxazeTis (`afxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi, gv. 59. 681 . vrclad ix.: T. gvancelaZe. Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba Sua saukuneTa lapidaruli warwerebis mixedviT. _ qarTveluri memkvidreoba. Tb., 1999; l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika, rogorc saistorio wyaro, I. Tb., 2005; l. axalaZe. Egris-afxazeTis (`afxazTa~) mefeTa warwerebi. 679
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gadaiqcnen qarTuli kulturis umniSvnelovanes centrebad, sadac mimdinareobda originaluri da Targmnili saero Tu sasuliero literaturis Seqmna, xelnawerTa ganaxleba; aqve Camoyalibda xatwerisa da ferweris SesaniSnavi skolebi, sxvadasxva kaligrafiuli mimdinareobani da a. S. `afxazTa~ samefoSi grigol xanZTelis mier daarsebuli saeklesio centrebis ideologiur gavlenaze da kulturul-sarwmunoebriv erTobaze miuTiTebs `afxazTa~ mefis demetre II-is mier grigol xanZTelis mowveva ubisis monastrisa da saeklesio centris dasaarseblad. es kulturuli erTianoba tradiciulad SemdegSic gagrZelda. radgan `afxazTa~ mefeebis iniciativiT daarsebuli axali saeklesio centrebi ube, armazi, martvili, xofi, moqvi, wirqoli, xobi, samwevrisi, eredvi qarTuli mwignobrobis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis mniSvnelovan kerebs warmoadgendnen ara marto `afxazTa~ samefos epoqaSi, aramed momdevno saukuneebSic xSirad wamyvani kulturuli tendenciebis matareblebad da axali kulturuli wamowyebebis iniciatorebad gvevlinebian. cxadia, am movlenas saTave daudo `afxazTa~ samefos politikurma da sarwmunoebrivma damoukideblobam. misi mopovebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis brZolaSi `afxazTa~ mefeebs gverdiT edgnen bizantiis gavlenisagan Tavisufali eklesia da dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, romelmac SeZlo ara marto saeklesio da saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis mopoveba, aramed brZola ganaaxla danarCeni qarTuli miwebis SemoerTebisa da erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis. gamomdinare aqedan, niSandoblivia isic, rom swored `afxazTa~ samefoSi moRvaweobdnen qarTuli kulturis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi, saeklesio da saero pirebi, romlebmac TavianTi saqmianobiT ukvdavyves sakuTari saxelebi. am mxriv mniSvnelovania X saukunis qarTveli himnografisa da mTargmnelis, stefane sananoÁsZis samwerlo moRvaweoba martvilis taZarSi, romelic giorgi II-is dros gadaiqca qarTuli kulturis mniSvnelovan kerad. imave giorgi II-is mfarvelobiT sargeblobda didi qarTveli himnografi, SesaniSnavi `aRdgomis sagaloblebis~ avtori ioane minCxi682. `afxazTa~ samefos mkvidri iyo miqael sabawmindelis martvilobis `abukuras~ avtori683. konstantine `afxazTa~ mefis dakveTiT qarTul enaze daiwera `afxazTa~ mefeTa divani~684, romelic warmoadgens egris-afxazeTis mefeTa VIII-X saukuneebis matianes. `afxazTa~ samefos saxelmwifo da saeklesio ena, aseve samwerlobo kultura mxolod qarTuli iyo, razec erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTeben, rogorc zemoTmoyvanili faqtebi, aseve `afxazTa~ mefeebis dakveTiT Sesrulebuli yvela warwera, romlebmac Cvenamde moaRwia da romlebic qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobiT aris Sesrulebuli. am faqts aRniSnavs TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari, vinc ki odesme Sexebia am samefos istorias685, maT Soris afxazi avtorebic.686 miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnul sakiTxs sagangebod uvlian gverds Tanamedrove afxazuri istoriografiis warmomadgenlebi m. gunba o. bRaJba da s. lakoba. sagulisxmoa, rom afxazeTSi damwerlobis ganviTarebis istorias erT-erTi pirveli nayofierad ikvlevda x. bRaJba (o. bRaJbas mama). misi daskvniT, `afxazTa samefo~ warmoadgenda dasavlurqarTul saxelmwifos, romlis saxelmwifo da saeklesio ena qarTuli iyo687. d. gulias azriT ki, arsebuli `mravalricxovani mecnierulad Semowmebuli faqtebi uciloblad metyveleben, rom afxazebi
682
ioane minCxis poezia. gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo l. xaCiZem. Tb., 1987. Sdr: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, gv. 427. 684 Zveli saqarTvelo, t. II. eq. TayaiSvilis redaqtorobiT, gv. 46-54. 685 s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe, kulturul-istoriuli narkvevi. - Sromebi, t. VI. Tb., 1988, gv. 26; . . . ..., gv. 196; m. lorTqifaniZe. egris-afxazeTi, gv. 416-445; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi...; I, gv. 52-53; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 119; S. gloveli. afxazTa samefo. gv. 24-25. da sxvebi. 686 . . . . . ., 1967, gv. 12. 687 . iqve. 683
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yovelTvis qarTvelebTan erTad cxovrobdnen saerTo istoriuli da kulturuli cxovrebiT, rom afxazebi, kacma rom Tqvas, igive qarTvelebi arian... uciloblad dadgenilia, rom ukve IX s-is Sua xanebidan qarTuli ena aris damwerlobis, saxelmwifo da kerZo saqmiswarmoebis, yoveldRiuri saeklesio cxovrebisa da RvTismsaxurebis erTaderTi ena~688 dasavleT saqarTvelos, kerZod, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze sadamwerlobo kulturis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba `afxazTa~ samefos epoqidan SemorCenil epigrafikul masalas. maTma Seswavlam da paleografiulma Sedarebam saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli regionebis damwerlobaTa nimuSebTan aSkarad gamokveTa afxazeTis mowinave kulturulistoriuli tendenciebi. magaliTad, igi pirveli exmaureba asomTavrulSi mimdinare cvlilebebs. amis dasturia is, rom mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi yvelaze adreuli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis nimuSi sakuTriv afxazeTis, kerZod, gudauTis raionSi msigxvas mTis eklesiis nangrevebSi aRmoCnda. ufro metic, am mxareSi safuZveli Caeyara qarTuli sadamwerlobo kulturis erT-erT SesaniSnav kidurwaisruli damwerlobis kaligrafiul skolas, romelic aqedan gavrcelda danarCen saqarTveloSi689. zemoTaRniSnuli masala erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos es istoriuli mxare _ afxazeTi qarTuli kulturis gavrcelebis areals ki ar warmoadgenda, aramed Tavad iyo am kulturis Semoqmedi da organulad CarTuli qarTul politikur da kulturul samyaroSi, rogorc qarTli, kaxeTi, odiSi an romelime sxva istoriuli regioni.690 mecnierebisaTvis ucnobia afxazTa samefoSi araqarTuli kulturis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis, araqarTulenovani mosaxleobis iq moRvaweobis damadasturebeli ramenairi faqti.
688
. Д. Гулия. О моей книге «История Абхазии. Сухуми. 1951 ( ). Тб., 1998, gv.10, 15. . l. axalaZe. qarTuli damwerlobis paleografiuli maxasiaTeblebi afxazeTis epigrafikul ZeglebSi. _ kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciebi. Tb., 2007, gv. 32-40. 690 . dawvrilebiT ixileT: l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika, rogorc saistorio wyaro, I. gv. 204-211. 689
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Tavi VI. afxazeTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba
dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze SemorCenili da sxvadasxva dros Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT gamovlenili Sua saukuneebis nivTieri Zeglebi _ qristianuli taZrebi, saSualebas iZlevian Tvali gavadevnoT IV-XVIII saukuneebis qristianuli sakulto xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis TiTqmis uwyvet suraTs, stilTa cvlas, evoluciis istoriul process, SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis, sruli mxatvruli simwifisa da krizisis periodebis monacvleobas. aRniSnul Zeglebs mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT qarTuli kulturisa da xelovnebis, kerZod ki saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriaSi. saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis mkvlevarTa mier mravalmxriv gaSuqebuli da kargad Seswavlilia.1 amjerad afxazeTis regionis adre Sua saukuneebisa (IV-VII ss.) da gardamavali xanis (VIIX ss.) saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis mxolod im gansxvavebuli, Taviseburi niSnebia ganxiluli, romlebic qarTuli `qveynebisaTvis~ saziaro mxatvrul dinebebs, erTian gemovnebas, SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis saerTo mimarTulebebs asaxaven da mTeli saqarTvelosaTvis niSandoblivi Temis mimarT SemoqmedebiTi midgomis, SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSavebis Sedegs warmoadgens. qristianulma eklesiam xuroTmoZRvarT sruliad garkveuli amocana dausaxa: unda Seqmniliyo sagangebo Senoba, romelic bevr mlocvels daitevda da sarwmunoebrivi ritualis Casatareblad gamodgeboda. evropasa da axloaRmosavleTSi Zvel qristianul xanaSi gavrcelebuli iyo saeklesio nagebobaTa ori umTavresi saxeoba: wagrZelebuli ugumbaTo Senoba, e. w. bazilika da centruli, mrgvali, rvawaxnaga, jvarisebri Senoba.2 saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi, qristianul sakulto arqiteqturaSi, agreTve vxvdebiT or saxeobas: wagrZelebul ugumbaTo Senobebsa da centrul Senobebs. qarTuli centruli taZrebis birTvs Seadgens kvadrati, romelzedac aRmarTulia gumbaTi da romlis garSemoc viTardeba jvarisebri gegma. es stili genetikurad ukavSirdeba, erTi mxriv, analogiur kompozicias axloaRmosavleTis qveynebis Zvel xuroTmoZRvrebaSi (magaliTad, sasanur sasaxleebs iranSi), meore mxriv, qarTuli xalxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis tradiciebs, qristianobis gavrcelebamde bevrad adre SemuSavebuli, RviZli da tradiciuli glexuri ~darbazis~ tips.3 xazgasmiT gamJRvanebuli sigrZivi RerZis mqone Senoba-bazilikis tipi, romelic agebulia garkveuli elementebis ritmuli ganmeorebiT, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis ucxo iyo. am tips nergavda oficialuri eklesia, radgan qristianul eklesias dasawyisSi esaWiroeboda ukve aRiarebuli, sarwmunoebis mier nakurTxi nimuSebi. aseT nimuSebad miCneul iqna palestinis uZvelesi bazilikebi, raki palestina, saRmrTo werilis Tanaxmad, qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis asparezi iyo.4 adreqristianul xanaSi qarTlSi, kaxeTsa da afxazeTSi TiTqmis erTdroulad aRmocenda bazilikis Taviseburi varianti, romelsac qarTvelma mecnierebma ~sameklesiani bazilika~ uwodes. garedan Tavisi ~profiliT~ igi ar 1. i. ciciSvili. qarTuli arqiteqturis istoria. Tb., 1955; S. amiranaSvili. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria. Tb., 1961; v. beriZe. Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba. Tb., 1974; misive: . _ IV . ., 1983; . . . . . . . ., 1978; misive: VIII-X . ., 1988 da sxv. 2. v. beriZe. Zveli qarTuli..., gv. 18. 3. iqve, gv. 19. 4. iqve.
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gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi samnaviani bazilikisagan, magram SigniT navebi erTmaneTisagan boZebiT ki ar aris gayofili, aramed kedlebiTaa gaTiSuli; e.i. arsebiTad, aq erT SenobaSi gaerTianebulia sami damoukidebeli samlocvelo. V-VI saukuneebSi Casaxuli es Tema VII saukunidan garkveul evolucias ganicdis da gansazRvrul xanaSi mxatvrulad dasrulebuli nawarmoebis saxes iZleva.1 samnaviani da sameklesiani bazilikis gverdiT, afxazeTSi, saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis msgavsad, imTaviTve SemuSavda ugumbaTo nagebobaTa kidev erTi, umartivesi saxe: erTnaviani (anu calnaviani) eklesia. soflis mcire samlocveloTa umetesoba am tips miekuTvneba, Tumca arsebobs mozrdili erTnaviani eklesiebic. agreTve gvxvdeba ornaviani eklesiebi. qarTuli eklesia mTlianad da savsebiT emxroba mTel qristianul samyaroSi miRebul normebs. funqciuri TvalsazrisiT igi emTxveva sxva qristianuli (upirveles yovlisa, marTlmadidebeli) qvenebis eklesias: aRmosavleTisaken mimarTuli, naxevarwriul afsidiani sakurTxeveli, sadiakvne da samkveTlo; mis orsav mxares (garda uZvelesi eklesiebisa, sadac es sadgomebi jer kidev ar aris), mlocvelTa darbazi. qarTuli eklesiebi imTaviTve atriumebis gareSe Sendeboda. maT ar gaaCndaT arc narTeqsebi dasavleTis mxares (iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda), arc calke aSenebuli sanaTlavebi (baptisteriumebi) dasavluri eklesiebisa, xolo samrekloebi XIII saukunidan Cndeba.2 dRevandel afxazeTSi adreqristianuli xanis sakulto arqiteqturis ocze meti erTeulia cnobili, romlebic ZiriTadad arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegadaa gamovlenili. rogorc arqeologiuri monacemebiT irkveva, qristianuli taZrebi ara marto werilobiTi wyaroebiT cnobil centrebSi (biWvinTa), mniSvnelovan qalaqebsa da gamagrebul cixeebSi (sebastopolisi, anakofia, webelda) arsebobda, aramed werilobiT ucnob punqtebSic (gagra, alahaZe, gienosi, dranda, ganTiadi, haSufsa, miusera, mramba, Sapka, abaanTa, qiaC-abaa da sxv.). adre Sua saukuneebSi eklesiebi afxazeTSi warmodgenilia calnaviani (biWvinTis N1, N4 da sakaTedro taZris dasavleTiT gamovlenili ori eklesia, gienosi, haSufsa, webelda, mramba, Sapka) da ornaviani (biWvinTa) nagebobebiT; samnaviani bazilikebiT (biWvinTis N2 da N3 eklesiebi, ganTiadi, alahaZe), ~sameklesiani bazilikebiT~ (gagra, miusera, aba-anTa, qiaC-abaa) da jvargumbaTovani nagebobiT (dranda). marTalia, berZnuli konfesiuri gavlenis qveS moqceul qveyanaSi sakulto xuroTmoZRvruli formebi bizantiidan Semodis, magram afxazeTis mkvidrTa qarTul ~qveynebTan~ sulier-kulturuli erToba ar wydeba, am drois sakulto xuroTmoZRvrul nawarmoebebSi vxedavT bizantiurisa da adgilobrivis saziaro mxatvruli dinebebis Serwyma-SeerTebas. adre Sua saukuneebis adreul etapze afxazeTSi aSenebuli eklesiebis nawili Tu berZnulia (magaliTad, Zveli pitiunti, biWvinTis IV-V saukuneebis erTmaneTze daSenebuli bazilikebi, gudavis IV saukunis baptisteriumi), cota ufro gvian, VI saukuneSi, awindel gagraSi agebuli e.w. ~sameklesiani bazilika~ saqarTveloSi ugumbaTo arqiteqturis tipad Camoqnili erT-erTi nairsaxeobaa. afxazeTSi am tipis oTxi Zeglia SemorCenili Zvel gagraSi, abaanTis cixeSi (sof. lixni), qiaCis borcvze da ambaraSi, miuseras koncxze. maTgan uZvelesia Zveli gagris eklesia, romelic gagris cixis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens. am taZarSi qarTuli adreqristianuli reliefebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli motivi _ wreSi Cawerili tolmklava, e. w. ~bolnuri~ jvrebia SemorCenili.
1. g. CubinaSvili. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria. Tb., 1936, gv. 65-66; misive: gv. 141. 2. v. beriZe. Zveli qarTuli..., gv. 20.
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,
.
., 1959,
arqiteqturuli Tema ~sameklesiani bazilikisa~, rogorc aRiniSna, ugumbaTo taZris erT-erT nairsaxeobas warmoadgens, romelic Tavisi garegani formebiT samnaviani bazilikaa, magram Signidan, rogorc konstruqciuli azriT, ise sivrcis STabeWdilebiT sruliad gansxvavdeba bazilikisagan. zemoT ukve iTqva, rom aq svetebis Tu sabjenebis nacvlad, romlebic bazilikis Sida sivrces navebad yofs, kedlebi Cndeba. am tipis nagebobam saqarTveloSi saintereso evolucia ganicada da gansazRvrul xanaSi mxatvrulad dasrulebuli nawarmoebi mogvca. marTalia, bazilikis es tipi sxva qveynebSic cnobilia, magram am taZrebma saqarTveloSi gansazRvruli damoukidebeli tipis saxe miiRes. maTi SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis safuZvlad kaxeTia miCneuli, sadac am tipis or aTeulamde Zeglia Semonaxuli. Senobis es tipi erTnairad mosawoni da misaRebi unda yofiliyo aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidrTaTvis. es garemoeba bunebrivad da kanonzomierad gamoaCens ~sameklesiani bazilikebis~ erTdroul aRmocenebas kaxeTSi, qarTlsa da afxazeTSi.1 afxazeTSi am tipis saerToqarTuli Zeglebis arseboba realuri kulturulistoriuli viTarebis maCvenebelia.2 qarTveli mkvlevarebi afxazeTSi `sameklesiani bazilikebis~ arsebobas ar ganixilaven rogorc qarTlis pirdapir politikur zemoqmedebas Zlieri bizantiis vasal saxelmwifoze, egrisze,3 magram `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s, `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da somexi istorikosis ioane drasxanakertelis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, ar gamoricxaven qarTlsa da egriss Soris V-VII saukuneebSi saeklesio-kulturuli erTobis arsebobas4 da erTi mwyemsmTavris, cnobili qarTveli moRvawis, somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebis aqtiuri monawilis, kirion qarTlis kaTalikosis (VI-VII saukuneebis mijna) xelqveiT gaerTianebas.5 bizantiurisa da adgilobrivis, mTeli kulturul-istoriuli saqarTvelosaTvis saziaro mxatvruli dinebebis Serwyma-SeerTebis mkafio magaliTia drandis RvTismSoblis saxelobis taZari, romlis daTariRebaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. xuroTmoZRvruli analiziT g.CubinaSvili taZars mcxeTis jvris r.mefisaSvili saxelovnebaTmcodneo da (VIs.) variaciad miiCnevs,6 sabunebismetyvelo-fizikuri meTodebiT VIII saukuniT aTariRebs,7 xolo m.xotelaSvili da k.iakobsoni mas bizantiur Zeglad Tvlian da arqeologiuri masaliT VI saukuniT aTariReben.8 aguriT naSeni taZari, dabali da ganieri mravalsarkmliani gumbaTiT, mravalricxovani kar-sarkmlebiT, SuaSi rotonduli sivrciT gvianromauli memkvidreobaa. am nagebobaSi narTeqsisa da mTavari sivrcis SesasvlelTa RerZebis acdena VIII-IXss. zogadqarTul swrafvas exmianeba, sakurTxevlis sami SveriliT afsidis TaRebis gadabmis xerxi ki ~mcxeTis jvrisa~ da misi jgufis (Tundac martvilis taZris) gamocdilebas emyareba.9
1. d. TumaniSvili. Suasaukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erovnuli erTobis Sesaxeb. _ literatura da xelovneba, 3-6, 1993, gv. 177. 2. v. beriZe. kulturis Zeglebi afxazeTSi. _ jvari vazisa, I. Tb., 1995, gv. 65. 3. d. TumaniSvili. afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis raobisaTvis. _ zedaSe, I. Tb., 2005, gv. 80; i.berZeniSvili. afxazeTis ~sameklesiani bazilikebi~. - marTlmadidebloba afxazeTSi da erovnuli TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxebi. Tb., 2005, gv. 59. 4. s. janaSia. Sromebi, t. I. Tb., 1949, gv. 124. 5. z. aleqsiZe. epistoleTa wigni. Tb., 1968, gv. 167-168. 6. g. CubinaSvili. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, gv. 140-141. 7. . . ( VIII ). _ qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili IV saerTaSoriso simpoziumi. Tb., 1981, gv. 1,2. 8. . т , . . . ( ). _ , . 45. ., 1984, gv. 192200, 204-205. 9. d. TumaniSvili. dasax. naSromi, gv. 80., Л. Шервашидзе. Археологические раскопки в крепости Аба-анта. Полевые археологические исследование в 1976 г. Тб., 1979, gv. 233.
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SemdgomSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze sakulto nagebobebSi TandaTan Zlierdeba arabizantiuri sawyisi, Tumca kvlav aSeneben `sameklesian bazilikebs~. VII-VIII saukuneebSi aSenebuli abaanTisa10 da ambaris ~sameklesiani bazilikebi~, agreTve VIII-X saukuneebis qiaCis wm.mTavarangelozTa saxelobis ~sameklesiani bazilika~,11 romelic mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi cnobili salocavi yofila, im tendenciebs asaxaven, rac aRmosavleT da samxreTdasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi iCens Tavs (gegmarebis garTuleba, Sida kedlebis Zalovani SverilebiT damuSaveba). arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT gamovlenil, gardamavali xanis CxorTolis erTnavian darbazul eklesias IX-Xss. paralelebi javaxeTsa (xviliSa - VIIIIXss.) da Sida qarTlSi (sneqvi _ IX-Xss., eredvis beris saydari _ Xs., eredvis wm.giorgi _ 906w., kusireTi _ VIII-Xss., xeiTis sabawmida _ Xs., disevi _ Xs.) moepoveba,12 xolo wkelikaris darbazul eklesias (XIs.) ki _ javaxeTSi (agara _ Xs.).13 Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi da tendenciebi asaxulia afxazeTis IX-Xss. ZeglebSi, romlebic gardamavali xanis ukanasknel periods ganekuTvnebian da mravalferovani SemoqmedebiTi ZiebebiT gamoirCevian. am Ziebebis procesSi qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi gabatonebul adgils centralur-gumbaTovani nageboba ikavebs, romlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia aRmosavleT-dasavleTis wagrZelebuli formis nageboba.aseTi nagebobis masebi sivrceSi jvris formas qmnian. oTx Tavisuflad mdgar boZze dabjenili gumbaTi aRmarTulia taZris mklavebis gadakveTaze. taZris es tipi mravalferovania, igeba ~Tavisufali jvris~ da ~Cawerili jvris~ tipis taZrebi.1 `Cawerili jvris~ ZiriTad birTvs jvar-gumbaTovani struqtura Seadgens. es Tema droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTan viTardeba da rTuldeba, rac ZiriTadi erTiani kompoziciuri struqturisaTvis calkeul elementTa damatebaSi gamoisaxeba. anakofiis taZarSi, bzifSi warmodgenil ZiriTad kompozicias dasavleTiT narTeqsi emateba, romelic uSualod ZiriTad korpuss erwymis. aq karibWeebi gamoweul formas qmnian. anakofiis taZris gegma lixnSi meordeba. aq interiers, anakofiisagan gansxvavebuli, narTeqss zeviT moTavsebuli patronike amravalferovnebs. lixnis interieris grandiozulobisa da didebulebis STabeWdileba gaZlierebulia sami mxridan Semovlebuli orsarTuliani garSemosavleliTa da dasavleT mxares damatebuli ori svetiT. winare xanis arqiteqturul formaTa Ziebas srulyofili saxe aqvs miRebuli moqvis taZarSi. Tavisi mSvidi da mkacri simetriulobiT klasikuri xanis qarTul taZrebs ukavSirdebian bzifisa da anakofiis taZrebi. am periodis qarTul arqiteqturaSi damkvidrebul ~cxovelxatul~ stils asimetriulobiTa da dinamiurobiT exmianebian lixnisa da moqvis taZrebi. ~Cawerili jvris~ tipis ZeglebSi _ bzifi (IXs.), anakofia, lixni da moqvi (Xs. 60-iani wlebi, afxazTa mefe leon III-is, bagrat III-is mkvidri biZis agebuli) bizantielebis kvalic Cans. aseTia, magaliTad, SigniT Sezneqili segmentisagan Sedgenili gumbaTi, romelsac ingliselebi `gogriseburs~ uwodeben; sami Sverili afsidi aRmosavleT mxares da sadgomebis uSualod (dasavleTi kedlis gareSe) gaxsna Sua sivrcisaken. am niSnebis gamo, XIX saukunidan moyolebuli, maT bizantiuri xelovnebis qmnilebebad Tvlidnen. am eklesiebs aqvT metad sagulisxmo niSan-Tvisebebi da mxatvrul-istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi, romelTa mixedviT isini qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebia, `bizantizmebi~ ki mxolod 10. 11. 12 13
. . ..., gv. 73-74. d. TumaniSvili. afxazeTis qristianuli taZrebi. _ jvari vazisa, I, gv. 68. . r. xvistani. CxorTolis eklesia. – afxazeTi, I. Tb., 2006, gv. 129. . . . . . ., 1971, gv. 64.
1 . g.CubinaSvili, n.severovi. qarTuli arqiteqturis ganviTarebis gzebi. Tb., 1936, gv. 82-83., В.Беридзе. Некоторые вопросы..., gv. 7; misive: Zveli qarTuli..., gv. 47.
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minarevebia. oTxive taZari e.w. `Cawerili jvris~ tipisaa, oTx Tavisuflad mdgom burjze dabjenili gumbaTiT. aseTi agebulebis gumbaTiani nageboba X saukunidanaa gavrcelebuli balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, Zvel ruseTSi, konstantinopolsa da TesalonikSi, erTi sityviT, mTel aRmosavleT saqristianoSi. am saxis uadresi taZrebi sadReisod saqarTvelosa da somxeTSia mikvleuli. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi am saxis taZrebis uwyveti mwkrivi gvaqvs (wromi _ VIIIs., samSvilde _ VIIIs., iyalTo da ruisi _ VIII-IXss.), roca bizantiaSi ~Cawerili jvris~ arqiteqturuli Tema am periodSi axlad ikidebs fexs. `Cawerili jvris~ tipis afxazeTis taZrebSi uadresi bzifis taZaria, romelic aSkarad qarTlis Zeglebs ukavSirdeba. afxazeTSi am tipis sxva Senobebic (iseve rogorc `sameklesiani bazilika~) saerToqarTul niadagzea aRmocenebuli. qarTul samyaroze migviTiTebs aRniSnuli Zeglebis gare da Sida aRnagoba, sadac gumbaTqveSa TaRebi pirdapir burjebzea dayrdnobili; analogiuri bizantiuri Zeglebis gumbaTi ki dabal sabjenebze amoyvanil kedlebs eyrdnoba. afxazeTis taZrebis kedlebi garedan araa dacxriluldacxaurebuli bizantiuri ZeglebiviT. bzifis taZridan (IXs.) moqvis taZramde (Xs.) sakurTxevliskena RerZis gayolebiT SeiniSneba moculobaTa TandaTanobiTi sigrZivi zrda, bizantiur ZeglebSi ki, VII saukunidan moyolebuli, sapirispiro procesi xdeba _ sigrZivi RerZi TandaTanobiT mokldeba.2 lixnis dasavleTi patronikes ramdenime sarTulad dawyobili TaRedi, romelic bizantiuri arqiteqturisaTvis ucxoa, gurjaanis yvelawmindaSia damuSavebuli da ambaris ~sameklesian bazilikaSia~ gadmosuli. saqarTveloSi afxazeTis da kaxeTis ZeglebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli didi TaRovani bWeebi, rac agreTve ucnobia bizantiuri xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis. biWvinTis taZari gansxvavebuli gumbaTqveSa konstruqciis gamo `Cawerili jvris~ tipis taZrebSi calke jgufad gamoiyofa. Zegli mdebareobs Zveli naqalaqaris teritoriaze, Savi zRvis napiras, biWvinTis yureSi. taZris samxreTdasavleTiT arqeologebis mier aRmoCenilia abanos, sasaxlisa da taZrebis naSTebi; erT-erTi eklesiis iataki dafaruli iyo mozaikiT, romelic adreqristianul simbolur-alegoriul gamosaxulebebsa da ornamentul motivebs Seicavda (IV-Vss.). biWvinTis taZari jvar-gumbaTovani nagebobaa, magram dasavleTiT aqvs narteqsi da aRmosavleTiT sami Sverili afsidi. narTeqsi saqarTveloSi iSviaTia, Sverili afsidebi ki axasiaTebs adrindel qarTul eklesiebs, ufro gvian Savi zRvis sanapiros Zeglebs da aqa-iq aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebsac. biWvinTis taZris dasavleTis mklavi sammxrivi patronikeTia aRWurvili. taZris gumbaTi sakurTxevlis kedlebs eyrdnoba da ara oTx Tavisuflad mdgom burjs. qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi es Tema gardamaval xanaSi damuSavda. misi adreuli nimuSebi kaxeTsa da tao-klarjeTSi (barcxana, ozaani, xanZTa _ IX-Xss.) gvxvdeba, XI saukunidan ki mtkiced ikidebs fexs qarTul arqiteqturaSi. samwuxarod, Cvenamde ar mouRwevia bagrat III-is agebulsa da Cvens matianeSi didi aRtacebiT naxseneb bediis taZars. rogorc arqiteqtor-restavratorma l.ximSiaSvilma gaarkvia, axlandeli nageboba bagratiseulis naSTebzea daSenebuli XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi. samagierod manve gamoavlina Tavdapirveli eklesiis gegma, romelic daaxloebiT imgvarivea, rogorc zemoganxiluli gumbaTiani eklesiebisa.1 afxazeTis gardamavali xanis Zeglebs Semdegi Taviseburi niSnebi axasiaTebs: Sverili afsida aRmosavleTis mxares, taZris ZiriTadi sivrcisaken damatebiTi 2
. z. jangvelaZe. IX-X ss. saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba afxazeTSi. _ saistorio Ziebani, I. Tb., 1998, gv. 44. . v.beriZe. Zveli qarTuli..., gv. 44-45; l. ximSiaSvili. restavraciis zogierTi sakiTxi (wromi, bedia). _ Zeglis megobari, N 14, Tb., 1969, gv. 77. i. varsimaSvili. bedia. _ Zeglis megobari, N 31-32, Tb., 1973, gv. 31-32. 1
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kompartimentebis Tavisufali gaxsna, narTeqsi dasavleTis mxares, fasadTa Zunwi morTuloba. igive niSnebi sxva qarTuli regionebis saeklesio arqiteqturasac axasiaTebs, radgan igi zogadqarTuli movlenaa Sverili afsidebi aqvT vaCnaZianT yvelawmidas (VIIIs.) da ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis gelaTis mTavar taZars (XIIs.), timoTesubnis eklesias (XII-XIIIss.) da metexis taZars (XIIIs.). damatebiTi kompartimentebis Tavisufali gaxsna taZris ZiriTadi sivrcisaken cnobilia samSvildis sionSi (VIIIs.), ikorTasa (XIIs.) da XII-XIII saukuneebis sxva qarTul ZeglebSi. dasavleTis narTeqsi gvxvdeba wromis taZarSi. es forma marto bizantiur xuroTmoZRvrebas ar axasiaTebs, igi saerTodaa damaxasiaTebeli qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis.2 patronike Suasaukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, marTalia, aucilebel elements ar warmoadgens, magram mainc gvxvdeba (vaCnaZianT yvelawmida - IXs., alaverdis taZari XIs.). qarTul tradiciaze afxazeTis centralur-gumbaTovan taZrebSi mravali komponenti metyvelebs. afxazeTSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos msgavsad, kedlebis wyobaSi (biWvinTis garda) Tlili qvaa gamoyenebuli. orive regionSi gumbaTqveSa kvadratidan gumbaTis wreze gadasvlisas iyeneben epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel afrebs, bizantiaSi ki afrebis nacvlad _ trompebs. afxazeTisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos taZrebSi dasavleT-aRmosavleTis sigrZivi RerZis TandaTanobiTi dagrZeleba xdeba, bizantiur nagebobebSi ki piriqiT - sigrZivi RerZi mokldeba. afxazeTis taZrebs axasiaTebs sakurTxevlis afsidis naliseburi moyvaniloba da fasadTa Zunwi morTuloba. am niSniT isini kaxeTis Zeglebs uaxlovdebian, sadac, alaverdis taZris garda, yvela Zegli mourTvelia. absidis Crdilo mxareze ZiriTad navTan kariT dakavSirebuli, navTan SedarebiT mokle, Sesabamis fasadze safexurad SeWrili saTavsoebi aqvT gamoyenebuli iloris (XIs.), laSkendaris (X-XIss.), RumuriSis (XIs.) da aCanuas darbazul eklesiebs691, romelTa analogiuri kompoziciisa da xuroTmoZRvruli niSnebis mqone darbazuli eklesiebi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi (qarTli, javaxeTi, aragvis xeoba, raWa) gvxvdeba. aRniSnuli Zeglebi agrZeleben aRebuli epoqis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis xazs2. rusma arqeologma b. raevma q.adleris SemogarenSi (krasnaia polianas midamoebSi) XI-XIIIss. xuTi aSkarad qarTuli darbazuli eklesiis naSTi (lipniki, krien neroni, golicini, axSTiri) Seiswavla. am Zeglebis gegmareba da konstruqcia man saqarTvelos Zeglebis (drandisa da noqalaqevis) analogiurad miiCnia3. biWvinTaSi, mrambaSi, webeldaSi, anakofiaSi, soxumSi, kulambaSi, drandasa da gagraSi gamovlenilia VI-VIIIss. reliefuri skulpturis Zeglebi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili webeldis bareliefebs uWiravT. bibliuri siuJetebiT Semkuli aRniSnuli bareliefebi am regionSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gavlenis maCvenebelia. anakofiis cixis eklesiaSi berebis mier XIXs. aSenebul kedelSi Cayolebulia axlo-maxlo dangreuli eklesiebidan motanili X-XIss. reliefiani qvebi, romlebic qarTlisa da samxreT saqarTvelos reliefebs emsgavsebian.4
2
.
Л. Д. Рчеулишвили. Купольная..., gv. 77; p. zaqaraia. qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba
XI-XIII ss. Tb., 1990, gv. 29,
42. 691
. . ( XI ). ., 1963, gv. 78., . . , .4. , 1975, gv. 85; r. xvistani. qristianuli Zeglebi oqumiswylis zemo welze (RumuriSis eklesia). – Ziebani, #2. Tb., 1998, gv. 90; . . . . ., 1967, gv.91. 2 . . ...., gv.91. 3 . . . – , 1, ., 2008, gv. 148-149. 4 . . . ., 1962, gv. 77; d.TumaniSvili. afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis..., gv. 81.
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zogierTi avtori, warsulSic da dResac, saqarTvelosTan damakavSirebeli istoriul-kulturuli Zirebisa da kavSirebis ignorirebiTa da gayalbebiT amkvidrebs mcdar, tendenciur azrs afxazeTis istoriis, xelovnebis, kerZod ki, xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis sakuTari, damoukidebeli gzis arsebobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli avtorebi afxazeTis adre Sua saukuneebisa da gardamavali xanis eklesiebis zemoT ganxilul Tavisebur niSnebs, qarTuli paralelebis Segnebulad gverdis avliT, ~aRmosavlur-bizantiuri saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis afxazur-alanuri skolis~, an ~afxazuri xuroTmoZRvrebis~ Taviseburebad Tvlis,5 rac yovelgvar mecnierul safuZvels moklebulia. calkeuli gansxvavebuli niSnebis arseboba Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli logikuri, kanonzomieri movlenaa. mkveTri sxvaoba kaxeTis, qarTlisa da sxva qarTuli ~qveynebis~ xuroTmoZRvrul ZeglebSic vlindeba. aseT suraTs gvixatavs dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze SemorCenili adre Sua saukuneebisa da gardamavali xanis sakulto xuroTmoZRvreba. am suraTis gayalbeba SeiZleba, Secvla ki vera. sxva specialistTa gasarkvevia, ra enaze laparakobda imJamindeli afxazi, is ki uTuoa, rom igi qarTuli kulturuli samyaros monawile yofila, Sesabamisad, `qarTlis bedis~ moziarec unda iyos.6
5 . В. П. Пачулия. В стране золотого руна. М., 1863; Л.Д.Хрушкова. Скульптура раннесредневековой Абхазии. М., 1980; Ю.Н. Воронов. В мире архитектурных памятников Абхазии. М., 1978; История Абхазии. Под ред. С.А. Лакоба. Сухуми, 1991 da sxv. 6 . d. TumaniSvili. afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis..., gv. 88.
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Tavi VII. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. XIs. _ XVs. 1. afxazeTi XI saukunidan XIII saukunis 40-ian wlebamde Xs. 70-ian wlebSi, 978 wlidan `afxazTa~ samefos istoriaSi iwyeba axali epoqa, roca `afxazTa~ mefeebis mier dawyebuli brZola qarTuli miwebis SemoerTebisaTvis saqarTvelos gaerTianebiT dasrulda. amjerad am brZolis saTaveSi idga `afxazTa~ mefeebis kanonieri memkvidre da maTi saxelmwifoebrivi politikis gamgrZelebeli bagrat bagrationi _ giorgi II (922-957ww.) afxazTa mefis SviliSvili. bagrat III bagrationis (978-1014ww.) `afxazTa mefed~ kurTxeva ioane maruSis Zisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis ideis momxre qarTuli politikuri dasis SorsmWvreteluri gegmis Tanaxmad da daviT III taoelis samxedro daxmarebiT ganxorcielda692. ioane maruSisZe warmoSobiT dal-webelis, xeobidan iyo693. rogorc Cans, igi daaxloebuli iyo afxazTa samefo karTan, ramac ganapiroba misi xeldasma qarTlis erisTavad. swored aq, am politikuri Tvalsawieridan gamoCnda saqarTvelos gaerTianebis politikuri perspeqtiva, romelic realurad Seamzada obieqturma da subieqturma faqtorebma. cxadia, saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZola xangrZlivi da rTuli istoriuli procesi iyo. ioane maruSis Zis gegmis Tanaxmad, Tavdapirvelad `qarTvelTa~ da `afxazTa~ samefoebis gaerTianeba moxda. amis Semdeg bagrat IIIis ZiriTadi sazrunavi danarCeni qarTuli miwa-wylis SemoerTeba gaxda. am dros saqarTvelos samefos gareT rCeboda kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo, hereTis samefo da Tbilisis saamiro. 998 wels bagrat II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg samxreT saqarTvelos miwebis (tao-klarjeTis samTavros) mniSvnelovani nawili saqarTvelos samefos SemadgenlobaSi gadavida. miuxedavad imisa, rom bagratis Semdeg `qarTuelTa mefis~ tituls bagrat III-is mama gurgen mefeT-mefe daeufla694, mama-Svili SeTanxmebul politikas awarmoebdnen da es teritoria bagrat III-is controls daeqvemdebara. sazRvari `afxazTa~ da kaxeTis samefoebs Soris am dros md. qsanze gadioda. Tbilisi da qvemo qarTlis nawili Tbilisis mahmadiani amiras gamgeblobaSi Sedioda. CrdiloeTiT `afxazTa~ samefo saamiros diRmis xevze esazRvreboda. X saukunidan qvemo qarTlis mniSvnelovani nawili _ samSvilde, bolnisi, dmanisi, lore, lore-taSiri (igive taSirZoraketi) kvirikian mefeTa samflobelo iyo, romlis mefeebi taSirZoraketelebad iwodebodnen. samxreT _ dasavleT saqarTvelo bagrationTa taos 692.
m. lorTqifaniZe. mefe bagrat mesame. Tb., 2002, gv .25-26. maruSianTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb ix.: n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII. Tb., 1975, gv. 610. q. CxataraiSvili. abulasan iobis Zis warwera webeldidan da misi istoriuli mniSvneloba. _ saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VI. Tb., 1990, gv. 98. 694 bagratis mier `qarTuelTa mefis~ titulis miRebis qronologiaze mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. Tavis droze, iv. javaxiSvili miuTiTebda, rom bagrat III-m `qarTuelTa mefis~ tituli 1008 wels, mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg miiRo (iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, t. II. Tb., 1983, gv. 130-131). m. lorTqifaniZis, n. SoSiaSvilisa da v. silogavas azriT, am tituls bagrati 1001 wlidan flobda (qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. I, gv. 56; qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. II, gv. 52-53). `matiane qarTlisaÁsa~ da sxva saistorio wyaroebze dakvirvebis safuZvelze z. papasqiri mivida im daskvnamde, rom bagrats `qarTuelTa mefis~ tituli unda mieRo bagrat II `reguenis~ gardacvalebis, e. i. 994 wlis Semdeg (z. papasqiri. erTiani qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos warmoqmna da saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareobis zogierTi sakiTxi. Tb. 1990. gv. 75-82). sinamdvileSi es unda momxdariyo 1008 wels, rasac epigrafikuli masalac adasturebs (l. axalaZe. qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebi `afxazTa~ mefeTa titulaturis Sesaxeb. _ saistorio Ziebani, 2004, #7, gv. 26-27.) 693.
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Stos warmomadgenlebis xelSi iyo. mis erT nawils (amiertao, SavSeT-klarjeTi, samcxe _ javaxeTi da sxv.) jer bagrat II `reguenis~, xolo misi gardacvalebis Semdeg bagrat III-is mama gurgen mefeT-mefe marTavda. samxreT saqarTvelos meore nawils bagrationTa Soris yvelaze Zlieri da saxelmoxveWili mefe daviT III kurapalati flobda. misi samefo samxreTiT vanis sazRvramde aRwevda. aseTi iyo saqarTvelos politikuri ruka X saukunis bolosa da XI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis.695 bunebrivia, bagrat III-is winaSe metad rTuli amocana idga – afxazTa samefosTan gaeerTianebina zemoT dasaxelebuli qarTuli provinciebi. 975 wels, roca bagratis erTgulebaze qarTlis aznaurebma daifices, `afxazTa~ samefoSi bagratis biZa usinaTlo Teodosi mefobda, romelsac taxtis memkvidre ar hyavda. qveynis gaerTianebis interesebidan gamomdinare, usinaTlo Teodosi bagrat mefem taoSi daviT kurapalatTan gagzavna: `gamogzavna Teodosi mefe, dedis Zma misi, taos winaSe daviT kurapalatisa, kacTa, didTa da mcireTa, sasoeba keTilisa, gina SiSi uwesoebisaTvis aqundes.~696 matianis avtoris sityvebidan Cans, rom es nabiji gadaidga qveynis politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare. iv. javaxiSvilis sityvebiT, bagratis gverdiT usinaTlo Teodosis yofna iZleoda sababs SeTqmulebisa da aSkara gamosvlebisaTvis, `win gadaeRobeboda bagratis politikas~..697 es istoriuli movlena istoriografiaSi erTmniSvnelovnad Sefasebulia, rogorc qveynis gaerTianebisaken gadadgmuli erT_erTi umniSvnelovanesi nabiji.698 afxazi istorikosis m. gunbas azriT ki es iyo `sasaxlis gadatrialeba~, romlis safuZvelze moxda `afxazuri~ samefo dinastiis taxtidan Camocileba da bagrationTa mier afxazTa samefo taxtis xelSi Cagdeba699. aRniSnuli mosazreba Tavis droze gamoTqva rusma istorikosma k. kudriavcevma, rasac m. gunba Tavisi monografiis ramdenime gverdze imeorebs. ufro metic, is aviTarebs rusi istorikosis azrs, TiTqosda miuxedavad imisa, rom bagrat mesame dedis xaziT marTla miekuTvneboda `afxazTa~ samefo dinastias, Teodosi II-is taxtidan Camogdebis Semdeg afxazTa samefos taxti daikava ara erovnulma, aramed sxva, am qveynisaTvis sruliad ucxo _ bagrationebis samefo dinastiam700. mxolod amiT SeiZleba aixsnas, _ agrZelebs m. gunba, _ is mRelvarebebi, romelebic xdeboda afxazeTSi Teodosi II-is taxtidan Camogdebis Semdeg701. am SemTxvevaSi konkretulad romeli mRelvarebebi aqvs avtors mxedvelobaSi, gaugebaria, radgan saistorio wyaroebSi ar dasturdeba arcerTi faqti, romelic mowmobdes afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos, an Tundac sakuTriv afxazeTis) feodalebis separatistul ganwyobas centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, romelic TiTqosda gamowveuli iyo `afxazTa~ samefos gauqmebiT.702 piriqiT, Cvenamde moRweuli yvela wyaro miuTiTebs, rom bagrat III-is gamefebis procesSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos feodalebi: `amanve ivane maruSis-Zeman ineba, raTa moiyvanos bagrat mefed afxazeTisa da mis Tana yovelTa didebulTa, erisTavTa da aznaurTa afxazeTisa da qarTlisaTa gamoiTxoves bagrat mefed daviT kurapalatisagan~703, _ wers `matiane qarTlisais~ avtori. rogorc vxedavT, bagratis gamefebis saqmeSi erTsulovneba iyo, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis), ise qarTlis feodalebis mxridan. 695 m. lorTqifaniZe. brZola saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis (X saukunis dasasr. _XI s. 60-iani wlebi). _ saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. III. Tb., 1979, gv. 153. 696 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 276. 697 . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, t. 2, gv. 126. 698 . iv. javaxiSvili, z. anCabaZe, m. lorTqifaniZe, z. papasqiri, r. metreveli, g. gabunia da a. S. 699 . . . . II ( XI _ XIII .). , 1999, gv. 78. 700. . . . , 1922, gv.120. 701. . . . II , gv. 66. 702. aRniSnuli mosazreba ekuTvnis k. kudriavcevs, romelic Semdeg Serbilebuli formiT gamoTqva S. inal-ifam, xolo m. gunbas monografiaSi man kategoriuli saxe miiRo. 703. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 275.
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bagrat III iyo kanonieri memkvidre `afxazTa~ mefeebis samefo dinastiisa da, ufro metic, bagrati Tavad iwoda `afxazTa mefed~. sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom amieridan bagrat III-is da SemdegSi gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos sxva mefeebis titulaturac iwyeboda `afxazTa mefiT~ da grZeldeboda momdevno periodSi SemoerTebuli qarTuli miwebis dasaxelebiT. ase, magaliTad, bagrat III-is samefo titulaturaSi aisaxa saqarTvelos istoriuli regionebis TandaTanobiT gaerTianebis procesi. 989-999 wlebiT daTariRebul bediis barZimis warweraSi igi dasaxelebulia rogorc `bagrat afxazTa mefe704~. imave tituliTaa igi warmodgenili atenis sionis 980 wlis warweraSic705. quTaisis bagratis taZris 1001-1008 wlebis warweraSi bagrat mefis tituli ase gamoiyureba: `afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefe da kurapalati~.1 warweraSi aisaxa 1001 wels bagratis mier `kurapalatis~ titulisa da 1008 wels mamis - gurgen mefeT-mefis gardacvalebis nikorwmindis taZris 1010-1014 Semdeg `qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis miReba.2 wlebis lapidaruli warwera bagrat III-s uwodebs `afxazTa da ranTa mefes da qarTvelTa kurapalats,~3 e.i. warwera Sesrulebulia mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos samefom 1010-1014 wlebSi rani SemoierTa. imave TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa WiaTuris raionis sof. kacxis eklesiis warwera, romelSic bagrati ase ixsenieba: `afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefe, taoÁsa da ranTa, kaxTa da yovlisa aRmosavalisa didi kurapalati”4. sumbat daviTis Zis mixedviT, gurgen mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi Ze `bagrat afxazTa mefe, kurapalati didi, daeufla taos mamulsa TÂssa, da daipyra yoveli kavkasia TÂTmpyrobelobiTa jiqeTiTgan vidre gurgenadmde”5. sumbatis mier dasaxelebuli istoriuli movlenebi asaxulia kacxis warweraSi dasaxelebul bagrat mefis titulaturaSi. amrigad, bagrat III-is samefo titulatura namdvilad asaxavs saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis TandaTanobiT process. momdevno saukuneebSi qarTvel mefeTa titulatura axali teritoriebis Semomtkicebis kvalobaze kidev ufro gaizarda, magram im mxaris _ afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) saxeli, saidanac daiwyo qveynis gaerTianebis procesi, ucvlelad pirvel adgilze darCa. amis gamo zogierTi ucxo avtori saqarTvelos uwodebda `afxazeTs”, xolo gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebs SemoklebiT _ `afxazTa mefes”.6 qarTuli wyaroebis garda, `afxazeTi~, rogorc erTiani qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis saxeli, mudmivad figurirebs im periodis ucxoenovan istoriul wyaroebSi, kerZod, somxur7, berZnul8, arabul9, sparsul10 da TviT rusul11 wyaroebSic ki.
704.
g. CubinaSvili. bediis oqros barZimi. _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 1940, X, b. qarTuli warwerebis korpusi. freskuli warwerebi, I, atenis sioni. gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTes g. abramiSvilma da z. aleqsiZem. Tb., 1989, gv. 177, #47. 1. qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. II. gv. 53, #33. 2. l. axalaZe. qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebi `afxazTa~ mefeTa titulaturis Sesaxeb, gv. 29. 3. qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. II, gv. 55, #35. 4 . iqve, gv. 56, #36. 5 . sumbat daviTis Ze. cxovrebaÁ da uwyebaÁ bagratonianTa. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, SevniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo g. araxamiam. Tb., 1990, gv. 53. ix.: qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 281. 6 . aRniSnul sakiTxze ixileT: n. lomouri, saqarTvelos saxelwodebani bizantiur wyaroebSi. _ saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, gv. 82,83; g. jafariZe. qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelos arabuli saxelwodebebi. – iqve, gv. 132,134; z. papasqiri. afxazeTi _ saqarTveloa. Tb., 1998, gv.141-142; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., I, gv. 67-68; Sdr. l. axalaZe. qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebi `afxazTa~ mefeTa titulaturis Sesaxeb, gv. 30-31. 7. aristakes lastivertci. istoria. qarTuli Targmani gamokvleviT, komentarebiT da saZieblebiT gamosca e. cagareiSvilma. Tb., 1974, gv. 42; vardan arevelci. msoflio istoria. Zveli somxuridan Targmnes n. SoSiaSvilma da e. kvaWantiraZem. Sesavali, komentarebi da saZieblebi daurTo e. kvaWantiraZem. Tb., 2004, gv. 122. `afxazi~ qarTvelis aRmniSvnel sityvad gamoyenebuli aqvs XIII saukunis somex istorikoss stefanos orbeliansac. ix.: stefanos orbeliani. `cxovreba orbelianTa~-s Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi. somxuri teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa da komentarebiT gamosca l. davlianiZe-tatiSvilma. Tb., 1978, gv. 34. 8. n. lomouri. saqarTvelos saxelwodebani bizantiur wyaroebSi, gv. 83-88; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., I, gv. 67. 9 g. jafariZe. qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelos arabuli saxelwodebebi, gv. 132-134; 705
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rac Seexeba e. w. afxazur istoriografiaSi ganviTarebul zemoTmotanil Tezas, TiTqosda bagrat III-is gamefebiT dasrulda afxazTa samefos arseboba da Seilaxa afxazi eris saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi, is ver uZlebs veranair kritikas, radgan bagrat III, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, iyo kanonieri memkvidre giorgi II afxazTa mefisa da Tavdapirvelad 978 wlidan vidre 1008 wlamde igi iseve flobda `afxazTa~ samefos miwebs, rogorc misi winamorbedi mefeebi. ar Secvlila am saxelmwifos saxeli da samefos dedaqalaqi, ar Secvlila `afxazTa samefos~ saxelmwifoebrivi da samarTlebrivi iersaxe. piriqiT, bagrat III-m gaagrZela da gaafarTova Tavisi winaprebis mier dawyebuli rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi, aseve saeklesio politika. maT Soris pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT qarTuli miwebis SemoerTebisaTvis brZola. rogorc zemoT iyo naCvenebi, jer kidev giorgi I afxazTa mefis (861-868ww.) zeobis dros daiwyo da gagrZelda bagrat I-is (881-893ww.), konstantine III-is (893_922ww.), giorgi II-is (922957ww.) da leon III-is (957-967ww.) saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobaSi. bagrat mesamis saSinao politikis gansazRvrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mis mier ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi qarTlis feodalebis mimarT ufliscixis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. swrafi, Semtevi da Seuvali politikiT mefem gamoavlina mtkice damokidebuleba feodaluri opoziciis mimarT, riTac sabolood aRkveTa qarTlis feodalTa TviTneboba. garda amisa, bagrat mesame gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda kaxeTis SemoerTebis sakiTxs da kaxi mefeebis winaaRmdeg gadamWreli brZolisaTvis emzadeboda. zemoT ukve aRiniSna, Tu ra Seupovar brZolas eweodnen giorgi II da leon III kaxeTis SemoerTebisaTvis. kaxeTisaTvis brZola sabolood bagrat III-m daasrula da 1008 wels mamis _ gurgen mefeT-mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg, kaxeTze gailaSqra. `ganuwyra bagrat afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefe (kaxeTis qorepiskoposs daviTs _ avt.) da kurapalati iyo mas Jamsa dlivs, rameTu ganagebda saqmeTa taosa da qarTlisaTa, romel maSin TÂTve epyra tao micvalebasa zeda mamisa maTisa gurgen mefeT-mefisa. wargzavna kaci moswrafed, awÂa spaTa afxazeTisa da qarTlisaTa, da TÂT waremarTa zemoTa laSqriTa, gaiara TrialeTi, gavlo Ãidi mcxeTisa. da moerTnes Tana afxazni da qarTvelni. dadga TianeTs da... iwyo brZolad cixeTa da mas Jamsa aRiRo queyana hereTisa, da ganaCina mTavrad abulal da warmovida Sina.~1 sabolood, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirvelma mefem SeZlo, `afxazTa~ mefeebis mier dawyebuli saqme _ brZola kaxeTis SemoerTebisaTvis warmatebiT daesrulebina. bagrat III-m tradiciulad gaagrZela `afxazTa~ mefeebis mier dawyebuli saeklesio politikac. pirvel rigSi, es exeboda berZnuli saeklesio centrebis gauqmebasa da axali qarTuli kaTedrebis daarsebas. rogorc zemoT iyo naCvenebi, afxazTa mefeebma konstantine III-m, giorgi II-m da leon III-m dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispira regionSi SemorCenil berZnul samitropolito kaTedrebs daupirispires qveynis Sida raionebSi agebuli qarTuli saeklesio kaTedrebi, romlebic afxazeTis sakaTalikosos meSveobiT ukve mcxeTis sakaTalikosos eqvemdebarebodnen; amis naTeli dadasturebaa giorgi II-is mier xofis, agreTve qiaCis, Wyondidis taZrebis mSenebloba, leon III-is mier moqvisa da wirqolis saydrebis mSeneblobis istoria. es taZrebi agebuli iqna berZnuli samitropolitoebis sapirispirod da maT gasauqmeblad, dasavlurqarTuli eklesiis mcxeTasTan gaerTianebis mizniT. X s. 70-iani wlebidan bagrat III energiulad cdilobda Tavisi winaprebis mier dawyebuli saqmis dagvirgvinebas. `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ avtoris sityvebiT: `...aRaSena saydari bediisa da Seqmna 10. d. kobiZe. termin `afxazis~ mniSvneloba sparsuli wyaroebis mixedviT; k. tabataZe. saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli terminebi X-XVss. sparsuli wyaroebis mixedviT. – saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, gv. 218-222. 11 . . . ., 1982, gv. 116-123. 1. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 278-279.
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saydrad saepiskoposod, mocvala mun gudayÂsa saepiskoposo, Sewirna sofelni mravalni yovelTa ÃevTa da adgilTa, ganasrula yovliTa gangebiTa, Seamko yovliTa samkauliTa eklesia, akurTxa da dasua episkoposi.~2 istoriuli wyaroebis damowmebiT, aSkarad Cans, rom berZnuli saepiskoposoebis `mocvla~ da qarTulis daarseba jer kidev IX_X ss. mijnaze daiwyo da tradiciulad gagrZelda bagrat III-is saeklesio politikaSi3. es faqti kidev erTi dadasturebaa imisa, rom bagrat mesame Rirseuli gamgrZelebelia winamorbedTa saqmisa da is `ucxo~ da `dampyrobel~ Zalas ar warmoadgenda dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifos politikur arenaze. es iyo mizanmimarTuli politika, romelic iTvaliswinebda dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis mcxeTis iurisdiqciis qveS srul moqcevas. aRniSnuli procesi sabolood bagrat III-is mefobis wlebSi dasrulda4. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda sami administraciuli erTeulis _ cxumis, odiSis5 da afxazeTis saerisTavos saxiT6. odiSis saerisTavo moicavda Tanamedrove afxazeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTs _ galis, oCamCirisa da gulrifSis raionebs; cxumis saerisTavoSi Sedioda yofili afSileTis teritoria mdinare kelasuridan anakofiamde. afxazTa saerisTavo ki moicavda teritorias Tanamedrove axali aTonidan (anakofiidan) nikofsiamde. Tavis droze, `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~ teqstis araswori interpretaciis safuZvelze, z. anCabaZis mier gamoiTqva mosazreba, TiTqos cxumisa da afxazeTis saerisTavoebi Tamaris epoqaSi gaerTiandnen, radgan es administraciuli erTeulebi dasaxlebuli iyo afxazi mosaxleobiT1. es mosazreba damajereblad iqna uaryofili, radgan sxva wyaroebiT Tamaris epoqaSi cxumis erisTavad amanelisZe dasturdeba, xolo oTaRo SarvaSisZe iyo `afxazTa~ erisTavi.2 zemoTdasaxelebuli odiSis, cxumisa da afxazeTis erisTavebi, iseve, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva erisTavebi Tavdapirvelad emorCilebodnen msaxurTuxucess. etyoba, es tradicia jer kidev afxazTa samefodan modioda, roca msaxurTuxucesi samefo karze wamyvan politikur figuras warmoadgenda. afxazeTis saerisTavos moqcevas erTian qarTul saxelmwifoSi uaryofiTad afaseben k. kudriavcevi, S. inal-ifa i. voronovi, m. gunba da sxvebi. isini aRniSnaven, rom bagrat III-is mier gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTi iqca `Cveulebriv Soreul, migdebul provinciad~.3 es mosazreba veranair kritikas ver uZlebs da ar Seesabameba simarTles, radgan, jer erTi, gaerTianebisa da sazRvrebis gafarToebis tendencia `afxazTa~ samefodan modioda da, meore, bagrat III winamorbedi afxazTa mefeebis msgavsad quTaisSi ijda da saxelmwifoebrivi Tu saeklesio mSeneblobis sakiTxebSic maT mier dawyebul politikur kurss agrZelebda. ufro metic, misi iniciativiT aigo bediis taZari, ris Semdeg wamoiwia da gafarTovda Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriis kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi mniSvneloba. amieridan, bediis taZari gaxda am epoqis saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi saeklesio centri, vaxuStis TqmiT, simbolo qveynis Zlierebisa da simdidrisa4, romelic samefo 2.
iqve, gv. 281. saeklesio kaTedrebis `mocvlis~ Sesaxeb ixileT: b. kudava. dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia IX-XI ss. 4. b. kudava. afxazTa sakaTalikosos istoriidan (IX_XIII ss). _ qarTuli diplomatia, t. 9. Tb., 2002, gv. 579. 5. romelsac vaxuSti bediis saerisTavos uwodebs. 6. m. baxtaZe. erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2003, gv. 245-249. 1. . . ..., gv. 177-178. 2. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT: g. cqitiSvili. `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~ erTi adgilis wakiTxvisaTvis. _ saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi. Tb., 1966. gv. 222-227; i. anTelava. masalebi `istoriaTa da azmaTa~ teqstis dadgenisa da interpretaciisaTvis. - XI-XIV ss. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi. Tb., 1988, gv. 42-47; m. baxtaZe. erisTavobis instituti..., gv. 245-249. 3. . . , gv. 122; . . ..., gv. 67; . . _ ? . 1993. gv. 8-12; . . . II , gv. 67. 4. qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 780. 3.
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saZvaledac ki iqca. bediis taZris mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs isic, rom zviad erisTavma, swored aq dakrZala bagrati da ara quTaisSi mis mier axlad agebul bagratis taZarSi. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze am epoqaSi aigo sxva mniSvnelovani saeklesio da saero daniSnulebis Zeglebi, maT Soris ilorisa da lixnis taZrebi, bagratis cixe soxumTan axlos, besleTis xidi5, saTamaSas cixe da a.S. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom aRniSnuli mSeneblobebis saTaveSi TviT mefe bagrati, an adgilobrivi msxvili saeklesio da saero feodalebi idgnen. magaliTad, iloris taZris qtitorebi iyvnen mTavarepiskoposi giorgi, mRvdeli giorgi qoColava da mxaris gamgebeli giorgi gurgenisZe. ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mivaqcioT im faqtsac, rom afxazi avtorebis sityvebiT, swored bagrat III-is droidan gvxvdeba qarTuli warwerebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze6. sinamdvileSi qarTuli epigrafika dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze VIII-IX saukuneebidan aris SemorCenili. ufro metic, dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze yvelaze Zvel qarTul epigrafikul Zeglad iTvleba gudauTis raionSi msigxvas mTaze aRmoCenili 48 qarTuli warwera antefiqsebze7. aseve giorgi II afxazTa mefis warwera gudauTis raionis sof. xofis wm. nikolozis saxelobis taZarze da a.S. afxazi avtorebi cdiloben, saerTod ar axsenon afxazTa mefeebis dakveTiT agebuli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi, romlebzec qarTuli warwerebia daculi da saubroben berZnuli warwerebis simravleze maSin, roca Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze mxolod sami aTeuli berZnuli lapidaruli warwera Tu aris moZiebuli1, xolo qarTuli lapidaruli, freskuli da Weduri warwerebis raodenoba asamde aRwevs, afxazuri ki, samwuxarod, saerTod ar arsebobs. gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos gaZlierebis pirobebSi istoriuli `afxazTa samefo~ da dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria CarTuli iyo erTian qarTul sazogadoebriv-politikur da kulturul-ekonomikur sivrceSi. es dadasturebulia yvela istoriul wyaroSi, romelic am periodis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs2. afxazeTi da afxazebi, iseve rogorc danarCeni istoriuli mxareebi da maTi mosaxleoba, Canan gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani politikuri procesis SuagulSi. afxaz mkvlevarTa erTi nawili dRemde saubrobs XI saukunis qarTul politikur samyaroSi arsebul `afxazTa~ separatistul moZraobaze, romelic gamovlinda bagrat IV-is epoqaSi misi naxevarZmis demetre ufliswulis samefo taxtisaTvis brZolis dros. demetre iyo giorgi I-is vaJi meore qorwinebidan ovsTa mefis asulis aldesagan, romelic giorgi I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg afxazeTSi, kerZod, qalaq anakofiaSi cxovrobda. demetres faqtori bagrat IV-is winaaRmdeg kargad gamoiyena bizantiis imperiam da misi dapirispireba scada saqarTvelos mefesTan. 1032 wels bizantiis waqezebiT, demetre ufliswulis irgvliv organizebul iqna SeTqmuleba, romelic iTvaliswinebda bagrat IV-is taxtidan Camogdebas da demetre ufliswulis gamefebas. z.anCabaZis azriT, radgan SeTqmulebis centri iyo anakofia, unda vifiqroT, rom antisaxelisuflebo SeTqmulebaSi monawileobdnen calkeuli afxazi
5. marTalia, am xids mosaxleoba Tamaris xids uwodebs, magram masze dacul qarTul asomTavrul warweraSi ikiTxeba mefe bagrati, romelic bagrat III unda iyos. ix: T.barnaveli. besleTis xidis TariRisaTvis. – macne 1970, #6, gv. 143; v.beriZe. kulturis Zeglebi afxazeTSi. – jvari vazisa, 1995, #6, gv. 66; l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro (lapidaruli da freskuli warwerebi) I, Tb., 2005, gv. 181. 6 . . . II ..., gv. 65; . . , . . . . , 2007, gv. 152. 7. . . . . _ . , 1967, gv. 67; qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. II, gv. 30-31; v. silogava. Samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika. Tb., 2004, gv. 257-259; l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika, rogorc saistorio wyaro, gv. 140-146. 1. T. yauxCiSvili. saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusi. Tb., 2004, gv. 59-72. 2. Sdr. . . . XI_XV ., gv. 180-181.
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feodalebic3. aRniSnul mosazrebas kidev ufro aviTarebs da gansxvavebul interpretacias aZlevs m.gunba, romelsac ar aeWvebs demetre ufliswulis SeTqmulebaSi afxazi (m. gunbas azriT, afsua) feodalebis aqtiuri monawileoba, radgan maT kargad axsovdaT qarTveli feodalebis mier TiTqos mowyobili sasaxlis gadatrialeba da afxazuri samefo dinastiis CamoSoreba xelisuflebidan. m.gunbas mtkicebiT, afxaz feodalebs am saqmeSi TavianTi politikuri interesebi amoZravebdaT.4 sinamdvileSi afxazeTis maSindeli mosaxleobis damokidebuleba saqarTvelos mefis xelisuflebisadmi kargad aris gamoxatuli afxazTa erisTavis oTaRo WaWas-Zis saqmianobaSi, romelic mxarSi edga saqarTvelos mefes da meTaurobda anakofiis alyas. `matiane qarTlisaÁs~ ucnobi avtoris sityvebiT, `iyo Jami gazafxulisa da bagrat afxazeTs iyo; moadga anakofias da miswura wasaRebelad... wamovida da moayena anakofias gare quabulel WaWas Ze oTaRo afxazeTisa laSqriTa.~5 es politikuri siuJeti aranairad ar iZleva saSualebas, vifiqroT cxumisa da afxazeTis saerisTavoTa mosaxleobis separatistul ganwyobaze maSindeli saqarTvelos mefis winaaRmdeg6. piriqiT, am SemTxvevaSi oTaRo WaWas Ze saqarTvelos mefis erTguli moxele da misi politikuri mxardamWeria. aSkarad Cans, rom es mxare gacilebiT met erTgulebas iCenda bagrat IV-is mimarT, vidre saqarTvelos sxva kuTxis feodalebi. bagrat IV-m anakofiis cixe swored oTaRo WaWas Zis aqtiuri daxmarebiT daubruna saqarTvelos samefos. afxazi istorikosebis mosazrebas aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba meore qarTuli wyaro `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba~, romelic mogviTxrobs, bagrat IV-is mier tradiciulad zamTrobiT afxazeTSi mogzaurobaze. `ganagna raÁ saqmeni mis Jamisani RmrTismsaxurman mefeman da rameTu mowevnulca iyo Jami zamTrisaÁ, da Cveulebisaebr TÂsisa warvida afxazeTad, da awÂa bersaca (igulisxmeba patriki _ avt.) warslvad, rÁaTa mun daizamTros da ganisuenos... da viTarca warmovemarTeniT da miviwieniT Wyondids, mefe sruliad afxazeTs STaslvad waremarTa, xolo Cuen episkoposman Wyondidelman ara gangvtevna, rameTu mowafe iyo berisaÁ~.1 rogorc wyarodan Cans, bagrat IV `Cveulebisaebr~ samefos am nawilSi xSirad mogzaurobda da samefo saqmeebs ganagebda. yuradRebas imsaxurebs matianis am cnobis erT konkretuli detali. kerZod, mematiane erTgan ambobs, rom mefe `warvida afxazeTad~, xolo meoregan akonkretebs `mefe sruliad afxazeTs STaslvad waremarTa~. safiqrebelia, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi afxazeTi gamoyenebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelobiT, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi sityvebSi: `sruliad afxazeTs~, igulisxmeba sakuTriv afxazeTis saerisTavo, anu cxumis saerisTavos iqiTa teritoria. SeiZleba saintereso paraleli gavavloT `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovrebis” am cnobasa da lixnis warwerebs Soris. cnobili faqtia, rom lixnis warwerebis erTi nawili Sesrulebulia giorgi mTawmindelis saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis Semdeg _ uaxloes momdevno periodSi. lixnis cnobil warweraSi kometis gamoCenis Sesaxeb dasaxelebulia bagrat IV da es faqti daTariRebulia misi mefobis wlebiT. kometa gamoCenila bagrat IV_is mefobis 38-e indiqtions, e.i. 1066 wels. imave lixnis taZris dasavleTi kedlis Selesilobaze meore sarTulze, qoredis TaRis marcxena mxares, sarkmelsa da TaRs Soris darCenil monakveTze moTavsebulia wiTeli saRebaviTa da gardamavali mxedruliT 3
. .
.
..., gv. 179. daaxloebiT msgavs azrs aviTareben s.lakoba da o.bRaJba. ixileT: , 2007, gv. 151. 4. . . . II , gv. 91. 5. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 299. 6. aRniSnuli faqti istoriografiaSi Sefasebulia, rogorc brZola samefo xelisuflebisaTvis. ix.: . . XI-XV , gv. 180. 1. giorgi mcire. cxovreba giorgi mTawmindelisa. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo i. lolaSvilma. Tb., 1994, gv. 222; . , . . . ., 1988, gv. 31. .
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Sesrulebuli warwera, romelSic vaCe protospaTari da ipatosi da petrik patriki da ioane mwignobarTuxucesi arian dasaxelebuli.2 petrik patriki aris XI saukunis saqarTvelos gamoCenili politikuri moRvawe, mefe bagrat IV-is ndobiT aRWurvili piri da misi warmomadgeneli bizantiis saimperatoro karze3. misi Zma iyo XI saukunis saqarTvelos aseve cnobili sasuliero moRvawe ioane Wyondideli, romelmac Wyondidis saepiskoposo kaTedra daikava wm. giorgi mTawmindelis rekomendaciiT, rodesac am ukanasknelma uari ganacxada bagrat IV-is SemoTavazebaze am kaTedris dakavebis Taobaze.4 `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovrebaSi~ cnoba bagratis afxazeTSi mogzaurobisa da beri patrikis dasvenebis Sesaxeb, paralels poulobs patrikis `sruliad afxazeTSi~ (e.i. sakuTriv afxazeTSi) CasvlasTan, mis moRvaweobasTan lixnis taZarSi da Semdeg aqedan bizantiaSi gamgzavrebasTan. swored am movlenebis aRsaniSnavad Seiqmna lixnis warwera petrik patrikis, ioane Wyondidelisa da vaCes moxseniebiT. imave lixnis taZris erT-erT warweraSi kurapalatis tituliT dasaxelebulia giorgi II (1072-1089ww.), bagrat IV-is vaJi, romelic jer kidev yrma yofila. warweris avtori ufals evedreba: `adide, daicev, gazarde, akurTxe da dRegrZel-yav da mraval-yvin welni mefobisa misisani~.5 warwera Sesrulebulia giorgi II-is pirveli gamefebis Semdeg, rodesac igi jer kidev sruliad yrma iyo. `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovrebaSi” asaxuli faqti - bagratis mier `Cveulebisaebr~ afxazeTSi da sruliad afaxazeTSi mogzauroba paralels poulobs agreTve daviTis istorikosis, Tamarisa da laSa-giorgis droindeli mematianis Txzulebis cnobebSic. kerZod, bagrat IV-is msgavsad, daviT aRmaSenebeli, giorgi II, Tamari, laSa-giorgi da saqarTvelos sxva mefeebi `Cveulebisaebr~ midian `afxazeTSi~, raTa `ganagon saqmeni mandaurni~. aRniSnul detals imeorebs zemoTdasaxelebuli yvela wyaro, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs imas, Tu ra did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen qarTveli mefeebi saqarTvelos am istoriul kuTxes. Tamaris meore istorikosis sityvebiT: `Jam gardvidian afxazeTs da ganagian saqmeni mandaurni da moinadirian keTili igi sanadiro - geguTi da ajameTi~706. meoregan igive istorikosi acxadebs, rom Tamari xSirad stumrobda cxums, sadac mas erT-erTi sazafxulo rezidencia hqonda: `xolo mefe Tamar zamTris durs iyvis da zafxulis kolas da celis tbasa, zogjer gardavidis afxazeTs: geguTs da cxums..~707 sakuTriv afxazeTis mimarT gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba Cans laSagiorgis (1213-1223ww.) saSinao politikaSic. winamorbedTa msgavsad, isic `mxiaruliTa piriTa movlidis samefosa TÂssa gansagebelTa saqmeTaTÂs. gardavidis queiTi ajameTs, nadirobdis cxums da afxazeTs, ganagnis saqmeni mandaurni.~708 amrigad, qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebisa da naratiuli Txzulebebis cnobebi adastureben, rom Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos `erTi migdebuli Soreuli provincia~ ki ar iyo, aramed qveynis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da wamyvani mxare, sadac gamoCenili saero da saeklesio pirebi did saeklesio da saero saqmianobas eweodnen. saqarTvelos mefeebic `Cveulebisaebr~ xSirad Camodiodnen samefos am nawilSi da `ganagebdnen~ `mandaur~ saqmeebs.
2.
v. silogava. samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika, gv. 207. el. metreveli. ioane patrikisa da petrik patrikis identifikaciisaTvis. kulturul-saganmanaTleblo keris istoriidan. Tb., 1996, gv. 196-225. 4. giorgi mcire. cxovreba giorgi mTawmindelisa, gv. 173, 204. 5. v. silogava. samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika, gv. 204. 706 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 99. 707 . iqve, gv. 111. 708 . iqve, t. I, gv. 156. 3.
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aTonis
afxazi istorikosebi separatistulad ganwyobil afxaz feodalebs xedaven daviT IV aRmaSeneblisa (1089-1125ww.) da Tamar mefis (1184-1213ww.) drosac, Tumca amis damadasturebel istoriul faqtebs ver uTiTeben. magaliTad, aseT mosazrebebs aviTareben z. anCabaZe, S. inal-ifa, m. gunba, st. lakoba da o. bRaJba709. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba efuZneba daviTis istorikosis Semdeg sityvebs: `da masve zamTarsa Cavida afxazeTs biWvintamde da ganagna saqmeni mandaurni: Rirsni wyalobisani Seiwyalna, Semcodeni daipyra da wuarTna; rameTu iyo zamTari Zneli da Tovli friadi. warmovida mswrafl afxazeTiT...~710. daviTis istorikosis am sityvebSi arsad Cans, rom afxazeTSi separatistulad ganwyobili feodalebi iyvnen. piriqiT, daviTi samefo saqmeebis mosagvareblad midis am mxareSi da Cveulebriv, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi, aqac RirseulT wyaloba misca, xolo uRirsni da codvilni dasaja. es faqti samefo xelisuflebis mxridan centraluri xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis gatarebuli RonisZiebaa, romelic saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi bevrad ufro meti simkacriT Catarda (magaliTad, kldekaris saerisTavosTan mimarTebaSi), vidre afxazeTSi. ufro metic afxazeTis mosaxleobis Tanadgoma saqarTvelos samefo xelisuflebisadmi Cans saistorio wyaroebSi, kerZod, laSa-giorgis droindeli mematianis sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, giorgi mesames (1156-1184ww.), marTalia, Zmiswuli demetre da misi momxreebi aujanydnen, magram `afxazeTi, suaneTi da yoveli samoqalaqo aqunda dawynarebiT~.711 e.i. es mxare erTmniSvnelovnad mxars uWerda saqarTvelos mefis xelisuflebas. Mmiuxedavad amisa, afxazi istorikosebi separatistulad ganwyobil afxaz feodalebs xedaven 1191 wels Tamaris pirveli meuRlis giorgi (iuri) rusis ajanyebis drosac. samagierod, sagangebod uvlian gverds im faqts, rom am ajanyebaSi mTeli dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo iyo CarTuli: `Seyara yoveli suaneTi da afxazeTi, saegroi, guria, samoqalaqo, raWa, Takueri da argueTi~.712 ajanyebaSi aseve CarTuli iyvnen mesxi feodalebi gubaz taoelis meTaurobiT. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs saqarTvelos samefo taxtisaTvis brZolasTan da ara erTi romelime mxaris separatistul ganwyobasTan centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. ufro metic, maSindel afxazebs danarCeni saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebTan erTad Tavisi adgili ekavaT samefo darbazis ceremonialze da aseve sapatio stumrebis miRebis dros. `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~-is cnobiT, Tamaris winaSe Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobdnen herni da kaxni, mesxni da Torelni, SavS-klarj-taoelni, afxazni da suan-megrel-gurielni, raWa-Takuer-margveliTurT, somxiTarni da a.S. `istorianis~ cnobiT, `da Seiyarnes zariTa miT gonebiTa zarganÃdiliTa, da Seiqmna darbazoba. da dasxdes taxtsa zeda oqro-Wedilsa TÂT Tamar, daviT da Ze maTi giorgi, ...pirvelad miegebnes wina ovsni da yivCayni axalni; da Semdgomad amisa herni da kaxni; Semdgomad qarTvelni; da Semdgomad mesxni da Torelni, SavS-klarj-taoelni; Semdgomad somxiTarni; Semdgomad afxazni da suan-megrelgurielni Tana raWa-Takuer-margueliTurT, da TviT karvis karsa Ãelisufalni da Sinaurni.~1 separatistulad ganwyobili afxazi istorikosebis dausabuTebeli mosazrebebis sawinaaRmdegod metyveleben istoriul wyaroTa monacemebiT dadasturebuli is faqtebi, rom afxazebi, iseve rogorc sxva kuTxis qarTvelebi, aqtiurad monawileoben saqarTvelos samefos saxeliT warmoebul samxedro–politikur aqciebSi, rogorc didgoris (1121w.), aseve Samqorisa (1195w.) 709
413;
. . . . . II 710 . 711 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 367. 712 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 49; 1. iqve, gv. 65. .
..., gv. 182 ; . , gv. 93; . .
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,
.
.
. , gv. 86.
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, gv. , gv. 151.
da basianis (1203w.) brZolebSi, saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT samefo karis mier warmoebul samxedro operaciebSi, romlis Sedegad qarTvelebma erTmaneTis miyolebiT aiRes rize, trapezunti, heraklea, limnia da a.S. (1203-1204ww.). afxazebi Canan laSa-giorgis mier ganZis aRebis dros, xorezmis Sahis Svilis jalal-ed-dinis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi garnisTan (1225w.), mongolTa winaaRmdeg dagegmil SeTqmulebaSi koxtasTavze (1246w.) da a.S. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maTi monawileoba basianis brZolaSi, romelsac Tamaris orive istorikosi aRwers: `daawyues razmi, sada – igi winambrZolad iyo zaqaria mÃargrZeli amirspasalari da axalcixeli Salva da ivane, da sxuani Torelni, _ wers `istorianis~ avtori; _ da erT kerZo afxazni da imerni, erT-kerZo amerni da her-kaxni. ...da iqmna omi ficxeli da Zlieri, romeli Zuel-odesme qmnil iyo mÃneTagan egeviTari omi.~2 analogiurad aRwers am brZolas Tamaris meore istorikosi TxzulebaSi `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi~3. am wyaroebidan Cans, rom afxazebi iseve, rogorc danarCeni qarTvelebi, TavdadebiT ibrZvian TavianTi qveynis TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi. Tamar mefis gardacvalebis Semdegac afxazeTis mosaxleoba politikurad da samxedro TvalsazrisiT aqtiur Zalas warmoadgenda da istoriuli wyaroebi maT xSirad asaxeleben sagareo mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. mefe laSagiorgim ganZis aRebis samxedro operacia oTxi aTasi rCeuli qarTveliT ganaxorciela, romelTa Soris dasaxelebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos mxedrobac: `xolo mefesa hyva oTxi aTasi kaci oden, amaT Sina umetes mesxni iyvnes, rameTu erT kerZo mÃargrZelni dges, da erT kerZo afxazni, dadian bedianni da lixT-iqiTni zedmokidebiT urTierTs.~4 aseve TavdadebiT ibrZvis sakuTriv afxazeTis mosaxleoba erT-erTi sastiki dampyroblis jalal ed-dinis winaaRmdeg. `da esma ra ese mefesa rusudans, _ wers JamTaaRmwereli, _ mouwoda yovelTa spaTa TÂsTa, imerTa da amerTa, SanSes mandaturTuxucessa, avags amirspasalarsa, varams msaxurTuxucessa, her-kaxTa, somxiTarTa, javaxTa, mesxTa, taoelTa, dadiansa cotnes, kacsa warCinebulsa da saTnoebiansa, afxazTa, jiqTa da yovelsa imersa samefosa, romelTa TÂTeulad ara ars Jami Tqmad, ...Sekrbes naWarmagevs simravle uricxÂi, da waravlina mefeman brZolad xuarazmelTa.~5 am movlenebs sagangebod uvlian gverds afxazuri istoriografiis warmomadgenlebi m.gunba, s.lakoba, o.bRaJba. samwuxaroa, magram faqtia, rom maT naSromebSi xSiria anbanur WeSmaritebad cnobili istoriuli faqtebis arcodnis (Tu gamiznuli miCqmalvis?) calkeuli SemTxvevebi. magaliTad, s.lakobasa da o. bRaJbas azriT, Tamar mefe Turme daviT aRmaSeneblis asulia; cxumi XI saukunidan hqvia soxums, manamde, TiTqos sebastopolisi erqva; maTi azriT, qarTuli warwerebi afxazeTSi XI_XII saukuneebidan gvxvdeba, fulis erTeulebi aq yvela bizantiuri da ucxouria, qarTuli fuli ki mimoqcevaSi ar yofila, afxazebs saqarTvelos samefos SigniT viTom politikuri avtonomia hqondaT da a.S. sinamdvileSi sapirispiro suraTs vxedavT istoriul wyaroebSi. am mxriv gasakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs numizmatikuri masala. 1983 wels xelovnebaTmcode l. xruSkovam lixnis sasaxlis gaTxrebze aRmoaCina cnobili `lixnis ganZi~, romelSic daculi iyo qarTuli monetebis didi raodenoba.1 aRniSnul monetebze amokveTili qarTuli warwerebi miuTiTeben, rom isini gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebs bagrat IV-isa (1027-1072ww.) da giorgi II-is (1072-1089ww.) dakveTiT iyo moWrili. 2.
iqve, gv. 96. iqve, gv. 137. 4. iqve, t. I, gv. 153. 5. iqve, t. II, gv. 182-183. lixnis ganZis Sesaxeb ix.: 3.
1
.
. . . . 1998; . . (V . . . XIII . . .). .1987. `lixnis ganZis~ qarTuli monetebis warwerebi Seiswavla v.silogavam. ix.: v.silogava. samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika. Tb. 2004, gv. 221-252.
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garda lixnisa, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze qarTuli fulis erTeulebi aRmoCenilia q. soxumTan axlos da axal aTonTan, iveriis mTaze. 1871 wels soxumis maxloblad aRmoCenili vercxlis monetebi daviT IV aRmaSenebels (1089-1125ww.)2, xolo iveriis mTaze mopovebuli moneta giorgi II-s3 ekuTvnoda. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze, Cveulebriv, mimoqcevaSi iyo qarTuli fuli.4 afxazeTi da misi mosaxleoba saqarTvelos istoriis konteqstSi Cans JamTaaRmwerelis TxzulebaSic. igi aRwers monRolTa batonobis pirvel periods da miuTiTebs, rom rusudan mefem Tavisi 5 wlis vaJi daviTi garkveuli mosazrebiT quTaisSi mefed akurTxa. am politikur movlenebSi saqarTvelos mefes mxarSi udganan dasavleT saqarTvelos feodalebi da samRvdeloeba: `mouwoda yovelTa spaTa misTa afxazTa, dadian-bedianTa, raWis erisTavTa da kaTalikossa afxazeTisasa, da dasues mefed daviT Ze rusudanisi, akurTxes quTaTiss da daadges Tavsa missa gvirgvini; dasues taxtsa zeda samefosa da miuloces mefoba wesisaebr, da srulyo kaTalikosman wesi kurTxevisa”.5 aRniSnuli politikuri movlenebi aSkarad metyveleben, rom saqarTvelos mefis erTgul qveSevrdomTa Soris pirvel adgilze swored istoriuli afxazeTis mosaxleoba idga, xolo afxazeTis kaTalikosi, romelic am dros ukve mcxeTas emorCileboda, daviT narinis (1247-1293ww.) mefed kurTxevisas mTavari figuraa. XIII saukunis I mesamedis gamoCenil moRvaweebs da wamyvan qarTvel mxedarTmTavarTa Soris istoriuli wyaroebi asaxeleben dardin SarvaSiZes, romelic warmoSobiT SarvaSiZeTa feodalur saxls ekuTvnoda: `ganaCina mxedarTa Tavad SarvaSas-Ze afxazi, saxeliT dardin, romeli simÃnisa misisaTÂs pirvelive didsa didebasa aReyvana da mtkiced epyra sjuli.~6 mterTan brZolaSi gmirulad daRupul dardin SarvaSiZes qarTveli mematiane maSindeli saqarTvelos sxva gamoCenili mxedarTmTavrebisa da sazogado moRvaweebis Salva axalcixelis misi vaJis - faradavla Torelis, cotne dadianis, avag aTabagis, yvaryvare jayel-cixisjvarelis, sargis jayelis gverdiT asaxelebs da mas `saxelovansa~ da `mÃnes~ uwodebs. sagangebod unda SevCerdeT `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~-is erT cnobaze, romlis Tanaxmad, Tamar mefis (1184-1213ww.) vaJs giorgi IV-s saxelad uwodes laSa, `romeli ganmanaTleblad soflisa iTargmana [afsarTa eniTa]~7. am cnobaze dayrdnobiT mkvlevarTa didma nawilma gaiziara mosazreba, rom saxeli laSa swored amis Semdeg gavrcelda qarTul sinamdvileSi da araerTi mkvlevari dRemde gamoTqvams mosazrebas, TiTqos laSa afxazuridan momdinare saxelia da mxolod amis Semdeg gavrcelda qarTul samyaroSi. magram aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom afxazur onomastikaSi msgavsi sakuTari saxeli gavrcelebuli ar aris, xolo qarTul onomastikonSi igi jer kidev Tamaris vaJis dabadebamde oTxi saukuniT adre aris dadasturebuli. kerZod, TeTriwyaros raionSi tbisis `koJrebis eklesiis~ ezoSi napovnia jvris kvarcxlbeki, romelzec amokveTili qarTuli asomTavruli warwera mogviTxrobs: `wmidao samebao Seiwyale amisi maSenebeli laSaÁca. juari ese aemarTa salocvelad Cuenda da saÃsenebelad naSobTa CuenTa. naSobTa CuenTa, romelman Tayuani sces. suli Cueni locvasa moiÃsenen. amen. adide, iesu qriste.~1 warwera amokveTilia bolnuri jvris irgvliv da 2 r.qebulaZe. daviT aRmaSeneblis bizantiurtituliani vercxlis monetebi. - saq. muz. moambe, XXXIX. Tb.,1987, gv.47. 3 . . . .. gv. 76; d.kapanaZe. qarTuli numizmatika. Tb., 1969, gv. 69. 4 aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi am dros qarTul fulTan erTad mimoqcevaSi bizantiuri monetebic iyo. 5 qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 180. 6 iqve, gv. 192-194. 7 iqve, gv. 58. 1 . qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. I, gv. 104-106. sur.
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daTariRebulia VIII saukuniT. es wyaro mniSvnelovani argumentia im mkvlevarTa mosazrebis uarsayofad, romelTa mtkicebiT saxeli `laSa~, mxolod XII saukunidan gvxvdeba qarTul sinamdvileSi. gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos samefos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis aqtiur politikur da kulturul rolze metyveleben is mravalricxovani qarTuli kulturis kerebi, romlebic Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze gvxvdeba. XI_XIII saukuneebSi kidev ufro gaizarda im saeklesio centrebis mniSvneloba da roli, romlebic jer kidev `afxazTa~ samefos dros daarsda. miuxedavad qarTuli eklesiis gaerTianebisa, funqcionirebas agrZelebda afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelios) sakaTolikoso da kaTalikosi kvlav biWviTaSi ijda. `wesi da gangebaÁ mefed kurTxevisa~-s (XIIIs) mixedviT, igi monawileobda mefis kurTxevaSi; ~garigeba xelmwifis karisa~-s Tanaxmad afxazeTis kaTalikosi saqarTvelos patriaqTan, Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesTan da moZRvarTmoZRvarTan erTad samefo karis, umaRlesi saero xelisuflebis wevri iyo.2 X_XI saukuneebis mijnaze Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze aSenda axali taZrebi: lixni, ilori, anuxva, wkelikari, webeldis wm. giorgis, andria mociqulisa da wm. Tevdores saxelobis taZrebi, romelTa fasadebze DdRemde SemorCenlia mravalricxovani lapidaruli, freskuli da Weduri warwerebis nimuSebi, aseve xelnawerebi da saeklesio daniSnulebis nivTebi. aRniSnuli masala erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs, rom afxazeTi erT-erT wamyvan rols TamaSobda qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia bediis samonastro kompleqsi. aq imTaviTve Camoyalibda mZlavri saepiskoposo centri. ~garigeba xelmwifis karisa~-s mixedviT, `amieri bedieli mosaflavea~, xolo `kurTxeva mironisa~-s Tanaxmad, aseve didi pativiT sargeblobda bedieli.3 bediis saepiskoposo kaTedraze maSindeli saqarTvelos gamoCenili saeklesio pirebi moRvaweobdnen. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia ioane bedieli mTavarepiskoposi _ bagrat IV-is samefo karTan daaxloebuli piri, XI s. saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi saeklesio da politikuri figura. daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi aq moRvaweobda svimeon bediel-alaverdeli. aseTi institutis arseboba xazs usvamda saqarTvelos teritoriul da sulier erTianobas. SemdgomSi svimeoni gaxda Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi, anu meore piri saxelmwifoSi. is ara marto saeklesio saqmeebs ganagebda, aramed aqtiurad monawileobda daviTis mier ganxorcielebul saxelmwifoebriv RonisZiebebSi. mogvianebiT bediis samonastro centrSi moRvaweobdnen nikoloz, sofron da miqael gonglibaÁsZeni, anton da kirile JuanisZeebi, germane CxetiZe da sxvebi. maT didi amagi dasdes bediis monasterSi qarTuli kulturis mZlavri centris Camoyalibebis saqmes.4 aRsaniSnavia iloris taZris lapidaruli warwerebi. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, isini mogviTxroben taZris mSeneblobis istorias giorgi mTavarepiskoposis, mRvdel giorgi qoColavasa da adgilobrivi feodalis giorgi gurgeniZis mier. msgavsi Sinaarsis aris anuxvis taZris epigrafikuli Zeglebi, sadac asaxulia XI saukunis msxvili feodalis giorgi basilis Zisa da misi Zmebis mier anuxvis taZris mSeneblobis ambavi. zogadad, afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafikuli masala iZleva erTmniSvnelovan suraTs am epoqis afxazeTis socialuri speqtris, mosaxleobisa da politikursarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. warwerebSi dasaxelebulia mosaxleobis TiTqmis yvela fena: mefeebi, mxaris gamgeblebi, maRali sasuliero wodebis 2
. j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 141-147. qarTuli samarTils Zeglebi, t. 2, gv. 48,51-53. 4 . aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT: b. xorava. bediis saepiskoposo. - saistorio Ziebani, t. III, Tb., 2000, gv. 21-42; g. kalandia. odiSis saepiskoposoebi. Tb., 2004, gv. 79-96; l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika, rogorc saistorio wyaro, gv. 36-51. 3.
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warmomadgenlebi, mRvdlebi, ostat-mSeneblebi, ubralo mlocvelebi da a. S.713 warwerebSi dasaxelebulia `afxazTa~ samefosa da gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebi: giorgi II (922-957ww.), bagrat III (978-1014ww.), bagrat IV (1027-1072ww.), giorgi II kurapalati (1072-1089ww.), konstantine mefeTa-mefe daviT narinis Ze (1245-1293ww); msxvili samefo moxeleebi, mxaris gamgeblebi da adgilobrivi msxvili feodalebi: webeldis wm. andria mociqulis taZris maSenebeli erisTavT-erisTavi da meWurWleTuxucesi abulasan iobis Ze, bagrat IV-is droindeli mwignobarTuxucesi da Wyondideli, moqvis cnobili oTxTavis damkveTi Ddaniel mTavarepiskoposi, anuxvis taZris maSenebeli giorgi basilis Ze da misi Zmebi, demetre, Tevdore da merkile, iloris taZris saero ktitori giorgi gurgenisZe, RumuriSis taZris maSenebeli `diofalT diofali~ sagduxti, bediis taZris ganmaaxleblebi - `diofalT diofali~ marixi da erisTavTerisTavi da mandaturTuxucesi giorgi dadiani, erisTavT erisTavebi - giorgi dadiani, niania novelisimosi raWis saerisTavodan, xofis taZris maSenebeli ucnobi `mamadmTavari~, taZris maSenebeli ostatebi giorgi galatozi, svimeon galatozTuxucesi, ubralo mlocvelebi miqaeli, giorgi, roSa, da a.S.714 es aris im istoriul pirTa arasruli nusxa, romlebic mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze qarTul materialur da sulier kulturas qmnida, Sesabamisad, maSindelma afxazebma aq Seqmnes da ganaviTares mxolod qarTuli kultura. am epoqis afxazeTis kulturuli memkvidreobidan yuradRebis Rirsia qarTuli damwerlobis nimuSebi, kerZod, xelovnebiTi damwerlobis axali kaligrafiuli skolebi, romlebsac afxazeTSi Caeyara safuZveli da Semdeg gavrcelda danarCen saqarTveloSi715. ufro metic, afxazeTis XI_XIIss. qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis qarTuli damwerlobis nimuSebis Seswavlam da paleografiulma Sedarebam saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli regionebis damwerlobaTa nimuSebTan, iseve rogorc afxazTa samefos epoqaSi, amjeradac aSkarad gamokveTa am regionis erT-erTi wamyvani roli qarTul kulturaSi. igi pirveli gamoexmaura qarTul damwerlobaSi mimdinare cvlilebebs, kerZod nusxursa da mxedrul damwerlobaSi mimdinare reformebs. amas adasturebs is faqtic, rom dasavleT saqrTveloSi yvelaze adreuli mxedruli damwerlobis nimuSi aRmoCenilia galis raionis sof. dixazurgaSi716. am mxaris qarTuli epigrafikuli masalis analizi mowmobs, rom aq jer kidev `afxazTa samefos~ epoqaSi safuZveli Caeyara qvis kaligrafiul skolas _ kidurwaisrul xelovnebiT damwerlobas, romelmac srulyofilebas XI saukuneSi miaRwia. zemoT moyvanili istoriuli wyaroebis erToblioba argumentirebulad asabuTebs, rom Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria X_XIII saukuneebSi politikuri, kulturuli da sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT erTiani qarTuli samyaros ganuyofeli nawili iyo. igi xSirad ufro aqtiur da wamyvan rols TamaSobda saerTo saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul asparezze, vidre saqarTvelos romelime sxva regioni.
2. afxazeTi XIII s-is 40-iani wlebidan XVs-is 90-ian wlebamde 1235-1242 wlebSi saqarTvelo monRolebma daipyres. monRolTa damangrevel laSqrobebs mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelo, maT Soris afxazeTis saerisTavo gadaurCa. 1245 wels rusudan mefe gardaicvala da saqarTveloSi umefobis xana 713
. l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika, rogorc saistorio wyaro, gv. 209. . gviani periodis warwerebSi gacilebiT meti qarTveli istoriuli piri aris dasaxelebuli. 715 l. axalaZe. qarTuli damwerlobis paleografiuli maxasiaTeblebi afxazeTis epigrafikul ZeglebSi. _ kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciebi, #1. Tb., 2007, gv. 32-39. 716 . es aris grigol galatozuxucesis XI s. warwera. ix. Sinaarsi fotoTi: l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika..., I, gv. 83, 246, 17. 714
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dadga. axladdapyrobil qveyanaSi monRolebi TavianTi mmarTvelobis SemoRebas Seecadnen da saqarTvelo rva dumnad (aTiaTaseulad) dayves. TiToeul am dumans `dumnis Tavebad~ qarTveli didebulebi Cauyenes. monRolebma dasavleT saqarTvelo, rogorc dumnis Tavebs samarTavad cotne dadiansa da raWis erisTavs gadasces.717 dumnisTavs, romelic monRolur noins Seesabameboda, Tavis sagamgeblo teritoriaze sruli samoqalaqo da samxedro xelisufleba hqonda. safiqrebelia, rom monRolebma raWis erisTavs kaxaber kaxaberisZes sakuTriv raWis saerisTavos garda leCxumi da argveTi – teritoria lixis qedidan md. rionamde - dauqvemdebares. cotne dadians ki sagamgeblod gadasces svaneTis saerisTavo, md. kodoris saTaveebis dalis xeobasTan erTad, guria da saerTod saqarTvelos zRvispireTi dRevandeli samegrelosa da afxazeTis CaTvliT md. Woroxidan nikofsiamde. monRolebi male darwmundnen, rom iseT ganviTarebul feodalur qveyanaSi, rogoric XIII s-Si saqarTvelo iyo, monRoluri administraciul-teritoriuli mmarTveloba ver gamodgeboda. amitom 1247 wels saqarTveloSi mefoba aRadgines da samefo taxtze erTdroulad ori mefe, daviT VI rusudanis Ze, igive daviT narini da daviT VII laSa-giorgis Ze aiyvanes. saqarTvelos samefo taxtze erTdroulad ori mefe sul ramdenime weli ijda. Mmale daviT narini monRolebs aujanyda da quTaisSi gaiqca. istoriografiaSi daviT narinis monRolTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebis TariRad 1259 weli iTvleba. rogorc irkveva, es ajanyeba sul cota 6 wliT adre moxda. amas mowmobs safrangeTis mefis ludoviko IX-s elCis vilhelm de rubrukusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. 1253-1254 wlebSi monRoleTSi da ukan mogzaurobis dros man saqarTvelos TiTqmis yoveli mxridan Semouara. vilhelm de rubrukusi SavizRvispireTis aRweris dros asaxelebs `iverias~ da aRniSnavs, rom `iverebi, romlebic trapizonis CrdiloeTiT cxovroben, `TaTrebs~ anu monRolebs ar emorCilebian.” Ppirvelma am cnobas yuradReba n. asaTianma miaqcia, romelmac daviT narinis antimonRoluri ajanyebis TariRad 1249 weli miiCnia.718 ajanyebuli daviT narini dasavleT saqarTvelos didebulebma didi sixaruliT miiRes. `xolo viTar cnes afxazTa, suanTa, dadianTa, bedianman, raWis erisTavman da sruliad lixT-imerTa, – wers JamTaaRmwereli, _ Semokrbes sixaruliTa didiTa, da mefe yves rusudanis Ze afxazTa, vidre lixTamde~719. daviT narinis dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadasvliT saqarTvelos es nawili monRolTa batonobisgan gaTavisuflda, xolo erTiani saqarTvelos samefo faqtobrivad or – aRmosavlur da dasavlur qarTul samefoebad daiSala. 1261 wels daviT narins biZaSvili, monRolTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli daviT VII giorgi laSas Ze ewvia. cota xnis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTvelos didebulTa erTi nawili daviT narinis taxtidan Camogdebas da mis nacvlad daviT VII –is gamefebas Seecada. am SinaaSlilobis Jams daviT rusudanis Zes bolomde uerTgula bedianma juanSeris Zem, romelic iyo `kaci warmatebuli yovelTa zniTa, ux umetes yovelTa kacTa, sruli gonierebiTa~.720 TxzulebaSi moxseniebuli bediani juanSeris Ze odiSis erisTavi bedan II dadiania.721Mmisi daxmareba daviT narinisTvis gadamwyveti aRmoCnda. daviT VII giorgis Ze iZulebuli gaxda, erTiani saqarTvelos orad gayofas Serigeboda
717
. qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 207-208. . . П . , . . . - ., 1911, gv. 66-67; n asaTiani. saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunemde. Tb., 2001, gv. 220-221. 719 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 229. 720 . iqve, gv. 243. 721 . T. beraZe. odiSis politikuri geografiidan. - saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis krebuli, III. Tb., 1967, gv. 158-161. 718
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da dasavleT saqarTvelos taxtzec uari eTqva. 1262 wels is aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gadmovida da monRolebs Seurigda. daviT narinma bedan II dadiani da saerTod dadianTa sagvareulo uxvad daajildova. Mmefem am sagvareulos qristianobis uZvirfasesi relikviebi uboZa da didgvarovanTa sxva sagvareuloebTan SedarebiT ufro maRal pativSi aiyvana. daviT narinis mxardaWeriT odiSis saerisTavo dasavleT saqarTvelos uZlieres saerisTavod gadaiqca. daviT narinis xanaSi dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria oTx saerisTavos Soris iyo ganawilebuli. SavizRvispireTi mdinareebs engurs da kodors Soris odiSis erisTavs eqvemdebareboda. mdinare kodoris saTaveebi ki (dalis xeoba) svaneTis saerisTavoSi Sedioda. mdinare kodoris Crdilo-dasavleTiT anakofiis CaTvliT cxomis//cxumis saerisTavo mdebareobda. kidev ufro CrdilodasavleTiT mdinare nikofsiamde (amJamad neCefsuxo) afxazeTis saerisTavo vrceldeboda. 1293 wels daviT narini gardaicvala da samefo taxti misma Zem konstantinem daikava. Mmisi mefobis istorias vaxuSti batoniSvili agviwers, rogorc dasavleT saqarTveloSi mudmivi anarqiis xanas. `Semdgomad narin mefisa dajda mefed Ze daviTisa uxucesi konstantine, --- wers igi. – amas kostantines winaaRudga Zma TÂsi miqel da ara utevebda mefobad da pyrobad imereTisa da miqel daipyra raWa, leCxumi da argueTi da aqundaT dReTa maTTa maradis brZola – Sliloba da SfoTi da Ãdoma urTierTTa da iyo oxreba queyanisa. amisTÂs SeiWirvebden didebulni amis samefosani da vera riTa hyves zavi maT Soris~1. is mcireodeni saistorio masalac, romelic damatebiT konstantine daviT narinis Zis Sesaxeb SemogvrCa, srulebiTac ar mowmobs iseT unugeSo viTarebas, rogoric misi mefobis Sesaxeb vaxuSti bagrationma dagvixata. rogorc irkveva, konstantine daviTis Zis mefobis epoqa dasavleT saqarTveloSi kulturis aRmavlobis xanaa. magaliTad, XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnaze aSenda da moixata xobis cnobili taZari. swored drois am monakveTSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi bizantiidan mxatvrobaSi Semovida sruliad axali `paleologosTa skolis~ stili, romelic aRorZinebis xanis mxatvrobis winamorbeds warmoadgens.Aam stiliT aris xelaxla moxatuli gelaTis taZari swored XIIIs-is miwurulSi. rogorc irkveva, saerTod konstantine daviT narinis Zem samefoSi didi samSeneblo-sarestavracio samuSaoebi Caatara. mis dros aigo bediis taZris samreklo, xolo TviT taZari faqtobrivad xelaxla aSenda da Signidan moixata.Aamas mowmobs bediis samreklos dasavleT kedelSi Casmuli warwera: `q.adiden RmerTman mefeTa mefe kostantine, Ze daviTisi, amen.~ amave samreklos aRmosavleTis Sesavlis Tavze amokveTil warweraSi moxseniebulni arian `nikoloz bedieli~ da `sofron bedieli~, romlebic konstantine daviT narinis Zis xanaSi mefesTan erTad bediis taZris rekonsrtuqciis Taosnebi iyvnen.2 rogorc irkveva, saeklesio centrebs dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze XIII-XIV saukuneebis mijnaze didi wvlili SehqondaT sruliad saqarTvelos kulturul cxovrebaSi. Aam xanis qarTuli xelnaweri wignebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia daniel moqvis mTavarepiskoposis dakveTiT moqvis taZarSi 1300 wels gadawerili saxareba, romelic 157 miniaturiTa da 531 sazedao asoTia Semkuli. konstantine daviT narinis Zem gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa mizgiTad qceuli ierusalimis jvris monastris qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis dabrunebis saqmeSi. rogorc irkveva, misi saxsrebiT muslimTa xelidan gamoxsnili es taZari xelaxla moixata da moikazma. amas mowmobs ierusalimis 1 2
. qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 801. . l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika, rogorc saistorio wyaro, 1, gv. 33-39; . . ., 1989, gv. 62-64.
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jvris qarTvelTa monastris Semdegi aRapi: ` masve dResa aRapi da panaSvidi afxazTa mefeT mefisa kostantinesi, juarisa monastrisa axlad Semkazmavisa, gardaiÃdebodes daukleblad Ramis TeviTa da xucis wirviTa~3. TviT vaxuSti bagrationis zemoT moyvanili cnobiTac aSkaraa, rom konstantine mefes dasavleT saqarTvelos udidesi nawili, maT Soris dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria mefobis mTel manZilze udavod emorCileboda.AaseT viTarebaSi mTlad zusti ver unda iyos vaxuSti bagrationis cnoba: `ixila dadianman giorgim eseviTareba maT Soris (Zmebs Soris Sinaomi _ avt.), miitaca saerisTo cxomisaca da daipyra TÂT sruliad odiSi anakofiamde. egreTve SarvaSiZem afxazeTi da gurielman guria da suanTa erisTavman suaneTi da ganimkÂdres TÂsad da arRara egdensa morCilebasa Sina iyvnen mefeTasa~.722 amave dros, vaxuStis es cnoba dadianis, SarvaSiZis, gurielisa da svanTa erisTavis mefis morCilebidan srulad gamosvlis Sesaxeb ara, magram saerisTavoTa mflobelebis mier farTo uflebebis TviTneburad mitacebaze mainc metyvelebs. teqstSi moxseniebuli giorgi dadiani odiSis erisTavi giorgi I dadiania, bedan II dadianis vaJi.723 eWvs gareSea, rom odiSis erisTavis xelisuflebis cxumis saerisTavoze gavrcelebas ufro Rrma fesvebic (istoriuli da eTnikuri) hqonda, vidre Sinaomi dasavleT saqarTveloSi. anakofiamde teritoriis `sruliad odiSis~ saxeliT moxsenieba cxumis saerisTavoze dadianis kanonier uflebebze unda miuTiTebdes. XIII-XIVss. mijnaze cxumis saerisTavos SeerTebis Semdeg odiSis SemadgenlobaSi qalaqebi cxumi//cxomi da anakofia Sevida. amis Semdeg odiSi uSualod afxazeTis saerisTavos gaumezoblda, romlisganac mas `anakofiis dasavleTiT mdebare mcire mTa kavkasiidan Camosuli zRuamde~ da ufro zustad, anakofiis Crdilo-dasavleTiT Camomdinare vaxuStiseuli terminologiis `mdinare misi mcire~ (dRevandeli md. fsircxa) gamoyofda. 1323 wels giorgi I dadiani gardaicvala da odiSis erisTavi misi Ze mamia I dadiani gaxda. Mmas, rogorc erisTavs, eqvemdebareboda Tanamedrove afxazeTis samxreT-dasavleTi nawili, anakofiis CaTvliT. 1327 wels konstantine daviT narinis Ze gardaicvala Dda dasavlurqarTul samefo taxtze misi Zma miqeli avida, romlis mefoba mxolod ori weli gagrZelda. miqels vaJiSvili bagrati darCa, romelmac asakis gamo mefed kurTxeva ver gabeda anu ,,ver ikadra mefoba”. dasavleT saqarTveloSi faqtobrivad umefobis xana dadga da anarqia daiwyo. maSin didebulebma giorgi V brwyinvales mimarTes. 1330 wels isic didi laSqriT dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida da quTaisisken gaemarTa. Bbagrat ufliswulma winaaRmdegoba ver gabeda da giorgi V brwyinvales quTaisis cixe-simagresTan erTad imereTis yvela cixe gadasca. `amisni mxilvelni dadiani mamia da gurieli da suanTa erisTavi da afxazeTisa SarvaSiZe moerTnen niWiTa didiTa da dauloces mefoba imereTisa da yovlisa giorgiisa, - werda vaxuSti batoniSvili. – merme STavida odiSs, munidam afxazeTs, ganagna muneburni da daipyra cixeni Tvisad da misca cxomis saerisTo bediels, viTarca pirvel cxomisa iyo...”724Aase rom, 1330 wlidan dasavleT saqarTvelos yvela mxare, maT Soris dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria, kvlav erTian qarTul samefoSia gaerTianebuli.Aamis Semdeg afxazeTi TiTqmis saukunenaxevari erTiani saqarTvelos samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. jer kidev 1318w. romis papma ilxanTa sparseTis monRolur saxelmwifoSi kaTolikuri `sulTanies saarqiepiskoposo~ daarsa, romelsac sevastopolis _ dRevandeli soxumis saepiskoposoc dauqvemdebara. imave wels sevastopolis 3
.
722 723 724
el.Mmetreveli. masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1962, gv. 43, 100-101, 169. . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 801. . T. beraZe. odiSis politikuri geografiidan, gv. 160. . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv.257-258, 801-802.
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episkoposad bernado moro dainiSna, romelic 1330w. petrus geraldim Secvala.725 axalma episkoposma imave wels kenterberis arqiepiskoposs da inglisis sxva saeklesio ierarqebs sagangebo weriliT mimarTa, romlis teqstma dRemde moaRwia. qvemoT moyvanilia vrceli amonaridi am werilidan, radgan is umniSvnelovanes cnobebs Seicavs XIV s-is 20-iani wlebis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb: `ufalo, kenterberis arqiepiskoposo, RvTis madliT mTeli inglisis samefoSi upirveleso.Aam samefos arqiepiskoposebo da episkoposebo, mogmarTavT amave samefos TanamoZme petrusi, RvTis nebiT sevastopolis episkoposi qvemo saqarTveloSi (inferioris Georgianae). aq aris pativmoyvare amaoebiT moculi qalaqi, sadac daumsaxureblad var daniSnuli umaRlesi mRvdelmTavris neba-surviliT. rogorc xma dadis, erT dros aq 100 qristiani mihyides sarkinozebs, maT es qristianebi sarkinozTa qveyanaSi waiyvanes da iq sarkinozebad (muslimebad _ avt.) aqcies.Mme, Cemis mxriv, vewinaaRmdegebi adamianebiT danaSaulebriv vaWrobas, magram miuxedavad imisa, rom aq mbrZaneblebi qristianebi arian, arc am sakiTxSi da arc sxvaSi ar migoneben, radgan berZnuli sqizmis mimdevrebi (marTlmadideblebi _ avt.) arian.... am werilis momtani iahxia de kremona... imdenad Raribia, rom mTeli misi qoneba sakmarisi ar iqneba naxevari gzisaTvis, Cemis mxriT arafris micema ar SemeZlo, radgan arc eklesia da arc saxli ar gamaCnia Tavis Sesafareblad. da arc erTi dinari ara maqvs gasacemi. kviraobiT romelime Raribi qarTvelisagan Semowirulobas viReb... am qveynis mbrZanebeli, romelic mTeli saqarTvelos mxedarTmTavaric aris, mzadaa mTeli laSqriT dasavleTis qristianebTan erTad sarkinozebis winaaRmdeg gasalaSqreblad... aqaur kaTolikebs sasaflaoc misca, miuxedavad qarTvelTa ori samefos Cveulebisa, aq gardacvlil kaTolikes ar asxvaveben sqizmatikosisagan. magram kaTolikebi ver Seeguen sqizmatikosebs da micvalebulebs maTi sasaflaos gareT marxaven. amis gamo zemonaTqvami sasaflaos micemiT Zalian ganawyenebuli darCa sqizmatikosi episkoposi da samRvdeloeba, radgan am sasaflaos gamo kargaven laTinTa dakrZalvis uflebas. Aamis gamo imdenad gaizarda SfoTi, rom kaTolike laTinTa mier sasaflaos SuagulSi aRmarTuli jvari amoglijes da aseve laTinTa mier aRmarTuli TxuTmeti saflavis qva daamtvries, laTinebma xelaxla aRmarTes isini... aqaurma sqizmatikosma mRvdlebma da xalxma sarkinozTa da iudevelTa xelisSewyobiT episkoposTa episkoposTan (igulisxmeba afxazeTis kaTalikosi _ avt.) waiRes... dawerilia qalaq sanastopolSi, qvemo saqarTvelos samefoSi (in regno inferioris Georgianae). Mmefis wmida eduardis dResaswaulze, uflis welTaRricxvis 1330 wels.~1. petrus geraldis `qvemo saqarTveloSi~ dasavleT saqarTvelo igulisxmeba. saqarTvelos qvemo da zemo nawilebad dayofa qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi XXI saukuneebidan gvxvdeba, sadac `qvemo~ yovelTvis dasavleT saqarTvelos niSnavda. srulebiTac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom `sanastopolis~ kaTolike episkoposi `qarTvelTa or samefos~, maT Soris, “qvemo saqarTvelos~ samefos axsenebs. aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianeba sul axali dasrulebuli iyo, magram inglisSi gagzavnili werilis avtorma kargad icis, rom saqarTvelos es ori nawili erT samefoSia gaerTianebuli. Ppetrus geraldis `mTeli saqarTvelos jaris mxedarTmTavari~ mamia I dadiani (1323-1345ww.) unda iyos. Tumca kaTolike episkoposi mTlad zusti veraa. odiSis erisTavi mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelodan gamoyvanili jaris ufrosia. es ufleba dadianTa sagvareulos XII-XIIIss-Si Hhqonda daviT narinis dasavlurqarTuli samefos Camoyalibebamde2. rogorc Cans, giorgi V 725
. J Richard . La Papante et Les missions d’Orient au moyen Age, XIII –XV s. Roma, 1977, gv. 178. v. kiknaZe, laTinuri wyaro XIV s.-is saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. - Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi. istoria, xelovnebaTmcodneoba, eTnografia, 1983, t. 243, gv. 101-103. 2. T.BberaZe. odiSis politikuri geografiidan, gv. 154-156. 1.
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brwyinvalem dasavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTebis Semdeg mamia I dadianis saxiT dadianTa sagvareulos es ufleba aRudgina. Aase rom, sruliad saqarTvelos mefesa da afxazeTis erisTavs Soris odiSis erisTavi, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos mxedarTmTavari Cadga. amis Semdeg afxazeTis erisTavi jer odiSis erisTavs, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelodan gamoyvanili laSqris ufross, xolo Semdeg ki sruliad saqarTvelos mefes emorCileboda. AaseTi viTareba, rogorc davinaxavT, didxans gagrZelda. amas XIV-XVss. arab avtorTa cnobebic mowmoben, romelTa mixedviT, afxazeTis saerisTavo odiSis erisTavebisadmia daqvemdebarebuli. XIV-XVss-Si saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi sanavsadguro qalaqebi foTi da cxumi odiSis saerisTavoSi Sedioda. es Zalze zrdida odiSis saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobas. Uufro metic, zogjer odiSis erisTavebi ucxoel damkvirvebelTa TvalSi TiTqmis damoukidebel xelisuflebad aRiqmebodnen. iSviaTad, magram mainc situaciis aseTi aRqma oficialur –diplomatiur xasiaTs iRebda. Ees pirvel rigSi mamluqTa egviptis sasulTnos Seexeba. Eegviptem Sav zRvaSi Tavisi xomaldebis gagzavnis ufleba 1261-1262 wlebSi miiRo, rodesac man oqros urdosTan mWidro urTierToba daamyara. mamluqTa sulTnebi did yuradRebas aqcevdnen saqarTvelosTan zRviT urTierTobas, radgan saqarTvelos sanapiros gaswvriv erT-erTi sazRvao magistrali gadioda, romelic egviptes bosforis srutis gavliT Savi da azovis zRvebiT oqros urdosTan akavSirebda.726Yam sanapiros didi nawili ki uSualod odiSis erisTavs eqvemdebareboda. swored amitom XIVs-is pirveli naxevridan egviptis sulTnebma odiSis erisTavebTan pirdapiri diplomatiuri urTierToba daamyares, rac XIVs-is egvipteli didmoxelis da swavlulis al-muhibis enciklopediur naSromSi - `maRali terminologiis ganmartebis srulyofa~ aisaxa. `qarTvelebs hyavT ori mefe – daviT mefe, romelic Tbiliss ganagebs da dadiani-mefe, romelic ganagebs suxumsa da abxass... yovel maTganTan mimoweris wesi naxevar furcelzea, --- wers arabi enciklopedisti, – maRali allahi dRegrZelyofs mis mefur udidebulesobas, diads, didebuls, mamacs, rainds, morwmunes, mavans, qristianuli sarwmunoebis didebas, jvris religiuri sazogadoebis ganZs, qristianobis siamayes, abxazTa, qarTvelTa da jurjanelTa mefes, mefeTa da sultanTa megobars, yovel maTgans ewodeba qarTvelTa mefe~.727 al-muhibis es cnoba gameorebuli aqvs meore arab enciklopedists alkalkaSandis. mis TxzulebaSic aRniSnulia, `rom qarTvelebs hyavT ori mefe, erTi maTgania Tbilisis gamgebeli da aRniSna al-muhibbim, rom misi saxeli iyo maSin daviTi. meore suxumisa da abxasis gamgebelia _ es aris yirimis zRvis samxreTiT mdebare ori qalaqi...maSin mis gamgebels ewodeboda dadiani~.728 al-muhibi 1384 wels gardaicvala, al-kalkaSandi ki 1355-1418 wlebSi cxovrobda. ase rom, maTi cnobebi dasavleT saqarTvelos erisTavebis dawinaurebis Sesaxeb erT saukuneze meti xnis realobas asaxavs. drois am monakveTSi, e.i. XIVs-is 30-iani wlebidan XV s-is 20-ian wlebamde afxazeTis erisTavebi odiSis erisTavebis daqvemdebarebaSi iyvnen. 1386-1403 wlebSi saqarTvelos Temur-lengi rvajer Semoesia. merve Semosevisas Temur-lengi dasavleT saqarTveloSic gadavida, magram imereTs ver gascda. ase rom, odiSisa da afxazeTis saerisTavoebi Sua aziis mrisxane mbrZaneblis laSqrobebs gadaurCa. saqarTveloSi Temur-lengis pirveli laSqrobisTanave dasavleT saqarTveloSi mefobis maZieblebi gamoCndnen, romlebic dasavlurqarTuli samefos aRdgenas Seecadnen. iniciativas, erTi mxriv, miqel mefis STamomavlebi, meore 726
. . . . ., 1989, gv. 41-42, 81-82. . XIV-XV ss-is arabi istorikosebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (al-umari, al-muhibi, alkalkaSandi). Tb., 1988, gv. 53. 728 . iqve, gv. 57. 727
147
mxriv, dasavleT saqarTveloSi samefo ojaxidan daniSnuli mefisnacvlebi iCendnen. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, 1387 wels daviT narinis SvilTaSvili aleqsandre gelaTSi mefedac ki ekurTxa, magram dasavleT saqarTvelos, maT Soris afxazeTis da odiSis erisTavebis mxardaWera ver miiRo, vinaidan isini saqarTvelos mefis erTgulebad darCnen.729 aleqsandre ufliswulis gardacvalebis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo taxtis dakavebas misi Svili Seecada. dasavleT saqarTvelos erisTavebma mis morCilebazec uari ganacxades. maSin giorgi aleqsandres Zem dasavleT saqarTvelos erisTavebs Soris upirvelesis odiSis erisTavis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. `ganizraxa aman giorgi brZola vamiy dadianisa, rameTu ukeTu sZlios da daimorCilos igi, sxuanica yovelni daipyras, - wers vaxuSti bagrationi. - Semoikribna spani imerTani, warvida da STavida odiSs. dResa erTsa ewyo vamiy dadiani da Zlierisa brZolisa Semdgomad iZlia spani imerTa da mohkles megrelTa mefe giorgi, q-sa CtJb (1392)~.730 aq moxseniebuli vamiyi aris vamey II dadiani (1384-1396ww.). odiSis am erisTavs, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos laSqris meTaurs, erT-erT pirvels jiqebis saxiT dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa stiqiasTan SebrZoleba mouxda. es stiqia am dros Zalas ikrebda da dasavleT saqarTvelos barisaken gaWras cdilobda. saqarTvelos baris urTierToba saqarTvelosa da misi momijnave CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTianeTTan antikur xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi saqarTvelos istoriaSi udides rols TamaSobda. drodadro bari Tavis ekonomikur da politikur zegavlenas mTian regionebze avrcelebda, zogjer ki, piriqiT, mTa bars utevda. mTis bolo Seteva XIV-XV saukuneebidan daiwyo, rodesac CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi geopolitikuri viTareba radikalurad Seicvala. am droidan monRolebis mier viwro xeobebSi Serekili CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleoba Tavisi danakargis anazRaurebas samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis, pirvel rigSi, saqarTvelos teritoriis xarjze Seecada. dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa Semoteva erT–erTma pirvelma Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelom (Tanamedrove soWi-tuafses monakveTi) ganicada. X-XIII ss-Si Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelos sazRvari, romelic am seqtorSi afxazeTis saerisTavos sazRvars emTxveoda, md. nikofsiaze gadioda. am mdinaris Crdilo-dasavleTiT qerCis srutemde da azovis zRvamde, kavkasionis mTianeTis kalTebze Cerqezul-adiRuri modgmis tomebi cxovrobdnen. maT qarTvelebi jiqebs da qaSagebs uwodebdnen, xolo dasavleT evropelebi jiqebs da Cerqezebs. qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi nikofsia, rogorc saqarTvelos ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTis mijna, ukanasknelad giorgi brwyinvalis Zis daviT IX-s (1346-1360ww.) mefed kurTxevisas ixsenieba. vaxuSti batoniSvili werda: `xolo Semdgomad mefis giorgisa dajda Ze misi daviT mefed. Semokrbnen kaTalikozepiskoposni da didebulni nikofsiiT, speriT, darubandamde da akurTxes mefed~1. jiqebi Sav zRvaze mekobreobiT jer kidev antikur xanaSi iyvnen cnobilni. IX-XIIIss-Si jer afxazeTis samefos, Semdeg ki erTiani saqarTvelos siZlieris dros, Sav zRvaze jiqTa mekobreoba minimumamde davida. saqarTvelos Znelbedobis xanaSi XIII-XIVss-Si maTi aqtiuroba Sav zRvaze xelaxla gaizarda. amas kidev erTi momenti daemata. am droisaTvis dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebi saqarTvelos morCilebidan gamovidnen da misi Crdilo-dasavleT nawilis xarjze teritoriuli gafarToeba daiwyes. vamey II dadianis (1474-1482ww.) jiqeTSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb cnoba xobis monastris ekvderis lapidarulma warweram Semogvinaxa:.,,... erisTavTerisTavma da 729
. qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV , gv. 803. . iqve, gv. 803-804. . iqve, t.. II , gv. 201.
730 1
148
mandaturTuxucesma dadianman vamey mamisa maTisa patronisa erisTavTerisTvisa dadianisa giorgis Sedegad, _ vkiTxulobT am warweraSi, _ miuxda jiqeTs urwmunoebisa da orgulobisaTvis... sZlo da Seuracx da uxmar iqmna maTi simagreni, gagari da uRaRni da yovelnive ZaliT moirWuna, mravalTa jiqeTisa patronTagan miuvali moarbivna, raodenni moiwyo, maTi mZevali wamoasxna da sxvani aotna, da maSin moiRo svetni da fiqalni eseni marmarilosani da mamadedaTa larnaki da marex gaerTa”.2 miCneulia, rom warweraSi moxseniebuli,,gagari” da ,,uRaRni” geografiuli punqtebia da vamey II dadianma jiqebTan brZola dRevandeli gagris midamoebSi gadaixada.3 marTlac,,gagari” dRevandeli gagris Zveli saxelwodebaa, xolo ,,uRaRni” adre Sua saukuneebis bizantiuri traqeas, dRevandeli axali aTonis Zveli qarTuli Sesatyvisi unda iyos. amis miuxedavad xobis monastris ekvderis warweraSi sul sxva geografiul regionzea saubari. ,,uRaRi” Zvel qarTulSi ,,Znelad saval gzas” niSnavda, ,,gagari” ki, piriqiT _ ,,advilad savals”, ,,gasasvlels” unda niSnavdes. miT ufro, rom gagra marTlac, Taviseburi gasasvlelia zRvispireTSi. rogorc Cans, vamey II dadianma mTeli jiqeTi azovis zRvamde moarbia, misi yvela advilad Umisadgomi Tu miuvalad cnobili cixe-simagre daangria. odiSis erisTavma im jiqebs, romlebmac mas morCileba gamoucxades, mZevlebi CamoarTva, xolo urCi jiqebis teritoria sastikad aaoxra731. rogorc Cans, XIVs-is miwurulisaTvis, jiqeTSi qristianoba Sesustebuli iyo da eklesiebis umetesoba mRvdelmsaxurebisa da mrevlis gareSe iyo darCenili. odiSis erisTavma mitovebuli eklesiebidan bizantiuri stilis marmarilos svetisTavebi, CuqurTmiani qvebi wamoiRo, romliTac xobis taZari da Tavisi saerisTavos eklesiebi gaamSveniera. vamey II dadianma jiqeTSi zRviT ilaSqra da amiT jiqebis mekobreoba zRvaze Zalze Seamcira, magram adiRe-Cerqezuli modgmis tomebis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT eqspansia mainc ver SeaCera. XIVs-is dasasruls Temur-lengis Semosevis Sedegad dasustebuli centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg giorgi VII-is (1393-1407ww.) Zma konstantine gamovida, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos taxtis dakavebas Seecada. rogorc irkveva, kon stantine ufliswuli iZulebuli gaxda dasavleT saqarTvelo mietovebina, magram axla dasavleT saqarTvelos taxtze pretenzia imereTis mefeTa STamomavalma dimitrim gamoacxada. am dros giorgi VII-m Temur-lengTan omi daasrula da dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis moicala, miT ufro rom am mxaris erisTavebi taxtis pretendentis morCilebas ar apirebdnen. `amisi mxilveli mefe giorgi STavida spiTa da daipyra yoveli imereTi, – wers vaxuSti bagrationi. – moerTunen yovelni warCinebulni: dadiani mamia, gurieli, SarvaSiZe da suanni~732. dasavleT saqarTveloSi axali Sinaomis mcdeloba iyo aleqsandre I didis mefobis pirvel wlebSic (1412-1414ww.). mis iniciatorad mamia II dadiani (13961414ww.) gamovida, romelmac afxazeTis saerisTavos SeerTeba moindoma. `aramed ixila ra mamia dadianman ese viTarebani, ineba damorCileba afxazTa, amasve welsa Seikribna spani odiSarni megrelni da warvida. misruls afxazeTs ewyo SarvaSiZe afxaziT simagriT gamo, – wers swavluli batoniSvili. —moswyÂdnes megrelni da mokles dadiani mamia da neStni spani aotnes da ltolvilni movidnen odiSs~733. 2
.
eq. TayaiSvili. arxeologiuri mogzauroba
samegreloSi. _ Zveli saqarTvelo, III. Tb., 1913-1914, gv. 132-
133. 3
. p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 149-150; k. berulava. afxazeTis istoriuli adgilebi. Tb., gv. 77. . T. beraZe. `gagari~ da ~uRaRis~ etimologiisaTvis. _ macne, istoriis... seria, 1973, # 1, gv.122-123. 732 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 275, 804-805. 733 . iqve, gv. 278. 731
149
mamia II dadianis daRupvam samefo kari Zalze SeaSfoTa. saqarTvelos mefem mamia II dadianis mcdelobaSi misi nebarTvis gareSe SeWriliyo afxazeTis saerisTavoSi, qveynis daSlis saSiSi simptomi dainaxa da reaqciamac ar daayovna. aleqsandre I laSqriT dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida da odiSSi Sevida... `xolo STasrulsa odiSs moegeba mefesa Ze mamia dadianisa liparit da iTxovda Sendobasa, ukeTu scoda raÁ mamaman misman. Seundo mefeman, rameTu iyo tkbil da mowyale da ararai vis avno; garna liparit, _ werda vaxuSti bagrationi,_ aRiyvana pativsa mamisasa. merme warvida afxazeTs da wariyvana liparit dadiani, moegeba SarvaSiZe da daemorCila brZanebasa missa, viTarca pirvelTa mefeTasa. ganagna muneburni da daamSÂdna igini da movida quTaTiss. Semokrebuli imer-amerTa didebulTa da kaTalikozTa da episkoposTagan ekurTxa mefed mun.~734 aleqsandre didis am samxedro eqspediciis Semdeg mSvidoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi TiTqmis oTxi aTeuli weli ar darRveula. 1453 wels osmalo-Turqebma konstantinopoli aiRes da aTaswlovanma bizantiis imperiam arseboba Sewyvita. imave wels, zafxulSi edirneSi (adrianopolSi) dabrunebul mehmed II-s SavizRvispireTis qristianuli qveynebis warmomadgenlebi estumrnen. zogierTi istorikosi maT Soris saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebsac asaxelebs. ingliseli s.ransimenis mixedviT, sulTnis kars ewvivnen `samegrelos, imereTis mTavris dadianis,” xolo Turqi istorikosis m.kirzioRlus cnobiT, `gurielis, megrelebis da abazebis~ elCebi.735 orive avtori bizantieli istorikosis dukas Txzulebas eyrdnoba. aq 1453 wels mehmed meoresTan misul elCebs Soris dasaxelebuli arian: `trapizonelebi da yvela isini, vinc pontos zRvasTan cxovroben~736. rogorc vxedavT, am elCebs Soris saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebi saerTod ar Canan. bizantiis imperiis dacemis Semdeg saqarTvelos zRvispireTs osmaleTi daemuqra. vaxuSti bagrationi osmalo-Turqebis pirvel Tavdasxmas 1451 wliT aTariRebs, m.kirzioRlus da m.svaniZes miaCniaT, rom Tavdasxma 1454 wels moxda. aseTi Sesworebis safuZvlad am istorikosebs mohyavT italiuri wyaroebi, romlebSic 1454 wels osmaleTis samxedro flotis Sav zRvaze reidia aRwerili, rodesac am flotma savastopoli, igive cxomi, dRevandeli soxumi gadawva.737 vaxuSti bagrationis cnobis aseTi gadaTariReba samarTliani unda iyos. DdRevandel soxumze osmalebis, Semdeg ki afxazebis Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb erTerTi cnoba 1454 wlis meore naxevarSi SavizRvispireTidan genuaSi gagzavnili konsulis jerardo pinelis werilma Semogvinaxa: `me Cavibare savastopolis konsuloba... davyavi iq mcire xani..., – vkiTxulobT am werilSi, _ moulodnelad mas Tavs daesxnen afxazebi da mosaxleoba mTlianad gaiqca, raTa Tavi gadaerCina. mec maT mivbaZe, afxazebs undodaT umetesoba tyved waeyvanaT. garda amisa, gacnobebT, rom Cems Casvlamde Turqebi daesxnen da gaZarcves es qalaqi~.738 ufro adrindeli italiuri wyaros cnobiT, osmalo-Turqebma soxumis navsadgurSi genuelTa erTi savaWro xomaldi dawves, meore ki nadavlad waiyvanes. maT am qalaqSi mcxovreb genuel vaWarTa erTi nawili daatyveves, meore nawilma ki Tavs gaqceviT uSvela.739 734
. iqve. . . . 1453 . ., 1983, gv. 150; MM. Kirzioglu. Osmanlilar in Kafkaz – Eleri ni fethi (1451-1590). Ankara, 1976. 736 . Ducae Michaelis. Historia Byzantina, Patrol gia Graeca, t. CLYII, gv.128. 737 . MM.Kirzioglu. Osmanlilar..., gv. 6-7; . . ( ). И , 1982. ., 1985, . 107-111. 738 . Codice diplomatice delle colonie Tauro-Ligurt durante la signoria dell ufficio di S. Giorgio, ed. A. Vigna, Parte II, ASLSF,VII, 1871, gv. 317-318. 739 . iqve, gv.102-103. 735
150
vaxuSti bagrationi afxazebis mier soxumis darbevis Sesaxeb arafers wers, magram aRniSnavs, rom osmalebma am Tavdasxmis dros mTeli afxazeTis saerisTavo daarbies. `gamovidnen ormocda aTni katarRani savseni spiTa..., – wers swavluli batoniSvili, – da aRaoxrnes da moswyÂdnes cxomi da afxazeTi da zRÂs pirni. ukun iqcnen da warvidnen. amis mcnobeli mefe giorgi (erTiani saqarTvelos bolo mefe giorgi VIII _ 1445-1466ww. _ avt.) warvida moswrafed, aramed vera raÁsaRa ewia. garna mkÂdrnive dasxna da uqmna simagreni da ganagna muneburni da movida geguTs~.740 `ganagna~ afxazTa ajanyebis CaxSobasac gulisxmobs, romlis drosac maT, rogorc vnaxeT, cxomi sastikad daarbies. 1454w. genuelebi cxumSi SemTxveviT ar aRmoCenilan. am droisaTvis qalaqSi genuelTa savaWro faqtoria arsebobda. giorgi VIII erTiani saqarTvelos bolo mefe aRmoCnda. qveynis politikuri daSla samcxe-saaTabagos erisTavis saxlSi dapirispirebam daaCqara. 1448 wels samcxis aTabags aRbuRa jayels erisTavTerisTavoba biZam yvaryvarem CamoarTva. gadayenebulma aTabagma daxmareba saqarTvelos mefes sTxova. giorgi VIII laSqriT samcxeSi gaemarTa, `yuaryuare moegeba mefesa da ityoda ucodvel yofasa, aramed mefeman aRiyvana kualad aRbuRave pativsa aTabagobisasa~. 1451 wels aRbuRa gardaicvala da saqarTvelos mefem aTabagoba mis biZas yvaryvare II jayels daumtkica. yvaryvare madlierebis nacvlad samcxis saaTabagos erTiani qarTuli samefodan gamoyofisaTvis samzadiss Seudga.741 saqarTveloSi Sinaomi gardauvali Canda, rodesac qveyanas romis papis elCi ludoviko bolonieli ewvia. man qarTvelebs antiosmalur koaliciaSi monawileobis miReba SesTavaza. konstantinopolis dacemas (1453w. 29 maisi) gamoxmaureba mTel msoflioSi, upirveles yovlisa, qristianul samyaroSi mohyva. dasavleT evropaSi antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis idea gaCnda, romelic osmalebisgan konstantinopolis gaTavisuflebas da bizantiis imperiis aRadgenas iTvaliswinebda. am ideis sulisCamdgmeli romis papi kalisto III iyo. man am koaliciaSi osmaleTis mezobeli qveynebis Cabmis mizniT 1456_1460ww. elCi ludoviko bolonieli aRmosavleTSi orjer gamoagzavna. saqarTveloSi gaerTianebuli ZalebiT osmalebTan brZolis idea imdenad momxibvleli aRmoCnda, rom romis elCis SuamavlobiT saqarTvelos mefesa da samcxis aTabags Soris droebiTi dazaveba moxda. ludoviko bolonielma saqarTvelos garda osmalTa mowinaaRmdege mezobeli qveynebi moiara da isinic antiosmalur koaliciaSi monawileobaze daiTanxma. bolos aRmosavleTis qveynebis elCebi saqarTveloSi Seikribnen da ludoviko bolonielTan erTad dasavleT evropaSi gaemgzavrnen. yvaryvare II jayelma dasavleT evropaSi sakuTari elCi gaagzavna. saqarTvelos sxva erisTavTerisTavebic am droisaTvis TiTqmis damoukideblad grZnobdnen Tavs. amis miuxedavad maT dasavleT evropaSi elCebi ar gagzavnes da TavianT warmomadgenlad sruliad saqarTvelos elCs miiCnevdnen. am elCobasTan dakavSirebuli laTinurenovani dokumentebiT qarTveli erisTavTerisTavebis saxelebisa da saerisTavoTa dadgena xerxdeba. es ki XV s_is 50-ian wlebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi politikur ZalTa ganlagebis zustad aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva. saTanado laTinurenovani dokumentebis analiziT irkveva, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils _ imereTs, raWa_leCxums, svaneTis met nawils aleqsandre I didis Zmiswuli bagrati ganagebda, romelic “mefis“ tituliT moixsenieba. saqarTvelos samxreT_dasavleT SavizRvispireTi guriis saerisTavoSi Sedioda, romelsac qarTuli saistorio wyaroebisTvis ucnobi mamia (mania) gurieli ganagebda; “markizis“ tituliT moixsenieba. am laTinurenovan dokumentebSi odiSis erisTavi bediani “bendianis” saxeliT Tu 740 741
. qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, . iqve, gv. 284, 704-705.
gv. 284.
151
tituliT moixsenieba. am dokumentebis mixedviT, odiSis erisTavTerisTavs Zveli tradiciiT afxazeTis erisTavic emorCileboda. amitom bediani zogierT dokumentSi rogorc “samegrelosa da afxazeTis mefe” (Bendas rex Mengrelia et Abasiae) ixsenieba. amis miuxedavad, afxazeTi saqarTvelos mainc calke administraciul_teritoriul erTeuls warmoadgenda. amitom saTanado dokumentebSi dukas tituliT afxazeTis erisTavi rabia (Rabia dux Anocaciae ) gvxvdeba1. XIII_XV saukuneebis italiur dokumentebSi odiSis erisTavs “bedians”, “bendians” uwodeben. antiosmalur koaliciasTan dakavSirebiT trapizonis imperatoris burgundiis dukasadmi 1460 wels gagzavnil werilSi bediani SvilTan erTad moixsenieba. imave wels yvaryvare II jayelis, “anu saqarTvelos hercogis” veneciis doJisadmi gagzavnili weriliT dgindeba am bedianis vinaoba. aq “bedians” de la chan de liparit” ewodeba2. eWvs gareSea, rom es aris liparit II dadiani (1414_1470ww.). misi “Svili” aris Samadavle dadiani (1470_1474ww.), romelic, rogorc Cans, mamasTan erTad ganagebda saerisTavos3. cnobilia, rom odiSis mTavarTa pirveli dinastia bedian I dadianidan modis, romelic odiSis saerisTavos XIII s_is 80_ian wlebSi da XIV s_is dasawyisSi ganagebda.4 safiqrebelia, amis Sesaxeb cnoba sul cota ori saukune SemorCa. amitomac iyo, rom italielebi XIV_XV saukuneebSi odiSis erisTavebs bedianis saxeliT moixseniebdnen. saqarTvelos da aRmosavleTis qveynebis elCebis evropuli misia warumatebeli iyo. dasavleT evropa erTiani ZaliT osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis mzad ar aRmoCnda. antiosmaluri koaliciis CaSlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi Sinaomma axali ZaliT ifeTqa. iniciativa kvlav yvaryvare II jayelma gamoiCina. man saqarTvelos mefis giorgi VIII_is winaaRmdeg 1462 wels TeTrbatknianTa mbrZanebeli uzun_hasani moiwvia, romelic qarTlSi SemoiWra. uzun_hasanis laSqrobiT dasavleT saqarTvelos mefisnacvalma bagratma isargebla. man aRuTqva Tavisufleba erisTavebs da cixe_simagreebSi Tavisi mecixovneebi Caayena. `amisTÂis mosces dadian-gurielman afxazTa da suanTa piri mtkice mefed yofisa imereTs~,742 - wers vaxuSti batoniSvili. 1463 wels bagratma quTaisis axlos CixorTan giorgi VIII daamarcxa. gamarjvebuls quTaisSi “moerTnen dadian_guriel_afxazni da suanni da akurTxes, sruliad imerTa (e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelos _ avt.) saTno CinebiTa mefed... iqmna imereTi mieriT erT mefed da oTx samTavrod anu saTavadod, rameTu miiRo dadianman odiSi, gurielman guria, SarvaSiZem afxazni da jiqni da gelovanman suaneTi, da bagrat mefobda maT zeda esreT~743. bagrati mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos mefed didxans ar darCenila. 1466 wels is aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gadmovida da Tavi sruliad saqarTvelos mefed gamoacxada. istoriaSi is bagrat VI_is saxeliT Sevida. igi realurad mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos da Sida qarTls flobda. kaxeTs giorgi VIII daeufla, romelmac safuZveli damoukidebel kaxeTis samefos Cauyara. qvemo qarTlSi aleqsandre didis SviliSvili konstantine II dimitris Ze gabatonda, romelic bagrat VI_is uzenaesobas aRiarebda. samcxe_saaTabago ki faqtobrivad damoukidebel samTavros warmoadgenda. 1477 wels bagrat VI-is winaaRmdeg vamey II dadiani (1475_1482ww.) gamovida. “Semoikribna afxazni da gurieli da uwyo kirTeba, oxreba da dapyroba 1. m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, gv. 50_52, 56__63, 594_598; qarTuli diplomatiis istoria. Tb., 2003, gv, 364-374; Fallmerayer. Geshichte des Keisertums von Trapezuna. Munchen, 1827, gv. 265; W. Miller. Trebizond, the last greece empire. London, 1926, gv. 96. 2. d.paiWaZe. evropis qveynebis antiosmaluri koalicia da saqarTvelo. Tb., 1989. 3. T. beraZe. odiSis saerisTavo XVI_XVIss. - samegrelo..., gv.147_148. 4. iqve. 742 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 805 743 . iqve, gv. 806.
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imereTsa”. saqarTvelos mefis sapasuxo reaqciam ar daayovna. bagrat VI didi laSqriT odiSisken gaemarTa, vamey II dadiani daamarcxa da daimorCila744. qarTlisa da dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe bagrat VI 1478 wels gardaicvala. qarTlSi samefo taxtze konstantine II (1479-1505ww.) avida. dasavleT saqarTveloSi ki gamefebas bagrat VI_is vaJi aleqsandre Seecada. man mefed kurTxevisaTvis “mouwoda dadian_gurielsa, SarvaSiZes da gelovansa~, magram maT vamey II dadianis meTaurobiT morCilebaze uari ganucxades da dasavleT saqarTveloSi konstantine II moiwvies. konstantinem dasavleT saqarTvelos erisTavTa daxmarebiT quTaisi daikava da qarTlisa da dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo mcire xniT aRadgina. mokavSireni axla ukve mTeli saqarTvelos gaerTianebaze ocnebobdnen da pirvel rigSi samcxe_saaTabagos SemoerTebas Seecadnen. vamey II dadiani dasavleT saqarTvelos laSqriT konstantine II_s 1481 wels samcxis aTabagTan brZolaSi daexmara, ris Sedegad mefem samcxe da javaxeTi daimorCila745. konstantine II sruliad saqarTvelos mefe gaxda. man `moimorCilna imerelni, odiSarni, afxazni, msaxurebda aTabagi da morCilebdes kaxnica~.746 1483 wels konstantine II aradeTTan brZolaSi yvaryvare III aTabagTan damarcxda. aleqsandre bagratis Zem amiT isargebla, quTaisi daikava da mefed ekurTxa. maSin odiSis axalma erisTavma liparit II dadianma (1482_1512ww.) dasavleT saqarTveloSi konstantine II kidev erTxel moiwvia. 1487 wels konstantine II laSqriT dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida, liparit II dadianisa da dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva erisTavebis daxmarebiT quTaisis da dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva umniSvnelovanesi cixe-simagreebi kidev erTxel daikava, Tumca dasavleT saqarTvelos sabolood SemoerTeba verc axla moaxerxa. 1488 wels aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi iranis mbrZanebeli iakub xani SemoiWra da qarTlis mefe masTan sabrZolvelad gaemarTa. aleqsandre bagratis Zem amiT isargebla, quTaisis da saerTod imereTis cixe_simagreebi daibruna, Semdeg “daezava dadian_gurielsa. amiT daimSvida imereTi da daipyra umtkicesad da daimorCilna afxazni da suannica”747. amis Semdeg aleqsandre imerTa mefem dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zalaufleba sabolood ganimtkica. 1490 wels konstantine II sagangebod mowveul samefo darbazs saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZolis gagrZelebis Taobaze rCevas daekiTxa. samefo darbazma mefes aseTi brZolis ukeTesi droisaTvis gadadeba urCia748. amis Semdeg qarTlis mefe kaxeTisa da imereTis mefeebs, agreTve aTabags Seurigda, riTac saqarTvelos faqtobrivi daSla gaformda. XVs_is II naxevris dasavleT saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis gadmocemisas aucilebelad unda SevexoT samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebul mosazrebas e.w. “sabedianos” Sesaxeb. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, XVs_is 50_70_ian wlebSi arsebobda naxevrad damokidebeli politikuri erTeuli “sabediano,” romlis mTavari bediani Tavis xelqveiT dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTis saerisTavoebs gurias, odiSs da afxazeTs aerTianebda. es mosazreba pirvelad iv. javaxiSvilma gamoTqva da Semdeg araerTma istorikosma gaimeora749. rogorc gairkva, “sabediano”, saerTod ar arsebobda da misi dasaxeleba antiosmaluri koaliciis Sesaxeb SemorCenili dokumentebis araswori interpretaciis Sedegia.
744
. iqve, gv. 807; iqve, t. II, gv. 342. . iqve, t. IV, gv. 386. 746 . iqve, t. II, gv 343. 747 . iqve, t. IV, gv. 809. 748 . iqve, gv. 390. 749 . iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. Txzulebani XII tomad, t. III. Tb., 1982, gv. 329; istoria, I. Tb., 1956, gv. 242_243; . . , gv. 240. 745
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3. genuelTa savaWro faqtoria savastopol-cxomSi//cxumSi jvarosnebis mier konstantinopolisAaRebis Semdeg, 1204 wels, naxevrad daxuruli Savi zRva msoflio vaWrobisTvis TandaTan gaixsna. viTareba arc 1261 wlis Semdeg Secvlila, roca konstantinopoli bizantias daubrunda. XIII s-is dasasrulisaTvis bizantiis dedaqalaqSi mravali qveynis vaWari Cadioda, romlebsac TavianTi interesi SavizvispireTSic hqondaT. maT Soris iyvnen vaWrebi italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebidan – siciliidan da kataloniidan, agreTve egviptidan. am droisaTvis Savi zRva kargad iyo cnobili mezRvaurebisTvis, vaWrebisTvis. XIII-XV ss-Si dasavleT evropelebis codna SavizRvispireTis Sesaxeb pirvel rigSi am saukuneebis, ufro zustad 1318-1519 wlebis sazRvao rukebze aisaxa. am rukebze dRevandeli soWis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT pirveli Costo//Gusto//Costo//-Costa//Chasto, anu dRevandeli xostaa datanili. samxreT-aRmosavleTiT Laiazo//Aiaco// Layazo// Laiaco _. liauSia aRniSnuli. XIIIs-is veneciur, 1318 wlis petre veskontes, 1436 wlis biankos rukebze datanilia Abcazia // Augazia, anu afxazeTi, romelsac mxaris an kidev dasaxlebuli punqtis mniSvneloba aqvs. zogierT sazRvao rukaze, magaliTad, 1385 wlis soleris, 1518 wlis andreus beninkazis rukebze es mxare Tu zRvispira punqti bevrad ufro CrdilodasavleTiT, dRevandeli soWisa da tuafses Sorisaa datanili. dRevandeli saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi yvelaze Crdilo-dasavleTiT Cacary//Chachari//Cacar// Chatari, anu Zveli gagari, dRevandeli gagraa datanili. Semdeg, samxreTdasavleTiT, erTmaneTis miyolebiT sazRvao rukebze datanilia Sun Soffia// Sancta Sofia//s. Soffia – biWvinTis cnobili taZari, Giro –biWvinTis koncxi, Cavo de Giro – biWvinTis yure da Pecunda//Pezonda –sakuTriv biWvinTa, igive picundaa datanili. biWvinTis samxreT –aRmosavleTiT rukebze Cavo de Buxo//Cavo de Bux//Cavo Buxio//Cavo de Bussi aris datanili. es saxelwodeba `bzebis yured~ iTargmneba. mkvlevarTa didi nawili fiqrobs, rom am yureSi bomboris yure igulisxmeba, sadac mdinareebi mWiSTa (muwus wyali), xifsTa (zufus wyali) da aafsTa (aRacos wyali) Caedineba. bolo wlebSi b. gogiam da j. gamaxariam mosazreba gamoTqves, rom `bzebis yureSi~ mdinare bzifis SesarTavi igulisxmeba750. `bzebis yuris~ samxreT-aRmosavleTi sazRvao rukebze Nisoffia, Flum Nisofia da Flum Nicola aris datanili. eWvs gareSea, rom es aris anakofiis cixe-qalaqi da “anakofiis mdinare,” romelsac dRes fsircxa ewodeba. anakofiis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT sazRvao rukebze Savastopoli//Sconastopoli Zveli qarTuli cxomi//cxumi (dRev. soxumi), mis midamoebSi p. Mengrello//Ponto Mengrello, Catancha//Cicaba// Cichaba//Cicaba – wyubuni dRevandeli soxumis aeroportis midamoebSi, gotto//Goto - kodoris koncxi da Tamamxa//Tamassa//Tama// Tamasa aris datanili. es punqti kidev erT dasavlurevropul, 1654 wlis samegrelos (odiSis) samTavros rukaze, rogorc Satamascia aris datanili. es aris saTamaSa, cixe-darbazi, dRevandeli tamiSis midamoebSi, romelic XIXs-is 70-ian wlebSi jer kidev SemorCenili iyo. cixe-darbazis aRweriloba v.Cerniavskim dagvitova. misi cnobiT, 1875 wels aq gaTxra ucdiaT da am mizniT cixe-darbazis erT-erTi koSki aufeTqebiaT.751 750 751
П
. .
Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 821-834, 882. . . . , 1879, gv. 19, 127.
154
,
. -
saTamaSas samxreT – dasavleTiT datanilia Murkula - sofeli merkula, Laxopotamo _ mdinare RaliZga, Castro Corenbedia - albaT, sofeli ilori, Corebedia bedia anu Sua bedia, Megapotamo//Megapotami _ mdinare enguri, Lipotimo – mdinare xobi, Lofasio//Fasso//Faxio//Fasso/f.Fasio – dRevandeli foTi da mdinare rioni, Paliastomo//Paliastama –paliastomis tba, San Giorgio - grigoleTi, Vati//Lovati -- baTumi da Gonea - dRevandeli gonios cixe-simagre.752 XIII-XV saukuneebis sazRvao rukebs portolanebsac eZaxdnen, radgan maT, rogorc wesi, aRwerilobebic axldaT. erT-erT aseT portolanad unda CaiTvalos espaneli franciskeli beris mier 1350-1366 wlebSi Sedgenili “codnis wigni” msoflios samflobeloebis, TiToeuli qveynis, maT mefeTa da mbrZanebelTa Sesaxeb. vinaidan es Txzuleba qarTulad Targmnili ar aris, moviyvanT amonarids, romelic afxazeTs da mis momijnave Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTs Seexeba: “Semdeg me mivaRwie goTebis koncxs (igulisxmeba yirimis samxreTi sanapiro _ avt.), romelic mdebareobs did (Savi _ avt.) zRvasa da tanas (azovis _ avt.) zRvas Soris. koncxi esazRvreba or Zalze vrcel provincias, daviT mefis qveyanas da anogazias (Anogasia)... aqedan me gadavedi tanas zRvaze, - vkiTxulobT am portolanSi, – srutiT goTebis koncxsa da tusis koncxs Soris (igulisxmeba qerCis srute _ avt.), sadac aris qalaqi, romelsac ewodeba matrega (tamani _ avt.)... me gavuyevi didi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros, gaviare ra didi manZili ria saxsiasa da pesontas (biWvinTas _ avt.) Soris... da mivedi savastopolis (Sant Estapoly) samefoSi. mefis droSaze gamoxatulia vercxlis marjvena”753. am “samefoSi” odiSis saerisTavo igulisxmeba, “vercxlis marjvenaSi” marjvena xelis mtevani, romelic sazRvao rukebze754 dRevandeli soxumis Tavze gamoxatul xuTjvrian rukebze gvxvdeba. “codnis wignSi” moxseniebuli “anogazia” damaxinjebuli “avogazia” unda iyos. mis mixedviT, es mxare yirimis midamoebSi mdebareobda. XIII-XV saukuneebSi Sav zRvaze vaWrobaSi yvelaze ufro italielebi aqtiurobdnen. maT Soris Tavdapirvelad venecielebi gamoirCeodnen. Semdeg ki pirveloba genuelTa xelSi gadavida. XIII_XV saukuneebSi venecielebis saqarTvelosTan vaWrobis Sesaxeb Zalze cota ramaa cnobili, rac venecielTa sazRvao vaWrobis TaviseburebiT aixsneba. veneciaSi xelisufleba aqtiurad ereoda qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, amitom XIII_XV saukuneebSi uSualod veneciidan Sav da azovis zRvebze mxolod saxelmwifo galerebi dacuravdnen, romlebsac Ruzis CaSvebis ufleba mxolod tanasa da trapizonis navsadgurebSi hqondaT755. am qalaqebSi venecielebs savaWro faqtoriebi hqondaT. 1319 wels maT trapizonSi, xolo 1333 wels ki mkacri akrZalvis miuxedavad tanaSi, faqtoriebis gaxsnis ufleba miiRes.756 venecielTa galerebi drodadro Savi zRvis sxva navsadgurebSi, maT Soris cxumSi Sediodnen. qarTvelebi uSualo savaWro urTerTobas ZiriTadad konstantinopolSi mcxovreb veneciel vaWrebTan amyarebdnen. ase, magaliTad, 1437 wlis agvistoSi venecielma vaWarma SeiZina giorgi megrelis mier savastopolidan (cxumidan) specialuri tariT konstantinopolSi Catanili 157kg. cvili, romlisaTvis mas
752
.
.
. , . IX.
, 1875, . х
. gv. 410-432; , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 820-838;
; . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 22-29. 753 . . . Мореплавание..., gv. 46. 754 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv.828-829. 755 . . . , gv. 48-59. 756 . Badoer Ll. libero dei conti di Giaccn o Badoer ( Constantinopoli 1436-1440), testo a cura di Derini e.T.Bertele(I1 muovo Ramuse , III). Roma,1956, gv. 59.
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23,25 perpera gadauxades. ori dRis Semdeg amave vaWarma didi raodenobis cvili savastopolidan Casuli italieli vaWrisgan SeiZina.757 XIII saukunis 60-ian wlebidan Sav zRvaze vaWrobaSi pirveloba genuis xelSi gadadis. 1267 wels genuam bizantiis keisrisgan konstantinopolis gareubanSi peraSi(galaTaSi) savaWro faqtoriis daarsebis ufleba miiRo. male genuelebi qalaq soldaiaSi (dRevandeli sudaki) dasaxldnen. 1270-1275 wlebSi maT dRevandeli feodosiis adgilas (yirimSi) - kafaSi axalSeni daarses, romelic mokle xanSi vaWrobis msoflio centrad gadaiqca. momdevno naxevari saukunis manZilze mTeli SavizRvispireTi genuelebis savaWro faqtoriebiT daifara. maTi xomaldebi kaspiis zRvazec dacuravdnen. genuelTa savaWro faqtoria daaxloebiT Svidi aTeuli wlis manZilze iranis ilxanTa saxelmwifos dedaqalaqSi TavrizSic arsebobda, didi savaWro interesebi saqarTvelos zRvispireTSic hqondaT. XIII_XV saukuneebis saqarTvelo-genuis savaWro urTierTobiT da saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi genuelTa faqtoriebiT mravali istorikosi dainteresda. istorikosebs pirvel rigSi aseTi faqtoriebis arseboba afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze ainteresebdaT. maTi azriT, dRevandel afxazeTSi XIV-XV saukuneebSi genuelebs sul cota aTi savaWro faqtoria hqondaT.758 am mosazrebis avtorebi ZiriTadad XIV-XV saukuneebis sazRvao rukebs eyrdnobian. maT aseT faqtoriad yvela is dasaxelebuli punqti miaCniaT, romlebic am rukebze engurfsous monakveTzea datanili. zogierTi avtori kidev ufro Sors midis da genuelTa savaWro faqtoriad miiCnevs iseT geografiul punqtebs, romelTa saxelwodebebs ”italiuri JReradoba gaaCniaT.” ase, magaliTad, k. kudriavcevma aseTi “JReradobis” gamo genuelTa savaWro faqtoriad miiCnia “olaguane” maSin, rodesac es toponimi sityvasityviT `saqvevres~, “qvevrebis adgils”_marans niSnavs. igive avtori a. fadeevTan erTad genuelTa kidev erT savaWro faqtorias “santanjelos” asaxelebs, romelic TiTqos md. enguris marjvena napirze, maRal mTaze mdebareobda. sinamdvileSi am adgilis saxelwodebas “saTanjos” da iq mdgar VIII_X saukuneebis cixe-darbazs genuelebTan saerTo araferi aqvs. unda iTqvas, rom msgavs mosazrebaTa mizezs SavizRvispireTSi genuelTa savaWro faqtoriebis mowyobis principebis arcodna warmoadgens. SavizRvispireTis genuelTa savaWro faqtoriebs adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan sxvadasxva damokidebuleba hqondaT. saerTo iyo is, rom faqtoriis arseboba genuelebisTvis aucileblad TviTmarTvelobas gulisxmobda. aseTi TviTmmarTveloba sakuTar eklesias da sasaflaos gulisxmobda. XIV-XV ss-Si genuelebi baTumsa da foTSi cxovrobdnen. isini am qalaqebSi TviTmmarTvelobiT ar sargeblobdnen da Sesabamisad arc faqtoria gaaCndaT. saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi am saukuneebSi TviTmmarTveloba genuelebs mxolod cxumSi hqondaT, sadac saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi maTi erTaderTi faqtoria iyo. cxumSi, igive savastopolSi genuelebi pirvelad 1280 wels arian damowmebuli. am wels soxumSi erTma italielma meorisagan savaWro xomaldi ,,Mugetto” (,,SroSana”) iyida. misi yidva-gayidvis aqti adgilze italielma notariusma daamtkica. 1289 wels es xomaldi xelaxla gaiyida da am axalma
757
. iqve, gv. 188. . . . commerce de la mer Noire, et de . – М 758
. , 1837, gv. 37; Primandie Historie de colonies genoises de la Krimee, Paris, 1847 gv. 123-127; . . , . IV. ., 1894 , gv. 125-127; . , . XIII XV . , 1938, 3; . . ..., gv. 23-24; . . . – И , 1989; el. mamisTvaliSvili. odiSis istoriidan. _ Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, 1992, # 320, gv. 52-59; z. papaskiri. narkvevebi..., I, gv. 80-81; . . ..., gv. 134-139; . К , gv. 116.
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yidva-gayidvis aqtma Semogvinaxa cnoba ,,SroSanis” adre soxumSi gayidvis Sesaxeb.759 zemoT moyvanili iyo im werilis teqsti, romelic savastopolis kaTolike episkoposma 1330 wels inglisSi gaagzavna. werilSi episkoposi Tavis inglisel TanamoZmeebs im winaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb acnobebda, romelsac savastopolis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba am qalaqSi kaTolikeTa sasaflaos gaxsnas uwevda. ueWvelia, rom am SemTxvevaSi sakuTriv aRmsareblobis sakiTxi yvelaze nakleb rols TamaSobda. adgilobrivma vaWrebma kargad icodnen, rom sasaflaosaTvis miwis gamoyofa da Sesabamisad eklesiis aSenebis ufleba genuelebisTvis cxumSi faqtoriis gaxsnis uflebis gzaze pirvel nabijs warmoadgenda. es ki adgilobriv vaWrebs Zalze aSinebda. qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi XII-XV ss-Si saqarTvelo_genuis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb rame cnoba ar gvxvdeba. es ki imas mowmobs, rom am or saxelmwifos Soris saomari Setakebebi ar momxdara. saqarTvelos SedarebiTi samxedro Zlierebis gamo genuelebi faqtoriis gaxsnis uflebas molaparakebis gziT cdilobdnen. safiqrebelia, rom am mizniT saqarTveloSi genuelTa araerTi delegacia Camovida. italiuri saistorio tradiciis mixedviT, genuelebma soxumSi savaWro faqtoria adgilobrivi xelisuflebis (igulisxmeba odiSis erisTavTerisTavi) TanxmobiT miiRes760. safiqrebelia, rom aseTi Tanxmobis gacemis win erisTavTerisTavma saTanado nebarTva saqarTvelos mefisgan gamoiTxova. saqarTveloSi savaWro faqtoriis gaxsnis ufleba genuelebma 1354 wels miiRes. Tanxmobis miRebaSi didi roli saerTaSoriso asparezze genuis warmatebam iTamaSa. 1354 wels sazRvao brZolaSi genuelebma TiTqmis mTlianad gaanadgures TavianTi mudmivi metoqis, veneciis floti. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam aseT viTarebaSi genuelTa morigi Txovna, samarTlianad CaTvala” da maT soxumSi savaWro faqtoriis gaxsnis ufleba misca. am faqtoriis pirvel konsulad ambrojio di pietro dainiSna761. sevastopolis kaTolikuri saepiskoposo sulTanies arqiepiskoposis nacvlad bosforis arqiepiskoposs daemorCila, romlis rezidencia kafaSi iyo. petrus geraldis Semdeg sevastopolis kidev xuTi episkoposia cnobili: robert hintelsxami, bertold voli, nikoloz paseki, Jan pol franciskaneli da Jan georg da rejobusi. es ukanaskneli sevastopolis faqtoriis moSlis Semdeg italiaSi cxovrobda762. genuelebs savaWro faqtoriisaTvis soxumi SemTxveviT ar aurCeviaT. antikur xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi is saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi erTaderTi adgili iyo, sadac sagangebod mowyobil arxebSi sanaosno sezonis damTavrebis Semdeg napirze amouTrevlad gemebis gaCereba SeiZleboda763. 1290 wlidan genua Tavis savaWro faqtoriebs SavizRvispireTSi konstantinopolis gareubanSi mdebare peras (galaTas) podestas meSveobiT marTavda. 1314 wels genuis SavizRvispireTis savaWro faqtoriebis marTvis mizniT qalaqsaxelmwifos xelisuflebam sagangebo dawesebuleba Seqmna, romelsac 1341 wlidan ,,oficium gazaria” ewoda. 1354 wels daarsebuli sevastopolis genuelTa savaWro faqtoria am uwyebas daeqvemdebara. 1398 wlidan ,,oficium gazaria~ SavizRvispireTis savaWro faqtoriebs kafas konsulis meSveobiT marTavda. konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg, 1453 wlis 17 noembers, genuis xelisuflebam SavizRvispireTis savaWro faqtoriebi genuis kerZo, wminda giorgis banks” gadasca. am banks rva ,,proteqtori” ganagebda, romlebsac erTi wlis vadiTYirCevdnen. SavizRvispireTis genuis faqtoriebis konsulebs 24 759 . Actes des notaires Genois de Pera et de Caaf de la fin du XIII e siecle, ed. G. Bratianu, Bucarest. 1927, gv. 177. 760 . . . e..., gv. 99. 761 . W. Heyd, Historie du Commerce de Levant au Moyen-Age, t. I, Leipzig, 1923, gv. 192. 762 . J. Richard La Papante et les missions d’ orient au moyen age, XIIIe-XVe s. Roma, 1977, gv. 185. 763 . . . ..., gv. 22.
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kacisagan Semdgari sagangebo komiteti irCevda, Semdeg ki maT proteqtorebi amtkicebdnen. 1456 wlidan genuidan konsulebis SavizRvispireTSi gamogzavna Sewyda. yvela maTgans, maT Soris savastopolis konsuls kafas konsuli niSnavda764. XIV-XV ss-Si genuelTa savaWro faqtorias cxumSi navsadguris piras patara ubani eWira. faqtoriis saTaveSi konsuli idga. Tavdapirvelad sakonsulos administracia konsulisagan, notariusisa da sasamarTlos mdivnisagan Sedgeboda. administracia gasamrjelos kafadan iRebda. kafas xelisufleba ixdida im saxlis qirasac, romelSic konsuli cxovrobda. SemdegSi savastopolis faqtoriis administraciis Semadgenloba da misi dafinansebis wesi Seicvala. 1449 wlis kafas wesdebis mixedviT savastopolis konsuli Tavis sasargeblod am qalaqSi genuelebis eqsportis da importis Rirebulebis 1%-s krebda. konsuli Semosuli TanxiT faqtoriis notariuss, anu mdivans, Tarjimans da Sikriks inaxavda765. sasamarTlo, romelsac konsuli Tavmjdomareobda, genuis kanonebis safuZvelze genuelebs Soris davas wyvetda. 1456 wlamde savastopolis konsuli erTi wliT genuaSi iniSneboda. is cxumSi kafas gavliT Cadioda. konsuls genuidan Tan mohqonda sagangebo ,,patenti”, romelic mis rwmunebebs _ ufleba-movaleobas adasturebda. genuis arqivSi ramdenime aseTi patentia SemorCenili. 1455 wels genuis wm. giorgis bankis proteqtorebma savastopolis konsulad ambrojio de poco daniSnes da mis saxelze patenti gasces. “proteqtorebi salams giTvlian pativcemul da Rirseul batonebs, qalaq kafas konsuls, xazinadrebs da zarafxanis moxeleebs, agreTve genuis konsuls savastopolSi, genuelTa qonebis mflobelebs am qalaqSi, maT, vinc Cadis, an Cava am qalaqSi, _ vkiTxulobT patentSi, _ radgan Cven avirCieT^ da davamtkiceT savastopolSi genuelTa da genuelTa qonebis mflobelTa, agreTve Casul movaWreTa da momavalSi vinc Cava da ivaWrebs am qalaqSi, keTilgonieri vaJkaci, genuis moqalaqe ambrojio de poco, sruli xelisuflebiT, ufleba_mosilebiT, gasamrjeloTi, pativiT da SemosavliT, romelic ekuTvnis am Tanamdebobas, erTi wliT an kidev met-naklebi droiT Cveni nebis Sesabamisad... Cven gamovagzavneT TqvenTan xsenebuli ambrojio genuelTa konsulad savastopolSi, raTa Tqven miiRoT is da epyrobodeT mas keTilganwyobiT da alersiT, rogorc saWiroa da daemorCiloT mas yvelaferSi, iseve rogorc Cven, rac Seesabameba mis Tanamdebobas. radgan Cven winaswar viwonebT yvela mis gamotanil ganaCens, gadawyvetilebas da dadgenilebas, romelic Sedis mis kompetenciaSi, Tu amas konsuli ambrojio gamoitans Tanamdebobis Sesabamisad da Cveni saxeliT imoqmedebs kanonierad. amieridan gavalebT Tqven, rom daTqmul dros gadauxadoT konsul ambrojios Sesabamisi gadasaxadi da gamosaRebi”766. XIV s-Si genuelebi savastopolis faqtoriaSi genuis qalaq-saxelmwifos sasargeblod baJis saxiT Semotanili da gatanili saqonlis Rirebulebis 0,5%-s ixdidnen. XV s-Si aseTi baJi orjer gaizarda. baJis akrebis ufleba erTi an ramdenime wliT sagangebo auqcionze iyideboda. cxumSi genuelTa savaWro faqtoria, rogorc iTqva, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis nebarTviT arsebobda. XIV s-is 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelosa da genuas Soris urTierToba daiZaba. 1373w. genuelebs q. kafadan saqarTveloSi sagangebo elCobis gamogzavna dasWirdaT, rom savastopolis faqtoria SeenarCunebinaT.
764 . M. Balard, La Romanie genoise, vol.I-II. Roma, 1978, gv. 142; W. Heyd, Histoire du commerse., I, gv. 142143; W.HHeyd. Histoire...II, gv. 385. 765 . M. Balard. La Romanie..., gv. 141. 766 . Codicce diplomatco delle colonie Tauro-Liguri durante la signoria dell’ufficio di s. Giorgio, ed A. Vigna , parte I, ASLSP, VI, 1868, gv. 266.
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genuelebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba odiSis erisTavTerisTavTan urTierTobas hqonda, romlis samflobeloSic cxumi Sedioda. 1438 wels genuis xelisufleba Seecada Tavis sasargeblod baJis akreba genuelebTan movaWre adgilobriv vaWrebzec gaevrcelebina. genuis xelisuflebis am gadawyvetilebas odiSis erisTavma veto daado. amis Semdeg genuelebs am baJis akreba aRar ucdiaT. savastopolis faqtoriaSi genuis saxelmwifos sasargeblod calkeul wlebSi akrebili Tanxis raodenoba, romlis Sesaxeb cnobebi SemogvrCa, saSualebas iZleva, warmodgena viqonioT cxumis genuelTa faqtoriis savaWro brunvis Sesaxeb. ase, magaliTad, 1373 wels is 12 aTas soms, anu 2628 kg. vercxls Seadgenda. XV s-Si savastopolis faqtoriis savaWro brunvis moculoba orjer da zogierT wlebSi samjer gaizarda767. SavizRvispireTSi genuelTa savaWro faqtoriebs sakuTari fulis moWris ufleba ar hqondaT. mxolod 1440-ian wlebSi kafas savaWro koloniam sakuTari monetis moWris nebarTva miiRo. amis gamo XIII-XV ss-Si SavizRvispireTSi yovelgvari ekonomikuri saqmianoba oqros urdosa da trapizonis imperiis vercxlis monetebis brunvas emyareboda. italiur dokumentebSi oqros urdos monetas ,,aspra barikata”, xolo trapizonis monetas ,,aspra komninata” ewodeboda. xmarebaSi iyo agreTve 216 gramis vercxlis zodebi, romelebic italiurad ,,somi” ewodeboda768. saqarTveloSi trapizonul ,,aspras” ,,kirmaneul TeTrs” uwodebdnen. es saxelwodeba trapizonuli ,,aspra kirmanuelata”-dan modis, romelic sityvasityviT kir manuelis vercxlis monetas anu TeTrs niSnavs. ,,kir manueli” trapizonis imperatori iyo, romlis drosac pirvelad moiWra aseTi tipis moneta. XIII-XV ss-Si dasavleT saqarTveloSi trapizonis monetis minabaZi iWreboda, romelsac qarTvelebi aseve ,,kirmaneul TeTrs” eZaxdnen. odiSis erisTavTerisTavi saqarTvelos mefis nebarTviT cxumSi aseve vercxlis monetas Wrida, romelsac saqarTveloSi ,,cxumuri TeTri” ewodeboda. genuelebi am monetas ,,savastopolis aspras” eZaxdnen. kafas dokumentebSi 1386 wels moxseniebulia ,,savastopolis aspra”, igive ,,cxumuri TeTri”, romelic, rogorc irkveva, ufro met vercxls Seicavda, vidre am wlis oqros urdos vercxlis fuli. 1927 wels soxumSi aRmoCnda monetebis didi ganZi, romlis didi nawili male daikarga. SemorCa mxolod kirmaneulis tipis vercxlis ramdenime moneta. erT-erTi maTganis Sublze moTavsebuli iyo Sebrunebuli qarTuli zedwerili “vamey”. eWvgareSea, rom es iyo nimuSi, romelic sxva amgvari monetebis moWrisaTvis gamoiyeneboda. ase rom XIII–XV ss-Si cxumSi zarafxana arsebobda. zedwerilSi moxseniebuli “vamey” aris odiSis erisTavTerisTavi vamey I dadiani, xolo TviT es moneta aris “cxumuri TeTris” dRemde SemorCenili erTaderTi egzempliari. “cxumuri TeTri” cxumis zarafxanaSi iWreboda. am fulis moWras iseTive mizani hqonda, rac “kirmaneulis” emisias: amiT saqarTvelos xelisufleba cdilobda, Tavisi qveSevrdomi vaWrebisTvis SavizRvispireTSi vaWroba gaeadvilebina. am or monetas Soris gansxvaveba mxolod is iyo, rom kirmaneuls samefo xelisufleba Wrida, xolo cxumur TeTrs, am xelisuflebis nebarTviT, odiSis erisTavi.769. XVs-is 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi cxumSi da saerTod mTel SavizRvispireTSi urTierToba odiSis erisTavTerisTavsa da genuelebs Soris Zalze daiZaba, ris Sesaxebac kafas xelisuflebam genuaSi, ,,wm. giorgis bankis” proteqtorebs 767
. . ..., gv. 100-101. M. Balard. La Romanie..., gv. 658-668; . . , . VIII. , 1878, gv. 53-155. 769 . d. kapanaZe. qarTuli numizmatika. Tb., 1969, gv. 174; D.M. Lang, Studies in the numismatic history of Georgia in Transcaucasia, New-York, 1955, gv. 87; M. Balard, La Romanie..., gv. 608; . . М ..., gv. 100-112. 768
. .
159
acnoba. banki saqarTvelosTan konfliqts Zalze erideboda, amitom 1465 wlis maisSi kafaSi gagzavnili weriliT proteqtorebma kafis xelisuflebas odiSis erisTavTerisTavTan morigeba mosTxova. ,,SeviswavleT ra yvelaferi, Cven vfiqrobT, rom, upirveles yovlisa, Tavi unda SevikavoT mdgomareobis yovelgvari gamwvavebisagan, ris gamoc kafas vaWrebs SeiZleba saqarTveloSi vaWroba aekrZalos... raTa mSvidoba, romelic qalaqs aqvs, ar dairRves, Cveni valia, vimoqmedoT frTxilad da ara gamomwvevad. Tqven kargad unda SeiswavloT viTareba, magram ar unda mokidoT xeli iaraRs, ar unda waaqezoT genuelebi, radgan SeiZleba moxdes iseTi ram, rac gaafuWebs samegrelosTan vaWrobis saqmes... ufro sasargebloa, werilebi gaagzavnoT, darwmunebiT da SeTanxmebiT imoqmedoT... genuelebisaTvis iaraRisa da Zalis gamoyenebis nebas Cven ar gaZlevT da kidevac gikrZalavT, magram es akrZalva unda darCes saidumlod”770. am instruqciis Sesabamisad, kafas administraciam samegrelos mTavarTan konfliqti mSvidobianad moagvara. es irkveva ,,wm. giorgis bankis” proteqtorebis sxva instruqciidan, romelic 1475 wlis 4 dekembers kafaSi gaigzavna: ,,Tqven kargad moagvareT saqme bedianTan, samegrelos mflobelTan, magram Tu amisTvis xarjebi iyo saWiro, Cven moviTxovT am xarjebis dafarvas wilgrovebiT, an kidev imaTze ganawilebas, romlebic Cavlen da ivaWreben mis samflobeloSi”771. genuelebsa da qarTvelebs Soris gaugebroba Semdgom wlebSic grZeldeboda. kafas xelisuflebam genuelebisTvis saqarTveloSi miyenebuli zarali kafaSi qarTvel vaWrebze sagangebo gadasaxadis SemoRebis gziT amoiRo da odiSis saerisTavoSi, romelSic cxumi Sedioda, elCoba gaagzavna. amas mowmobs 1472 wlis ivnisSi bankis proteqtorebis saxeliT kafaSi gagzavnili instruqcia: ,,aseve viwonebT, rom Tqven moagvareT sakiTxi zaralis Sesaxeb, romelic miayenes Cvenebs qarTvelebma, saqarTvelos saqonelze gadasaxadis dadebis gziT da ara konfiskaciiT, romelic iwvevs did SuRls. es Seexeba agreTve elCis gagzavnas baton bendianos SvilTan. ecadeT, moagvaroT masTan da sxvebTan es saqme da ar miiyvanoT igi konfliqtamde, Tu amas ar moiTxovs aucilebloba”.772 italiuri dokumentebis “bendiano” namdvilad aris liparit I dadiani, xolo misi “Svili” am dadianis Ze Samadavle dadiani, romelic mamasTan erTad marTavda samegrelos. samegrelos (odiSis) mTavris karze elCis gagzavna gamowveuli iyo genuelebis SeviwroebiT soxumSi. safiqrebelia, rom maT baJi gaudides da SeiZleba TviTmmarTvelobis warTmevasac apirebdnen. kafas elCs Tavisi misia warmatebiT Seusrulebia, ris Sesaxeb cnobas genuamde miuRwevia. es kargad Cans wminda giorgis bankis 1472w. 15 dekembris instruqciidan: “.....Cven agreTve kmayofilni varT, rom Tqven imedi gaqvT dadebT zavs baton bendianTan, samegrelos mflobelTan”. kafas komunasa da samegrelos samTavros Soris mosalodneli sazavo xelSekrulebis muxlebi ZiriTadad sebastopolis faqtorias Seexeboda, romelic am droisaTvis jer kidev arsebobda. am faqtoriis dReisaTvis cnobili ukanaskneli konsulia qristoforo de kanevale, romelic 1473w. iyo soxumSi am Tanamdebobaze. 1475 wels osmalebma kafa da yirimis genuelTa yvela faqtoria daikaves. safiqrebelia, rom amave wels genuelebma TviTmmarTveloba cxumSic dakarges. ase rom genuelTa savaWro faqtoriam samegrelos samTavroSi Semaval qarTul qalaq cxumSi - sevastopolSi//savastopolSi 121 weli iarseba.
770 . Giorgio, 771 . 772 .
Codice diplomatico delle colonie Tauro-Liguri durante la signoria dell’ufficio di S. A. Vigna, parte II, ASLPS, VII, 1871, gv. 338-339. iqve, gv.534. iqve, gv. 873-874.
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Tavi VIII. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria XVI saukuneSi XVI saukunes saqarTvelo sam samefod da erT samTavrod daSlili Sexvda. erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTvelo, maT Soris dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria, imereTis samefoSi gaerTianda. XVIs-is dasawyisSi imereTis mefe uSualod sakuTriv imereTis, raWa-leCxumis da svaneTis did nawils ganagebda. saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi naxevrad damoukidebeli guriisa da odiSis samTavroebi, agreTve afxazeTis saerisTavo mdebareobdnen. XVIs-is dasawyisSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawili ,,anakofiis mdinaremde”, iseve rogorc XIV-XVss. odiSis samTavroSi Sedioda. `cxomis dasavliT ars anakofia da mdinare misi mcire, - wers vaxuSti bagrationi _ gamomdinare kavkasisa da momrTveli zRÂsa egreTve Cdilodam~773. anakofiis mcire mdinares dRes fsircxa ewodeba. is saTaves kavkasionis mTavari qedis ganStoeba ximsis mTidan iRebs. mdinares marjvena mxares TiTqmis zRvamde patara qedi - `anakofiis mcire mTa, kavkasidam Camosuli~774 miuyveba. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, vaxuStis mixedviT, sasazRvro xazi iyo odiSsa da afxazeTs Soris. mdinare fsircxis marjvena napiris gamyoli qedi odiSisa da afxazeTis sazRvrad XVI saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi Turqi mzveravis patakSic gvxvdeba. `...imereTis qveveiT aris guria, romelic trapizons esazRvreba. imis iqiT soxumamde dadianis qveyanaa (igulisxmeba odiSi _ avt.), igi Zvel droSi navsadguri yofila. masTan ialbuzis (kavkasionis mTavari qedis) mTis kalTa eSveba, _ wers igi, _ imis iqiT aris afxazeTis (abazas) qveynebi~775. Turqi mzveravisgan gansxvavebiT, germanel diplomat s. gerberStains afxazeTis adgilmdebareobaze gansxvavebuli warmodgena hqonda. is ruseTs XVI s-is dasawyisSi ewvia da afxazeTis Sesaxeb cnobebi rusebma miawodes: `meotiis WaobebTan (azovis zRvasTan _ avt.) da pontosTan (Sav zRvasTan _ avt.) mdinare yubanze, romelic Waobebs uerTdeba, cxovrobs afxazebis (aphgasi) xalxi... yubanis iqiT samegrelo (Mengrelia) mdebareobs~776. XVI s-is pirvel naxevarSi cxomi (soxumi), romelic odiSis samTavroSi Sedioda, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis umniSvnelovanes qalaqad rCeboda. XVI s-is Sua wlebSi am qalaqidan zRviT yirimSi didi raodenobiT saqarTveloSi moyvanili abreSumis parki da sagangebo tomrebSi dafasoebuli brinji gahqondaT.777 gviani Sua saukuneebis afxazeTis yvelaze sruli da zusti aRweriloba vaxuSti bagrationis TxzulebaSi da mis mier gamoxazul rukaTa atlasebSi gvxvdeba. am TxzulebaSi da Sesabamis rukebze afxazeTi da saerTod dasavleT saqarTvelos politikur-administraciuli erTeulebi im sazRvrebSia mocemuli, romelic maT XV-XVI ss-is mijnaze, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis droisaTvis ekavaT778. vaxuSti bagrationi afxazeTs anakofiis Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare SavizRvispireTis erT monakveTs uwodebs, romelic am qalaqidan `kappetis mdinaremde~ vrceldeboda. `xolo sazRvari afxazeTisa ars: aRmosavliT anakofiis 773
. qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 781. . iqve, gv. 776. 775 . Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis. Turquli dokumentebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT, gamokvleviTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosca c. abulaZem. Tb., 1983, gv.57. 776 . . . . ., 1988, gv. 181. 777 . , . М ..., gv. 125. 778 . T. beraZe. odiSis politikuri..., gv. 171; T. beraZe. vaxuSti bagrationi afxazeTisa da jiqeTis Sesaxeb. _ afxazeTis istoriis problemebi. Tb., 1998, gv. 103-104. 774
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dasavleTiT mcire mTa, kavkasidam Camosuli zRuamde. _ wers igi, _ dasavliT zRua da kappetis mdinare... CrdiloT mzRvris mTa kavkasi, samÃriT zRua Savi~.779 vaxuSti bagrationis `kappetis mdinare~ // `kappetis wyali~ gvian Sua saukuneebis qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi zogjer moixsenieba rogorc `kappoetis wyali~. es aris mdinare bzifi.780 am mdinaris Crdilo-dasavleTiT jiqeTi iwyeboda, romelsac vaxuStis mixedviT, `aRmosavliT kappetis wyali, dasavliT Savi zRua, samÃriT igive zRua, CrdiloT kavkasi~ esazRvreba.781 mdinare bzifi ufro zustad, am mdinaris SesarTavSi mdebare koncxi `kavo de buqso~ afxazeTis da jiqeTis sazRvrad moxseniebuli aqvs genuel j. interianos. 1551 wlis Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis aRwerilobaSi, sadac naTqvamia, rom `zixebi (jiqebi) cxovroben zRvis (Savi zRvis)... samxreTiT Savi zRvis gaswvriv bzis koncxamde (Cavo de buxo) da esazRvrebian avogazias, kolxeTis Semadgenel nawils~.782 vaxuSti bagrationi afxazeTis politikur centrad `zufus~ asaxelebs, romelic amave saxelwodebis mdinaris piras mdebareobs: `ars zufu, mcire qalaqisaebri, saxli da samyofeli SarvaSiZisa, romelic mpyroblobs afxazTa~.783 `zufus mdinares~ dRes xifsTa ewodeba, xolo `zufus~ -- lixni. am mdinaris samxreT – aRmosavleTiT vaxuSti `aRacos wyals~, xolo CrdilodasavleTiT muwis wyals asaxelebs. muwis wyali, rogorc zemoT iyo naTqvami, mdinare mWiSTaa, xolo aRacos wyals~ dRes mdinare aafsTa an kidev baklanovka ewodeba.784 XVIs-is pirvel naxevarSi afxazeTi imereTis samefos saerisTavod iTvleboda, Tumca, iseve rogorc XIV-XVss_Si, igi mefeze ufro odiSis mTavars emorCileboda. aseT morCilebas SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulo arcTu didi xalisiT itanda. beri egnataSvilis cnobiT, XVIs-is dasawyisSi `SarvaSiZe morCilobda ara yovelsave brZanebasa dadianisasa~785. rogorc Cans, im droisaTvis dadianebis Zalaufleba afxazeTze ramdenadme Sesustebuli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, dadianebs am saerisTavodan eklesiisTvis yma-mamulis Sewirvis ufleba hqondaT. amas mowmobs XVIs-is saeklesio samarTlis Zegli `biWvinTis iadgari~ : `kualadca gkadreT da mogaxseneT Cuen dadianman patronman mamiaman da Zeman Cuenman patronman leon dadianman da ZeTa CuenTa - dadianman patronman giorgi da dadianman patronman mamia Tquen, saSinelsa biWvintisa RmrTismSobelsa... afxazeTs biWÂntas garemo sofeli aiTarne, aruxa da rabiwa, aiTarnes mTa zeTis xilovani~.786 rogorc vxedavT, mamia III dadianis (1512-1533ww.) es Sewiruloba erTmaneTis TanmimdevrobiT levan I dadians (1533-1572ww.), giorgi III dadians (1572-1582ww.) da mamia IV dadians (1582-1590ww.) daumtkicebiaT. ase rom, dadianebs afxazeTis ymamamulze faqtobrivad mTeli XVI saukune xeli miuwvdebodaT. mdinare bzifis marjvena napirze damkvidrebuli jiqebi da maTi mokavSire mTielebi rogorc zRviT, ise xmeleTiT dasavleT saqarTveloze Setevas agrZelebdnen da afxazeTis gavliT barSi gaWras cdilobdnen. amis sapasuxod 1533 w. ianvarSi jiqeTze didi laSqroba moewyo, romelsac mamia III dadiani da mamia I gurieli sardlobdnen. qarTvelTa laSqari odiSSi agebuli daaxloebiT 100 sazRvao sabrZolo gemiT jiqeTisken zRviT gaemarTa. laSqrobis dro sagangebod iyo SerCeuli: zamTrobiT Sav zRvaze naosnoba wydeboda da jiqebi 779
. qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 784. . T.beraZe. vaxuSti bagrationi afxazeTisa da..., gv. 104-105. 781 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 786. 782 . b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss. Tb., 1996, gv. 63. 783 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 784. 784 . T. beraZe. vaxuSti bagrationi afxazeTisa da..., gv. 104-105. 785 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, Tb., 1959, gv. 349. 786 . qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II. teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem. Tb., 1965, gv. 179. 780
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zRvidan Tavdasxmas aRar moelodnen. brZolis pirvel dRes, 30 ianvars, qarTvelebma jiqebi daamarcxes, magram meore dRes, 31 ianvars qarTulma flotiliam xmeleTze gadasuli Tavisi TanamoZmeebi miatova da samSoblosken gamoemarTa. amiT gaTamamebulma jiqebma qarTvelebs Zlier Seuties. simamacis miuxedavad, mtris simravlem Tavisi gaitana. mamia III dadiani brZolaSi daiRupa, mamia I gurieli da qarTvelTa erTi nawili tyved Cavarda. tyveebi da micvalebulTa cxedrebi afxazeTis kaTalikosma malaqia I-ma abaSiZem didi safasiT gamoixsna.787 jiqeTSi marcxma odiSis gavlena didad ver Seamcira. afxazeTis erisTavi Tavis laSqriT dadianebs kvlavindeburad samsaxurs uwevda. 1547 wels, rodesac samxreT–dasavleTidan gurias osmaleTma Semoutia, levan I-ma dadianma guriis dasaxmareblad `Semoiyara sruliad afxazni da odiSarni~ da `spiTa odiSafxazTaTa~ Tavisi flotiT rionis SesarTavSi, `rionis Tualsa zeda~, igive `rionis limonSi~ anu foTis navsadgurSi daibanaka. samwuxarod, politikuri intrigebis gamo odiSis mTavari flotiT guriels ver daexmara da WaneTi osmaleTs darCa.788 1548 wels bagrat imerTa mefem levan I dadiani motyuebiT Seipyro da gelaTis monastris samrekloSi gamoamwyvdia. 1550 wels dadianma tyveobas Tavi daaRwia da odiSSi dabrunda. amis Semdeg man Tavi damoukideblad (mTavrad) gamoacxada da `xelmwife dadianis~ tituli miiRo. es tituli 1557 wels levan I dadians osmaleTis sulTanmac daudastura. 1557 wels stambolSi Casulma levan I dadianma sulTans eqvsi Tu cxra sabrZolo katarRa gamosTxova da jiqebis winaaRmdeg sazRvao omi wamoiwyo. es omi daaxloebiT erTi wlis Semdeg zaviT dasrulda. am zavis Sedegad jiqebis Tavdasxmebi saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi erTxans SeCerda.789 1572 wels levan I dadianis gardacvalebis Semdeg samTavro taxti misma Zem giorgi III dadianma daikava. male axali mTavari taxtze misive Zmam mamia IV dadianma Secvala. giorgi III dadianma daxmarebisTvis `afxazni, jiqni da Cerqezni~ gamoiyena. Sinaomi odiSSi eqvsi weli gagrZelda, ramac odiSis mTavarTa gavlena afxazeTSi Zalze Seasusta. 1578 wels Zmam giorgi III dadians taxti daubruna da odiSis mTavris xelisufleba afxazeTze xelaxla gaZlierda.790 1578 wels osmaleTma iranTan morigi omi wamoiwyo. omis dawyebisTanave osmalebi saqarTvelos zRvispireTis dapyrobas Seecadnen, raTa dasavleT saqarTvelos gavliT aRmosavleT amierkavkasiisken umoklesi gza gaexsnaT. 1578 wlis agvistoSi soxumis yureSi osmaleTis eskadra Semovida, romelzec soxumis beglarbegad daniSnuli Cerqezi haidar faSa imyofeboda. faSa soxumSi yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe gadavida da sabeglarbegos marTvagamgeblobas Seudga. beglarbegis daniSvnis mizans soxumis `qarTveli iverielebis~791 damorCileba warmoadgenda. osmalebi soxumis dapyrobis Semdeg aq cixe-simagris agebas Seudgnen. am mizniT maT antikuri dioskuria– sebastopolisis cixis nangrevebi gamoiyenes, romelic mdinare gumisTis marcxena napirze, zRvasTan axlos idga. 1579 wels osmalebma foTic daikaves. soxumis sabeglarbegom sul ramdenime wels iarseba. osmalebs am sabeglarbegos davTaric ki ar SeudgeniaT. haidar faSam soxumi 1580 wels datova. misi momdevno faSis saxeli ar SemogvrCa. rogorc irkveva, 1581 wlis Semdgom xanebSi osmalebma soxumidan administracia gaiwvies da qalaqi datoves. amiT soxumis sabeglarbegom arseboba Sewyvita.792 787 . qarTlis cxovreba, t.II , gv. 497; iqve, t. IV, gv. 811; cxovreba saqarTvelosi (parizis qronika), teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo g. alasaniam. Tb., 1982, gv. 42. 788 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 814; iqve, t. II, gv. 360, 502. 789 . . . ..., gv. 208-210. 790 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 817-818. 791 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 231. 792 . . . ..., gv. 21-22, 58-60.
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osmalebma soxumi afxazi feodalebis, pirvel rigSi, SarvaSiZeTa daxmarebiT aiRes. maT aseTi daxmareba Tavidanve gaTvaliswinebuli hqondaT, rodesac beglarbegad Cerqezi haidar faSa daniSnes.793 amitom osmalebma soxumi, sabeglarbegos gauqmebis Semdeg, SarvaSiZeebs gadasces. amis Semdeg afxazeTis sazRvarma samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gadainacvla. soxumidan osmalebis wasvlis Semdeg mamia IV dadianma afxazeTze politikuri gavlena aRadgina. es gavlena odiSma misi memkvidris manuCar dadianis (1590-1611ww.) drosac SeinarCuna.794 XIV-XV ss-Si Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria eklesiurad sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs eqvemdebareboda. es teritoria oTx saepiskoposos Soris iyo ganawilebuli. mdinare engursa da ~dadis wyals~ (eriswyals) Soris moqceuli soflebi walenjixis eparqiaSi Sedioda. eriswyalsa da moqvis wyals Soris teritoria bedielis samwysos warmoadgenda. moqvis wyalidan mdinare kodoramde - moqvis episkoposis, xolo mdinare kodoridan anakofiis CaTvliT drandis saepiskoposos samwyso iyo.795 sakuTriv afxazeTis saerisTavo eklesiurad uSualod afxazeTis kaTolikoss eqvemdebareboda. X saukunis damlevs saqarTvelos eklesiis gaerTianebis procesis dasrulebis Semdeg afxazeTis sakaTolikosos taxti ar gauqmebula, Tumca afxazeTis kaTolikosi qarTlis kaTolikos-patriarqs eqvemdebareboda. erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos politikuri daSlis tendenciebis zrdasTan erTad afxazeTis kaTolikosis roli TandaTanobiT izrdeboda. es viTareba sakuTari politikuri poziciebis gansamtkiceblad gamoiyenes imereTis mefem bagrat meorem da odiSis mTavarma Samadavle dadianma.796 maT isargebles 1470-1474 wlebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi Sesawiravis Sesagroveblad Camosuli ierusalimisa da antioqiis patriarqis miqaelis stumrobiT da `caiSel-bedieli mTavarebiskopozi iovakime~ afxazeTis kaTolikosad akurTxebines. mRvdelmTavrebma ierusalimisa da antioqiis patriarqis saxeliT sagangebo `mcnebaÁ sasjulo~ Seadgines, sadac sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis daqvemdebarebidan dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis gamoyvana, `lixT-amerisa da afxazeTis~ damoukidebel kaTolikosad iovakimis kurTxeva yovelnairad gaamarTles. imisaTvis, rom damoukidebeli sakaTolikosos Seqmna daesrulebinaT, dokumentis avtorebma dasavleT saqarTveloSi sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareoba muq ferebSi warmoadgines: `afxazeTi (dasavleT saqarTvvelo _ avt.) qristeanobisagan sruliad midrekil iyunes, qristes mcnebaTagan ganSorebul iyunes~797. mcxeTisgan damoukidebeli afxazeTis pirvel kaTolikoss iovakims ufleba mieca `lixT-imeris, Woroxs aqaT, ovseTs aqaT, zRuai pontosa aqaT, sada didisa biWvintisa sazRuari miawevs~ episkoposebi daeniSna. afxazeTis sakaTolikoso sakuTriv imereTis, odiSis, guriisa da afxazeTis garda Tavis samwysod saqarTvelos istoriul miwebsac miiCnevda. `kaTalikozis sakurTxi aris, samwysolixsa da kafas Sua da ruseTis samzRuarsa da QWaneTs Sua~. afxazeTis sakaTolikosos es sazRvrebi dafiqsirebulia 1525-1550 ww. Sedgenil `biWvinTis iadgarSi~798 (saxsenebeli, saCuqari), romelic qarTuli samarTlis, konkretulad saeklesio samarTlis mniSvnelovan Zegls warmoadgens. sakaTolikosos CrdilodasavleTi sazRvris kafasTan da ruseTis samxreT mijnasTan dafiqsireba asaxavs im realobas, roca SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle jiqebi da qaSqebi saqarTvelos mefis uzenaesobas aRiarebdnen.
793 794 795 796 797 798
. b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis..., gv. 70. . iqve, gv. 71. . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 778-781. . qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, gv. 222. . qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, gv. 180. . qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, gv. 176-183.
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`biWvinTis iadgari~ Seicavs dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe-mTavarTa mier gakeTebul SemowirulobaTa CamonaTvals, biWvinTis saydris, kaTolikosis qonebisa da yma-msaxurTa damcav samarTlebriv normebs, gviandeli xanis saero da sasuliero pirTa minawerebs. dokuments xels awers afxazeTis rva kaTolikosi dawyebuli malaqia I abaSiZiT (XVI s-is 20-50-ani wlebi), romlis drosac Sedga `biWvinTis iadgari~, da damTavrebuli daviT nemsaZiT (1673-1696 ww.), romlis kaTolikosobis periodSi dasrulda mTielTa mier samegrelos miwebis didi nawilis mitaceba. `biWvinTis iadgaris~ gaTvaliswinebis gareSe warmoudgenelia XVI-XVII saukuneebis afxazeTis eTnopolitikuri istoriis sworad gaSuqeba, rogorc amas `axerxeben~ separatisti avtorebi. afxazeTis kaTolikosis mTavar rezidencias XVI s-is 50-ian wlebamde biWvinTis RvTismSoblis eklesia warmoadgenda. 1568-1578 wlebSi, roca afxazeTis kaTolikosis taxti evdemon CxetisZes ekava, misi mTavari rezidencia gelaTis monastris wmida giorgis eklesia gaxda.799 rezidenciis gadatana ganapiroba afxazeTSi warmarT mTielTa masobrivma Camowolam, rasac saerisTavos maSindel teritoriaze eklesia-monastrebis dacarieleba, samRvdeloebis sruli evakuacia da qristianobis ganadgureba mohyva800. afxazeTis kaTolikosis biWvinTidan iZulebiT gelaTSi gadasvla, sakuTriv afxazeTSi qristianobis dacema mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis mkveTrma cvlilebam gamoiwvia da ara Turqulma eqspansiam, rogorc amas separatistuli istoriografia amtkicebs. iseve rogorc wina saukuneebSi, XVIs-Sic, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze mdebare eklesia–monastrebi qarTuli ganaTlebisa da kulturis umniSvnelovanes centrebs warmoadgendnen, sadac saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis warmomadgenlebi moRvaweobdnen. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom biWvinTa SemdgomSiac rCeboda dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio centrad, sadac xdeboda wm. mironis kurTxeva. afxazeTis kaTolikosebi mzrunvelobas ar aklebdnen biWvinTis taZars, odiSis SemadgenlobaSi myof drandis, moqvisa da bediis saepiskoposoebs. biWvinTidan devnili kaTolikosis gelaTSi gadasvliT kaTolikosis rezidencia imereTis samefo rezidencias dauaxlovda, ramac samefo da saeklesio xelisufleba erTmaneTs dauaxlova. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia afxazeTis kaTolikos eqvTime I sayvareliZis (1578-1614ww.) Rvawli. is iyo moqvis mTavarepiskoposic. eqvTime I-is brZanebiT, moqvis taZarSi n. cincaZem gadawera metafrasi; zebede diakvnisa da giorgi mwerlis mier gadaiwera gulani; SesaniSnavi wignsacavi arsebobda bediis taZarSic, sadac xelnawerebi daumzadebiaT bediel mRvdelmTavrebs anton JvanisZes da germane CxetiZes. aq moRvaweobdnen kaligrafebi da mwignobrebi gabriel lomsaZe, saba nafotaZe da sxvebi.801 Tanamedrove afxazeTi qarTuli kulturis mniSvnelovan keras rom warmoadgenda, amas kargad mowmobs bediis gulanic. mis erT anderZ-minawerSi vkiTxulobT: `bediel mitropoliti, mTavarebiskoposi CxetisZe german adide RmerTman... romlisa brZanebiTa wamovel mTebiT SavSeTiT, dabiT diobniT, ZiriT mTiT karCxalTaÁ, da nebiTa da SewevniTa RvTisaÁTa moviwie odiSs bediis taZarsa da saydarsa vlaqernisa RvTismSoblisasa da SewevniTa da warmarTebiTa misiTa viwye werad wmidaTa amaT da sulTa ganmanaTlebelTa TueÀTa ianvriT erTiTgan vidre aqamomde, yovliTurT srulisa da uklebisa, viTa undoda bevriT wignisagan viZie da gavasrule, raÁca undoda, risaca deda viSoe, ara damiklia raÁ, RmrTisa SewevniTa. amisa mweralsa friad codvilsa kerZo diakonsa gabriels lomsanisZesa... Seundvnes RmerTman... missa amxanagsa mweralsa 799 800 801
. b. lominaZe. qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobis istoriidan, I. Tb., 1966, gv. 177-186. . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 173-183. . iqve, gv. 185-186.
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svimon giorgis Zesa... Seundvnes RmerTman~802. samwuxaroa, rom separatistuli istoriografia msgavs istoriul wyaroebs ar iyenebs.
Tavi IX. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria XVII saukuneSi 1. politikuri viTareba XVII saukunis I naxevarSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis umetesi nawili, iseve rogorc XVI saukuneSi, uSualod Sedioda odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi. maSindeli afxazeTi ki calkeul feodalur erTeulebad iyo dayofili, romelTagan yvelaze dids saSarvaSiZeo (bzifis afxazeTi) warmoadgenda. Crdilo-dasavleTiT SarvaSiZeTa miwa-wyali gagris qedamde ver aRwevda. aqaurobas evlia Celebis cnobebs (XVII saukunis 40-iani wlebi) Tu daveyrdnobiT, damoukidebeli abaza `begebi~ (anu jiqi aznaurebi) ganagebdnen.803 amitom, safiqrebelia, rom saSarvaSiZeo am dros dasavleTidan SemosazRvruli unda yofiliyo mdinare bzifiT, romlis gadaRma jiqeTi iwyeboda. aRmosavleTiT afxazeTi, italieli misioneris lambertis monacemebiT (XVII saukunis 30-50-iani wlebi), mdinare kodoramde vrceldeboda..804 misi Tanamedrove kastelis cnobiTac, `kolxeTi dasavleTidan SemosazRvrulia koraCes, akus mTiT~. e.i. kodoris qediT. garda amisa, igive avtori erTaderTia, vinc drandis saepiskoposos afxazeTSi ixseniebs.805 TeaTinel misionerTa es cnobebi antikuri wyaroebis gavleniT unda iyos Sedgenili, vinaidan lambertis `samegrelos aRweraSi~ aseve aRniSnuli aqvs, rom odiSis erT-erTi saepiskoposo eklesia, kerZod, drandisa, `mdebareobs mdinare kodorze, afxazeTis sazRvarze.~806 e.i. lambertis warmodgeniT, mdinare kodoris qvemo welis dasavleTiTac mniSvnelovani teritoria samegrelo iyo. 1639-1640 wlebSi odiSSi myofi ruseTis elCis, zaxarievis `angariSSi~ samegrelos sofelTa Soris moxseniebulia fSafi da dranda807, rac aseve miuTiTebs, rom samegrelo dasavleTidan mdinare kodoriT ar iyo SemosazRvruli. msgavsi daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT 1664 wels odiSSi myofi ierusalimis patriarqis, makariosis cnobidanac, romlis Tanaxmad, roca gaigo misi moqvSi yofnis Sesaxeb, erTi uzneo qali `drandidan afxazeTSi gadaixvewa.~808 amdenad, ufro sarwmunoa italieli misioneris, jovani da lukas cnoba, romlis mixedviTac, afxazeTsa da samegrelos Soris sazRvari qalaq skisornumTan Camaval mdinare absize gadioda.809 skisornumi Turquli saxelwodeba eski suxumis (anu Zveli soxumis) italiurad damaxinjebuli formaa. amrigad, jovani da lukas cnobebeze dayrdnobiT, afxazeTisa da samegrelos eTnikur sazRvrad soxumze (cxumze) gamavali mdinare besleTi unda miviCnioT. saistorio wyaroebSi ar Cans, SarvaSiZis xelisufleba cxumamde vrceldeboda Tu ara. is garemoeba, rom evlia Celebi CaCebis miwaze, anu 802
. qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili saeklesio muzeumis (A) koleqciisa, t. I, Tb. 1976, gv. 319 . evlia Celebis mogzaurobis wigni. Turqulidan Targmna, komentarebi da gamokvleva daurTo g. fuTuriZem. n. I. Tb., 1971, gv. 100. 804 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera. Targmani italiuridan a. Wyoniasi, meore gamocema, l. asaTianis winasityvaobiT, redaqciiT da SeniSvnebiT. Tb., 1938, gv. 5-6, 176. 805 . qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. teqsti gaSifra, Targmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo b. giorgaZem. Tb., 1976, gv. 51, 180. 806 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 120. 807 . . . . ., 1888, gv. 351. 808 . . . XVII . , 1905, gv. 32. 809 . i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, t. III. Tb., 1987, gv. 157. 803
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saSarvaSiZeoSi ar ixseniebs soxums da anakofias, imaze unda miuTiTebdes, rom SarvaSiZeebs cxumsa da mis mimdebare mxareze xeli ar miuwvdebodaT. mas sxva afxazi Tavadi ganagebda da uSualod Sedioda odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi, xolo SarvaSiZe, romelic dadianis siuzerenobas aRiarebda, marTavda mcire teritorias anakofiasa da kapoetis wyals Soris. manuCar dadianis gardacvalebis (1611w.) Semdeg odiSis mTavari gaxda misi Ze levani, romelsac mcirewlovnebis gamo regentad dauniSnes biZa, manuCaris Zma, salipartianos batoni giorgi. lambertis sityvebiT, lipartiani iyo `kaci friad samarTliani da saxelmwifo saqmeebSi kargad gamocdili. es giorgi ganagebda yvelafers friad erTgulad da ise mihyavda saqmeebi, rom misi gamgeobis dros kolxidaSi araviTari areuloba da ajanyeba ar momxdara~. Tavad levani daaxloebiT 1615 wels Caudga saTaveSi samTavros.810 istoriografiaSi gamoTqmuli erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, `1615 wels, osmaleTis mier SavizRvispireTis blokadiT Seviwroebuli samegrelo da guria iZulebulni gaxdnen misi moxarkeni gamxdariyvnen, riTac isargebla SarvaSiZem da Tavi damoukidebel mTavrad gamoacxada.~811 aRsaniSnavia, rom sagareo situaciis garTulebas dasavleT saqarTveloSi politikuri viTarebis Secvla ar gamouwvevia. XVII saukunis II aTwleulSi afxazeTis odiSisagan gamoyofis damadasturebeli saistorio wyaro jerjerobiT ar gagvaCnia. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom levan II dadianis mTavrobis dros (1611-1657ww.) `samegrelos samTavro aRwevs manamde arnaxulsa da SemdegSi aRar ganmeorebuls Zlierebas~.812 levan II-is mmarTvelobis wlebi iyo is xana, rodesac afxazeTis odiSisagan gamoyofisa da calke samTavrod CamoyalibebisTvis yvelaze naklebi pirobebi arsebobda. faqtori, romelic SeiZleba XVII saukunis I naxevarSi afxazeTis samTavros arsebobaze miuTiTebdes, aris evropel avtorTa naSromebSi SarvaSiZeebis `princeps~-ad moxsenieba, magram es srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom SarvaSiZe mTavari, xolo misi samflobelo _ samTavro iyo, vinaidan laTinuri sityva `princeps~ da italiuri `prinCipe~ niSnavs rogorc xelmwifes, xelisufals, aseve Tavads, belads da winamZRols. igive evropeli avtorebi amave terminiT moixsenieben ara marto arsebiT mTavrebs, aramed wvrili samflobeloebis (senioriebis) mmarTvelebsac. magaliTad, frangi Jan Sardenis mixedviT, levan dadianis biZa giorgi iyo `salipartianos suverenuli mTavari~.813 igive avtori aRniSnavs, rom leCxumi aris `svanebiT dasaxlebuli samTavro kavkasiis mTebSi~.814 cnobilia, rom XVII saukuneSi arc salipartiano da arc leCxumi samTavroebad ar iyvnen formirebulni da arc maTi mflobelebi iyvnen mTavrebi. amdenad, ucxoel avtorTa cnobebSi aRniSnuli afxazeTis mmarTvelTa titulaturiT ver gairkveva, XVII saukunis I naxevarSi iyo Tu ara Camoyalibebuli afxazeTis samTavro. niSandoblivia, rom im drois saistorio wyaroebSi dadiani, SarvaSiZisgan gansxvavebiT, xelmwifed da mefed moixsenieba. 1639 wels odiSSi myofi ruseTis elCis, zaxarievis `angariSSi~ levan dadians mefe (car) ewodeba, mTavris yofili meuRle `weTanuria~ ki afxazi Tavadis (kniaz) qaliSvilad aris moxseniebuli815. lamberti orives - SarvaSiZes da dadians - mTavars uwodebs, magram ganmartavs, rom odiSSi `yvelaze ufrosia mTavari, romelsac hqvian dadiani. ase uwodeben mis gvars da ara Rirsebas. megruli sityva `xelmwife~ niSnavs imas, 810 811 812 813 814 815
. arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv.15; i. anTelava. levan II dadiani. Tb., 1990, gv. 40-47. . . . . . . , 1991, gv. 120. . s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe. kulturul-istoriuli narkvevi. _ Sromebi, t. VI. Tb., 1988, gv.36. . Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, gv. 233. . iqve, gv. 248. . … . . ,…gv. 358.
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rasac italiuri `il re~. es wodeba kidec Seefereba dadianis Rirsebas. amitomac, roca undaT moixsenion misi Rirseba, amboben: dadiani xelmwife~.816 lambertis Tanamedrove odiSis mTavari marTlac iwodeboda rogorc `xelmwife dadiani patroni levan, Ze xelmwifisa manuCarisa~.817 msgavsi ram imdroindel, Tu adrindel SarvaSiZeTa titulaturaSi ar Cans. aRsaniSnavia jovani da lukas cnobebic, romelTa mixedviTac afxazeTis mmarTvelebi mTavrebad iwodebian, xolo levan II dadiani, maTgan gansxvavebiT, moxseniebulia rogorc samegrelos didi mTavari.818 jer kidev XIII saukunis 20-iani wlebidan mefis moxele erisTavebi TandaTanobiT mTavrebad an Tavadebad gadaiqcnen. sityva erisTavmac axali Sinaarsi SeiZina. saTavadoebis Camoyalibebis sakmaod xangrZlivi procesi XIV saukunis dasasrulidan, dasavleT saqarTveloSi samefo-samTavroTa saboloo formirebis paralelurad da mis Semdegac, XVII saukuneSiac mimdinareobda, rac qveynis feodaluri daSlis Semdgom safexurs warmoadgenda.819 saTavados ufrosi mTavrisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom Tavadi mefis ymaa. mas mefis `xmobiTa~ da `qveganwesebiT~ laSqroba-nadiroba da zog SemTxvevaSi misi `samsaxuri da xarji~ marTebda; mTavari ki mefis winaSe yovelgvari valdebulebisgan Tavisufali iyo. mTavris xelisufleba memkvidreobiT gadadioda, Tavads ki saTavados ufrosobas saxlikacebi aZleven arCevis wesiT. Tavadi Tavisi uflebrivi mdgomareobiT erisTavze maRla dgas da mTavarze dabla. Tavadi mTavramde rom amaRldes, amisaTvis man samefo an samTavro valdebuleba mTlianad unda moiSoros. igi siuzerenis yovelgvari damokidebulebisgan unda ganTavisufldes.820 hqondaT Tu ara samefo an samTavro valdebulebebi mTlianad moSorebuli SarvaSiZeebs XVII saukunis I naxevarSi? iyvnen Tu ara isini siuzerenis yovelgvari damokidebulebisgan Tavisufalni? XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebis damdegs levan II dadiani `spiTa odiSar-afxaz-jiqiTa~ imereTis mefes ebrZvis,821 rac imas unda niSnavdes, rom aRniSnuli droisTvisac afxazeTi jer kidev ar iyo odiSisagan damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli. iseve rogorc XVI saukuneSi, afxazebi kvlav odiSarTa laSqarSi ibrZvian dadianis mtris winaaRmdeg. 1626 wlis 4 maiss wm. kongregacia de propaganda fidem (vatikanis ganyofileba, romelic koordinacias uwevda samisionero saqmianobas) specialuri dekretiT gadawyvita, rom saqarTveloSi daearsebina TeaTinelTa ordenis misioni. imave wlis 16 ivniss propagandam daamtkica saqarTveloSi gasagzavni misionerebis Semadgenloba. misionis prefeqtad dainiSna don pietro avitabile, romelsac romSi Cabarda pap urban VIII-is mier xelmowerili, 1626 wlis 4 ivlisiT daTariRebuli laTinur enaze Sedgenili sarekomendacio werilebi Semdegi pirebisTvis: saqarTvelos kaTalikosisa da mitropolitisTvis, kaxeTisa da imereTis mefeebisTvis, guriisa da odiSis mTavrebisTvis.822 rogorc vxedavT, maT Soris ar Cans afxazTa mmarTveli, rac iribad miuTiTebs, rom XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebis I naxevarSi samegrelos dasavleTiT, afxazeTis teritoriaze, dadianisgan damoukidebeli raime politikuri erTeuli ar arsebobda. 1620w. axlo xanebSi levan II daqorwinda erT-erTi afxazi Tavadis, seteman 816
. arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 9. . k. grigolia. iloris wm. giorgis xatis warwera. _ akad. n. maris saxelobis enis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institutis moambe, t. XIII. Tb., 1943, gv. 157. 818 . i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, t. III, gv. 160; m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris namdvilis sabuTebis SemotaniTa da ganmartebiT XIII saukunidan vidre XX saukunemde. tf., 1902, gv.146. 819 . o. soselia. feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriidan. Tb., 1966, gv. 37. 820 . iqve, gv. 40. 821 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 826. 822 . i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, t. II. Tb., 1986, gv. 211. 817
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SarvaSiZis asul darejanze. SarvaSiZesTan damoyvrebiT igi zurgs imagrebda zufudan, saidanac afxazTa da jiqTa mniSvnelovan samxedro Zalas iRebda. 1622w. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mSvidobiani xana dasrulda. levan II-m daamarcxa imereTis mefe, ris Semdegac male gafuWda misi urTierToba SarvaSiZesTan. kastelis Tanaxmad, SarvaSiZes dadianis `didi pativiscema da ridi hqonda~, magram garkveul Zalebs mouxerxebiaT maT Soris `keTilganwyobilebis darRveva~ da `siZulvilis gaRviveba~.823 odiSis mTavarma, meuRlis savaraudo Ralatis Semdeg zufuSi (dRevandeli lixni) ilaSqra, dasaxiCrebuli meuRle iqve datova da ukanve gamobrunda. dadianis laSqroba imdenad moulodneli yofila, rom SarvaSiZem mas winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia da mTebSi gaqceviT uSvela Tavs.824 XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebis II naxevarSi levan II dadianis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba moewyo, romlis mizani iyo dadianis mokvla da mis magivrad Zmis, iosebis gamTavreba. lambertis mixedviT, SeTqmulebaSi monawileobdnen imereTis mefe, gurieli, SarvaSiZe da is veziri, romelic dadianma meuRlesTan mruSobis braldebiT daapatimra, Tumca, rogorc Cans, misi avtoritetis gamo sikvdiliT ver dasaja da dapatimrebuli guriels gadasca.825 kastelis mixedviTac, SeTqmulebaSi dadianis yofili vezirisa da gurielis garda monawileobas iRebdnen imereTis mefe giorgi, afxazeTis mTavari da dadianis Zma iosebi. SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, SeTqmulebs `cal-calke unda SeedginaT sami jari, romlebic Semdeg erTad Seiyrebodnen da gars Semoertymodnen dadianis samefos~.826 TeaTineli misionerebis (lamberti, kasteli) mier moxseniebuli `afxazeTis mTavari~ levan dadianis yofili simamri iyo, romelsac asulis dasjiTa da Semdeg samflobelos aoxrebiT Seuracxyofils SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisTvis didi safuZveli hqonda. SeTqmuleba CaiSala. yofili veziris, sakuTari Zmis da sxva moRalateebis dasjis Semdeg levan dadiani guriaSi SeiWra, daamarcxa simon gurieli da guriis mTavrad dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis) kaTolikosi malaqia II (gurieli) dasva. amieridan guriis samTavro dadianis xangrZlivi hegemoniis qveS moeqca. kaTolikosi malaqia nominalurad iyo mTavari, guriis politikur gezs Tavisi interesebis Sesabamisad odiSis mTavari warmarTavda.827 guriis sakiTxis mogvarebis Semdeg levan II dadiani SeTqmulebis erT-erT monawiles, SarvaSiZes miubrunda. lambertis cnobiT, `afxazebi bunebiTac mousvenarni arian da amis garda, dadianisgan Tavs Seuracxyofilad sTvlidnen, radgan aman gaagdo coli, maTis mTavris qali. amis gamo afxazebi ise brazmoreulni iyvnen dadianze, rom im dros, roca dadiani garTuli iyo Tavis Zmisagan dawyebuli amboxebis dacxromis saqmeSi, sul Tavs esxmodnen samegrelos sazRvrebs, romelic TiTqmis sruliad gaaoxres, mcxovreblebi daatyveves da afxazeTSi gadaasaxles. dadianma, rogorc ki Sinauri saqmeebisagan moicala, saCqarod gailaSqra afxazebis winaaRmdeg da malec daamarcxa isini. afxazebma morCileba ganucxades, xarki itvirTes, magram, radgan es xalxi moqalaqeobas da vaWrobas moklebulia, da arc fuli gaaCnia, arc saqoneli xarkis gadasaxdelad, dadianma maT xarkad daadva ramdenime mwevar-meZebari da mimino, romlebiTac afxazebi naqebia~.828 am cnobaze dayrdnobiT istoriografiaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom `xarkis amgvari saxe ganpirobebuli iyo afxazTa dadianze damokidebulebis nominaluri
823 824 825 826 827 828
. . . . . .
arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 16. qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 43. arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 19. qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 44. i. anTelava. levan II dadiani, gv. 69. arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 22.
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xasiaTiT~,829 magram TeaTinel misioners kargad aqvs axsnili, Tu ratom ixdidnen afxazebi xarkis saxiT mxolod `mwevar-meZebarsa da miminos~. lambertis cnobas kidev ufro avsebs judiCes relacia, romlis Tanaxmad dadianma `daimorCila da moxarked gaixada imereTis mefe, mTavari gurieli, samegrelos meoTxe erisTavi da afxazeTis erTi mTavari~.830 avtori iqve dasZens: `zemoT xsenebuli sami mTavari, romelTa Soris erTi imerelia, meore guruli, mesame afxazi, movaleni arian omis dros daexmaron odiSis mTavars~,831 e. i. zemoT aRniSnuli xarkis garda, SarvaSiZe valdebuli yofila, samxedro samsaxuri gaewia dadianisTvis. odiSis mTavris mier Tavisi xelisuflebis afxazeTze gavrcelebas adasturebs kastelic: `afxazebi cxovroben mkacr da miuval mTebSi. amis gamo dadians ar SeeZlo cecxliTa da maxviliT Seseoda mTa-gorian mxares da amitom mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi misi mcire razmebi afxazebs Tavs esxmodnen da zians ayenebdnen. radgan am mTis xalxma bevri naklovaneba veRar daiTmina, gadawyvita mZime uRlis qveS yofna~.832 sainteresoa ierusalimis patriarqis, dosiTeosis cnobac: `levan dadianma, romelic didxans mefobda iq, 40 000 afxazi monaTla... da maT episkoposic dauniSna~.833 rogorc vxedavT, odiSis mTavris xelisufleba vrceldeboda afxazeTze, mas xelewifeboda afxazTa monaTvla da maTTvis episkoposis daniSvnac. levan II dadianis mmarTvelobis xanaSi afxazeTi rom odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, mowmobs kidev erTi ucxouri saistorio wyaro. dominikeli misioneris, emidio dorteli d’askolis 1634 w. daTariRebuli cnobiT, `CerqezeTis zRvispira qalaqi abaza samegrelos sazRvarTan mdebareobs~.834 qalaqi abaza (sxva cnobebiT, abxasi, avogazia) mdebareobda mdinare mzimTas SesarTavTan. cnobebi XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebidan odiSis mTavris afxazeTSi gamarjvebebisa da, Sesabamisad, aq misi iurisdiqciis aRdgenis Sesaxeb daculia qarTul saistorio wyaroebSic. ai, ras aRniSnavs levan II dadiani iloris wm. giorgis xatis warweraSi: `miuxvediT SarvaSiZesa zufus, muwus wyals aqeT avaoxreT. kideve miuxvediT zufus, kapoetis wyals aqeT srulebiT davswviT da avaoxreT da sadaca simagre iyo, aviReT da gavacudeT da kapoetis wyalze Semoguebnes zufuari da sixuari marSaniebi da gagvemarjua da davxoceT da zogi xelT dagvrCa da gamarjvebulebi movediT~.835 afxazeTis saerisTavos samegrelos SemadgenlobaSi yofnis faqti dadasturebulia moskovSi Teimuraz I-is elCis, mitropolit nikifores cnobaSi samegrelos sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, romelic man 1636 w. 24 ivliss ruseTis sagareo uwyebas (saelCo prikazs) miawoda. mitropolitis informaciiT, samegrelo erTi mxriT esazRvreba Sav zRvas, meore mxriT – TurqeTs, mesame mxriT - yizilbaSTa teritorias, meoTxe mxriT – mTiel Cerqezebs.836 mezoblebs Soris nikifore afxazeTs da afxazebs ar axsenebda, vinaidan maT samegrelos SemadgenlobaSi gulisxmobda. levan II dadiani Tavis werilebSi ruseTis xelmwifisadmi (1636 da 1640 ww.) xazs usvamda, rom misi samTavro – samegrelo, romelic afxazeTsac moicavda, aris iveriis erT-erTi qveyana, anu saqarTvelos nawili.837 1643 wels levan II dadiani romis paps, urban VIII-s swerda, rom uzenaesi 829
. . daurTo 831 . 832 . 833 . 834 . 835 . 836 . 837 . 830
. . , gv. 265. judiCe juzepe. werilebi saqarTveloze. italiuri teqsti Targmna, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi b. giorgaZem. Tb., 1964, gv. 81. iqve, gv. 86. qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 51. . . , . I, gv. 28. . , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. .240. k. grigolia. iloris wm. giorgis xatis warwera, gv. 157. . . ..., gv. 267. iqve, gv. 272, 296-301.
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RmrTis SemweobiT daimorCila afxazeTi, imereTi da guria.838 1649 wels ruseTis xelmwifisadmi gagzavnil werilSi imereTis mefe aleqsandre III Civis: `dadiani adre Cemi mona iyo da xarks mixdida, Semdeg gadamidga da sulTans daukavSirda. krebs Tavis meomrebs da afxaz-jiqebTan erTad yovel wels Tavs gvesxmis~.839 am werilSiac Cans, rom afxazebi XVII saukunis 40-ian wlebSic ulaSqrebdnen odiSis mTavars. feSangis sityvebiT, levan II dadians `afxazeTi dauWiravs xarajisa mosarTmevlad, zafxul zufus mividodis, igi iyuis xandazmulad~.840 vaxuStis mixedviTac, `dadianman levan ganiwyo spani da moiwyna afxazni vidre dapyrobamde~.841 sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT metad mniSvnelovania beri egnataSvilis zemoT moyvanili cnobebi. Tu saqarTvelos monarqiis daSlisas `SarvaSiZe morCilobda ara yovelsave brZanebasa dadianisasa~,842 XVII saukuneSi, 50-iani wlebis miwurulamde `iyo dadiani mdidar friad da morCilobdnen sruliad afxazni da SarvaSiZeni ymobdnen da ulaSqrebdnen dadiansa~.843 amrigad, saistorio wyaroebSi kargad Cans, rom dadiani aris SarvaSiZis siuzereni. es ukanaskneli garkveuli formiT valdebulia odiSis mTavris winaSe, uxdis xarks da movalea, omis SemTxvevaSi samxedro samsaxuri gauwios dadians. arsebiTad, XVII saukunis 50-iani wlebis miwurulamde afxazeTSi samTavro jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli, SarvaSiZe uflebrivi mdgomareobiT ver amaRlda mTavramde, is ar warmoadgens iseT politikur figuras, rogoric iyo dadiani, an kidev gurieli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavisi uflebrivi mdgomareobiT SarvaSiZe jer kidev Tavadis doneze idga. garda amisa, afxazeTi erTian politikur erTeuls ar wamoadgenda da ramdenime samflobelod iyo dayofili, rac kargad Cans XVII saukunis avtorTa, jovani da lukas, evlia Celebis, pavle alepoelis, kastelis da sxvaTa…naSromebSi. magaliTad, kastelis cnobiT afxazeTs erTdroulad ara erTi, aramed sami `mTavari~, Zmebi beslako, solomon da seteman SarvaSiZeebi marTavdnen, Tumca amaTgan beslako asakiTac da pativiTac ufrosi yofila.844 gvian Sua saukuneebSi, qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis SigniT senioriebis gaZlierebis pirobebSi, SarvaSiZec ibrZvis siuzerenis damokidebulebisgan ganTavisuflebisaTvis. es procesi XVII saukunis I naxevarSic mimdinareobda, magram odiSis Zlierma xelisufalma, levan II dadianma SeZlo Tavisi kontrolis qveS hyoloda SarvaSiZe. levan II dadianis didi Tu mcire laSqrobebi afxazeTSi miznad isaxavda odiSis samTavros mTlianobis ganmtkicebas, Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasieli mTieli tomebis TareSis aRkveTas da, rac mTavaria, afxazeTis mtkiced daWeriT dadiani ketavda im erT-erT gzas, romliTac osmaleTi gabatonebas cdilobda ara marto odiSSi, aramed mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi. 1615 wels odiSis samTavro osmaleTis morCili politikuri erTeuli gaxda. XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebis Semdeg is kvlav osmaleTis vasalia, magram damoukideblad uWiravs Tavi da rig SemTxvevebSi antiosmalur aqciebSic monawileobs. 1640 wels levan dadianma dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli jariT aiRo da daangria foTis cixe, romelic osmalebs ekavaT. amis Semdeg, guria-samegrelo-afxazeTSi osmaluri garnizoni arsad idga.845 838 . m. TamaraSvili. qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde. redaqcia gaukeTes, winasityvaoba daurTes da gamosacemad moamzades z. aleqsiZem da j. odiSelma. Tb., 1995, gv. 611. 839 . i. cincaZe. toloCanovis imereTSi elCobis muxlobrivi aRweriloba (1650-1652ww.). Tb., 1970, gv. 157. 840 . feSangi. Sahnavaziani. g. leoniZis da s. iordaniSvilis redaqciiT, t. I. Tb., 1935, gv. 84. 841 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 828. 842 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 349. 843 . iqve, gv. 421. 844 . qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 192, 194. 845 . . . . ., 1989, gv. 61.
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odiSis samTavros gaZlierebas sagareo viTarebamac Seuwyo xeli. XVII saukunis I naxevarSi osmaleTma araerTi omi gadaitana sparseTTan, romelmac mcire intervalebiT 1639 wlamde gastana. irani yovelmxriv cdilobda Seeqmna antiosmaluri koalicia da masSi CaerTo dasavleT evropa, poloneTi, kazakoba da odiSi. XVII saukunis 20-ian wlebidan gaxSirda kazakTa Tavdasxmebi osmaleTis SavizRvispira qalaqebze. osmaleTs garTulebuli hqonda urTierToba poloneTTan da dasavleT evropasTan. TviT imperiis SigniTac ar iyo saqme dawyobili. 1622-1623 wlebSi ajanyebulma ianiCarebma ori sulTani Camoagdes taxtidan. 1622 wels daiwyo abaza faSas didi ajanyeba, romelmac Tavisi kontrolis qveS moaqcia teritoria arzrumidan bosforamde, riTac stambolsa da saqarTvelos Soris didi zRude Seiqmna. 1631-1632 wlebSi kvlav ianiCarTa ajanyebebia.846 cxadia, amgvar pirobebSi sulTans ar SeeZlo, aqtiuri politika ewarmoebina urCi dadianis winaaRmdeg. 1637 wels, mas Semdeg rac dadianma uari Tqva sulTnis brZanebis Sesrulebaze, rom erToblivad ebrZolaT kazakTa winaaRmdeg, osmalebma sazRvao desanti gadmosxes kodoris SesarTavTan da sastikad daarbies drandis monasteri da misi Semogareni. Tanac osmalebma drandaSi laSqroba maSin moawyves, roca dadiani imereTis mefesTan brZoliT iyo dakavebuli.847 meti RonisZieba sulTanma odiSis samTavros winaaRmdeg ver Caatara, magram yovelnairad uwyobda xels dadianis mowinaaRmdege Zalebs dasavleT saqarTveloSi. Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad osmaleTi kargad iyenebda afxaz feodalebs da miT ufro Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiur tomebs, romlebSiac misi gavlena didi iyo. gvian Sua saukuneebSi CrdiloeTkavkasieli da adgilobrivi mTielebis Semosevebisagan Tavdasacavad dadianebma sagangebod gaamagres odiSis CrdiloeTi sazRvrebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca kodoris xeobidan kolxeTis dablobze gadmosasvlelebis dacvas.848 swored aq aRmarTuli kedeli aqvT aRniSnuli lambertis da kastelis kolxeTis rukebze. aRniSnul safortifikacio sistemas lambertis mier Sedgenil kolxeTis rukaze aweria: `samoci aTasi nabijis (sigrZisa), abazgTa Tavdasxmebis mosagerieblad~.849 imave zRudes kastelis mier Sedgenil kolxeTis rukaze Semdegi warwera aqvs: `abazTa Semosevebis sawinaaRmdegod agebuli samoci milis sigrZis kedeli~850 (ix. aqve, ruka #13). XVII saukuneSi odiSis samTavroSi moqmedi safortifikacio sistemis Sesaxeb arqanjelo lamberti werda: “kolxida bunebiT daculia mtrebisagan, rogorc zRviT, ise mTebiT, xolo rac bunebas dahklebia, is mTavrebis mecadineobas da moxerxebulobas dausrulebia. zRvis mxriT zogan arc tye aris da arc Waobi da iqidan mteri advilad SesZlebda Semosvlas. am adgilebis dasacvelad auSenebiaT ramdenime xis cixe, sadac TofiT SeiaraRebuli mcvelebi dganan. aseTive saSualeba aqvT naxmari mTebis mxridanac, radganac erT adgils, romelsac oluSe hqvia, mTebi gaSlilia da mters advilad SeeZlo aqedan Semosvla da qveynis aoxreba, didis xarjiT amouyvaniaT kedeli sigrZiT samoci aTasi nabiji da kedelSi aqa-iq auSenebiaT koSkebi, romlebSic dganan TofiT SeiaraRebuli mcvelebi. rom am koSkebs daraji arasodes moakldes, odiSis episkoposebs, Tavadebs da didebulebs Tavis Soris morigeoba gaunawilebiaT, TveobiT, ise rom TviTeuli TiTo Tves icavs am adgils Tavisi kacebiT”.851 kedeli rom levan II dadianis gamTavrebamdec (1611 wlamde) gacilebiT adre 846
. i. anTelava. levan II dadiani, gv. 88. . . . , gv. 324. 848 . T. beraZe. vaxuSti bagrationi da odiSis istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi. – saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis krebuli, t. IV. Tb., 1971; k. okujava. afxazeTi XVII saukuneSi, gv. 35. 849 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera. ix. ruka. 850 . i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, t. II. ix. kastelis ruka. 851 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 166. 847
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Sendeboda, metyvelebs zemoT moyvanili lambertis sityvebi: kolxeTisTvis rac bunebas dauklia, is mTavrebis mecadineobas da moxerxebas dausrulebia. rogorc vxedavT, wina saukuneSic kedlis mSeneblobaSi samegrelos araerT mTavars miuRia monawileoba. sainteresoa vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnoba _ `anakofiis aRmosavliT zRvidan mTamde Seavlo zRude didi levan dadianman, afxazTa gamousvlelobisaTvis, garna aw uqmad ars~.852 vaxuStis cnobas imeorebs niko dadiani da akonkretebs, rom es kedeli aaSena `leon dadianman manuCaris Zeman~853. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, mTeli rigi qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebi naTlad miuTiTeben, rom samegrelos mTavris, levan II dadianis, iseve rogorc misi winamorbedi mTavrebis dros, afxazeTi odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi iyo moqceuli. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT did interess iwvevs kastelis albomSi Semonaxuli daviT CijavaZis suraTi. TeaTinel misioners is moxseniebuli hyavs, rogorc anakofiis cixisa da navsayudaris mflobeli.854 ueWvelia, daviT CijavaZe levan II dadianis mier iyo daniSnuli anakofiis cixisTavad da mas am mxaris mmarTveloba hqonda Cabarebuli. 1657 wels levan dadiani gardaicvala, ris Semdegac daiwyo xangrZlivi brZola samTavro taxtis dasakaveblad. odiSis mTavari imereTis mefis aleqsandre III daxmarebiT (man odiSSi gailaSqra) gaxda levanis biZaSvili vamey III lipartiani (1658-1661ww.). odiSis taxtze pretenziebi hqonda levanis Zmiswulsac liparit dadiansac. 1658 wels, vameyma aseve imereTis mefis daxmarebiT banZis brZolaSi (1658w.) daamarcxa metoqe da taxti SeinarCuna. afxazebi solomon SarvaSiZis xelmZRvanelobiT maSin vameyis laSqarSi ibrZodnen.855 am movlenis aRsaniSnavad gamarjvebulebma biWvinTis saxareba moaWedines. banZis brZolis Sesaxeb cnoba daculia biWvinTis saxarebis minawerSi: `dido biWvintis RmrTis mSobelo, Tqven SeavedreT da SewevniTa TqveniTa mefesa da dadians win gavimarjveT gurielze da lipari dadiazeda da amisTvin movaWedineT es patiosani saxareba... Cven SarvaSiZeman solomon da Zeman Cvenman azrayan Tqvenda sadideblad da Cvenda sadRegrZelod da azrayanisa aRsazrdelad da mas saukunosa Cvenisa sulis saxsrad da saoxad.~856 1659 wels vamey lipartiani guriaSi laSqrobs da am brZolaSic afxazebi mis jarSi ibrZvian, e.i. afxazeTi jer kidev odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSia. 1661w. imereTis taxtisaTvis gaCaRebul brZolaSi qarTlis mefe vaxtang V Sahnavazi (1658-1675ww.) CaerTo. man jer quTaisi daikava, Semdeg odiSSi gadavida. svaneTSi gaqceuli vamey III-s nacvlad taxtze levan II dadianis Zmiswuli levan III aiyvana da mas colad sakuTari Zmiswuli Tamari SerTo. vaxtang V-s zugdidSi SarvaSiZe eaxla. `movida zugdids da mun moerTo SarvaSiZe ZRuniTa didiTa da afxaziTa~857, - werda vaxuSti. amiT afxazeTis erisTavma da afxazobam qarTlis mefis uzenaesoba aRiares. mefem afxazeTi isev odiSis mTavars daumorCila.858 misi vaJis _ arCilis imereTSi gamefeba saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaken iyo mimarTuli, magram es gegma TurqeTis zewoliT CaiSala. am faqtidebidanac cxadia, rom afxazeTi maSinac samegrelosa da mTlianad qarTuli samyaros nawils warmoadgenda. 852
. qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 782. . niko dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 151. 854 . qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 82. kastelis, vaxuSti batoniSvilis da niko dadianis cnobebze dayrdnobiT istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom safortifikacio sistema kodoris qedis garda arsebobda anakofiaSic. aq mdebare cixesimagrisa da kedlis funqcia unda yofiliyo ara marto mTielTa Tavdasxmebis mogerieba, aramed odiSis mTavris xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba anakofiis CrdilodasavleTiT mdebare afxazeTis saerisTavoeze (k. okujava. afxazeTi XVII saukuneSi, gv. 27-36). 855 . b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV_XVIII ss. Tb., 1996, gv. 100. 856 . xelnawerTa aRweriloba. H koleqcia, t. V. Sedgenilia da dasabeWdad momzadebuli l. mefariSvilis mier. Tb.,1949, gv. 74. 857 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 836. 858 . b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV_XVIII ss. gv. 104 853
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afxazeTis amgvari damokidebuleba odiSisadmi SemdgomSi didxans ar gagrZelebula. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare SinaomebiT da odiSis mTavris xelisuflebis dasustebiT kargad isargebles afxazma Tavadebma da bagrat (saustan) SarvaSiZis xelmZRvanelobiT XVII saukunis 60-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan laSqrobebs awyoben samegrelos ara marto ganapira, aramed Sida mxareSic.859 1672 wels odiSSi axalcixis faSis meTaurobiT osmalTa jari SemoiWra, romlis mizani iyo taxtze sulTnis saimedo piris dasma. mTavari iZulebuli gaxda ruxis cixeSi Caketiliyo. man daxmarebisTvis afxazebs mimarTa, magram afxazebma daxmarebis nacvlad samegrelo daarbies da ukan gabrundnen.860 1678w. afxazebma morigi laSqroba moawyves. am ambebis TviTmxilvel patriarq dosiTeosis sityvebiT, `afxazebma daarbies moqvi, zugdidi, caiSi, xobi da mTeli qveyana dioskuriidan hipiusamde. dadians Zala ar Seswevda maT gasarekad~.861 odiSSi moRvawe TeaTineli misioneri mari Zampi XVII s. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aRniSnavda: `samegrelo samegrelo aRar aris, radgan omebis gamo ukanasknel siglaxakeSia Cavardnili, daqceuli da aoxrebulia... axla kacs ar SeuZlia uSiSrad iyos, mudam afxazebis dacemis SiSSia~. Zampisve cnobiT, samegrelos afxazebTan erTad jiqebi, alanebi da Cerqezebi arbevdnen.862 afxazTa moTareSe razmebi guriamdec aRwevdnen, magram gurielma `mosrna mekobred mosulni afxazni mravalgzis~.863 1681 wels levan III dadiani gardaicvala. taxtis memkvidre manuCari guriels hyavda mZevlad. odiSSi gabatonebis mizniT gurielma manuCari mokla. Seqmnili mdgomareobiT isargebla sorex (savarex) saustanis Ze SarvaSiZem da Tavi odiSis mTavrad gamoacxada. 1683 wels lipartianis daxmarebiT odiSis mTavari gaxda levan IV (1683-1691ww.). faqtobrivad odiSis samTavro orad iqna gayofili: enguris aRmosavleT nawils dadiani ganagebda, xolo dasavleTs _ sorex SarvaSiZe. amis Semdeg sorex SarvaSiZem ramdenjerme scada mTel samegreloze gaevrcelebina Tavisi xelisufleba, magram uSedegod, samagierod mtkiced damkvidrda Crdilo-dasavleT samegreloSi. niSandoblivia, rom italieli misionerebi mas ara afxazeTis, aramed samegrelos mTavars uwodeben.864 samegreloSi sorexis gamTavrebis miuxedavad, afxazTa maoxari laSqrobebi ar Sewyvetila. maT mizans ukve warmoadgenda rogorc nadavlis xelSi Cagdeba, ise engurs dasavleTiT mdebare samegrelos miwebis afxazeTTan mierTeba da iq mTielTa Casaxleba. 1685 wels afxazebi sorex SarvaSiZis samflobeloSi SeiWrnen da samegrelos es nawili kvlav aaoxres.865 SesaZloa, am laSqrobis Sedegad, an sorex SarvaSiZis gardacvalebis Semdeg, zegnay SarvaSiZem engurs dasavleTiT mdebare odiSis miwa-wyali uSualod afxazeTs SeuerTa. 1689 wels, imereTis samefo taxtis garSemo atexili brZolebis Jams, afxazeTSi Sahnavazis Ze arCili Cavida. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, `miegeba SarvaSiZe, istumra pativiT, viTarca mefe da imyofeboda zufus Jamraodenme~.866 es faqti adasturebs, rom SarvaSiZe, miuxedavad samegrelos daqvemdebarebidan gamosvlisa, imereTis mefis uzenaesobas aRiarebda. zegnay SarvaSiZe sakmaod vrcel teritorias ganagebda mdinare bzifs, kavkasionsa da enguris qvemo wels Soris, Tumca afxazeTs am sazRvrebSi 859 860 861 862 863 864 865
. . . . . . .
iqve, gv. 110. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, gv. 207, 248. . . , . I. gv. 46. m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, gv. 204, 207. qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 840. m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, gv. 208. T. beraZe. odiSi XVII saukunis miwurulidan XIX saukunis damdegamde. - samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi, gv.
219. 866
.
qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 851.
174
didxans ar uarsebia. daaxloebiT XVII saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, zegnayis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi samflobelo Svilebma gainawiles. ufross _ rostoms ergo teritoria mdinareebs bzifsa da kodors Soris. SuaTanas _ jiqeSias _ mdinareebs kodorsa da RaliZgas Soris. am saTavados SemdegSi afsuebi abJuas uwodebdnen. umcros Zes, yvapus wilad xvda miwa-wyali mdinare RaliZgasa da mdinare enguris qvemo wels Soris, mermindeli samurzayano.867 amrigad, XVII saukunis 60-iani wlebis Sua xanebamde afxazeTi odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda. SarvaSiZeebi da sxva afxazi Tavadebi damokidebulni iyvnen dadianze, rac sxvadasxva saxis valdebulebebSi gamoixateboda, kerZod, ixdidnen sadadiano gadasaxads da omis SemTxvevaSi `ulaSqrebdnen~ mas. XVII saukunis 70-ian wlebamde SarvaSiZis brZola odiSis mTavris winaaRmdeg warmoadgenda brZolas siuzerenis (dadianis) winaaRmdeg damoukideblobis mosapoveblad. am mxriv is Zireulad gansxvavdeboda dadiansa da guriels Soris dasavleT saqarTveloSi hegemonobisTvis warmoebuli brZolebisgan. afxazeTis odiSisagan faqtobrivi gamoyofa da misi calke samTavrod Tu saTavadod Camoyalibeba XVII saukunis 70-iani wlebis miwuruls dasrulda, rodesac man moiSora samTavro valdebulebebi da siuzerenis yovelgvari damokidebulebisgan gaTavisuflda. amieridan SarvaSiZe uSualod, Tumca nominalurad emorCileboda imereTis mefes. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom odiSidan gamoyofisa da samegrelos mniSvnelovani nawilis mitacebis miuxedavad, afxazeTi ar warmoadgenda iseTsave myar politikur erTeuls, rogoric misi mezobeli odiSis (an guriis) samTavro iyo. is imTaviTve daiSala calkeul saTavadoebad. afxazi mTavris (zufueli SarvaSiZis) xelisufleba mxolod mdinareebs bzifsa da kodors Soris mdebare teritoriaze vrceldeboda. abJueli Tavadi SarvaSiZe mas mxolod nominalurad, an saerTod ar emorCileboda. rac Seexeba abJuis aRmosavleTiT mdebare mxares, 1702 wels odiSis mTavarma SeZlo enguridanGRaliZgamde mdebare miwebis dabruneba, Tumca am kuTxis mmarTvelad kvlav SarvaSiZeTa gverdiTi Stos warmomadgeneli rCeboda, romelic dadians eqvemdebareboda.
2. eTnikuri procesebi gvian Sua saukuneebSi mZime saSinao da sagareo politikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi sagrZnoblad Semcirda mosaxleoba. dacarielebul baris regionebSi mTielebi saxldebodnen. mosaxleoba Semcirebul da dacarielebul mTis kalTebs ki kavkasionis CrdiloeTidan gadmosuli mTielebi ikavebdnen. ase Camoyalibda kaxeTSi War-belaqnisa da Talas e.w. lekuri ubatono Temebi, aseve Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi, mTiswineTsa da barSic osTa kompaqturi mosaxleoba.868 amgvari viTareba iqmneba jer afxazeTSi, Semdeg ki Crdilo-dasavleT samegrelos sxva raionebSic, sadac Crdilo-kavkasiuri jiqur-abazuri Temebi mkvidrdebian. XVIIs-Si da, saerTod, gvian Sua saukuneebSi, jiqebs ar gaaCndaT raime saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni da calkeul, erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel mTiel da zRvispira Temebad dayofilni cxovrobdnen. evlia Celebis naSromSi fiqsirebulia mTieli jiquri Temebis saxelebi: iaixarS, majar, Cmakurs, alakariS, baRrs, vai fiRa, mqlie, bslb, axCfsi, fuSrxi.869 samwuxarod, am Temebis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra Zneldeba. SeiZleba mxolod is iTqvas, rom axCfsis Temi aris igive ahWifsou, romelic mdinare mzimTas saTaveebSi cxovrobda, xolo bslb abazuri baSilbais Temi unda iyos. 867 868 869
. T. WiWinaZe. `bediis xelnaweri“. – kvali, 1897, 11 maisi, #20. . m. lorTqifaniZe. afxazebi da afxazeTi, gv. 20. . evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~, n. I, gv. 106.
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jiqeTis zRvispira Temebidan evlia Celebis moxseniebuli hyavs: kuTasi, souksu, aSRili, usuviSi, buzuduki, jmba, soCa, kamS, arT, geC, didi Candebi, mTis Candebi.870 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom jiqeT-CerqezeTis Temebi da tomebi ZiriTadad im mdinaris saxelis mixedviT iwodebodnen, romlis napirebzec mosaxleobdnen, an im adgilis saxelis mixedviT iwodebodnen, sadac isini cxovrobdnen, SedarebiT advildeba evliaseuli zRvispira jiquri Temebis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrac. ase, magaliTad: SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kuTasis Temi kodoSis koncxsa da mis midamoebSi mosaxleobda, usuviSis (subaSis) Tems mdinare subaSis anu Saxes xeoba ekava. Sesabamisad, souksusa da aSRilis Temebi kodoSis koncxsa da mdinare Saxes Sua aris saZiebeli. soCis Tems, rogorc TviT saxelwodeba miuTiTebs, mdinare soWis xeoba ekava. usuviSisa da soCas Temebs Soris moxseniebuli bJeduRebi ufro md.SaxesTan axlos cxovrobdnen, xolo jmba _ mdinare soWisgan dasavleTiT. kamSis Tems mdinare xamiSis xeoba ekava, arTebs _ mdinare mzimTas qvemo weli, xolo geCebs _ mdinare fsous qveda nawilis veli, romelsac mogvianebiT geCrifSi erqva. geCebisgan aRmosavleTiT gagris qedze da mis mimdebare mxareebSi didi Candebi, anu candebi da mTis Candebi cxovrobdnen. TviT gagra mTis Candebs ekuTvnodaT. gagris qedis gadmoRma afxazi feodalebis samflobeloebi iwyeboda. gvian Sua saukuneebSi adiRur_ubixuri tomebis mier Seviwrovebul jiqTa da agreTve abazTa nawilis afxazeTSi damkvidrebis Sedegad am kuTxeebis eTnikursocialuri da kulturuli ier-saxe arsebiTad Seicvala. afxazTa yofa-cxovrebis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobas iZleva arqanjelo lamberti: `amaTi mSvenieri da saucxovo qveyana sul dayofilia nayofieri gorakebiT. radgan haeri mrTeli da mSralia, xalxic aris mSvenieri sisxlisa, lamazi saxisa da TeTri xorcisa, kargad moyvanili, Ronieri, mkvircxli da mardi... afxazebs bevri jogi hyavT, maTi yoveldRiuri saWmelia: yveli, rZe da gareuli nadiri. Tevzs ara sWamen, Tumca SeeZloT bevri daeWiraT mdinareebSic da zRvaSic. kibo saSinlad ezizRebaT, rogorc gveli da dascinian megrelebs, romelTac Zalian uyvarT kibo. afxazebi qalaqebsa da cixeebSi rodi cxovroben, aramed Seiyreba erTi gvaris aTi Tu oci ojaxi, amoirCeven romelsame maRlob adgils, gaaSeneben iq karg isliT daxurul facxebs, Semoavleben amorCeul adgils magar Robes da Rrma Txrils. Robes da Txrils imitom akeTeben, rom eSiniaT Tavdasxmisa, gareSe xalxi ki ara, TviT afxazebi Tavs esxmian da sZarcvaven erTmaneTs. xolo arTmeven erTmaneTs saxlis avejs ki ara, radgan afxazs aseTi aveji arc ki gaaCnia, aramed kacebs, qalebs da biWebs. amisaTvis Cveulebriv Rame daecemian erTmaneTs da visac moaxeleben, daiWeren da waiyvaneben. afxazebs aqvT erTi SesaniSnavi Cveuleba, romelic sxvagan ar moipoveba, saxeldobr is, rom micvalebuls rodi marxaven, aramed hkideben xolme xeze Semdegis wesiT. gamoRaraven xis Rers kubos msgavsad, Sig Casdeben micvalebuls da vazis magari ReroebiT Camohkideben xis wverze. amave xeze Camohkideben yvela iaraRs, romelsac micvalebuli sicocxleSi saomrad xmarobda.~871 lambertis da XVII saukunis sxva ucxoel avtorTa (jovani da luka, kasteli, evlia Celebi...) cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom afxazebi agre hgvanan kavkasiis mTiel xalxebs yofiT, sarwmunoebiT, rom isini cixeebsa da qalaqebSi ar cxovroben, rom isini megrelebs ar hgvanan yofa-cxovrebiT, _ yvelaferi es imis mowmobaa, rom XVII saukuneSi sakuTriv afxazeTis mosaxleoba marTlac axal Camosuli kavkasieli mTielebi arian. maT jer kidev ver auTvisebiaT zRvispireTi da mTielTa wesebiT cxovrebas ganagrZoben. ra Tqma unda, eseni ar arian aborigenebi. maT ver SeuTvisebiaT qristianoba, iseve rogorc ver SeuTvisebiaT feodaluri meurneoba, feodaluri socialuri wyoba da gorakebze gvarebad 870 871
. iqve, gv. 105-106. . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 168.
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gansaxlebulni cxovrobdnen. Tu maT miwis sakuTreba hqondaT, is uTuod am institutis dasawyisi stadia SeiZleba iyos, ramdenadac afxazebi umTavresad mejogeobas misdevdnen da ara miwaTmoqmedebas.872 amrigad, XVII saukunis afxazebi TavisTavadi xalxia, primitiuli yofiT da warmarTuli religiiT. da es maSin, rodesac adreul Sua saukuneebSi afxazeTi iyo ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli da kulturulad dawinaurebuli qveyana, saidanac qristianoba dasavleT kavkasiaSi vrceldeboda. gvian Sua saukuneebSi mTieli tomebi ramdenime nakadad Camodian afxazeTis teritoriaze. XVI saukuneSi, rogorc zemod aris naCvenebi, es procesi sakmaod Sors aris wasuli, risi aSkara mowmobaa dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTolikoso taxtis gadatana biWvinTidan gelaTSi. XVII saukuneSi mTielTa morigi nakadis Camosvlam kidev ufro gaaZliera afxazeTis axali mosaxleoba. imave saukunis I naxevarSi, rodesac dasavleT saqarTvelos kavkasiur tomTa axali nakadi awveba, qarTul xelisuflebas jer kidev Seswevs unari, win aRudges da `aRmofxvras~ isini. swored amitom aris, rom feSangi levan II dadians axasiaTebs, rogorc `jiqisa da alanisa daudgomlad sisxlTa mRvrelad~.873 lambertis cnobiT, XVII saukunis I naxevarSi afxazebi kodors gadaRma cxovrobdnen `Tavisi gansakuTrebuli eniT~.874 Tumca TeaTineli misioneris metad mniSvnelovani cnoba imis saSualebas mainc ar iZleva, rom XVII saukunis I naxevarSi mdinare kodoris dasavleTiT erTgvarovani, afxazuri mosaxleoba vigulisxmoT. lambertis Tanamedrove mravali ucxoeli avtoris cnobebSi Cans, rom aRniSnuli droisaTvis Tanamedrove gulrifSis raionSi da mis CrdilodasavleTiT mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils jer kidev qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. kastelim, romelmac 1634-1639 wlebs Soris imogzaura afxazeTSi, iq ramdenime gvari Caiwera. esenia: SaraSia, aCabaia, CijavaZe, kasaia, gimetia.875 rogorc vxedavT, yvela CamoTvlili gvari dasavlur-qarTulia. niSandoblivia is garemoeba, rom kastelis afxaz didebulTa gvarebi SarvaSiZe da anCabaZe maincdamainc megruli formiT (SaraSia, aCabaia) aqvs moxseniebuli. kastelis albomSi fiqsirebuli ramdenime gvari XVII saukunis I naxevris sakuTriv afxazeTis eTnikur viTarebaze srul warmodgenas, ra Tqma unda, ver Segviqmnis, magram es faqti am mxareSi qarTvelebis mosaxleobas namdvilad adasturebs. kodoris dasavleTiT qarTvelTa mosaxleoba dasturdeba jovani da lukas cnobebiTac. dominikel misioners samegrelos sazRvarTan, qalaq skisornumSi, romelic mdebareobda soxumis midamoebSi, adgilobrivi Tavadi puto amcnobs --`Tumca qarTvelebi Cemi mezoblebi arian, magram me maTTan Tanxmoba ara maqvs~o.876 evlia Celebis mixedviT, samegrelos zRvispireTSi abazuri Temebidan CaCebi esazRvrebdnen, romlebic megruladac laparakobdnen.877 osmalo mogzauris cnobebiT ver irkveva, Tu sad emijneboda CaCebis miwa samegrelos; cxadia mxolod, rom maT miwaze mdebareobda navsadguri lakba. brunis mosazrebiT, am navsadgurs lakia ewodeboda da mdebareobda bomboris yureSi, romelsac afxazebi XIX saukuneSic lixins uwodebdnen.878 evliaseuli `CaCi~ mosaxleobis is nawili iyo, romelsac SarvaSiZe (CaCba) edga saTaveSi. evlia Celebis cnoba CaCebis orenovnebis Sesaxeb im garemoebiT unda iyos gamowveuli, rom saSarvaSiZeoSi afxazebTan erTad megrelebic mosaxleobdnen, rac dasturdeba kidec kastelis monacemebiT. 872
. n.berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII. Tb., 1990. gv. 614. . feSangi. Sahnavaziani, gv. 84. 874 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv.176. 875 . qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 80, 82, 134, 136, 171, 178. 876 . i.tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, t. III, gv. 158. 877 . evlia Celebis mogzaurobis wigni, n. I, gv. 100. 878 . . . . – . 873
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, 1875, gv. 13.
XVII saukunis saistorio wyaroebSi metad mwiria cnobebi afxazeTis aRmosavleT mTianeTis eTnikuri suraTis Sesaxeb. TeaTineli misionerebis kolxeTis rukebis (aqve, ruka #13) mixedviT, kodoris qedze mdebare kedlis warwera (rom is abazaTa sawinaaRmdegod aris agebuli) srulebiT ar gamoricxavs XVII s. I naxevarSi kodoris xeobaSi Sereuli qarTul-afxazuri mosaxleobis arsebobas, vinaidan es kedeli aSenebuli iyo ara aqauri Temebis, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasieli tomebisgan Tavdacvis mizniT. evlia Celebi mTebSi mosaxle afxazur-abazuri Temebidan aRmosavleTidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiT pirvelad fuSrxis afiqsirebs, romelic, avtoris mixedviT, `megrelebTan axloa~.879 brunis mixedviT, fuSrxi igive fsxua.880 e.i. osmalo mogzaurs mdinare bzifis saTaveebis aRmosavleTiT megrelebi eguleba. sakuTriv afxazeTis ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili, teritoria mdinare bzifis gadaRma, vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobas Tu daveyrdnobiT, jer kidev `bagrationT Jams aqeT aqamomde~ jiqebiT iyo dasaxlebuli,881 magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gvian Sua saukuneebSi Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mimdinare migraciul procesebs, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom XVII saukuneSic aq, iseve rogorc sakuTriv afxazeTSi - kapoetis wyalsa da anakofias Soris mdebare teritoriaze, mTielTa Camowolis procesi grZeldeboda. XVII saukunis 80-iani wlebidan, mas Semdeg, rac Crdilo-dasavleT samegrelo afxazeTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca, aq eTnikuri suraTi mniSvnelovnad icvleba. CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Camosaxlebul mTielebs (afxazebsa da jiq-abazebs) eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT advilad unda aeTvisebinaT cxumis mxare, romelic gareSe mterTa Tavdasxmebis Sedegad XV saukunis II naxevridan TandaTanobiT kargavs Zvel Zlierebas, Canagdeba da mosaxleobisgan icleba. SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom warsulSi savaWro-ekonomikuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT mZlavri cxumi, XVII saukunis saistorio wyaroebSi faqtobrivad aRar moixsenieba. awindeli afxazeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTi mxaris istoriul-eTnologiur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT unda SevexoT samecniero literaturaSi arsebul erT-erT mosazrebas, romlis mixedviT, `afxazeTis samTavros mier istoriuli cxumisa da nawilobriv bediis saerisTavoebis teritoriis SemoerTebas im garemoebam Seuwyo xeli, rom es kuTxe mniSvnelovanwilad dasaxlebuli iyo afxazurenovani TemebiT, romlebic feodaluri eklesiis, pirvel rigSi, drandis, moqvis da bediis saepiskoposoebisadmi damokidebulebis pirobebSi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebdnen TviTmyofadobas~.882 imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom mdinare enguris CrdilodasavleTiT mdebare politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturul-religiuri mniSvnelobis punqtebi (biWvinTa, dranda, moqvi, bedia da. a.S.) zogjer ufro did rols asrulebdnen odiSis samTavros cxovrebaSi, vidre is punqtebi, romlebic engurs aRmosavleTiT mdebareobdnen. dadianebs zugdidis garda sasaxleebi hqondaT xauJelSi, RaliZgaSi, moqvsa da merkulaSi. SemTxveviTi araa isic, rom goridan gadmosul TeaTinel misionerebs odiSis mTavari levan II dadiani 1633 wlis noemberSi merkulaSi Rebulobs da iq umarTavs audiencias.883 antioqiis patriarqis, makariosis cnobiT (1664w.), samegrelos saepiskoposoebs Soris yvelaze didi bediisa yofila.884 niSandoblivia, rom odiSis samTavros eqvsi saepiskoposodan enguris dasavleTiT, garda bediisa, moqmedebdnen moqvisa da drandis saepiskoposoebi. amave mxareSi mdebareobdnen qiaCisa da wifurias
879 880 881 882 883 884
. evlia Celebis mogzaurobis wigni, n. I, gv. 106. . . . . . . , gv. 20. . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv.786. . . , . . , gv. 125. . m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, gv. 171. . . . XVII , gv. .32.
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monastrebi.885 wifurias monasteri mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi moRvawe TeaTineli misionerebis rezidencia iyo. juzepe judiCes relaciebSi moTxrobilia, rom mis dros samegreloSi gansakuTrebiT oTx dResaswauls zeimobdnen: aRdgomas, dadianobas, mariamobas da giorgobas. amaTgan, misioneris mixedviT, yvelaze didi iyo wminda giorgis dResaswauli, romelsac noemberSi bedieli episkoposis xelmZRvanelobiT iloris wminda giorgis saxelobis eklesiaSi atarebdnen.886 md.enguris Crdilo-dasavleTiT funqcionirebdnen agreTve odiSis ZiriTadi savaWro-ekonomikuri centrebi. lambertis mixedviT, umTavresi bazroba wifuriaSi imarTeboda. mis garda amgvar mniSvnelovan punqtebs warmoadgendnen ilori da bedia.887 savaWro-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, odiSSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda mdinare kodoris SesarTavis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare skurCas navsadgurs.888 darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XVII saukunis 80-ian wlebamde odiSis samTavros ZiriTadi ekonomikuri da kulturuli nawili mdinare enguris Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebareobdnen. XVII saukunis 80-ian wlebamdeli saistorio wyaroebiT, mdinareebs, engursa da kelasurs Soris mdebare mxare ara marto politikurad, aramed eTnikuradac samegreloa, rac kargad Cans lui de granJies moxsenebaSic,889 romelic 1615 wlis 2 marts, samegrelos sofel moqvSia dawerili. granJies mowmoba imiTaa saintereso, rom is moqvs samegreloSi gulisxmobs, magram kidev ufro sainteresoa imiT, rom aq is saWirod scnobs samoRvaweod Seiswavlos megruli da samwignobro qarTuli; maSasadame, moqvis mxare megrelebiTaa dasaxlebuli, qarTuli ki saxelmwifo da qristianobis enaa. im dros aq sxva enis mqone xalxs, kerZod, Tanamedrove afxazTa (afsuaTa) winaprebs rom ecxovra, safiqrebelia, granJie im xalxis enis Seswavlas aseve saWirod dainaxavda.890 sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT uZvirfases masalas warmoadgens XVII saukunis toponimia. TeaTinel misionerTa rukebze afxazeTsa da samegrelos Soris Camaval mdinares kodori ewodeba. niSandoblivia, rom samegreloSi dResac cnobilia msgavsi geografiuli saxelebi: kodore, kodara, kodifoni, kodora, kodorqalaqi, kodorfoni, kodorWae, gaenkodori, kodorou, kodori da a.S.891 xsenebul rukebze saxelwodeba dranda gadmocemulia megruli formiT – dandra, rac kidev erTi damatebiTi sabuTia im mosazrebis sasargeblod, rom dranda da misi mimdebare mxare ara marto politikuri TvalsazrisiT Sedioda odiSis SemadgenlobaSi, aramed is eTnikuradac samegrelos organuli nawili iyo. XVII saukunis saistorio wyaroebSi mdinareebs kodorsa da engurs Soris moxseniebulia Semdegi geografiuli saxelebi: marmarwyari _ patara mdinare, romelic zRvas erTvis kodoris aRmosavleTiT. mis Sua welze, marjvena mxares, misionerebs aRniSnuli aqvT sofeli marmariSkari. jovani da lukas moxseniebuli aqvs sofeli skurCa892, romelic mdebareobda mdinare skurias SesarTavTan. skurCas agreTve tyauru ewodeboda.^^ dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebSi moxseniebuli sofeli fSia893, TeaTineli misionerebis kolxeTis rukebze fiqsirebulia marmarwyaris, igive skurias saTaveebTan. 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893
. . . . . . . . .
arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 120-121. judiCe juzepe. werilebi saqarTveloze, gv. 96-97. arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 157-158. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, gv. 212. m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, gv. 135. n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII, gv. 611. g. eliava. abaSisa da gegeWkoris raionebis toponimika. Tb.,1977, gv. 19, 24, 39, 51, 103. m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa.., gv. 145; i.tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis...., t. III, gv. 160. s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo didi iadgari. _ saistorio Ziebani, w. II, tf., 1925, gv. 187.
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lambertis Tanaxmad, odiSis erT-erTi monasteri agebuli iyo qiaCis mTaze, wm.miqelis saxelobaze894. qiaCi mdebareobda kodoris qedis samxreT kalTebze, Tanamedrove jgerdaSi. kvitouli895 _ sofeli mdebareobs mdinare moqvis dasavleTiT, aRniSnulia lambertisa da kastelis rukebze, moxseniebuli aqvT 1639-1640 ww. samegreloSi myof rus elCebs. kamuleTi896 _ md.moqvis marjvena Senakadis, kamurCas napirze897. Wala898 _ afsuuri Temebis damkvidrebis Semdeg mas Wilou ewoda. mdebareobs oCamCirisgan Crdilo-dasavleTiT. TiliTi899 _ TeaTineli misionerebis rukebze es sofeli aRniSnulia md.moqvis saTaveebSi gansxvavebuli saxelwodebiT _ TiliSi900. am SemTxvevaSi toponimi -iT bolosarTis nacvlad nawarmoebia zanur-svanuri -iS sufiqsiT. Txalari901 _ savaraudod, mdebareobda Tanamedrove Txinas midamoebSi902. TeaTinel misionerTa rukebze mdinareebs RaliZgasa da oqums Soris mTebSi aRniSnulia sofeli marcxuli. moxseniebulia kastelis albomSic903. zegani904 _ mdinareebs RaliZgasa da moqvs Soris, amJamindeli gufis midamoebSi. xauJeli905 _ daaxloebiT TiliTsa da RaliZgas Soris. RaliZga906 _ mdebareobda amave saxelwodebis mdinaris Sua welze, Tanamedrove sofel beslaxubas midamoebSi. TeaTinel misionerTa rukebze md.RaliZgas aweria egrisi. aseve uwodebs mas lamberti Tavis aRweraSic907. mxolod SemdegSi mdinare egrisma miiRo mis sanapiroze mdebare soflis saxeli da ewoda RaliZga. rusi elCebi axseneben mas `gambli~-s formiT. ilori908 _ sofeli mdebareobs md. RaliZgis SesarTavTan. lambertiseul rukaze aseTi sofeli aRniSnulia md.cxeniswylis napirebTanac. cnobilia, rom samegreloSi ilori ramdenime sofels ewodeboda.909 xoiri910 _ savaraudod unda iyos awindeli sofeli oxurei. subvi911 _ saeklesio sabuTebSi moxseniebuli es sofeli TeaTineli misionerebis rukebze dafiqsirebulia formiT subeiSi, mdinare oqumis marjvena sanapiroze. mdebareobda awindeli aCigvaras midamoebSi912. naJaneo _ ixsenieba biWvinTis iadgarSi (XVIs.),913 rogorc engurispira sofeli. XVII saukunis saeklesio sabuTebSi moxseniebulia formiT naJaneuli914. amJamad mas savaraudod, otobaia ewodeba915. 894 895
. arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 121. . S. burjanaZe. istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis samefosa da guria-odiSis samTavroebisa, w. I. Tb.,1958,
gv. 151. 896
. s. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I. tfilisi, 1921, gv. 41. . p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 175. 898 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo didi iadgari.. - saistorio moambe, w. II. tfilisi, 1925, gv. 187. 899 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo glexebis didi davTari, gv. 33. 900 . amgvaradaa is fiqsirebuli lambertis rukaze, xolo kastelisTan mas TiliTi ewodeba. am adgilebSi dResacaa SemorCenili toponimi TliT abaa (afxazurad TiliTis cixe) sof TxinasTan. ix.: T.beraZe. odiSis samTavros ruka arqanjelo lambertis mixedviT. _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, istoriis... seria, #3, 1971, gv. 154. 901 . s. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, gv. 41. 902 . p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 174. 903 . qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi, gv. 151. 904 . s. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, gv. 41. 905 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo glexebis didi davTari. tfilisi, 1914, gv. 36. 906 . Rapports sur un voyage archéologique dans la Géorgie et dans l’Armenié. Execute en 1847-1848, par M. Brosset, St. Petersburgs, 1849, VIII, gv. 106. 907 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 176. 908 . s. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, gv. 41. 909 . k. okujava. afxazeTi XVII saukuneSi, gv. 95. 910 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo glexebis didi davTari, gv. 29. 911 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo glexebis didi davTari, gv. 31. 912 . v. zuxbaia. afxazeTis istoriuli geografiisaTvis. –riwa, N#1_2, 1997, gv. 136. 913 . i. doliZe. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. II. Tb., 1965, gv. 179. 914 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo glexebis didi davTari, gv. 24, 53. 915 . v. zuxbaia. afxazeTis istoriuli geografiisaTvis, gv. 135. 897
180
wamxari _ aRniSnulia TeaTinel misionerTa rukebze. dRes wamxari Tagilonis erT-erTi ubania.916 TeaTinel misionerTa rukebze md.RaliZgis dasavleTiT aRniSnulia mdinare moqvi (moqviSwyari). lambertis Tanaxmad, `am mdinares ase hqvia imitom, rom igi Caudis moqvis saepiskoposos~.917 granJies moxsenebaSi moqvis maxloblad fiqsirebulia sofeli margula918. dRes mas merkula ewodeba. mdebareobs mdinare moqvis SesarTavTan, marcxena mxares. arqanjelo lamberti samegrelos mdinareTa Soris asaxelebs oqums919. md.oqumi aseve aRniSnulia lambertisa da kastelis rukebze. bedia _ XVII saukuneSi moxseniebuli aqvs mraval avtors. TeaTinel misioners Zampis samegrelos dasavleT nawilSi moxseniebuli aqvs sofeli fuwyuri920. amJamad es sofeli galidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT, warCesTan axlos mdebareobs921. kolxeTis mdinareTa aRwerisas lamberti aRniSnavs: `enguris iqiT aris xeTi, romelsac sipataravis gamo rukebze ar aRniSnaven, zRvas SeerTvis 922 gagidasTan~. lambertTan fiqsirebuli md.xeTiwyari aris erwyari (eriswyali), xolo sofeli gagida amJamadac mdebareobs mdinare erwyaris SesarTavidan samxreTaRmosavleTiT. lambertis zemoT motanili erTerTi cnobiT, samegreloSi `erT adgilas, romelsac oluSe hqvia, mTebi gaSlilia da mters advilad SeeZlo aqedan Semosvla da qveynis aoxreba, _ didis xarjiT amouyvaniaT kedeli, sigrZiT samoci aTasi nabiji da kedelSi aqa-iq auSenebiaT koSkebi, romlebSic dganan TofiT SeiaraRebuli mcvelebi~.923 TeaTinel misionerTa rukebze oluSe aRniSnulia mdinare RaliZgis saTaveebSi, safortifikacio sistemasTan. cnobilia, rom dRes oluSe ewodeba mTas tyvarCelTan924. amgvari toponimebi oluSe//oleSe gvxvdeba lebardesTan (mdinare texuris saTaveebSi) da skurTan (mdinare Waniswylis saTaveebSi). g.eliavas megruli sityva `oleSe~ ganmartebuli aqvs, rogorc gasasvleli, xolo olu aris gza, aseve gasasvleli. igi iqve dasZens, rom mtris Semosevisas aseTi gza ikvreboda qviTkiris kedliT da ukeTdeboda mcire gasasvleli muxis karebiT925. lamberti odiSis monasterTagan gansakuTrebulad aRniSnavs wifurias monasters, romelic, misioneris sityvebiT, `aSenebulia vakeze, enguris napiras. es monasteri exla Cvenebis xelSia. aq aris ori eklesia erTad SeerTebuli, romelTagan erTi RmrTismSoblis saxelobazea da meore _ wm.giorgisaze~.926 kastelis mixedviTac, wifuria engurispira sofeli iyo, xolo TeaTinel misionerTa rezidencia aq mdinaridan `xeliT gasrolili qvis manZilze~ mdebareobda927. sofeli aRniSnulia kastelisa da lambertis rukebzec. wifuria mdebareobda dRevandeli engurispira sof.Tagilonis teritoriaze928. lambertisa da kastelis mier Sedgenil rukebze mdinareebs kodorsa da 916 917 918 919 920 921
. . . . . . . . . . . .
T. beraZe. odiSis samTavros ruka, gv. 152. arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 176. m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 140. arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 176. m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 655. T. beraZe. odiSis samTavros ruka, gv. 153. 922 arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 175. 923 iqve, gv. 166. 924 b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 96. 925 g. eliava. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni. Tb., 1997 gv. 255. 926 arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 121. 927 qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi, gv. 195. 928 . T.beraZis azriT, wifuria ganarjia-muxuris teritoriaze mdebareobda. ix. misi: odiSis samTavros ruka.., gv.150.
181
engurs Soris aseve aRniSnulia Semdegi soflebi: saTamaSia, wyurgili, tkvaja, dRvana, pitauri, jobawyari, gudaSi, papaTi, sanari, saCino, warCe, CxorToli, barRefi, nabakia, sudaSi, kadari, gogieli, Jirpiji, genaTi, saTanjo, sujona. amrigad, XVII saukunis saistorio wyaroebSi (dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, ucxoel avtorTa cnobebi, TeaTinel misionerTa kolxeTis rukebi) kargad Cans, rom awindeli afxazeTis samxreT-aRmosavleT mxares mxolod qarTuli (megruli) toponimebi da hidronimebi figurirebs. Tanamedrove samxreT-aRmosavleT afxazeTSi XVIs. bolosa da XVII saukuneSi damowmebulia Semdegi gvar-saxelebi: naJaneulSi (XVIs. dasasruli): SuSania, jgviburia Tolioqro, subuqia, jakobia gugutia, mWiSia kakauri, uCaia mamisSuri, uCaia soxerdia, uCaia Tolskvamia, didia gabriela, kodia kacibaia, eliSia Tomixila, rusayia marcvalia, matufia SuriToli, gogilava mamismama, gogilava SuriToli, Rrubelaia mamismama, mamasferi, gurua WuWa, cistaria mamismama, kodia Tolibedi, qajaia deismama, logua kurcxai, jguburia nikolaa, ZaZua, konjaria, fiolia da a.S. sofeli naJaneuli (1621w.): uCaia mixilia, uCaia gurmixili, uCaia mirCqilia, jakobia Tolioqro, didia jgeqoCi, didia qoCilei, kodia orqolei, kodia maWixola, kodia solerdia, kodia mixilia, jguburia guriSia, SuSania soxerdia, koCivara kuatara, ZaZua gabrieli, ZaZua ardaSela, ZaZua ingaria, gogilaa Tolioqro, qajaia mestumria, koCila markozia, cikutia miZiruda, Rrubelaia koWola, gurua gemWiSia, xistaria Tolimafu, daviTia mestumria, cistaria koCia, logua ToliSia, eliSia koCila, eliSia Tolmixila, eliSia uskuamada, konjaria mamalei, konjaria Toskuamia, WutiSia Tolioqro, mirCqilia fiolia, WuWu kontaria da a.S. sofeli xoiri//oxurei (1621w.): didia xaxuta, Cagua gogia, lasuria ukulaSi, lasuria uskuamia, lasuria mixilia, mamulia webelara, Cagua gurmixila, gunia babadia, grigolia gokurcxia, jiqia skuamilei, didia Tolioqro, ambalia xuxulia, ambalia xuci, jomnia gamigona, jomnia vaJikoCa, kakua mxiarula, kakua iSamorTa, kakua moirdina, gamkervalia xaxuta da a.S. sofeli subvi//subeiSi//aCigvara (1621w.): kitia quaqualia, kitia qerabimi, kitia mamulia, kitia Surimidgi, kitia jgirkoCi, kitia pirnaTe, pertia, qorColua mamaSi, jakonia kaka, jakonia vaJoba, jakonia papiSia, jakonia babadiSi, jakonia skuamili, jakonia qoZiria, luajagia sanatreli, artonia mamulia, xungia uwyinara, miqelia Surimidgi, bigua uCalei da a.S. sofeli TiliTi (1621w.): TifSxua xucesi, TifSxua nanartia, TifSxua iese, cquria jgekoCi, cquria sordi, gulua TuTaSxia, sTefanaskiri SuriToli, sTefanaskiri mixilia, Jvaneskeria babaSuri, bulia mordilia, TuTaSxia qufaCa, Toliskuami faJa, Toliskua kirCxeli, Santia uCakoCi, malurava SuriToli, Cxirua Surimidgi, gorgilava orqoia da a.S. sofeli xauJeli (1621w.): vardania xucesi, varTangia, bagia miTanafi, weblaria gaWirdia, weblaria qaqalia, xalibesSvili dalaba, salatia uCardia, salatia gairCqini, duSia Toskuamia, duSia Zuka, duSia mamaia, vardania sabedo, vardania mixilia, vardania skumiSia, Sonia uCardia, niseria mamiyordi (me miyvardi), niseria kaxaber, niseria uwyinari, niseria qaqalia da a.S. sofeli tyauru (1621w.): Sambia (Samgia) Tavaza, Sambia ququalia, Sambia maSutua, WuWuria uCakoCi, gavaSeli daTia.
sofeli
Wala//Wlou,
sadac
iyo
saydari
da
jaianebis
sasaxle
(1621w.):
gogordava xucesi, gogordava gvata, mixilia Caglia, Wania maWixoli, falia Surimidgi, marRia qvacxa, lorteg bibilia, giCordi fxa da a.S.929
eTnikuri istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT didi mniSvneloba aqvT XVII-s-is istoriul wyaroebSi dafiqsirebul gvar-saxelebs Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriis sxva dasaxlebul punqtebSic, maT Soris wamxarSi: mWiTanava, marRia, tania, Zasania930; kadarsa da mis mimdebare soflebSi: daTuskaria (daTuskiria?), 929 930
. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III. Tb., 1970, gv. 382, 419, 423, 425, 426, 428, 431, 434. . Rapports.., IX, gv. 19-20.
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Cxorelia, kobaxia, albaria, borqia931; ilorSi: gomiZula wawulua932, CxoxoZe933, Segua, germania934; kamuleTSi: gurmixili kubecia; RaliZgaSi: alesandria935, moirdi kvirkvelia, uskvama kvirkvelia, gvianiSi Cagaloskiri936; zeganSi: muTagiRun xubilava, gogua, nadaraia937; sof. TxalarSi: gabrava; sof. marcxulSi: gurmixili esebia938; kvitoulSi: totoji daviTia, gaizardi afia, anCibuxu Cxangua, bebelia bagaTelia, misi coli afaqiZis qali da maTi Svili masi bagaTelia, beleSia939; sof. gufuSi: maxu vardania, sabedo vardania, nixilia vardania, skumiSia vardania; giorgi vardania; sof. fSiaSi: jaiani, bibilia940.
amrigad, naTlad Cans, rom XVII saukunis 80-ian wlebamdel engur-kelasuris SuamdinareTSi mxoloddamxolod qarTuli (megruli) mosaxleoba iyo. XVII s. 60-80-ian wlebSi kelasur-RaliZgas SuamdinareTSi afxazuri da jiqurabazuri Temebi iwyeben damkvidrebas. vaxuStis cnobiT, `daipyres vidre egrisis mdinaremde da daeSenebodnen TviT afxazni da arRara iyo drandas da moqus episkoposni~941. am teritoriaze afxazebma mkvidri mosaxleobis nawili amoJlites, an tyved gayides, mcire nawilma samegrelosa da imereTis Sida regionebs Seafara Tavi. gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gaanadgures Tavadaznauroba, rogorc odiSis mTavris ZiriTadi dasayrdeni. sofel Walas (Wilou) mflobeli merab jaiani iqidan gamoiqca da afxazeTis kaTolikoss grigol lorTqifaniZes aseTi Sinaarsis pirobis wigni miarTva: `ese mtkice wigni mogarTvi Tqven, kaTalikozs batons grigols Cven, jainma merab, ase rom Cveni qveyana TaTris xelad Seiqmna da merme amxeli kaci var iq aRar gvedgomeboda da movedi, SemogexveweT da wyaloba gviyaviT da Cvens sicocxleSi dagvayeneT da jiqTubans sami mosaxle glexi gviboZeT...”942. XVIIXVIIIss. mijnaze merab jaianis bedi sxvebmac gaiziares, vinaidan awindeli afxazeTi `TaTris xelad Seiqmna”. RaliZgasa da engurs Soris mdebare teritoriaze gabatonebis Semdeg yvapu SarvaSiZem adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Turqebze gayidva daiwyo. marTalia, man SemdegSi orjer ficic misca kaTalikosebs daviT nemsaZesa (1673-1696ww.) da grigol lorTqifaniZes (1696-1742ww.), rom tyveebs ar gayidda,943 magram piroba ar Seasrula. jer mTielTa TareSis, Semdeg ki tyveTa syidvis Sedegad es mxarec mniSvnelovnad daicala mkvidri mosaxleobisgan. dacarielebul teritoriaze yvapu SarvaSiZem bzifidan gadmoasaxla `ramdenime gvarni Tavadni da aznaurni, saxeldobr: anCabaZe, emuxvari, inaliSvili, marRania, zvanbaia, lakirbaia da aqirTava, romlebTaTvisac daunawilebia ese sazRvari, xolo Tvisda saxasod Seucavs soflebi bedia, faxulani da barbalo (koki).~944 CamosaxlebulT Tan Camohyvnen dabali fenebic. am droidan gaCndnen samurzayanoSic awindel afxazTa winaprebi, romlebic SemdegSi mkvidr mosaxleobaSi aiTqvifnen da gaqarTveldnen. afsuaTa afxazeTSi Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiidan mosulobis Sesaxeb ucxour saistorio wyaroebSi cnobebi jer kidev XVIII s. I naxevridan mogvepoveba. kerZod, rusi istorikosis v.tatiSCevis sityvebiT, afxazeTis aris `CrdiloeT 931
. m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 211. . s. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, gv. 40-41. 933 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo didi iadgari, gv. 190. 934 . k. grigolia. iloris wm. giorgis xatis warwera, gv. 157. 935 . s. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, gv. 41. 936 . Rapports.., VIII, gv. 106. 937 . s. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w. I, gv. 41. 938 . iqve. 939 . S. burjanaZe. istoriuli dokumentebi.., w. I, gv. 151. 940 . s. kakabaZe. afxazeTis sakaTalikozo didi iadgari, gv. 187. 941 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 845. 942 . s.kakabaZe dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, w.I, gv. 149-150. 943 . e. TayaiSvili. saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I. tfilisi, 1920, gv. 36; j.gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 276-281. 944 . T. WiWinaZe. `bediis xelnaweri“. –kvali- 1897, 11 maisi, #20. 932
183
samegrelos nawili, romelsac Turqebi da yabardoelebi abxazoss, xolo Cveni winaprebi obezs uwodebdnen, misi meti nawili dRes yubanelebiTaa dasaxlebuli~.945 ingliseli ed. spenseri ki werda (1851w.), rom soxumis midamoebSi mcxovrebi afxazebi `nawilobriv yirimisa (yabardos – avt.) da yubanis xanebisa da sulTnebis Camomavlebi arian, romlebic Tavis tomebTan erTad dasaxldnen am adgilebSi~.8 aRsaniSnavia a.diaCkov-tarasovis mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, adiRebisgan Seviwroebulma abasgebma,9 rogorc Cans, XVI-XVII saukuneebSi gadalaxes gagris qedi, aseve fseaSxos, axbircis, cagerkeris, maruxisa da qluxoris uReltexilebi.10 imave avtoris dakvirvebiT, XIII-XIV saukuneebis afxazeTis sazRvari mdinareebs fsousa da xosTas Soris meryeobda. XVIs. adiRebis mier Seviwroebulma jiqebma gagris gasasvleli daikaves da sazRvari kidev ufro samxreTiT, gagris qeds gadaRma gadaswies. garda amisa, a.diaCkov-tarasovi Tavis morig naSromSi _ `bzifis afxazeTi~ _ Semdeg daskvnas akeTebda: `afxazebi yovelTvis rodi mosaxleobdnen aq. maTi gadmocemebi, wes-Cveulebebi da mravali istoriuli monacemi adasturebs, rom isini CrdiloeTidan movidnen da Seaviwroves qarTuli tomebi, sanam engurTan ar SeCerdnen. aq moxda ori sxvadasxva warmoSobis xalxis _ megrelebisa da afxazebis urTierTSerwyma, ris Sedegadac warmoiSva kodorsa da engurs Soris moqceuli samurzayanos mosaxleoba~.946 afxazeTSi mTielTa migraciuli procesebis Sesaxeb arsebul mwir saistorio wyaroebs mniSvnelovanwilad avsebs toponimuri da folkloruli masala. kerZod, mdinare kelasuris aRmosavleTiT zRvaSi Caedineba md. maWara, romlis napirebzec mdebareobs amave saxelwodebis sofeli. cnobilma afxazma mkvlevarma x. bRaJbam mdinarisa da soflis saxeli maWara evlia Celebis mogzaurobis wignSi moxseniebul Temis saxels maWar-s daukavSira, romelmac gadmosaxlebis Sedegad afxazeTis geografiul saxelebSi Tavisi kvali datova. x. bRaJba amave Tems ukavSirebs afxazeTSi gavrcelebul gvarsaxels _ amiWba.947 osmalo mogzauris monacemebs Tu daveyrdnobiT, maWaras Temis (evliasTan majar) lokalizeba tuafsisgan aRmosavleTiT, mTebSi mogviwevs. Zneli dasadgenia, Tu rodis gadmosaxlda es Temi jiqeTidan afxazeTSi, magram is mainc cxadia, rom maTi migracia XVII saukunis I naxevris Semdeg moxda. garda amisa, lingvisturad usafuZvloa maWaris dakavSireba amiWba-sTan. afxazeTSi afsuaTa mosulobis Tvalsazriss garkveulwilad exmianeba maTi gadmocemebi. zogi versiis Tanaxmad, isini afxazeTSi egviptidan, abisiniidan arian mosulni, zogi versiiT - armeniaze gavliT yubanSi dasaxldnen, saidanac sicivisgan Sewuxebulni afxazeTSi gadavidnen.948 erT-erTi gadmocemiT, Soreul warsulSi afxazeTis mTebSi cxovrobda wanis, anu wanias gvaris xalxi. wanebi mejogeebi iyvnen, Tavs rZeuliTa da umi xorciT irCendnen, magram radganac wanebi usjuloni iyvnen da RmerTs arafrad agdebdnen, RmerTma isini dasaja. maT sacxovriss cecxli gauCina da masTan erTad usjulo wanebic gadabuga.949 es gadmocema dakavSirebulia afxazeTis Tavisebur arqeologiur naSTebTan, romelnic naxevrad ciklopuri, megaliTuri xasiaTisa arian da vrceldeboda bzifidan enguramde. es Zeglebi gvxvdeba mTebSi da warmoadgenen yorulad nageb 945
. . . , . I. .- ., 1962, gv. 171. k. koxisa da e. spenseris cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. germanulidan Targmna, Sesavali da komentarebi daurTo l. mamacaSvilma. Tb., 1981, gv. 135. 9 . avtori abasgebSi gulisxmobs afsuebis, jiqebis da abazebis winaprebs. 10 . . . . , 1903, gv. 36, 50. 946 . . . . – , . XVIII. , 1905, gv . 65. 947 . . . . – , . I, , 1987, gv. 145. 948 . . . . , 1965, gv. 37. 949 . s. janaSia. Tubal-Tabali, tibareni, iberi. _ Sromebi, t. III. Tb., 1959, gv. 14. 8.
184
oTxkuTxed an araswori wris saxis mqone `bakebs~. maT afxazebi awangvaras//wanigvaras eZaxian, rac wanis sacxovriss niSnavs. s.janaSias sityvebiT, `afxazebs maTi dRevandeli teritoriis did nawilze win uswrebda qarTveluri mosaxleoba, erTi mxriv, svanuri Stosi, meore mxriv, Wanurmegrulisa. moyvanil gadmocemaSi swored am faqtis anarekli gvaqvs. wani am SemTxvevaSi Wanur-megrul fenas gulisxmobs. es iyo erT-erTi tomTagani Wanurmegruli ganStoebisa~.950 n.berZeniSvilis SeniSvniT, `Tu eseni im afxazebis genetikuri memkvidreni arian, maT istoriul folklorSi Tamari da sxva aseTebi unda Candes... narTebis eposi maT mTielobaze miuTiTebs~.951 Tavad afxazuri xalxuri tradiciiT, narTebi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, kerZod, yubanispireTidan arian.952 afxazur sagvareuloTa Soris mravlad moiZebneba gadmocemebi, romlebic maT gadmosaxlebaze da sacxovrisis Secvlaze miuTiTebs. magaliTad, aSubebis uxucesebSi daculi iyo gadmocema, rom maTi winaprebi Zvelad jgerdaSi fsxudan gadmosaxldnen.953 adleibebis mixedviT, TviT adleibebi, agreTve agrbebi da inafSbebi afxazeTSi yaraCaidan gadmosulan.954 kviwiniebSi, aviZbebSi, zuxbebSi da aSubebSi daculi gadmocemebiT, maTi winaprebi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, an soWis mimdebare mxareebidan gadasaxldnen afxazeTSi. erT-erTi afxazuri TqmulebiT, aCbebi afxazeTSi qeds gaRmidan gadmovidnen.955 gudauTeli amabebis gadmocemebiT, isini warmoSobiT ahWifsoudan iyvnen da maTi gadmosaxleba XVII saukunis miwuruls unda momxdariyo.956 rasakvirvelia, es legenda-gadmocemebi ar iZleva kavkasiel mTielTa afxazeTSi Camosaxlebis epoqis zustad gansazRvris SesaZleblobas, magram zemoT ganxilul cnobebTan erTad, romlebic aSkarad miuTiTeben XVII saukuneSi afxazeTSi mimdinare eTnikur, upirveles yovlisa, migraciul procesebze, es gadmocemebic seriozul yuradRebas imsaxureben.
3.
religiuri viTareba
XVIIs. 80-ian wlebamde Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriis samxreTaRmosvleT nawilSi, romelic jer kidev uSualod Sedioda odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi, kvlav hyvaoda qristianuli sarwmunoeba. aq moqmedebda mTel saqarTveloSi saxelganTqmuli sami saepiskoposo (bediis, moqvis, drandis), ramdenime monasteri (qiaCi, wifuria da a.S.) da aTobiT (faqtobrivad yvela sofelSi) eklesia. sruliad gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo sakuTriv afxazeTSi. gvian Sua saukuneebSi aq Seqmnili mZime politikuri, demografiuli da socialurekonomikuri mdgomareoba Tavs iCens mosaxleobis sarwmunoebriv cxovrebaSi da, saerTod, sulier kulturaSi. mTaSic da barSic qristianoba metad Sesustebulia, eklesia-monastrebi ar funqcionireben. gamonaklisi arc XVIs. Suaxanebidan faqtobrivad dacarielebuli biWvinTis taZari iyo, Tumca formalurad is rCeboda sakaTolikoso kaTedrad. levan meore dadianis elCma moskovSi, mRvdelma gabriel gegenavam 1638 wels ruseTis sagareo uwyebis warmomadgenlebs orjer ganumarta, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos, maT Soris
950
. iqve, gv. 15. . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII, gv. 618. 952 . . . , . I. ., 1949, gv. 321. 953 . . . ..., gv. 51. 954 . n. lomouri. . _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, istoriis... seria, #3, 1990. gv. 170. 955 . s.zuxba. afxazuri zepirsityviereba. afxazuridan Targmnes T.gvancelaZem da a.arabulma. Tb., 1988, gv. 214, 366. 956 . . . XVII-XVIII . , 1951, gv. 93. 951
185
samegrelos patriarqi (kaTolikosi) cxovrobs biWvinTaSi957. gabriel gegenavas afxazebi ar uxsenebia. afxazebi `sarwmunoebiT arian qristeaneni, aramed arRara risa mecnierni da iricxvian viTarca kerpni~958, - werda vaxuSti. misi es cnoba odnav mogvianebiT aris dawerili, magram amasve mogviTxroben XVIIs. ucxoeli avtorebic. jovani da lukas sityvebiT: `afxazebis cxovrebis wesi iseTivea, rogorc Cerqezebis. ara aqvT dawerili kanonebi da damwerlobis gamoyenebac ar ician. rwmeniT isini qristianebi arian, raime qristianuli wes-Cveulebis Sesrulebis gareSe. bevri jvari vnaxe am qveyanaSi~.959 misioneris mixedviT, biWvinTis sakaTalikoso eklesiaSi wirva warmoebs erTi mRvdliT, soflis mosaxleobac am eklesiaSi dadis. aSkaraa, is laparakobs ara erTeul SemTxvevaze, roca RvTismsaxureba ase Tu ise wesebis dacviT sruldeba, aramed saerTo mdgomareobaze. aqauri mmarTvelic mahmadiani Cans, razedac metyvelebs misi saxeli _ yara bei da isic, rom is jovani da lukas mier biWvinTaSi Catarebul wirvas ar daswrebia.960 yarabeisgan gansxvavebiT, `mTavari~ puto, romelic Seityobs jovani da lukas Camosvlis mizans, mas cxumSi darCenas sTavazobs, amcnobs stumars, rom isic Tavisi samflobeloTi qristiania da iseTi mRvdeli sWirdeba, rogorc mezoblad mcxovreb qarTvelebs hyavT, an rogoric TviT jovani da luka iyo.961 lamberti afxazebs religiuri TvalsazrisiT kavkasiis mTiel xalxebs adarebs: `eseni yvelani qristianebad iwodebian, magram kanonebi ki ara aqvT... mxolod saxeliT arian qristianebi, Torem arc sarwmunoebiT da arc moqmedebiT qristianoba maT srulebiT ar etyobodaT~.962 kastelis albomis mixedviT kargad Cans, rom afxazeTis eklesiebSi RmrTismsaxureba aRar mimdinareobs, isini mitovebulia. Tayvaniscema aRaraa biWvinTis eklesiaSic: `iq mxolod Zveli jvaria Semonaxuli~. SarvaSiZeebi dacarielebul eklesiebs italiel misionerebs gadascemdnen, raTa maTTvis erToblivad moevloT. kastelis sityvebiT, `maT surT qveyanaSi aswavlon qristes wminda sarwmunoeba, romelsac isini aRiareben, magram ara hyavT arc erTi mRvdeli~.963 evlia Celebi amgvarad axasiaTebs afxazeTis religiur viTarebas: `maT rom qafiri (e.i. urjulo, aramuslimi _ avt.) uwodon, kacs moklaven, muslimi rom uwodon, gaexardebaT. eseni yurans ar icnoben da arc raime sarwmunoeba aqvT. qafiri ar uyvarT da muslims ki suls miscemen~.964 igive avtori CaCebis Temis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom `yvela erTi sarwmunoebis ar aris~, xolo arTebSi (mdinare mzimTis SesarTavTan) `islamis sarwmunoeba da yurani ra aris, ar ician~.965 patriarq dosiTeosis cnobiT, afxazebis sarwmunoeba jiqebisa da alanebis religiis msgavsia.966 cxadia, imJamindeli afxazebi gansxvavdebodnen im afxazebisgan, romlebic wina saukuneebSi dasavleT kavkasiaSi qristianobis gavrcelebis mesveurni iyvnen. dosiTeoss aRniSnuli aqvs, rogor arbevdnen afxazebi eklesia-monastrebs samegreloSi967. zemoTmoyvanili misi cnoba levan II dadianis mier 40 aTasi afxazis monaTvlis da maTTvis episkoposis daniSvnis Sesaxeb utyuari dadasturebaa im faqtisa, rom maSindeli afxazeTis teritoriaze mkvidri qristianuli qarTuli mosaxleoba mTielma warmarTebma 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . ..., gv. 271, 275. qarTlis cxovreba, t.IV, gv. 785. i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, t. III, gv. 170. b. lominaZe. qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobis istoriidan, t. I. Tb., 1966, gv. 216. m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, gv. 145. arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 5, 166. qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. gv. 177, 192. evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~, n. I, gv. 106. iqve, gv. 100, 101. . . , . I, gv. 28. iqve, gv. 46.
186
Secvales. sxvanairad ar iqneboda saWiroeba mosaxleobis masobrivi monaTvlisa im mxareSi, sadac mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebdnen biWvinTis sakaTalikoso kaTedra, lixnis, anakofiis, gagris, bomboris, anuxvisa da sxva eklesia-monastrebi. antioqiel patriarq makarioss samegreloSi, kerZod, moqvSi yofnisas eaxlnen afxazebi, romlebmac mas monaTvla sTxoves. makariosis sityvebiT, `afxazebs surdaT hyolodaT adamiani, romelic maT monaTlavda da qristes rwmenas aswavlida. axlo warsulamde isini qristianebad iTvlebodnen. maT qveyanaSi iyo sakaTalikozo taxti, romelic axla imereTSia. afxazTa qveyanaSia wm.andria mociqulis eklesia da mas afxazebi did pativs miageben. Cvens dros afxazTa mcire nawilma icis pirjvris gardasaxva da mcire nawili asrulebs qristianul ritualebs, vinaidan ar hyavT mRvdelTmsaxurebi da maTze aravin zrunavs~968. am SemTxvevaSi saubari unda iyos warmarTul afxazeTSi darCenil qarTvelebze. pavle alepoelis mixedviT, `afxazebis nawili qristianobas saerTod ar aRiarebs, meore nawili ki, romlebic dadians emorCilebian, saxeliT qristianebia, eTayvanebian xatebs da pativs miageben eklesiebs, magram imis gamo, rom ar hyavT mRvdlebi da episkoposebi, monaTlulni ar arian~.969 vitsenis cnobiT, `afxazebis cxovrebis wesi iseTivea, rogorc Cerqezebis. kanonebi da damwerloba maT ara aqvT, saxeliT qristianebia, magram qristianul wes-Cveulebebs ar icaven. maT qveyanaSi mravlad naxav aRmarTul jvars~.970 zemoT moyvanili masalis mixedviT, afxazeTi istoriulad qristianuli qveyanaa, islami sustad an saerTod ar aris gavrcelebuli; afxazebs mxolod saxeliT SeiZleba ewodos qristianebi, Torem sarwmunoebiT da moqmedebiT qristianoba srulebiT ar etyobaT; maT ara aqvT saeklesio wignebi, ise ki Tayvans scemen xatebs, jvrebs da eklesiebs. maTi sarwmunoeba kavkasieli mTis tomebis religiis msgavsia. amgvari viTareba XVII s. zogierT avtors imis sababs aZlevs, rom afxazebi saerTod sarwmunoebis gareSe myof xalxad CaTvalos. amave avtorTa dakvirvebiT, Zvelad afxazeTSi, rodesac aq sakaTalikoso moqmedebda, sruliad gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba iyo.971 bunebrivia, gvian Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi da saerTod kavkasiaSi Seqmnili rTuli politikuri situacia (Sina omebi, gareSe mterTa Tavdasxmebi, mahmadianobis gavrceleba) xels uwyobda afxazeTSi qristianobis dasustebas, magram aq qristianobis dakninebis umTavres mizezad jiqur-abazuri tomebis moZaleba unda miviCnioT da ara `feodalis xelisuflebis dasusteba~972, rogorc es miaCnia afxaz mkvlevarTa nawils. saistorio wyaroebSi kargad Cans, rom XVII saukunis 60-80-ian wlebSi, afxazebis da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiuri tomebis samegreloSi laSqrobebisas soflebTan erTad eklesia-monastrebic nadgurdeboda.973 erT-erT italiur wyaroSi isic aris aRniSnuli, Tu rogor daxoces asze meti `berZeni~, e.i. marTlmadidebeli mRvdeli yvapu SarvaSiZis brZanebiT.974 sasuliero pirebi man Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkuli wm.stefanes statuis moparvis mogonili braldebiT daaxocvina. marTlmadidebeli mRvdlebis gaJletvis namdvili mizezi ki SarvaSiZeebisadmi daumorCilebloba da dadianis mxardaWera unda yofiliyo.975 mTielTa eqspansiis Sedegad Crdilo-dasavleT odiSSi XVIIs. bolodan 968
. . . XVII , gv. 43. . n. asaTiani. masalebi me-17 saukunis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb., 1973, gv. 75. 970 . . , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 267. 971 . b. lominaZe. qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobis istoriidan, t. I, gv. 227. 972 . . . . . . , 1991, gv .149. 973 . . . , . I, gv .46; e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri mogzaurobidan samegreloSi. Zveli saqarTvelo. t. III. tfilisi, 1913-1914, gv. 188, 222. 974 . m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, gv. 209. 975 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 266.
969
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Seqmnili situaciis gamo religiis msaxurni iZulebulni xdebian, saeklesio wignebi, xatebi, jvrebi da sxva saeklesio inventari samegrelos Sida mxareSi gadaitanon, kerZod: qiaCis monastris wm.giorgis xati obujis eklesiaSi gadmoitanes, qiaCis monastris mTavarangelozis xati _ WoRaSi, moqvis saxareba _ martvilSi, moqvis RmrTismSoblis ori xatidan erTi zugdidis eklesiaSi, meore xobis monasterSi gadmoasvenes, bediis RmrTismSoblis xati, romelic dadianebis mTavar salocavad iTvleboda, martvilSi gadmoasvenes.976 XVII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan, afxazTa da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiuri tomebis samegreloSi laSqrobebis, md. enguramde mdebare miwa-wylis afxazeTTan SeerTebis, aq afxazuri da jiqur-abazuri Temebis damkvidrebis Sedegad zedized gauqmda drandisa da moqvis saepiskoposoebi. XVII-XVIIIss. mijnaze dasrulda sxva qristianuli kerebis, Sesabamisad, marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis ganadgureba, gansakuTrebiT md.RaliZgamde. miuxedavad afxazeTis kaTolikosebis daviT nemsaZisa da grigol lorTqifaniZis mcdelobebisa, ver moxerxda mravalricxovani saeklesio mamulebis gadarCena Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze. saeklesio glexebis nawili momxdurebma tyved gayides, an sakuTar monebad aqcies, nawili ki kaTolikosma grigol lorTqifaniZem samegreloSi gadmoasaxla.977 warmarTuli wes-Cveulebebis damkvidrebisa da gaZlierebis miuxedavad, afxazeTSi mainc SemorCa Tayvaniscema eklesiebisadmi, mokrZaleba wmindanebisadmi. ueWvelia, es garemoeba migraciuli procesebis miuxedavad, am kuTxeSi Zveli afxazuri (qarTuli) mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis darCeniT unda aixsnas. lambertis Tanaxmad, iloris wm.giorgis saxelobis eklesias did pativs scemdnen aramcTu qarTvelebi, aramed mezobeli xalxebic. `imdenad Tayvansa scemen am eklesias, rom Tumca igi moSorebulia da zRvis pirad sdgas, fiqri ar aris, rom vinmem gaqurdos igi, an mtris gemiT movidnen da gaZarcvon igi, aramcTu karis gatexis SiSi ara aqvT, aramed misi Zvirfasi qvebi rom axlomaxlo gzaSi daabnion, imasac xels aravin axlebs. am wmindanis SiSi marto aqaurebs ki ara aqvT, aramed TviT afxazebsac, romelnic saxelganTqmuli qurdebi arian~. amave avtoris sityvebiT, `wminda giorgis dResaswauls ara marto odiSelebi, aramed afxazebic da svanebic blomad eswrebian~.978 Zampis erT-erTi relaciis mixedviTac iloris eklesias `mezobeli xalxebic did Tayvans scemen, TviT barbarosebic ki. ase rom, uaxloesi mezoblebi, rogoric arian afxazebi, alanebi, jiqebi da sxva aramarTlmorwmuneni, mis gaZarcvas ver bedaven, Tumca ician, rom es eklesia ZvirfaseulobiT da fuliT Zalze mdidaria.”979. Sardens samegreloSi, kerZod, skurCaSi (avtoris sityvebiT isgaurSi) Tavad hyavs naxuli afxazebi, romlebmac am mxareSi erT-erTi laSqrobisas xatis vercxlis CarCo gaitaces, TviT xati, wmindanis risxviT SeSinebulebma, adgilze datoves.980 amrigad, XVII saukunis bolosaTvis afxazeTi religiuri TvalsazrisiT Zlier gansxvavdeboda rogorc adreuli Sua saukuneebis afxazeTisgan, ise saqarTvelos danarCeni, mezobeli kuTxeebisgan, samagierod mkveTr msgavsebas avlenda kavkasiis mTianeTTan. gvian Sua saukuneebSi afxazeTSi qristianuli religiis dacemis da samagierod warmarTobis momZlavrebis mTavari mizezi iyo mezobeli mTielebis, ZiriTadad jiqur-abazuri Temebis damkvidreba, romlebmac aq mTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur-ekonomikuri yofa da warmarToba Camoitanes. 976
. b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIIIss., gv. 112-113. j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 381-382. 978 . arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 141, 142. 979 . Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, gv. 197. 980 . iqve, gv. 212. 977.
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Tavi X. anTropologiuri monacemebi afxazTa eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis. anTropologiurad afxazebi erT-erTi kargad Seswavlili eTnikuri jgufia kavkasiaSi981. Seswavlilia maTi somatologiuri982, kraniologiuri,983 sisxlis dermatoglifika985, odontologia986, fizikuri genetikuri markerebi984, 987 ganviTareba . miuxedavad amisa, afxazebis warmomavlobis sakiTxi dRemde sadiskusio Temad rCeba. am kvlevebis Sedegad Seqmnilia sxvadasxva anTropologiuri klasifikacia. v.aleqseevis mixedviT, kavkasiaSi gavrcelebulia sami rasa: balkanur-kavkasiuri, winaaziuri da indopamiruli988. misi azriT, balkanur-kavkasiuri rasa warmodgenilia kavkasionis da pontouri tipebiT, winaaziuri-armenoiduliT, xolo indo pamiruli – kaspiuriT. samive rasas avtori ganixilavs damoukidebeli samxreTevropoiduli rasis SemadgenlobaSi, afxazebs moiazrebs balkanur-kavkasiuri rasis SemadgenlobaSi, amave dros aRniSnavs kavkasionis tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs (braqikefalia)989. metad sainteresoa v.bunakis mier SemuSavebuli kavkasiis mkvidri mosaxleobis klasifikacia. man gamoyo oTxi rasa: pontouri, kaspiuri, pontourzagrosuli (anu armenoiduli) da kavkasiuri. pontouri rasis klasikur warmomadgenlebad v.bunaki miiCnevda adiRelebs, kaspiurisa _ azerbaijanelebs, xolo kavkasiuris – imerlebs. kavkasiuri rasa, misi azriT, iyofa: qvemorionulad, yvirilurad da liaxv-alaznur tipebad990. amave naSromSi v.bunaki afxazebs gansazRvravda, rogorc qvemorionuli tipis lokalur variants. m.abduSeliSvilis mravalricxovanma gamokvlevebma bevrad ufro daazusta afxazebis adgili zogad sistematikaSi. man afxazebi iseve, rogorc baTumis, qobuleTis, ozurgeTis, lanCxuTis, zugdidisa da galis raionebis qarTvelebi
981
. naSromi daiwera saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondis finansuri xelSekrulebiT (granti #SF/ST06/1-032). winamdebare publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli nebismieri mosazreba ekuTvnis avtors da, SesaZloa, ar asaxavdes erovnuli samecniero fondis Sexedulebas. 982 . В.В.Бунак. Антропологический состав населения Кавказа. _ Вестник Гос. Музея Грузии. Тб., 1946, т. XIIIА, gv. 89-108; Г.К. Джанберидзе. Абхазо-адыгейские взаимоотношения в свете данных антропологии. - Тез. докл. VII научной сессии Института экспериментальной морфологии АН ГССР. Тб., 1956, gv. 13-14; Г.К. Джанберидзе. Проблема происхождения абхазов в свете антропологических данных. Автореферат дис. на соискание учён. степени канд. биол. наук. М., 1963, gv. 13; М.Г. Абдушелишвили. Антропология древнего и современного населения Грузии. Тб., 1964. 983 . m. abduSeliSvili. masalebi kavkasiis kraniologiisaTvis. - saq. ssr mecn. akademiis eqsperimentuli morfologiis institutis Sromebi. 1955, t. 5. gv. 327-339; . . . .,1974. 984 . А.А. Воронов. Геногеография факторов крови в Закавказье. - IX Международный Конгресс антропологических и этнографических наук. М., 1983, с.1-20; Robert E. Ferrell, Naira Salamatina, S.M. Dalakishvili, N. A. Bakuradze and Ranajit Chakraborty. A population Genetic Study in the Ochamchir Region Abkhazia, USSR. - American journal of Physical Antropology. 1985, p. 63-71, 66; А.А. Воронов, С.М. Далакишвили. Н.В. Соломатина, Р.У. Фуррелл. Генетическая характеристика абхазов. – Абхазское долгожительство. М., 1987, gv. 127-141. 985 . И.П. Ладария. К изучению дерматоглифики населения Кавказа. - Сов. Этнография, 1975, №4, gv. 121-130; Г.Л. Хить. Дерматоглифика народов Кавказа. - Полевые исследования института этнографии. М., 1980, gv. 189-198. 986 . Р.С.Кочиев. Одонтологическая характеристика этнических групп Кавказа. Автореф. дис. на соиск. учён. степ. канд. ист. наук. М., 1971; В.Ф. Кашибадзе. Дифференциация населения Кавказа по одонтологическим данным. - Вопр. антропологии, 1988, вып. 80, gv.75-78.; Г.А. Аксянова. Характеристика зубной системы (сроки прорезывания, расовые особенности, поражённость кариесом). – Абзаское долгожительство, gv. 120-125. 987 . П.К. Квициния. Морфологические особенности коренного населения Абхазии (на примере мужчин абхазов), Автореферат на соискание учён. степ. канд. биол наук. М., 1982; Е.Н.Миклашевская, В.С. Соловьёва, О.А. Гилярова, М.Ю Пескина. Особенности соматического развития детей и подростков абхазов. - Феномен долгожительства. М. Наука, 1982, gv. 160-169. 988 . . . . . ., 1974, gv. 194. 989 . braqikefalia – mokle da ganieri Tavi. 990 . . . . , . . ., 1946, . XIII , gv. 93.
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kolxuri tipis SavizRvispirul variantSi gaaerTiana991. afxazebis (gagris, gudauTis‚ oCamCiris) anTropologiuri dapirispireba mxolod somatologiuri niSnebis safuZvelze, erTi mxriv, dasavlurqarTul eTnografiul jgufebTan da, meore mxriv, CrdilokavkasielebTan (adiRelebi), rogorc Cans, amtkicebs maT kavSirs ufro metad qarTul eTnikur samyarosTan, vidre adiRelebTan992. mosaxleobis Tanamedrove anTropologiuri Semadgenlobisa da eTnogenezis kvlevam zogadad aCvena, rom xalxTa kulturuli da enobrivi naTesaoba xSirad ar Seesabameba maT warmomavlobiT naTesaobas da saerTo genofonds. cnobilia, rom ena da kultura SeiZleba gavrceldes maTi matareblebis gareSe, xolo anTropologiur tips yovelTvis Tan axlavs enisa da kulturis gavrceleba993. maSasadame, anTropologiuri monacemebis roli mniSvnelovania im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac arsebobs werilobiTi, istoriuli da eTnografiuli monacemebi. eTnikuri anTropologia eZiebs rasobriv da tomobriv elementebs, romlebic Sesulia ama Tu im eTnosSi. amdenad anTropologiuri masala iqceva istoriuli procesebis Seswavlis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyarod. eTnosi rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani fenomenia, romelic Sedegia xangrZlivi istoriuli procesisa. is warmoiqmneba, viTardeba, zogjer iSleba kidec; amitom SeuZlebelia im azris daSvebac ki, rom romelime eTnoss Cvenamde moeRwios Tavdapirveli, ucvleli saxiT. SeiZleba Seicvalos (da kidevac icvleba xolme) ara marto eTnosisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ena, kultura da a.S., aramed misi anTropologiuri ieric, rac aucilebels xdis eTnikuri jgufis anTropologiur Seswavlas sivrcesa da droSi. cxadia, rom afxazebi gamonaklisi ar arian da maTi dRevandeli saxiT fizikuri tipis Camoyalibebis xangrZliv procesSi adgili hqonda maT Sexebas sxva tomebis warmomadgenlebTan. Tanamedrove afxazebis ena iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa afxazur-adiRur jgufs miekuTvneba994, xolo mravalsaukunovani istoriuli Tanacxovreba, mWidro kulturul-politikuri da ekonomikuri kavSirebi maT saqarTvelosTan da qarTvelebTan akavSirebs. amitom, afxazTa morfologiuri tipis Taviseburebis garkveva upriania dasavleT kavkasiaSi gansaxlebuli Tanamedrove eTnikuri jgufebis fonze. eseni arian: qarTvelebi (lazebi, aWarlebi, gurulebi, megrelebi, svanebi), adiRebi (SafsuRebi, bJeduRebi, Wemguebi, abaZexebi, zelenCukelebi, beslenelebi), abazebi (aSxarelebi da tapantelebi) garemocvaSi. maT yvelas aqvs Tavisi sakuTari istoria, ena da kultura. niSnebi, romelTa safuZvelze afxazebi da adiRebi sxvadasxva rasobriv tipSi aRmoCndnen, aris sxeulis simaRle, saxis sigane da simaRle, Tavis qalisa da cxviris forma. Ppontouri tipis warmomadgenelTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxeulis SedarebiT mcire simaRle (165sm.), viwro da maRali saxe, mezokefalia995, viwro da swori cxviri, aprexili cxviris wveti da a.S. afxazebi, iseve rogorc dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi, xasiaTdebian sxeulis SedarebiT didi simaRliT (168sm.), ganieri da dabali saxiT, gamodrekili cxviris zurgiTa da daSvebuli wvetiT, mkveTrad gamoxatuli braqikefaliiT. afxazebs braqikefalia kidev ufro metad aqvT gamoxatuli, vidre dasavlel qarTvelebs. gansxvaveba Tavis formis mixedviT aRiniSneba kraniologiur masalaSic. Tavis qalis maCvenebeli afxazTa seriaSi (saSualo) mkveTrad braqikraniulia _ 83.5, adiRebis – mezokraniuli (76.5.).996 afxazur enaSi or mTavar dialeqts gamoyofen: abJuurs da bzifurs. anTropologiuri masala aRebulia orive dialeqtis gavrcelebis arealidan. Seswavlilia gagris (bzifi), gudauTis (abRarxuqi, aWandara, durifSi, jirxva) 991
. . . . . ., 1964, gv. 57. . iqve, gv. 58. 993 . . . , . . , . . . . . , 1952, 1. gv. 22-35. 994 . . . . . . , . 4. ., 1967, gv.. 101-123. 995 . mezokefalia – saSualo sigrZis da siganisQTavi. 996. braqikrania – mokle da ganieri Tavis qala; mezokrania – saSualo sigrZisa da siganis Tavis qala. 992
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da oCamCiris (kvitouli, jgerda) raionebis soflebSi. afxazebis samive jgufis Sida-populaciurma da populaciebs Soris kvlevam zogadad gviCvena sakmaod maRali msgavseba. yovel wyvil populacias Soris warmoebulma Sedarebam aCvena, rom gagris, gudauTis, oCamCiris mosax-leobas Soris ar aris statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba. gagrisa da gud-auTis mosaxleoba gansxvavdeba oCamCiris mosaxleobisagan zeda tuCis SedarebiT dabali simaRliT, gagris mosaxleobas aqvs SedarebiT naklebad gamoxatuli orive tuCis sisqe. am orive SemTxvevaSi P<0.05-isa. Catarebuli komponenturi analizi warmodgenilia 7 ZiriTadi komponentiT, romlebic moicaven saerTo variaciis 89.1%-s. morfometruli monacemebis mixedviT TiToeuli komponentis datvirTva saerTo jamSi gagris, gudauTis, oCamCiris mosaxleobas ar ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan da warmoaCens, rogorc erTian polimorful jgufs. imave masalaze g.janberiZem997 (janberiZe _ xelnaweri) calke Seiswavla is individebi, romelTa gvarebi ar iwvevdnen araviTar eWvs maT afxazur warmomavlobaSi da Seadara qarTulgvarebian afxazebs. gansxvaveba am or jgufs Soris ar aRiniSna. rogorc avtori wers, amiT amowurulia yvela meTodi da saSualeba qarTvelebsa (megrelebsa) da afxazebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebuli elementis aRmoCenisaTvis (gv. 21)998. ufro naTelia afxazebis megrelebTan msgavseba, vidre eniT monaTesave abazebTan da adiRelebTan Sedarebisas. mTel rig taqsonomiurad madiferencirebel niSnebze dakvirvebam naTlad gamoaCina, rom Seswavlili jgufebi qmnian kavkasionis qediT gayofili msgavsebis or wres: samxreTiT – qarTul (megrul)-afxazurs da CrdiloeTiT adiRur-abazurs. CrdiloeTis wreSi Semavali orive eTnikuri Gjgufi Tanabrad gansxvavdeba megrelebisa da afxazebisagan maSin, rodesac Cans maT Soris arsebuli Sinagani msgavseba999. afxazebis populaciebs Soris gagris afxazebi gamorCeulad axlo morfologiur distanciebs amJRavneben rogorc qarTvelTa jfgufebTan, aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleobasTan. amasTanave xazgasasmelia, rom es distancia qarTvelebTan mimarTebaSi orjer naklebia, vidre CrdiloeT kavkasielebTan. gagrel afxazebTan yvelaze daaxloebul jgufebad moiazrebian galeli megrelebi (distancia 0.04) da lanCxuTeli gurulebi (distancia 0.05). Cxorowyus megrelebi, ozurgeTeli gurulebi, xulos, qedisa da qobuleTis aWarlebi, ambrolauris raWvelebi da zestafoneli imerlebi maTgan daSorebuli arian 0.06 morfologiuri distanciiT. Coxatauris gurulebi, vaneli imerlebi da yabardoelebi – 0.07-iT; walenjixis megrelebi da WiaTuris imerlebi – 0.08-iT; xelvaCauris lazebi, riyeTis aWarlebi, adiRe-abaZexebi, zelenCukisa da besleneis Cerqezebi – 0.09-iT da zugdidis megrelebi – 0.10-iT. aRsaniSnavia, rom afxazebs Soris Sida saerTo morfologiuri distancia aris 0.0933, lazebs Soris – 0.0900, aWarlebs Soris – 0.0852, megrelebs Soris – 0.0840, imerlebs Soris – 0.0700, gurulebs Soris – 0.0633, svanebs Soris – 0.0600, yabardoelebs Soris – 0.0667, Cerqezebs Soris _ 0.0600, abazebs Soris – 0.0600, adiReelebs Soris – 0.0560. morfologiuri distanciebi afxazebsa da qarTvelebs, afxazebsa da araqarTvelur eTnikur jgufebs Soris Semdegnairad ganawilda: afxazebi – megrelebi _ 0.0893 997 . g. janberiZe. afxazebis anTropologiuri urTierToba qarTvelur da Crdilo-kavkasiur eTnikur jgufebTan. xelnaweri inaxeba istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebis fondSi. sabeWdi manqaniT akrebili 25 gverdi). 998 . iqve. 999 . iqve, gv. 21.
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afxazebi – imerlebi _ 0.1050 afxazebi – aWarlebi _ 0.1081 afxazebi – lazebi _ 0.1083 afxazebi – adiRelebi _ 0.1387 afxazebi – abazebi _ 0.1500 amave dros distancia megrelebsa da adiRelebs Soris aris 0.17933. moyvanili distanciebi metyveleben kavkasiis xalxTa axlo morfologiur msgavsebaze, xolo afxazebi ufro metad qarTvelur jgufebs Soris moiazrebian, vidre CrdiloeTkavkasielebSi. morfologiuri distancia afxazebsa da megrelebs Soris (0.0893), praqtikulad identuria megrelebsa da gurulebs Soris arsebuli distanciisa (0.084). paleoanTropologiuri masalebi afxazeTis teritoriidan kerZod, iseve, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva regionebidan zogadad, Zalze mcirea. yvelaze adreuli masala afxazeTidan mcirericxovani seriaa gudauTis raionis sofel durifSidan, romelic daTariRebulia XI_XIII saukuneebiT. zogadad, seria xasiaTdeba qalasarqvelis saSualo grZivi da saSualo ganivi diametrebiT, qalas maCvenebeli saSualoze maRali (mkveTrad braqikranuli formiT), saxe saSualo siganis, magram uaxlovdeba am kategoriis umaRles zRvars, saxis saSualoze dabali maCveneblis mixedviT seria eqceva europrozopul1000 kategoriaSi. cxviri saSualo siganisa da simaRlisa, unagiri Zalze maRali. niSnebis es kompleqsi winaaziur rasobriv tips ekuTvnis da amdenad afxazeTis mosaxleoba ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi, rogorc genetikurad, ise morfologiurad Sedioda winaaziuri rasobrivi tipebis imave variaciebis farglebSi, romlebSiac aseve Sedioda amave periodis saqarTvelos danarCeni mosaxleobac.Uufro soliduria Tanamedrove seria afxazeTidan, romelic mopovebulia soxumis maxloblad1001. zogadad seriisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mcire grZivi da saSualo ganivi diametrebi, Tavis qalas maCvenebeli - maRali (braqikraniuli), Subli swori da zomieri siganisa, saxis fuZis sigrZe - mcire, yvrimalTSua diametri saSualo, saxis zeda sigane - saSualo, cxviri - saSualo siganisa da simaRlisa, maRali unagiriT, mkveTrad win warziduli, orbitebi - saSualo siganisa da simaRlisa, saxe - profilirebuli horizontalur sibrtyeSi da swori vertikalurSi. es zogadi daxasiaTeba saerToa mamakacebisa da dedakacebisaTvis. gansxvaveba sqesTa Soris Tavis qalas formebis mixedviTac ar aRiniSneba. gamoTvlil seriebSi Tavis qalas formebis ganawileba Zalze msgavsia. mamakacebSi doliqo1002 da mezokraniuli _ 23,8%, braqikraniuli _ 31,0%, hiperbraqikraniuli _ 38,1%, ultrabraqikraniuli _ 7,1%. igive formebi dedakacebis seriaSi Semdegi SemcvelobiT aRiniSneba – mezokraniuli _ 23,5%, braqikraniuli _ 29,4%, hiperbraqikraniuli _ 41,2% da ultrabraqikraniuli _ 5,9%. Tu braqikraniuli seriebis Semcvelobas SevajamebT, maSin msgavseba absoluturia (mamakacebSi _ 23,8%, doliqo-, mezo - da _ 76,2%. braqikrania, xolo dedakacebSi _ 23,5% da _ 76,5% Sesabamisad). Tanamedrove mosaxleobis kraniologiuri polimorfizmis safuZvelze mosaxleoba ganekuTvneba indoxmelTaSuazRvispirul rasas. sainteresoa im morfologiuri Taviseburebebis aRniSvna, romlebic konkretulad ama Tu im serias akavSirebs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva anTropologiur tipTan. aWarlebis, megrelebisa da afxazebis kraniologiuri seriebi SedarebiT viwro saxiTa da cxviriT usaTuod kolxuri tipis warmomadgenlebi arian. avenisis kraniologiur seriaSi SeiniSneba kavkasionis tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SedarebiT farTo saxe. aRsa1000
. europrozopia – ganieri saxe. . В.И.Чернявский. Яшу-Аху, Абхазия, 1878г. см. в каталоге- Т.И. Алексеева и др. Краниологические и остеологические коллекции Института и Музея антропологии МГУ. М., МГУ, 1986, gv. 176. 1002 . doliqokrania – grZeli da viwro Tavis qala. 1001
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niSnavia isic, rom braqikefalizaciis procesi ganxilul seriebSi ar aris bolomde misuli, radgan yvela seriaSi jer kidev mezokranebis sakmao raodenobaa dafiqsirebuli. Tanamedrove kraniologiuri tipebi indo-xmelTaSua rasobrivi Stos winaaziuri (kraniologiuri seriebi aWarlebis, mTiulebis, afxazebis, somxebis), kaspiuri (azerbaijanelebis kraniologiuri seria) da pontouri (Cerqezebis kraniologiuri seria) rasis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT gamoirCevian. am niSanTa kompleqsiTac afxazebi da qarTvelebi erT rasobriv katego-riaSi xvdebian. amrigad, anTropologiuri monacemebiT irkveva, rom afxazTa morfologiuri tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi maT qarTvelur samyarosTan aerTianebs. yvela sistemis mixedviT kraniologia (aWarlebTan), somatologia (megrelebTan, aWarlebTan), dermatoglifika (aWarlebTan, zogadad qarTvelebTan), sisxlis izoantigenuri sistemebi da odontologia (dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobasTan) - erTmniSvnelovnad avlenen maRal morfologiur msgavsebas qarTvelebTan. rogorc m.abduSeliSvili werda, ”qarTveluri da afxazuri jgufebis msgavseba genetikuri naTesaobis xasiaTisaa”1003. es genetikuri naTesaoba ramdenime faqtoriT SeiZleba aixsnas. pirvel rigSi, imiT rom Zveli afxazebi, iseTive qarTvelebi iyvnen, rogorc megrelebi, lazebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, svanebi1004; meore, rogorc g.janberiZem daaskvna, afxazTa Taviseburi mdgomareoba adiRur enobriv jgufSi aixsneba dasavlel qarTvelebTan maTi naTesaobiT. misi azriT, romelsac morfologiuri faqtebi adastureben, afxazTa eTnogenezi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc qarTvelebis romeliRac jgufis adiRur enaze gadasvla; anu afxazTa fizikuri winaprebis udidesi umravlesoba nawili iyo ara sxva afsua-adiRur xalxTa winaprebisa, aramed Tanamedrove qarTvelebis qarTulenovani winaprebisa1005. am mosazrebas iziarebs v.aleqseevic. is eTanxmeba Tvalsazriss, rom anTropologiurad afxazebi ufro axlos dganan qarTul eTnikur samyarosTan, vidre adiRelebTan. igi wers: `afxazTa gaerTianeba adiRuri enobrivi jgufis SemadgenlobaSi, albaT, SedarebiT gvian ganxorcielda da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgens meorad movlenas maT eTnikur istoriaSi.~1006 mesame, uZvelesi kavkasiuri kulturuli da eTnikuri erTobliobis1007 safuZvelia is Zveli substrati, romelic, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi mainc saerTo iyo kavkasiis aborigeni mosaxleobisaTvis. es naTlad Cans dasavleT saqaTvelos mosaxleobis, rogorc morfologiuri tipis cvalebadobaSi, aseve zogierTi genetikuri markerebis gavrcelebaSi. amis erT-erTi naTeli dasturia ABO sistemis sisxlis jgufebis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi. mTlianobaSi am sistemis mixedviT, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba ZiriTadad or met-naklebad msgavs jgufad diferencirdeba. rogorc wesi, eTnikur jgufebSi Semadgeneli niSnebis rasobrivi Taviseburebani didxans inaxaven erTobisa da msgavsebis im formebs, romlebic win uswrebdnen maT Camoyalibebas. miT umetes, teritoriulad daaxloebuli adgilobrivi jgufebis urTierTobis Sedegad warmoqmnili eTnikuri erToblioba anTropologiurad rCeba am teritoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cvalebadobis farglebSi1008.
1003 . m.abduSeliSvili. masalebi kavkasiis kraniologiisaTvis. - saq. ssr mecn. akademiis eqsperimentuli morfologiis institutes Sromebi, t. 5. Tb., 1955, gv. 327-392. 1004 . g. gasviani. afxazeTi. Zveli da axali afxazebi. Tb., 1998. 1005 . . . . ..., gv. 13. 1006 . iqve gv. 10; . . . ., 1974, gv. 194. 1007 . . . . ( ). .,1963, gv. 8. 1008 . . . . . .,1974, gv. 3-10.
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Tavi XI. afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis lingvisturi safuZvlebi istorikosebi da eTnologebi xSirad iyeneben enobriv faqtebs istoriul-eTnologiur sakiTxTa kvlevisas. es bunebrivicaa, vinaidan zogi istoriuli epoqis Sesaxeb an saerTod ar arsebobs araviTari werilobiTi wyaroebi, an isini sakmarisi ar aris, an kidev arsebuli werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebi garkveul obieqtur Tu subieqtur mizezTa gamo bundovania; ena ki is fenomenia, romelic sakmaod zustad asaxavs konkretuli eTnosis mier ganvlil istoriul gzas da gvawvdis utyuar, gauyalbebel monacemebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad ucxovria eTnoss, istoriul-kulturuli ganviTarebis ra safexurebi gauvlia mas, rogori urTierTobebi hqonia mezobel eTnosebTan da a.S. pirveli mkvlevari, vinc did yuradRebas uTmobda enobriv faqtebs da maT safuZvelze gamohqonda daskvnebi Tanamedrove afxazi xalxis genezisis, misi Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis lokalizaciisa da afxazTa winaprebis migraciis mimarTulebaTa Sesaxeb, iyo akad. niko mari1009. swored n. maris daskvnebi udevs safuZvlad momdevno periodis istorikosTa, eTnologTa, arqeologTa da enaTmecnierTa sakmaod didi nawilis mier gaziarebul da Sevsebul-modificirebul hipoTezebs imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos: 1. dasavleT saqarTvelo Tavdapirvelad dasaxlebuli iyo afxazTa, abazaTa, adiRelTa, yabardoelTa da ubixTa saerTo winapari tomebiT (winareafxazuradiRuri eTnosiT), ris dasturadac asaxeleben dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul fs(a), yva da ra marcvlebis Semcvel toponimebs, hidronimebsa da satomo saxelebs, romlebic winareafxazur-adiRuri mosaxleobis Seqmnilad cxaddeba. 2. winareafxazur-adiRuri mosaxleoba samxreTiT vrceldeboda TiTqmis anatoliis Suamde, ris damadasturebladac miiCneven Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi fiqsirebul eTnonimebs abeSlasa da kaSks. am daskvnas safuZvlad udevs dasaxelebul eTnonimTa fonetikuri msgavseba afxazTa avtoeTnonim afsua-sTan da CerqezTa aRmniSvnel qarTul qaSag (rus. касог)-Tan. 3. ax.w. dasawyisis berZnul-laTinur wyaroebSi dasaxelebuli afSilebi da abasgebi afxazebisa da abazebis winaprebi yofilan. abazaTa erTi nawili (tapanTelebi) CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi XIII-XIV saukuneebSi gadasaxlebula, meore nawili ki (aSxarelebi) _ XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi. 4. qarTuli mosaxleoba Tavidanve ar cxovrobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi. megrul da svanur metyvelebebs amJamindel afxazeTSi, samegrelosa da svaneTSi win uswrebda afxazur-abazuri, ubixuri da Cerqezuli enebi, romelTa kvali enobrivi substratis saxiT dRemde Cans megrul-svanuris struqturasa da leqsikaSi da a. S. imis gasarkvevad, Tu ramdenad safuZvliani da dasabuTebulia dasaxelebuli daskvnebi, romlebic n. marisagan momdinareobs, upriania, kritikulad SevafasoT n. maris daskvnebis sandoobis xarisxi da kvlevis meTodologia. magaliTad, afxazuri enis kvlevisadmi miZRvnil erT-erT upirveles naSromSi n. mari warmoadgens Tavis mosazrebebs afxazTa Soris gavrcelebuli gvarsaxelis gubaz-is Sesaxeb. igi sityvas ase Slis: gu-ba-z *gu-ba-Ze. mkvlevris az-
1009.
Н. Я. Марр. О языке и истории абхазов. Ленинград, 1936.
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riT, pirveli marcvali gu gulis aRmniSvneli afxazuri a-gu1010 sityvis Ziria, ba afxazur gvarsaxelTa mawarmoebeli sufiqsia (Sdr. Tar-ba, amiW-ba, aj-ba...), xolo z Tanxmovani miRebulia qarTul gvarsaxelTa mawarmoebeli Ze-sagan xmovnis dakargvisa da Z z procesis Sedegad. avtors miaCnia, rom gubaz forma naafxazari, qarTizebuli saxeobaa amosavali guba variantisa (`gulaZe, guliZe~). igive gubaz forma mogvianebiT Turme mamakacis saxeladac qceula (Sdr. lazikis cnobili mefe gubazi V saukuneSi). amisi damadasturebeli yofila guriis mdinare gubazoulis saxelic. gvarsaxelis amgvar interpretacias mosdevs daskvna, TiTqos afxazTa winaprebs V saukunemde didi xniT adre ecxovroT ara marto awindeli afxazeTis, aramed guriis teritoriazec da mefe gubaz I-is dabadebamde momxdariyos afxazTa qarTizacia1011. ramdenad marTebulia n. maris es msjeloba? pasuxi aseTia: jer erTi, ax. w. V saukunemde -ba sufiqsian afxazur gvarsaxelTa da, saerTod, gvarebis raime modelis arseboba afxazTa Soris warmoudgenelia, vinaidan im dros gvarsaxelebi ar hqondaT afxazTa winaprebze bevrad dawinaurebul xalxebsac ki. meore, Tu gaviziarebT im Sexedulebas, rom XIII-XIV saukuneebamde afxazebi da abazebi erTad saxlobdnen awindeli afxazeTis teritoriaze da md. yubanis xeobaSi pirvelad tapanTelebi gadasaxldnen, maSin isic unda vivaraudoT, rom tapanTelebs Sorisac unda iyos gavrcelebuli -ba sufiqsiani gvarsaxelebi. realurad ki, tapanTur soflebSi eqspediciebis dros mopovebuli masalebis mixedviT irkveva, rom Tar-ba-s tipis gvarsaxelebi saerTod ar aris gavrcelebuli tapanTelebSi, xolo aSxarel abazaTa Soris sul 13 gvarsaxels uCans igive -ba daboloeba1012. sayuradReboa, rom am 13 gvarsaxelidan 9-s or-ori varianti aqvs (-ba sufiqsiani da krebiT saxelTa -aa mawarmoebliani), 3 gvarsaxels _ sam-sami (imave mawarmoeblebiTa da -Za sufiqsiT, romelic qarTuli -Ze sufiqsisagan momdinareobs1013). paraleluri variantebis arseboba da is faqti, rom -ba sufiqsi mxolod rusul gamoTqmaSi gamoiyeneba1014, iZleva safuZvels mtkicebisaTvis, rom -ba sufiqsiani warmoeba ar aris organuli arc aSxaruli gvarsaxelebisaTvis da aSkarad afxazuri enis gavlenis Sedegi Cans. am daskvnis sasargeblod metyvelebs kidev erTi realur-istoriuli faqti: XX saukunis 2030-ian wlebSi aSxarelTa 60 komli sofel fshuSi (gudauTis r-ni) Camoasaxles1015, rogorc Cans, afxazTa Soris integraciisaTvis, magram isini SemdgomSi (meore msoflio omamde) ukan dabrundnen. usafuZvlo ar unda iyos varaudi, rom swored fshuSi binadrobisas daumkvidrdaT -ba sufiqsiani afxazuri modelis gvarsaxelebi aSxarel migrantebs, razec -ba sufiqsiani variantebis mxolod rusul gamoTqmaSi gamoyenebis faqtic mianiSnebs (es pasportizaciis zegavlenaa). ase rom, aSxarelTa Soris gvarsaxelTa afxazuri modelis gavrceleba afxaz komunistTa enobrivi politikis Sedegia da ara ZvelisZveli istoriuli faqtis gamoZaxili. mesame, qarTul gvarsaxelTa -Ze daboloeba Sesabamisi gvarebis matarebelTa gaafxazebis SemTxvevaSi ar iZleva oden z Tanxmovans. wesi aseTia: Tu gvaris warmomadgeneli axali gaafxazebulia, -Ze daboloeba afxazur gamoTqmaSi ucvleli rCeba (CakvetaZe, aruxaZe, CxiiZe||CxeiZe...), xolo Tu gaafxazeba didi xnis momxdaria, maSin daboloebis Z Tanxmovani ucvleli rCeba, xolo e xmovani iSleba Áa kompleqsad, an abazurSi gadadis a xmovnad (Sdr. kasraZe afxaz. kas1010. teqnikuri mizezebis gamo afxazur-abazuri enobrivi masala aqac da qvemoTac gadmocemuli gvaqvs gamartivebuli transkrifciiT. 1011. Н. Я. Марр. Из лингвистической поездки в Абхазию, gv. 57-58. 1012. q. lomTaTiZe. aSxaruli dialeqti da misi adgili sxva afxazur-abazur dialeqtTa Soris (teqstebiTurT). Tb., 1954, gv. 223. 1013. iqve, gv. 224. 1014. iqve, gv. 224. 1015. iqve, gv. IX.
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lanZia, kilaZe afxaz. kil-ba, abaz. kilZa)1016. rac Seexeba hidronim gubazouls, mas safuZvlad udevs mamakacis saxelis7 kninobiTi gubaz-a forma, romelsac daerTvis -ul||-ur sufiqsi. es sufiqsi, Cveulebriv, miwis nakveTis mflobelobas aRniSnavs (Sdr. maxinj-a-ur-i, ambrol-auri, xarag-a-ul-i). aseTi saxelebis hidronimebad qcevac ar aris uCveulo movlena. rac mTavaria, gubazouli arc ise Zveli saxelia, rogorc es n. mars miaCnda. amrigad, unda davaskvnaT, rom afxazuri mosaxleoba arasodes binadrobda guriaSi da akad. n. maris `Teorias~ mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tavdapirvelad afxazTa winaprebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb ara aqvs arc lingvisturi da arc istoriuli safuZvlebi. igive iTqmis dasavleT saqarTveloSi fs(a), yva, ra elementebiani da zogi sxva tipis toponimebis, hidronimebisa da satomo saxelebis mcdari analizis safuZvelze Seqmnili Sexedulebis Sesaxeb, TiTqos aseTi enobrivi faqtebi adasturebdnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi winare-afxazur-adiRur tomTa cxovrebasa da maT Semdgom asimilacias gvian mosuli qarTveluri mosaxleobis mier. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ukve aRar iziareben am dausabuTebel `Teoriebs~ da axleburad xsnian amgvar faqtebs (ix.: a. onianis, t. futkaraZis, m. Cuxuasa da sxvaTa axali gamokvlevebi). aq TvalsaCinoebisaTvis mokled SevexebiT erT sadavo sakiTxs: guria-aWaris teritoriaze dasturdeba ramdenime geografiuli saxeli, romlebic yv(a) marcvals Seicaven: malTayva, boboyvaTi, juruyveTi... guriaSive gavrcelebulia amave marcvlis Semcveli gvarsaxelebi: ingoroyva, royva, arTilayva, Releyva... erTi TvalsazrisiT, dasaxelebul geografiul saxelebSi yva elementi Cerqezuli sityvaa da Reles, xevs niSnavs, xolo dasaxelebul gvarebSi gamoyofen aseve Cerqezul yva (`Ze, vaJi~) fuZes, rac TiTqos guria-aWaraSi CerqezTa odindeli binadrobis damadasturebelia. meore TvalsazrisiT, dasaxelebul geografiul nomenklaturaSi yva soxumis afxazur saxels ayva-s ukavSirdeba, rac imave teritoriaze afxazTa winaprebis cxovrebis maniSnebeli yofila. orive Tvalsazriss erTi arsebiTi meTodologiuri nakli aqvs: saanalizo sityvebSi gamoiyofa da `identificirdeba~ mxolod erTi segmenti, sityvaTa danarCeni segmentebis axsnas ki veRar axerxeben. aravin iwuxebda Tavs imis damajerebeli ganmartebiT, Tu ras warmoadgens malTa, bobo, juru (geogr. saxelebSi), an ingoro, ro, arTila, Rele (gvarsaxelebSi). es imas niSnavs, rom saanalizo masalis etimologia daudgenelia, arada swored sanaxevro `analizis~ safuZvelze keTdeba Sors mimavali istoriul-eTnologiuri daskvnebi, rac yovlad gaumarTlebelia1017. 1. afxazuri enis adgili monaTesave enaTa Soris istoriuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT is eTnosi, romelic Tavis dedaenaze sakuTar eTnikur vinaobas afsua saxeliT aRniSnavs, gviandeli qarTuli tradiciis mixedviT aRiniSneba afxazis saxelwodebiT. afxazebTan enobriv-eTnikuri niSnebiT yvelaze axlos dganan abazebi, romlebic amJamad CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mdinare yubanis xeobaSi gafantviT mdebare 13 sofelSi saxloben (yaraCaeT-CerqezeTis respublika). afxazTa kidev erTi axlomonaTesave eTnosi _ ubixebi 1864 wlamde cxovrobdnen q. soWisa da adleris mimdebare zolSi. es xalxi mTlianad gadasaxlda osmaleTSi, sadac 1016. afxazTa Soris gavrcelebul gvarsaxelTa lingvisturi analizi vrclad warmodgenilia qvemoT. rac Seexeba n. maris kidev erT sanaxevrod mecnierul naSroms termin `afxazis~ Sesaxeb, misi kritikuli Sefasebac qvemoTaa mocemuli. 7. magaliTad, egrisis mefeebi gubaz I (V s. 50-60-iani wlebi) da gubaz II (VI s. 40-50-iani wlebi). 1017. gansaxilvel sakiTxs sayuradRebo namSromi uZRvna m. Cuxuam 2006 wlis 22-23 seqtembers baTumSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso simpoziumze, romelSic dasaxelebuli masala axsnilia qarTvelur niadagze. naSromi ibeWdeba. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom yva daboloebiani gvarsaxelebi ar fiqsirdeba uZveles werilobiT wyaroebSi da amitomac ar gamodgeba istoriamdeli viTarebis sakvlevad.
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dakarga dedaena da Seeria Turqebsa da kavkasiel muhajirebs. afxazTa axlomonaTesaveni arian agreTve Cerqezebis zogadi saxeliT cnobili adiRelebi (adiRes respublikaSi) da yabardoelebi (yabardo-balyareTisa da yaraCaeT-CerqezeTis respublikebSi). afxazuri ena Sedis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis Crdilo-dasavlur, anu afxazur-adiRur enaTa jgufSi abazur, ubixur, adiRur da yabardoul `enebTan~ erTad. realurad afxazuri da abazuri ar aris erTmaneTisagan imdenad daSorebuli metyvelebani, rom maT damoukidebeli enebi ewodos1018. maT Soris iseTive dacilebis xarisxia, rogorc qarTuli enis gurul da kaxur kiloebs Soris gvaqvs. kidev ufro axlos dganan erTmaneTTan adiReuri da yabardouli. amitom iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Crdilo-dasavluri jgufis daxasiaTebisas ufro marTebuli iqneboda, gvesaubra ara am jgufSi Semaval 5 enobriv erTeulze, aramed 3 enaze (1. afxazur-abazuri ena; 2. ubixuri ena; 3. Cerqezuli ena). samive es ena momdinareobs winareiberiul-kavkasiuri enisagan warmoqmnili winare-afxazuradiRuri enisagan, romelsac, savaraudod, unda earseba Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijnidan ax. w. dasawyisamde da am dros unda daSliliyo amJamad arsebul 3 enad. sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli Cans im struqturuli da materialuri siaxlovis axsna, rac TvalnaTliv SeiniSneba afxazur-abazur, ubixur da Cerqezul enebs Soris. wamoiWreba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu konkretulad sad binadrobdnen amJamindel afxaz-abazaTa, ubixTa da CerqezTa saerTo winaprebi, anu winareafxazuradiRur enaze molaparake mosaxleoba. raki, winareafxazur-adiRur enaze Tu Tanamedrove afxazur-abazur, an Cerqezul enebze molaparakeTa binadroba dasavleT saqarTveloSi ver mtkicdeba verc werilobiTi wyaroebisa da verc enobrivi masalis analizis safuZvelze, logikuria, maTi sacxovrisi veZioT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mdinare yubanis auzidan mdinare Tergis napirebamde mdebare teritoriaze. es is teritoriaa, sadac Sua saukuneebis istoriuli wyaroebi tradiciulad miuTiTeben ubixTa, CerqezTa da, rac mTavaria, afxaz-abazaTa binadrobas da sadac dRemde cxovroben abazebi da Cerqezebi (1864 wlamde _ ubixebic). sayuradReboa, rom afxazi xalxia erTaderTi afxazur-adiRuri modgmis eTnosi, romelic samxreT kavkasiaSia warmodgenili, danarCenebi ki CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi binadrobdnen abazebis CaTvliT. aseve mniSvnelovania isic, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze Zv. w. arcerT werilobiT wyaroSi ar ixseniebian arc afxazebi, arc abazebi, arc ubixebi da arc Cerqezebi, samagierod aq saxeldebian kolxebis//egrebis ueWvelad qarTveluri tomebi1019, aqve dasturdeba aseve qarTveluri warmoSobis geografiuli saxelebic (ix. qvemoT). mainc sad unda gamocalkevebuliyvnen afxaz-abazaTa saerTo winaprebi winareafxazur-adiRuri eTnosisagan? am sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba unda hqondes leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovrebis~ im nawils, romelSic gadmocemulia kavkasiaSi mcxovreb xalxTa eTnarq-eponimebis gansaxlebis sqema. unda aRiniSnos, rom leonti mroveli saerTod ar iyenebs terminebs `afxazi~ da `afxazeTi~, rac avtoris myari koncefciis gamoxatulebaa. mematianisaTvis Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria ar warmoadgens damoukidebel eTnikur-teritoriul erTeuls da igi ara marto egrisis ganuyofeli nawilia (ix. aqve, gv. 30), aramed misi kulturul-ideologiuri da politikuri centris _ bediis (q. egrisis) samyofelia. Targamosis _ yovelTa kavkasielTa mamis _ Sesaxeb leonti wers: `xolo egrissa [= egrossa _ avt.] misca queyana zRvis yurisa da uCina sa1018. niSandoblivia, rom afxazur-abazuri enis udidesi mkvlevari, akad. q. lomTaTiZe 1954 wlamde gamocemul arcerT naSromSi calke enad ar asaxelebda abazurs da tapanTur-aSxarul metyvelebebs afxazuri enis dialeqtebs uwodebda. 1019. araviTar angariSgasawev arguments ar emyareba Tvalsazrisi, TiTqos kolxebis saxeliT afxazTa winaprebic aRiniSnebodnen. es mosazreba sasurvelis realurad warmodgena ufroa, vidre empiriuli masalis obieqturi mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegi.
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zRuari aRmosavliT mTa mcire, romelsa aw hquian lixi, dasavliT zRua, mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa, sada waswudebis wueri kavkasiisa. xolo aman egros aRaSena qalaqi da uwoda saxeli Tvisi egrisi. aw mas adgilsa hquian bediaÁ~1020. e. i. leontis cnobiT, egrisi (egri da eguri) erqva miwa-wyals lixis qedidan Sav zRvamde da am miwis CrdiloeTis sazRvari mdinare yubanis (mcire xazareTis mdinaris) SesarTavTan gadioda. am miwaze mobinadreebs mematiane megrni, megrelni saxeliT aRniSnavs da gulisxmobs ara mxolod amJamindel megrelTa uSualo winaprebs, aramed egrisis yvela mcxovrebs megrelebis, svanebisa da lazebis winaparTa CaTvliT, magram aramcdaaramc amJamindel afxazTa winaprebs. iqve mematiane asaxelebs kavkas(os)s, romelic afxazur-adiRur eTnosTa, maT Soris afxazTa, saerTo winaparia. kavkasosis wilxvedri miwa ganisazRvreba mdinare Tergidan kavkasionis qedis ukidures dasavleT punqtamde, anu mdinare yubanis zRvasTan SesarTavamde (egrosis wilxvedri miwis CrdiloeTis sazRvramde): `da misca kavkasis [= kavkasoss _ avt.] mdinareTagan lomekisa [= Tergi _ avt.] vidre dasasruladmde kavkasisa [= kavkasionisa _ avt.] dasavliT~1021. mematianes erTmaneTSi ar aereoda eTnikuri qarTveli (megreli, lazi, svani) da eTnikuri afxazi (afsua) da maT saerTo winaprad egross ar igulisxmebda. leonti mrovels swored kavkasosi miaCnda afxaz-abazaTa, ubixTa da CerqezTa saerTo winaprad. misi samflobeloc uSualod esazRvreboda qarTvelTa miwawyals, Tanac swored mdinare yubanis SesarTavTan, romlis siaxlovesac berZeni avtorebi SemTxveviT sulac ar unda asaxelebdnen qalaq Zvel lazikas (lazikac, rogorc cnobilia, im etapze mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos erqva da leontiseuli eguris, egrisa da egrisis sinonimi iyo). amrigad, Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijnidan ax. w. dawyebamde amJamindel afxaz-abazaTa, ubixTa da CerqezTa saerTo winaprebi, romlebic jer kidev dauSlel enobriv-eTnikur erTobas qmnidnen, binadrobdnen ara dasavleT saqarTvelos miwaze, aramed CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mdinare Tergis marcxena napiridan mokidebuli mdinare yubanis SesarTavamde, sadac `waswudebis wueri~ kavkasionisa, e. i. qedis ukidures dasavleT wertilamde. axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan iwyeba erTiani winareafxazur-adiRuri eTnosis daSla, Cndeba 3 ena (afxazur-abazuri, ubixuri da Cerqezuli), rac 3 axali eTnosis Camoyalibebis momaswavebelia. Tavis mxriv, afxazur-abazur enaze molaparake axali eTnosi 2 mTavari eTnikuri jgufisagan Sedgeboda 2 mTavari dialeqtiT: amJamindel afxazTa, anu afsuaTa tomisagan da abazaTa tomisagan. mezobeli eTnosebi (gansakuTrebiT Cerqezebi) afxaz-abazaTa ganmazogadebel, saerTo saxelwodebad iyenebdnen abaza termins, romelic maTgan osmalebs SeuTvisebiaT: gvian Sua saukuneTa osmalur wyaroebSic da amJamindel TurqulSic afxazebs abaza saxeliT (mr. r. abaza-lar) aRniSnaven1022. mosazreba saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri (winarekavkasiuri) enisagan winareafxazur-adiRuri enis Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulTa mijnaze gamoyofis Sesaxeb emyareba sando lingvistur-istoriul monacemebs, Tumca mkvlevarTa erTi nawili uaryofs qarTvelur ena-kiloTa naTesaobas afxazur-adiRur da naxur-daRestnur enebTan. kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis arsebobis faqti 1979 w. sabolood daadgina akad. arn. Ciqobavam yvela am enis umdidres fonetikur-fonologiur, morfologiur-sintaqsur da leqsikur monacemTa akademiuri analizis safuZvelze1023. arsebiTia is faqtic, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis arsebobas upiratesad uaryofen is avtorebi, romlebic icnoben da ikvleven an mxolod qarTvelur ena-kiloebs da xeli ar miuwvdebaT afxazur-adiRur da naxur-daRestnur enaTa 1020.
qarTlis cxovreba. ana dedofliseuli nusxa. simon yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1942, gv. 2. iqve, gv. 3. 1022. c. abulaZe. saqarTvelosa da misi politikuri warmonaqmnebis saxelwodebani osmalur werilobiT ZeglebSi. - saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, gv. 274-276. 1023. arn. Ciqobava. iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tb., 1979, gv. 253. 1021.
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kvlevaze, an piriqiT, icnoben da ikvleven afxazur-adiRur Tu naxur-daRestnur enebs, magram ar ZaluZT qarTvelur ena-kiloTa damoukideblad analizi. amitom, bunebrivia, am sakiTxze im mecnierTa daskvnebi unda iqnes gaziarebuli, visac dasaxelebuli nakli ara aqvs. samxreT kavkasiasa da mis mimdebare teritoriaze mobinadre winarekavkasielebis saziaro ena albaT minimum 4 mTavari dialeqtisagan Sedgeboda, romelTa TandaTanobiTi enobrivi daSoreba unda gamoewvia winarekavkasielTa gansaxlebis arealis gafarToebas. savaraudoa, rom winarekavkasiuri enis winareafxazuradiRur dialeqtze (da ara enaze) molaparakeni ukve Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi dasaxldnen Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis teritoriaze Tergidan yubanis SesarTavamde, winarenaxur-daRestnur dialeqtze mosaubreni _ Tergidan darubandamde, winare-albanur dialeqtze molaparakeni unda darCeniliyvnen amJamindeli azerbaijanis miwaze (istoriuli hereTis gamoklebiT), xolo axlandeli somxeTis teritoriaze unda ecxovraT araindoevropul dialeqtze molaparake tomebs, romlebic emezoblebodnen urartuelebs. rac Seexeba winareqarTvelur dialeqtze mosaubre mosaxleobas, igi cxovrobda istoriuli saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze (Sdr. leonti mrovelis sqema) da samxreT-dasavleTiT emijneboda protoxeTur (xaTur)-xuritul tomebs. Zv. w. I aTaswleulis axlos es winarekavkasiuri dialeqtebi ukve enebad Camoyalibda da ase miviReT winareqarTveluri, winareafxazur-adiRuri, winarenaxur-daRestnuri da winarealbanuri enebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisisaTvis daiSala im enebad, romlebic amJamad qmnian iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxs. gamonaklisad unda CaiTvalos araindoevropuli winaresomxuri (haiuri) ena, romelic Zv. w. VI saukuneSi wyvets arsebobas indoevropeli armenebis Semosevebisa da somxeTSi damkvidrebis gamo. ase rom, sruliad naTeli xdeba, Tu ratom ar Cans da arcaa saZiebeli Tanamedrove afxaz-abazaTa, CerqezTa da ubixTa winaprebis nakvalevi amJamindeli tuafse-fsous, afxazeTis, samegrelos, guriis, aWarisa da lazeTis miwebze, Tu ratom ar ixseniebian afxaz-abaza-ubix-CerqezTa winaprebi antikur wyaroebSi, Tu ratomaa mecnierulad gaumarTavi zogi afxazi avtoris miTologizebuli gancxadebani: `aRiarebulia, rom afxazuri ena msoflios erT-erTi uZvelesi enaa~; `afxazur-adiRuri winareenis daSla sam ZiriTad Stod (afxazebad, adiRebad, ubixebad), rogorc miCneulia, daiwyo xuTiaTasi wlis winaT~; `afxaz-adiRTa winareenaze molaparake xalxi misdevda mesaqonleobas, iSenebda saqonels, amzadebda sxvadasxvagvar xelosnur nawarms, amuSavebda liTonebs. amas adastureben afxazeTis arqeologiuri masalebi~; `imis sasargeblod, rom winareenis matarebelni cxovrobdnen daaxloebiT imgvarsave pirobebSi, rogorSic binadroben amJamindeli afxaz-adiRebi, da Camoyalibdnen dasavlurkavkasiuri teritoriis farglebSi, metyveleben iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa: `zRva~, `napiri~, `Tevzi~, `mTa (tyiani)~, `tye (foTlovani)~, `tye (wiwviani)~, `soWi~, `wifeli~, `Sindi~, `wabli~ da misTanani. imaveze metyveleben toponimikuri saxelebic, magaliTad, im mdinareTa saxelwodebani, romlebic Seicaven fs - `wyali~, `mdinare~ elements (arifsa, sufsa, akamfsisi, afsari, lagumfsa), agreTve yva - `xevi~, `mdinare~, saxels da sxva~.1024 am gancxadebebs saerTo araferi aqvs mecnierebasTan. gamosaricxia agreTve mosazreba afxazTa da CerqezTa winaprebad Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi wina aziaSi mosaxle abeSlasa da qasqebis miCnevis Sesaxeb (ix. aqve, gv. 32-36), vinaidan: jer erTi, im epoqaSi jer kidev ar arsebobda arc afxazur-abazuri da Cerqezuli (adiReur-yabardouli) enebi da arc Sesabamisi eTnosebi; meore, am mosazrebas ar adasturebs abeSlaur-qaSquri enis monacemTa mkacri kritikuli analizi: am enis leqsika Zalze Sors dgas afxazur-abazuri 1024.
iqve.
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da Cerqezuli enebis leqsikisagan. amrigad, zemoT ganxiluli da qvemoT gansaxilveli masala sruli ueWvelobiT adasturebs, rom Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSi XVI saukunemde arasodes ucxovriaT afxazTa winaprebs, rom araferi vTqvaT Cerqez-ubixTa winaprebze. garda amisa, Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi saerTod ar arsebobda arc winareafxazuradiRuri da arc winareqarTveluri enebi, isini mxolod aTasi wlis Semdgom Tu warmoiqmneboda. rac Seexeba amJamindeli afxazeTis miwaze ori aborigeni eTnosis binadrobis `Teorias~, mas aranairi istoriuli da lingvisturi safuZvlebi ara aqvs. 2. `afxazis~, `afxazeTisa~ da maTi fardi terminebis semantika Zvel wyaroTa mixedviT afxazi istorikosebi da qarTvel istorikosTa ufrosi Taobis erTi nawili iziareben mosazrebas, rom terminebi `afxazi~ da `afxazeTi~ sxvadasxva epoqaSi gamoiyeneboda Semdegi mniSvnelobebiT: a) ax. w. IX saukunemde `afxazi~ da `afxazeTi~ aRniSnavda afsuebsa da maT sabinadros, anu Tanamedrove afxazeTs; b) IX-X saukuneebSi igive terminebi paralelurad gamoiyeneboda ufro farTo mniSvnelobiTac da aRniSnavda mTel dasavleT saqarTvelosa da am teritoriis uklebliv yvela binadarsac (e. i. qarTvelebsa da afsuebs); g) XI saukunidan XVI saukunemde `afxazeTi~ sruliad saqarTvelosac erqva, xolo `afxazi~ aRniSnavda am qveynis nebismier binadars; d) XVI saukunidan orive terminma dakarga farTo mniSvnelobebi da niSnavs imas, rasac amJamad1025. am mosazrebas aqvs metad seriozuli nakli. is ar iTvaliswinebs im ueWvel faqts, rom arcerT Zvel werilobiT wyaroSi axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisamde ar dasturdeba `afxazi~, `afxazeTi~, an fonetikurad msgavsi JReradobis mqone raime sxva termini aramcTu awindeli afxazeTis teritoriisa da mis mcxovrebTa, aramed Savi zRvis sanapiros mimdebare miwa-wylisa da mis binadarTa aRsaniSnavadac, rac friad sayuradReboa. metic, qarTul werilobiT wyaroTagan termini `afxazeTi~ yvelaze adre ax. w. V saukunis ambebTan dakavSirebiT aris gamoyenebuli juanSeris matianis im nawilSi, romlis auTenturoba saeWvo Cans: `amasve Jamsa gamovides berZenni afxazeTiT (А xelnawerSi: `afxazeTad~), rameTu berZenTa hqonda egris-wylis quemoTi kerZi yoveli, da daipyres egriswyliTgan vidre cixe gojadmde~1026. rac Seexeba sxva terminebs, maTgan termin `afsua~-s msgavsi JReradobis `afsili~ ax. w. I saukunidan dasturdeba laTinur wyaroSi (Sdr. gviandeli qarTuli `afSileTi~ || `afSeleTi~, berZn. `afselloÁ~, somx. afSeR), xolo termin `abaza~-s msgavsi JReradobis `abasgi~ || `abasxi~ || `abaski~ berZnul wyaroSi gvxvdeba ax. w. II saukunidan. afxaz istorikosebsa da qarTvel istorikosTa ufrosi Taobis nawils miaCniaT, rom termini `afsili~ || `afSili~ termin `afsua~-s variantia da awindel afxazTa uSualo winaprebs aRniSnavda, xolo `abasgi~ || `abasxi~ || `abaski~ momdinareobs saxel `abaza~-sagan da abazebis uSualo winaparTa saxeli iyo, magram sakiTxi ase martivad, mxolod fonetikuri msgavsebis niadagze ver wydeba damatebiTi ueWveli lingvisturi da istoriul-eTnologiuri masalis ararsebobis gamo. magaliTad, danamdvilebiT ar viciT, Tu romel konkretul enaze laparakobdnen ax. w. I-II saukuneebSi mcxovrebi abasgebi da afsilebi (gvaqvs mxolod daukonkretebeli cnoba, rom maT sxvadasxva ena hqondaT); Cvenamde ar moRweula arcerTi afsiluri da abasguri sityvis Canaweri, Абхазия и абхазы средневековых грузинских повествовательных источников, gv. 3. qarTlis cxovreba. ana dedofliseuli nusxa. s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1942, gv. 94. imave teqstSi aris kidev erTi SemTxveva, roca termini `afxazeTi~ ixmareba ax. w. I saukunis ambebTan dakavSirebiT. igi aSkara anaqronizmia da marTebuladac miiCneva gviandel CanarTad: i. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani, t. VIII. Tb., 1977, gv. 177. 1025.
1026.
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rom maTi daxmarebiT gairkves afsilTa da abasgTa dedaenis Tu dedaenaTa zusti raoba; terminTa garegnuli msgavseba ar aris sakmarisi am sityvaTa semantikis dasadgenad, vinaidan eTnonimebi da satomo saxelebi sakmaod xSirad icvlian mniSvnelobas sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, rac kargad Cans TviT terminebis `afxazisa~ da `abasgis~ gamoyenebis istoriidanac. sanam es sakiTxebi ar garkveula, gvrCeba mxolod varaudebis gamoTqmis ufleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin iyvnen eTnikur-enobrivad abasgebi da afsilebi ax. w. I-II saukuneebSi. erTi daskvna ki ueWvelad SegviZlia gamovitanoT: ax. w. VI saukunemde mainc qarTul enaze `afxazeTi~ ar erqva arc amJamindeli afxazeTis mTel teritorias da arc mis romelime nawils. sakiTxis gasarkvevad yuradRebas iqcevs d. leTodianis mier gamovlenili faqti ax. w. VI saukuneSi berZnul enaSi `abasgia~ da `abasgos~ saxelTa farTo, aSkarad politikuri da ara eTnikuri semantikiT gamoyenebisa. bizantiis mier qarTveluri lazikis (egrisis) dasustebis mizniT erT politikur odenobad gaerTianebul abasgiasa da ueWvelad qarTvelur sanigeTs berZeni avtorebi am dros ukve ganzogadebul-gafarToebuli `abasgia~ saxeliT aRniSnavdnen, xolo abasgebsa da sanigebs Sesabamisad `abasgebs~ uwodebdnen1027, e. i. es saxeli berZnulSi politonimad gadaiqca VI saukuneSi, rac bizantiuri imperiuli politikis Sedegi da dampyroblis TvalTaxedvis anareklia. savaraudoa, rom VI saukunemde qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi saerTod ar gamoiyeneboda `abasgia~ _ `abasgis~ Sesabamisi `afxazeTi~ da `afxazi~ terminebi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tanadroul wyaroebSi isini ar Cans) da am politikurma faqtma Seuwyo xeli maT damkvidrebas politikuri semantikiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi terminebi `afxazi~ da `afxazeTi~ Tavdapirvelad damkvidrda ara rogorc eTnikuri Sinaarsis matarebeli saxelebi, aramed rogorc wminda politikuri saxelwodebebi. gavixsenoT, rom leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovreba~ ar iyenebs am terminebs, matianeSi, romelSic aRwerilia saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi droidan ax. w. V saukunemde. VI saukunidan abasgia anu politikuri afxazeTi bizantiis xelSewyobiT, Zlerdeboda, rac VIII saukunis 70-80-iani wlebisaTvis TiTqmis mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos momcveli afxazeTis samTavros SeqmniT dasrulda1028. bunebrivia, samTavros teritoriis zrda aisaxeboda terminTa (`abasgia_afxazeTi~, `abasgi_afxazi~) semantikis gafarToebaSic. kerZod, VI-VIII saukuneebSic termini `afxazi~ ufro politonimi iyo, vidre satomo saxeli, xolo termini `afxazeTi~ erqva jer awindeli afxazeTis erT mcire nawils, VIII saukunis bolosaTvis ki mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, rasac TvalnaTliv adasturebs 786 wlis axlo xanebSi dawerili iovane sabanisZis `habos wameba~, romlis mixedviTac afxazeTis samTavro ukve moicavda teritorias qaldea-trapezuntidan nafsais (nikofsiis) navsadguramde da lixis qedamde1029. e. i. saeWvoa, rom IX saukunemde termini `afxazi~ aRniSnavda eTnikur afxazebs, anu amJamindel afsuaTa winaprebs, xolo termini `afxazeTi~ erqva awindel afxazeTs. arsebuli faqtobrivi masala cxadyofs, rom VI saukunidan IX saukunemde periodSi orive termini qarTul enaSi da terminebi `abasgi~ da `abasgia~ berZnul enaSi gamoiyeneboda farTo semantikiT da es mniSvnelobani ganuwyvetliv farTovdeboda manam, sanam terminebma ar miiRes mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelosa da am teritoriis mcxovrebTa aRmniSvneli ganzogadebuli saxelebis funqcia1030. rac Seexeba ax. w. I-V saukuneebis abas-
1027. d. leTodiani. afxazeTis, afSileTis da sanigeTis politikuri damokidebuleba egrisTan (lazikasTan) IV-VIII saukuneebSi. Tb., 1991, gv. 39. 1028. Sdr.: z. papasqiri. afxazeTi - saqarTveloa. Tb., 1998, gv. 110-111. 1029. iovane sabanisZe. wamebaÁ wmindisa da netarisa mowamisa haboÁsi. - Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, t. I. Sedgenili s. yubaneiSvilis mier. Tb., 1946, gv. 62. 1030. calke ganxilvas moiTxovs juanSeris matianis teqstis monacemebi (anaqronizmebi, teqstis avtoriseuloba da sxv.). vrclad ix.: T. gvancelaZe. afxazeTTan dakavSirebuli CanarTebi juanSeris matianis
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gebisa da afSilebis eTnikur vinaobas, sakiTxi Riad rCeba saTanado enobrivi masalis uqonlobis gamo. afSilebi da abasgebi ar unda yofiliyvnen Tanamedrove afxaz-abazaTa winaprebi, magram kidevac rom yofiliyvnen, mainc ver CaiTvlebian Savi zRvis sanapiros aborigenebad Tundac imitom, rom isini arcerT wyaroSi ar Canan am teritoriaze ax. w. I-II saukuneebamde. IX-X saukuneebSi, roca arsebobda mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos momcveli afxazeTis anu egrisis qarTuli samefo, terminebi `afxazi~ da `afxazeTi~ sistematurad gamoiyeneboda mTeli am samefosa da mis moqalaqeTa aRmniSvnelad, anu politikur saxelebad. magram sayuradReboa zogi sxva monacemic. magaliTad, amave periodSi somxur wyaroebSi `afxazisa~ da `afxazeTis~ sinonimebad ixmareboda agreTve terminebi egeraciq `egriselebi~ da aSxarh egeracuc `egriselTa qveyana~1031, romlebic leonti mroveliseuli egr-i||egur-i||egris-i da megri||megrel-i terminebis zusti Sesatyvisebia. es imas niSnavs, rom maSindelma somexma avtorebma icodnen dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTveluri mosaxleobiT dasaxlebulobis ambavi. aseTive mniSvnelobisaa X saukunis, kerZod, 982-983 wlebis anonimuri sparsuli wyaros `qeTabe hodud al-alem~-is (`wigni qveynis sazRvrebisa~) monacemebi: am TxzulebaSi Sav zRvas `qarTvelTa zRva~ (`gorji darÁa~) ewodeba 5 adgilas1032 (am zRvis sxva saxeli masSi ar dasturdeba). rac Seexeba XI-XV saukuneTa viTarebas, am etapze saanalizo terminebi gamoiyeneboda ufarToesi politikuri semantikiT da aRniSnavda sruliad saqarTvelosa da mis moqalaqeebs, rac kargad Cans rogorc qarTuli, ise ucxouri (berZnuli, somxuri, arabuli, sparsuli...) wyaroebidan1033. am periodis wyaroTagan gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ erT-erTi matianis, `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~-s zemoTmotanili cnoba Tamar mefis mamis, giorgi III-is (1156-1184 ww.) bednieri mefobis Sesaxeb, romelSic afxazeTi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mdebare qveynad moixsenieba, alanTa qveynis gverdiT: `T9T mefe dajda sixarulad da gansuenebad da nadirobad, odesme, Jamsa zamTrisasa, gardavidis lixT-imeriT da miuwiis zRuad pontosa, moiwiis da moinadiris alanTa queyana, romel ars afxazeTi, odesme gurgenis zRuadmde~1034. matianis es cnoba warmoadgens uZveles werilobiT dadasturebas eTnikuri afxazeTis mdebareobis Sesaxeb CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, kerZod, md. yubanis auzSi. am daskvnis gamotanis uflebas iZleva Semdeg garemoebaTa gaTvaliswineba: a) alanTa qveyanas arasodes uarsebia kavkasionis samxreTiT, miT umetes, amJamindeli afxazeTis miwaze; b) matianis mixedviT, alanTa qveyana da afxazeTi XII saukunis dasasruls mdebareobda pontos (Savi) zRvis aRmosavleTiT, xmeleTis siRrmeSi; g) alanTa qveyana im periodSi ar Sedioda sruliad saqarTvelos anu `afxazeTis~ SemadgenlobaSi, igi mxolod saqarTvelos ymadnafici iyo; d) `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ termini `alani~ ar udris `ovss~ (`ovsebi~ da `ovseTi~ masSi xSirad ixsenieba, `alanTa queyana~ ki zemoT miTiTebul erTaderT SemTxvevaSi). `alani~ aq aRniSnavs amJamindel yaraCael-balyarelTa winaprebs (Sdr. megruli alani `yaraCaeli~, alani koCi `Ronieri, vaJkaci kaci~1035), razec gviani Sua saukuneebis evropuli rukebic miuTiTeben (mag.: 1654 wlis laTinurteqstSi. Tb., 1997; T. gvancelaZe. enobrivi monacemebi da maTi mniSvneloba afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis kvlevisaTvis. - afxazeTis istoriis problemebi, Tb., 1998, gv. 19-23. 1031. e. cagareiSvili. `qarTvelisa~ da `saqarTvelos~ aRmniSvneli terminebi somxur werilobiT wyaroebSi. - saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, gv. 207-208. 1032. hodud al-alemi. - isTaxri; hodud al-alemi; hamdallah yazvini. Targmani SeniSvnebiTa da saZiebliTurT v. fuTuriZisa. Tb., 1937, gv. 13, gv. 16. 1033. ix. krebulSi: saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSveli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia. 1034. qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 15; T. gvancelaZe. qarTlis cxovrebis erTi adgilis gagebisaTvis (`alanTa qveyana, romel ars afxazeTi~)~. - qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. II. quTaisi, 1998. 1035. И. Кипшидзе. Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка с хрестоматиею и словарем. С.-Пб., 1914, gv. 193; n. baRaTuria. Turquli satomo saxelebi qarTul dialeqtebsa da folklorSi (yazaxi, alani). - qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. II, gv. 38-39.
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franguli ruka "Tabula Colchidis hodie Mengrelis", romelzec kavkasionis gadaRma, axlandeli afxazeTis gaswvriv dasaxelebulni arian afxazebi da alanebi _ "Abkashi hodie Abbasa" da "Alani". Sdr. agreTve arqanjelo lambertis analogiuri cnoba da a. S.); e) afxazebisa da alanebis mezoblobas kavkasionis gadaRma adasturebs agreTve ingliseli jon mandevilis 1375 wlis cnobac1036, romelic uZvelesi ucxouri dadasturebaa afxazTa samSoblos CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mdebareobisa; v) eTnikuri afxazeTis lokalizacia XII saukunis meore naxevarSi gamoricxavs im mosazrebas, TiTqos afxazebi da abazebi Tavidanve binadrobdnen axlandeli afxazeTis miwaze da tapanTelebi pirvelni gadasaxldnen yubanis auzSi. z) eTnikuri afxazeTis mdebareobas mdinare yubanis auzSi adasturebs 1992 wlis martSi lundis (SvedeTi) universitetis wignsacavSi mikvleuli 13 rukac. maTgan erT-erTze, romelic Sedgenilia italieli jakopo gastaldis mier 1561 wels, afxazeTi, afsuaTa olqi (Abcvas regi.) da qalaqi Acva (Sdr. soxumis awindeli afxazuri saxelwodeba `ayva~) gamosaxulia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, yubanis Sua welze, xolo amJamindeli afxazeTi samegrelos (Mengrelia regi.) SemadgenlobaSia (ix. aqve, ruka #11). rac Seexeba danarCen 12 rukas, maTzec qalaqi ayva yubanis napirzea miTiTebuli (es rukebia: merkatoris 1591 wlis, merkatorisa da iudokus hondiusis 1633 wlis, iudokus hondiusis XVII s. I naxevris, frederik de vitis 1671 wlis, ioan iansonis XVII saukunis, david de vilhelmis XVIII saukunisa da a. S.)1037. amrigad, arsebobs werilobiT, lingvistur da kartografiul cnobaTa mTeli kompleqsi, romelic adasturebs, rom Tanamedrove afxazTa Tavdapirveli samSoblo mdebareobda kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT, mdinare yubanis auzSi, xolo afxazTa winaprebis masobrivi Camosaxleba qeds aqeT daiwyo XVI saukuneSi. 3. termin `afxazis~ warmomavloba da urTierToba sxva fuZeebTan `afxazi~, `afsua~, `abaza~, `abasgi~, `afsili || afSeli~, `afsari~ terminebis etimologiisa da urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb mecnierTa Soris azrTa didi sxvadasxvaobaa. am sakiTxebis garkvevas cdilobdnen n. mari, s. janaSia, q. lomTaTiZe, s. yauxCiSvili, o. kaxaZe, e. osiZe, T. gamyreliZe, T. gvancelaZe, v. Sengelia, j. hiuiti, v. Cirikba, e. lomTaZe, r. Serozia, t. futkaraZe da sxvani, magram gasarkvevi jer kidev bevri ram rCeba. warmovadgenT mxolod im debulebebs, romlebic, iTvaliswinebs rogorc qarTvelur ena-kiloTa, ise afxazur-abazur da Cerqezul enaTa enobriv specifikas. termini `afsua~: es saxeli amJamindel afxazTa avtoeTnonimia. afxazuri enis abJuur dialeqtSi termini JRers rogorc afssJa (aqac da qvemoTac neitraluri, anu `racionaluri~ xmovani aRiniSneba s asoTi), bzifur dialeqtSi ki mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis ara sada s Tanxmovani, aramed Zveli warmoSobis sisin-SiSina sˈ bgera, romelic Sualeduri Tanxmovania sisina s da SiSina S bgerebs Soris. e. i. arsebuli ori formidan amosavalia bzifuris varianti. sityvis TavSi warmodgenili a xmovani ar aris fuZis organuli nawili da igi xSirad Camoscildeba xolme mas (mag.: fsua wasla `afxazuri wesiT~). es a- TavsarTi saxelTa zogadi formis mawarmoebelia (Sdr.: aqrTsJa `qarTveli~, a-urss `rusi~, a-bsrzen `berZeni~...) da Tavis mxriv momdinareobs ufro Zveli Áa- variantisagan (Sdr.: a-Áa-dsgÁ `adiReli~). afssJa saxelSi gamoiyofa agreTve adamianis aRmniSvneli Ja Zir-sufiqsic, romelic fuZes gamoeyofa mravlobiTi ricxvis formaSi da mis win aRdgeba a xmovani: a-fsa-cJa||a-fsaqJa `afxazebi~. mravlobiTi ricxvis monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom `afsua~ saxelis amosavali Ziria fsˈa, romelSic afxazur-abazur ZirTa amosavali CV, an CVCV 1036. T. gvancelaZe. jon mandevilis 1375 wlis cnobis mniSvneloba eTnikuri afxazeTis lokalizaciisaTvis. - kavkasiologiuri krebuli. eZRvneba kavkasiur enaTa kaTedris daarsebis 70 wlisTavs. Tb., 2004, gv. 48-51; j. mandevili afxazeTs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aTavsebs da mas Abson (Sdr. afsnˆ) saxeliT aRniSnavs. 1037. ix. agreTve: P. Allen. The Atlas of Atlases. The Map maker’s vision of the World. Atlases from the Cadbury Collection. Birmingham Central Library. London, 1988; Дж.Гамахариа, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi.
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(Tanxmovani + xmovani, an Tanxmovani + xmovani + Tanxmovani + xmovani) modelis mixedviT SesaZlebelia fasˈa variantis aRdgena1038. Sesabamisad, afxazTa amJamindeli avtoeTnonimis Tavdapirvel formad unda CaiTvalos *Áa-fasˈa varianti, romelsac mogvianebiT unda darTvoda adamianis aRmniSvneli Ja Zir-sufiqsi. terminis formobrivi istoria ase warmoidgineba sqemis saxiT: *Áafasˈa *afsˈa *afsˈaJa afsˈsJa afsJa. n. marisa da mis mimdevarTa mosazrebebisagan gansxvavebiT, SeuZlebelia damajereblad miviCnioT am terminis dakavSireba mesx fuZis romelime variantTan. Znelia imis Tqmac, Tu ra semantika unda hqonoda amosaval *Áafasˈa saxeobas (eTnonimTa amosavali semantikis garkveva saerTod urTulesi amocanaa da varaudTa mTel kaskads warmoSobs!). `afsua~ saxelis realur da aRdgenil variantebTan fonetikurad yvelaze axlos dganan laTinur wyaroSi warmodgenili afsil, berZnuli afsil||afsel, qarTuli afSil||afSel, somxuri afSeR da qarTuli afsar saxeobebi, romelTa struqturis Sesaxeb aseve azrTa didi sxvaobaa. realobasTan axlos dgas Semdegi varaudebi: dasaxelebul variantebSi s da S TanxmovanTa arseboba imaze unda miuTiTebdes, rom laTinur, berZnul, qarTul da somxur variantebs safuZvlad unda edos sisin-SiSina sˈ Tanxmovnis Semcveli saxeoba afsˈa. afsil||afSil da afSel||afSeR variantebSi aSkarad gamosayofia adamianTa sadaurobis qarTuli el sufiqsi (e i cvalebadoba qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa), razec berZnuli afsel formac miuTiTebs1039. R Tanxmovani somxurSi l-s kanonzomieri monacvlea. rac Seexeba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gvian Suasaukunovan CanarTSi xmarebul afsar formas, masSic gamoiyofa adamianTa sadaurobis qarTveluri -ar sufiqsi (Sdr.: somxiT-ar-i, samSvild-ar-i, olTis-ar-i, opiz-ar-i, zufu-ar-i, zugid-ar-i, senak-ar-i, xunw-ar-i...). unda davaskvnaT: ax. w. I saukuneSi pliniusis CanawerebSi warmodgenili laTinuri apsilae saxeli ueWvelad Seicavs qarTul sufiqss, rac imas niSnavs, rom romaeli avtori Sesabamis toms qarTvelebis meSveobiT gascnobia. terminebi `abaza~, `abasgi||abaski||abasxi~, `afxazi~ da `abazaxa~: am terminTa pirveladoba-meoreulobisa da formobrivi mimarTebis sakiTxic cxovel kamaTs iwvevs. sayuradRebo Cans varaudi am saxelTa kavSiris Sesaxeb, Tumca sakamaTo mainc bevri ram rCeba. Tu davuSvebT, rom ax. w. II saukunidan cnobili abask-oi varianti (flavius ariane) marTlac momdinareobs abaza formisagan, maSin auxsneli rCeba, Tu ra morfologiuri funqcia aqvs fuZeSi warmodgenil k Tanxmovans. abaskoi rom marTlac abaza-sagan momdinareobdes, maSin Zvel berZnul enaSi unda gvqonoda sul sxva, abaZa forma (Zv. berZnulSi ar iyo z Tanxmovani da igi Z-Ti icvleboda). ase rom, istorikosTa nawilis mier gaziarebuli mosazreba mxolod hipoTezaa da moiTxovs ori arsebiTi (fonetikuri da morfologiuri) problemis damajereblad axsnas. sagangebo ganxilvas moiTxovs n. maris mcdeloba termin afxaz-is etimologiis garkvevisa. n. maris koncefcia aseTia: termini afxaz-i iafeturia (qarTveluria). igi momdinareobs *abaz-x variantisagan. -x sufiqsi iafetur satomo saxelebSi gamoiyofa da mravlobiTi ricxvis mawarmoebelia, rac ar aris marTali. n. mari iqve aRadgens ufro Zvel *abaz-x, *afaz-x, *afas-x saxeobebs. misi azriT, *afasx *afazx qarT. afxaz-i, xolo *abaz-x berZn. abasg || Cerqez. abaZ+e-x. igive *abaz-x n. mars dakavSirebuli aqvs 1038
. q. lomTaTiZe. adamianis aRmniSvneli ao9 sityva afxazurSi. - saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. IV, #7. Tb., 1947, gv. 726; q. lomTaTiZe. afxazuri da abazuri enebis istoriul-SedarebiTi analizi. I. fonologiuri sistema da fonetikuri procesebi. Tb., 1975 (garekanze _ 1976), gv. 8-12, 80-81, 103-104, 240. 1039. satomo saxelze sadaurobis -el sufiqsis darTva ucxo ar aris qarTul sinamdvileSi. Sdr. kax-i kax-el-i, mesx-i gvarsaxeli mesx-el-i, svan-i gvarsaxeli svan-el-i...
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abaza saxelTanac, romelsac igi xedavs baz-g-un||baz-g-on formebSic (bazgunebi ki kaspiis zRvis midamoebSi saxeldebodnen), bas-il-q variantSic da pliniusis afsil saxeobaSic (afsilebi n. mars ueWvelad afxazebad miaCnda). aRdgenili bas Ziri mecniers gamoyofili aqvs mdinaris bzsb saxelSi (aseTi saxeoba ki realurad ar arsebobs) da zufu toponimSi, agreTve abJua formaSi, afsua da afsns saxelebSi. n. mari kidev ufro Sors midis da amave ZirTan akavSirebs Semdeg sityvebs: tuafse, jiqi (ziqxoi, Zugoi), adsRe, odiSi, fasi (mTa), faSgvaSi, basiani, fasisi, dvabzu, mesxi||mosoxi, masquTi, masisi, mcxeTa, samcxe, somexi1040. gamodis, rom n. mars amJamindel afxazTa winaprebis sacxovrisad da maTi migraciis adgilebad miaCnda TiTqmis mTeli kavkasia (tao-klarjeTi, samcxe, qarTli, raWa, svaneTi, amJamindeli afxazeTi, guria, samegrelo, Crdilo-dasavleTi kavkasia, kaspiis zRvis midamoebi). misTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu ramdenad Seesatyviseba misi varaudebi warsulis istoriul viTarebas, an ramdenad safuZvliania lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT misi `etimologiebi~. magaliTad, veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebs n. maris mier bas||fas||baz ZirebTan iseTi sxvadasxvaenovani da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva warmoSobis sityvebis dakavSireba, rogoricaa zemoT dasaxelebul saxelTa absoluturi umravlesoba: adiRe, jiqi, tuafse, odiSi, fasi, fazisi, faSgvaSi, basili, dvabzu, mesxi, masquTi, mcxeTa, somexi da a. S. am morevSi ikargeba is racionaluri marcvlebic, romlebic udavod aris n. maris ganxilul naSromSi. magaliTad: damajerebeli Cans Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi dadasturebuli abasx||abask||abasg variantTa SesaZlo momdinareoba qarTuli afxaz fuZisagan. Zneli ar aris imis axsna, rom berZnulisaTvis ucxo Tavkidura fx kompleqsi Secvala am enisaTvis ufro bunebrivma bolokidura sx kompleqsma, romlisganac iolad miviRebdiT meoreul sk||sg kompleqsebs1041. Sesabamisad, unda vivaraudoT, rom ax. w. II saukunis axlo xanSi berZnebs qarTuli enisagan unda esesxebinaT es sityva, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom am saxeliT qarTulSi an berZnulSi maincdamainc amJamindel afxazTa winaprebi aRiniSnebodnen. terminebis afxazi, abasxos||abaskos||abasgos semantika im droisaTvis jer kidev sakvlevi rCeba. aseve saZiebelia termin abaza-s struqtura da amosavali semantika, Tumca am etapze sruliad ueWvelia, rom XVI saukunidan dRemde (ufro adre igi ar Cans wyaroebSi) termins ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs: 1. igi aris abazaTa avtoeTnonimi da maTive amJamindeli saxeli mezobel xalxTa enebSi (CerqezulSi, yaraCaulbalyarulSi, noRaurSi, osurSi, rusulSi...); 2. XVI saukunis meore naxevridan dRemde Turqebi am saxels iyeneben afxazTa da abazaTa gamaerTianebel terminad; 3. gvian Sua saukuneTa evropul wyaroebSi, agreTve XIX-XX saukuneTa masalebis mixedviT, `abaza~ erqvaT dasavlurCerqezul tomebs (abaZexebs, SafsuRebs, naTxvajebs, maxvaSebs, bJeduRebs, Janeelebs...), romlebic erovnul-enobrivadac abazebi yofilan da XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi gaCerqezebulan (s. bronevski, l. lulie, xan-girei, l. lopatinski, a. diri, l. lavrovi, n. volkova, j. kokovi...). adiReSi mosaxle abazaTa gaCerqezebis procesi mTavrdeboda 1929 wels, s. janaSias iq mivlinebiT yofnis dros1042. `abaza~ terminTan fonetikurad axlosaa Zvel slavur matianeebSi xSirad gamoyenebuli variantebi: Обез//Обежанин, romlebic abaza formisagan momdinareoben, magram sruliad saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebs aRniSnaven1043. abaza saxeobasTan fonetikurad axlosaa yaraCaul-balyaruli termini ebze, romelic aseve saqarTvelosa da qarTvels (ufro zustad, svaneTsa da svans) aRniSnavs, Tumca Н. Я. Марр. История термина "Абхаз". T. gamyreliZe, Zveli kolxeTis satomo saxelTa istoriidan. - saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia. Tb., 1993, gv. 584-585. 1042. c. abulaZe. dasax. naSr., gv. 274-275; Л. И. Лавров. "Обезы" русских летописей. - Советская этнография, №4, 1946, gv. 163; Н. Г. Волкова. Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа. М., 1973, gv. 36; s. janaSia. eqspedicia adiRes avtonomiur olqSi, april-maisi, 1929. Sromebi, t. IV. Tb., 1968, gv. 74, 77, 98, 104, 110, 124... 1043. Г. Г. Паичадзе. Названия Грузии в русских письменных исторических источниках. Тб., 1989, gv. 11-60. 1040. 1041.
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amave enaSi abaza terminic arsebobs, romelic abazebs aRniSnavs. daismis sakiTxi: rodis unda SeeTvisebinaT slavebsa da yaraCael-balyarelebs obez da ebze terminebi saqarTvelosa da qarTvelTa aRsaniSnad? albaT mxolod maSin, roca dasavleT saqarTvelosa da iqaur qarTvelebs TviT qarTul enazec afxazeTi da afxazni erqva, anu IX-XV saukuneebSi, Suamavali ki CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mosaxle romelime xalxi iyo, romlis enaSic, etyoba, abaza saxeliT dasavleT saqarTvelo da iqauri qarTvelebi aRiniSneboda (aseT eTnosad SeiZleba vigulisxmoT yivCaRebi, paWanikebi, an xazarebi). termin `afxazis~ etimologizebis uamravi mcdelobidan sainteresod gamoiyureba o. kaxaZis Tvalsazrisi. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, saxels safuZvlad udevs amJamindeli erT-erTi Cerqezuli eTnografiuli jgufis, abaZexebis (abaZaxebis) aRmniSvneli Cerqezuli abazaxa saxelwodeba. am ori saxelis mimarTeba mkvlevars ase warmoudgenia: Cerqez. abazaxa Cerqez. abzaxa megr. dial. *abxaza *abxaz-i1044. Cveni azriT, zedmetia b Tanxmovniani variantebis aRdgena qarTveluri ena-kiloebisaTvis, vinaidan bx kompleqsi aq arabunebrivia da myisve icvleba ufro bunebrivi fx kompleqsiT. amitom gardaqmnaTa jaWvi ase SeiZleba aRdges: abazaxa abzaxa afxaza afxaz-i. Tavis varauds o. kaxaZe amyarebs s. janaSias mier uSualod CerqezeTSi mopovebuli ori sayuradRebo cnobiT: 1. Cerqezul enaSi -xa sufiqsi gamoiyeneba gvarsaxelTa krebiTobis formisa da satomo saxelTa mawarmoeblad, 2. abaZexebi XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis muhajirobamde saxlobdnen mdinare yubanis marcxena Senakadebis napirebze da dasavleTidan uSualod emezoblebodnen abazur tomebs (barayaisa da baRs)1045. aqve unda davZinoT, rom abaZexebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebamde enobriv-eTnikurad abazebi iyvnen (ix. zemoT), xolo s. janaSias 1929 wels adiReSi yofnisas daudasturebia, rom abaZexebi maSin jer kidev ar miiCnevdnen Tavs Cerqezebad da arc sxva Cerqezebi miaTvlidnen maT Cerqezebs, adiReSi (sof. ulafSi) mosaxle TiTqmis gaCerqezebuli abazebi ki abaZexebs TavianT uaxloes monaTesaveebad acxadebdnen da maT saxelwodebas Targmnidnen rogorc `abazas qvemoT~1046. arsebiTia erTic: Cerqezul enaSi -xa sufiqsi zemoT aRniSnulis garda gamoxatavs cnebebs: `qvemoT~, `mdinaris qvemo welisaken~, `dasavleTiT~ (s. janaSia, j. kokovi...). amis gaTvaliswinebiT saxeli abazaxa Cerqezulidan SeiZleba iTargmnos rogorc `qvemouri, qvemoeli abaza~, anda `dasavleli abaza~, rac imas niSnavs, rom qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi termin afxazis damkvidrebis drosac da Semdgomac CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, axlandeli afxazeTis gadaRma mosaxle afxazurabazuri erTobis zogadi saxeli `abaza~ iyo da es erToba iyofoda or mTavar Stod: a) zemour, anu aRmosavlel abazebad, romlebic SesaZloa amJamindel abazaTa uSualo winaprebi iyvnen da b) qvemour, anu dasavlel abazebad, romlebic amJamindel afxazTa, SafsuRTa, abaZexTa da sxva amJamindel dasavlur-Cerqezul tomTa uSualo winaprebi iyvnen. sayuradReboa, rom am savaraudo daskvnas, garda zemoT ganxiluli istoriuli da lingvisturi monacemebisa, mxars uWers juanSeris matianis erTi cnobac vaxtang gorgaslis (V s.) mier CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ovsTa winaaRmdeg mowyobili eqspediciis Sesaxeb: `...rameTu maSin mun iyo paWanigeTi mosazRvared ovseTisa, mdinaresa mas ovseTisasa wiaR, da jiqeTi mun iyo. Semdgomad JamTa mravalTa iotnes paWanigni, [da] jiqni TurqTagan; da warvides paWanigni dasavliT kerZo, xolo jiqni daemkvidrnes bolosa afxazeTisasa~1047. es cnoba adasturebs, rom 1044. o. kaxaZe. afxaz||afxaza... fuZis Taobaze. - saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia. Tb., 1993, gv. 557. 1045. s. janaSia. svanur-adiReuri (Cerqezuli) enobrivi Sexvedrebi. Sromebi, t. III. Tb., 1959, gv. 102; misive: abaZaxebi. saenciklopedio masala. Sromebi, t. VI. Tb., 1988, gv. 227-228. 1046. s. janaSia. eqspedicia... gv. 74, 77, 98, 104, 110, 124. 1047. qarTlis cxovreba, ana dedofliseuli nusxa... Tb., 1942, gv. 103. cnobis mokle Sinaarsi Semonaxulia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ somxur TargmanSic: `Sevidnen bajan[ik]eTsa da jiqeTs, romelic afxazeTis qvemoTaa~. ix.:
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vaxtang gorgaslis dros afxazur-adiRuri modgmis jiqebi jer kidev ar cxovrobdnen aramcTu amJamindeli afxazeTis miwaze, aramed arc Savi zRvis axlos da Tanamedrove q. soWidan yubanis SesarTavamde teritoriis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi mogvianebiT damkvidrebulan, rac savsebiT eTanxmeba leonti mrovelis koncefciasac kavkasiis xalxTa sacxovrisis Sesaxeb. rogorc vxedavT, o. kaxaZis varaudi sakmaod mwyobria da lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT dabrkoleba ar axlavs, magram mas mxars ar uWeren antikuri da adrefeodaluri xanis istoriuli wyaroebis monacemebi. kerZod, arcerT Zvel doku-mentSi abaZexebi saerTod ar ixseniebian, maT mxolod gviani Sua saukuneebidan asaxeleben evropeli mogzaurebi. arsebobs kidev erTi sayuradRebo mosazreba termin `afxazis~ warmoSobisa da agebulebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, a. lomTaZe da r. Serozia varaudoben, rom afxaz||afxaza saxeobaTa amosavali formaa svanuri Sesityveba afxaS zani `mTis (zurgis) zani~1048, magram am varaudsac igive nakli aqvs, rac o. kaxaZisas: arcerT Zvel werilobiT wyaroSi ar dasturdeba Sesityveba afxaS zani, Tu ar CavTvliT masTan fonetikurad axlomdgom afxazana (Апхазана) toponims, romelic XVII saukuneSi, 1667 wels dasturdeba afxazeTis saxelad pavle alepoelis cnobebSi1049. am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am sakmaod gviandel wyaroSi toponimTa fonetikuri damaxinjebis uamravi magaliTi dasturdeba (cnobebi ar aris Cawerili uSualod avtoris, pavle alepoelis mier). amitom SesaZlebelia afxazana forma SemTxveviTic iyos. termin `afxazis~ gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom Suasaukunovan wyaroebSi afxazi erqva 2 qalaqs _ erTi maTgani Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi mdebareobda, meore ki baqodarubandis gzaze (Tanamedrove qalaq qubasTan). es aSkarad politikurad simboluri Cans da axsnas moiTxovs. 4. qarTveluri substrati afxazur enaSi kargadaa cnobili, rom amJamindeli afxazeTis miwaze mraval qarTvelur toms ucxovria ZvelTaganve1050, romelnic welTaRricxvaTa mijnamde laparakobdnen winareqarTvelur enaze, mere ki megrul da svanur dialeqtebze, agreTve qarTvelur (qarTul) samwignobro enaze. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am miwaze mosaxle svanebi ukve adreul Sua saukuneebSi gaTqvefilan megrul mosaxleobaSi, ris gamoc afxazurma enam, romelic awindeli afxazeTis miwaze gavrcelda mxolod XVI saukunidan, veRar mouswro svanur kiloebs. amis gamo afxazurSi am kiloTa gavlenis kvali ar Cans, samagierod Zalze mkafioa megrulisa da samwignobro qarTulis anabeWdebi. qarTveluri qristianuli terminebi afxazurSi. rogorc qarTul, ise berZnul wyaroebSi daculia cnobebi amJamindeli afxazeTis miwaze qristianobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb ax. w. I-IV-VI saukuneebSi. Tuki am periodSi axlandel afxazTa da abazaTa winaprebi realurad cxovrobdnen da saukuneTa manZilze inarCunebdnen qristes rjuls, maSin afxazursa da abazur leqsikaSi ueWvelad unda Candes, erTi mxriv, berZnul enasTan uSualo mWidro kontaqtis kvali da, meore mxriv, warmodgenili unda iyos sakuTriv afxazur-abazuri warmoSobis qristianuli terminebi, mesame mxriv ki bibleizmebi (bibliis teqstidan momdinare frazeologizmebi da epiTet-metaforebi). sagangebod Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom: 1. berZnul enasTan xangrZlivi uSualo kontaqtis kvali saerTod ar qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani. qarTuli teqsti da Zveli somxuri Targmani gamokvleviTa da leqsikoniT gamosca i. abulaZem. Tb., 1953, gv. 150. 1048. a. lomTaZe, r. Serozia. eTnonim afxazis etimologiisa da istoriasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. saistorio Studiebi, t. 3. Tb., 2002, gv. 257. 1049. n. asaTiani. masalebi XVII saukunis saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis (saqarTvelos aRwera, Sedgenili pavle alepoelis mier). Tb., 1973, gv. 75. 1050. saTanado wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva ix. wignSi: t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi. nawili I, gv. 175-200; 264-297.
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SeiniSneba afxazur-abazur leqsikaSi. metic, TviT berZenis aRmniSvneli absrzen eTnonimi afxazurs SeuTvisebia megrulisagan (Sdr. megr. berzeni), rac Seexeba a-grek sityvas, igi rusulidanaa SeTvisebuli 100-150 wlis win. 2. ar arsebobs afxazur-abazuri enebisaTvis saziaro originaluri, an kalkirebuli qristianuli terminebi. sakuTriv afxazur qristianul terminTa mcire jgufs (garda RmerTis aRmniSvneli ancva sityvisa romelic poliTeizmis droindeli terminia da niSnavs `dedebs~) siZvelis kvali ar emCneva, isini aSkarad gvian Sua saukuneebSia Seqmnili. 3. arc afxazurSi da arc abazurSi ar dasturdeba bibleizmebi `mama abramis batkani~-s, `urwmuno Toma~-s, `sodomis codvisa~ da sxvaTa tipisa. am monacemTa safuZvelze unda davaskvnaT, rom afxazTa da abazaTa winaprebs ar hqoniaT uSualo, xangrZlivi da intensiuri kontaqtebi berZnul qristianul samyarosTan ax. w. I-VI saukuneebSi. sayuradReboa is, rom afxazur enaSi ZiriTad qristianul cnebaTa gamosaxatad sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba mahmadianuri terminebi, romlebic am enaSi gvian Sua saukuneebamde ver moxvdebodnen (es terminebi ZiriTadad Turqulidan, an am enis SuamavlobiTaa nasesxebi). es terminebia: janaT `samoTxe~, jahansm `jojoxeTi~, a-maalsqÁ `angelozi~, afaaÁmbar `winaswarmetyveli~, a-kaameT `meored mosvla; saSineleba~, ajal `sikvdilis Jami~ da mr. sxvani. mniSvnelovania sxva garemoebac: afxazur qristianul terminologiaSi gamoiyeneba qarTveluri warmoSobis, an qarTvelizebuli terminebis erTi jgufi, romlebic saSualebas iZleva am sityvaTa afxazur enaSi damkvidrebis drois miaxloebiT gansazRvrisa, Sesabamisad, am terminTa meSveobiT SesaZlebelia afxazTa gaqristianebis drois garkvevac. aseTia, magaliTad, termini a-Jaxvama `salocavi, eklesia~, romelic dasturdeba abJuur da bzifur dialeqtebSi. am sityvis wyaro megruli xvama `locva~ sityvisagan momdinare o-xvam-e `salocavi~ formaa (Sdr. svan. la-Ãvam `salocavi~). svanuri variantis à Tanxmovani migvaniSnebs, rom megrulSic Tavidanve igive bgera unda yofiliyo, rac bzifurSi mogvcemda specifikur yelismier Tanxmovans, romelic kanonzomierad enacvleba abazur Ã-s. magram realurad bzifurSi warmodgenilia Cveulebrivi x Tanxmovani, rac imas niSnavs, rom sityva oxvame afxazur enas maSin SeuTvisebia, roca megrulSi amosavali à Tanxmovani ukve Canacvlebuli iyo x TanxmovniT, rac X saukunis Semdgom SeiZleboda momxdariyo. maSasadame, eklesiis aRmniSvneli termini afxazur enaSi X saukunidan XVIII saukunemdea Sesuli megrulidan. afxazuri enis orsave dialeqtSi didi zomis cvilis sanTels a-kÁalantar termini aRniSnavs. sityva momdinareobs berZnuli kerolampter `sasanTle, sanTlis sadgari~ formisagan, magram nasesxebia ara uSualod, aramed qarTvelur ena-kiloTa meSveobiT. Sdr.: samwignobro qarTulis kelaptar-i megr. kelantar-i afxaz. a-kÁalantar. rodis unda esesxebina es termini afxazurs megrulisagan? rodis da sad Seecvala am sityvas amosavali semantika (`sasanTle~) axali mniSvnelobiT (`didi zomis cvilis sanTeli~)? am kiTxvaTa pasuxebs gvawvdian ZvelqarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebi. kerZod, 1042-1044 wlebSi daweril giorgi mTawmindelis (aTonelis) `iovanesa da efTvimes cxovrebaSi~ kelaptari jer kidev sasanTles aRniSnavs da mas semantika XI saukunis mere Sescvlia, rac pirdapir aqvs miTiTebuli sulxan-saba orbelians Tavis leqsikonSi (daiwera 1685-1716 wlebSi): `kelaptari _ sasanTle, xolo aw dids sanTelsa uÃmoben tyuvilad~1051. bunebrivia, megruli kelantari sityvac XI-XVII saukuneebs Soris Seicvlida mniSvnelobas, xolo afxazur enas megrulidan es termini ukve Secvlili semantikiT imave XI-XVII saukuneebs Soris SeeZlo esesxebina. ganxiluli ori termini gvikarnaxebs, rom: a) afxazTa winaprebs qristianuli terminologia dasWirvebiaT X-XI saukuneebidan XVII saukunemde, e. i. X saukune1051. giorgi mTawmindeli. ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovreba. - qarTuli proza, t. I. Tb., 1981, gv. 382; sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I. Tb., 1991, gv. 364.
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mde mainc isini qristianebi ar yofilan; b) afxazebs qristianoba berZnebisagan ki ara, qarTvelebisagan miuRiaT da qristianul terminebsac (maT Soris berZnuli warmoSobisasac) qarTvelur ena-kiloTagan iTvisebdnen; g) uarsayofia mosazrebani, TiTqos Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze mosaxle afSilebi da abasgebi amJamindel afxazTa da abazaTa winaprebi iyvnen da maT qristianoba I, IV da VI saukuneebSi mieRoT. am daskvnebs ganamtkicebs is faqtic, rom afxazur enaSi swored qarTveluri an qarTvelizebuli sakulto leqsikiT gadmoicema ZiriTadi qristianuli cnebebi: jvari, qriste, qristeSoba, qristiani, mTavarangelozi, wyalkurTxeva, episkoposi, beri, kvirikoba, petreoba, bzoba da mr. sxva. afxazTa Soris qristianobis XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi gavrceleba da poziciis sisuste (rwmenis zedapiruloba) Cans iqidanac, rom afxazur enaSi TiTqmis ar gamoiyeneba bibleizmebi da afxazeTSi ar dasturdeba arcerTi afxazuri toponimi, romelime qristianuli cnebis, an wmindanis saxelTan rom iyos dakavSirebuli (Sdr. qarTuli toponimebi: jvari, sameba, Semoqmedi, amaRleba, ninowminda, andriawminda, stefanwminda, mancxvarkari...)1052. 5. qarTveluri substratuli toponimebi afxazeTSi antikuri, adrefeodaluri da Sua saukuneebis arcerTi werilobiTi wyaro axlandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze ar asaxelebs arcerT iseT geografiul saxels, romelTac afxazurad an abazurad uproblemo axsna daeZebneboda, samagierod arcTu iSviaTia iseTi toponimebi da hidronimebi, romlebic aSkarad qarTveluri warmoSobisaa. CamovTvliT im geografiul saxelebs, romlebic dasturdeba naratiul werilobiT wyaroebSi uZvelesi droidan 1801 wlamde da romelTa qarTveluri warmomavloba araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs: zigana||siganei||ziganevi (dasturdeba ax. w. I saukunidan); moxora||muxorisi||muxuri (ax. w. V saukunidan); wibili||wibiliumi||wibeli (554 wlidan); dandari||dranda (VI saukunidan); fusta, moqvi da jixaxora (662 wlidan); cxumi||cxomi (VIIII saukunidan); naJaneo||naJaneuli||naJanauri||naJanevi, wamxari, tyauru||tyavru, marmariskari (yvela 1525-1550 wlebidan); bedia (XI saukunidan istoriamdel ambebTan dakavSirebiT), q. egrisi (XI saukunidan istoriamdel ambebTan dakavSirebiT); egriswyali (XI saukunidan Zv. w. IV s. ambebTan dakavSirebiT); magula||margula||morgula||merkula (1615 wlidan); xoiri, xauJeli, TiliTi, Wala (yvela 1621 wlidan); skurCa||squrCa (1630 wlidan); sof. da md. RaliZga (1639 wlidan); skavri||isgauri||izgauri (1634 wlidan); kvitauli||kvitouli||kitouli||pitauri, fuwyuri (1640 wlidan); oqumi, kodori, ilori, wifuria, korcxeri, oluSe (yvela 1654 wlidan); kapetis wyali (XVIII saukunidan) da a. S. am geografiul saxelTa nawili megrulia, nawili _ svanuri, nawili ki samwignobro qarTulisagan momdinareobs. ueWvelad qarTveluri warmoSobisaa mTeli afxazeTis teritoriaze gavrcelebuli oikonimebi da polisonimebi: gagra||gagari||gakari||kakari, aJadhara, oThara, tyvarCeli, genwviSi, mguZirxva, merxeuli, kopiti, kamani, amtyeli1053 da mr. sxva. aranakleb xSiria qarTveluri warmoSobis gaafxazurebuli mikrotoponimebi afxazur soflebSi (magaliTad, toponimi asayudara s. moqvSi, Wala-aimara s. WlouSi...), romlebic am soflebSi afxazTa dasaxlebamdea Seqmnili. werilobiT dadasturebuli toponimebidan afxazuri enis wesebis mixedviT 1052. am sakiTxTa Sesaxeb vrclad ix.: T. gvancelaZe. qarTveluri substratis sakiTxisaTvis afxazur enaSi qristianuli sakulto leqsikis mixedviT. - qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. I. quTaisi, 1996. 1053. vrclad ix.: T. gvancelaZe. qarTveluri substratuli toponimebi afxazeTSi (soxumi, gagra, tyvarCeli). - artanuji, #10, 2000, gv. 87-92; T. gvancelaZe. qarTveluri substratuli toponimebi afxazeTSi: avadhara, oThara. - qarTvelologiuri krebuli, I. Tb., 2002, gv. 34-41; T. gvancelaZe. toponim `tyvarCelisa~ da yoCivardas megruli saxelwodebis etimologiisaTvis. - qarTveluri onomastika, I. Tb., 1998, gv. 102-108. q. lomTaTiZe. bagismieris midrekileba anlautSi moxvedrisa afxazur enaSi da toponimi `amtyÁal~. b. jorbenaZis sazogadoebis II samecniero konferenciis Tezisebi. Tb., 1995, gv. 19.
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gaformebul uZveles geografiul saxelebad unda CaiTvalos XVI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mamia III dadianis (1512-1523 ww.) mier biWvinTis RvTismSoblis taZris saxelze gacemul `biWvintis iadgarSi~ moxseniebuli soflis saxelebi aiTarne da aruxa. pirvel toponims safuZvlad udevs mesaqonleobis warmarTuli RvTaebis, aiTaris saxeli (Sdr. megr. Jini anTari), romelsac erTvis afxazuri matoponimebeli –n s sufiqsi, meore saxelis fuZed ruxa gamodis, romelic ar unda iyos afxazuri warmoSobisa, magram erTvis afxazur saxelTa zogadi formis mawarmoebeli a- prefiqsi. mesaqonleobis RmerTis saxelis Serqmeva soflisaTvis pirdapiri miniSnebaa imaze, rom XVI saukuneSi afxazeTSi Camosaxlebul afxazTa mTavari saqmianoba mecxoveleoba iyo, rac exmianeba qaTib Celebis 1645 wlis Semdgomdroindel cnobas: abazebs [igulisxmebian afxazebi _ avt.] Soris versad SexvdebiT zRvaosnebs, miwaTmoqmedT da urmebso1054. 6. qarTveluri gvarsaxelebi afxazTa Soris Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze afxazTa Camosaxlebamde mobinadre qarTvelTa eTnikuri identobis masobrivi cvlis utyuari sabuTia uklebliv yvela afxazur sofelSi mosaxle afxazTa Soris qarTveluri warmoSobis gvarsaxelTa farTod gavrcelebis faqti. Sidaregionuli masStabis iZulebiT migrantebad unda CaiTvalon XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi amJamindeli afxazeTis qarTuli soflebidan afxazur soflebSi tyved gatacebuli da agruas (mojalabis) socialur kategoriaSi gadayvanili qarTvelebi, romelTac sakuTari gvaris tarebis uflebac erTmeodaT da agruas `megrelis~ gvars aniWebdnen afxazi patronebi. istoriuli dokumentebidan Cans, rom XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebisaTvis gvarsaxeli agrua Zalze gavrcelebuli yofila afxazeTSi, gansakuTrebiT ki maRalmTian zolSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom qarTvel tyveTa Tavmoyra ZiriTadad swored maRal mTaSi ganlagebul afxazur soflebSi xdeboda. amisi damadasturebelia 1867-1869 wlebSi rusi moxeleebis mier Sedgenili muhajirTa komlobrivi siebi, romelTa mixedviTac muhajirebad qceula agruas gvaris 239 komli1055. muhajirobis Semdeg afxazeTSi agruas gvaris arcerTi matarebeli aRar cxovrobda. xolo TurqeTSi am gvaris warmomadgenlebs kidev erTxel aukrZales gvarsaxelis tareba da Turquli gvarebiT `daasaCuqres~. rac Seexeba afxazur soflebSi masobrivad mosaxle qarTveluri warmoSobis gvarsaxelebis matarebelTa absolutur umravlesobas, isini ar arian migrantTa STamomavalni da TavianTi qarTveli winaprebis miwaze saxloben, Tumca istoriuli mizezebis gamo gamocvlili aqvT erovneba. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi Sedgenil sxvadasxva Sinaarsis qarTul iuridiul dokumentebSi amJamad afxazebiT Tu qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul soflebSi da nasoflarebSi aTeulobiT qarTveli saxeldeba, romelTac gvarsaxelebic qarTuli aqvT. es gvarebia: abaSia, abloTia, ardaSelia, bebua, bekveria, buliskeria, basaria, gamsaxurdia, gamisonia, gargulia, garmelia, eTeria, elerjia, gvagvalia, goCava, gurgulia, vardania, vaWaria, Tofuria, kvekvesqiri, kilanava, korsantia, lamanZia, marxulia, markelia, melia, mircxulava, minjoraia, moroxia, nanava, orJonia, papava, papasqiri, papasqua, rigvava, rogava, saria, sarua, seqania, sirginava, sonZia, sofia, torua, tufuria, ubiria, qvaranZia, qvaCaxia, Rvinjilia, yurdgelia, Savaia, Sangua, Sarangia, Saria, Cabrava, CaCxalia, Cqotua, cacua, Wilava, Wolaria, xarbedia, xarebava, xarCilava, xecia, xorava, xubutia, janjulia, jguburia, jejeia, harania da mr. sxva1056. sayuradReboa, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze IX saukunidan mokidebuli 100-mde qarTulenovani warweraa Sesrulebuli taZrebze, jvrebze, xidebze. maTgan arcerTSi ar ixsenieba erovnebiT afxazi qtitori, Semsrulebeli Tu saeklesio piri, samagierod iloris XI saukunis eklesiis warweraze dafiqsirebulia qar1054.
qaTib Celebis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb, gv. 136. b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba. Tb., 2004, gv. 123-170. 1056. ix.: Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, dokumentebi ## 78, 82, 88, 94, 103 da maTi komentarebi. 1055.
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Tuli gvari qoColvaÁ (qoColava), mere ki uamravi sxva qarTvelia naxsenebi sxva warwerebSi1057. qarTuli gvarsaxelebis gaafxazureba momxdara afxazuri enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sesxebis wesTa sruli dacviT. kerZod: a) -(v)a daboloebiani megruli gvarsaxelebis es daboloeba, romelic -an sufiqsisagan momdinareobs (Sdr.: gig-an-i, bablu-an-i, fang-an-i, nak-an-i...), gadaazrebulia arsebiT saxelTa krebiTobis afxazur -aa sufiqsad (Sdr. amW-ba kreb. amW-aa `amiWbebi~...), xolo xmovanTa gamyaris funqciis mqone v Tanxmovani ikargeba, Tumca igi megrul gamoTqmaSi isedac ar ismis. am gziTaa miRebuli gvarsaxelebi: WsTanaa WiTanava, ssWsnaa siWinava, Tarnaa Turnava, bigvaa bigvava, gerzmaa gerzmava, lagvlaa lagvilava da mr. sxv. b) -ia -ian daboloebiani gvarebi an inarCuneben am daboloebas, an Camoicileben mas da dairTaven afxazur a- TavsarTs. Sdr., erTi mxriv, geria, Saria, kucia, xasaia, berzenia, gulia... da, meore mxriv, a-marSan marSania maruSiani (Sdr. maruSisZe), a-mqvab||a-nqvab miqvabia, a-mfar meforia, a-jsnjal jinjolia, a-blsskir buliskiria||buleiskiri. g) -ua daboloeba ucvleli rCeba: logua, Wolokua, jologua, matua, ZaZua, asabua esebua. daboloebis SenarCunebas albaT xeli Seuwyo gvarsaxelebad gadaqceuli afxazuri sadaurobis saxelebis fuZeSi -ua || -Ja sufiqsis arsebobam: agrua `megreli~, aSvanua `svani~, aSxarua `mTieli~ (Sdr. aSxaraa gvarsaxeli). 7. zRvaosnobisa da meTevzeobis terminebi afxazur enaSi zRvis napiras mudmivad mosaxle eTnosis cxovrebaSi zRvas didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan igi aris mTavari satransporto arteria da adamians uxvad awvdis sakvebs. zRvasTan siaxlove aucileblad aisaxeba zRvispireli eTnosis enaSi naosnobis, meTevzeobisa da kulinarul terminTa siuxviT, aseve frazeologiaSi. bunebrivia, leqsikis es dargobrivi jgufebi afxazurSic uxvad unda iyos warmodgenili, Tuki afxazebi marTlac imTaviTve saxlobdnen zRvis sanapiroze. Savi zRvis sanapiroze afxazTa aborigenobis koncefcia udevs safuZvlad o. ZiZarias (Zarias) monografias, romelSic ganxilulia afxazur enaSi arsebuli zRvasTan dakavSirebuli leqsika1058. wignSi avtors warmodgenili aqvs Tavisi Sexedulebani 124 leqsikuri erTeulis warmomavlobisa da agebulebis Sesaxeb1059 (SedarebisaTvis: m. saliam Sekriba da gaaanaliza 536 megrul-Wanuri leqsikuri erTeuli, romlebic mxolod meTevzeobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, da amJamad agrovebs da ikvlevs naosnobis leqsikas)1060. avtoris daskvniT, am 124 ZiriTadi terminidan 80 sakuTriv afxazuri warmoSobisaa, 15 sityvis warmomavloba gaurkvevelia, xolo danarCenebi afxazurs SeuTvisebia qarTveluri ena-kiloebidan (ZiriTadad megrulidan), Turqulidan, berZnulidan da finikiuridanac ki. dasaxelebuli cneba-terminebidan sakmaod didi nawili an saerTod ar ukavSirdeba zRvas (mdinaris TevzTa saxeobebi: loqo, qariylapia...; Tavkombala), an maTi kavSiri zRvasTan Zalze pirobiTia, vinaidan imave cnebebis aRmniSvneli terminebi arsebobs im eTnosTa enebSic, romlebic ar cxovroben zRvis napirze, magram kargad icnoben mdinareebsa da tbebs (napiri, niCabi, morevi, curva, warRvna, wyaldidoba, walekva, wylis azvirTeba, yure, tivi, TevzsaWeri kalaTi, gemi, navi, gemisa da navis nawilebi, qercli, mlaSe wyali, qviSa, Tevzi, afra, afriani gemi, afris saxeobebi, amoyvinTva, CayvinTva, CaZirva, nemskavi, ankesi, Wvil1057. vrclad ix.: l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro. I; T. gvancelaZe. CrdilodasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba Sua saukuneTa lapidaruli warwerebis mixedviT. - qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. III. quTaisi, 1999. 1058. О. П. Дзидзария (Дзария). Морская лексика в абхазском языке. Сухуми, 1989. 1059. iqve, gv. 46-69. 1060. m. salia. meTevzeobis leqsika zanurSi. Tb., 2005.
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Ti, curvis saxeobebi, kunZuli, naxevarkunZuli). aseT termin-cnebaTa raodenoba o. ZiZariaseul siaSi 48 erTeuls, anu Zireul afxazur sazRvao terminebad miCneuli sityvebis naxevarsa da mTlianad ganxiluli 124 sityvis 38,7%-s Seadgens. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am 124 sityvidan 34 nasesxebia sxva enebidan, gamova, rom afxazur enaSi uSualod mxolod zRvasTan dakavSirebuli yofila 42 Zireuli (sakuTriv afxazuri) sityva1061, rac afxazTa winaprebis `zRvasTan intimuri urTierTobis~ maCvenebeli sulac ar aris. Tqmuli im mosazrebasac aclis safuZvels, TiTqos afxazebi mezobel xalxTa maswavleblebi yofiliyvnen sazRvao saqmeSi, vinaidan am 42 terminidan qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi arcerTi ar aris nasesxebi afxazuridan. sayuradReboa isic, rom a. lambertis, qaTib Celebis, J. Sardenis, n. vitzenis, s. orbelianis, v. bagrationis, i. blarambergis, f. diubua de monperesa da sxvaTa cnobebiT, warsulSi afxazebi ar misdevdnen meTevzeobas da maT racionSi ar Sedioda Tevzeuli, samagierod isini ganTqmulni iyvnen rogorc sezonuri sazRvao mekobreebi. amJamad zRvispira soflebSi mosaxle afxazebic ar miirTmeven Tevzeuls, ar amzadeben navebsa da saTevzao mowyobilobas. es ueWvelad imis maniSnebelia, rom afxazebma zRva gvian gaicnes da mas mxolod mekobreobisaTvis iyenebdnen. sayuradReboa isic, rom afxazur enaSi qarTveluri enobrivi samyarodan SeTvisebulia Tevzis im jiSTa saxelebi, romelTac Tevzis moyvarul eTnosTa Soris didi mniSvneloba aqvT da gamoirCevian sakvebi RirsebebiT (zuTxi, svia, kambala, loqo, kalmaxi, oraguli, wvera||murwa, wveredi, Rorjo da a. S.). am saxelwodebebs afxazurSi mxolod nominatiuri (saxelis rqmevis) funqcia aqvT da ar ukavSirdebian eTnografiul-kulturul realiebs. afxazTa Tavdapirveli eTnikuri samSoblos adgilmdebareobis garkvevisaTvis gansakuTrebiT faseulia erTi terminis analizis Sedegebi: afxazur enaSi zRvas amJamad ori sityva aRniSnavs _ a-mSsn da a-ga. saxeli a-ga pirvel saxelTan SedarebiT ufro farTo semantikis mqonea da zRvasTan erTad aRniSnavs zRvis napirsac da, rac arsebiTia sakvlevi sakiTxisaTvis, samxreTsac1062. Tanamedrove afxazeTSi zRva zustad samxreTis mimarTulebiT mdebareobs q. gudauTidan sof. fsircxamde mdebare ramdenimekilometrian zolSi, danarCen monakveTebze ki zRva xmeleTs akravs dasavleTidan, anda samxreT-dasavleTidan. es faqti iZleva varaudis safuZvels, rom a-ga sityvas samxreTis aRmniSvnelis funqcia unda miniWeboda maSin, roca afxazTa winaprebi jer kidev cxovrobdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mdinare yubanisa da misi marcxena Senakadebis napirebze, saidanac Savi zRvisaken mimavali umoklesi gza samxreTisaken gadioda. damatebiT sabuTad gamodgeba afxazur enaSi zRvauris (zRvidan monaberi qaris) aRsaniSnavad agafSa (zedmiw.: `zRvis qari~) da agsrfSa (zedmiw.: `megruli qari~) sinonimur terminTa arsebobac, rac ueWvelad imas niSnavs, rom XVI saukunemde afxazTa winaprebs Savi zRva da samegrelo (egrisi) erT adgilas (erT mxares), kerZod ki samxreTiT egulebodaT. zRvisa da zRvis sanapiros gaigiveba egrisTan im periodis anareklia, roca megrelebi uwyvet zolad saxlobdnen ara marto Tanamedrove afxazeTis miwaze, aramed gansaxlebulni iyvnen mdinare fsoudan nikofsiamdec (ist. Zvel lazikamde). 8. sxva dargobriv jgufTa leqsika afxazur enaSi teqnikuri mizezebis gamo aq mokled mimovixilavT botanikur, mecxoveleobamecxeneobis, samiwaTmoqmedo, samSeneblo da sxva dargobriv jgufTa leqsikis analizis Sedegebs. magaliTad, irkveva, rom kulturul mcenareTa 120 saxelwodebidan 34 termini (28,3%) afxazurs SeuTvisebia megruli dialeqtisagan, an qar1061. Tu am raodenobas gamovaklebT gaurkveveli warmoSobis 15 sityvasac, maSin Zireul afxazur terminTa saerTo ricxvi 27 erTeulamde Camova. 1062. К. С. Шакрыл, В. Х. Конджария. Словарь абхазского языка, т. I. Сухуми, 1986, gv. 33. zRvis napirs aRniSnavs
agreTve kompoziti agaWa, romelic Sedgeba aga `zRva~ da a-Ws *a-Wa `piri~ sityvebisagan. sainteresoa, rom o. ZiZaria ar uTiTebs im faqts, rom aga samxreTsac niSnavs.
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Tuli samwignobro enisagan. am jgufs ganekuTvneba Wvavis, qeris, Warxlis, Talgamis, kitris, atmis, lobios jiSTa, komSis, vazis jiSTa da sxva mcenareTa saxelebi. wilobrivi TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT naklebia qarTvelizmebi velur mcenareTa saxelwodebebs Soris _ 20 sityva 145-dan (13,7%). am jgufSi Sedis ZiriTadad praqtikuli gamoyenebis mqone (samkurnalo da sameurneo daniSnulebis) mcenareTa saxelebi (isli, baia, kowaxuri, ionja, suro, klerta da a. S.), magram didad mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom am nasesxobaTa Soris ar dasturdeba arcerTi iseTi mcenaris saxeli, romelTa gavrcelebis areali Semoifargleba mxolod maRalmTianeTis (alpuri da subalpuri) sartyeliT. afxazurs megruli dialeqtidan da qarTuli samwignobro enidan SeuTvisebia im kulturul da velur mcenareTa saxelebi, romlebic gavrcelebulia dablobSi, WaobebSi da dabali, an saSualo simaRlis mTaTa sartyelSi. es faqti utyuvrad asaxavs afxazTa winaprebis CrdiloeT kavkasiidan kavkasionis uReltexilTa gadmovliT amJamindeli afxazeTis zRvispira Waobian da dablob adgilebSi damkvidrebis marSruts. yubanis auzis dablobidan da dabalmTianeTidan afxazebs jer unda aenacvlebinaT kavkasionis CrdiloeTis maRalmTian zolSi (ix. zemoTnaxsenebi 1654w. ruka), sadac xangrZlivi cxovrebis dros gamoumuSavdaT mTielis fsiqologia, rac enaSic aisaxa (afxazurSi metad detalizebulia maRali mTis landSaftis amsaxveli leqsika). XVI saukunidan afxazebi saxldebian mZimTis, fsous, bzifisa da gumisTis saTaveebSi, ufro gvian ki kodoris saTaveebSic. aq, maRal mTaSi maT ar dasWirdebodaT mTis landSaftis, florisa da faunis amsaxveli leqsikis sesxeba qarTvelTagan, vinaidan es leqsika maT enaSi kargad iyo ganviTarebul-detalizebuli. magram roca afxazebi daeSvnen afxazeTis barSi, Waobian zRvispira zolSi, afxazur enas aucileblad Seeqmneboda saWiroeba megrulidan, an qarTuli samwignobro enidan esesxebina sruliad axali geografiuli garemos amsaxveli leqsika1063. mecxeneobisa da cxenosnobis terminebidan megruls afxazurisagan nasesxebi aqvs ZiriTadad cxenis sadgomTan dakavSirebuli terminebi, romlebic mTis landSafts ukavSirdeba. es leqsika ar Cans lazurSi, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom afxazuri mecxeneobis terminebi megrulSi Semosula megrel-lazTa teritoriuli daSorebis (VIII-IX ss.) Semdgom, xolo abazurSi Sesuli am jgufis saxelebi unda mowmobdes maT sesxebas jer kidev dauSleli afxazur-abazuri enobrivi koleqtivis mier XVI saukunemde1064. rac Seexeba mwyemsur leqsikas, am dargSi sesxeba ormxrivia da ZiriTadad is terminebia gacvlili, romlebic mTian ialaRze yofnas ukavSirdeba1065. miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli leqsikidan afxazurs uamravi qarTveluri termini aqvs nasesxebi (miwis nakveTis aRmniSvneli sityviT dawyebuli sameurneo iaraRebis saxelebiT damTavrebuli), rac imisi kidev erTi sabuTia, rom afxazTa winaprebi mesaqonle mTielebi iyvnen da naklebad icnobdnen miwaTmoqmedebas1066. rac Seexeba samSeneblo leqsikas, afxazurSi swored qarTvelizmebiT aRiniSneba sacxovrebelTa ZiriTadi tipebi (facxis garda), Senobis nawilebisa da samSeneblo iaraRebis umravlesoba1067. aranakleb sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom afxazur enas ar moepoveba kapitalur mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli sakuTari, Zireuli leqsika da igi am mizniT iyenebs ZiriTadad qarTveluri ena-kiloebidan SeTvisebul terminebs... 1063. vrclad ix.: T. gvancelaZe. qarTvelizmebi afxazur botanikur terminologiaSi da afxazTa istoriuli migraciis mimarTulebani. - giorgi rogavas (saiubileo krebuli). Tb., 1997; n. maWavariani. mcenareTa leqsika afxazurSi (semantikur-struqturuli analizi). Tb., 2006. 1064. m. bukia. mecxeneobisa da cxenosnobis leqsika zanurSi. Tb., 2006, gv. 183. 1065. m. bukia. afxazuri warmoSobis afun-is semantikuri veli megrulSi. - saenaTmecniero Ziebani, t. 10. Tb., 2000, gv. 243-245. 1066. i. bebia. megruli nasesxobani afxazur samiwaTmoqmedo leqsikaSi. - XX respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesiis masalebi. Tb., 2000, gv. 27-30. 1067. T. gvancelaZe. afxazur sacxovrebelTa ZiriTadi tipebi da maTi saxelwodebani. - arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis 57-e samecniero sesiis masalebi. Tb., 1998, gv. 20-21; Sdr. i. adamia. qarTuli xalxuri xuroTmoZRvreba, w. II. Tb., 1968.
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amrigad, zemoT ganxiluli enobrivi masala sruliad ueWvelad adasturebs, rom afxazTa winaprebis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi ar yofila Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria da isini aq ar saxlobdnen XVI saukunemde.
Tavi XII. afxazeTi XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan 80-ian wlebamde XVII-XVIIIss. mijnaze dasavleT saqarTvelo TurqeTis politikuri gavlenis sferoSi rCeboda. imereTis mefes, odiSis, guriis, afxazeTis mTavrebs taxtze sulTani amtkicebda. maTi osmaleTze damokidebuleba sulTnisaTvis yovelwliuri misarTmevelis - ,,qrTamis~ gagzavnaSi gamoixateboda. rac Seexeba sasuliero xelisuflebas, is TurqeTze arafriT iyo damokidebuli da mahmadianobis moZalebas energiulad ebrZoda1068. dasavleT saqarTvelos xelisufalni yovel xelsayrel SemTxvevas iyenebdnen, rom osmalTa damokidebulebidan gaTavisuflebuliyvnen. 1702w. axalcixis faSas yovelwliuri misarTmevelis micema Seuwyvites imereTis, guriis, odiSis mesveurebma, riTac osmaleTis morCilebaze uari Tqves. morCilebidan gamovidnen afxazebic, romlebic Turq vaWrebs Tavs esxmodnen. qarTvelebs osmalebisTvis ramdenime cixec waurTmeviaT1069. am ambebs uSualo kavSiri hqonda ruseTis imdroindel antiTurqul gegmebTan. petre I-is mier 1696w. TurqebisTvis azovis cixis warTmevam da ruseTis flotis Sav zRvaze gamoCenam dasavleT saqarTvelos mesveurebs garkveuli imedebi Causaxa. brwyinvale portam gadamWrel zomebs mimarTa. 1703w. zafxulSi osmalebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi SeiWrnen. mosaxleoba mters medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda, magram momxdurTa simravlem da feodalurma gankerZoebulobam dampyrobTa warmatebas xeli Seuwyo. osmalebma guriis cixeebi daikaves, Semdeg odiSSi SeiWrnen da aaoxres, ruxSi mecixovneebi Caayenes, zRvispiras axali dasayrdenis Seqmnis mizniT anakliis cixe aaSenes. imavdroulad osmalebs xomaldebi gaugzavniaT afxazebis winaaRmdeg, romlebmac ,,Seqmnes zogierTi arev-dareva sanapiroebze~1070. dasavleT saqarTvelo sruli dapyrobis safrTxis winaSe idga, magram male viTareba Seicvala. stambolSi ajanyda saqarTveloSi gamosagzavnad gamzadebuli jari, rasac TurqeTSi xelisuflebis Secvla mohyva. axalma sulTanma ahmed III-m (1703-1730ww.) dasavleT saqarTvelodan laSqris gamowveva brZana, radgan portas laSqrobis gagrZeleba ar SeeZlo. osmalebi mxolod baTumis, foTis, ruxis, anakliis cixeebSi darCnen. male maT winaaRmdeg brZola gaiSala. 1704w. zafxulSi odiSis mTavarma osmalTa mier dakavebul cixeebze miitana ieriSi. Mmas afxazebic exmarebodnen. quTaisis yadis elhaj omeris 1704w. 1 seqtembriT daTariRebul werilSi naTqvamia, rom dadiani morCilebidan gamovida, xmeleTze ajanyebul dadians zRvaze afxazebi SeuerTdnen da TurqTa xelSi myofi ruxisa da anakliis cixeebi daikaves. Tumca male es cixeebi kvlav osmalebma daibrunes1071. odiSis laSqari afxazebTan erTad osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolas ganagrZobda, Tavs esxmoda cixeebSi gamagrebul osmalebs da awiokebda. 1714w. didi siZneleebi SehqmniaT ruxisa da anakliis Turq mecixovneebs ,,afxaz da 1068 . istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis samefosa da guria-odiSis samTavroebisa (1466-1770ww.), S.burjanaZis redaqciiT. Tb.,1959, gv. 45; q. CxataraiSvili. saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobaTa istoriidan..., gv. 43-44; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, gv. 455. 1069 . qarTlis cxovreba, t.IV.gv.863; mehmed raSidi. istoria, t.II, gv.581; ix. v.CoCievi. mehmed raSidis cnobebi..., gv.25. 1070 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV. gv. 863-864; q. CxataraiSvili. saqarTvelos..., gv. 58-61; misive: dasavleT saqarTvelo. – saq. ist. narkvevebi, t. IV, gv. 457-458; i.tabaRua. saqarTvelo-safrangeTis urTierToba. Tb.,1972, gv. 63. 1071 . n. Sengelia. osmaluri dokumenturi wyaroebi anakliisa da ruxis cixeebis Sesaxeb, gv. 21, 23-27.
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megrel urwmuno yaCaRTa~ Tavdasxmebis gamo. osmalebi iZulebuli gaxdnen ruxis cixe daecalaT, Tumca 1719w. miwuruls Turqebma cixe kvlav daikaves da 65 mecixovne Caayenes1072. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aRmosavleT Aamierkavkasiis mimarTulebiT ruseTis imperia gaaqtiurda. ruseTis winsvlam kaspiispireTSi, urTierTobam saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebTan osmaleTis mmarTveli wreebis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. 1723w. osmaleTma, romelmac sefianTa dinastiis dacemis (1722w.) Semdeg iranis CrdiloeTi da centraluri olqebi daikava (1723w.), saswrafod gadmoisrola damatebiTi Zalebi kavkasiaSi da ruseTi aiZula, Seewyvita winsvla kaspiispireTSi. imave wlis ivnisSi Turqebma Tbilisi aiRes. portam Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroc gaamagra, Tavidan aaSenes foTisa da soxumis cixeebi, daarRvies ruxis cixe da misi qvebiT kidev ufro gaamagres anaklia. osmalo mecixovneebi Cadgnen cixisZirSi, anakofiasa da biWvinTaSi1073. foTs 200 Turqi mecixovne icavda, soxumis cixeSi 100 mecixovne idga 10 zamburakiT (sacixo TofebiT); anakliis cixeSi 10 mecixovne iyo. amdenive idga zamburakebiT anakofiaSi. 1725w. osmalebma foTSi orTuRiani faSa dasves da mas Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros gamgebloba Caabares1074. erTi Turquli wyaros cnobiT, 1722w. soxumis cixis mflobelad moxseniebulia rostom-begis Zmiswuli giorgi1075. es rostom-begi unda iyos zegnay SarvaSiZis Svili, romelmac ZmebTan erTad afxazTa miwa-wyali gainawila. amrigad, osmaleTi daeufla Savi zRvis sanapiro punqtebs. mosaxleoba TurqTa Zaladobas ar urigdeboda.Oosmalo mematianis quCuk Celebi zades cnobiT, afxazebi zRvidan da xmeleTidan niadag Tavs esxmodnen osmalebs, romlebic soxumSi cixes aSenebdnen. amitom isini iZulebuli gamxdaran, Tavi moeyaraT mTeli TavianTi ZalebisaTvis da am gziT daemorCilebinaT afxazeTi1076. 1725w. gazafxulze odiSis mTavari beJan dadiani da imereTis mesveurebi osmalTa winaaRmdeg gamosvlisaTvis emzadebodnen, magram es gamosvla ver ganxorcielda. imave wels afxazebmac scades TurqTa gandevna soxumis cixidan, magram es cdac uSedegod damTavrda1077. amis Taobaze ruseTis despani stambolSi a.rumiancevi da rezidenti i.nepliuevi ityobinebodnen: ,,samegrelos cnobili mTavris beJan dadianis mier dawyebuli areuloba izrdeba da TiTqos afxazeTSi, Savi zRvis sanapiroze axladagebuli erT-erTi cixidan Turqebi gandevnes~-o; 1726w. 22 ivniss a.rumiancevi ityobineboda samegrelosa da afxazeTSi axali areulobis Sesaxeb; 1728w. afxazebma isev Semoartyes alya soxumis cixes. Turqebi eWvobdnen, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi antiosmaluri gamosvlebi ruseTis mxardaWeriT xorcieldeboda da mas qarTlis devnili mefe vaxtang VI (1703-1724ww.) xelmZRvanelobda1078. 1728w. axalcixeli isay faSas Svilma afxazebi Semoiriga, xolo antiosmaluri brZolis moTave beJan dadiani RalatiT moakvlevina. miuxedavad amisa, osmalTa agresiis winaaRmdeg brZola dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar Camcxrala. osmalebma ver SeZles saqarTvelos, maT Soris afxazeTis, sruli damorCileba. dampyroblebi maT mier dakavebul cixeebSic
1072
. iqve, gv. 90-92, 97. . qaTib Celebi. istoriul movlenaTa kalendari, gv.135; qaTib Celebis cnobebi..., gv.134, 253; qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 883; S.burjanaZe. lixT-imereTis 1737w. ruka, rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis pirvelwyaro, xelnawerTa institutis moambe, 1. Tb.,1959, gv. 192-197; q.CxataraiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelos. – saq. ist. narkvevebi, t. IV. gv. 461-462. 1074 . S.burjanaZe. lixT-imereTis 1737w. ruka, gv.183; q.CxataraiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelo..., gv. 462. 1075 . qaTib Celebis cnobebi..., gv. 134. 1076 . n.Sengelia. XV-XIX saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis osmaluri wyaroebi, gv.116. 1077 . q.CxataraiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelo..., gv. 467. 1078 . . . . XVIII . .,1977, gv.63,79. 1073
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Tavs myarad ver grZnobdnen1079. es iyo periodi, rodesac SarvaSiZeebi, vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, `aravis morCilebasa Sina~ ar imyofebodnen1080. 1730w. gazafxulze osmalebma gadawyvites baTumidan azovamde zRvis sanapiros sabolood dapyroba da jiqebis damorCileba. laSqrobas, romelSic imereTis mefec monawileobda, foTis faSa sardlobda. osmalebma odiSi moarbies. mosaxleoba, vidre afxazeTamde, md.RaliZgamde, sruliad daxiznuliyo. ,,arbevdnen osmalni da imerni da styuevnidnen, sada vis hpovebdnen, - wers vaxuSti batoniSvili, - Sevidnen osmalni ilors, aramed xatni da juarni da saxmarni eklesiisani daexiznaT. Seudves cecxli, mowves eklesia da aRZarcves kramiti brpenisa da mospnes daxatulebani da Semdgomad ganvles da mividnen afxazeTs~. afxazTa mTavarma winaaRmdegoba gauwia maT, magram damarcxda da morCileba gamoacxada. osmalebma mTavari da misi axloblebi ZaliT gaamahmadianes, ris Semdegac, Turqebi jiqeTisaken daiZrnen. imereTis mefe mixvda, rom osmalTa laSqrobaSi monawileobas mxolod ubedureba mohqonda misi qveynisTvis, amitom Tavisi laSqriT gzidan gamoipara.Mmale afxazebic ajanydnen da osmalebma veRar gaagrZeles laSqroba. afxazebma maTi didi nawili gaJlites, nawili gaiqca. faSamac gaqceviT uSvela Tavs1081. Tumca mogvianebiT osmalebma kvlav aRadgines TavianTi gavlena afxazeTze. 1730-31ww. soxumis cixeSi ali arslan begis xelmZRvanelobiT osmalTa 70-dan 100-mde mecixovne idga; 1731-1735ww. osmalebi anakofiis cixeSic idgnen - 70 kaci.1082 afxazebi kargad grZnobdnen safrTxes, rasac dasavleT saqarTveloSi Turqebis gabatoneba uqadda maT, amitom, odiSTan dapirispirebis miuxedavad, qarTvelebTan erTad ebrZodnen dampyroblebs;Aamave dros monawileobdnen feodalur SinaomSi da am brZolaSi odiSis mTavars uWerdnen mxars. es albaT osmalTaAagresiis winaaRmdeg odiSar-afxazTa erToblivi brZolis, SarvaSiZeebsa da dadianebs Soris damyarebuli mWidro urTierTobis Sedegi iyo. male anakofiidan da biWvinTidan Turqi mecixovneebi gaiyvanes, samagierod, portam soxumis cixe gaaZliera. 1737w. aq orTuRiani faSa ijda, romelsac anakliis cixec emorCileboda. soxumis cixis garnizoni 200 ianiCarisagan Sedgeboda, xolo SeiaraRebaSi 60 qvemexi iyo1083. Sinaomebisa da osmalTa Semosevebisagan dasavleT saqarTvelo saSinlad iyo aoxrebuli. mZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna afxazeTSi, romelic Sinaurma areulobam moicva. afxazTa mTavrebi faqtobrivad ver akontrolebdnen situacias. Savi zRvis sanapiroze tyvis msyidvelebi TareSobdnen. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT afxazebi aqtiurobdnen. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, afxazebi ,,dauÃdebian osmalTa navTa da laz-WanTa da ufrosad odiS-guriasa~1084. isini moulodnelad adgebodnen napirs, visac moixelTebdnen, itacebdnen da Turqebze yiddnen, an afxazeTSi monebad asaxlebdnen1085. amasTan, afxazeTic xSirad ganicdida mezobeli mTis tomebis Tavdasxmebs, qveynis Sida raionebSi xSirad iWrebodnen Tavisufali afxazuri Temebis _ webelis, dalis, fsxus, ahWifsis _ mkvidrni1086. erTi gadmocemiT, afxazTa mezobelma mTis tomebma webelisa da dalis Temebis mkvidrTa mxardaWeriT – mZarcveluri Tavdasxmis dros moarbies dranda, merxeuli, kvitouli, didZali nadavli da tyve igdes xelT da 1079 . s.jiqia. dokumentebi osmanTa garnizonis soxumSi yofnis epizodis Sesaxeb. _ saqarTvelo da aRmosavleTi. Tb., 1984, gv.217-223. 1080 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 784. 1081 . iqve, gv. 887-888. 1082 . n.Sengelia. osmaluri ,,quCuq beraTebi~ soxumis cixis Sesaxeb. _ axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo. Tb., 1991, gv.311-314; . . . ..., gv. 274-286. 1083 . S. burjanaZe. lixT-imereTis 1737 w. ruka..., gv.123, 225-226. 1084 . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv.785. 1085 . . . . XVII-XVIII , 2 – . ,1951, gv. 156. 1086 . . . . , . I. ., 1864, gv.45; . . . ,, XXIX, ,1958, gv.78,81.
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CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadavidnen. afxazTa mTavari jiqeSia am tomebis meTaurebTan mosalaparakeblad gaemarTa. molaparakeba warmatebiT damTavrda, magram ukan dabrunebuli mTavari RamiT tyeSi gadaawyda marbielTa jgufs da maTTan SetakebaSi daiRupa1087. afxazTa samTavro taxtze jiqeSias ufrosi vaJi manuCari avida. am periodSi osmalebma moaxerxes afxazeTisa da jiqeTis damorCileba. amis Semdeg isini sul ufro aqtiurad ereodnen samTavros saSinao saqmeebSi da mxars uWerdnen samTavro saxlis mowinaaRmdege Zalebs. 30-ian wlebSi osmalebma taxtidan Camoagdes manuCar SarvaSiZe da or umcros ZmasTan - zurabTan da SirvanTan erTad osmaleTSi gaagzavnes, sadac ZaliT gaamahmadianes. afxazeTis gamgebloba soxumis komendantad daniSnuli jiqis aslan-bei geCis xelSi gadavida. am periodSi afxazeTSi didi gavlena moipova samTavro saxlis metoqe ZafS-ifebis sagvareulom, romlis gaZlierebasac mxars uWerda aslan-bei geCi. ZafS-ifebma daikaves soxumis midamoebi, teritoria mdinareebs fsircxasa da kodors Soris da mTavris kuTvnili mTeli rigi feodaluri Semosavlebi miiTvises1088. SarvaSiZeebma male moaxerxes osmalebTan saerTo enis gamonaxva. ase rom, 1744w. manuCar SarvaSiZe baTumis begad ijda, zurabi - soxumisa, xolo Servani faSas tituliT ganagebda rionis (foTis) cixesa da WaneTs, rizes ,,amoRma~1089. erTi cnobiT, zurabi didi ambiT miiRes afxazeTSi, magram gaqristianeba mosTxoves, isic moinaTla iloris eklesiaSi da amis Semdeg samTavro taxti daikava1090. rogorc Cans, afxazeTSi jer kidev cocxali iyo tradicia, rom afxazeTis mTavari qristiani unda yofiliyo. zurabs vaJiSvili ar hyavda, amitom osmaleTidan Camoiyvana Tavisi Zmiswuli qelaiS-ahmed-bei (qeleS-bei) manuCaris Ze, romelic axalgazrdobidan mZevlad iyo stambolSi da taxtis memkvidred gamoacxada. Semdeg, zurabma baTumidan Camoiyvana meore Zmiswuli beqir-bei Servanis Ze, romelsac abJua uboZa. afxazTa mTavarma ZafS-ifebis Zlieri da gavleniani sagvareulos misamxrobad maTi asuli SerTo qeleS-beis, rasac ZafS-ifebis opoziciis ramdenadme Sesusteba mohyva1091. XVIIIs. Sua xanebSi afxazeTis sazRvari samxreT-aRmosavleTiT md.RaliZgaze gadioda, sadac mas odiSi esazRvreboda; Crdilo-dasavleTiT _ md.bzifze (kappetis wyali), sadac jiqeTi esazRvreboda1092. md.RaliZgasa da md.engurs Soris mdebare teritoria – samurzayano - odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, Tumca am mxaris mmarTvelebad afxazeTis samTavro saxlis gverdiTi Stos warmomadgenlebi darCnen. Aamis gamo samurzayanos aRmniSvnelad am xanis qarTul wyaroebSi Lmkvidrdeba terminebi: ,,zemo afxazeTi~ da ,,samurzayano afxazeTi~1093. igi kvlav qarTul regionad rCeboda da odiSis SemadgenlobaSi imyofeboda. aRsaniSnavia samurzayanos maSindeli mflobelis xutunia SarvaSiZis Tavdadeba xresilis brZolaSi (1757w.), roca qarTvelTa gaerTianebulma laSqarma solomon I-is meTaurobiT osmalebi daamarcxa. XVIIIs. 60-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi Turquli garnizoni mxolod soxumis cixeSi idga. imereTis mefis solomon I-is elCis, mitropolit maqsime quTaTelis mier 1769w. Sedgenil imereTis aRwerilobaSi aRniSnulia, rom soxumi aris navsadguri da cixe, sadac osmalTa garnizoni idga1094. rusi oficeri,Kkapitani iazikovi 1770w. moxsenebaSi, Savi zRvis sanapiro simagreTa Soris asaxelebs
1087
. . 1089 . 1090 . 1091 . 1092 . 1093 . 1094 . 1891, gv.28. 1088
. . .., gv. 246. b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss.. Tb., 1996, gv.131. q. CxataraiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelo..., gv. 469. . . ...,gv.247. b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss., gv.131-132. qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 783; b.xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss., gv.132. b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss., gv.132. . . . XVIII , , . I.
218
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.,
ayus, anu soxums, sadac dgas osmalTa garnizoni da mcxovrebnic yvelani Turqebi arian1095. XVIIIs. II naxevarSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaaqtiurda osmalo dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg brZola, rasac mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyo xeli im garemoebam, rom imereT-odiS-guriis mesveurni erTad gamodiodnen saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg, magram solomon I-ma kargad icoda, rom saboloo gamarjvebis misaRwevad sakuTari Zalebi sakmarisi ar iyo, amitom rogorc qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II (1762-1798ww.), solomonic ruseTTan kavSirs eZiebda. 1768w. ruseT-osmaleTis axali omi (1768-1774ww.) daiwyo. omis Teatrma amierkavkasiac moicva. erekle II da solomon I ruseTis daxmarebiT fiqrobdnen TurqTa gandevnas saqarTvelodan. 1769w. saqarTveloSi ruseTis saeqspedicio korpusi Semovida, romelic 1770w. ivnisidan qarTvelebTan erTad TiTqmis or wels dasavleT saqarTveloSi eweoda saomar moqmedebebs osmalTa winaaRmdeg. mokavSireTa erT-erTi mTavari mizani saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTidan Turqebis gandevna iyo. 1770w. oqtomberSi ruseTis korpusi foTisken daiZra. korpusis samegreloSi Semosvlisas osmalebma ruxisa da anakliis cixeebi dacales da isini odiSis mTavarma daikava. amis Semdeg totlebenma dadianTan erTad foTs alya Semoartya, romelic samTvenaxevars gagrZelda. 1771w. TebervalSi solomon I-ma totlebens acnoba, rom zurab da qeleS-bei SarvaSiZeebi apirebdnen, ruseTis korpuss Tavs dasxmodnen, raTa aeZulebinaT, foTs gascloda. marTlac, afxazebi Tavs daesxnen rusTa korpuss da cxenebi gaitaces1096. 1771w. zafxulSi rusTa korpusma foTs kvlav Semoartya alya, Tumca isev uSedegod. odiSis laSqris SemadgenlobaSi foTTan ibrZoda samurzayanos mflobeli levan SarvaSiZec Tavisi razmiT. imavdroulad afxazebi ajanydnen Turqebis winaaRmdeg. afxazTa mTavarma zurab SarvaSiZem da samurzayanos mflobelma levan SarvaSiZem Seupovari brZolis Sedegad daikaves soxumis cixe da Turqebi gandevnes, magram male uTanxmoeba Camovarda zurab da levan SarvaSiZeebs Soris da am ukanasknelma cixe Turqebs mihyida, Tumca, isini Zlivs umklavdebodnen afxazTa Tavdasxmebs. am ambebis Semdeg brwyinvale porta ukve aRar endoboda zurab SarvaSiZes da yovelmxriv uWerda mxars qeleS-beis, Tumca amjerad mainc ver gabeda zurabisaTvis mTavroba CamoerTmia1097. 70-ian wlebSi imereTis cixeebidan Turqebi gandevnes. quCuk-kainarjis zavis (1774w. 10 ivlisi) dadebis Semdeg, osmaleTi xedavda, rom imereTs kargavda, amitom odiSSi cdilobda poziciebis ganmtkicebas. aseT viTarebaSi, portam xeli Seuwyo afxazi ,,batonebis~ laSqrobas odiSze.Oosmalebi SeuTanxmdnen afxazebs; zurab SarvaSiZe, soxumis (ayus) cixis mflobeli qeleS-bei da abJuas mflobeli beqir-bei SekavSirdnen; odiSis mTavars ganudga samurzayanos mflobeli levan SarvaSiZec da isic xsenebul SarvaSiZeebs SeuerTda1098. ,,Seiyara sruliad afxazeTi Tavisi batonebiT, SarvaSiZeebi, jiqi, alani, da Cerqezi, sxvani kidev ucxo jarebi iyo…cxenosani da qveiTi…jabaxaniT, TofxaniT, zarbaznebiT~ da odiSisaken daiZrnen1099. zogierTi wyaros cnobiT, am laSqrobas mTavari zurab SarvaSiZe ki ar sardlobda, aramed qeleS-bei. safiqrebelia, rom Turqebi swored qeleS-beis SeuTanxmdnen laSqrobaze da zurabma CaTrevas Cayola amjobina1100. kacia II dadianma daxmarebisaTvis imereTis mefes mimarTa. solomonma Tavis laSqars sof.banZaSi ubrZana Tavmoyra, aqve daibara gurielic. banZidan mefe Tavisi jariT maleve mivida ruxis cixemde. brZola gaimarTa 1780 wlis martSi 1095 1096 1097 1098
. iqve, gv. 261. . v. maWaraZe. masalebi..., naw. III, nakv. 2, gv. 42-45. . b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss., gv.161. . n.dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv.180; q.CxataraiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelo XVIIIs. 70-80-ian wlebSi,
gv.665. 1099 1100
. .
q. CxataraiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelo XVIII s. 70-80-ian wlebSi, gv. 665. b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss., gv.162.
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s.ruxSi. n.dadiani brZolis suraTs ase gadmogvcems: ,,Semdgomad raodenisame Jamisa moviden afxazni da mourideblad gamovidnen engurs da dasdgen pirispir maTsa. meoresa dResa amxedrden afxazni da warmoemarTnen zarbazanartileriiTa da didZaliTa mxedrebiTa mefesa da dadiansa zeda. aqaT miegebnen spani mefisa da dadianisani da Seiqmna saSineli brZolani. maSin mefe amxedrda CveuliTa kiskasiTa guliTa da waruZRva raodensame gundsa mxedrobasa imereTodiSarTasa da miuxta marjveniT kerZo mamacad da mravlisa urTierTisa ganglija razmi, da Seviden spani mefisa da dadianisa razmsa Sua da mxilveli amisi afxazni ver winaaRudgen, da ivltoden afxazni da gaemarjvaT saxelovnad romelic qarTvelTa laSqris mefesa da dadiansa~1101. ruxis brZolam, brwyinvale gamarjvebiT damTavrda, bolo mouRo afxazebis Semotevas odiSis samTavroze.Ees brZola qarTvelobam Tavidanve aRiqva, rogorc brZola qristianobasa da mahmadianobas Soris. qarTvelTa simamacem da mxneobam odiSi afxaz-jiq-CerqezTa walekvisagan ixsna, romelTa zurgs ukan osmaleTi da misi vasali yirimis xani idgnen. XVIII saukuneSi afxazeTSi qristianoba suls Rafavda, axalma mosaxleobam Tan Camoitana warmarToba, vrceldeba islamic. dasavleT saqarTvelos mRvdelmTavrebi zrunavdnen qristianobis aRorZinebisaTvis afxazeTSi, Tumca amas maSindel pirobebSi arsebiTi Sedegi ar mohyolia. s.-s. orbelianis mier safrangeTis imperatoris lui XIV-is saxelze Sedgenil memorandumSi (1714w.) afxazeTis kaTolikosis grigol lorTqifaniZis (1696-1742ww.) TxovniT Sevida punqti kaTolike misionerebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb CerqezeTsa da afxazeTSi qristianobis asaRorZineblad1102, Tumca maTi Camoyvana ver moxerxda.1103 XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebis miwuruls afxazTa mZlavrobis gamo samurzayanoSi bediis kaTedrac gauqmda1104. drandis, moqvisa da bediis eparqiebis gauqmebis Semdeg afxazeTSi mxolod iloris wm.giorgis eklesia moqmedebda, romelic caiSis eparqiaSi Sedioda. mitropoliti grigol caiSeli (1777-1823ww.) aRniSnavda: ,,maxlobelobisaTvis samurzayano afxazeTsac vmwysidi da viRvwodi, raTa sarwmunoeba ganmravlebiT mravalTa Soris mtkiced gebul iyo~1105. igi bevrs iRvwoda qristianobis gavrcelebisaTvis afxazebSi, bevric monaTla da bevrjer daifara eparqia aoxrebisagan. XVIIIs. miwuruls igi Tavis anderZSi aRniSnavda: ,,gulmodginebiT maqvnda afxazeTis erni gardaqceulni sarwmunoebisagan, romelic xelmisawTomel iyo Cem mier, igini momeyvana sarwmunoebad da mravalnica moqceuli iqmnen da monaTlul. sifrTxiliTa da RvawliTaca CemiTa davfare mravalgzis wartyvevnisagan warmarTTasa saeklesio mamuli da saeparxioca~1106. samurzayanos qarTveloba marTlmadeblobas, ase Tu ise, inarCunebda. gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo afxazeTSi, sadac Camosaxlebulma warmarTebma bolo mouRes qristianobas. mTeli XVIIIs. ganmavlobaSi md.RaliZgis CrdilodasavleTiT ar funqcionirebda arcerTi eklesia, afxazeTis devnil kaTolikosebs da samRvdeloebas fexic ar daudgamT axal, warmarTul afxazeTSi1107. XVIIIs-Si qarTuli da afsuuri eTnosebis, Sesabamisad, qarTuli qristianuli kulturisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Camotanili warmarTobis Serwymis safuZvelze mimdinareobda Tanamedrove afxazi (afsua) eris formirebis procesi. aman ganapiroba axali afxazebis religiuri warmodgenebis gaoreba;
1101
. n.dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv.180. . i.tabaRua. sulxan-saba orbelianis elCoba safrangeTSi. _ macne, istoriis... seria, 1965, #3, gv. 84. 1103 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 302-303. 1104 . b.xorava. bediis saepiskoposo. _ saistorio Ziebani, III. Tb., 2000, gv. 41. 1105 . a. tuRuSi. caiSis saepiskoposo. zugdidi, 2001, gv. 97. 1106 . iqve, gv.65. 1107 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 303-309. 1102
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eris Camoyalibebis aRniSnulma Taviseburebam gansazRvra qarTvelebisa da afxazebis kulturaTa da tradiciaTa siaxlove.1108 miuxedavad warmarTobis damkvidrebisa, afxazeTSi qristianoba savsebiT ar aRmofxvrila da misi nakvalevi darCa asimilirebuli mkvidri qarTvelebis rwmenasa da yofaSi. afxazeTSi SemorCa iloris (elirnixa), qiaCis (qiaCnixa), lixnis, biWvinTis, laSkendaris Tayvaniscema; amave dros mkvidrdeba axali salocavebi: inal-kuba (inalis saflavi fsxuSi), didrifSi (sof.aWandara), lafirnix (sof.blaburxva), Cigur-nix (sof.jirxva), aga-nixa (sof.marmariskari) da sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi erTi nawili qristianuli eklesiebis adgilas iyo, nawili ki, aSkarad Semotanilia afxazeTSi Camosaxlebuli tomebis mier. XVIII saukunidan afxazeTSi vrceldeba islami, magram am saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mas farTo masStabebisTvis ar miuRwevia. pirvelad mxolod mosaxleobis zedafena _ samTavro saxli da feodaluri wreebi gamahmadiandnen. XVIIIs-is afxazeTi didad gansxvavdeboda wina epoqebis afxazeTisagan. arsebiTad, es iyo axali afxazeTi, axali politikuri erTeuli bevrad meti teritoriiT, mosaxleobis gansxvavebuli eTnikuri SemadgenlobiT, sxva sarwmunoebiT, ufro maRali statusiT (saerisTao faqtobrivad iqca samTavrod), qarTul samyarosTan Sesustebuli kavSiriT da TurqeTis gazrdili gavleniT. miuxedavad yovelive amisa, samTavro saxli da warCinebulTa wre pirad naTesaur urTierTobaSi iyo odiSis, imereTis, guriis mmarTvel saxlebTan da warCinebul sagvareuloebTan. afxazTa mTavrebi Tavs qarTul samyaros miakuTvnebdnen. saqarTvelosa da imereTis mefeTa uzenaesobas formalurad, magram mainc aRiarebdnen. gvian Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli ena afxazeTSi ramdenadme Tmobs poziciebs. vaxuSti batoniSvili Tavisi drois afxazebis Sesaxeb werda: ,,ena sakuTari TÂisi aqusT, aramed uwyian warCinebulTa qarTuli~1109. qarTul enaze muSaobda kvlavac mTavris kancelaria. s.-s.orbeliani, romelic parizidan da romidan samSobloSi brundeboda, 1714 wlis dekemberSi maltaSi SemTxveviT qarTvelebs Sexvda. `qarTvelnic vnaxe – zogi afxazi, zogi imereli, guruli, megreli, rom TaTrisaTvis waerTmiaT, - werda saba. – ena isev kargad icodnen. afxazma ratom icoda, is gamikvirda, qarTuli”1110. gakvirvebis mizezi axal afxazeTSi arsebuli sruliad gansxvavebuli viTareba unda yofiliyo.
1108 1109 1110
. iqve, gv. 321-322. . qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 786. . qarTuli mwerloba, t. VII. Tb., 1989, gv. 272.
221
Tavi XIII. afxazeTi XVIIIs. miwurulsa da XIXs. damdegs. afxazeTis Sesvla ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi” XVIIIs. miwuruls osmaleTi cdilobda poziciebi ganemtkicebina afxazeTSi, amitom Seecada Tavidan moeSorebina proqarTulad ganwyobili zurab SarvaSiZe da mis winaaRmdeg qeleS-bei waaqeza. ,,drosa amas, - wers n.dadiani, - SeiSurven urTierTisadmi SarvaSiZe zurab, romeli flobda zufus da Zmiswuli misi qelaiS-ahmed-beg, romeli flobda ayus da mimdgomsa missa.~ zurab SarvaSiZem odiSis mTavar kacia dadians sTxova daxmareba. dadianma saswrafod Seyara laSqari, sardlad Tavisi Zma giorgi Cauyena da afxazeTSi gagzavna. ,,mividnen ra afxazeTs, urCni zurabisani moswves, moswyvides da Semdgomad moadgnen cxomis cixes.~Mmecixovneebis didi winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad giorgi dadianis Zem cixe aiRo da urCni isev zurab SarvaSiZes daumorCila1111. amrigad, zurab SarvaSiZem odiSis mTavris daxmarebiT SeinarCuna xelisufleba. dadianisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, afxazTis taxtze sasurveli iyo proqarTuli orientaciis zurab SarvaSiZe, vidre Turqofili qeleS-bei. am periodSi, afxazTaA samTavros mxareebidan Sua sofels, anu abJuas, teritorias md.RaliZgasa da md.kodors Soris, flobda zurab SarvaSiZis Zmiswuli beqirbei; soxumis cixes (ayu) da gumisTis afxazeTs, anu teritorias md.kodorsa da md.gumisTas Soris - qeleS-bei; bzifis afxazeTs, teritorias md.gumisTasa da md.bzifs Soris, - zurab SarvaSiZe, romelic afxazeTis danarCen mxareTa siuzerenia1112. miuxedavad gancdili marcxisa, porta afxazeTis mimarT Tavisi gegmis ganxorcielebas jiutad cdilobda. misi morigi mcdeloba warmatebiT dasrulda. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qeleS-beim osmalTa daxmarebiT taxtidan Camoagdo zurab SarvaSiZe daDTviTon gamTavrda. imavdroulad politikuri mosazrebiT mTavris rezidencia lixnidan, samTavros Zveli politikuradministraciuli centridan, soxumis cixeSi gadmoitana, sadac Turqi mecixovneebi idgnen1113. TanamedroveTa daxasiaTebiT, qeleS-bei iyo mamaci, sazriani, Wkviani adamiani.Mmas didi saxeli hqonda xalxSi da gavleniT sargeblobda dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebSi. rodesac mTavari gaxda, qeleSbei gaSorda cols – ZafS-ifebis asuls, romelic politikuri garigebiT SerTes. amis Semdeg is daqorwinda dabali warmoSobis qalze, gvarad leibaze (tomiT jiqi) sof.muguZirxvadan1114. amiT qeleS-bei ZafS-ifebis gavlenian sagvareulos daupirispirda, radgan tradiciiT, colis gaSveba sircxvili iyo qalis gvarisaTvis da misi zRveva mxolod sisxliT SeiZleboda. qeleS-bei mtkice mmarTveli gamodga. man Tavidanve daiwyo zrunva mTavris xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da centralizaciisaTvis: daamarcxa da daimorCila Tavisi metoqe biZaSvili, abJuis mmarTveli beqir-bei, romelsac anCabaZeTa msxvili da gavleniani feodaluri sagvareulo uWerda mxars, daimorCila 1111
. n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv.181. . n.dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 183-184; . moambe, 1953, #7, gv.244. 1113 . . . XVII-XVIII . – , I. , 1988, gv. 22. 1114 . . . ..., gv.231, 244. 1112
. . 2–
222
. – saistorio .
, 1951, gv.82;
.
.
webelis mflobeli marSaniebic, cdilobda Tavisi gavlena samurzayanozec gaevrcelebina. daqucmacebuli samTavros gaerTianebasa da centraluri xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis brZolaSi man maqsimalurad gamoiyena osmaleTis mxardaWera, amasTan mWidro urTierToba daamyara jiqebTan da ubixebTan. amrigad, qeleS-beim ganamtkica Tavisi xelisufleba da mTeli afxazeTis mbrZanebeli gaxda. mas angariSs uwevdnen imereTis mefe da odiSis mTavaric. erTi cnobiT, qeleS-beis mniSvnelovani SeiaraRebuli Zala hyavda, romelic 10 aTasi meomrisagan Sedgeboda, hyavda agreTve ,,kargad SeiaraRebili galerebisagan~ Semdgari flotilia. qeleS-beis Zalaufleba garkveulwilad SezRuduli iyo soxumSi dislocirebuli osmalTa garnizonis ufrosis mier. porta did yuradRebas uTmobda misTvis strategiulad mniSvnelovani soxumis cixisa da navsadguris SenarCunebas. selim III-is (1789-1807ww.) brZanebiT soxumSi aigo gemTsaSeni, sadac osmaleTis samxedro flotisaTvis ialqniani sabrZolo gemi ,,kilid ul bahiri~ aages. SemdgomSi portam afxazeTSi gemTmSenebloba Sewyvita, rac imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom soxumis gemTsaSeni imperiis centridan Sors iyo, ver xerxdeboda droulad gemis mSeneblobisaTvis aucilebeli masalis miwodeba, ar iyo sakmarisi raodenobiT muSaxeli da specialistebi1115. 1784w. solomon I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg imereTis mefis taxti daviT giorgis Zem daikava. es is periodia, roca giorgievski traqtati ukve xelmowerilia da TurqeTi yovelnairad cdilobs dasavleT saqarTvelos SenarCunebas. imereTis mefe ki ruseTTan analogiuri traqtatis dadebis mizniT 1784w. petreburgSi afxazeTis kaTolikos maqsime II abaSiZes, z.wereTels da d.kvinixiZes agzavnis. imereTis elCebis Sexvedram ekaterine meoresTan 1784w. 29 dekembers Sedegi ver gamoiRo. 1787 wlidan maqsime II imereTis axal elCTan besarion gabaSvilTan erTad agrZelebs diplomatiur saqmianobas. isini cdilobdnen afxazeTis mxridan ruseTis jarebis Semoyvanas, afxazeTisa da mTlianad dasavleT saqarTvelos osmalebisagan gaTavisuflebas da erTianad ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS Sesvlas. mizans verc axla miaRwies. amasTan dakavSirebiT kaTolikosi maqsime II samegrelos samRvdeloebas 1792 wlis 27 ivliss swerda, rom ruseTSi igi darCa `am mizeziT: mag Savs zRvis pirebzed rom jari wamovida, saTuod ara mqonda, anafias (anapis _ avt.) aRebis mere afxazeTSi da imereTSi movlen. anafia rom aiRes (1791w. 22 ivniss _ avt.), imasa da biWvinTas Sua ormocdaaTi versis meti Turme ar aris; viRas egona im mxares gauSvebdnen! me amas vemzadebodi: rac im Cven saydars (biWvinTas _ avt.) eWirveboda, sul xelmwifes movaxseneb da wyalobas vsTxov yovelsave saWiroebasa im Cvenis eklesiisa, da uTuod imedic iyo aRsrulebisa. magram Cemis codvis ZaliT, esec usruli Seiqmna da saukuno tkivili daSTa sulsa Sina Cemsa~.1116 dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTianad) gaerTianebis, osmalebisagan misi gaTavisuflebis, biWvinTis sakaTolikoso saydris aRdgenis ocneba ganuxorcielebeli darCa. maqsime II samSobloSi ver dabrunda. 1795w. 30 maiss is kievSi gardaicvala da kiev-peCoris lavraSi hpova samudamo gansasvenebeli. XVIIIs. 90-ian wlebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi axali ZaliT ifeTqa feodalurma Sinaomma, romelSic qeleS-beic Caeria. imereTis mefem, solomon IIm (1789-1810ww.) miznad daisaxa dasavleT saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba. amas xels uwyobda sagareo-politikuri viTarebac. TurqeTis imperia, romelic centridanul Zalebs uWerda mxars, am dros sakmaod dasustebuli iyo da saTanado kontrols ver uwevda dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebs. amiT isargebla solomon II-m da xelmwifis pretenziebi gamoxata. igi Tavs 1115 . z.wurwumia. afxazeTis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi Turqul istoriografiaSi. _ saistorio Ziebani, V. Tb., 2002, gv. 130-132. 1116 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 331-339.
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,,quÀmoisa iveriisa da sxuaTa mefes~ uwodebda. mefis marjvena xeli solomon lioniZe werda, rom ,,afxazeTi uZvelesi droidanve imereTisa iyo,~ masve ekuTvnoda foTis cixec. mefe dadians uyurebda rogorc urC ymas. misi azriT, marTalia, dadiani ,,mTavrad daidgina, magram mas mefis winaaRmdegobis ufleba ar hqonda,~ igi mefis morCili unda yofiliyo1117. dasavleT saqarTvelos mTavrebs sruliad damoukideblad eWiraT TaviAda imereTis mefis uzenaesobas ar scnobdnen. 1792w. SeTqmulebma, romlebsac mxars uWerda imereTis mefe, grigol dadiani gadaayenes da mTavrad misi umcrosi Zma manuCari dasves. grigol dadianma samurzayanos Seafara Tavi1118. 1794w. imereTis taxtis maZiebeli daviT giorgis Ze imereTSi SeiWra da quTaisis axlos dabanakda. imereTis mefis dasaxmareblad manuCar dadiani movida odiS-leCxumis laSqriT. amave dros, samurzayanodan grigol dadiani gamoemarTa mefis winaaRmdeg. ,,Jamsa amas, - wers n.dadiani, - Sekrben samurzayano afxazni Sesawevnad grigol dadianisa, vinaTgan ixiles mflobeli maTi ganZebuli usamarTlod,~ da banZis maxloblad, marsilSi dabanakdnen. solomonma daswreba gadawyvita. imerTa laSqari RamiT moulodnelad Tavs daesxa grigol dadians da daamarcxa igi. grigol dadianma afxazTa mTavars mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis. qeleS-bei afxazTa laSqriT odiSSi gadavida da xibulaSi dabanakda. am dros solomons mouvida erekle II-is gamogzavnili damxmare jari aleqsandre batoniSvilis sardlobiT. solomoni 24 oqtombers Setevaze gadavida da daamarcxa daviT giorgis Ze, romelic amis Semdeg grigol dadianisa da qeleS-beis banakSi mivida. qeleS-beim Tavi aarida imereTis mefesTan brZolas da afxazeTSi dabrunda1119. 1798w. grigol dadiani kvlav daeufla odiSs, magram solomons amis Semdegac ar auRia xeli odiSis samTavros damorCilebis ganzraxvaze, Tumca grigol dadianis odiSidan gandevna ver SeZlo. solomon II, radgan Tavis mizans ver miaRwia, yovel wels iWreboda odiSSi imerelTa da lekTa daqiravebuli laSqriT, ,,styvevnida mravalsa qristianTa tyveTa, swvida da aoxrebda~ odiSs1120. 1802 w. zafxulSi imereTis mefem isev daamarcxa grigol dadiani. odiSis mTavarma daxmareba kvlav qeleS-bei SarvaSiZes sTxova, ,,romelsa epyra yoveli afxazeTi vidre RaliZgamde da mZlavrebdaca dadianis samflobelo samurzayano afxazeTsa~1121. afxazTa mTavarma mZevali moiTxova. dadianma taxtis memkvidre levani gaugzavna mZevlad. amis Semdeg qeleS-bei Tavisi laSqriT, 20 aTasi meomriTa da 3 zarbazniT odiSSi gadmovida da sofel abedaTSi dabanakda. Semodgomaze solomon II odiSSi SeiWra da mis Semomtkicebas Seudga. qeleS-beim mefesTan SebrZoleba ver gabeda, dauzavda mas da afxazeTSi dabrunda1122. grigol dadianisTvis cxadi Seiqna, rom sakuTari ZalebiT imereTis mefis mZlavrobas win ver aRudgeboda, amitom ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla gadawyvita da Sesabamisi TxovniT mimarTa aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi rusul administracias. rogorc cnobilia, ruseTTan mfarvelobiTi kavSiris Zieba 1801w. ruseTis imperiaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos inkorporaciiT damTavrda. amieridan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTveloba damyarda. qarTl-kaxeTis SeerTebis Semdeg saqarTvelos danarCeni politikuri erTeulebis ruseTTan SeerTeba mxolod drois saqme iyo. ruseTi flobda mniSvnelovan samxedro-
1117 1118 1119
. m. dumbaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelo XIXs. pirvel naxevarSi. Tb., 1957. gv.134-135. . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 186; m. rexviaSvili. imereTi XVIII saukuneSi. Tb.,1982, gv. 220. . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 186-188; b.xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss., gv. 167-
168. 1120 1121 1122
. n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 190. . iqve, gv. 192. . , . II, gv. 577, # 688, gv. 340; n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 192.
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strategiul placdarms da misTvis ukve advili iyo regionis politikuri erTeulebis ZaliT dapyroba, an ,,nebayoflobiT~ damorCileba. politika dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT aSkarad gamoCnda ukve 1802 wels, roca saqarTvelos mTavarsardalsa da astraxanis general-gubernators, faqtobrivad, kavkasiis mTavarmarTebels, general p.cicianovs (1802-1806ww.) daevala yvela Rone exmara dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis ruseTTan mierTebisa da Savi zRvis kavkasiis sanapiroze ganmtkicebisaTvis1123. garkveuli mizezebis gamo ruseTis xelisufleba dasavleT saqarTveloSi frTxilad moqmedebda da mxaris uSualo SeerTebisagan Tavs ikavebda. miuxedavad amisa, p.cicianovis mecadineobiT moxerxda dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis ruseTTan faqtobrivi mierTeba. 1803w. grigol dadianma xeli moawera ,,saTxovar punqtebs~ mefis ruseTisadmi, sadac is odiSisa da afxazeTis mTavrad warmoadgenda Tavs, riTac pretenzias acxadebda am mxareze. samegrelos nawilad afxazeTis warmoCenas isaxavda miznad agreTve grigol dadianis mier ruseTSi despanad gagzavnil arqimandrit pafnoti xoziaSvilisTvis moqvis episkoposis xarisxis miniWeba1124. 1803w. dekemberSi grigol dadianma xeli moawera `samfarvelo” xelSekrulebas da ruseTis xelmwifis erTgulebaze daifica. imavdroulad md.xobiswylis SesarTavSi gadmosxda rusuli polki, romelmac sofel yulevis adgilas 1804w. simagre redut-yale aago. es iyo rusebis mier dakavebuli pirveli punqti Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. cota ufro adre, imave 1803w. grigol dadianma p.cicianovs acnoba, rom ,,qeleS-beg SarvaSiZe, mflobeli afxazeTisa, eZiebs mfarvelobasa ruseTisa,~ da TiTqos is ar iyo damokidebuli osmaleTze da man TviTon sTxova samegrelos mTavars, ruseTis xelisuflebasTan Suamavali yofiliyo. p.cicianovma grigol dadians SesTavaza, erCia qeleS-beisTvis, sagangebo kaci gamoegzavna TbilisSi an werilobiT ganecxadebina Tavisi survili ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb; amasTan ganecxadebina, rom foTs Tavisi xalxiT icavda ara imitom, rom osmaleTisagan jamagirs iRebda, aramed icavda rogorc sakuTar samflobelos, romelic mzad iyo gadaeca ruseTisTvis, aseve anakliac. p.cicianovi grigol dadians pirobas aZlevda, rom yovelive es Sewynarebuli iqneboda da is `mfarvelobas” miiRebda. samegrelos samTavros SeerTebiT ruseTi gzas ikafavda Savi zRvis sanapirosken da SeeZlo zewola moexdina imereTis samefozec. 1804w. 25 aprils imereTis mefe solomon II iZulebuli gaxda, ruseTis mTavrobis mier nakarnaxevi `samfarvelo” pirobebi mieRo. 25 aprilis elaznauris `samfarvelo” xelSekruleba guriis samTavrozec vrceldeboda, radgan guria imereTis samefos Semadgenel samTavrod cxaddeboda1125. imperatorma imereTis mefesTan dadebuli xelSekruleba da dadianis ,,saTxovari punqtebi~ 1804w. 4 ivliss daamtkica. male saqarTvelos mTavarsardalma ,,samegrelo-imereTisa da guriis mmarTvelad~ sagangebo moxele - generali p.litvinovi moavlina, romlis mizani mefe-mTavrebTan dadebuli SeTanxmebis praqtikuli xorcSesxma iyo. ruseTis xelisuflebas gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda Savi zRvis kavkasiis sanapiro da, kerZod, afxazeTi. 1803w. 2 ianvars imereTis mefe solomon II werda, rom afxazebs, iseve rogorc sxva mTielebs (maT Soris svanebs, jiqebs, alanebs), ar aqvT kanonebi (arian беззаконные)1126. p.cicianovma afxazeTis SemoerTebis istoriul-qristianuli safuZveli ganaviTara. igi werda, rom afxazeTi iveriis (saqarTvelos) provincia iyo da aq Turqebma cecxliTa da maxviliT gaanadgures adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, gadaSenebis piramde miiyvanes qristianoba 1123 1124 1125 1126
. r. lominaZe. ruseTis batonobis damyareba saqarTveloSi, gv.127. . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 343. . m. dumbaZe. imereTis saxelmwifos gauqmeba, gv. 855-856. . , . II, gv. 340-341.
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da sxva1127. rodesac XIXs. damdegs saqarTvelos teritoriis did nawilze ruseTi gabatonda, cxadia, afxazeTi am procesis miRma ver darCeboda. XIXs. dasawyisSi kavkasiaSi ruseTis poziciebis ganmtkicebis Semdeg qeleSbei SarvaSiZe politikuri orientaciis Secvlis gacnobierebas iwyebs1128. TurqeTis mxardaWeriT man miaRwia politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas afxazeTSi gabatonebas, mowinaaRmdege feodalTa damorCilebas, centraluri xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas da sxva, magram vasaluri damokidebuleba despotur imperiasTan mas ukve suls uxuTavs. igi eZiebda ufro mtkice sayrdens da mfarvels, vidre osmaleTi iyo. afxazTa mTavari kargad xedavda, rom saqarTveloSi TandaTan mtkicdeboda ruseTis poziciebi, amasTan Rrma kriziss ganicdida osmaleTis imperia. igi xvdeboda, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis gabatonebis Semdeg afxazeTis jeric dadgeboda, radgan afxazeTi saqarTvelos istoriuli nawili iyo1129. amitom qeleS-bei ruseTTan daaxloebisken iswrafvis. safiqrebelia, ruseTis mfarveloba miT ufro mniSvnelovani iyo misTvis, rom surda saimedod uzrunveleyo safar-beisaTvis memkvidris ufleba, radgan uTanasworo qorwinebis Sedegad SeZenili Svili ar SeiZleboda memkvidre yofiliyo1130. miuxedavad qeleS-beis survilisa, daaxloeboda ruseTs, carizmi rTuli saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamo sifrTxiles iCenda. peterburgi kargad xedavda, rom mosalodneli iyo omi napoleonTan da amitom osmaleTTan urTierTobis gamwvaveba ar surda. Tumca ruseTi Tavis mxrivac didad iyo dainteresebuli afxazeTis SeerTebiT da am gziT dasavleT kavkasiaSi placdarmis mopovebiT. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom qeleS-bei aqtiurad eZiebda ruseTis mfarvelobas, oficialurad igi ar wyvetda kavSirs osmaleTTan da mis samsaxurSi imyofeboda. amdenad, misi politika ormagi TamaSi iyo1131. Tumca TandaTan ikveTeba qeleS-beis dapirispireba portasTan. man, rogorc Cans, ukve aSkarad gadawyvita CamoSoreboda osmaleTs da mxolod sababs eZebda. jer kidev 1803w. grigol dadianis rwmunebulebma kvinixiZeebma p.cicianovs acnobes, rom qeleSbei ,,arafriT ar iyo damokidebuli otomanis brwyinvale portaze~1132. ruseTis xelisuflebas ainteresebda, ramdenad gulwrfeli iyo qeleS-beis erTguleba ruseTisadmi da ra damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda is portasTan, romelic mas qveSevrdomad Tvlida. p.cicianovma p.litvinovs daavala, saidumlod ewarmoebina molaparakeba qeleS-beisTan ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Taobaze, Tumca afxazTa mTavris survilis gulwrfelobaSi eWvi epareboda. p.litvinovma Seiswavla dasavleT saqarTvelos politikur mesveurTa orientaciis sakiTxi, Sekriba saWiro masalebi qeleS-beis Sesaxeb da p.cicianovs moaxsena, rom misi ndoba SeuZlebeli iyo1133. am periodSi qeleS-beis urTierToba gaurTulda kavkasiaSi ruseTis sardlobasTan masTan mZevlad myofi samegrelos samTavro taxtis memkvidris gamo. 1804w. 23 oqtombers grigol dadiani gardaicvala. taxtis memkvidre, 12 wlis levani afxazTa mTavars hyavda mZevlad. samegrelos samTavros mesveurebma qeleS-beis sTxoves taxtis memkvidris gaTavisufleba, magram man sazRaurad didi Tanxa moiTxova. rodesac es cnobili gaxda p.cicianovisaTvis, man imereTsa da samegreloSi dislocirebuli ruseTis jarebis sardals general-maior i.rikhofs ubrZana, Tu qeleS-bei levans ar gaaTavisuflebda, ,,warvides TvisiTa rwmunebuliTa mxedrobiTa ayus da Semusros, raTa ara daSTes qva-qvasa zeda, 1127 1128 1129
. iqve, gv. 463. . iqve, gv. 337-339. . . . . ..., gv. 98-99. n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi. Tb., 1964,
gv.109. 1130 1131 1132 1133
. . . . . . , . iqve.
. . ..., gv. 98-99. . II, gv. 536.
XIX .
226
, 1940, gv. 11.
romel ara dairRves, da gamoiyvanos leon da qmnas Tvissa samkvidrosa zeda mTavrad~1134. 1805w. martSi i.rikhofma Tavisi razmiT da samegrelos saxalxo laSqriT gadalaxa md.enguri, 20 versis siRrmeSi SeiWra, soflebi dalaSqra, samurzayanos Tavad-aznaurebs ruseTis erTgulebis fici daadebina da mZevlebi aiyvana. Setevis Semdgomi gagrZeleba Seaferxa ugzoobam, amitom generali ukan mobrunda da gezi anakliisken aiRo. 28 marts i.rikhofma sam saaTSi aiRo kargad gamagrebuli anakliis cixe da zRviT soxumze ieriSis misatanad emzadeboda, rodesac saomari moqmedebebiT SeSinebulma qeleS-beim 2 aprils levani gaaTavisufla, Tavisi 8 mZevalic gamogzavna da saomari moqmedebebis Sewyveta iTxova1135. 16 aprils generali i.rikhofi p.cicianovs acnobebda, rom afxazi Tavadebi, visganac mZevlebi miiRo, da aseve isinic, vinc winaT dadianis morCilebaSi iyvnen md.RaliZgamde, kvlav samegrelos samTavros mflobelobaSi Semovidnen, razec fici misces levan dadians da surT ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla1136. ruseTis gaaqtiureba afxazeTis mimarT mtkivneulad ganicada osmaleTma. anakliis cixis aRebis gamo, romelsac qeleS-bei flobda, Tumca osmaleTs ekuTvnoda da osmalo mecixovneebic idgnen, portam ruseTis xelisuflebas protesti ganucxada. aleqsandre I-ma sulTnisadmi gagzavnil werilSi bodiSi moixada am incidentis gamo da aRniSna, rom es faqti Secdomisa da gaugebrobis niadagze moxda. ivlisSi general p.litvinovs Sexvda osmaleTis reis efendi, romelmac kategoriulad moiTxova Savi zRvis sanapiros ,,soxumidan dawyebuli vidre baTumamde“ dacla1137. imperatorma p.cicianovs daavala daebrunebina osmaleTisaTvis anaklia, xolo stambolSi ruseTis elCs italinskis daevala, daerwmunebina porta, rom es arasasiamovno faqti ucabedi Secdomis gamo moxda. osmaleTi aRniSnuli ganmartebiT dakmayofilda. oqtomberSi rusebma qeleS-beis anaklia daubrunes da aTasi maneTic gadasces miyenebuli zaralis sazRaurad. amasTan p. litvinovma kategoriulad gaafrTxila porta, SarvaSiZisTvis tyvis syidva aekrZala1138. amrigad, osmaleTis mZafri protestis gamo ruseTis xelisuflebam energiuli moqmedeba afxazeTSi mizanSeuwonlad miiCnia da konfliqtis gaRrmavebisagan Tavi Seikava. 1805w. 9 ivliss sof. banZaSi samegrelos axalma mTavarma levan V dadianma (1805-1840) ruseTis erTgulebis fici dado. fici dades agreTve odiTgan samegrelos kuTvnili samurzayanos mflobelebma manuCar da levan SarvaSiZeebma: ,,Cven qvemore xelis momwerni, afxazeTis Tavadni, samurzayanos
mflobelni, SemovediT ymad Cvenis qveyniT da Tavad-aznaurebiT miss imperatorobis didebulebisa yovlad umowyalesisa rusTa xelmwifisa, vficavT yovlad Zlier RmerTs da wminda saxarebas, rom viyvneT erTgulni mona da ymani samindReod da mis didebulobis urCobaSi da RalatobaSi arasdros ar SevideT da agreTve Tu sxvaTagan Ralati anu urCoba SevityveT, diax swrafad SevatyobinoT, saca marTebuli iyos da, rogorc zemo sweria, is ar aRvasrulo, RvTisagan da wminda saxarebisagan SeCvenebuli viyvneT, da agreTve yovlad umowyalesi xelmwifis yma vimyofebiT, agreTve samegrelos TviTmpyrobeli levan dadianisa, radganac Cven Cvenis qveyniT vyofilvarT samegrelos TviTmpyrobelis Tavadi dadianisa~1139. fici damowmebulia Wyondideli mitropolitis besarionis (dadiani) beWdiT. amrigad, samurzayanom, sadac XVIIIs. 90-iani wlebis miwurulidan qeleS-beis gavlena vrceldeboda, samegrelos mTavris uzenaesoba aRiara. samurzayanos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlisa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139
. n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 194. . , . II, gv. 510. . iqve, gv. 514. . iqve, gv. 518. n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 111. . , . II, gv. 534; n.qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 111. . , . II, gv. 527.
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poziciebis ganmtkicebis pirobebSi qeleS-bei siuzerenTan aSkara konfrontaciisaken iRebs kurss. Aam periodSi, 1806w. martis bolos, qeleSbeisTan TavSesafari hpova trapezundelma Taiar faSam, romelsac saxelmwifo RalatSi edeboda brali da gadawyvita, ruseTisaTvis Seefarebina Tavi1140. WaneTis faSa Taiari ganudga sulTan selim III-s da cdilobda, centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg anatoliis sxva faSebic aemxedrebina. man mimowera gamarTa ruseTis xelisuflebasTan mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb da pirobas debda, rom Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros da mTel anatolias ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Seiyvanda1141. rodesac Taiar faSas Ralati gamJRavnda, sulTanma misi sikvdiliT dasja brZana, magram meamboxe faSa afxazeTSi gaiqca1142. rogorc Cans, man kargad icoda qeleS-beis prorusuli ganwyobis Sesaxeb, radgan swored mas Seafara Tavi. soxumidan Taiar faSam molaparakebebi gamarTa ruseTis xelisuflebasTan, amasTan Tavisi samsaxuri SesTavaza ruseTis mfarvelobaSi afxazeTis Sesvlis saqmeSi, rac, faqtobrivad, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze ruseTis gabatonebas moaswavebda.1143 portam qeleS-beis mosTxova, Tavi moekveTa faSasTvis, magram man brZaneba ar Seasrula. maSin sulTanma Taiar faSas gadacemis moTxovniT mimarTa afxaz feodalebs - ZafSifas, marRanias da sxvebs, SesTavaza maT, gavlena moexdinaT qeleS-beize, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi omiT imuqreboda1144. 1806w. maisSi qeleS-beim TxovniT mimarTa kavkasiis rusul administracias, mieRo afxazeTi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi da osmaleTisagan Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi daecva igi. magram ruseTis xelisufleba masTan, rogorc osmaleTis vasalTan, urTierTobisgan Tavs ikavebda, Tumca miaCnda, rom imJamindel pirobebSi qeleS-beis mimxroba, an Tundac misi neitralizebac ki sasargeblo iqneboda; kargi iqneboda misi dayolieba, rom urTierToba ar hqonoda ruseTis winaaRmdeg amboxebul imereTis mefesTan, romelic Tu qeleS-beis Tavis mxareze gadaiyvanda, samegrelos mniSvnelovnad avnebda1145. imavdroulad qeleS-beim megobruli urTierToba daamyara samegrelos samTavro saxlTan. general i.rikhofis SuamavlobiT afxazeTisa da samegrelos mTavrebi, romlebic XIXs. dasawyisSi daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs, Serigdnen. 1806w. 20 maiss samegrelos dedoflis nino dadianis saxelze gagzavnil werilSi qeleS-bei werda: ,,Cven Seni kargis mdomi viqmneT da Tqvens sazianosa da dasamdablebel saqmeSid ar Sevide da arc SemeZlos; Seni kargis mdomi viqmne Dda Seni mtris mteri viqmne, moyvarisa moyvare viqmne~1146. amasTan afxazTa samTavro saxli daumoyvrda samegrelos samTavro saxls. qeleS-beis vaJi safarbei farulad moinaTla (naTlobis saxeli - giorgi) da samegrelos mTavris grigol dadianis da Tamari SeirTo1147.Ees faqti moaswavebda afxazTa samTavros politikur kavSirs ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi” myof samegrelosTan da qeleS-beis politikuri orientaciis Secvlaze metyvelebda. rogorc Cans, qeleS-beis ukve mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla da es sakiTxi 1806w. ivnisSi gansaxilvelad gaitana saxalxo yrilobaze, romelic Cveulebriv lixnSi, mTavris sasaxliswina moedanze gaimarTa. yrilobam mxari dauWira qeleS-beis politikur kurss1148.Aam faqtma afxazTa mTavris poziciebi kidev ufro gaamyara. 1140
. iqve, t. II, gv. 534; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 111. . , . II, gv. 885. 1142 . amede Joberi. mogzauroba somxeTsa da sparseTSi 1805-1806 wlebSi, Targmani frangulidan, gamokvleva da komentarebi i. naWyebiasi. Tb., 1997, gv. 92. 1143 . , . II, gv. 872; . . ..., gv. 32-33. 1144 . . . ..., gv. 33. 1145 . , .III, gv. 190,194. 1146 . iqve, . III, gv. 190. 1147 . iqve, gv. 202, 209; ..., . III, . II, gv. 541. 1148 . iqve, . III, gv. 191-192, 574. 1141
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porta Seecada, samxedro ZaliT daemorCilebina urCi vasali. amasTan osmaleTi didi xania dasavleT saqarTveloSi SeWrisTvis sababs eZebda da CaTvala, rom xelsayreli dro daudga. saqme is iyo, rom ruseTis aqtiurobam Sav zRvaze da anakliis dauflebam osmaleTi SeaSfoTa. 1806w. ivnisis dasawyisSi sulTanma axalcixisa da arzrumis faSebs ubrZana, qeleS-beis dasjis motiviT imereTsa da samegreloSi SeWriliyvnen da Savi zRvis sanapiros dauflebodnen. xmeleTze moqmedi jarisTvis mxari unda daeWira sazRvao flots.1149 ivlisSi afxazeTis sanapirosken daiZra osmaleTis eskadra 11 xomaldis SemadgenlobiT iuiruk bairaxdaris meTaurobiT. sazRvao eskadris meTauri cdilobda, gadaebirebina zogierTi afxazi feodali, maT Soris samuzayanos mflobeli manuCar SarvaSiZe, magram uSedegod. qeleS-beim ruseTis xelisuflebas mimarTa daxmarebis TxovniT, magram ruseTi afxazeTis sakiTxSi isev sifrTxiles iCenda. miuxedavad amisa, kavkasiis sardlobam miiRo aleqsandre I-is brZaneba, Tu osmaleTis armia samegrelos gavliT afxazeTisaken daiZreboda, misTvis gza moeWraT1150. osmaleTis agresiis mosagerieblad qeleS-beim SeZlo 25 aTasi mebrZolis darazmva. aqedan, 10-12 aTasi iyo mxolod afxazi, danarCeni - daqiravebuli Cerqezebi. 25 ivliss osmaleTis eskadra soxums miadga, magram rodesac Turqebi darwmundnen, qalaqi mtkiced iyo daculi da qeleS-beis ganzraxuli hqonda, medgari winaaRmdegobis gaweva, iZulebuli gaxda, ukan gabrunebuliyo. axalcixisa da arzrumis faSebmac afxazeTSi laSqrobisagan Tavi Seikaves1151. portasTvis cxadi gaxda, rom ra sababiTac unda momxdariyo osmaleTis jarebis SeWra imereTsa da samegreloSi, ruseTis xelisuflebis mier es faqti aRqmuli iqneboda rogorc ,,samSvidobo traqtatis~ darRveva, radgan es kuTxeebi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi imyofeboda. amitom osmaleTis xelisuflebam Tavi Seikava xmeleTiT jarebis gagzavnisagan. am droidan, rogorc Taiar-faSa aRniSnavda, afxazTa mTavari ,,sulTnis brZanebebs ar asrulebda~1152. male afxazeTSi politikuri situacia garTulda. TurqeTma gamoiyena afxazeTis samTavro karze arsebuli uTanxmoeba da qeleS-beis mis mierve aTvalwunebuli ufrosi Svili aslan-bei daupirispira. cota xniT adre qeleSbeim samTavro taxtis memkvidreobis ufleba CamoarTva aslan-beis, romelic mas pirveli qorwinebidan, ZafS-ifas qalisgan hyavda da es ufleba gadasca safarbeis. mas ki, rogorc dabali warmoSobis qalis Svils, taxti ar ekuTvnoda. osmalofiluri dajgufebis mier, romelSic Sediodnen eSereli ZafS-ifebi da aslan-bei, TurqeTis mxardaWeriT momzadda SeTqmuleba afxazTa mTavris winaaRmdeg, magram qeleS-bei sastikad gausworda SeTqmulebs, moakvlevina masTan mosalaparakeblad miwveuli sami Zma ZafS-ifa. am sagvareulos danarCeni warmomadgenlebi SurisZiebis SiSiT webelSi gaiqcnen, maTi sagvareulo mamuli, md.Sickvaras da md.aZafSs (dampala) Soris, qeleS-beim Tavis mamuls SeuerTa, radgan adaTiT, ZafS-ifebma, rogorc abragad gavardnilebma, sakuTrebaze ufleba dakarges1153. amrigad, qeleS-beim situaciis stabilizacias miaRwia. aseT viTarebaSi, osmaleTi ruseTTan omisaTvis mzadebas Seudga. porta aZlierebda Savi zRvis sanapiro cixeebs - baTums, foTs, soxums, sujuk-kales, anapas, raTa isini ruseTisaTvis auRebel forpostebad eqcia. ruseTis mTavroba, romelic dRe-dReze moeloda osmaleTTan omis dawyebas, cdilobda Savi zRvis sanapiros cixe-simagreTa komendantebi moesyida1154. ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma a.budbergma 5 seqtembers kavkasiis xazisa da saqarTvelos mTavarsardals i.gudoviCs (1806-1809ww.) auwya xelmwifis neba, osmaleTTan 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154
. . . . . .
iqve, # 905, gv. 517, # 906, gv. 517-518, #908, gv. 518. iqve, gv. 192-193; , . I, gv. 133-134. , . III, gv. 192-193; 519-520; #909, gv. 519. iqve, # 912, gv. 521. . . ..., gv. 231. n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 114.
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urTierTobis gawyvetisTanave gamoecxadebina qeleS-beisaTvis ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi oficialurad miRebis Sesaxeb. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar gaWirdeboda peterburgidan sigelisa da investituris qeleS-beisaTvis gagzavna1155. ruseTis xelisufleba didad iyo dainteresebuli afxazeTis dauflebiT. Savi zRvis vrceli sanapiro zoli anapis cixidan md.enguris SesarTavamde da rionis marcxena napiridan, - portas mflobelobaSi iyo, maT Soris, soxumis, isgauris, anakliis, foTis, baTumis, gonios cixeebi. amitom a.budbergi 1806w. 25 seqtembris werilSi i.gudoviCs swerda: ,,es cixeebi uZvelesi droidan saqarTvelos samefos ekuTvnoda, amitom ar SeiZleba, ar gvsurdes yvela am adgilis ruseTTan SeerTeba da mTis xalxebis, yubans iqiT mcxovrebi tomebis, damorCileba, romlebic anapasa da sxva Turqul cixeebSi TavSesafars pouloben”1156. 1806w. oqtomberSi qeleS-beim Taiar faSa TavridaSi gaistumra da neba darTo, Suamdgomloba gaewia afxazeTis ruseTis mfarvelobaSi miRebis saqmeSi. amasTan mas gadasca is moTxovnebi, ra pirobebiTac surda ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla. Taiar-beim novorosiis general-gubernators e.riSelies gadasca qeleSbeis moTxovnebi, romlebic rva muxlisagan Sedgeboda: afxazebi mzad iqnebian, erTgulad emsaxuron imperators qveSevrdomad aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi; qeleS-bei darCes afxazTa mTavrad; eboZos mas Cini da daeniSnos wodebis Sesaferisi jamagiri; misi 6 Svilidan ufross - safar-beis eboZos aseve Sesaferisi Cini da daeniSnos jamagiri; xolo meore Svili mzad iyo peterburgSi saswavleblad (faqtobrivad, mZevlad) gaegzavna; amasTan iTxovda 30 afxazi aznauris dajildoebas; portas Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi mTavari unda yofiliyo saTanadod momaragebuli sursaTiT; qeleS-beis simagre SeiaraRdes rusuli qvemexebiT da gaigzavnos iq kanonirebi; ruseTSi akrZaluli tyvis syidva afxazebs ar unda aekrZaloT, radgan uamisod arseboba ar SeuZliaT. amasTan qeleS-bei pirobas debda, rom Tavisi 6 aTasi meomriT saqarTvelos sazRvrebze da Tbilisis maxloblad gaagrZelebda ruseTis taxtisadmi samsaxurs, xelisuflebas hpirdeboda xe-tyes gemTmSeneblobisaTvis, ramdenime karg adgils navmisadgomad, romlebic zamTarSi saimedo TavSesafari iqnebodnen ruseTis flotisaTvis1157. a. budbergi 1806w. 14 noembers e.riSeliesadmi gagzavnil werilSi xazs usvamda afxazTa mTavris ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi miRebis mniSvnelobas da rekomendacias aZlevda, xeli moewera qeleS-beisTan preliminaruli SeTanxmebisTvis mis mier warmodgenil pirobebze1158. 1806w. 24 dekembers portam ruseTs omi gamoucxada. amasTan dakavSirebiT 1807w. 7 ianvars a.budbergma sagangebo miweriloba gaugzavna i.gudoviCs da daavala, ecada sparseTTan zavis dadeba, an droebiTi dazaveba mainc; kavkasiaSi arsebuli ruseTis mTeli Zalebi saqarTvelos mezobeli Turquli olqebis winaaRmdeg waremarTa; osmaleTTan sabrZolvelad miewvia qeleS-bei, yarsis faSa, trapizonis faSa Taiari, romelic sulTans Seurigda, da molaparakeba daewyo anapis cixis ufrosTan ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Taobaze1159. saomari moqmedebebi dunais auzSi da amierkavkasiaSi gaiSala. osmaleTTan axali omis (1806-1812ww.) dawyeba xel-fexs uxsnida ruseTs afxazeTis sakiTxis mosagvareblad. omis dawyebisas qeleS-beim ruseTis sardlobas acnoba, rom Turqebs ganzraxuli hqondaT, Tavs dasxmodnen yulevs, amave dros afxazTa mTavari saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi jaris miSvelebas iTxovda1160.
1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160
. . . . . .
, iqve, iqve, iqve, iqve, iqve,
. III, gv. 193. #918, gv. 525-526. gv. 191-192. gv. 194-195. gv. 531-532. gv. 196.
230
osmaleTis mokavSire safrangeTi cdilobda, mtkice antirusuli fronti Seeqmna. safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma taleiranma 1807w. 20 ianvars safrangeTis elCs TurqeTSi sebastians sagangebo instruqcia misca: ,,aucilebelia, rom TurqeTis eskadram imoqmedos Sav zRvaSi, sadac rusebs ar ZaluZT maT winaaRmdegoba gauwion... keTili urTierToba SeinarCuneT afxazTa mTavarTan da daarwmuneT is, monawileoba miiRos saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg did diversiaSi. dae, am mTavarma, arzrumis faSam, sparselebma da portam erTdroulad Seution saqarTvelos, yirimsa da besarabias~1161. rogorc Cans, taleiranisTvis qeleS-bei cnobili iyo rogorc portas vasali da mniSvnelovani samxedro potencialis mqone mmarTveli, romlis gamoyenebas aucileblad Tvlida. amitomac ruseTis mTavroba ar endoboda qeleS-beis, fiqrobda, rom is ormag TamaSs eweoda. kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebi 1807w. 8 Tebervals Turqebis redut-yaleze (yulevi) TavdasxmiT daiwyo. rusebma SeZles am Setevis mogerieba. ruseTis sardlobas gadawyvetili hqonda, xelT egdo Savi zRvis sanapiro simagreebi anapa, soxumi, foTi da sxva. amitom i.gudoviCs ebrZana, ar Semofargluliyo pasiuri TavdacviT, SeteviTi moqmedeba ewarmoebina osmalebis winaaRmdeg da es cixeebi daekavebina. 1807w. maisSi i.gudoviCi rusTa da qarTvelTa laSqriT foTisa da axalqalaqis cixeebis aRebas Seecada, Tumca uSedegod. SemdgomSi movlenebi ruseTis sasargeblod warimarTa _ 1807w. ivnisSi i.gudoviCma sastikad daamarcxa sparseTi, ivlisSi ruseT-safrangeTs Soris daido tilzitis zavi, xolo sparseT-osmaleTis kavSiris gaformebis mcdeloba CaiSala. kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebis msvlelobisas qeleS-beis momlodine pozicia ekava. i. gudoviCi 1807w. 14 ivlisis werilSi qeleS-beisadmi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda imis gamo, rom is ruseTis armias daxmarebas ar uwevda da, ufro metic, eWvs aRZravda, rom mowinaaRmdeges exmareboda. i.gudoviCi qeleS-beisagan moiTxovda ruseTisadmi erTgulebis damtkicebas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi CabmiT da aSinebda, rom maSvel jars yulevTan Tu ar gamoiyvanda, maSin ,,did wyalobas,~ anu imperatoris mfarvelobas ver miiRebda1162. qeleS-bei omSi ar Cabmula, magram man saSualeba ar misca Turqebs desanti gadmoesxaT afxazeTis sanapiroze da es mxare saomari moqmedebebis placdarmad eqciaT1163. 1807w. agvistoSi ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris droebiTi zavi daido. sazavo xelSekrulebiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi rCeboda ruseTis jaris nawilebi, mtkicdeboda ruseTis poziciebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze da osmaleTis xelidan SavizRvispira provinciebis, maT Soris, afxazeTis, gamoxsnisaTvis niadagi mzaddeboda1164. 1807w. 23 agvistos redut-yaledan soxumSi Cavida gemi ,,konstantine~, romlis meTauri iyo f.skirnevski. igi soxumSi Sexvda qeleS-beis. misi informaciiT, afxazTa mTavari mouTmenlad eloda cnobas ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi miRebis Sesaxeb. rodesac qveSevrdomobaSi miiRebdnen, igi mzad iyo, Tavisi 16 wlis Svili peterburgSi gaegzavna samxedro samsaxurSi; amasTan Tanaxma iyo, ruseTis flotis xomaldebs soxumis reidisaTvis Tavi SeefarebinaT. f.skirnevskim daaTvaliera cixe da qalaqi. misi daxasiaTebiT, qeleS-bei iyo daaxloebiT 60 wlis, vaJkacuri, maRali, kunTmagari agebulebis adamiani.1165 brwyinvale portasTvis Zneli Seiqna meamboxe vasalis damorCileba da mis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba moawyo. portas iaraRad kvlavac aslan-bei gamoadga. mamasTan dapirispirebis periodSi igi afxazTa da jiqTa razmiT Tavs esxmoda samegrelos samTavros sanapiro soflebs da arbevda. Semdeg is eaxla qeleS1161 . . . . 1958, gv.145. 1162 . , .III, gv. 197-198. 1163 . iqve, gv. 199. 1164 . n.qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 185. 1165 . , . IV, gv. 49-50.
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XIX
.
,
beis da Seurigda mas, Tumca, rogorc Cans, mamisa da Zmis - safar-beis CamoSorebas da gamTavrebas imTaviTve fiqrobda1166. 1808w. 2 maisis Rames aslanbei beJan SarvaSiZesTan da Tavis amalasTan erTad soxumis sasaxleSi Tavs daesxa qeleS-beis, sasikvdilod daWra da Semdeg xmliT akuwa1167. Tavdasxmisas daiWra qeleS-beis umcrosi Svili baTal-beic. aslan-bei daeufla soxumis cixes da Tavi afxazTa mTavrad da osmaleTis qveSevrdomad gamoacxada1168. brwyinvale portam momxdarze saswrafod moaxdina reagireba da aslan-beis samxedro da materialuri daxmareba gauwia1169. safar-bei (giorgi), romelic qeleS-beis sicocxleSive iyo gamocxadebuli memkvidred, zufuSi (lixni) imyofeboda. igi Seecada sakuTari ZalebiT aeRo soxumis cixe, magram ver SeZlo da samegreloSi wavida1170. man werilobiT sTxova nino da levan dadianebs, eSuamdgomlaT imperatoris winaSe ruseTis mfarvelobaSi afxazeTis miRebis Taobaze. Tavis mxriv, nino dadiani safar-beis Caagonebda, rom samTavro uflebis gansamtkiceblad misTvis saukeTeso saSualeba ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvla iqneboda. samegrelodan safar-bei dedofal ninos meSveobiT daukavSirda rusul administracias, daxmareba iTxova da acnoba Tavisi mtkice gadawyvetileba, ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesuliyo1171. 1808w. 19 maisis weriliT i.gudoviCma aleqsandre I-s acnoba afxazTa mTavris qeleS-beis mokvla Svilis, aslan-beis mier da rom igi mTeli afxazeTis dauflebas cdilobda; taxtis kanonieri memkvidre safar-bei daxmarebas iTxovda da pirobas debda, rom ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sevidoda. i.gudoviCi aRniSnavda, rom imJamad ar SeeZlo mis dasaxmareblad jaris gagzavna, radgan es sababs miscemda osmaleTs, zavi daerRvia1172. samegrelos dedofali ninoc daukavSirda ruseTis xelisuflebas da cdilobda, afxazeTis taxtze giorgi SarvaSiZis damkvidrebisaTvis xeliASeewyo. dedofali nino i.gudoviCisadmi 8 ivniss gagzavnil werilSi ruseTisaTvis afxazeTis strategiul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebda. aseTi SenaZeniT, misi azriT, ruseTis saxelmwifos SeuerTdeboda Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli, afxazebis mezobeli jiqebi da alanebic (igulisxmeba yaraCaelebi) dauyovnebliv damorCildebodnen ruseTis imperators. igi werda, rom safar-bei saidumlod monaTluli iyo da Tu xelmwife mas qveSevrdomobaSi miiRebda, mTel afxazeTSi qristianoba gavrceldeboda. amitom iTxovda, rom misTvis angariSi gaewiaT da imperators misi siZe qveSevrdomobaSi mieRo, agreTve afxazeTSi jarebi SeeyvanaT1173. imave dRes nino dadianma imperatorsac gaugzavna werili, romelSic werda, rom man safar-bei ukve daafica `erTgulebiT monebad saimperiosa taxtsa Tqvensasa~. misi azriT, swored axla iyo xelsayreli dro ruseTis mfarvelobaSi afxazeTis misaRebad, radgan safar-bei samegrelos samTavro saxlis wevri da mezobeli iyo, winaTac es mxare samegrelos samTavro saxlis samflobelos warmoadgenda1174. samegrelos dedofali ruseTis xelisuflebas mouwodebda, rom afxazeTis mfarvelobaSi miReba daeCqarebinaT. nino dadianis Suamdgomlobam daaCqara afxazeTis sakiTxis gadawyveta. 13 ivniss ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma n.rumiancevma i.gudoviCs gaugzavna miweriloba, romliTac daavala, safar-beis survilis gulwrfelobaSi darwmunebis SemTxvevaSi daekmayofilebina misi Txovna im pirobiT, rom es ar iqneboda gamocxadebuli, sanam osmaleTTan 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174
. . . . . . . . .
. . ..., gv. 16. am faqts uaryofs afxazuri istoriografia. ix. О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 213-214. , .III, gv. 200; . .II, gv.41; n.dadiani, qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 197. , . I, gv. 137. n. dadiani. qarTvelTa cxovreba, gv. 197. , .III, gv. 200, 201-202, 205; n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv.197; ..., . 1, gv.137. , .III, gv. 198-199. iqve, gv. 203. iqve, gv. 201-202.
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sazavo molaparakeba ar dasruldeboda1175. safar-beimac 1808w. 21 ivniss generalmaior i.rikhofs mimarTa weriliT da sTxova, mis qveSevrdom xalxTan erTad ruseTis mfarvelobaSi mieRo1176. osmaleTTan droebiTi zavis (1807-1809ww.) pirobebSi, rodesac sazavo molaparakebebi kvlav grZeldeboda, ruseTi afxazeTis saSinao saqmeebSi Riad ver Caereoda, magram es imas rodi niSnavda, rom afxazeTSi damkvidrebisaTvis brZolaze is xels aiRebda. i.gudoviCma brZaneba miiRo, Sedgomoda zrunvas ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi afxazeTis Sesayvanad. is ar Cqarobda, magram i.rikhofs miswera, afxazebis dasaSineblad eCvenebina, rom ruseTi mzad iyo safar-beisTvis daxmareba gaewia, Tumca afxazeTSi ar Sesuliyo; amasTan samegrelos dedofals da manuCar SarvaSiZes daavala, safar-beis daxmarebodnen; imavdroulad man safar-beis acnoba, rom imperatori mas qveSevrdomobaSi miiRebda1177. 1808w. agvistos dasawyisSi samegrelosa da afxazTa samTavros gaerTianebuli Zalebi soxumis dakavebas Seecadnen. i.rikhofma soxumisken daZra jaris nawili samegrelos saxalxo laSqarTan erTad. laSqrobas niko dadiani sardlobda. soxumis cixis aReba ver moxerxda, magram aslan-bei aiZules, gaeTavisuflebina qeleS-beis meuRle (mesame coli), rebia-hanum marSania da misi Svili baTal-bei. ,,da davmZevleT yoveli afxazeTi, _ swers n.dadiani, - jiqeTis sazRvridam vidre RaliZga – dadianis sazRvramde da mivaTvaleT safar-begs da esreT mSvidobiT wamovediT odiSamde~1178. amave xanebSi aslan-beis dasaxmareblad soxumSi sami xomaldiT Cavida misi naTesavi, foTis cixis komendanti quCuq-bei SarvaSiZe, xolo mTidan samasamde Cerqezi Camovida. aslan-beisTan iyo qeleS-beize Tavdasxmis monawile beJan SarvaSiZe. igi samurzayanos ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi” Sesvlis droidan mTebSi iyo gaqceuli. aslan-beis mniSvnelovani momxreebi hyavda feodalTa Soris. mas mxars uWerdnen umcrosi Zma, afxazeTis olqis mmarTveli hasan-bei da abJuis mflobeli ali-bei SarvaSiZe, romlebsac amoZravebdaT safar-beisadmi siZulvili da SiSi, rom is ruseTis SemweobiT gamTavrdeboda. soxumis cixis dauflebis uSedego cdam giorgi SarvaSiZe daarwmuna, rom aucilebeli iyo ruseTTan samfarvelo xelSekrulebis, e.w. ,,saTxovari punqtebis~ gaformeba. ,,saTxovari punqtebis~ teqsti ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi Seadgines, Semdeg is qarTulad iTargmna da, rogorc originali, giorgi SarvaSiZes waredgina. 1808w. 12 agvistos giorgi SarvaSiZem da afxazeTis TavadaznaurTa warmomadgenlebma ,,saTxovari punqtebis~ qarTul teqsts xeli moaweres.Mam dokumentiT giorgi SarvaSiZe iTxovda, misTvis memkvidreobiT daemtkicebinaT am mxaris mmarTveloba da misi samflobeloTi mfarvelobaSi mieRoT. ,,saTxovar punqtebSi~ naTqvamia: ,,uaRustesisa monarxis yovlad
mowyalisasa xelmwifisa Cvenisa uSevrdomilesi saTxoveli da micema Tavisa Cemisa qveyniTurT CemiT weriliTa amiT CemiTa eseviTarad. 1. Sjulieri memkvidre da mpyrobeli afxazeTisa TaviTve sindisiTa CemiTa Sevekrav da Semoval monad da msaxurad viTarca yma y~d umowyalesisa da uTviTmpyrobelisa sruliad rosiis da sxvaTa mpyroblisa imperatorisa aleqsandres pavles Zisa da agreTve taxtisa misisa mimRebelisadmi viTarca sarwmunoni ymani misni. 2. Sekvri amieridan weriliTa amiT da mivscem Cemsa da CemTana afxazeTsa da afxazeTis Sina mkvidrad ymad da monad taxtsa y~d umowyalesisa anu uTviTmpyrobelesis, s-d rosiisa monarxisa da egreTve taxtis misisa mimRebelisadmi pirveliTavi sarwmunoebiTa CveniTa, romelica winaparni Cvenni qristianed berZniTave kanoniTa sjulisaTa.
1175 1176 1177 1178
. . . .
iqve, gv. 205-206. iqve, gv. 206. iqve, gv. 208-209; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 261. n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 197.
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3. inebos mowyalebiT moxedva Cveni saxierebisagan misis imperatorebiTa didebulebis da aRminiSnos me niSniTa viTarca sxvani mTavarni aRniSnuli arian saimperiosa taxtisadmi monad. 4. usamRToesiTa moqmedebiTa da mowyalebiTa misis imperatorebis didebulebisaTa gardmomces me memkvidreobisa Cemisa damamtkicebeli da damadginebeli gramata, raTa viyo me mTavrad da gamgeblad qveynisa Cemisa da agreTve Ze Cemi da Zis Zeni saukunod iyvnen aRuxocel mTavrobisagan da mpyrobelobisa samkvidros samflobeloTa mowyalebiT esreT, romel y~e taxti saimperio iyos bednierebiT da ZlierebiT xelmwifed mdgomare, egreTve, memkvidreoba da mTavroba Cemi egos usamRToesiTa mowyalebisa gramotiTa y~d umowyalesisa xelmwifisa Cvenisa usaSualod xelmoweriTa da damtkicebiT. 5. SeizRudos qveyana Cemi mxedrobiTa y-d umowyalesisa da uTviTmpyrobelesis xelmwifisa Cvenisa imperatorisaTa. 6. saxierebisa da kacTmoyvarebisa gamo uTviTmpyrobelesisa xelmwifisa Cvenisa imperatorisa dauklebel meqmnes me sargebloba da mowyaleba ra igi aqunda memkvidresa da mflobelsa afxazeTisa qelaiS ahmad begs mamasa Cemsa. 7. yovliTa guls modginebiTa vidre sisxliTa wveTamde viwodeb da vinebeb erTgulebasa da monebasa da Sevkvri ficiTa da aRTqmiTa saukunisa pirisa dadebiTa da veqmnebi morCil saqarTvelosa upirates mmarTebelisa erTgulTa da sarwmunoTa monaTa da ymaTa CemTaTana da mivarTmev xesa xomaldisaTvis viTar igi miirTva uwinares amisa portaman aTamanman da agreTve madansa oqrosa da vercxlisasa ukeTu ipoebis qveyanasa Sina Cemsa raodenisa nawilisa gardmocemaTa uxvebisagan y~d umowyalesis da uTviTmpyrobelesisisa xelmwifisa Cvenisa. ese viTar uqveSevrdomilesTa da umxurvalesisa erTgulebiTa mivcem Tavsa Cem qveSe qveyanasa Cemsa taxtsa ruseTis saimperiosasa aRTqmiTa da ficiTa da sarwmunoebiTa berZenTa sjulisaTa romelsaca xels vawerT esred. mTavari SarvaSiZeE giorgi Tavadi SarvaSiZe Tula xels vawerT da vamowmebT werilsa amas Tavadni afxazeTisani: narCou inalis Svili Tedaruya Seramet beslan, Tavadi: Tulafsu lakerbaia xitu jambulaT muT: Tavadi zefis Svili levan da narCou, Tavadi Cabaluxa vomer, Temurya, Seramet wesubia narejeb narCou Sarvan, zenubia edgin dedaruya Sarvan, bazux aqurTava Telafsu edgin Seramet, Tavadi anCabaZe xutunia, Tavadi anCabaZe levan adlagiyva, miqambia SalamaT Servan salman, marRania rostom, xitu, beJan, levan, janbulaT, aslan-beg, rostom. welsa 1808 agvistos 12~1179. giorgi SarvaSiZe aRniSnavda, rom rusebTan adre gagzavnili werilebi da `saTxovari punqtebic~ dawerilia samegrelos samTavro karis moZRvris dekanoz ioane ioselianis mier, romelic `wrfeli guliT mirCevda gavmxdarviyavi saimperatoro taxtis qveSevrdomi~.1180 qarTul enaze gaformebuli dokumentiT, romliTac afxazTa samTavro qveSevrdomul urTierTobas amyarebda ruseTis saxelmwifosTan, naTlad Canda afxazeTis samTavro saxlis qarTuli erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli samyarosadmi kuTvnileba1181. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom `saTxovar punqtebs~ afxazuri istoriografia ukanono aqts uwodebs.1182 1809w. martSi ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris droebiTi zavi dairRva da saomari moqmedebebi ganaxlda. am droidan ruseTis sardlobam afxazeTis sakiTxis gadasaWrelad brZola gaaaqtiura. ivnisSi axal mTavarmarTebels a.tormasovs (1809-1811ww.) peterburgidan acnobes, rom safar-beis miReba `mfarvelobaSi” gadawyvetili iyo da investituris niSnebic male gamoegzavneboda. imperatoris brZanebiT, giorgi SarvaSiZe dajildovda wm.anas 1 1179
. saxalxo ganaTleba, 1989, 31 maisi. . , .III, gv. 202. 1181 . . . . 1810-1917 narkvevebi..., I, gv. 128. 1182 . О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 216-217. 1180
234
. –
..., gv. 217; z.papasqiri.
xarisxis ordeniT da daeniSna pensia 2500 vercxlis maneTi weliwadSi, xolo mis dedinacvals, rebia-hanum marSanias – 1500 maneTi. rogorc varaudobdnen, xelmwifis es wyaloba gavlenas moaxdenda afxaz Tavadaznaurebze da safar-beis avtoritets aamaRlebda1183.Aamrigad, afxazeTi aRiarebul iqna ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi” myof provinciad. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis xelisuflebam safar-bei SarvaSiZe afxazeTis mTavrad aRiara, is realurad yovelgvar Zalas da xelisuflebas moklebuli iyo. amas kargad xedavda kavkasiis rusuli administracia. amitom iyo, rom a.tormasovi imereT-samegreloSi ganlagebuli ruseTis jaris sardals d.orbelians, romelic misi davalebiT urTierTobaSi Sevida afxaz mflobelebTan da maTi ndoba moipova, avalebda, safarbeisaTvisEmxari daeWira da afxazi mflobelebi misTvis miemxro1184. osmaleTi aslan-beis kvlavac mxars uWerda. nino dadianma d.orbelians acnoba, rom stambolidan soxumSi Camovida Turquli gemi saCuqrebiT da fuliT. porta aslan-beis hpirdeboda daxmarebas samegreloSi ganlagebuli ruseTis jarebis winaaRmdeg. manuCar SarvaSiZem rusebs acnoba, rom foTis komendantma quCuq-bei SarvaSiZem Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze mcxovreb tomebs sTxova daxmareba jariT da es jari TiTqos ukve ikribeboda im ganzraxviT, rom foTi daecva, xelSi Caegdo redut-yale da anaklia. a.tormasovma d.orbelians ubrZana, Turqebis Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi redutyalesa da samegrelos dasacavad saWiro zomebi mieRo, aseve calkeuli afxazi mflobelebi aslan-beisagan CamoeSorebina1185. 1809w. gazafxulidan ruseTis sardlobis yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo Savi zRvis sanapiroze mis xelT arsebuli forpostebis gamagrebisa da osmaleTis xelSi myofi simagreebis dapyrobisaken. 1809w. 15 ivniss rusebis samxedrosazRvao eskadram da saxmeleTo razmma general-maior i.fanCuliZis meTaurobiT anapa aiRo, rac erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena iyo am omSi. 12 agvistos d.orbeliani ruseTis jaris nawilebiT redut-yaledan foTisken daiZra. mas samegrelo-samurzayanos saxalxo laSqaric axlda niko dadianisa da manuCar SarvaSiZis meTaurobiT. samegrelos saxalxo laSqarSi imyofebodnen levan V dadiani, besarion Wyondideli da grigol caiSeli. 15 noembers d.orbelianma cixe aiRo1186. foTisaTvis brZolaSi guriisa da samegrelos saxalxo laSqarTan erTad mxned ibrZodnen safar-beis momxre afxazebic1187. foTis cixis aRebam mniSvnelovnad ganamtkica ruseTis gavlena. Savi zRvis auzSi gabatonebisaTvis ruseTi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda afxazeTis dauflebas da kargad esmoda am faqtis samxedro-politikuri da ekonomikuri mniSvneloba. soxumis aRebiT arsebiTad Sesustdeboda osmaleTis kavSiri mTis xalxebTan da maTi mtruli moqmedeba ruseTis mimarT SeizRudeboda. afxazeTis SeerTebiT am mxridan Turqebis Tavdasxmis safrTxes bolo moeReboda; ruseTis xelSi iqneboda anaklia da soxum-yale; amdenad samegrelo sruliad daculi iqneboda; agreTve yirimidan momavali gemebi mSvidobianad gadacuravdnen zRvas; gemTmSeneblobisaTvis saWiro masalas ruseTi didi raodenobiT daeufleboda1188. 1810w. 17 Tebervals imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma safar-bei (giorgi) SarvaSiZe daamtkica afxazeTis mTavrad ruseTis umaRlesi xelisuflebis aRiarebiT da Sinagani avtonomiis cnobiT1189. es iyo formaluri aRiareba, radgan afxazeTSi Zalauflebas aslan-bei flobda, romelic soxumis cixeSi ijda. safar-beis 1183
. , . III, gv. 204. n.berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, w. II. Tb., 1965. gv. 408. . , .IV, #286, gv. 206. 1185 . iqve, #284, gv.202-203; #519, gv. 389-390. 1186 . iqve, #524; gv. 393-394; #291, gv. 209; #290, gv. 207; n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 200; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 248-255. 1187 . n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos..., w. II, gv. 408. 1188 . , .III. gv. 209; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 257. 1189 . iqve, t. III, #571. 1184
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Tavisi ZalebiT ar SeeZlo afxazeTis daufleba, radgan mas iq momxreebi ar hyavda. kavkasiis rusuli administracia kargad xedavda, rom aucilebeli iyo safar-beis afxazeTSi gabatoneba, magram ruseTis administracias am ganzraxvis Sesasruleblad Tavisufali Zalebi imJamad ar hyavda. 1 ivniss a.tormasovma nino dadians auwya, rom imperatorma safar-ali-bei daamtkica afxazeTis mTavrad. safar-bei darwmunebuli unda yofiliyo, rom mas yovelgvari daxmareba gaeweoda aslan-beis winaaRmdeg da pirvelsave xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi Savi zRvis flotilia soxums daikavebda1190. 8 ivniss a.tormasovma nino dadians sTxova safar-beisaTvis gaegzavna samegrelos saxalxo laSqari manuCar SarvaSiZis meTaurobiT, Tundac 1000 meomari, sanam soxumis dasaufleblad jari da flotilia movidoda, rac samegrelos samTavro saxls imperatoris samsaxurad CaeTvleboda1191. ivnisis dasawyisSi sevastopolSi Tavi mouyares sazRvao eskadras, romelsac soxumi unda aeRo. operaciis xelmZRvanelad kapitan-leitenanti k. doti dainiSna. eskadras soxumis sanapiroze unda gadmoesxa desanti – me-4 sazRvao polkis batalioni 600 meomriT, romelic saxmeleTo jarebis mosvlamde iq unda darCeniliyo.Emas aseve aqtiuri zomebi unda mieRo afxazebis soxumidan gasaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT1192. a.tormasovi 26 ivnisis werilSi levan V dadianisadmi imeds gamoTqvamda, rom, rodesac soxumis cixis aRebis dro dadgeboda, samegrelos mTavari safar-beis da imereTis mmarTvels T. simonoviCs daxmarebas gauwevda. soxumis cixis aReba mas usaTuod am zafxuls surda da masSi samegrelos mTavris monawileoba imperatorisadmi samsaxuric iqneboda da samegrelos usafrTxoebisaTvis mniSvnelovanic. igi samegrelos mTavars sTxovda, safar-bei daerwmunebina, rom Tavisi momxre afxazebis rac SeiZleba meti gundi Seekriba; amasTan soxumis cixis aRebis ganzraxva garkveul dromde saidumlod unda darCeniliyo, raTa mowinaaRmdeges sapasuxo zomebi ar mieRo1193. aseT viTarebaSi imereTSi daiwyo ajanyeba solomon II-is meTaurobiT, amitom samegrelo-imereTSi ganlagebul nawilebs da samegrelos saxalxo laSqars saSualeba ar hqondaT, monawileoba mieRoT soxumis dakavebis operaciaSi. 1810w. 8 ivliss, diliT, ruseTis eskadra soxums miadga. k.dotma cixis osmaluri garnizons danebebis winadadeba misca, magram uari miiRo. imavdroulad mowinaaRmdegem ruseTis eskadras cecxli gauxsna. meore dRes, 9 ivliss, dRis 4 saaTze eskadram soxumis dabombva daiwyo da navsadgurSi mdgari 7 Turquli xomaldi CaZira. cixeSi ingreoda da iwvoda saxlebi, magram mowinaaRmdege danebebas ar apirebda. 10 ivliss, rodesac cixis kedlebi zRvis mxridan mniSvnelovnad daingra, desanti maior konradinis meTaurobiT napirze gadasxda da soxumis cixe aiRo.1194 vidre soxumisaTvis brZola daiwyeboda, aslan-bei solomon II-is dasaxmareblad gaemarTa 4-aTasiani mxedrobiT. is apirebda samegreloze Tavdasxmas, raTa mas imereTis winaaRmdeg moqmedi ruseTis jarisTvis daxmareba ver gaewia. soxumze rusebis Tavdasxmis cnobis miRebisTanave aslan-bei ukan gamobrunda, magram cixe ukve aRebuli daxvda da iZulebuli gaxda, mTebSi gaqceuliyo1195. soxumisa da misi Semogarenis mcxovrebni k.dotTan midiodnen, mfarvelobas
1190
iqve, t. IV, #529, gv. 396. iqve, #532, gv. 396-397. 1192 iqve, gv. 421; . . 1806 1812 . .3. .,1849, gv. 266. 1193 c. qiria, S.saria. masalebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1967, #5, gv. 30. 1194 , .IV, gv. 422-425; . . ..., gv. 266; . . , . I. , 1907, gv. 248-249; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 264; . . ..., gv. 46. . . ..., gv. 25-26. 1195 . , .IV, #439, gv. 328; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1V, gv. 873; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 18061812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 264-265. 1191
. . . . .
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sTxovdnen da ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis survils gamoTqvamdnen. mas eaxlnen agreTve safar-beis Zmebi – hasan-bei da baTal-bei1196. soxumis cixe TiTqmis mTlianad iyo dangreuli. k.doti Seecada igi TavdacviT mdgomareobaSi moeyvana da misi aRdgenisaTvis zrunvas Seudga. saswrafod SeakeTes dazianebuli adgilebi da cixeSi rusuli garnizoni Caayenes. amis Semdeg eskadra sevastopolSi dabrunda1197. soxumis aRebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. 6 agvistos a.tormasovi ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs, graf n.rumiancevs aRfrTovanebiT ulocavda ,,soxumis cixis SeZenas, romelic batonobs mTel afxaz xalxze~ da imeds gamoTqvamda, rom soxumis floba ruseTs ,,Savi zRvis im napiris srul mbrZaneblad~ aqcevda1198. 1810w. agvistos dasawyisSi f.simonoviCi imereTis mmarTvelad dainiSna. oficialurad mas ewodeboda ,,imereTis, samegrelos, guriisa da afxazeTis mmarTveli~. imavdroulad is dasavleT saqarTveloSi ganlagebuli jarebis sardalic iyo. mas emorCileboda agreTve Savi zRvis sanapiro cixe-simagreebi da navsadgurebi. amrigad, erTi piris xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili mTeli samxedro da samoqalaqo xelisufleba dasavleT saqarTveloSi1199. 23 agvistos giorgi SarvaSiZem ficis teqsts xeli moawera, rac afxazeTis samTavros ruseTis imperiis `mfarvelobaSi” Sesvlas, arsebiTad, samTavros aneqsiis procesis dawyebas niSnavda1200. 19 seqtembers a.tormasovi imereTis mmarTvels, general-maior T. simonoviCs swerda, rom yuradReba mieqcia safarbeisaTvis da mxari daeWira misTvis, raTa aslan-bei metad ar gaZlierebuliyo da rodesac amisi saSualeba iqneboda, misTvis sigeli, samTavro niSnebi da investitura gadaeca, raTa afxazebs enaxaT, rom imperatori mas `mfarvelobda”1201. oqtomberSi rusTa jaris aseulis TanxlebiT, romelsac maiori moizi meTaurobda, giorgi SarvaSiZe redut-yaledan soxumSi Cavida. afxazi Tavad-aznaurebis, uxucesebisa da xalxis TandaswrebiT man daifica ruseTis xelmwifis erTgulebaze. maiorma moizim giorgi SarvaSiZes sazeimod gadasca samTavro niSnebi da sigeli misi afxazeTis mTavrad damtkicebis Taobaze. rogorc a.tormasovi aRniSnavda, ,,iq damswre afxazebma, moxiblulebma maTTvis esoden axali sanaxaobiT, safar-ali-begi TavianT mTavrad sazeimod aRiares~1202. ruseTis jaris mier soxumis aRebis Semdeg Turqebma, romlebic aq mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgendnen, daiwyes qalaqisa da misi Semogarenis datoveba. amis Semdeg soxumi dacarielda, iq mxolod ramdenime aTeuli berZeni da somexi – naxevrad vaWari, kontrabandisti da yaCaRi, - darCa. soxumis cixis daufleba, rac mTeli afxazeTis dauflebis winapirobas warmoadgenda da qristiani mTavris dasma ruseTis didi gamarjveba iyo. is fexs ikidebda Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze. safar-beisa da aslan-beis Soris brZola iyo brZola rusul da Turqul gavlenas Soris. soxum-yales aReba rusebis mier da aslan-beis gandevna iyo ara imdenad safar-beis gamarjveba aslan-beize, ramdenadac ruseTis gamarjveba osmaleTze afxazeTSi.1203 giorgi SarvaSiZem Tavis rezidenciad soxumis cixe airCia. igi mxolod saSinao TviTmarTvelobas inarCunebda. samTavro xelisuflebis dasacavad ruseTis sardlobam soxumis cixeSi 3 aseuli datova. ruseTis jarebis daxmare1196 . , .IV, gv. 425; . . ..., gv.266; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 265; . . ..., gv. 46. 1197 . , .IV, 424; . , ..., gv.267; . , ..., gv. 27. 1198 . ..., . I, gv. 140. 1199 . , . IV, # 434, gv. 312; g. vaWriZe. imereTis droebiTi mmarTveloba (1810-1840ww.). quTaisi, 1999, gv.117. 1200 . iqve, t. IV, gv.425. 1201 . iqve, #434, gv. 322. 1202 . iqve, gv. 425. 1203 . . . ..., gv. 158.
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bis gareSe safar-bei, faqtobrivad, xelisuflebas ver SeinarCunebda. amitomac iyo, rom rusi moxele kroki, romelic kargad icnobda XIX s. dasawyisis afxazeTis politikur cxovrebas, aRniSnavda, rom afxazeTis mTavari giorgi SarvaSiZe ruseTis mier ZaliT Seqmnili xelisufali iyo1204. afxazuri istoriografia mas ukanono mTavradac miiCnevs.1205 ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobda, gaeZlierebina safar-beis xelisufleba, afxazi mflobelebi misTvis daemorCilebina. a.tormasovi nino dadians swerda, rom ruseTis xelisuflebam misi pativiscemiT da xaTriT gauwia daxmareba giorgi SarvaSiZes da kvlavac mxars dauWerda. mTavarmarTebeli avalebda nino dadians, daxmareboda safarbeis, rom mas ,,afxazi xalxi miemxro~ da xelisufleba ganemtkicebina; mas ainteresebda, ra gavlena hqonda safar-beis xalxSi, hyavda Tu ara momxreebi, romelTa meSveobiTac samegrelos samTavro saxlisa da ruseTis xelisuflebis daxmarebiT xelisuflebas ganamtkicebda da samegrelos samTavro saxli am mimarTulebiT ras akeTebda; sWirdeboda Tu ara mas kidev ruseTis jaris daxmareba1206. XIXs. dasawyisSi afxazeTis samTavros politikur sazRvrad Crdilo-dasavleTiT md.bzifi iTvleboda, radgan gagris viwroebidan md. bzifamde miwa-wyali jiqebs hqondaT mitacebuli. samxreT-aRmosavleTiT misi sazRvari md.RaliZgaze gadioda, sadac mas samegrelos samTavro esazRvreboda. CrdiloeTiT sazRvari nominalurad kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qeds miuyveboda, xolo dasavleTiT Savi zRva ekvroda. ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis droisTvis afxazeTis samTavro erTian politikur erTeuls ar warmoadgenda. is calkeul mxareebad iyofoda. afxazeTis mTavris xelisufleba mxolod zufuze anu bzifis olqze (md.bzifsa da md.gumisTas Soris) vrceldeboda; gumis anu afxazeTisa(md.gumisTasa da md.kodors Soris) da abJuis (md.kodorsa da md.RaliZgas Soris) olqebs SarvaSiZeTa samTavro saxlis sxva wevrebi flobdnen. masTan nominalurad iyo dakavSirebuli mTiani mxareebi:P webeli da dali md.kodoris Sua da zemo welSi, da fsxu - md.bzifis zemo welSi, romlebsac marSaniebi ganagebdnen. marSaniebma ar cnes giorgi SarvaSiZis (18101821ww.) xelisufleba da arc ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevidnen1207. imave 1810w. afxazeTis mTavris magaliTiT da gavleniT, jiqebis mTavari levan canba (canubaia) ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi” Sevida da afxazeTis mTavris uzenaesoba aRiara1208.
1204 1205 1206 1207 1208
. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.IV, gv. 873. О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 214. . , .IV, #536, gv. 398-399. . iqve, t. IV, #575, gv. 425; b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis…..., gv. 135-136, 178. . , .IV, #578, gv. 426; #583, gv. 429.
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Tavi XIV. afxazeTi 1810-1880 wlebSi 1. ruseTis batonobis ganmtkicebis mcdelobani. 1810-1820ww. viTreba afxazeTSi. afxazeTis samTavros ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg mTavris araerTgzisi Txovnis miuxedavad ruseTs ver gadaewyvita qveynis siRrmeSi Sesvla da urCi mTiani mxareebis - fsxus, webelis, dalis damorCileba. am periodSi carizmi cdilobda Savi zRvis sanapiroze ganmtkicebuliyo da, faqtobrivad, qveynis marTvaSi ar ereoda. amasTan samTavroSi arsebobda mZlavri proTurquli banaki, romelsac mTavris Zma aslan-bei SarvaSiZe edga saTaveSi. am ukanasknels, mTavrobisgan gansxvavebiT, xalxSi mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni hqonda antirusulad ganwyobili Zalebis saxiT. ruseTis xelisuflebis poziciebi afxazeTSi jer kidev susti iyo. soxumis daufleba sulac ar niSnavda afxazeTis dauflebas. ufro metic, aslan-beis momxreebi soxumis cixidan 20 versze Tavs esxmodnen soflebs, Zarcvavdnen, adamianebs da saqonels itacebdnen. am uwesrigobebis aRsakveTad da qveynis dasamorCileblad giorgi SarvaSiZem 1810w. dekemberSi general-maior f.simonoviCs sTxova, misi naTesavi, samurzayanos sardal-mouravi manuCar SarvaSiZe jariT mis dasaxmareblad gaegzavna.Ff.simonoviCma afxazeTis mTavris am Txovnis dakmayofilebis mizniT nino dadians mimarTa.1209 dedofalma ninom samegrelos saxalxo laSqari afxazeTSi gagzavna. adgilobrivi rusuli administraciis daxmarebiT laSqarma osmalofiluri partia daamarcxa, ris Semdegac aslan-bei trapizonSi gaiqca. samegrelos saxalxo laSqarma afxazeTis mTavars jiqebis ramdenime Temic dauqvemdebara. nino dadianma giorgi SarvaSiZesTan Seariga da mas daumorCila beqir-bei SarvaSiZis Svilebi, gavleniani afxazi mflobelebi soslan-bei da ali-bei, romlebic mas mtrobdnen da aslan-beis uWerdnen mxars. ninom maTgan mZevlebi aiyvana da imperatoris erTgulebaze daafica. misive miTiTebiT rebia-hanum marSania molaparakebebs awarmoebda Tavis ZmebTan, webelis mflobel marSaniebTan, giorgi SarvaSiZis mTavrad cnobisa da ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis Taobaze.1210 buqarestis zavi. 1812w. 16 maiss, didi diplomatiuri brZolis Semdeg, ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris buqarestSi zavi daido. sazavo xelSekrulebis VI muxlis mixedviT, kavkasiaSi sazRvrebi omamdeli saxiT unda aRdgeniliyo. xelSekrulebis saidumlo muxlis mixedviT, Savi zRvis sanapiro ori saaTis savalze md. rionis marjvena napiridan da anakliidan oTxi saaTis savalze, sadac ar iyo simagreebi, komunikaciis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, ruseTis sargeblobaSi gadadioda, Tumca portas mflobelobaSi iTvleboda. arcerT mxares ar SeeZlo aq simagreebis ageba1211. xelSekrulebis VI muxli ruseTs saSualebas aZlevda, Tavis mflobelobaSi SeenarCunebina dasavleT saqarTvelo. saidumlo muxlis Tanaxmad ki, faqtobrivad, ruseTis gamgeblobaSi eqceoda saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli md. bzifidan md.Coloqamde.1212 1209
. , . IV,#452, gv. 339. . iqve, t. IV, #544, gv. 405-406; #545, gv. 406-407; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 266. 1211 . , . VI, gv. 413-414-415. 1212 . n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 420-421; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, gv. 876. 1210
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buqarestis sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, ruseTis sardlobam 1812w. 29 seqtembers axalqalaqi, xolo 7 dekembers foTi, rogorc ,,iaraRis ZaliT~ dapyrobili, Turqebs gadasca. osmaleTis xelisufleba kategoriulad moiTxovda soxumis gadacemasac, magram mTavarmarTebelma da saqarTvelos korpusis mTavarsardalma n.rtiSCevma am sakiTxis gadawyveta 1813w. gazafxulisTvis gadado.1213 samurzayanos sakiTxi. 1811w. SimSilobam da axalcixidan TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi modebulma Savi Wiris epidemiam aTasobiT adamiani imsxverpla. imereTisa da samegrelos mosaxleobis nawili samurzayanosa da afxazeTSi gaixizna, ris Semdegac gaZlierda tyvis syidva. samurzayanos mflobelma manuCar SarvaSiZem samegrelos mTavars, levan V dadians (1805-1840ww), wesrigis dasamyareblad afxazeTSi galaSqreba urCia: ,,Tu axlave ar uSveleT, tyveebi daiyidao da kidev mravali daikargebao~. samegrelos mTavarma laSqari Sekriba, Wyondideli da caiSeli mRvdelmTavrebi iaxla da 1812w. oqtomberSi afxazeTisken gaemarTa. samurzayanoSi gadasuli levan V dadiani manuCar SarvaSiZis Zmis, levanis mamulSi, bediaSi gaCerda Ramis gasaTevad. RamiT, levan SarvaSiZis Svilis, xutunias migzavnilebma manuCar SarvaSiZe mokles. samegrelos mTavris cnobiT, mokvlas masac upirebdnen, magram droze Seityo da gadarCa.1214 levan V dadiani dauyovnebliv dabrunda zugdidSi. mas ar SeeZlo sakuTari ZalebiT aeRo kargad gamagrebuli bediis cixe, amasTan levan SarvaSiZec sakmaod gavleniani kaci iyo samurzayanoSi. amitom man daxmareba rusul administracias sTxova. mTavarmarTeblis brZanebiT, dadianis dasaxmareblad ori aseuli zarbaznebis TanxlebiT, imereTisa da guriis saxalxo laSqari gaigzavna. 1812 w. dekemberSi levan V dadiani bediisken gaemarTa. jaris miaxloebisTanave xutunia SarvaSiZe webelSi gaiqca. levan SarvaSiZe mixvda, rom dadians winaaRmdegobas ver gauwevda da cixe Caabara. samegrelos mTavarma gulmowyaleba gamoiCina, levan SarvaSiZe moxucebulobis gamo ar dasaja, ,,gamosazrdelad~ sof. faxulani miuCina da iq gagzavna, Semdeg bediis cixe gaamagra, Tavisi mecixovneebi Caayena da zugdidSi dabrunda.1215 osmaleTis pretenziebi. kvlav mwvaved idga soxum-yales osmaleTisTvis gadacemis sakiTxi. n. rtiSCevi soxumis TurqebisTvis gadacemis winaaRmdegi iyo. 1813 w. 3 ianvars kancler n.rumiancevisadmi gagzavnil werilSi igi werda, rom afxazeTze, rogorc nebayoflobiT SeerTebul mxareze, pretenzia ar unda mieRoT, xolo soxumi yovelTvis iyo afxazeTis mTavarTa rezidencia. misi azriT, marTalia, soxumi dasabrunebeli iyo, radgan giorgi SarvaSiZis ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlisas mas Turquli garnizoni icavda da misi dakaveba iaraRiT moxda, Tumca isic gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo, rom afxazebi emorCilebodnen mxolod imas, vinc soxums flobda. Tu osmaleTi daeufleboda soxums, afxazebi mTavars ganudgebodnen; qristianoba, romelic kvlav vrceldeboda am mxareSi, daviwyebas miecemoda; ruseTis xelSi Tu ar iqneboda soxumi da misi navsadguri, afxazebis damorCileba gaZneldeboda da afxazeTis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. aqedan gamomdinare, igi svamda kiTxvas, saWiro iyo Tu ara TurqebisaTvis daebrunebinaT soxumi, im mTavris rezidencia, romelic mTeli Tavisi xalxiT da samflobeloTi ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sevida. yovel SemTxvevaSi, igi apirebda soxumis gadacema kvlav gaeWianurebina.1216 n.rtiSCevis dasabuTeba peterburgSi mxedvelobaSi miiRes. male, man imperatoris direqtiva miiRo, miuxedavad Turqebis moTxovnisa, soxumi ar gadaeca, 1213
. , . V, #926, gv. 785. . saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis istoriuli dokumentebi da arqivebi, II. istoriuli dokumentebi, w. I. imereTis samefos politikuri sabuTebi (1784-1810). teqsti SeniSvnebiTa da saZieblebiT gamosacemad moamzada S. burjanaZem. Tb., 1953, gv. 136. 1215 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 204. 1216 . , . V, #926, gv. 785-786. 1214
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radgan es mTeli afxazeTis dakargvas gamoiwvevda, Tumca uari sxva mizezebiT unda yofiliyo motivirebuli.1217²peterburgis poziciis garkvevis Semdeg n.rtiSCevma Turqebs uari ganucxada soxumis gadacemaze im motiviT, rom afxazeTi portas uSualo sakuTrebas arasodes warmoadgenda, samSvidobo xelSekrulebaSic arsad ixsenieboda, amitom maTi moTxovnis dakmayofileba ar SeeZlo.1218 osmaleTi mxolod soxum-yales gadacemis moTxovniT ar dakmayofilda da imereTze, guriasa da samegreloze pretenzia wamoayena.1219 kavkasiis rusuli administraciis informaciiT, Turqebi afxazeTSi avrcelebdnen xmebs, TiTqos ruseTma es mxare buqarestis traqtatiT portas dauTmo, xolo soxum-yale aslan-beis gadaeca; aseTi xmebis gavrcelebis gamo afxazeTSi uwesrigobebi moxda. n. rtiSCevis azriT, Turqebi cdilobdnen afxazeTSi Sinaomis³gaCaRebasa da afxazebis giorgi SarvSiZisagan CamoSorebas, risTvisac aslan-beis partias aZlierebdnen.Kkavkasiis rusuli administracia 1812w. bolos samurzayanoSi momxdar ambebSic proTurqul Zalebs adanaSaulebda. TiTqos aslan-beis momxre levan SarvaSiZem, Turqebis CagonebiT mokla Tavisi Zma, ruseTis erTguli polkovniki manuCar SarvaSiZe; gaZlierda tyvis syidva, marto 5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTidan da samegrelodan Turqebma 300 tyve gaiyvanes.1220 Tu winaT Turqebi dasavleT saqarTvelos provinciebis gadacemas mxolod moiTxovdnen, axla ZaliT maT dauflebas cdilobdnen. isini sagangebod amaragebdnen foTis cixes da jars aZlierebdnen. 1813w. 29 ivniss foTSi Cavida seraskiri seid-suleiman faSa, romelmac 2 aTasi jariskaci Camoiyvana. mas rwmuneba hqonda, daepyro dasavleT saqarTvelo. amave xanebSi jiqeTSi myofi aslanbei stambolSi Cavida. rogorc Cans, mas daxmarebas Sehpirdnen. stambolidan aslan-bei foTSi Camovida, Semdeg TurqTa razmiT zRviT sof. gudavaSi gadavida, mere sof.tamiSic daikava da mTeli afxazeTis dasaufleblad emzadeboda. giorgi SarvaSiZem daxmarebis TxovniT ruseTis xelisuflebas mimarTa.1221 aslan-beis afxazebis didi nawili miemxro. mis mxareze gadavida rebia-hanum marSania or umcros SvilTan erTad. maT soxumi datoves da aslan-beis banakSi gadavidnen; afxazeTis didebulTa mniSvnelovani nawilic mis mxares dadga1222. Turqebi aslan-beis jariT, saomari saWurvliT da sursaTiT foTidan amaragebdnen. 6 ivliss seraskirma foTidan aslan-beis 17 naviT jari da sursaTi, agreTve fuli gaugzavna, xolo jaris meore nawili soxumis asaRebad gaemarTa.1223 ivlisis dasawyisSi arzrumis seraskirma n.rtiSCevs mosTxova, osmaleTisTvis gadaeca imereTi, guria, samegrelo da afxazeTi yvela simagriT. aseTive moTxovniT mas trapizonis seraskirma seid-suleiman faSamac mimarTa.1224 n.rtiSCevis azriT, es gaugonari moTxovnebi buqarestis sazavo xelSekrulebis VI muxlis pirobas ar Seesabameboda da, amdenad, ar SeeZloⁿdaekmayofilebina1225. n.rtiSCevma trapizonis seraskiri gaafrTxila, rom TurqTa jaris Sesvla afxazeTSi aslan-beis meTaurobiT da im teritoriebis iaraRiT dapyrobis mcdeloba, romelsac adre portas saxeliT moiTxovda, traqtatis darRvevad miaCnda, ris gamoc am samflobeloebis dasacavad 1217
. iqve, #595, gv. 504. . iqve, gv. 505. 1219 . , . VII, gv. 743. 1220 . АКАК, т. V, , 1873, #928, gv. 789. 1221 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 205; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 446. 1222 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 205; , . V, #935, gv. 798. 1223 . АКАК, т. V, #935, gv. 798; n. qorTua. saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, gv. 446. 1224 . , . V, #929, gv. 790; #934, gv. 790. 1225 . iqve, gv. 796-797. 1218
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saTanado gankarguleba gasca. igi seraskirs mouwodebda, afxazeTidan jarebi gaeyvana, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isic adeqvatur zomebs miiRebda.1226 n.rtiSCevma polkovnik s.merlins ubrZana, afxazeTidan Turqebi ganedevna. s.merlini SeuTanxmda levan V dadiansa da giorgi SarvaSiZes, aslan-beisa da TurqTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi gamosvlis Sesaxeb. me-15 egerTa polkis meTaurs, maior kutievs daevala, samegrelos saxalxo laSqarTan erTad SeWriliyo afxazeTSi, winadadeba mieca TurqebisTvis, daetovebinaT es mxare, xolo am moTxovnis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoyenebiT ganedevna isini1227. maior kutievis razmi, romelsac samegrelos saxalxo laSqaric axlda, engurze gadavida da erTdRiani laSqrobis Semdeg ilorSi Cavida. rusTa da qarTvelTa jaris miaxloebisTanave Turqebma miatoves aslan-bei da foTSi dabrundnen, aslan-bei ki jiqeTSi gaiqca. Ggiorgi SarvaSiZem iTxova, daxmarebodnen samTavros mosaxleobis damorCilebaSi, amitom jarma winsvla ganagrZo, abJuis olqSi mZevlebi aiyvana Tavad-aznaurebisagan da mTavris erTgulebaze daafica, Semdeg kodori gadalaxa, afxazeTis olqSic aiyvana mZevlebi da Tavad-aznaurebi mTavris erTgulebaze daafica. rodesac jari soxumSi Cavida, rebia-hanumi da misi ori umcrosi Svilic monaniebiT eaxlnen sardlobas. soxumSi moiwvies zufueli Tavad-aznaurebic, mZevlebi CamoarTves da erTgulebis fici daadebines. amrigad, mTeli afxazeTi giorgi SarvaSiZes Semoumtkices. levan V dadianis rCeviT, afxazeTis mTavarma molaparakeba gamarTa webelis mflobel marSaniebTan, mosTxova maT, SeewyvitaT yaCaRoba da ar SeefarebinaT yaCaRebi, Tu am gafrTxilebas ar Seismendnen, yaCaRTa budes daaqcevda da aaoxrebda. amis Semdeg jari ukan gamobrunda da Tan wamoiyvana is xalxi, romlebsac aq SimSilobisa da Savi Wiris epidemiis dros Tavi Seefarebina da afxazebs daetyvevebina.1228 ukan gamobrunebulma rusTa da qarTvelTa laSqarma levan V dadiansa da manuCar SarvaSiZis qvrivs qeTevans samurzayano daumorCila.1229 amrigad, afxazeTSi dawyebuli mRelvareba rusulma xelisuflebam 1813w. agvistoSi sisxlisRvris gareSe CaaxSo da mosaxleobis didi nawilic daimorCila. 1813w. noemberSi portam kvlav moiTxova imereTis, guriis, samegrelosa da afxazeTis, aseve cixeebis – soxum-yales, anakliis da kemxelis, dabruneba.1230 n.rtiSCevma dasabuTebuli pasuxi gasca portas,1231 magram sakiTxi amiT ar amowurula. webelis mflobelTa da samurzayanoelTa fici. afxazeTSi rTuli viTareba rCeboda. giorgi SarvaSiZis xelisufleba kvlav susti iyo. mTavars, faqtobrivad, ar emorCilebodnen misi Zmebi da calkeul mxareTa mflobelebi. samTavros xSirad Tavs esxmodnen mezobeli tomebi da afxazeTis mTis Temebis mkvidrni. aq arsebuli uwesrigoba da anarqia mezobel samegrelozec axdenda gavlenas. amitom 1814w. 3 oqtombers levan V dadianma n.rtiSCevs afxazeTSi laSqrobis nebarTva sTxova. laSqrobis mizani unda yofiliyo webelSi wesrigis damyareba, radgan am Temis soflebi samegrelosa da afxazeTis avazakTa TavSesafars warmoadgenda1232. magram laSqrobis dawyeba gaWianurda, male ki misi saWiroeba moixsna. 1815w. Semodgomaze levan V dadianma webelTan urTierToba mSvidobianad moagvara. 29 noembers samurzayanos sof. oqumSi Camovidnen webelis Temis batonebi – misost, saralufu, zerefsu marSaniebi da levan V dadians erTgulebis fici misces, Sehpirdnen keTilmezoblobas da 1226
. iqve, #934, gv. 797. . iqve, #935, gv. 798; #936, gv. 800. 1228 . iqve, t. V, #596, gv. 505-506; #597, gv. 506; n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 205. 1229 . АКАК, т. V, #596, gv. 506; #597, gv. 506. 1230 . iqve, #940, gv. 805. 1231 . iqve, #940, gv. 805,807. 1232 . xelnawerTa instituti, _1130, gv. 34. 1227
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aRuTqves, rom samegrelodan tyveebis gatacebas, sxva borotmoqmedebas aRar Caidendnen. ficSi igulisxmeboda, rom isini levan V dadians winaaRmdegobas ar gauwevdnen, Sewyvetdnen Tavdasxmebs samurzayanoze. ficis teqstSi, romelic qarTuladaa Sedgenili, naTqvamia: ,,q. Cven qvemo xelis momwerelni webelis
Temis batonebi, Tavadi marSaniebi mogarTmevT am werils Tqvens uganaTlebulesobas mTavars dadians leons, ase rom Cven mama-papiT Tqvenis mamapapis Tumca morCilebi da erTgulebi viyaviT, magram romelmanme SemTxveulma SfoTebma daSorebul viqmeniT erTmaneTisagan, da awi ginebebiaT Cveni Tqvenda maxlobloba da pirvelisamebr siyvaruli da wyaloba gangviaxleT, da Cvenc rwmunebul – varT am Tqvenis WeSmaritis sityviT Cvenda dajerebas da Cvenc vficavT amas wmidasa alyuransa zeda esreT, romel pirvel yovelTasa viyvneT ara raisame Sina winaaRmdgom misis didebulebis ruseTis xelmwifisa imperatoris aleqsandre pavles Zisa, da misgan dawesebulTa ama mxareTa mmarTebelTa saSualobiTa TqveniTa. da Tqvenisaca brZanebisa Cvengan SesaZlebelsa morCil da SeZlebisaebr Cvenisave mterTa ruseTisa da Tqvenis uganaTlebulesobisaTa winaaRmdgom yovliTa gziTa da arca raimesa Sina Tanxma maTTana sityviT anu saqmiT, da viyvneTve keTiliTa mezoblobiTa samTavrosa Tqvenisa samurzayanod wodebuls afxazeTsa nawilsa Tana da odiSisa da masTa mcxovrebTa da arca SeviwynaroTRa winaaRmdgomi vinme umaRlesis ruseTis taxtisa da Tqvenis uganaTlebulesobisagan gamoqceulni vinme, da arca Cvengan raime iqmnas avis moqmedeba samflobelosa ruseTisa da sakuTraT Tqvenisac uganaTlebulesobisa samTavrosa Sina, _ arca taceba tyvisa, arca sxva raime, da romelic ara arian aqa saxliskacni Cvenni, maTsaca vecdebiT esTave moyvanasa da morCilebasa esreTve, viTa aRvTqviT Cven. da ama ficisa Semdgomad vemTxveviT amas wmidasa alyuransa dasamtkicebelaT ficisa Cvenisasa da vawerT xelTa: Tavadi misost Svili uCardiasi marSania, Tavadi saraluf Svili Tulafsisa marSania, Tavadi zerefsu omeris Ze marSania.~1233 miuxedavad webelis mflobelTa mier ficis dadebisa, es mxare afxazeTis mTavris xelisuflebisa da ruseTis gavlenis miRma rCeboda. imavdroulad levan V dadianma beqir-bei SarvaSiZis Svili soslan-bei ruseTis mxareze gadmoibira da imperatoris erTgulebis fici daadebina1234. igi aqtiurad Caeria samurzayanos saqmeebSic da am mxareSi wesrigis damyarebas Seecada. 1815w. 20 noembers ,,samurzayanos afxazeTisa mTavarma~ levan V dadianma dadgenileba gamosca, romliTac moiTxova samurzayanoSi qurdobis, avazakobis, tyvis syidvis akrZalva, Savi Wiris epidemiisa da SimSilobis dros (1811-1812ww.) aq gadmoxvewili imereli da megreli glexebis adrindel sacxovrebel adgilebSi dabruneba, am mxareSi wesrigis SenarCuneba, risi Sesrulebac samurzayanos Tavad-aznaurebma ficiT aRuTqves1235. fics xels awerdnen SarvaSiZeebi, anCabaZeebi, Cqotuebi, emuxvarebi, marRaniebi da sxv. ruseT - kavkasiis omis dasawyisi. XIXs. dasawyisSi carizmisTvis gadaudebel strategiul da politikur amocanas warmoadgenda CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyroba. imperiasTan mierTebuli teritoriebi kavkasionis qedis samxreTiT mdebareobda; maTi dapyroba CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani zolis Semomtkicebamde moxda. amdenad imperiis kavkasiuri samflobeloebi metropoliidan daumorCilebeli CrdiloeT kavkasiiT gamijnuli aRmoCnda. amitom dRis wesrigSi dadga yuban-Tergis ,,sakordono xazis~ samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wylis dapyroba. sanam es sakiTxi ar gadawydeboda, ruseTis batonoba amierkavkasiaSi mtkice ver iqneboda. napoleonTan saomari kampaniis damTavrebis Semdeg carizmi CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobisaTvis mzadebas Seudga1236. 1233 1234 1235 1236
. АКАК, т. V, #599, gv. 507-508. . xelnawerTa instituti, _1130, gv. 79r-82v. . iqve, gv. 94r-98v. . А. В. Фадеев. Россия и Кавказ..., gv. 282.
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1815w. kavkasiis xazze, saqarTveloSi da, saerTod, amierkavkasiaSi ganlagebuli ruseTis jaris nawilebisagan saqarTvelos korpusi calke Seiqmna. 1816w. 12 oqtombers kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblad general-leitenanti a.ermolovi dainiSna. mogvianebiT, a. puSkini poemaSi ,,kavkasiis tyve~ dawers: ,,Zrwode, kavkaso: modis ermolovi!~ a.ermolovi, Tavisi winamorbedebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielTa winaaRmdeg calkeul sadamsjelo eqspediciebs atarebdnen, CeCneTisa da daRestnis siRrmeSi gegmazomier Setevaze gadavida. rusebi anadgurebdnen mTielTa soflebs, kafavdnen tyeebs, gahyavdaT gzebi, agebdnen cixe-simagreebs da mTebis siRrmeSi nabij-nabij miiwevdnen.1237 carizmi cdilobda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi rusuli samxedro-administraciuli mmarTvelobis danergvas, ramac misi koloniuri politika gaaSiSvla. ruseTis samxedrofeodalur eqspansias CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielTa sapasuxo reaqcia mohyva. daiwyo ruseT - kavkasiis omi (1817-1864ww), romelSic ruseTi miznad isaxavda mTiani daRestnisa da dasavleT kavkasiis dapyrobas, xolo kavkasiel mTielTa mxridan oms antikoloniuri, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli xasiaTi hqonda.1238 omis msvlelobisas ruseTis sardloba did yuradRebas aqcevda Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros dakavebas, radgan dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebi garesamyarosTan kavSirs aqedan amyarebdnen; inglisi da osmaleTi kavkasiel mTielebs iaraRiT da tyvia-wamliT aqedan amaragebdnen. Savi zRvis CrdiloaRmosavleT sanapiros dakavebis mizniT ruseTi cdilobda afxazeTSi mtkiced damkvidrebuliyo. mTavris xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mcdeloba. ruseTi Savi zRvis afxazeTis sanapiroze mxolod soxums flobda, sadac 500 jariskaci iyo dislocirebuli. soxumis mcirericxovani garnizoni ver uzrunvelyofda stabilurobas am mxareSi, sardlobas ki misi gazrdis saSualeba ar hqonda. ruseTis poziciebis sisustes afxazeTSi mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda susti mTavris xelisufleba da misi dabali avtoriteti xalxSi. afxazeTis mTavari uZluri iyo, sakuTari ZalebiT daecxro Sinapolitikuri brZola samTavroSi. aq kvlav grZeldeboda adamianebis gataceba, mkvlelobebi, Zarcva, mTavrisadmi aSkara daumorCilebloba. 1817w. giorgi SarvaSiZe levan V dadianTan da imereTis mmarTvelTan, general-maior i.kurnatovskisTan (1817-1820ww.) Cavida. igi iTxovda, misTvis miecaT samegrelosa da imereTis laSqari, raTa maTi meSveobiT qveSevrdomebi daemorCilebina. dadianma da imereTis mmarTvelma umjobesad CaTvales, mSvidobiani saSualebiT emoqmedaT da afxazeTis mTavars polkovniki niko dadiani gaayoles, romelic afxazebSi didi avtoritetiT da gavleniT sargeblobda. niko dadianma afxazeTis mTavarTan Seariga da mas daumorCila misi Zma hasan-bei, deda _ rebia-hanum marSania, abJuis mflobeli ali-bei SarvaSiZe Tavisi TavadaznaurebiT, bzifis olqis aznaurebi: Tlafs lakriba, jamleT lakriba, kac marRania, romlebmac imperatoris erTgulebis fici dades da mZevlebi misces. mxolod bzifis olqis Tavadebma, Zmebma narCou, darukel da giorgi inal-ifebma da aznaurma edgi zvanbaiam ganacxades uari mTavris morCilebaze.1239 imave xanebSi levan V dadianma ali-bei SarvaSiZe moanaTvlina, aleqsandre uwoda da niko dadianis asuli, SemdgomSi cnobili sazogado moRvawe kesaria SerTo.1240 afxazeTSi droebiT simSvide Camovarda, magram male, 1818w. aprilSi, giorgi SarvaSiZem i.kurnatovskis kvlav acnoba Tavisi qveSevrdomebis aSkara daumorCileblobis Taobaze. afxazeTis mTavari iTxovda, misTvis miecaT 1237 1238 1239 1240
.
.
.
,
( . Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa...., II, gv. 144. . АКАК, т. VI, . I, #926, gv. 644. . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 209.
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. I, gv. 32; . XVIII – 80-
.
, . . , . . XIX . ). . , 1984, gv. 35.
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samegrelos laSqari da 300-mde imereli mxedari, romelTac is Tavis erTgul qveSevrdomebs daumatebda da samTavros mosaxleobas sisxlisRvris gareSe daimorCilebda; garda amisa, igi iTxovda afxazeTSi ruseTis jaris nawilebis Cayenebas, romelTa SiSiTac afxazebi ukve daumorCileblobas ver gabedavdnen. i.kurnatovski Tvlida, rom afxazeTis mTavari imaze ufro susti iyo, vidre Canda. mas xalxTan marto gamoCenac ar ZaluZda. amis mizezad imereTis mmarTvels is miaCnda, rom afxazebis, mTis Tavisufali da meomruli sulis xalxis marTva rTuli iyo; amasTan, giorgi SarvaSiZis mTavrad damtkiceba misdami xalxis erTgulebis garkvevis gareSe moxda. misTvis aSkara iyo, rom xalxi ufro hasan-beis emxroboda, romelic giorgi SarvaSiZisgan gansxvavebiT mtkice xasiaTis, yoCaRi da mamaci iyo. igi ar emorCileboda Zmas da SesaZloa farulad xalxsac amisken aqezebda. magram, radgan giorgi SarvaSiZe mTavrad iyo daniSnuli, i.kurnatovskis azriT, xelisuflebas misTvis mfarveloba unda gaewia da daecva. amitom unda daekmayofilebinaT misi Txovna imereTisa da samegrelos laSqris micemis Taobaze, raTa am mxareSi wesrigi daemyarebina.1241 amave xanebSi adgilobrivi rusuli administracia Seecada moegvarebina samurzayanos sakiTxi, romelic samegrelosa da afxazeTis samTavro saxlebs Soris dapirispirebis sagani iyo. 1818w. maisSi i. kurnatovskis TandaswrebiT afxazeTisa da samegrelos mTavrebs Soris SeTanxmeba daido. giorgi SarvaSiZem samurzayano dadianis samflobelod cno. rogorc levan V dadiani aRniSnavda, es aqti miznad isaxavda or samTavros Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobis aRdgenas. SeTanxmebis mixedviT, samegrelosa da afxazeTs Soris sazRvrad md. RaliZga ganisazRvra. orive mxare valdebulebas iRebda, meamboxeebisa da sxva juris damnaSaveTaTvis TavSesafari ar miecaT1242. amrigad, afxazeTis mTavarma samurzayano samegrelos samTavros SemadgenlobaSi aRiara, riTac bolo unda moReboda SarvaSiZeTa samTavro saxlis pretenzias am mxareze. kavkasiis rusulma administraciam mizanSewonilad miiCnia giorgi SarvaSiZis Txovnis dakmayofileba afxazeTSi wesrigis dasamyareblad jaris gagzavnis Sesaxeb, magram mudam mSfoTvare mxareSi ruseTis jaris nawilebis gagzavna da maTi safrTxeSi Cagdeba ar surda, xolo samegrelo-imereTis laSqris gagzavnis winaaRmdegi ar iyo.1243 levan V dadianis azriT, afxazeTSi laSqrobis SemodgomisTvis gadadeba jobda. igi Tvlida, rom samegrelo-imereTis laSqris afxazeTSi gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi, afxazebi winaaRmdegobas ar gaswevdnen da morCilebas gamoacxadebdnen, magram gazafxulze mdinareebis adidebis gamo maTi gadalaxva gaZneldeboda, afxazebi ki, Cveulebriv, tyes Seafarebdnen Tavs. misi azriT, laSqrobis mowyoba sasurveli iqneboda oqtomberSi, rodesac afxazebi Roms moiwevdnen da Rvinos daayenebdnen. maSin maT gauWirdebodaT TavianTi sacxovreblebis datoveba; amasTan, mTebisTvis Tavis Sefareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tovlis gamo, laSqars ar gauWirdeboda mdinareebis gadalaxva da afxazebi iZulebuli gaxdebodnen morCileba gamoecxadebinaT. ruseTis sardlobam gaiTvaliswina samegrelos mTavris rCeva da afxazeTSi laSqroba oqtombrisTvis gadado1244, magram misi saWiroeba ar dadga. SemodgomisTvis afxazeTis mTavarma urC qveSevrdomebTan saqme mSvidobianad moagvara, erTgulebis fici daadebina da mZevlebi CamoarTva. rusuli xelisufleba samarTlianad fiqrobda, rom mSfoTvare afxazebi mTavris morCilebaSi didxans ar iqnebodnen. adgilobriv rusul administracias afxazeTSi simSvidis SenarCunebis, kavkasiel mTielTa Tavdasxmebis aRkveTis erT-erT pirobad gagraSi jaris nawilis Cayeneba miaCnda1245, magram amis gakeTeba maSin ar SeeZlo. 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245
. , . VI, . 1, #926, gv. 644. . scssa, f. 1087, aRw. .2, s. 357, f. 14. . , . VI, . 1, #928, gv. 645. . iqve, #929, gv. 645. . iqve, #930, gv. 645-646.
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imereTis ajanyeba da afxazeTi. 1819w. ivlisSi imereTSi ajanyeba daiwyo. i.kurnatovski saqarTvelos korpusis Stabis ufross, general-leitenant a.veliaminovs maSin swerda: ,,ajanyebis suli sayovelTaoa da aSkarad Cvens mxareze aravinaa, gurulebi da megrelebi mzad arian, imerlebTan erTad imoqmedon, xolo afxazi glexebi imdenad TanaugrZnoben imereTis ajanyebas, rom imerlebs isRa darCeniaT, mxolod moiwvion afxazebi...…aq iseTi xmebic aris, TiTqos mTavrebi Cvens winaaRmdeg erToblivi moqmedebisTvis iwveven: 1246 samegrelosi _ svanebs da afxazebs, xolo gurieli _ aWarlebs~ . rogorc i.kurnatovski aRiarebda, ajanyebas guria-samegrelo-afxazeTis mosaxleobac TanaugrZnobda, magram ruseTis sardlobis muqaram dadiani da gurieli aiZula mTavrobis mxare daeWiraT. ajanyebam guriac moicva da samegreloSic hpova gamoZaxili. frangi komersantisPpol gibalis cnobiT, romelic afxazeTSi am xanebSi imyofeboda, soxumsa da mis midamoebSi daaxloebiT 8 saxalxo kreba _ ,,seimi~ Sedga, sadac imereTisa da samegrelos mRelvarebis sakiTxi ganixileboda. seimis mizani iyo ganesazRvra, saWiro iyo Tu ara ajanyebulebTan SeerTeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom ,,seimis monawileTa didi nawili brZolis momxre iyo~1247. 1819w. agvistoSi soxumSi imyofeboda qarTveli mwerali da mogzauri g. avaliSvili. misi dakvirvebiT, ,,ara cxrebian aqaurni mcxovrebni, ese igi afxazni, avazakebriTa qceviTa TvisiTa~ ruseTis xelisuflebis savnebad. aq igi afxazeTis mTavarsac Sexvda da ruseTis erTguleba urCia. misi daxasiaTebiT, giorgi SarvaSiZe saSualo asakis iyo, xmeli, ,,ferxRvlarWnili da Cansaca uflad kmad mcireisa gonebisa~. g.avaliSvili Seecada, gamoerkvia, ramdeni ena icoda mTavarma da gaarkvia, rom rusuli ar icoda. mTavris mxlebelma uTxra, rom ,,ar uwyis man sxua ena, garda afxazurisa, Tumca esmis kualad mcired raodenme qarTulica~. rodesac g.avaliSvili mTavars qarTulad SeekiTxa, mxlebelma upasuxa, rom ,,ar ZaluZs laparaki ara romelsame enasa zeda, viTar oden afxazurisa~1248. xelisufleba mkacrad afrTxilebda afxazeTis mTavars da mis urC Zmebs, rom meamboxeebisTvis, romlebic samegrelodan afxazeTSi garbodnen, TavSesafari ar miecaT1249. miuxedavad amisa, samegreloSi ajanyebis erT-erTma meTaurma, mTavris Zmam giorgi dadianma 1820w. ivnisSi afxazeTs Seafara Tavi. levan V dadianma misi gacema moiTxova, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, imuqreboda, rom ,,Zlevamosil ruseTis jarebTan erTad mTel afxazeTs gadaabrunebda~. afxazeTis mTavarma misi gacema ganizraxa, amitom giorgi dadiani jer foTSi, Semdeg ki svaneTSi gaiqca, sadac samegrelos mTavris brZanebiT Seipyres da ruseTis xelisuflebas gadasces1250. 1820w. ivlisSi ruseTis jaris nawilebma imereTis 1819-1820ww. ajanyeba mTeli sisastikiT CaaxSes. afxazebs ajanyebaSi monawileoba ar miuRiaT, Tumca mas TanaugrZnobdnen. osmaleTis pretenziebis ganaxleba. afxazeTis mTavris xelisuflebisa da am mxareSi ruseTis susti gavleniT waqezebuli osmaleTi kvlav daJinebiT moiTxovda soxumisa da afxazeTis dabrunebas. ruseTis xelisufleba orWofobda da dasaSvebadac ki miaCnda portas moTxovnis dakmayofileba. sakiTxis Seswavla a. ermolovs daevala. 1820w. 16 ivliss man peterburgs vrceli moxseneba warudgina, sadac im safrTxis Taobaze miuTiTebda, rasac afxazeTisa da soxumis daTmoba gamoiwvevda. misi azriT, afxazeTis daTmoba negatiurad imoqmedebda ruseTis poziciebze amierkavkasiis sxva samflobeloebSi, sadac osmaleTis Careva gaZlierdeboda da samomavlod regionSi poziciebis 1246
. iqve, # 744, gv. 537. . . , . . (XIXXX ), . ,1981, gv. 21. 1248 . g. avaliSvili. mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo el. metrevelma. Tb., 1967, gv. 29-30. 1249 . , . VI, . 1, # 896, gv. 630. 1250 . b. xorava. dadianTa samTavro saxlis axali dinastia. Tb., 2001, gv. 61-62. 1247
246
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SesanarCuneblad gacilebiT meti samxedro Zala iqneboda saWiro, miT umetes, rom ruseTis gavlena Sav zRvaze Sesustdeboda; giorgi SarvaSiZe iZulebuli gaxdeboda, qristianoba daeTmo, xolo taxtze ruseTis dauZinebeli mteri, Tavgamodebuli mahmadiani hasan-bei aRzevdeboda; Sewydeboda qristianobis gavrceleba da axalmonaTlulebi mZime dReSi aRmoCndebodnen. yovelive es saxels gautexda ruseTs dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva qveSevrdomTa TvalSi, gaZlierdeboda tyvis syidva; afxazebs didi raodenobiT hqondaT navebi da sanapiros maxloblad yaCaRobas eweodnen. Tu maT navmisadgomebad eqnebodaT soxumisa da biWvinTis yureebi, ruseTis xomaldebs saSualeba moespobodaT, yirimidan redut-yaleSi sursaTi CaetanaT, ar SeeZlebodaT TavianTi samflobeloebis dacva da maSin ruseTi mxolod afxazeTs rodi dakargavda. afxazeTis dakargviT ruseTs SeiZleboda mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo daekarga. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu afxazeTis an soxumis bedi sxvagvarad gadawydeboda, a.ermolovi Tanamdebobidan gadayenebas iTxovda1251. a.ermolovis mier sakiTxis principulad dayenebam mTavroba aiZula, soxumisa da afxazeTis osmaleTisTvis gadacemaze xeli aeRo. ruseTi moiTxovda, portas mis mflobelobaSi ecno anaklia da kemxeli, rogorc samegrelos kuTvnili punqtebi, amasTan arc soxumisa da afxazeTis daTmobas apirebda1252. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis pozicia kategoriuli iyo, porta kvlav daJinebiT moiTxovda anakliisa da soxum-yales gadacemas. 1820w. dekemberSi a.ermolovma peterburgs kidev erTxel Seaxsena, rom xelisuflebas sirTuleebi Seeqmneboda maTi daTmobiT am cixeebis mimdebare teritoriebis dacvaSi da Turqebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas ruseTis winaaRmdeg waaqezebdnen, amitom maTi daTmoba mizanSewonilad ar miaCnda1253. peterburgSi gaiTvaliswines a.ermolovis argumentebi da osmaleTisaTvis soxumis, anakliisa da kemxelis gadacemaze xelisuflebam uari Tqva.
2. saxalxo ajanyebebi da ruseTis mier gatarebuli samxedrodiplomatiuri RonisZiebebi. XIXs. 20-iani wlebi afxazTa 1821 da 1824 wlebis ajanyebebi. 1821w. 7 Tebervals afxazeTis mTavari giorgi SarvaSiZe lixnSi gardaicvala. rogorc Cans, mTavari realurad afasebda qveyanaSi arsebul ZalTa Tanafardobas da sikvdilis win umcros Zmas hasan-beis meuRlesa da Svilebze mzrunveloba sTxova da ruseTis xelisuflebis morCileba urCia1254. meore dRes, 8 Tebervals, Tamar SarvaSiZem weriliT auwya soxumis cixis komendants, maior p.mogilianskis giorgi SarvaSiZis gardacvaleba da sTxova, mTavarmarTeblisTvis euwyebina. amasTanave, is iTxovda, gamoegzavnaT ufrosi Svili dimitri, romelic peterburgSi paJTa korpusSi izrdeboda da misTvis qveynis marTva CaebarebinaT1255. ruseTis realuri xelisufleba afxazeTSi soxumis cixis kedlebs ar scildeboda, sadac 500 kaciani rusuli garnizoni idga1256. Tamar SarvaSiZis gavlenac umniSvnelo iyo, taxtis memkvidre dimitri peterburgSi imyofeboda. aseT viTarebaSi, sul mcire uTanxmoebas SeeZlo didi areuloba gamoewvia da asec moxda. 8 Tebervals soxumis cixidan tyeSi SeSis saWrelad gasul jariskacTa razms afxazebi Tavs daesxnen. am faqtma, miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTisTvis uCveulo masSi araferi iyo, samTavroSi viTareba daZaba. soxumis Semogarenis mosaxleoba hasan-beis qveSevrdomebi iyvnen, amitom p.mogilianskim damnaSaveTa 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256
. , . VI, . 1, #932, gv. 653-654. . , . XI, gv. 467. . , . VI, . 2, #759, gv. 760; #760, gv. 430. . xelnawerTa instituti, e. veidenbaumis fondi, #1717. . iqve, #1716. . . .
247
,
. VI.
., gv. 456-457.
gacemis moTxovniT mas mimarTa. lixnSi myofma hasan-beim, piroba dado, rom damnaSaveebs moZebnida da mTavrobas gadascemda1257. imave dRes p.mogilianskim kavkasiis korpusis Stabis ufross, general-leitenant a.veliaminovs, romelic kavkasias a.ermolovis aryofnis gamo marTavda, giorgi SarvaSiZis gardacvalebisa da soxumis cixis garnizonis jariskacebze afxazebis Tavdasxmis Taobaze auwya. es ambavi man warmoaCina rogorc hasan-beis waqezebiT afxazebis ajanyeba ruseTis mTavrobis winaaRmdeg Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad1258. a.veliaminovs miaCnda, rom Tumca hasan-beis momxreTa dajgufebas osmaleTis daxmarebis gareSe raime warmatebis miRweva ar SeeZlo, afxazeTSi arsebuli situaciidan gamomdinare, misi izolireba aucilebeli iyo, amitom p. mogilianskis ubrZana, pirvelsave xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi hasan-bei daepatimrebina, xolo imperatoris mier afxazeTis mTavris damtkicebamde qveynis mmarTvelad Tamar SarvaSiZe daeniSna. soxumis cixis komendantma ar daayovna brZanebis Sesruleba, Tumca xelsayrel SemTxvevas ar daeloda. 6 marts soxumis cixeSi mosalaparakeblad miiwvia hasan-bei da daapatimra.1259 1821 wlis 14 marts Tamar SarvaSiZem weriliT uSualod a. veliaminovs mimarTa da sTxova, taxtis memkvidre dimitri afxazeTSi gamoegzavnaT. igi werda, rom misma Svilma am qveynis ,,arc qceva da arc ena~ ar icoda, magram samTavros kargad mouvlida. amasTan, hasan-beis gaTavisuflebasac iTxovda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SeuZleblad miaCnda afxazeTSi darCena. igi a.veliaminovs arwmunebda, rom ruseTis xelisuflebis winaSe hasan-beis danaSauli ar miuZRoda1260. 1 aprils a.veliaminovma Tamar SarvaSiZes damamSvidebeli werili gaugzavna. masSi aRniSnulia, rom afxazeTis samTavro saxls imperatoris mfarveloba ar moakldeboda, ruseTis jaris nawilebi mudam mzad iyvnen, mxari daeWiraT misi saxlisaTvis da afxazeTSi mas veravin Seaviwroebda. a.veliaminovi gulaxdilad werda, rom hasan-beis dapatimrebis mizezi gaxda giorgi SarvaSiZis sicocxleSi misi arakeTilganwyobileba da daumorCilebloba mTavrisadmi, ris gamoc gansvenebul mTavars araerTxel miumarTavs ruseTis xelisuflebisTvis. amasTan, generlis azriT, mas SeeZlo areulobis moxdena, amitom Tamar SarvaSiZes misi gaTavisufleba ki ar unda eTxova, aramed afxazeTidan moSoreba1261. imereTis mmarTvels, general-maior p.gorCakovs (1820-1825ww.) miaCnda, rom yovelgvari mizezis gareSe hasan-beis Sepyroba ar iyo gonivruli, radgan es xels ar Seuwyobda afxazTa daSoSminebas da ufro met mRelvarebas gamoiwvevda. 1821 wlis 22 marts a.veliaminovisadmi gagzavnil moxsenebiT baraTSi igi aRniSnavda, rom p.mogilianskis cnobam afxazTa ajanyebis Sesaxeb mas Tavidanve eWvi aRuZra. mdgomareobidan gamosasvlelad xelisuflebas ori gza hqonda: pirveli, daekmayofilebina xalxis moTxovna da hasan-bei gaeTavisuflebina; meore, afxazeTisken jarebi daeZra. amasTan, pirveli RonisZieba sulac ar iqneboda sisustis gamovlena; meore SemTxvevaSi, damatebiT aTasamde jariskaci mainc gaxdeboda saWiro; jars unda gaevlo daumorCilebeli soflebi, winaaRmdegoba iqneboda desantis gadasxmis drosac; ajanyeba mainc ar Sewydeboda, Tu jaris nawili didi xniT afxazeTSi ar Cadgeboda, radgan soxumis cixis garnizons realurad didi Zala ar Seswevda1262 da situacias marto ver gaakontrolebda.
1257 . xelnawerTa instituti, e.veidenbaumis fondi, #1717; . 2, gv. 552. 1258 . ..., . III, . 2, iqve. 1259 . iqve; . . ..., . VI, gv. 461-462. 1260 . xelnawerTa instituti, e. veidenbaumis fondi, #1718. 1261 . , . VI, . I, #934, gv. 655. 1262 . ..., . III, . 2, gv. 553-554.
248
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. III,
amrigad, p.gorCakovma savsebiT naTlad dasva sakiTxi: udanaSaulo hasan-beis gaTavisufleba, an afxazeTis ajanyeba. a.veliaminovi imdenad uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili hasan-beis mimarT, rom afxazTa ajanyeba nakleb ubedurebad miaCnda, vidre misi gaTavisufleba. ,,CvenTvis bevrad ufro momgebiania mSfoTvare afxazeTi, vidre hasan-beis gaTavisufleba, romelic didi avtoritetiT sargeblobs rogorc xalxSi, aseve TurqeTis mTavrobaSic~, _ werda a.veliaminovi 28 marts p.gorCakovs. xelisuflebisaTvis sasurveli iyo afxazeTidan misi moSoreba; afxazTa ajanyebis Sedegebi xelisuflebisaTvis imdenad mniSvnelovani ar iqneboda. igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom ajanyebulebi soxumis cixes Turqebis daxmarebis gareSe ver aiRebdnen. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi p.gorCakovs SeeZlo mis dasaxmareblad qvemexiT SeiaraRebuli ori an sami aseuli gaegzavna1263. amdenad, a.veliaminovis azriT, umjobesi iyo afxazTa ajanyeba, vidre hasanbeis gaTavisufleba. 1821w. aprilSi igi cimbirSi gadaasaxles1264. a.veliaminovis imedi, rom hasan-beis gadasaxlebiT afxazeTSi problemebi mogvardeboda, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ar axda. afxazeTis mmarTvelad Tamar SarvaSiZis daniSvnas xalxi sayovelTao drtvinviT da aRSfoTebiT Sexvda. xalxi eWvobda, rom hasan-beis dapatimreba Tamar SarvaSiZis gareSe ar moxdeboda, romelsac albaT misi moSoreba surda, raTa dimitrisaTvis taxtisaken gza gaekafa. aprilis Sua ricxvebSi p.gorCakovi soxumSi Cavida, raTa afxazeTSi Seqmnil viTarebas adgilze gascnoboda. man Tanamdebobidan gadaayena soxumis cixis komendanti p.mogilianski, romelic, misi daxasiaTebiT, ,,sayovelTao siZulviliT~ sargeblobda da mis nacvlad maiori mixini daniSna, romelmac imereTis 1819-1820ww. ajanyebisas Tavi guriis daSoSminebaSi gamoiCina1265. afxazeTSi qariSxlis moaxloebis niSnebi aSkarad Canda, amitom p.gorCakovma afxazi Tavad-aznauroba mosalaparakeblad soxumSi miiwvia. Tavadaznaurebma wuxili gamoTqves hasan-beis dapatimrebis gamo da misi udanaSauloba daadastures. isini aRiarebdnen TavianT uZlurebas ruseTTan brZolaSi da mtkiced acxadebdnen, rom ruseTis jaris nawilebis afxazeTSi Sesvlis SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetili hqondaT, daewvaT TavianTi sacxovreblebi da mTebSi wasuliyvnen.Pp.gorCakovTan Sesaxvedrad soxumSi Tamar SarvaSiZe ar Cavida, riTac gamoxata undobloba xelisuflebisadmi hasan-beis umizezo dapatimrebis gamo, xolo imereTis mmarTvelma lixnSi gamgzavreba saxifaTod CaTvala1266. amdenad, p.gorCakovi quTaisSi uSedegod dabrunda. sul male ki sayovelTao mRelvareba afxazeTSi ruseTis koloniuri reJimis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi gadaizarda. hasan-beis umcrosi Zmebi – baTal-bei, Taiar-bei da rostom-bei, romlebmac misi saxiT mtkice sayrdeni da damcveli dakarges, xalxs daumorCileblobisken mouwodebdnen. maT mxari dauWires inal-ifebma, hasan-beis simamrma da misma naTesavebma, aseve marSaniebma, naTesavebma dedis _ rebia-hanumis mxridan. meamboxeebi Tavs esxmodnen im feodalebs, romlebic ajanyebas ar TanaugrZnobdnen. maTi risxva pirvel rigSi Tamar SarvaSiZes da samTavro saxls daatyda Tavs. soxumis komendantma TavisTan miiwvia afxazi Tavadebi, raTa Tamar SarvaSiZis mimarT maTi ukmayofilebis mizezi gaerkvia. Tavadebi mixinTan ar gamocxaddnen, Tumca SeuTvales, rom manamde ar daemorCilebodnen ruseTis xelisuflebas da Tamar SarvaSiZes, sanam mTavroba hasan-beis ar daabrunebda. mRelvarebam umTavresad hasan-beis mamuli, afxazeTis olqi moicva, rac Seexeba mTavris
1263 1264 1265 1266
. iqve, gv. 554-556. . iqve, gv. 556. . iqve, gv. 553-558. . iqve, gv. 557.
249
domens, bzifis olqs, Tamar SarvaSiZis erTguli rCeboda, Tumca afxazeTis droebiTi mmarTveli maincdamainc bzifelebsac ar endoboda1267. 1821w. ivnisis bolos osmaleTidan jiqeTSi Cavida aslan-bei. man deputaciis meSveobiT Tamar SarvaSiZes mZevlebi da afxazeTSi Tavisuflad SeSveba mosTxova. igi am dros soxumis cixis maxloblad idga banakad. man aslan-beis mociqulebis mixinis TandaswrebiT soxumis cixeSi miiRo, moismina maTi winadadeba da ganucxada, rom mamis mkvlels afxazeTSi arasdros SeuSvebda. Tamar SarvaSiZis amalaSi myofi bzifeli Tavad-aznaurebic mas daeTanxmnen. Semdeg ukve, mixinTan saubarSi Tamarma aRniSna, rom darwmunebuli ar iyo Tavis qveSevrdomTa erTgulebaSi, amitom sTxova, misi sasaxlis dasacavad lixnSi mcire razmi gaegzavna1268. afxazeTSi ruseTis batonobis sakiTxi safrTxis qveS idga, vinaidan misi momxreTa ricxvi mcire iyo da mxolod qristianebiT Semoifargleboda. mosaxleobis umetesi nawili ki, mahmadianebi da warmarTebi, osmalur orientaciaze idgnen, an saerTod damoukideblobisaTvis ibrZodnen1269 soxumis cixis garnizoni amjeradac 500 jariskacs ar aRemateboda. polkovniki mixini yoveldRe Tavdasxmas eloda, amitom Tamar SarvaSiZis Txovnas ver Seasrulebda. man Tamars soxumis cixeSi gadasvla SesTavaza, magram mTavris qvrivs ver gadaewyvita xalxis winaSe Tavisi uZlurebis aRiareba, amitom man arCia, sof. kodorSi wasuliyo, sadac saxli hqonda. magram mdgomareoba aqac aranakleb saSiSi aRmoCnda, vidre lixnSi. 1 ivliss, saRamos, mixinma Tamar SarvaSiZisagan cnoba miiRo, rom meamboxeebma rostom-beis, Taiar-beis da webeleli marSaniebis meTaurobiT, mis saxls alya Semoartyes. ajanyebulebs misi tyved Cagdeba da aslan-beis mTavrad gamocxadeba surdaT. Tamari Svelas iTxovda. mixinma kodoris koncxisken dauyovnebliv gaagzavna samxedro xomaldi ,,konstantine~ da mis meTaurs, leitenant xomutovs daavala MmTavris qvrivi SvilebTan erTad daexsna. imave RamiT xomutovma isini gamoixsna da 2 ivliss soxumSi Caiyvana1270. amasobaSi peterburgSi aqtiurad moqmedebda a. ermolovi. misi azriT, saWiro iyo dimitris saCqarod afxazeTSi gagzavna, radgan eWvi ar epareboda, rom mTavris aryofnaSi hasan-beis momxreebi uwesrigobas moawyobdnen. mas saWirod miaCnda, dimitrisaTvis polkovnikis Cini eboZebinaT da a. veliaminovTan TbilisSi gaegzavnaT. amasTan, is Sors iyo im azrisagan, rom ,,afxazeTis veluri da mxecuri xalxi sruliad daemorCileboda axal mTavars~ magram, radgan dimitri pataraobidan ruseTSi izrdeboda, albaT SeZlebda maT damorCilebas1271. agvistoSi dimitri SarvaSiZe paJTa korpusidan gamoiyvanes, imperatoris brZanebiT, mas polkovnikis Cini eboZa da afxazeTis mTavrad dainiSna.1272 23 agvistos dimitri SarvaSiZe peterburgidan TbilisSi gamoemgzavra. ivlisSi afxazeTSi siwynare iyo. amiT damSvidebulma Tamar SarvaSiZem, miuxedavad mixinis winaaRmdegobisa, soxumi datova da kvlav kodoris mamulSi gadavida. adgilobrivi rusuli administracia grZnobda, rom es iyo siwynare qariSxlis win. a. ermolovis informaciiT, aslan-bei anapis faSas daxmarebiT mTebSi laSqars krebda da afxazeTSi SesaWrelad emzadeboda. igi werilebs agzavnida afxazeTSi da xalxs ajanyebisaken mouwodebda1273. agvistos Sua ricxvebSi aslan-bei 600 - kaciani razmiT jiqeTidan afxazeTSi SeiWra. 21 agvistos igi Tamar SarvaSiZis rezidenciasTan gamoCnda. Tamaris momxreebidan 1267
. iqve, gv. 558. . iqve, gv. 558-589. 1269 . . . . . ., . VI, gv. 459. 1270 . , . VI, . I, #940, gv. 659; ..., 1271 . , . VI, . I, #935, gv. 655. 1272 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 209, 1273 . , . VI, . II, , 1875, #1094, gv. 746. 1268
. III,
. 2, gv. 560.
. VI,
250
. I, #937, gv. 656.
bevri aslan-beis mxareze gadavida. ajanyebulebma alya Semoartyes kodoris sasaxles. ori kvira sasaxlis koSkSi Caketili Tamar SarvaSiZe iZulebuli gaxda, fici daedo, rom ruseTis xelisuflebasTan yovelgvar urTierTobas gawyvetda. 11 seqtembers ajanyebulTa mxedroba gaSlili droSebiT miadga soxumis cixes, magram garnizonma Zlieri cecxli gauxsna da ukuagdo. aslanbeim alya Semoartya soxums da TiTqmis mTeli afxazeTi daikava. seqtembris Sua ricxvebSi is samegrelos samTavros sazRvarTan, md. RaliZgaze gamoCnda. levan V dadianma mas SeuTvala, rom nebas ar miscemda, mis samflobeloSi SeWriliyo da qvrivsa da oblebs, e.i. Tamar SarvSiZes da mis Svilebs daicavda1274. imavdroulad samegrelos mTavarma p.gorCakovs acnoba, rom laSqars agrovebda, raTa Tavisi samflobelo daecva da giorgi SarvaSiZis qvriv-oblebs daxmareboda. imereTis mmarTvelma CaTvala, rom levan V dadians surda, afxazTa mRelvarebiT esargebla da afxazeTis is miwa-wyali SeeerTebina, romelic odesRac samegrelosEekuTvnoda. amitom samegrelos mTavars daJinebiT mosTxova, afxazeTSi laSqrobis ganzraxvaze xeli aeRo da mTavris qvrivoblebze zrunva xelisuflebisTvis miendo1275. rogorc Cans, am etapze xelisufleba afxazeTSi samegrelos mTavris aqtiurobiT dainteresebuli ar iyo. levan V dadianisadmi gagzavnil 15 seqtembris werilSi p.gorCakovi mwuxarebas gamoTqvamda imis gamo, rom Tamari ajanyebulebs Seurigda maSin, roca mas yovelTvis SeeZlo soxumis cixeSi TavSesafari epova. imereTis mmarTveli samegrelos mTavars avalebda, zomebi mieRo, raTa meamboxeebi samurzayanoSi ver Sesuliyvnen1276. aslan-beim gamoacxada, rom mas xelT hqonda sulTnis firmani, romlis ZaliTac is afxazeTis mTavrad iyo daniSnuli da ruseTic soxums mas uTmobda. aman afxazebze didi gavlena moaxdina da bevri Tavadi mis mxareze gadavida, maT Soris Zmebi baTal-bei, Taiar-bei da rostom-bei SarvaSiZeebi, agreTve hasan-beis simamri narCou inaliSvili, misi Zma giorgi inaliSvili, abJuis mflobeli alibei (aleqsandre) SarvaSiZe. amboxebulTa dasayrdens Seadgendnen sof. kelasurisa da misi midamoebis mcxovrebni _ hasan-beis qveSevrdomebi, agreTve biWvinTisa da misi Semogarenis mcxovrebni da webelelebi. bzifis olqis mcxovrebTa didi nawili, maT Soris, lixnelebi, didxans inarCunebdnen Tamar SarvaSiZis erTgulebas da ajanyebulebs iaraRiTac uwevdnen garkveul winaaRmdegobas, magram Semdeg isinic aslan-beis mxareze gadavidnen1277. amrigad, 1821 wlis oqtombrisTvis mTeli afxazeTi aslan-beis emorCileboda. Seqmnil viTarebaSi kavkasiis rusuli administracia afxazeTSi eqspediciis mosawyobad mzadebas Seudga1278. seqtembris bolos dimitri SarvaSiZe TbilisSi Camovida.AafxazTa ajanyebis CaxSoba da samTavro taxtze misi ayvana p.gorCakovs daevala. eqspediciaSi samegrelos samTavros laSqarsac unda mieRo monawileoba. a.veliaminovma dimitri SarvaSiZes dawvrilebiTi instruqcia misca. afxazeTSi CasvlisTanave mas unda moexmo samTavro saxlis erTguli Tavadebi da maTi meSveobiT gaevrcelebina proklamacia, romelic axalgazrda mTavris saxeliT iyo Sedgenili da afxazeTis mosaxleobas auwyebda, rom is dainiSna afxazeTis mTavrad, mosaxleobas morCilebisaken mouwodebda, xolo Tavadebisagan erTgulebis niSnad mZevlebs moiTxovda1279. a.veliaminovis azriT, es ramdenadme xels Seuwyobda aslan-beis im sicruis gaqarwylebas, TiTqos ruseTis xelisuflebam daadastura sulTnis firmani afxazeTis mTavrad misi damtkicebis Taobaze. ruseTis jaris nawilebis Sesvla kidev ufro 1274
746; 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279
.
n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 209; , . VI, . I, #940, gv. 659; #941, gv. 659; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 560; . . ..., . VI, gv. 464-466. . . . ..., . VI, gv. 460; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 560. . c. qiria, S. saria. masalebi..., #13, gv. 38-39. . , . VI, . I, #940, gv. 659; . . ..., . VI, gv. 464. . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 209. . iqve, gv. 209; , . VI, . I, #940, gv. 658-659.
251
. VI,
. II, #1094, gv.
daarwmunebda afxazebs, rom imperatorma dimitri SarvaSiZe daamtkica afxazeTis mTavrad da samTavro taxtis erTaderTi kanonieri memkvidre is iyo; axal mTavars dauyovnebliv unda daedgina Tamar SarvaSiZis adgilsamyofeli da ecnobebina jariT misi afxazeTSi Sesvla, daerwmunebina igi soxumSi gadasuliyo, raTa iq dalodeboda mas; dimitri Semwynarebeli da gulmowyale unda yofiliyo imaT mimarT, vinc moinaniebda da morCilebas gamoacxadebda, gansakuTrebiT ubralo xalxis mimarT, magram vinc SeiaraRebul winaaRmdegobas gauwevda, mkacrad unda dasjiliyo; ajanyebis moTaveebi Zlieri sagvareuloebidan, romlebic didi xnis manZilze mtrobdnen samTavro saxls da kvlavac SeeZloT afxazeTSi simSvidis darRveva, aucileblad unda gaenadgurebinaT, an SeepyroT da afxazeTidan gaesaxlebinaT. amasTan, ar unda yofiliyo sarwmunoebrivi devna da ZaliT gaqristianeba. rodesac simSvide damyardeboda da xelisufleba ganmtkicdeboda, warmarTTa gasaqristianeblad mTavroba izrunebda. a.veliaminovi mTavars urCevda araferi moemoqmedebina p.gorCakovis rCevis gareSe; amasTan, misi sruli usafrTxoebisaTvis sasurveli iyo pirvel xanebSi sacxovreblad soxumis cixis garnizonSi darCena1280. amasobaSi p. gorCakovma redut-yaleSi Tavi mouyara afxazeTis eqspedicias, romelic Sedgeboda samegrelos qveiTTa da 44-e egerTa polkebis ori batalionisagan 600 meomriTa da ori qvemexiT, kazakTa razmisa da samegrelos samTavros cxenosani miliciisagan. 1821w. 21 oqtombers dimitri SarvaSiZe quTaisSi gaemgzavra, iqidan ki p.gorCakovisa da samegrelos samTavros cxenosani miliciis TanxlebiT afxazeTisken gaemarTa. levan V dadianma p.gorCakovi samegrelos samTavros sazRvramde, md. RaliZgamde gaacila, iqidan ki samegrelos laSqars polkovniki niko dadiani waruZRva. mas, rogorc leCxumis sardal-mouravs, ZiriTadad leCxumelTa mxedroba axlda _ sul 600 meomari1281. 1821w. 1 noembers p.gorCakovma samurzayanos sazRvarze cnoba miiRo, rom aslan-bei 3 aTaskaciani afxazTa da jiqTa razmiT kodoris koncxsa da sof. kelasurs Soris iyo gamagrebuli1282, TviTon ki afxazTa laSqriT moqvSi idga. niko dadianma gadmoibira aslan-beis banakSi myofi misi siZe ali-bei SarvaSiZe da colisZma salarufu marSania, ,,romelsa usmendnen sruli webelni da sxvanica. da iyo mas Jamsa afxazTa Soris SemZle kaci~, da isini Tavis banakSi gadmoiyvana. maTi gadabirebis Semdeg aslan-bei moqvidan gaiqca. rusTa da qarTvelTa mxedrobac ukan mihyva da wyabaSi dabanakda1283. cnobili gaxda, rom aslan-beis kelasuramde gzaze ramdenime adgilas Zlieri safari moewyo. 14 noembers samegrelos mxedroba, romelic avangardSi iyo, md. kodoridan 4 versze mowinaaRmdegis Zlier safars waawyda da mniSvnelovani danakargi ganicada. mas mieSvela egerTa polkis meTauri, polkovniki ivane afxazi, romelmac mowinaaRmdegis xergilebi brZoliT daikava. afxazebi uSedegod cdilobdnen Setevis SeCerebas, magram qvemexebi wmenddnen gzas. n.dadianis cnobiT, didi brZola moxda aSiRvarasTan axlos, romelic 16 saaTs gagrZelda. rusTa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebulma laSqarma aslan-beis safrebi aiRo da misi razmi gaaqcia, Tumca Tavadac sakmaod dazaralda. p.gorCakovis razmi im RamiT md.maWaris piras dabanakda, xolo diliT isev gaagrZela Seteva. afxazebma scades winaaRmdegobis gaweva, magram leCxumelTa Setevas ver gauZles da gaiqcnen. p.gorCakovis razmi TxubunSi Cavida da daba, axlo-maxlo soflebi, hasan-bei SarvaSiZis sasaxle sof. kelasurSi gadawva da aaoxra, aqedan ki 1280
. , . VI, . I, #940, gv. 658-659; #941, gv. 659; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 563-564. . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 209; АКАК, т. VI, ч. I, #941, gv. 659; Н. Дубровин. История..., т. VI, gv. 465; Утверждение..., т. III, ч. 2, gv. 565-566. 1282 . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 209-210. 1283 . iqve, gv. 210. . . ..., . VI, gv. 468; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 566. 1281
252
yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe soxumSi Cavida1284. p.gorCakovis damsjeli eqspediciis soxumSi Casvlis Semdeg ajanyeba TandaTan Cacxra.Aaslan-bei jiqeTSi gaiqca. rusTa da qarTvelTa laSqari soxumis cixeSi ramdenime dRes darCa, mcired daisvena da lixnisaken gaemarTa. lixnSi movidnen bzifis afxazeTis Tavadebi da morCilebis piroba dades. radgan narCou da giorgi inaliSvilebi maT Soris ar iyvnen, p.gorCakovma sainaliSvilos asaoxreblad da morCilebaSi mosayvanad damsjeli razmi gagzavna niko dadianisa da ivane afxazis meTaurobiT. giorgi inaliSvilma damsjeli razmis meTaurebs morCileba gamoucxada da epatia danaSauli, xolo narCou inaliSvili miimala.Nn.dadiani da i.afxazi am ukanasknelis saxlSi dabanakdnen md.kapoetis wylis (bzifi) piras da leCxumelTa razmi saTareSod gagzavnes. leCxumelebma moiTareSes axlo-maxlo soflebi da alafiT datvirTuli dabrundnen. damsjelma eqspediciam narCou inaliSvilis saxli da axlo-maxlo soflebi gadawva da afxazebTan mcire Setakebisa da maTi gafantvis Semdeg lixnSi dabrunda1285. 30 noembers lixnSi p.gorCakovma afxaz Tavad-aznaurTa da ruseTis jaris nawilebis TandaswrebiT dimitri SarvaSiZe afxazeTis mTavrad sazeimod gamoacxada. mas gadaeca droSa da xmali, rogorc umaRlesi Zalauflebis simbolo, da afxazma Tavad-aznaurebma misi erTgulebis fici dades. p.gorCakovma mTavris dasacavad lixnSi samegrelos egerTa polkis ori aseuli datova maior rakocis meTaurobiT. amis Semdeg man Tavisi funqcia afxazeTSi amowurulad CaTvala, rusTa da qarTvelTa laSqriT soxumSi dabrunda, iqidan ki regularuli jaris nawilebiT zRviT redut-yaleSi Cavida, xolo n.dadiani saxalxo laSqriT saxmeleTo gziT samegreloSi dabrunda1286. dimitri SarvaSiZem (1821-1822ww.) ver SeZlo mtkice xeliT aeRo samTavros marTva. misi xelisuflebac mTlianad ruseTis samxedro Zalas eyrdnoboda. rogorc J._f. gamba aRniSnavda, peterburgidan, aleqsandre I-is sasaxlidan ,,mamiseul xis ubrali saxlSi gadmosaxlebuli mTavari, romelic arc Tavis xalxs icnobda da arc misi ena icoda, ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ufro tyves hgavda, vidre suverens~, qveyanas faqtobrivad dedamisi ganagebda1287. peterburgSi gazrdili axalgazrda mTavari samSobloSi Tavs ucxod grZnobda da xalxic mas ucxosaviT uyurebda. misi ZiriTadi garToba lixnis garnizonis oficrebis monaxuleba iyo. es sazogadoeba ufro Seefereboda mas aRzrdiT, ganaTlebiT da TviT eniTac, vidre isini, vinc mas gars exvia da kariskacebis movaleobas asrulebda1288. 1821w. miwuruls cnobili gaxda, rom aslan-bei anapis faSas daxmarebiT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze mcxovreb tomebSi laSqars agrovebda da ruseTis mier daniSnuli mTavris gansadevnad kvlav afxazeTSi SeWras apirebda. dimitri SarvaSiZem jiqebis Tavadebs, romlebic adre afxazeTis mTavars emorCilebodnen, mosTxova, aslan-bei TavianT samflobeloze ar gaetarebinaT. jiqeTis Tavadebma uari Tqves am moTxovnis Sesrulebaze da ganacxades, rom SarvaSiZeTa samTavro saxlis memkvidred dimitris ar cnobdnen. isini misgan moiTxovdnen afxazeTidan da soxumidan rusebis gandevnas1289. aslan-beis mosalodneli SemoseviT SeSinebuli mTavari lixnidan soxumis cixeSi gadavida. 1822w. ianvarSi aslan-bei jiqebisa da dasavleT kavkasiis sxva mTiel tomTa laSqriT afxazeTSi SeiWra
1284 1285 1286
. n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 210-211. . iqve, gv. 211; . , ..., . VI, gv. 468; . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 211; .
,
..., . III, . 2, gv. 566. ..., ,VI, gv. 469-470;
...,
. III, . 2, gv.
566. 1287 . J. f. gamba. mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, t. I. frangulidan Targmna, komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobliSvilma. Tb., 1987, gv. 86. 1288 . ..., . III, . 2, gv. 568. 1289 . . VI, . II, #777, gv. 437; #779, gv. 438 . . ..., . VI, gv. 471.
253
da lixnis garnizonze miitana ieriSi. n.dadianis cnobiT, ,,rusTa dauwyes brZola da gaaqcies jiqni da mravalni mokles da alafi daayrevines~1290. amrigad, lixnisaTvis brZolaSi (31 ianvari _ 3 Tebervali) aslan-bei damarcxda. man mniSvnelovani zarali ganicada da isev jiqeTSi gaiqca,Semdeg ki osmaleTSi wavida da trapizonSi damkvidrda. Tumca brZolaze xelis aRebas ar apirebda. kavkasiis rusuli administraciisTvis imTaviTve aSkara iyo, rom afxazTa mRelvarebebis mizezi aslan-bei portas mxardaWeriT sargeblobda da mas gareSe Zalebi aqezebdnen1291. afxazeTi mcire xniT simSvidem moicva. 1822w. zafxulSi afxazeTSi imogzaura J. -f. gambam. man naTlad dainaxa, rom am mxareSi rusebis gamgeblobaSi mxolod soxumis cixe iyo, misi galavnis miRma ki rus jariskacebs yovel fexis nabijze safrTxe emuqrebodaT. afxazTa Tavdasxmisa da tyved gatacebis SiSiT jariskacebi cixidan SeiaraRebuli gadiodnen. soxumis cixeSi yoveldRe modiodnen afxazebi saqonlis gacvlis mizniT. Cveulebriv, isini didi jgufebiT modiodnen. vidre cixeSi Sevidodnen, iaraRs aixsnidnen, xolo gasvlisas kvlav aisxamdnen1292. rogorc J.-f. gambas cnobidan Cans, miuxedavad simSvidisa, regionSi faruli daZabuloba mainc igrZnoboda. dimitri SarvaSiZe Seecada, es periodi xelisuflebis gansamtkiceblad gamoeyenebina da opoziciur ZalebTan molaparakebebs Seudga. lixnSi dabrunebul dimitri SarvaSiZes ciebis niSnebi aRmoaCnda. male seni gauZlierda da loginad Caagdo. 1822w. 16 oqtombers dimitri SarvaSiZe, romelic maSin mxolod 20 wlis iyo, gardaicvala1293. Tamar SarvaSiZem p.gorCakovs dimitris gardacvaleba acnoba da samTavros marTvaSi daxmareba da materialuri Semweoba iTxova. igi SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamda afxazeTis saqmeebis gamo da mosalodneli garTulebis Tavidan asacileblad samxedro daxmarebas – lixnis garnizonis gaZlierebas iTxovda. misi cnobiT, vrceldeboda xmebi, rom aslan-bei modioda afxazeTSi. Tamari afrTxilebda p.gorCakovs, rom Tu jari droze ar movidoda, afxazebi kvlav ajanydebodnen1294. dimitri SarvaSiZis gardacvalebis Semdeg, im mizeziT, rom mas pirdapiri memkvidre ar hyavda, afxazeTis samTavro taxtis kanonieri memkvidre misi momdevno Zma, 13 wlis mixeili iyo. ruseTis xelisufleba sisxlxorceulad iyo dainteresebuli afxazeTis samTavro taxtze giorgi SarvaSiZis saxlis ganmtkicebiT, amitom soxumis komendants daevala, dawvrilebiTi cnobebi Seekriba mis Sesaxeb da sardlobisTvis dauyovnebliv miewodebina. amasTan xelisufleba cdilobda, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo, Tamar SarvaSiZe gaemxnevebina, daemSvidebina da daeimedebina1295. p.gorCakovma acnoba a.veliaminovs, rom mixeil SarvaSiZeEnamdvilad flobda iseT Tvisebebs, rasac kavkasiis mTielebi didad afasebdnen: is iyo mamaci, uSiSari da kargi mxedari, ufros ZmasTan SedarebiT ufro Tamami da marjvec Canda. xelisuflebisTvis kargad iyo cnobili, rom 1821w. afxazTa ajanyebis dros lixnis dacvisas man samxedro unaric gamoavlina1296. noemberSi Tamar SarvaSiZe soxumSi Cavida im saqmis mosagvareblad, romelic dimitris daumTavrebeli darCa – webeleli marSaniebis Semosarigeblad. dedofalma isini soxumSi miiwvia, magram marSaniebi ar Camovidnen. maSin Tamar SarvaSiZe Tavad-aznaurTa jgufTan erTad webelisken gaemarTa. sazRvarze mas marSaniebi Seegebnen, morCileba gamoucxades da mZevlebic misces1297. noembris 1290 1291 1292 1293
. n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 211. . . VI, . II, #777, gv. 437; #779, gv. 438. . J._f. gamba. mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, gv. 81-82. . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba,gv. 211; . .
...,
. VI, gv. 471;
569. 1294 1295 1296 1297
. , . VI, . . iqve, #946, gv. . . , . VI, . iqve, #947, gv.
I, #944, gv. 660. 661; ..., . III, . I, # 946, gv. 661; 661.
. 2, gv. 570. ..., . III,
254
. 2, gv. 570.
...,
. III,
. 2, gv. 568-
bolos Tamar SarvaSiZem a.ermolovTan gagzavna Temuryva anCabaZe da Tlafs marRania weriliT, romelSic mTeli afxazi xalxis saxeliT mixeilis mTavrad damtkicebas iTxovda1298. sapatio TavadTa da mTeli afxazi xalxis saxeliT mixeil SarvaSiZis mTavrad damtkicebis Txovna mxolod sasurvelis realobad warmoCena iyo, Tumca orive mxares es xels aZlevda. 1823w. 14 Tebervals imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma mixeil SarvaSiZe afxazeTis mTavrad daamtkica. mas eboZa maioris Cini da jamagiri daeniSna1299. a. ermolovma mixeil DSarvaSiZe TbilisSi daibara da gaacno imperatoris brZaneba misi mTavrad damtkicebis Sesaxeb. mTavarmarTebelma daariga is, yofiliyo samarTliani, gamoeCina sarwmunoebrivi Semwynarebloba, xalxTan damokidebulebaSi yofiliyo mSvidi da Tbili, rac mas xalxis siyvaruls moutanda, amasTanave misi bednieri mmarTvelobis garantic iqneboda. amis Semdeg mixeil SarvaSiZe afxazeTSi gaistumra1300. p.gorCakovma igi lixnSi Caiyvana, sadac afxazi Tavad-aznaurobisa da jaris nawilis winaSe waikiTxa imperatoris brZaneba mixeilis mTavrad damtkicebis Taobaze, ris Semdegac mTavarma imperatoris erTgulebis fici dado. p.gorCakovma mis dasacavad lixnSi samegrelos egerTa polkis ori aseuli datova 2 msubuqi qvemexiT da quTaisSi dabrunda1301. mixeil SarvaSiZis xelisuflebac susti iyo. Zneli aRmoCnda, axalgazrda mTavrisTvis im intrigebTan gamklaveba, romlis Zafebi Tavs iyrida misi Zlieri da moxerxebuli biZis aslan-beis xelSi. mixeilis mcirewlovnobis gamo samTavros faqtobrivad dedamisi – Tamar SarvaSiZe marTavda. a.ermolovi Tamars urCevda, mixeili saTanadod daemoZRvra, Tavad mTavars ki daavala mudmivad hqonoda kavSiri p.gorCakovTan, romelsac misi moTxovnebi, romlebic ,,samTavros marTvisa da ruseTis imperatoris interesebs waadgebodnen~, unda 1302 daekmayofilebina . 1823w. martSi urCma afxazma da webelelma Tavad-aznaurebma, maT Soris rostom-beim, Tamar SarvaSiZes imperatoris erTgulebis, qveSevrdomobisa da afxazeTis mTavrisadmi morCilebis fici misces. imavdroulad p.gorCakovs eTxova patieba gamoecxadebina rostom-beisTvis da levan V dadianis daze, manuCar SarvaSiZis qvriv qeTevanze qorwinebis neba daerTo1303. kavkasiis rusuli administracia ukmayofilo iyo rostom-beis ,,ara keTil qceulebisa gamo~, magram samegrelos mTavris pativiscemiT miuteva mas da qorwinebis nebac darTo. 1823w. levan V dadianma rostom-bei moanaTvlina da qeTevani SerTo1304. Aam nabijiT samTavro saxlis mowinaaRmdege erT-erTi gavleniani afxazi Tavadi Semorigebul iqna. @ Tamar SarvaSiZe kargad xedavda, rom mixeilis xelisufleba myari ar iyo, amitom a.ermolovs lixnis garnizonis gaZliereba sTxova. kavkasiis sardlobas saamiso Zalebi ar gaaCnda, ris gamoc mTavarsardalma Txovnis dakmayofilebaze uari Tqva. amis Semdeg Tamar SarvaSiZe kvlav amtkicebda im safrTxis Sesaxeb, romelic, misi azriT, samTavro saxls emuqreboda. rogorc Cans, am mizniT dimitri SarvaSiZis gardacvalebidan sami Tvis Semdeg man adgilobriv rusul administracias yofili mTavris mowamvlis Taobaze acnoba. Tamar SarvaSiZe soxumis cixis komendants, podpolkovnik mixins werilebSi da pirad saubarSi arwmunebda, rom dimitri SarvaSiZe misma erT-erTma mosamsaxurem urus lakvarma mowamla. igi daapatimres, magram braldebas uaryofda. mixeil SarvaSiZis 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304
. iqve, #949, gv. 661; iqve, #948, gv. 661; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 569. . n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 212; . VI, . I, 951, gv. 662; #953, gv. 663; #956, gv. 664; . . ..., . VI, gv. 471; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 570. . , . VI, . I, #956, gv. 664; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 570. . . , gv. 133. . , . VI, . I, #953, gv. 662; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 570. . , . VI, . I, #952, gv. 662- 663. . n.dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 212.
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gancxadebiT, eWvmitanili misi da umcrosi Zmis – konstantines mowamvlasac cdila. afxazi Tavad-aznaurebi adasturebdnen, rom uruss namdvilad hqonda kavSiri aslan-beisTan. p.gorCakovma mixeilASarvaSiZisa da misi dedis Tamaris – afxazeTis faqtobrivi mmarTvelis prestiJis amaRlebis mizniT CaTvala, rom maTi mowmoba savsebiT sando Canda, urus lakvari damnaSaved cno da a.ermolovs misi CamoxrCobis nebarTva sTxova, razec es ukanaskneli daTanxmda. 1823w. Semodgomaze dimitri SarvaSiZis mowamvlaSi braldebuli pirovneba lixnSi, mTavris sasaxliswina moedanze CamoaxrCves1305 afxazeTSi politikuri xelisuflebis sisustiT dasavleTKkavkasiis mTis tomebi sargeblobdnen. jiqebi da ubixebi yovelwliurad mTebiT an Savi zRvis sanapiro zoliT gadmodiodnen md.bzifze. isini Zarcvavdnen soflebs, mierekebodnen saqonels, mihyavdaT tyveebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mTielTa marbieli laSqrobebi yovelTvis warmatebiT rodi mTavrdeboda, xalxs did zians ayenebda. 1823 wlis zafxulSi ubixebis aTaskaciani razmi sahaTqeri adagvas Ze barzegis meTaurobiT mTis bilikebiT afxazeTSi gadmovida, magram mwyemsebma SeniSnes da xalxs Seatyobines. Aafxazebma ubixebs ukandasaxevi gzebi mouWres da mTlianad amowyvites. maTi winamZRolic Setakebisas daiRupa. amis Semdeg ubixebi mxolod zamTarSi, ianvar-TebervalSi esxmodnen Tavs afxazeTs1306. mTielTa Tavdasxmebma mixeil SarvaSiZe aiZula, ruseTis sardlobisaTvis afxazeTis bunebrivi WiSkris – gagris dakaveba eTxova1307. ruseTis sardlobasac kargad esmoda gagris strategiuli mniSvneloba, misi dakavebis Zala ar Seswevda. jer saWiro iyo bzifis afxazeTSi mtkiced damkvidreba1308. miuxedavad ruseTis mTavrobis mier gatarebuli garkveuli RonisZiebebisa, romlebic miznad isaxavda afxazeTis axalgazrda mTavris xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas, mixeil SarvaSiZis Zalaufleba kvlavac susti iyo. samTavros sxvadasxva mxareSi grZeldeboda mRelvarebebi. mosaxleobaSi antirusuli moZraobis zrdas ganapirobebda TviT ruseTis mTavrobis mouqneli politika. rusi moxeleebi afxazebs velurebs, mxecebs da mourjuleblebs uwodebdnen, Sesabamisad, nebismier xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi mzad iyvnen, maT mxecurad gasworebodnen. mRelvareba kidev ufro gaZlierda 1824 wlis gazafxulze. aseT viTarebaSi webelelma xinkuras marSaniam mokla rostom-bei SarvaSiZe. am faqtma kidev ufro daZaba viTareba. afxazebis daSinebis mizniT rusulma administraciam zogierT sofelSi damsjeli eqspediciis gagzavna gadawyvita. 1824 wlis 22 maiss soxumis cixis garnizonis razmi. 225 jariskacis SemadgenlobiT podpolkovnik mixinis meTaurobiT Tavs daesxa sof. akafas, sadac, misi informaciiT, meamboxeebi afarebdnen Tavs. rusTa razmma daarbia da gadawva sofeli, Seipyro xinkuras marSania. ukan dabrunebul razms Tavs daesxnen afxazebi. Setakebisas mixini da 42 jariskaci daiRupa. afxazTa mxridan ormxriv srolaSi daiWrnen Tavadebi yazilbek da levan marSaniebi, romelTac ruseTis xelisufleba mTavar meamboxeebs da uwesrigobebis wamomwyebT uwodebda1309. es SemTxveva afxazTa saerTo-saxalxo ajanyebis niSani gaxda. 5 ivniss p.gorCakovi auwyebda a.veliaminovs, rom daferflil sof. akafis mcxovrebT amis Semdeg ruseTis jaris nawilebze raime Tavdasxma ar mouwyviaT da fsxuSi gadasaxleba surdaT. soxumis cixeSi mosalaparakeblad movidnen webelelebi. isini xinkuras marSanias gaTavisuflebas iTxovdnen, samagierod morCilebis gamocxadebasa da mZevlebis micemis pirobas debdnen. isinic fsxuSi apirebdnen gadasaxlebas marSaniebis CagonebiT, romlebic, erTi salarufus 1305
. , . VI, . I, #955, gv. 663.; iqve, #957, gv. 664-665; #958, gv. 665; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 571. . . . . . , 1982, gv. 15-16. 1307 . a. n. diaCkov-tarasovi. gagra da misi Semogareni, gv. 93. 1308 . iqve. 1309 . eduard aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (XIX saukunis pirveli mesamedi). germanulidan Targmna,Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo g. gelaSvilma. Tb. , 2005, gv. 217; , . VI, . I. #962, gv. 668; . . ..., . VI, gv. 512; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 572. 1306
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garda, ruseTis xelisuflebisadmi mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili. p.gorCakovis cnobiT, webelSi daaxloebiT 800 komli cxovrobda, romelTa didi nawili ueWvelad wavidoda fsxuSi, radgan ruseTis xelisuflebisadmi daumorCileblobisa da rostom-beis mkvlelobis gamo SarvaSiZeebis mxridan SurisZiebis SemTxvevaSi webelSi darCena faqtobrivad ar SeeZloT. p.gorCakovma veraguli gadawyvetileba miiRo - afxaz Tavadebs neba darTo, Tavdasxmebi moewyoT daumorCilebel webelelebze, Suri eZiaT maTze, waerTmiaT saqoneli da, saerTod, maT winaaRmdeg iaraRiT emoqmedaT. male akafelebi webelSi gadavidnen, raTa gadaewyvitaT, damorCilebodnen ruseTis xelisuflebas, Tu fsxuSi gadasax-lebuliyvnen, Tumca es sakiTxi maSin ver gadawyda1310. rodesac afxazeTSi viTareba garTulda, osmaleTidan jiqeTSi saswrafod Camovida aslan-bei, laSqari Sekriba da afxazeTSi SeiWra. man Tamar SarvaSiZis mmarTvelobiT ukmayofilo afxazebs daumorCileblobisken mouwoda. ajanyebulebi Tavs esxmodnen rusuli orientaciis Tavad-aznaurTa mamulebs da awiokebdnen. mixeil SarvaSiZe am dros dedasTan da da-ZmebTan erTad lixnSi imyofeboda. man sworad ganWvrita Seqmnili mdgomareobis mTeli simZime, deda da da-Zmebi soxumis cixeSi gagzavna, TviTon ki lixnis sasaxleSi gamagrda, romelsac samegrelos polkis 300 jariskaci icavda1311. ajanyebaSi monawileoba miiRes imaTac, vinc mixeil SarvaSiZis yvelaze erTgulebad iTvlebodnen. bzifis olqSi amboxebas meTaurobda aznauri kac marRania, romelsac Tavisi WkuiT, simamaciT da Zlieri xasiaTiT didi saxeli hqonda ara marto afxazTa, aramed mezobel mTielTa Soris. bevri afxazi Tavadi da aznauri masTan megobrobas da kavSirs eZiebda1312. ajanyebas SeuerTdnen didi gavlenis mqone Tavadi narCou inal-ifa (inaliSvili), aznauri gid lakrba, jiqi Tavadi edigei camba da sxv. meamboxeebma fici dades, bolomde ebrZolaT ruseTis interesebis gamomxatveli mixeil SarvaSiZis winaaRmdeg da sicocxle moespoT yvelasTvis, vinc fics gatexda, Tundac maTi axlo naTesavi yofiliyo. ajnyebulebma Sikrikebi gagzavnes webelSi, jiqeTSi, ubixeTSi, adiRur tomebSi da daxmareba iTxoves. mTielebma siamovnebiT miiRes es mowodeba da lixnisken xalisiT gamoemarTnen. meamboxeTa saerTo raodenobam 1012 aTass miaRwia1313. 7 ivniss lixnis garnizonis ufrosma, Stabs-kapitanma maraCevskim cnoba miiRo, rom ajanyebulebi mTavris sasaxleze apirebdnen Tavdasxmas. sasaxlis maxloblad idga karis eklesia – saxelganTqmuli RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZari. ezos marcxniv ekra mesriT, TxrilebiTa da miwayrilebiT gamagrebuli patara miwuri simagre, romelic rusTa razms eWira. simagris dasacavad maraCevskim sagangebo zomebi miiRo. meore dRes, diliT, ajanyebulebma simagres alya Semoartyes. maT karis eklesiac daikaves da iqidan simagres cecxli dauSines. 18 ivniss, RamiT, rusTa razmi eklesiaSi SeiWra da iq gamagrebuli afxazebi amowyvita. mxolod erTi, kac marRania gadarCa SemTxveviT da Semdeg Tavisi boboqari cxovrebis am epizods yovelTvis ZrwoliT ixsenebda. amis Semdeg afxazebi lixnis karis eklesiaSi gamagrebas ver bedavdnen1314. miuxedavad amisa, viTareba kvlav kritikuli iyo. Tvis bolos lixnis garnizons sursaTis maragi Semoelia. soxumidan daxmarebis imedi ar Canda, radgan isic alyaSemortymuli iyo meamboxeebis mier da yoveldRe ieriSs eloda1315. afxazTa ajanyebis CaxSoba kavkasiis sardlobam p.gorCakovs daavala. mas lixnis garnizoni da mixeil SarvaSiZe afxazeTSi simSvidisa da misi xelisu1310
. , . VI, . I, #961, gv. 665; #962, gv. 668. . . , gv. 133; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 572. 1312 . . . . . , 1885, gv. 191. 1313 . ..., . III, . 2, gv. 572. 1314 . e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 216-217; . . gv. 573-574. 1315 . ..., . III, . 2, gv. 574-575;. 1311
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...,
. VI, gv. 513;
...,
. III,
. 2,
flebis aRdgenamde soxumSi unda gadaeyvana1316. samxedro eqspediciaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb miweriloba levan V dadianmac miiRo. 1824w. 1 ivliss damsjeli eqspedicia p. gorCakovis meTaurobiT redut-yaledan afxazeTisken daiZra. eqspediciis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda samegrelos qveiTTa da 44-e egerTa polkebis 1400 meomari qvemexiT, agreTve samegrelos saxalxo laSqari _ 1100 meomari levan V dadianis meTaurobiT. eqspedicias sanapiros gaswvriv samxedro xomaldebi _ brigi ,,orfeosi~ da fregati ,,speSni~ acilebda1317. Eeqspedicia mZime brZolebiT miiwevda win. mis Setevas masirebuli cecxliT mxars uWerda samxedro-sazRvao xomaldebis artileria. 8 ivliss eqspediciam md. kodors miaRwia. kodoridan soxumamde p. gorCakovs kvlav afxazTa ZlieriMwinaaRmdegoba Sexvda. 10 ivliss, saRamos, man didi msxverplis fasad soxums miaRwia1318. 16 ivliss p.gorCakovi ,,orfeosiT~ sanapiros gaswvriv lixnisaken gzis dasazverad gaemarTa da darwmunda, rom soxumidan lixnamde gzis gagrZeleba did msxverpls gamoiwvevda, radgan afxazebs yvelgan safrebi hqondaT mowyobili, amitom man jaris nawilebis zRviT gayvana gadawyvita1319. 21 ivliss, diliT, p.gorCakovma eqspediciis nawili, 800 meomari, bomboris maxloblad gadasxa. ajanyebulebi Seecadnen, winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT desantisTvis da sanapiroze placdarmis dakavebaSi xeli SeeSalaT, magram xomaldebis artileriis cecxlma maT amis saSualeba ar misca. 24 ivliss, ganTiadisas, jaris danarCeni nawilic gadasxda da p.gorCakovi lixnisken gaemarTa. meamboxeebi desants sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen, magram maT zurgidan lixnis garnizonmac Seutia. isini orcecxlSua aRmoCndnen da gaifantnen. p.gorCakovma daixsna mixeil SarvaSiZe lixnis garnizonTan erTad da imave saRamos soxumSi dabrunda1320. eqspedicia soxumis cixis maxloblad dabanakda. afxazebi ramdenjerme daesxnen Tavs banaks, Tumca uSedegod. imereTis mmarTveli ukan dasabruneblad mzadebas Seudga, magram misTvis cnobili gaxda, rom afxazebs gzaze safrebi hqondaT mowyobili. man soxumis cixis garnizonis gasaZliereblad 44-e egerTa polkis sami aseuli da erTi savele qvemexi datova, xolo jaris danarCeni nawilebiT da samegrelos saxalxo laSqriT zRviT redut-yaleSi gadavida, iqidan ki quTaisSi dabrunda1321. Aamis Semdeg ajanyeba TandaTan Cacxra. aslan-bei kvlav jiqeTSi gaiqca. rac Seexeba mixeil SarvaSiZes, regionSi Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobis gamo igi iZulebuli gaxda afxazeTs gascloda. dedasTan da da-ZmasTan erTad p.gorCakovma igi samegreloSi gadaiyvana. afxazeTis mTavris ojaxi sof. xeTaSi, xolo Semdeg redut-yaleSi saxelmwifo xarjze ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda1322. 1824 wlis ivlisis eqspediciis warmatebiT dasrulebis Semdeg a.ermolovs ainteresebda, rodis SeiZleboda eqspediciis ganmeorebiT mowyoba afxazTa dasamorCileblad. p.gorCakovma 24 agvistos a.ermolovs moxsenebiTi baraTi gaugzavna, sadac aRniSnavda, rom afxazebi arcerT xelisuflebas ar emorCilebodnen; isini Cerqezebis msgavsad ZarcviT da tyvis syidviT cxovrobdnen, Sesabamisad, maT zne-Cveulebebi unda SeecvalaT. misi azriT, daimorCilebdnen afxazebs, magram yovelTvis iqneboda mRelvarebebi. amitom umjobesi iyo 1316
. . ..., . VI, gv. 513-514. e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 217; . , gv. 134; . . ..., . VI, gv. 514; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 575. 1318 . saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. muzeumis xelnawerTa axali (Q) koleqcia, t. I. Tb., 1957, gv. 265; e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 217; . , ..., . VI, gv. 575-576. 1319 . e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 217; . , gv. 134; . . ..., . VI, gv. 516; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 577. 1320 . qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, muzeumis xelnawerTa axali (Q) koleqcia, t. I, gv. 265; . , gv. 134-135; . . ..., . VI, gv. 516-517; ..., . III, . 2,. gv. 578. 1321 . e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 218; . , gv. 136; . . ..., . VI, 517; ..., . III, . 2, gv. 578. 1322 . . _ , . III, ,1870, gv. 211; . . ..., . VI , gv. 517. 1317
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afxazeTis sanapiroze ramdenime adgilas - gagrasa da biWvinTaSi, agreTve ilorSi, simagreebis mowyoba; maSin, erTi wlis Semdeg afxazeTi srulad iqneboda damorCilebuli. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi eqspediciebi sasurvel Sedegs ver gamoiRebdnen. a.ermolovma damajereblad miiCnia p.gorCakovis argumentebi da damsjeli eqspediciis mowyobaze xeli aiRo1323. afxazeTSi ruseTis mflobelobaSi mxolod soxumi darCa, romelic, faqtobrivad, afxazTa blokadaSi imyofeboda. seqtemberSi, aslan-bei kvlav gamoCnda. igi Seecada mixeil SarvaSiZesTan da dedamisTan kavSiri daemyarebina. man mTavars SesTavaza, rom daemorCileboda mis xelisuflebas, Tu hasan-beis mamuls miscemdnen da mixeilic pirobas dadebda, rom rusebs samTavroSi ar SeuSvebda. mixeil SarvaSiZem mas, ra Tqma unda, uari SeuTvala. soxumis cixis komendantis, kapitan lindenfeldis cnobiT, aslan-bei gamTavrebas cdilobda. igi mosaxleobisagan mTavrad aRiarebas, erTgulebis fics da mZevlebs moiTxovda. amasTanave pirobas debda, rom Turqebis daxmarebiT soxumidan rusebs gandevnida. afxazeTis sanapiroze gaxSirda Turquli kanjoebis viziti, romelTac iaraRi SemohqondaT, farTo masStabebi miiRo adamianebiT vaWrobam1324. qristianobis aRorZinebis pirveli mcdelobebi. ruseTi da afxazeTis mTavari am mxareSi sakuTari poziciebis ganmtkicebis mizniT qristianobis gavrcelebas cdilobdnen. carizmi qristianobis mfarvelobis droSiT niRbavda dampyroblur miznebs da koloniur politikas saqarTvelosa da mTlianad kavkasiaSi. qristianobis gavrceleba ruseTis politikuri gavlenis gavrcelebas moaswavebda. amitom iyo, rom afxazeTis samTavros ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg yuradReba mieqca am mxareSi qristianobis aRorZinebas. afxazeTSi ruseTis mflobelobis damyarebis Semdeg dekanozma ioane ioselianma sakuTari saxsrebiT aRadgina samTavro saxlis karis eklesia – lixnis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZari, ganaaxla RvTismsaxureba da mRvdlebi (ioane qavTaraZe da simeon Jordania) gaamwesa, amasTan mravali afxazic monaTla, maT Soris afxazeTis mTavris giorgi SarvaSiZis ojaxic. amasTanave 1810w. man sakiTxi aRZra lixnSi sasuliero saswavleblis gaxsnis Taobaze. igi imeds gamoTqvamda, rom am gziT afxazeTs qristianobis naTeli kvlav moefineboda, Tumca rTuli politikuri viTarebis gamo xelisuflebam am winadadebas mxari ar dauWira. 1817 wlidan soxumis eklesiaSi moRvaweobda mRvdeli solomon nadirovi (nadiraZe Tu nadareiSvili), romelic qristianobas qadagebda afxazebSi da mravalic monaTla. mis Tbil damokidebulebas afxazebisadmi, did gulmodginebas maTi gaqristianebis saqmeSi 1823w. maRal Sefasebas aZlevda afxazeTis axalgazrda mTavari mixeil SarvaSiZe. 1823-1824ww. solomonma lixnsa da biWvinTaSi 62 warmarTi da mahmadiani afxazi monaTla1325. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi afxazeTSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma afxazTa gaqristianebis procesi garkveuli xniT Seaferxa. afxazeTi 20-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi. 1826w. 1 ivliss ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris q.akermanSi (amJamad ukraina, odesis olqis q.belgoroddnestrovski) molaparakebebi daiwyo, romelic konvenciis xelmoweriT dasrulda. akermanis konvencia adasturebda buqarestis zavis pirobebs. osmaleTma ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi oficialurad aRiara Savi zRvis navsadgurebi: soxumi, redut-yale (kemxeli), anaklia, riTac mis mravalsaukunovan, maT Soris ukanaskneli periodis pretenziebs am mxareze bolo moeRo.1326PmTavris politikur xelisuflebas moklebul afxazeTSi arsebuli rTuli viTareba samegrelozec axdenda negatiur gavlenas. afxazebi 1323 1324 1325 1326
. ..., . III, . 2, 578-580, gv. 581. . iqve, gv. 581; . , ..., . VI, gv. 517. . g. rogava. religia da eklesia saqarTveloSi XIX-XX ss. Tb., 2002, gv. 80. . , . XIV,gv. 850-853.
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xSirad iWrebodnen samegreloSi, itacebdnen saqonels, mihyavdaT tyveebi. germaneli mecnierisa da mogzauris e. aixvaldis cnobiT, rogorc ki samegrelos mTavari maT dasasjelad gailaSqrebda, isini tyeebsa da mTebs afarebdnen Tavs da maTi dasja mxolod zamTarSi iyo SesaZlebeli, rodesac aseT TavSesafars moklebuli iyvnen. 1826w. maisSi, rodesac e.aixvaldi samegreloSi Cavida, gaigo, rom afxazebi kvlav SemoWriliyvnen samTavroSi da levan V dadiani maT gasadevnad da afxazeTTan sazRvris gasamagreblad iyo wasuli. aRmoCnda, rom samegrelos mTavris miaxloebisTanave afxazebi Cveulebriv mTebSi gaqceuliyvnen1327. levan V dadiani da kavkasiis rusuli administracia sisxlxorceulad iyvnen dainteresebuli afxazeTSi situaciis mogvarebiT. mixeil SarvaSiZec fiqrobda im gzebze, romlebic mas faqtobrivad droebiT dakargul afxazeTis taxts daubrunebda. rogorc Cans, igi im daskvnamde mivida, rom mxolod hasan-beis avtoritets SeeZlo misTvis daumorCilebeli afxazebis mimxroba da, sabolood, realuri Zalauflebis mopoveba. amitom man a.ermolovs sTxova cimbiridan hasanbeis dabruneba, romelic xelmwifis morCili qveSevrdomi iqneboda da samTavros marTvaSi daexmareboda. mTavarmarTebelma gaiTvaliswina afxazeTis mTavris Txovna da 1827w. 15 ianvars Sinagan saqmeTa ministris winaSe Sesabamisi Suamdgomloba aRZra. a.ermolovi aRniSnavda, rom 6 wlis gadasaxlebis Semdeg hasan-bei gankurnebuli iqneboda samTavros dauflebis survilisagan da Tavisi gavleniT xelisuflebas afxazeTSi didad daexmareboda1328. imavdroulad, 1827w. 7 Tebervals a. ermolovma levan V dadians daavala, gaego afxazeTSi arsebuli viTareba da am mxareSi politikuri situaciis mowesrigebis saqmeSi aqtiurad CarTuliyo. davalebis Sesrulebis mizniT, samegrelos mTavarma afxazeTSi Tavadebi manuCar Cqotua da Tlafs marRania gaagzavna. 14 marts isini afxazeTidan dabrundnen. maTi cnobiT, afxazi da webeleli Tavadebi mzad iyvnen, mosuliyvnen ali-bei SarvaSiZis kuTvnil sofel gufuSi da morCileba gamoecxadebinaT1329. aseT viTarebaSi kavkasiis rusul administraciaSi mniSvnelovani cvlileba moxda. 1827w. 27 marts a.ermolovi kavkasiidan gaiwvies, 28 marts ki kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlad general-leitenanti, grafi i.paskeviCi (1827-1831ww.) dainiSna. am garemoebam mcire xniT Seaferxa afxazeTSi politikuri viTarebis mowesrigeba. 30 aprils 129 afxazma da webelelma Tavad-aznaurma moinania ajanyebaSi monawileoba da ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebis fici dado1330. maT Soris iyo ajanyebis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli kac marRaniac. 30 aprils i.paskeviCi saimperatoro mTavari Stabis ufross auwyebda, rom 1824w. ajanyebulma afxazeTma, rogorc iqna, ajanyebis droSa dauSva da survili gamoTqva, imperatoris nebas damorCileboda; zogierTma afxazma da webelelma Tavadaznaurma erTgulebis fici dado da maT imperatoris saxeliT patieba gamoecxadaT. sxva Tavad-aznaurebisagan ficis CamosarTmevad levan V dadiani da kapitani nikoloz dadiani gaigzavna. i.paskeviCi sixaruliT aRniSnavda, rom 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi CamoSorebuli qveyana gasrolis gareSe iqna dabrunebuli1331. amrigad, afxazeTi kvlav daemorCila ruseTis xelisuflebas, raSic didi iyo levan V dadianis wvlili. 3 maiss i.paskeviCma imereTis mmarTvels v.bebuTovs (1825-1827ww.) ubrZana, mixeil SarvaSiZe lixnSi gaegzavna da misTvis Caegonebina, rom qveSevrdomebisadmi Tbili mopyrobiT, SemwynareblobiT, umniSvnelo codvebis daviwyebiT da ara SurisZiebiT, maTi siyvarulis mopovebas SeZlebda. rogorc Cans, i. paskeviCi bolomde ar iyo darwmunebuli afxazeTSi simSvidis 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331
. . . . .
e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 173. ..., . III, . 2, gv. 581-582. , . VI, . I, #960, gv. 665. , . VII. , 1878, #334, gv. 401; . . . ., 1972, gv. 75. , . VII, #332, gv. 401.
.
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SenarCunebaSi, amitom v. bebuTovs ubrZana, Tamar SarvaSiZe da misi qaliSvilebi soxumSi gadaeyvana1332. 1827w. maisSi mixeil SarvaSiZe soxumSi Cavida, sadac igi didi pativiT miiRes, reidze mdgarma ruseTis samxedro xomaldebma misi dabruneba zarbaznebis salutiT aRniSnes1333. ruseTis xelisuflebas kargad esmoda, rom afxazeTSi misi gavlenis ganmtkicebis garanti samTavro taxtze rusul-qristianuli orientaciis mTavris xelisufleba iyo, amitom yovelmxriv mxars uWerda mixeil SarvaSiZes da misi xelisuflebis gaZlierebas cdilobda. mTavris xelisufleba realurad mxolod bzifis olqze vrceldeboda. mas nominalurad emorCileboda afxazeTisa da abJuis olqebi. mTavris xelisuflebas ar cnobdnen afxazeTis mTis Temebi _ webeli, dali da fsxu. samTavroSi xSirad iWrebodnen Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapirodan jiqebi da ubixebi, sanapiro zolSi _ afxazeTis mTis Temebis mkvidrni; grZeldeboda adamianebis gataceba, tyvis syidva da sxva danaSaulobebi. 1827w. mixeil SarvaSiZem ruseTis sardlobisagan daJinebiT iTxova gagris dakaveba, raTa jiqebisa da ubixebis Tavdasxmebs afxazeTze bolo moReboda1334. afxazeTSi arsebuli rTuli viTareba samegrelos samTavrozec axdenda gavlenas, sadac gaxSirda adamianTa gataceba, tyvis syidva. 1827w. levan V dadiani wyalobis wigns aZlevs manuCar zaalis Ze faRavas, qarTveli kaci usjuloze gauyidiaT, axla is kaci afxazeTSia, gamoisyide da Sen gyavdeso; agreTve, sof. banZis mcxovreb aznaur gabunias baxia Tavisi colSviliT afxazeTSi gauyidia, axla sofel foqveSSi aris, ecade, gamoiyvano da Sen giboZebo1335. mixeil SarvaSiZe qveynis marTvaSi hasan-beize amyarebda imedebs. amitom man dedamisTan erTad ruseTis xelisuflebas hasan-beis gadasaxlebidan dabruneba sTxova. hasan-beic pirobas debda, rom Sewyalebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTis xelisuflebis erTguli iqneboda da misi samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg afxazeTis mosaxleoba ruseTis xelisuflebis morCili gaxdeboda. i.paskeviCmac aRZra Suamdgomloba hasan-beis gadasaxlebidan dabrunebis Taobaze. sul male mas samSobloSi dabrunebis neba darTes1336. 1828w. hasan-bei afxazeTSi dabrunda. am droidan iwyeba mkacri Sinapolitikuri brZola, romelic mTavris xelisuflebis damkvidrebisa da ganmtkicebisaken iyo mimarTuli1337. hasan-beis ar surda mixeil SarvaSiZis erTguli vasalis rolSi yofna. is Tavs ar Tvlida mixeil SarvaSiZis qveSevrdomad da miaCnda, rom mas samTavro taxtze naklebi ufleba hqonda. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg hasan-beis neba daerTo, gaxiznuli Tanamemamuleebi Semoekriba. is afxaz Tavad-aznaurebs ruseTis xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobisken mouwodebda da TviTonac erTgulad emsaxureboda carizms, Tumca viTarebas Zabavda mixeil SarvaSiZesa da hasan-beis Soris arsebuli Seurigebeli dapirispireba, romelic male Ria mtrobaSi gadaizarda. mxolod ruseTis xelisuflebis Carevam aiZula, mowinaaRmdegeebi garegnulad loialuri urTierToba eCvenebinaT1338.
3. afxazeTis samTavro XIXs. 30-50-ian wlebSi XIXs. 20-ian wlebSi ruseTma mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia kavkasiaSi. 1826-1828ww. ruseT-iranis omSi gamarjvebam carizms aRmosavleT amierkavkasia moupova. ruseTis warmatebam aRmosavleTSi SeaSfoTa inglisi, romelic cdilobda, irani Zlier buferul saxelmwifod gadaeqcia da misi saSualebiT 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338
. iqve, #333, gv. 401. . . . , . II. . ,1847,gv. 180. . a. n. diaCkov-tarasovi, gagra..., gv. 94. . quTaisis istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi, sab. #1562. . , . VII, #335, gv. 402. . n. TakalanZe. dasax. naSromi, gv. 73. . . . 1870 . Сухуми, 1939, gv. 108.
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gza Caeketa ruseTisaTvis indoeTisaken. amasTan, inglisi yovel Rones xmarobda, raTa ruseTis batonoba kavkasiaSi moespo. iranTan omis damTavrebisTanave ruseT-TurqeTis axali omi (1828-1829ww.) daiwyo. am omSi ruseTis gamarjvebam Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros sakiTxi gadawyvita. adrianopolis zaviT (1829w. 14 seqtemberi) kavkasiaSi ruseTis xelSi gadavida samcxe-javaxeTi Zveli qarTuli qalaqebiT: axalcixiT, axalqalaqiT, aspinZiT, awyuriT, da sxv. agreTve Savi zRvis sanapiro md. yubanis SesarTavidan md. Coloqamde qalaqebiT: anapiT da foTiT. brwyinvale porta uars ambobda yovelgvar pretenziaze ruseTTurqeTis axali sazRvris CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoriebze da maT ,,ruseTis imperiis samudamo mflobelobaSi~ cnobda.Aam teritoriebSi Sedioda dasavleT kavkasia, romelic, marTalia, TurqeTis mflobelobaSi ar iyo, magram masze brwyinvale portas politikuri gavlena vrceldeboda. TurqeTis es nominaluri gavlena imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom sulTani iTvleboda yvela muslimis, maT Soris, kavkasieli mTielebis, uzenaes mfarvelad da mbrZaneblad. politikurad isini sruliad damoukideblebi iyvnen da mxolod religiuri TvalsazrisiT cnobdnen sulTnis uzenaesobas. amdenad, Tumca TurqeTma dasavleT kavkasia ruseTis mflobelobaSi cno, es mxare ruseTs jer kidev dasapyrobi hqonda. sanam ruseTi CrdiloeT kavkasias, maT Soris yubanis mxares ar daipyrobda, misi batonoba samxreT kavkasiaSi mtkice ver iqneboda. amitom carizmi am sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis zrunvas Seudga. roca nikoloz I (1825-1855ww.) kavkasiis mTavarmarTebels i.paskeviCs ruseT-TurqeTis omSi gamarjvebas ulocavda, werda: ,,...daamTavreT ra amrigad erTi didebuli saqme, Tqven mogeliT meore, Cemi azriT, iseTive didebuli, xolo pirdapiri sargeblis TvalsazrisiT ufro mniSvnelovani – mTielTa sruli damorCileba an maTi ganadgureba~.1339 imperatoris direqtiva – ,,mTielTa sruli damorCileba an maTi ganadgureba~, _ naTlad axasiaTebs carizmis koloniuri politikis arss da mizans kavkasiaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom iseTi liberaluri da demokratiuli Zala am xanis ruseTSi, rogorebic iyvnen dekabristebi, aseTsave poziciaze idgnen. dekabristTa ,,samxreTis sazogadoebis~ lideri p.pesteli saprogramo dokumentSi ,,russkaia pravda~, kavkasiis xalxebs yofda mSfoTvare, daumorCilebel da mSvid, damyol tomebad. misi azriT, aucilebeli iyo pirvelTa gadasaxleba imperiis Sida guberniebSi, xolo meoreTa TandaTanobiTi asimilacia da sruli gaTqvefa kavkasiaSi Casaxlebul rusul mosaxleobaSi1340. SemdegSi carizmi swored ase moiqca. iranTan da TurqeTTan omebSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, XIXs. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ruseTis jarebma gaaaqtiures moqmedeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, maT Soris Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze. nikoloz I-is direqtivis realizebis mizniT i. paskeviCma SeimuSava kavkasiis mTis xalxebis, maT Soris afxazebis, swrafi damorCilebis gegma, romelic imperatorma 1829w. oqtomberSi daamtkica1341. gegma iTvaliswinebda dasavleT kavkasiaSi _ yubanis mxareSi da kavkasionis qedis samxreT kalTebze mcxovrebi adiRuri tomebis damorCilebas, risTvisac saWirod iyo miCneuli Savi zRvis sanapiroze arsebuli simagreebis redut-yales, soxumis, anapas garda axali simagreebis ageba, maTi erTmaneTTan mtkiced dakavSireba sanapiro gziT, agreTve CrdiloeTidan ramdenime eqspediciis mowyoba yubanis mxareSi. am gegmis realizaciis mizniT Seiqmna ,,afxazeTis eqspedicia~, romlis mizans soxumidan anapamde sanapiro zolis dakaveba, gamagrebuli sanapiro xazis Seqmna da simagreebs Soris saxmeleTo mimosvlis uzrunvelyofa, saboloo jamSi ki dasavleT kavkasiis mTianeTSi rusuli samxedro-administraciuli mmarTvelobis damyareba warmoadgenda. 1830 wlis 8 ivliss rusTa desanti soxumidan zRviT gagraSi gadasxda da daikava 1339. 1340 1341
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. .
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. .
-
. . -
,
. III.
. ,1891,gv. 229-230.
., 1906, gv. 48. ,
. X.
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,1889, gv. 123.
igi. am cnobis miRebis Semdeg ,,afxazeTis eqspedicia~, romlis uSualo meTaurad daniSnuli iyo generali k. gese, soxumidan gavida da 16 ivliss bombora daikava. aqve eqspedicias lixnidan afxazeTis mTavari mixeil SarvaSiZe SeuerTda. Semdeg eqspediciam winsvla ganagrZo da 19 ivliss biWvinTa daikava. miuxedavad Tavdapirveli warmatebisa, gagris Crdilo-dasavleTiT ruseTis jaris winsvla Seferxda jiqebisa da ubixebis medgari winaaRmdegobis gamo. ,,afxazeTis eqspediciis~ moqmedebis paralelurad i. paskeviCma md. yubani gadalaxa da SafsuRebis soflebi gaanadgura, amasTan md. yubanze ramdenime simagre aago. amdenad, eqspediciam dasaxul mizans srulad ver miaRwia. afxazeTis sanapiro zolSi – bomboraSi, biWvinTaSi, gagraSi rusebi simagreebis agebas Seudgnen. bomboraSi dabinavda ,,afxazeTis eqspediciis~ Stabic. Aam simagreebs jiqebisa da ubixebisaTvis unda gadaeketaT sanapiro gza, romliTac isini afxazeTSi iWrebodnen, maT unda ganemtkicebinaT agreTve ruseTis batonoba afxazeTSi1342. rusebis mier afxazeTis sanapiro zolis dakavebam mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina jiqebze, ubixebze da TviT afxazebze. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo gagris gasasvlelis dakaveba, rasac mixeil SarvaSiZe didi xania ruseTis xelisuflebas sTxovda. amave xanebSi afxazeTis mTavarma samurzayanoze ganacxada pretenzia. 1834 w. mixeil SarvaSiZe sof. ilorSi SeiWra da soflis mcxovreblebs erTgulebis fici daadebina. kavkasiis rusulma administraciam mkacrad gaafrTxila afxazeTis mTavari, TviTnebobaze xeli aeRo. mTavarmarTebeli, baroni g. rozeni mixeil SarvaSiZes swerda: ,,aseTi moqmedeba emsaxureba afxazeTSi uwesrigobis gamravlebas da ar SemiZlia gakvirveba ar gamovTqva sxvis samflobeloSi Tqveni aseTi TviTnebobis gamo. xelisuflebisaTvis cnobilia, rom cocxali sazRvari samegrelosa da afxazeTs Soris aris mdinare RaliZga da ramdenadac sofeli ilori mdebareobs mdinaris marcxena napirze, is ar SeiZleba ekuTvnodes afxazeTs. amitom me valdebuli var, gTxovoT, gamoucxadoT werilobiT yvela ilorels, rom maT mier micemuli fici Tqvendami erTgulebaze usafuZvloa da isini ekuTvnian ara Tqvens umaRlesobas, aramed samegrelos mflobels~1343. mixeil SarvaSiZe iZulebuli gaxda, ilori daetovebina. 1834-1835ww. kavkasiis rusulma administraciam redut-yaledan soxumamde da soxumidan gagramde gza gaiyvana. imavdroulad, 1835w. Savi zRvis saqarTvelos sanapiroze ori simagre aages – ilorsa da drandaSi1344. soxumidan bomborisa da biWvinTis gavliT gagramde gzis gayvanis Semdeg md. bzifsa da gagras Soris teritoria afxazeTis mTavris iurisdiqciaSi dabrunda1345. imave xanebSi ruseTis xelisuflebam mixeil SarvaSiZes abJuisa da afxazeTis olqebis mflobelebi ali-bei da hasan-bei SarvaSiZeebi daumorCila, riTac is erTmmarTvelad aqcia. amdenad, faqtobrivad, afxazeTis samTavro mxolod XIX s. 30-ian wlebSi ruseTis samxedro ZaliT Seiqmna. afxazebi da Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze mcxovrebi jiqebi da ubixebi mcire razmebiT Tavs esxmodnen rusul simagreebs, ruseTis jaris nawilebs da mudmivi SiSis qveS hyavdaT rusuli garnizonebi. am partizanul razmebs mxars uWerdnen da exmarebodnen afxazeTis mTis Temebi, romelTac ruseTis administracia ver akontrolebda. yvelaze Zliersa da medgar winaaRmdegobas ruseTis gabatonebas afxazeTSi webeli uwevda. 1837w. maisSi baronma g.rozenma eqspedicia moawyo webelSi da marSaniebi daimorCila, romlebmac mas ruseTis erTgulebisFfici misces.Aam droidan Temis saxelwodebad rusuli forma – webelda mkvidrdeba. imavdroulad g.rozenTan 1342 1343 1344 1345
. b. xorava. 1830 wlis afxazeTis eqspedicia. - saistorio Ziebani, VI. Tb., 2003, gv. 93-112. . , . VIII, gv. 449. . b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 28. . a. diaCkov – tarasovi. gagra..., gv. 108.
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gamocxaddnen daleli marSaniebi, romlebmac aseve morCileba aRuTqves mas.Aam mTis TemebSi rusuli mmarTveloba damyarda, Seiqmna webeldis saboqaulo administraciuli centriT sof. mrambaSi1346. misioneruli moRvaweoba afxazeTSi. 30-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi ruseTis xelisuflebis SedarebiT ganmtkicebis Semdeg aq qarTvel sasuliero pirTa misioneruli moRvaweoba gaiSala, romlis aucileblobasac am mxareSi qristianobis savalalo mdgomareoba ganapirobebda. mixeil SarvaSiZes kargad esmoda samTavroSi qristianobis gavrcelebis mniSvneloba misi xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis TvalsazrisiT. 1831w. imereTis mmarTvelisadmi werilSi igi aRniSnavda, rom misi qveSevrdomebis didi nawili mahmadiani iyo; maTze uaryofiT gavlenas axdendnen Cerqezebi; winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen ruseTis mTavrobisa da mTavris RonisZiebebs, romlebic am mxareSi simSvidis uzrunvelyofisaken iyo mimarTuli. raTa CamoeSorebina afxazebi Cerqezebis mavne zegavlenisagan, mTavars saWirod miaCnda maTi gaqristianeba.Aam mizniT is winadadebas ayenebda, afxazeTSi Seqmniliyo calke eparqia da mRvdelmTavrad daeniSnaT misi naTesavi, cageris monastris winamZRvari, iRumeni anton dadiani. mTavari werda, rom anton dadians pativs scemdnen rogorc warmoSobis, ise misi wodebisa da SesaniSnavi Tvisebebis gamo, man SesaniSnavad icoda Tavisi saqme da adgilobrivi ena. mixeili imeds gamoTqvamda, rom is afxazeTSi bevr sasikeTo saqmes gaakeTebda1347. kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsardlis movaleobis Semsrulebelma da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo nawilis ufrosma, general-leitenantma n.pankratievma saqarTvelos egzarqoss, mitropolit ionas sTxova, afxazeTis mTavris Suamdgomlobis Taobaze Tavisi azri gamoeTqva. amasTan dakavSirebiT sinodalurma kantoram samegrelos eparqiis mmarTvels, mitropolit daviT wereTels (1829-1834ww.) sTxova, miewodebina cnobebi afxazeTSi arsebuli eklesiebisa da mRvdelmsaxurTa raodenobis Taobaze. 1831w. 5 noembers mitropolitma daviTma sinodalur kantoras acnoba, rom afxazeTis mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesoba mahmadiani iyo da mxolod erTi eklesia funqcionirebda lixnSi, sadac RvTismsaxurebas misi eparqiis mRvdeli simeon Jordania eweoda1348. imis gamo, rom afxazeTSi eklesiebisa da mrevlis raodenoba umniSvnelo iyo, sinodalurma kantoram afxazeTis mTavris Txovnis dakmayofilebaze uari Tqva, amasTan mizanSewonilad CaTvala afxazeTSi misioneruli moRvaweobis gasaSlelad samegrelos eparqiidan mRvdlebis gagzavna. ruseTis xelisufleba Tvlida, rom sasurveli iyo afxazeTSi misioneruli saqmianobisaTvis Tavdapirvelad qarTveli sasuliero pirebi gamoeyenebinaT. am sakiTxis ganxilvis Semdeg sinodma daadgina, iRumeni anton dadiani arqimandritis xarisxSi aemaRlebinaT, miecaT misTvis erTi monasteri samegreloSi da mis umTavres movaleobad afxazeTSi urwmunoTa gaqristianeba ganesazRvraT. 1833w. TebervalSi anton dadiani arqimandritad ekurTxa, xolo momdevno wlis dasawyisSi is afxazeTSi Cavida da misionerul moRvaweobas Seudga. misioneruli moRvaweobis dadebiTi Sedegebi male aSkara gaxda. 1834w. martidan maisamde mxolod lixnSi 155 kaci moinaTla. Bbzifis olqSi afxazTa gaqristianebaSi arqimandrit antonsa da mis TanaSemweebs didi daxmareba gauwies Tamar SarvaSiZem da Tavadma salaruf inal-ifam. misionerebi abJuis mxareSic moRvaweobdnen. 1834w. kvitoulSi 156 kaci moinaTla, tamiSSi – 93, kindRSi – 72. mTlianad afxazeTSi misionerebma pirvel wels 554 afxazi monaTles. 1346 . b. xorava. rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba webeldaSi 1837 wels. _ axalgazrda mecnierTa da aspirantTa IV sauniversitetTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi. Tb., 2006, gv. 201-205; , . I, gv. 180. 1347 . , . VII, . I, #341, gv. 404. 1348 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 378.
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es procesi Semdgom wlebSic gagrZelda. 1835 w. moinaTla 784, xolo 1836w. 617 kaci.1349. arsebobs 1834-1836ww. monaTlulTa siebi, romlebic qarTul enazea Sedgenili. es siebi SesaniSnavi wyaroa XIXs. 30-iani wlebis afxazeTis toponimikis, mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad1350. am siebidan kargad Cans, rom bzifis mxareSi ZiriTadad afxazuri gvarebi Warbobs, Tumca sakmaod bevria qarTuli (megruli) gvarebic, rogorc Cans, gaafxazebuli qarTvelebi; abJuaSi ufro meti qarTuli (megruli) gvarebi gvxvdeba. 30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi misioneruli muSaoba Seferxda, rac ramdenime faqtoriT iyo gamowveuli. samegrelodan da leCxumidan Camosuli sasuliero pirebi ciebiT daavaddnen, riTac xeli eSlebodaT saqmianobaSi; Tu pirvel wlebSi sanapiro zolis mosaxleoba gaqristianda, axla jeri mTian soflebze midga. sanapiro zolis mosaxleobis didi nawili ZiriTadad gaafxazebuli qarTvelebisagan Sedgeboda, romelTac didad ar eucxoebodaT mama-papaTa sarwmunoebisaken mobruneba, amasTan isini jerac mokrZalebiT iyvnen gamsWvaluli aq SemorCenili mitovebuli Tu dangreuli eklesiebisadmi; mTaSi ki cxovrobdnen arcTu didi xnis win CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Camosaxlebuli warmarTi da mahmadiani mTielebi, romlebic misionerebs aqtiur winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen. qristianobis gavrceleba maTTvis miuRebeli rusuli xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas da TanamoZme mTielebTan kavSiris gawyvetas niSnavda. isini xvdebodnen, rom xelisuflebas maTi gaqristianeba politikuri miznebis misaRwevad surda. amitom sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen qristianobis gavrcelebas, ufro metic, axalmonaTlulTa kvlav gamahmadianebas cdilobdnen1351. 1836w. 31 marts levan V dadianma weriliT mimarTa baron rozens. igi gamoTqvamda azrs, rom misioneruli moRvaweoba dasaxul mizans ver miaRwevda. mas aeWvebda, rom mTavrobis ganzraxva ,,saWurvlisa jvarisaTa~ daeZlia mTielTa urCoba da daumorCilebloba, warmatebas miaRwevda1352. amis Semdeg ruseTis xelisuflebam marTlmadideblobis meSveobiT afxazeTSi imperiis poziciebis ganmtkicebis mcdelobas samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT moqmedeba arCia1353. Tumca, rTuli pirobebis miuxedavad, qarTveli misionerebi kvlav agrZelebdnen moRvaweobas afxazeTSi. A Savi zRvis sanapiro xazi da afxazeTi. 1837w. miwuruls kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblad da jarebis sardlad baron rozenis nacvlad generali e. golovini (1837-1842ww.) dainiSna. Aam droidan ruseTis sardlobam kavkasiel mTielTa winaaRmdeg efeqturi brZolis mizniT meti yuradReba miaqcia Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze simagreebis agebas da dapyrobil teritoriebze gzebis gayvanas. rogorc wesi, simagreebi da fortebi igeboda mdinareebis SesarTavTan, adgilobriv mkvidrTaTvis warTmeul miwebze. simagreebis aSenebiT rusebi kavkasiel mTielebs uspobdnen zRviT garesamyarosTan, pirvel rigSi, TurqeTTan da inglisTan urTierTobis saSualebas, amasTan rusebi magrdebodnen Savi zRvis sanapiroze, ruseTis flots xelsayreli pirobebi eqmneboda Sav zRvaze batonobisaTvis. 1837w. Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze aigo simagreebi: sviatogo duxa (adleri) – md.mZimTas SesarTavTan, adleris koncxze; novo troickoe – md. fSadis SesarTavTan; mixailovskoe – md.vulanis SesarTavTan; 1838 wels: aleqsandriis forti, romelsac 1839w. navaginski ewoda – md.soCis SesarTavTan; veliaminovskoe – md. tuafses SesarTavTan; Tenginskoe – 1349 . g. rogava. religia da eklesia saqarTveloSi XIX-XX ss. , gv. 83-85; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 379. 1350 . g. gasviani. Zveli da axali afxazebi, gv. 139-184. 1351 . g. rogava. religia da eklesia saqarTveloSi XIX-XX ss. gv. 87; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 390. 1352 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 394-395. 1353 . iqve, gv. 398.
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md.Safsuxos SesarTavTan; novorosiiski – cemesis yureSi; 1839 wels: forti golovinski – md.subaSis (Saxe) SesarTavTan; forti lazarevskoe – md.fsezuafses SesarTavTan. 1839 wels Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros yvela rusuli simagre erTmaneTTan saxmeleTo gziT daakavSires. aRniSnuli simagreebi md.yubanis SesarTavidan md.Coloqamde, agreTve afxazeTi da webelda iq ganlagebul jarebTan erTad Sevida Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis sistemaSi, romlis ufrosad generali n.raevski dainiSna. sanapiro xazi or ganyofilebad gaiyo: I. md.yubanis SesarTavidan md. soCis SesarTavamde (navaginski); II. md.soCis SesarTavidan md.Coloqamde (wm.nikolozis saguSago, SekveTili). sanapiro xazis II ganyofilebis ufrosi imavdroulad afxazeTSi ganlagebuli jarebis ufrosis movaleobas asrulebda1354. Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis sistemaSi afxazeTis gaerTianeba am mxaris saqarTvelodan CamoSorebis pirveli seriozuli mcdeloba iyo. 1840 wlis oqtomberSi Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis reorganizacia ganxorcielda. Camoyalibda sami ganyofileba: I. yubanis SesarTavidan gelenjikamde; II. gelenjikidan navaginskamde; III ganyofilebas Seadgenda: navaginskis, golovinskis, adleris, gagris, biWvinTis, bomboris, soxum-yales simagreebi; mrambis, drandis, kvitoulis, iloris saguSagoebi; anakliis, redut-yales, foTis, ozurgeTis simagreebi da wm. nikolozis saguSago. III ganyofilebis ufrosi valdebuli iyo, ,,politikuri meTvalyureoba gaewia afxazeTze~. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi mas iaraRis gamoyenebis uflebac hqonda1355. ruseTis sardloba Tvlida, rom sanam jiqebsa da ubixebs ar daimorCilebda, manamde afxazeTis damorCileba sruli ver iqneboda. 1840 wlis dasawyisSi jiqebma, ubixebma da SafsuRebma Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze gaaaqtiures moqmedeba ruseTis jarebis winaaRmdeg. dasavleT kavkasiaSi antirusul ganwyobilebas aRvivebdnen inglisis agentebi, romlebic kavkasiel mTielebs mfarvelobas hpirdebodnen. inglisi cdilobda ruseTis poziciebis Sesustebas kavkasiaSi da, sabolood, am mxaris ruseTisagan mowyvetas1356. kavkasieli mTielebisaTvis cnobili iyo, rom Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis simagreebi saTanadod ar iyo daculi; mcirericxovani iyo simagreTa garnizoni, jariskacebs mravali problema hqondaT, maT Soris, SeiaraRebis mxriv. amiT Segulianebulma mTielebma rusebis simagreebs Seuties da Teberval-martSi lazarevskoe, veliaminovskoe da mixailovskoe daikaves. imavdroulad ajanyda webeli da dali. maT dasaxmareblad mouwodes fsxuelebsa da svanebs. zafxulSi ruseTis sardlobam afxazeTis mTis Temebis dasamorCileblad damsjeli eqspedicia gagzavna, romelSic afxazeTis saxalxo laSqaric monawileobda mixeil SarvaSiZis meTaurobiT. eqspediciam webelda daikava, webeldisa da dalis marSaniebs erTgulebis fici daadebina1357. imave 1840 wlis ivlisSi rusebma fsxu dalaSqres. afxazeTis am mTis TemSi rusuli mmarTveloba damyarda. Seiqmna fsxus saboqaulo1358. webeldisa da dalis damorCileba moCvenebiTi aRmoCnda. male situacia am mxareSi kvlav daiZaba. 1840w. oqtomberSi n. raevski werda: ,,webeldelebs ubixebi aqezeben... afxazeTSi xalxis nawili mzadaa ajanydes mTavris winaaRmdeg da ubixebs SeuerTdes~1359. ruseTis sardlobisTvis cnobili gaxda, rom dalelebma daxmarebisTvis mezobel mTielebs mimarTes, xolo ubixebma dalis dasaxmareblad aTaskaciani razmi Seqmnes. sardlobam gadawyvita, ar daeSva mTielTa gaerTianeba da dali manamde daemorCilebina. 1840 wlis dekemberSi dalis winaaRmdeg samxedro eqspedicia gaigzavna Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis III 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359
. . . . . .
,
. IX, #404, gv. 460-461; b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 29-30. . , gv. 50; b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 30. . XVI-XIX . . ,1958, gv. 197. , . IX, #426, gv. 492-493; , . I, gv. 180. . . , gv. 63. . . . , 1990, gv. 17-18.
. . . . . .
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ganyofilebis ufrosis, polkovnik n. muraviovis meTaurobiT. eqspediciaSi afxazeTisa da samurzayanos saxalxo laSqaric monawileobda. 1841 wlis ianvarSi eqspediciam SturmiT daikava dalis ,,WiSkari~ _ bagadis viwroebi da xeobaSi SeiWra. dalelebma medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies momxdurT, magram damarcxdnen. n.muraviovis brZanebiT rusebma sastikad aawiokes dali, cecxls misces mTielTa dasaxlebebi da sursaTis maragi, xolo mosaxleoba TavianTi samkvidrodan gaasaxles1360. n.muraviovma iTxova dalSi 500 rusis ojaxis Casaxleba, raTa daecvaT afxazeTi da webelda kavkasiel mTielTa Semosevebisagan, radgan yubanis auzidan afxazeTisaken gza kavkasionis qedis gavliT swored dalze gadioda. amasTan, man zomebi miiRo, rom dalSi ar daeSva adgilobrivTa dabruneba. magram n.muraviovma aseTi nebarTva ver miiRo. Semdeg iq Crdilokavkasieli mTielebi Casaxldnen,1361 adgilobriv mkvidrTa nawilic dabrunda. 1841 wlis martSi sanapiro jiqebis Temebi rusebs damorCildnen, raSic didi iyo mixeil SarvaSiZis wvlili. amis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuflebis mTavari amocana gaxda jiqeTSi ganmtkiceba. am mizniT ruseTis sardloba afxazeTidan jiqeTisaken gzis gayvanas Seudga. zafxulSi ubixebis Temma saSem da jiqebis mTis Temma wvijma ruseTis sardlobasTan samSvidobo molaparakebebi daiwyes. aseT viTarebaSi dasavleT kavkasiaSi gavrcelda cnoba guriis ajanyebis Sesaxeb. Aimave xanebSi ruseTis sardloba apirebda eqspediciis mowyobas ubixeTSi, magram ar gamocxadda guriisa da samegrelos saxalxo laSqari, Zalian mcirericxovani iyo samurzayanodan da svaneTidan mosuli milicia. ruseTis sardloba bolomde ar endoboda afxazeTis mTavarsac. jiqebamde da ubixebamde guriis ajanyebis (1841w. maisi-seqtemberi) ambebi damaxinjebuli da gazviadebuli aRwevda, amis gamo wvijisa da saSas Temebma rusebTan molaparakeba Sewyvites. magram seqtemberSi rusebma guriis ajanyeba sastikad CaaxSes da kavkasiel mTielTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad meti SesaZlebloba miecaT. seqtembris bolos ruseTis sardloba ubixeTSi eqspediciis momzadebas Seudga. sanapiro xazis III ganyofilebis jaris nawilebTan erTad eqspediciaSi afxazeTis, samurzayanos, svaneTis, samegrelos, imereTis, guriis saxalxo laSqaric monawileobda, romelsac saerTo xelmZRvanelobas mixeil SarvaSiZe uwevda. misi meTaurobiT oqtombris dasawyisSi eqspedicia ubixeTSi SeiWra, ramdenime sofeli gaanadgura, gadawva saxlebi da navaginskamde miaRwia. noembris dasawyisSi eqspedicia adlerSi dabrunda, Tumca raime realuri Sedegi mas ar mohyolia.1362 1841-1842ww. kvlav iyo gamosvlebi dalSi, webeldaSi, fsxuSi, soflebSi: guma, jgerda, Wlou, romlebic ruseTis sardlobam sastikad CaaxSo1363. 1843w. dekembris bolos damsjelma eqspediciam afxazeTis mTavris uSualo meTaurobiT kvlav dalaSqra da droebiT daimorCila fsxu1364. cota xanSi fsxuelebma kvlav gaagrZeles daumorCilebloba da brZola rusebis winaaRmdeg. samurzayanos sakiTxi. 30-iani wlebis miwuruls afxazeTis mTavari Seecada xelisuflebaze zewoliT samurzayanos daufleboda. 1839w. mixeil SarvaSiZem TxovniT mimarTa ruseTis xelisuflebas, rom samurzayano, rogorc adre afxazeTis kuTvnili mxare, CamorTmeoda dadians da afxazeTis samTavros gadascemoda1365. amiT aRSfoTebulma levan V dadianma vrceli moxsenebiTi 1360 1361 1362
. . .
.
.
, . IX, #432, gv. 496-497;b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 33. . XIX . , 1982, gv. 373. , . IX, gv. 513-519; a.diaCkov–tarasovi. gagra..., gv. 121; b.xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba,
gv.35. 1363
. . . . ..., gv. 55,69-70. . , . I, gv. 183. 1365 . z. cincaZe. samegrelos (odiSis) samTavros sazRvrebis sakiTxisaTvis XIX saukunis I naxevarSi. _ sigk, VII. Tb., 1989, gv. 97. 1364
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baraTiT mimarTa xelisuflebas. igi afxazeTis mTavris pretenziebs usafuZvlod miiCnevda da aRniSnavda, rom samurzayano ZvelTaganve samegrelos samTavroSi Sedioda da man memkvidreobiT miiRo. amasTan samegrelos mTavars am olqze misi kanonieri uflebebis dasamtkiceblad giorgi SarvaSiZesTan 1818w. daDmixeil SarvaSiZesTan 1827w. Ddadebuli SeTanxmebebi mohqonda, romliTac afxazeTis mTavrebi samurzayanos samegrelos samTavros Semadgenel nawilad aRiarebdnen1366. mixeil SarvaSiZes samurzayanos gadacemaze uari eTqva im motiviT, rom is afxazeTis samTavrosagan didi xnis win iyo gamoyofili, magram xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT is arc samegrelos samTavros SemadgenlobaSi unda darCeniliyo. ruseTis xelisuflebas gadawyvetili hqonda axlad SeZenil teritoriebze, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneboda, SemoeRo rusuli mmarTveloba. 1840w. TebervalSi ruseTis xelisuflebam samurzayano, teritoria md. engursa da md. RaliZgas Soris, CamoarTva samegrelos mTavars da aq uSualo rusuli mmarTveloba SemoiRo. Seiqmna administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli samurzayanos saboqaulo, romelic quTaisis gubernators emorCileboda1367. samurzayanos mimarT carizms aseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba afxazeTisa da samegrelos mTavrebs Soris atexilma davam gauadvila, Tumca mTeli XIXs. pirveli mesamedis manZilze ruseTis administracia samurzayanos samegrelos nawilad aRiarebda.Llevan V dadianma gaasaCivra samurzayanos CamorTmeva da moiTxova, Tu dabruneba ara, sazRauris micema mainc. 1847w. xelisuflebam samegrelos mTavars daviT dadians samurzayanos sanacvlod kompensaciis saxiT 25 aTasi vercxlis maneTi gadauxada. am faqtma afxazeTis mTavari gaanawyena. igi imiTac iyo nawyeni, rom 1847w. maisSi xelisuflebam mas CamoarTva gudas (gudauTis), oCamCiris, kelasuris navsadgurebi, saidanac kontrabanduli vaWrobidan mniSvnelovani Semosavali hqonda. es navsadgurebi sabaJo uwyebas gadaeca, xolo mTavars sanacvlod pensia daeniSna – 12 aTasi man. weliwadSi. mixeil SarvaSiZe xedavda, rom carizmi mis xelisuflebas zRudavda, ramac is gaaRiziana. am faqtebis gamo protesti man 1847w. 10 noembers samTavro uflebebze uaris TqmiT gamoxata1368. afxazeTis mTavari grZnobda, rom misi momavali bewvze ekida, amitom gadawyvita, movlenebisTvis daeswro. magram misma nabijma kavkasiis umaRlesi xelisufleba Zalian SeaSfoTa, radgan mas imxanad srulebiT ar SeeZlo, sakuTari ZalebiT afxazeTisTvis moevlo. Ffaqtobrivad, mixeil SarvaSiZe rusebma aqcies afxazeTis namdvil mTavrad, afxazeTSi ruseTis samxedro yofnis gaZlierebis kvalad gaZlierda misi xelisuflebac.Mmixeil SarvaSiZis avtoriteti 30-40-ian wlebSi gaizarda, roca afxazeTSi Tavisi Zalauflebis gaZlierebis mizniT carizmi samTavro xelisuflebis gavlenis amaRlebaze zrunavda. mixeil SarvaSiZem ruseTis jarebis daxmarebiT daimorCila feodaluri opozicia; afxazeTSi rusuli simagreebis agebam, afxazeTis mTis Temebis damorCilebam, xelisuflebis mier boZebulma wodebebma da jildoebma gazardes misi Zala da avtoriteti. amasTan, ruseTis xelisufleba saTanadod afasebda mixeil SarvaSiZis damsaxurebas afxazeTis mTis Temebis damorCilebaSi, dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, 1841w. jiqebis sanapiro Temebis damorCilebaSi da sxv. afxazeTis mTavars didi gavlena hqonda jiqebs, ubixebs, SafsuRebs, abaZexebs Soris, amitom ruseTs mixeil SarvaSiZe jer kidev sWirdeboda. mefisnacvalma m.voroncovma (1844-1854ww.) afxazeTis mTavars weriliT mimarTa, romelSic mTeli mondomebiT arwmunebda, xeli aeRo Tavis ganzraxvaze1369. marTlac, es ambavi maSin Caifarcxa.
1366 1367 1368 1369
. . . .
m. dumbaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelo XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi. Tb., 1957, gv. 268. , . X, #256, gv. 248. , . X, #278, gv. 268; . . , . I, gv. 134-135. . . , . I, gv. 135-137.
268
afxazeTis eparqiis Seqmna. 40-iani wlebis bolos momwifda afxazeTis calke eparqiis Seqmnis sakiTxi. Sesabamisi winadadebiT saqarTvelos egzarqoss mixeil SarvaSiZem 1849 w. mimarTa. 1851 w. 30 aprils imperatoris gankargulebiT afxazeTis saepiskoposo kaTedra dafuZnda. afxazeTis episkoposad ekurTxa mixeil SarvaSiZis sulieri moZRvari germane (gogelaSvili)1370. kavkasiis omisa da dasavleT kavkasiaSi miuridizmis SeRwevis mcdelobis fonze afxazeTSi qristianobis gavrcelebis mniSvneloba aSkara iyo. kvlav grZeldeboda qarTveli misionerebis moRvaweoba afxazeTSi. 1851w. samurzayanos administraciul centrSi, sof. oqumSi da aseve sof. ilorSi gaixsna am mxareSi pirveli skolebi, xolo 1852w. afxazeTSi, kerZod, lixnSi daarsda pirveli skola _ lixnis sasuliero saswavlebeli, rasac didi mniSvneloba hqonda am mxareSi ganaTlebis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT. saswavlebeli gankuTvnili iyo afxazeTis sasuliero pirebisa da adgilobriv mkvidrTa yvela fenis Svilebis swavla-aRzrdisaTvis.1371 mogvianebiT, sxva afxaz bavSvebTan erTad, saswavlebelSi afxazeTis mTavris Svili giorgic swavlobda. saswavleblis funqcionirebas da bavSvebis Senaxvas didi amagi dasdo saswavleblis zedamxedvelma, iRumenma aleqsandre oqropiriZem. yirimis omi da afxazeTi. XIXs. 40-iani wlebis miwuruls kvlav gamwvavda ,,aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~. axlo aRmosavleTSi gabatonebis pretenzia hqonda, erTi mxriv, ruseTs, romelic cdilobda gavlenis ganmtkicebas TurqeTSi; meore mxriv, inglissa da safrangeTs, romlebic dominirebdnen axlo aRmosavleTis bazrebze, surdaT am regionSi gadamwyveti ekonomikuri da politikuri upiratesobis mopoveba, TurqeTisa da mTeli axlo aRmosavleTis damorCileba; avstrias Tavisi interesebi hqonda balkaneTSi, sadac aseve ruseTi cdilobda poziciebis ganmtkicebas. es saxelmwifoebi SiSobdnen, rom mowinaaRmdegeebi daaswrebdnen, amitom 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi isini cdilobdnen kvanZis gaxsna daeCqarebinaT. ruseTis agresiulma politikam inglisi da safrangeTi daaaxlova. maTi mTavari mizani gaxda, xeli SeeSalaT ruseTisaTvis, waeqezebinaT brwyinvale porta da saqme ruseT-TurqeTis omamde mieyvanaT. ingliss da safrangeTs surdaT ruseTis gandevna yirimidan da kavkasiidan. cnobili ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawisa da diplomatis h.palmerstonis gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo ruseTis danawileba. Mmas unda CamorTmeoda mTeli rigi samflobeloebi, maT Soris, yirimi da kavkasia. yirimi da saqarTvelo unda gadascemoda TurqeTs, xolo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, romelsac palmerstoni CerqezeTs uwodebda, unda Seqmniliyo saxelmwifo CerqezeTi, romlis saTaveSic Samili moiazreboda. CerqezeTi iqneboda damoukidebeli, an TurqeTis proteqtoratis qveS gadavidoda. am kavkasiur saxelmwifos unda gadaeketa gza ruseTis winsvlisaTvis samxreTisaken. amdenad, ingliss mxari unda daeWira Samilis brZolisaTvis1372. Ginglisis gegmebi eTanxmeboda TurqeTis revanSistul miswrafebebs, romelic yirimisa da kavkasiis dabrunebas gulisxmobda. 1853 wlis 4(16) oqtombers TurqeTma ruseTs omi gamoucxada. daiwyo aRmosavleTis omi (1853-1856ww.), romelic aseve yirimis omis saxeliTaa cnobili. omis dasawyisSi ruseTi saerTaSoriso izolaciaSi aRmoCnda. 1854w. martSi inglisma da safrangeTma omi gamoucxades mas. omis mTavari movlenebi yirimis naxevarkunZulze ganviTarda, magram yirimsa da balkaneTSi ruseTis mier gancdili marcxis erTgvari kompensacia gaxda ruseTis jarebis warmateba kavkasiis frontze. Sav zRvaze inglis-safrangeTis flotis gabatonebis gamo ruseTis sardlobas ar SeeZlo Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosTan, maT Soris, 1370 1371 1372
. j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 413. . wm. mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre (oqropiriZe) da afxazeTi. Semdg. j. gamaxaria. Tb., 2006. gv. 14-21. . P. Guedalla. Palmerston. London, 1926, gv. 360-361; , . I,gv. 656-664.
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afxazeTTan kavSirurTierTobis ganxorcieleba. amitom ruseTis sardloba iZulebuli gaxda, 1854w. mart-aprilSi srulebiT daecala afxazeTi da Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis likvidaciac moexdina. Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros simagreebidan garnizonebi evakuirebul iqna, xolo TviT simagreebi afxazeTis mTavris mixeil SarvaSiZis xelmZRvanelobiT aafeTqes1373. ganxorcielda Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis soxumis, bomboris, biWvinTis, webeldis simagreebidan ruseTis samxedro nawilebis evakuacia, risTvisac ruseTis sardloba mTavars didad emadliereboda. 1855 wlis martSi soxumSi TurqeTis jaris nawili gadmosxda. Turquli administraciis ufrosi soxumSi mustafa-faSa afxazuri aristokratiis gadabirebas aqtiurad cdilobda. qarTveli misionerebis mier afxazebis monaTvlam, eklesiebis ganaxlebam, agreTve mixeil SarvaSiZis Zalisxmevam CaSala TurqTa gegmebi, maT ver SeZles afxazebis masobrivad gadabireba.1374 afxazeTidan ruseTis jarebis gayvanis Semdeg mixeil SarvaSiZe samegreloSi, Tavisi simamris – giorgi dadianis mamulSi gaixizna. is imedovnebda, rom rogorc ruseTis armiis general-leitenants da imperatoris generaladiutants, Sesaferis samsaxurs SesTavazebdnen, magram misi imedebi ar gamarTlda. amasTan samegrelos mTavris qvrivi ekaterine dadiani xelisuflebisagan moiTxovda, mixeil SarvaSiZes samegrelo daetovebina. maisSi mixeili afxazeTSi dabrunda da TurqTa sardlobasTan pirdapiri urTierToba daamyara. igi Turqebis mier okupirebul afxazeTSi gadasvlas imiT xsnida, rom surda samTavroSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis gakontroleba da ruseTis sardlobisaTvis SeZlebisdagvarad daxmarebis aRmoCena. marTlac, mas ar Seuwyvetia faruli kontaqtebi ruseTis sardlobasTan da mniSvnelovan informacias awvdida. ivnisSi man CaSala lixnSi mTielebisa da afxazebis ganzraxva, marbieli laSqroba moewyoT samurzayanoSi tyveebisa da nadavlis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT. amasTan igi cdilobda TurqebTan saerTo ena gamoenaxa1375. 1855w. ivnisSi ruseTis jarma alya Semoartya yarss da amiT TurqeTis umTavres centrebs safrTxe Seuqmna. Yyarsis gadasarCenad Turqebma seqtembris dasawyisSi soxumSi omer faSas sardlobiT 45 aTasiani desanti gadmosxes1376. omer faSas gadawyvetili hqonda, saqarTvelos gavliT yarsamde CaeRwia da alyaSemortymul cixes daxmareboda. oqtomberSi TurqeTis armiam TiTqmis mTeli samegrelo daikava, magram Semdgomi winsvla Seferxda. 1855 wlis 16 noembers yarsis cixe-simagre rusebs danebda. amdenad, omer faSas laSqrobam yarsis dasaxmareblad azri dakarga. samegreloSi gaCaRebuli partizanuli brZoliTa da rusTa maSveli jarebis mier Seviwroebulma omer faSam Savi zRvis sanapirosaken daixia, xolo 1856 wlis TebervalSi misi sakmaod SeTxelebuli armia soxumidan da redut-yaledan zRviT baTumisa da trapizonisaken gaemarTa, 10 ivliss ki soxumi ruseTis jarebma daikaves1377. TurqebTan erTad afxazeTidan mosaxleobis mcire nawilic wavida, umTavresad Tavad-aznauroba1378. 1856 wlis martSi parizSi xeli moewera sazavo xelSekrulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac ruseTma SeinarCuna Tavisi kavkasiuri samflobeloebi omamdel sazRvrebSi, xolo dapyrobili yarsisa da baiazeTis safaSoebi TurqeTs daubruna. mas aekrZala Sav zRvaze samxedro flotis yola da Savi zRvis navsadgurebis 1373 . , . X, #282, gv. 270; #283, gv. 271;#286, gv. 273-274; e. burWulaZe. yirimis omi da saqarTvelo. Tb., 1960, gv. 268-270. 1374 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 431. 1375 . n. TakalanZe. mixeil SarvaSiZe da yirimis omi. - saistorio Ziebani, II. Tb., 1999,Bgv. 114-115. 1376 . e. burWulaZe. yirimis omi da saqarTvelo. Tb., 1960, gv. 270. 1377 . iqve, gv. 405-421; , . I, gv. 196. 1378 . . . 1853- 1856 . _ a. m. gorkis saxelobis soxumis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi, t. IX. soxumi, 1956, gv. 196.
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gamagreba. amdenad, parizis traqtatma axlo aRmosavleTSi gabatonebisaken ruseTis swrafvas zRvari daudo. yirimis omis damTavrebis Semdeg carizms TiTqmis Tavidan mouxda afxazeTis dapyroba. sanapiro zolSi isev Cadgnen ruseTis samxedro nawilebi. antirusuli moZraoba afxazeTSi daqveiTebis gzas daadga. Mmagram ruseTis xelisufleba Tavs damSvidebulad ver grZnobda. amitomac 1856w. ivnisSi, roca mefisnacvalma n.muraviovma (1854-1856ww.) yirimis omis dros TiTqosda mixeil SarvaSiZis Ralatis gamo afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebisa da mTavris ruseTis romelime Soreul guberniaSi gadasaxlebis sakiTxi aRZra1379, imperatorma es winadadeba ar miiRo. ruseTis xelisufleba mixeil SarvaSiZes afxazeTsa da dasavleT kavkasiaSi ruseTis gavlenis aRdgenisa da ganmtkicebis erTgvar garantad miiCnevda. saomari moqmedebebi kvlav grZeldeboda CeCneT-daRestanSi, dasavleT kavkasia dasapyrobi iyo, arc afxazeTSi sufevda simSvide. amitom carizms mixeil SarvaSiZe jer kidev sWirdeboda. imperatorma afxazeTis mTavris Ralati damtkicebulad ar cno da es saqme miyuCda. 1856 wlis ivnisSi mefisnacvlad da kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlad generali a.bariatinski (1856-1862ww.) dainiSna. man kavkasiis korpusis marTvis reorganizacia ganaxorciela, agreTve Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros politikur-administraciuli mowyobis sakiTxi axleburad gaiazra. yirimis omis dros saomarma moqmedebebma quTaisis guberniis samoqalaqo da samxedro xelisuflebis gaerTianeba gamoiwvia. marTvis centralizaciis mizniT, 1856 wlis agvistoSi quTaisis guberniisa da Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis III ganyofilebis gaerTianebiT Seiqmna quTaisis sageneralgubernatoro; SemoRebul iqna afxazeTis jarebis ufrosis Tanamdeboba. afxazeTis samTavro nominalurad quTaisis general-gubernators, xolo realurad ki mefisnacvals 1380 daeqvemdebara . imavdroulad carizmi Tavisi poziciebis ganmtkicebas saqarTveloSi feodaluri samTavroebis gauqmebiT – 1857w. samegrelos, xolo 1858w. svaneTisa da iq rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebiT Seecada. dRis wesrigSi dadga afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebac, magram saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba droebiT gadaido. yirimis omis damTavrebis Semdeg xelisuflebam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia ruseT-kavkasiis oms. carizms saSualeba mieca, kavkasiaSi Tavi moeyara mniSvnelovani ZalebisaTvis. kavkasiis korpusi armiad gardaiqmna. Aa. bariatinskis yuradReba ZiriTadad CeCneT-daRestnisaken iyo mipyrobili, magram igi fiqrobda, rom Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapirosa da afxazeTSi ganmtkicebis gareSe dasavleT kavkasiis dapyroba SeuZlebeli iyo1381. magram viTareba afxazeTSi ruseTisaTvis saxarbielo ar iyo. kavkasiis armiis marjvena frTis sardali, generali gr. filipsoni kavkasiis armiis mTavari Stabis ufross, general d.miliutins 1858w. 13 maiss swerda: ,,viTareba afxazeTSi ukeTesobisken ar Secvlila. Cvens jariskacebs ise ar SeuZliaT moSordnen TavianT simagreebs erT versze, rom tyved Cavardnis an sikvdilis safrTxis qveS ar iyvnen. erTi sityviT, Cven gvikavia afxazeTi, magram ver vflobT mas~1382. am azrs eTanxmeboda ruseTis jarebis sardali afxazeTSi, generali m.lorismeliqovi, romelic 1858w. 12 agvistos moxsenebiTi baraTiT quTaisis generalgubernators, general-leitenant g. erisTavs auwyebda: ,,Cven davikaveT soxumi 1810 wels. amis Semdeg ukve naxevari saukune gavida da unda vaRiaroT, rom Cveni gavlena afxazeTSi odnavadac ar gazrdila. ase, rom rogorc generalma filipsonma aRniSna, Cven ki ar vflobT afxazeTs, aramed gvikavia igi...da esec
1379 1380 1381 1382
. . . .
. . .
, . XI, #43, gv. 54. . . , . XII, . II, gv. 776.
,1815- 1879,
, . I, gv. 97-99. . , 1888, gv. 33-35.
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naklebad mtkiced, vidre uwin~1383. kavkasiis omis pirobebSi ruseTi Tavs ikavebda afxazeTSi gadamwyveti zomebis miRebisagan.
4. ruseT-kavkasiis omis dasruleba da afxazeTis samTavros gauqmeba carizmma didi ZalebiT Seutia kavkasiel mTielebs. 1859 wlis 25 agvistos ruseTis sardlobas danebda kavkasiel mTielTa erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli brZolis meTauri Samili. ruseTma CeCneT-daRestani daipyro. mTielebi darwmundnen, rom ruseTTan brZolis ganaxleba uazroba iyo da gadawyvites, gasclodnen maTTvis miuRebel axladdamyarebul koloniur reJims. TurqeTis emisrebis, mTielTa socialuri zedafenisa da sasuliero wreebis zegavleniT, ruseTis xelisuflebis zewoliT kavkasielma mTielebma TurqeTSi gadasaxleba gadawyvites. Aasi aTasamde daRestneli, CeCeni, osi TurqeTSi gadasaxlda. ruseTis mier CeCneT-daRestnis dapyrobis Semdeg carizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas ganagrZobdnen dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebi. amitom ruseTis sardlobam aqeTken gadmoisrola 200 aTasiani kavkasiis armiis ZiriTadi nawilebi. aleqsandre II (1855-1881ww.) sardlobisagan moiTxovda, rom ruseTkavkasiis omi, romelic naxevari saukunis manZilze gaWianurda da uzarmazar saxsrebs nTqavda, male daemTavrebinaT. DdasavleT kavkasiis dapyrobisaTvis brZolaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda afxazeTs. ruseTis sardlobisaTvis naTeli iyo, rom sanam maT afxazeTSi mxolod sanapiro zoli eWiraT, ruseTis gavlena am mxareSi mtkice ver iqneboda. 1860w. damdegs ruseTis sardlobam yuradReba gaamaxvila afxazeTis CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan damakavSirebeli gzebis gayvanaze, rasac samxedro da administraciuli mniSvneloba hqonda.Ppirvel rigSi, gadawyda, afxazeTis sanapirodan fsxumde sasapalne gzis gayvana. fsxuelebi kvlav esxmodnen Tavs afxazeTis soflebs, rusul simagreebs, mihyavdaT tyveebi. amitom gzis gayvana rom ar Seferxebuliyo da sabolood daemorCilebinaT es Temi, gadawyda eqspediciis mowyoba. 1860w. agvistoSi ruseTis jaris nawilebi fsxusken daiZrnen. eqspediciaSi 3000 afxazi milicielic monawileobda. miuxedavad medgari winaaRmdegobisa, fsxuelebi damarcxdnen da ruseTis sardlobas morCileba gamoucxades. eqspediciis warmatebas mTis am TemSi ruseTis gavlenis gaZliereba ar mohyolia.1384 fsxu kvlav rCeboda ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erT mniSvnelovan kerad. 1860w. seqtemberSi kavkasiis armiis sardlobam omis swrafad damTavrebis mizniT axali gegma SeimuSava, romelic iTvaliswinebda dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebis ayras TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilebidan da iq rusebis Casaxlebas. rusul kolonizacias ara mxolod unda daegvirgvinebina qveynis dapyroba, aramed is TviTon unda yofiliyo dapyrobis erT-erTi mTavari saSualeba1385. aqamde mTielebis winaaRmdeg ewyoboda eqspediciebi, amarcxebdnen maT, magram Semdeg isini kvlav ibrZodnen rusebis winaaRmdeg, qveyana daumorCilebeli rCeboda. amieridan gadawyda, SeewyvitaT did msxverplTan dakavSirebuli samxedro eqspediciebi da Sedgomodnen CrdiloeT kavkasiis sistemur dasaxlebas kazakTa stanicebiT, xolo kavkasieli mTielebi gadaesaxlebinaT dablobze, an gaesaxlebinaT TurqeTSi. ruseTis xelisufleba am gziT cdilobda maTTvis moespo bunebrivi TavSesafari mTebis saxiT da Tavisi administraciis kontrolisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina, an TurqeTSi gadasaxlebiT daesustebina isini. a.bariatinski gulaxdilad aRniSnavda, rom mTielTa 1383
. iqve, gv. 792. . iqve, #737, gv. 859-860; #739, gv. 861-865. , . I, gv. 188; b. xorava. ruseTis mier dasavleT kavkasiis dapyroba da afxazeTi. - saistorio Ziebani, VII, Tb. ,2004, gv. 110-111. 1385 . . . . , gv. 371; b. xorava. ruseTis mier dasavleT kavkasiis dapyroba da afxazeTi, gv. 111-112. 1384
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gadasaxlebis mizani iyo am SesaniSnavi da nayofieri adgilebis kazakTa dasaxlebebisaTvis gaTavisufleba1386. dasavleT kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebis msvlelobaSi ruseTi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda afxazeTis faqtors da mixeil SarvaSiZis rols. 1862w. aprilSi a.bariatinski samxedro ministrs d.miliutins swerda: mixeil SarvaSiZis ,,gavlena afxazeTSi da mezobel tomebze, rogorc CemTvis cnobilia, jer kidev mniSvnelovania...amitom am kacis keTilad ganwyoba Cven mimarT Zalze saWirod mimaCnia~1387. naTeli iyo, rom afxazeTSi ruseTis xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba dasavleT kavkasiaSi misi mflobelobis damyarebis kvalad moxdeboda. es kargad icoda mixeil SarvaSiZemac. ruseTis sardloba fiqrobda, rom afxazeTis mTavari, romelic didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda jiqebs, ubixebs,SafsuRebs, abaZexebs da sxv. Soris, farulad uWerda mxars maT brZolas. afxazeTis mTavarmac kargad icoda, rom am tomebis ruseTisadmi damorCilebis Semdeg mis xelisuflebasac bolo moeReboda. amitomac mixeil SarvaSiZe afxazeTis mTis Temebis gavliT CrdiloeT kavkasiisaken gzebis gayvanas keTilganwyobiT ar ucqerda1388. 1864w. TebervalSi rusebma daiwyes kavkasionis qedis gadmolaxva. isini utevdnen Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSic. martSi, mefisnacvali mixeil romanovi (1862-1881ww.) aleqsandre II-s swerda: ,,vimoqmedoT windaxedulad, magram gabedulad, raTa sabolood gavwmindoT Savi zRvis mTeli sanapiro. safiqrebelia, rom mTielebis didi nawili arCevs TurqeTSi gadasaxldes, vidre gadavides maTTvis gansazRvrul adgilebze yubanSi. Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros saboloo dapyroba yvelaze metad damokidebulia adgilobriv mkvidrTa gasaxlebis siswrafeze~1389. 1864 wlis maisSi ruseTis jaris nawilebma kavkasiel mTielTa winaaRmdegobis ukanaskneli kera, jiqebis mTis Temi ahWifsi daikaves md. mZimTas zemo welSi. 21 maiss, ahWifsis centrSi, sof. gubaadvSi, kavkasiis omi damTavrebulad gamocxadda. ivlisSi ruseTis jaris nawilebi fsxuSi SeiWrnen, CrdiloeTidan, kavkasionis qedis mxridan sanWaros uReltexiliT, da afxazeTidan, dous uReltexiliT. fsxuelebi TavganwirviT ibrZodnen, magram damarcxdnen. brZolis Semdeg cocxlad darCenilma fsxuelebma cecxli waukides TavianT saxlebs da xeoba datoves.1390 amrigad, 1864 wlis ivlisSi rusebma fsxu daikaves; 105 ojaxi (862 kaci) am Temidan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mdinare kumas xeobaSi gadasaxlda, xolo 3,5 aTasi kaci TurqeTSi wavida.1391 amis Sedegad bzifis xeobis zemo weli mTlianad daicala. Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi adiReelebisa da abazebis mniSvnelovani nawili, ubixebi ki - mTlianad 1858-1864ww. iZulebiT TurqeTSi gadasaxldnen. ruseTis sardlobis angariSis Tanaxmad, dasavleT kavkasiidan TurqeTSi gadasaxlda 418 aTasi kaci, xolo yubansa da labaze – daaxl. 90 aTasi kaci. gadasaxlebis procesi 1865 welsac grZeldeboda. Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze TiTqmis ar darCnen adiReelebi da abazebi, maTi mcire nawili aulebad Caasaxles yubanze. sul, oficialuri, magram, safiqrebelia arasruli monacemebiT, dasavleT kavkasiidan TurqeTSi TiTqos 470 aTasi adamiani gadasaxlda1392. 1386
. . . . ..., gv. 198. . . . . , gv. 388. 1388 . b. xorava. ruseTis mier dasavleT kavkasiis dapyroba da afxazeTi, gv. 116-117. 1389 . . . . ..., gv. 183. 1390 . b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 61. 1391 . . . . ..., gv. 195; b. xorava. fsxuelebis gadasaxleba. _ II respublikuri samecniero konferenciis Sromebi. quTaisi, 2004, gv. 256-259. 1392 . . . , . I, gv. 52; b.xorava, afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 62. 1387
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ruseT-kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg carizmma vrceli teritoria miiRo sakolonizaciod. 1861-1864ww. dasavleT kavkasiaSi kazakTa 111 stanica (14239 ojaxi, 85 aTasi kaci) Caasaxles. imavdroulad, am mxareSi asaxlebdnen ruseTis Sida guberniebidan gadmosaxlebul rusebs, ukrainelebs, TurqeTidan gadmosaxlebul berZnebs da somxebs1393. 1866w. carizmma dasavleT kavkasiis administraciuli mowyobis reforma ganaxorciela. vrceli mxare md.yubanidan kavkasionis qedamde yubanis olqis, xolo Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sanapiro – Savi zRvis okrugis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, romelic yubanis olqis ufross eqvemdebareboda. amrigad, carizmma miaRwia mizans – dasavleT kavkasia imperiis administraciul sistemaSi moaqcia. amis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi afxazeTis sakiTxic dadga. jer kidev kavkasiis omis damTavrebamde mefisnacvalma, didma mTavarma m.romanovma samxedro ministris d.miliutinisadmi 1864 wlis 27 marts gagzavnil werilSi samTavros gauqmebis sakiTxi aRZra. misi azriT, es RonisZieba saWiro iyo imisaTvis, rom Sesrulebuliyo umaRlesi mTavrobis mier mowonebuli proeqti Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, md. yubanis SesarTavidan md. bzifamde kazakTa stanicebis mowyobis Sesaxeb. Mman amis Taobaze praqtikuli winadadebebic wamoayena: 1. mTavrisa da misi memkvidris daTanxmeba, raTa uari Tqvan taxtze; 2. mTavars da mis memkvidreebs daeniSnoT Sesaferisi jamagiri; 3. afxazeTisagan Seiqmnas samxedro okrugi, romelic webeldasTan erTad daeqvemdebareba gansakuTrebul samxedro pirs olqebSi ganyofilebebis ufrosebis uflebiT, quTaisis general-gubernatorisadmi daqvemdebarebiT; 4. Tuki Tavisufali miwebis raodenoba saSualebas mogvcems, Savi zRvis sanapiroze, md. enguris SesarTavamde, Seiqmnas kazakTa dasaxlebebi, romlebic md.bzifze ganlagebul dasaxlebebTan erTad Seqmnian afxazeTis kazakTa jars afxazeTis samxedro okrugis ufrosis meTaurobiT; 5. yubanisa da afxazeTis jarebs Soris sazRvrad dawesdes qedi, romelic gagris viwroebs ketavs da amJamad afxazeTs jiqebis miwa-wylisagan gamoyofs1394. A 1864 wlis aprilSi aleqsandre II-m moiwona kavkasiis mefisnacvlis mier warmodgenili winadadebebi. maisSi m.romanovs gaegzavna imperatoris Sesabamisi brZaneba, romlis realizacia man quTaisis general-gubernators d.sviatopolkmirskis da afxazeTis jarebis sardals, general p.Satilovs daavala. 24 ivniss m.romanovma oficialurad auwya mixeil SarvaSiZes imperatoris brZaneba afxazeTis mTavris movaleobisagan misi gaTavisuflebisa da afxazeTSi rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb1395. ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs ukve mzad hqondaT winadadebebi afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg misi miwawylis mkvidri mosaxleobisagan daclis Sesaxeb. d.sviatopolk-mirski kavkasiis armiis mTavari Stabis ufross, general a.karcovs 1864 wlis 27 ivniss swerda: ,,Tu afxazebis nawili samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg TurqeTSi gadasaxlebas moisurvebs, vfiqrob, amas xeli ar unda SevuSaloT~1396. xelisuflebas surda, rac SeiZleba Cqara Sedgomoda afxazeTis kolonizacias. ,,Tu SeviZendiT mTavris mamulebs, romlebic metad vrcelia da mniSvnelovani, axlave SegveZlo SevdgomodiT afxazeTis kolonizacias kazak-rusebis meSveobiT~1397, _ aRniSnavda quTaisis general-gubernatori. Mmisi winadadebiT, yubanis olqsa da quTaisis gubernias Soris sazRvrad unda dadgeniliyo gagris qedi da esec mxolod erTi mizniT: ,,Tu Cven xelT iqneba carieli adgilebi bzifis orsave mxares, _
1393 1394 1395 1396 1397
. . . . ..., gv. 208; b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 63. . scssa, f. 5, aRw. 1, s. 7506, f. 41; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi. gv. 329-333. . scssa, f. 416, aRw. 3, s. 177, f. 48; . . , ..., gv. 250-252. . s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe, gv. 7. . iqve.
274
swerda d.sviatopolk-mirski 1864 wlis 6 ivnisis werilSi general a.karcovs, _ SevZlebT safuZveli CavuyaroT rusul mosaxleobas afxazeTSi~1398. 1864 wlis 12 ivliss q.soxumSi Camosulma d.sviatopolk-mirskim afxazeTis samive olqis warmomadgenlebs gamoucxada imperatoris brZanebuleba afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis da uSualo rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb1399. Seiqmna soxumis samxedro ganyofileba, romelic quTaisis general-gubernators eqvemdebareboda. igi Sedgeboda bzifis, soxumis, abJuis okrugebisagan, samurzayanosa da webeldis saboqaulobebisagan. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis (afxazeTi) ufrosad afxazeTis jarebis sardali, generali p.Satilovi dainiSna1400. afxazeTis mTavari mixeil SarvaSiZe, romelic maSin avadmyofobda da iTxovda, afxazeTSi Tu ara, imereTSi, kerZod, quTaisSi cxovrebis ufleba miecaT, 1864 wlis noemberSi voroneJSi gadaasaxles, sadac 1866 wlis 16 aprils gardaicvala. maisSi misi neSti Camoasvenes da moqvis taZarSi dakrZales1401. amrigad, afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebiT da rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebiT am mxareSi koloniuri politikuri reJimi mkvidrdeba1402. 1865 wlis statistikuri monacemebiT, afxazeTis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobam 13037 komli (79190 suli) Seadgina1403. uSualo rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdeg, afxazeTis rusuli administracia Seudga zrunvas am mxareSi ,,saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigis~ damyarebisaTvis, rac, pirvel rigSi, Tanmimdevruli kolonizatoruli politikis gatarebas gulisxmobda. 1866 wels soxumis samxedro ganyofilebaSi saglexo reformis gatarebisaTvis mzadeba daiwyo, magram afxazeTis socialursazogadoebrivi wyobis Taviseburebebis gauTvaliswineblobam, Cinovnikuri aparatis uxeSma Carevam afxazTa cxovrebis wesSi, ekonomikurma siduxWirem, adgilobrivi mosaxleobisa-Tvis miuRebelma administraciulma reformam da Tavisi xasiaTiT batonymuri reformisaTvis niadagis momzadebam afxazeTis mosaxleobis masobrivi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, romelic saxalxo ajanyebaSi gadaizarda. igi daiwyo 1866 wlis 26 ivliss sof. lixnSi mravalaTasiani SekrebiT. imave dRes ajanyebulebma mTavris sasaxleSi Sexiznuli ganyofilebis ufrosi polkovniki koniari da sxva Cinovnikebi sicocxles gamoasalmes. ajanyebam male TiTqmis mTeli afxazeTi moicva. carizmma afxazeTSi saswrafod gadaisrola jaris nawilebi da agvistoSi ajanyeba CaaxSes. misi xelmZRvanelebi da aqtiuri monawileebi sastikad dasajes. amis Semdeg carizmi mxaris administraciuli mowyobis reformis momzadebas Seudga, romelic miznad isaxavda xelisuflebis mxridan kontrolis gaZlierebas. 1866w. 11 agvistos debulebis Tanaxmad, soxumis samxedro ganyofileba biWvinTis, drandis, webeldis, oqumis okrugebad daiyo. calke administraciuli erTeulis saxiT Sevida masSi q.soxumi. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufross samxedro gubernatoris ufleba mieniWa, Tumca nominalurad is quTaisis general-gubernators eqvemdebareboda. imis gamo, rom carizms gadawyvetili hqonda md. bzifidan md. enguramde Savi zRvis sanapiros kolonizacia kazak-rusebiT, samurzayano (oqumis okrugi) afxazeTs SeuerTes. 1866 wlis ajanyebis Semdeg gaCnda afxazTa TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis gegmis pirveli dasabuTeba, romelic mocemulia quTaisis general-gubernatoris d.sviatopolk-mirskis 1866 wlis 27 oqtombris mimarTvaSi kavkasiis mTielTa sammarTvelos ufrosis d.staroselskisadmi. masSi naTqvamia: ,,arsebobs mxolod erTi radikaluri saSualeba soxumis ganyofilebis mxridan yovelgvari 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403
. iqve. . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 711-712. . scssa, f. 416, aRw. 3, s. 177, f. 78; , gv. 67. . , 1866, #68. . , gv. 87. . . . -
275
, . 1,
, V. -
gv. 201;
, 1866, #76.
.
.
.
saSiSroebis aRmosafxvrelad, esaa afxazeTis mosaxleobis TurqeTSi gadasaxleba~1404. d.sviatopolk-mirskis azriT, Tu am nabijze wavidodnen, yvela sxva saSualeba zedmeti iqneboda da sakiTxi erTxel da samudamod gadawydeboda. igi am RonisZiebas im sistemis dagvirgvinebad miiCnevda, rac miRebul iqna dasavleT kavkasiis mTiel tomTa mimarT1405. kavkasiis administraciis warmomadgenlebi afxazTa gadasaxlebas metad mniSvnelovan RonisZiebad miiCnevdnen, ramdenadac afxazeTi da webelda Ggeografiuli mdebareobis gamo did rols asrulebdnen kavkasiis omis dros da, maTi azriT, kvlavac eqneboda didi mniSvneloba kavkasiaSi yovelgvari saomari moqmedebisas. amitom am mxaris muslimi mosaxleobis Semcireba maTi TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis gziT, rogorc miaCnda mTavrobas, xels Seuwyobda politikuri simSvidis uzrunvelyofas da, Sesabamisad, mefis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas am mxareSi1406. mefisnacvali m.romanovi pirdapir aRniSnavda, rom ,,afxazTa gadasaxlebis mTavar amocanad miaCnia ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebidan mosaxleobis im nawilis moSoreba, romelic xelisuflebisadmi yvelaze ufro mtrulad aris ganwyobili~1407. 1866 wlis noemberSi aleqsandre II daTanxmda, pirvelive SesaZleblobisTanave afxazeTisa da webeldis muslimi mosaxleoba TurqeTSi gaesaxlebinaT. imperatorisagan Tanxmobis miRebis Semdeg, mixeil romanovma kavkasiis jarebis Stabis ufross, general a.karcovs ubrZana, dauyovnebliv Sedgomoda am gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebas1408. Tavis mxriv, muslimi afxazebic daJinebiT moiTxovdnen TurqeTSi gadasaxlebas, amitom ruseTis xelisuflebam elCs TurqeTSi, graf n. ignatievs daavala, amis Taobaze molaparakeba gaemarTa portasTan. male ruseTis elCi SeuTanxmda TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs ali faSas afxazTa gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmeba moxda imazec, rom TurqeTis xelisuflebas muhajirebi ruseTis sazRvrispira adgilebSi ar daesaxlebina1409. kavkasiis administracia Tvlida, rom imJamad xelisuflebisaTvis umTavresi afxazTa gadasaxlebis sakiTxi iyo. amasTan, xelisufleba aRiarebda, rom Tu afxazeTis mTeli muslimi mosaxleoba moisurvebda gadasaxlebas, garkveul sirTulesa da uxerxulobas Seqmnida. amitom, maTi azriT, es procesi unda daeregulirebinaT. rekomendebuli iyo aseve, rom gadasaxlebulTaTvis ukan dabrunebis neba ar daerToT1410. ruseTis xelisuflebam winaswar gansazRvra emigrantTa ricxvi. navaraudevi iyo afxazTa 4500 ojaxis gasaxleba. Tavis mxriv, porta mzadyofnas gamoTqvamda, afxazeTidan 4000 ojaxi mieRo1411. mefisnacvali m.romanovi 1867 wlis 13 Tebervals aleqsandre II-s swerda, rom kavkasiis administraciam gadawyvita, ZaliT ar gandevnos afxazebi TurqeTSi, magram yovelmxriv Seuwyos xeli maT gadasaxlebas. amasTanave xelisuflebas surda pirvel rigSi gaesaxlebina strategiuli mniSvnelobis, _ webelda-dalis muslimi mosaxleoba, romelic cxovrobda mTis Znelad misadgom adgilebSi da kavkasionis qedis uReltexilebiT kavSiri hqonda yaraCaelebTan da yabardoelebTan. amasTan xelisufleba maT reformis sawinaaRmdego moZraobaSi sdebda brals da Tvlida, rom webelda-dali metnaklebad dakavSirebuli iyo ajanyebasTan1412.
1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412
. . . . . . . . .
scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 91, f. 21; . . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 91, f. 21. . . . ...,gv. 284. scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1,s. 91, f. 74; . . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1,s. 91, f.. 19; . . . . . ...,gv. 285. iqve. scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1,s. 91, f. 4-6; . . . . . ..., gv. 285-286.
.
...,gv. 283.
.
..., gv. 284. ...,gv. 284.
.
...,gv. 283.
,
276
TurqeTisagan Tanxmobis miRebis Semdeg mefisnacvalma gankarguleba gasca, aprilis bolodan dawyebuliyo afxazTa gadasaxlebis procesi. soxumsa da jer kidev afxazeTis sxva adgilebSi kvlav gadaisroles jarebi1413. gadasaxlebis dawyebamde, 1867 wlis 6 aprils, sof. Ffsircxadan muhajirTa pirveli nakadi sami xomaldiT wavida baTumSi, romelic maSin TurqeTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. eseni iyvnen jiqebi da fsxuelebi (49 ojaxi, 218 suli), romlebic sof. fsircxaSi 1864 wlidan cxovrobdnen1414. 1867 wlis aprilis bolos muhajirobis organizebuli procesi daiwyo. afxazTa gadasaxleba ZiriTadad ZaldatanebiT xasiaTs atarebda, rac aSkarad Cans imdroindeli dokumentebidan. 1867w. 31 marts mefisnacvali imperators swerda, rom biWvinTis olqis mcxovrebT ar surdaT TurqeTSi wasvla. Aafxazebi nebayoflobiT qristianobasac iRebdnen, rom darCena moexerxebinaT1415. gaz. ,,droeba~ maSin iuwyeboda: ,,afxazebi Zlier dajavrianebulni arian... samurzayanoSi kankaleben SiSiT, vaiTu Cvenc gadagvasaxlono... aqaurebs da afxazebs didi naTesaoba aqvT. webeldelebi, dalelebi da gufuelebi wavidnen. abJuis mazridanac mravali wavida. Wilouelebi da jgerdelebi gamorekes TavianTi binidan. maT saSineli guliT ar undaT wasvla. afxazebi didad aqeben bzufus mazris ufross dimitri WavWavaZes. man mamobrivi mzrunvelobiT auxsna, rom rusis mmarTvelobis qveS yofna sjobs osmaleTSi gadasaxlebas~1416. miuxedavad im SiSisa, romelic samurzayanoelebs hqondaT, muhajiroba maT ar Sexebia, rac imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom mosaxleoba ZiriTadad qarTuli da, Sesabamisad, qristianuli iyo, xolo afxazebi, vinc aq cxovrobdnen, qristianebi iyvnen. wmida aRmsarebeli ambrosi (xelaia) mogvianebiT igonebda, rom muhajirobis dros afxazeTis episkoposTan aleqsandre oqropiriZesTan (1862-1869ww.), romelic didi siyvaruliTa sargeblobda afxazebSi, mosula mahmadiani afxazi, saxelad urusi, 12 wlis SvilTan erTad. man mRvdelmTavars auxsna, rom samudamod midis osmaleTSi. misi Txovna aseTi iyo: `Cemi vaJi minda davstovo SenTan... coli da sxva Svilebi adre davkarge, ar vici, ra momelis ucxo mxareSi, magram mainc vstoveb samSoblos. ar minda, Cemi ubedureba gavuziaro Cems erTaderT Svils da SenTan moviyvane, mowyaleo mamao, vici, miiReb, aRzrdi qristianulaT da iqneba bednieri”.1417 Tvalcremliani mama gamoeTxova Svils, romelic ep. aleqsandrem aRzarda, gaxda mRvdeli da didi sargebloba moutana qristianobas afxazeTSi. kavkasiis armiis mTavari Stabis ufrosi, generali a.karcovi aRniSnavda, rom afxazTa gadasaxlebis xelSemwyobi garemoeba iyo ,,afxazuri sagvareuloebis naTesauri Tu megobruli kavSirebi TurqeTSi wasul afxazur Tu dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebTan~1418. maTma gadasaxlebam namdvilad iqonia didi gavlena am moZraobis dawyebaze afxazeTSi. igive a.karcovi xazs usvamda, rom afxazeTis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils, gansakuTrebiT sazogadoebis zedafenebs araerTxel gamouTqvamT survili, miebaZaT erTmorwmune mTielebisaTvis da TurqeTSi wasuliyvnen1419.
1413
. iqve, gv. 286. . scssa,f. 545, aRw. I, s. 91, furc. 115: . . . …,gv. 286. 1415 . . . . …, gv. 288. 1416 . ,droeba, 1867, #23. AaRsaniSnavia, rom biWvinTis olqis mcxovreblebma 1868 w. TxovniT mimarTes soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufross general v. geimans, olqis ufrosad maior d. WavWavaZis datovebis Sesaxeb,romelsac Zalian emadlierebodnen, gansakuTrebiT, 1867 wlis muhajirobis dros dakavebuli poziciis gamo (scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 324, f. 5-11). 1417 . wm. mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre da afxazeTi..., gv. 205; b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 70. 1418 . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 91, f. 27: . . . …,gv. 282. 1419 . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 91, f. 28. 1414
277
afxazi memamuleebi daSinebuli iyvnen saglexo reformiTac. isini xedavdnen, rom samTavros gauqmebisa da 1866w. ajanyebis Semdeg xelisuflebis damokidebuleba maT mimarT Seicvala. carizms adgilobrivi Tavadaznauroba ukve ar miaCnda dasayrdenad, rac imaSi gamoixata, rom ar cno maTi uflebebi glexTa miwebze. amaSi mJRavndeboda carizmis survili, Tavis gankargulebaSi mieRo miwebis mniSvnelovani fondi Semdgomi kolonizaciisaTvis1420. amis gamo afxazma Tavadaznaurobam gadawyvita, TurqeTSi waeyvana damokidebuli glexobac da maT xarjze aego iq Tavisi bedniereba1421. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosi, gen. m.tolstoi 1867w. 16 marts quTaisis general-gubernators swerda, rom daaxloebiT 40 webeldel Tavads 1 maisidan ganzraxuli hqonda TurqeTSi gadasaxleba glexTa 2170 ojaxTan erTad1422. glexebi aucileblad unda wahyolodnen TavianT memamuleebs. amas ganapirobebda tradicia da naTesauri damokidebuleba Tavad-aznaurebTan. webelda-dalidan gadasaxlebulTa Soris iyvnen 1866w. ajanyebis aqtiuri monawileebi: kvaj zurab-ifa marSani, TaTlasTan Tengiz-ifa marSani, fsxubei sastanRaz-ifa marSani, yizilbek marSani, Sirinbei marSani da sxvebi1423. roca gadasaxlebis procesma mniSvnelovani gaqaneba miiRo, xelisufleba Seecada, SeezRuda igi, rasac miaRwia kidec. 1867 wlis ivnisis dasawyisSi gadasaxlebis procesi dasrulda. TurqeTis xelisuflebam, SeTanxmebisamebr, muhajirebi ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebidan Sors daasaxla – nawili anatoliaSi, xolo nawili balkaneTSi, ZiriTadad bulgareTSi1424. gadasaxlebis procesSi dgeboda muhajirTa siebi soflebis mixedviT, ojaxebis raodenobis, ojaxis Tavkacebis saxelisa da gvaris miTiTebiT, ojaxis wevrTa (qalebi, kacebi) raodenobis CvenebiT. Aam siebis mixedviT, sof. fsircxadan gadasaxlda 51 ojaxi(210 suli), sof. foqveSidan – 10(69 suli). aqedan 9 ojaxi faCulia – 65 suli, 1 ojaxi jinjia -'4 suli), sof. Wloudan – 125 (539 suli), sof. aTaridan – 7 (43 suli) da a.S. biWvinTis okrugidan gadasaxlda 226 ojaxi(1357 suli), drandis okrugidan – 629 ojaxi (3245 suli), webeldis okrugidan – 2503 ojaxi (14740 suli). amrigad, afxazeTidan, webeldadalTan erTad, gadasaxlda ara dagegmili 4500, aramed 3358 ojaxi, 19342 suli1425. 1867 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi soxumis olqis ufrosma, general-maiorma v.geimanma Semoiara misdami rwmunebuli mxare. 26-28 seqtembers is iyo webeldasa da dalSi. mxare TiTqmis mTlianad iyo ,,gawmendili~ adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan. v.geimanma neba darTo mixeil marSans, 17 ojaxTan erTad, romlebmac kodoris adidebis gamo ver moaxerxes TurqeTSi wasvla, aq gazafxulamde darCeniliyo1426. kavkasiis mTielTa sammarTvelos cnobiT1427, 1867 wlis noembrisaTvis soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis (afxazeTi) mosaxleoba okrugebis mixedviT aseTi iyo:
mosaxleobis raodenoba okrugebi
1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427
komlebis raodenoba
ojaxebis raodenoba
mamakacTa
. . . . …, gv. 279-280. . iqve, gv. 280. . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1, s. 91, f. 1; . . . …, gv. 281. . ix. . . ...,iqve, gv. 118-119. . . . . ...,gv. 287-289. . b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 72-73. . scssa, f. 545, aRw. 1,s. 252,f. 2. . , . 1, . II, gv. 39.
278
qalTa
sul
biWvinTis
4730
14183
14183
12300
26483
drandis
2868
3278
8824
7681
16505
oqumis
3493
3493
11795
10063
27
27
46
41
87
34848
30085
64933
webeldis sul
11118
12696
21858
TiTqmis mTlianad ,,gaiwminda~ webelda da dali. am Temebis TiTqmis 15 aTasiani mosaxleoba Tavisi samkvidrodan ayares da ucxoeTSi gadaasaxles. 1868 wlis monacemebiT, webeldaSi sul 13 ojaxi cxovrobda, xolo dalSi – arcerTi1428. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajirobis Semdeg sul male, 1874 wels kavkasiaSi Camovida ingliseli mogzauri grove. igi yaraCaidan gadmovida kodoris xeobaSi. ingliseli mogzauri moixibla kodoris xeobiT: ,,Znelia naxo ufro didebuli da mSvenieri adgili, vidre mdeloTi dafaruli sivrce da tyeebi, romelzec kodori miedineba~, _ aRfrTovanebiT wers igi. magram mogzaurs sevda da naRveli ipyrobs, roca xedavs, rom aq adamianis yofnis araviTari kvali ar Cans. ,,xeobis zemo weli sruliad ukacrieli iyo~ _ aRniSnavs igi1429. 1867 wels afxazTa muhajirobis gamo dacarielebuli miwa-wylis dasaxlebisa da soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis mmarTvelobis Semdgomi centralizaciis aucileblobam dRis wesrigSi daayena axali administraciuli reformis gatareba, romelic 1868 wlis maisSi ganxorcielda. gamsxvilda administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebi. Seiqmna ori okrugi: biWvinTis, romelic Sedgeboda gudauTisa da gumisTis ubnebisagan, da oCamCiris - kodorisa da samurzayanos ubnebisagan. kolonizaciisaTvis gankuTvnil webeldaSi, gansazRvruli iyo dasaxlebaTa samzrunvelos Seqmna1430. aseTma administraciulma dayofam 1883 wlamde iarseba. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis (afxazeTi) Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari md.beRerefsTaze (xolodnaia reCka) gadioda, sadac mas yubanis olqis Savi zRvis okrugi esazRvreboda; samxreT-aRmosavleTiT – md. engurze, xolo CrdiloeTiT – kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qedze1431. afxazeTis eklesia 60-ian wlebSi. 1860w. 9 ivniss Seiqmna ,,kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoeba~, romelic mowodebuli iyo am mxareSi mahmadianobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. am mizniT mis farglebSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli misioneruli muSaoba. sazogadoebis droSiT, rusi misionerebis meSveobiT kavkasiaSi mTielTa aSkara rusifikacia warimarTa1432. sazogadoebam Tavisi muSaoba afxazeTSic gaSala. episkoposma aleqsandre oqropiriZem (1862-1869ww.) SeZlo marTlmadideblobis poziciebis SenarCuneba da ganmtkiceba afxazeTSi. misi mecadineobiTa da biWvinTis okrugis ufrosis d.WavWavaZis ZalisxmeviT 1867w. moxerxda sami aTasamde afxazis monaTvla. episkoposi aleqsandre sakuTari saxsrebiT zrdida da sasuliero ganaTlebas aZlevda afxaz ymawvilebs1433. 1867w. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosma v.geimanma mefisnacvals vrceli moxseneba warudgina ,,afxazeTSi qristianobis Sesaxeb~, sadac aRniSnavda, rom afxazeTis eklesiebSi RvTismsaxureba ,,gaugebar qarTul enaze 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433
. iqve. . . , gv. 212. . . . ...,gv. 279; , gv. 89-90, . . b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gv. 74. . : . . . . . . ,1989, gv. 442. . wm. mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre da afxazeTi, gv. 36-37, 143-145.
279
,
..., gv. 32.
sruldeboda~. mosaxleobis mcirericxovnebis gamo igi afxazeTis eparqiis gauqmebisa da misi imereTis episkoposisadmi daqvemdebarebis sakiTxs ayenebda. afxazTa 1866w. ajanyebisa da 1867w. muhajirobis Semdeg v. geimanma CaTvala, rom xelsayreli dro dadga afxazeTis danarCeni mosaxleobis garusebisaTvis, amasTan mas qarTuli samRvdeloebis CamoSoreba da maTi rusi samRvdeloebiT Secvla surda. 1869w. 30 maiss afxazeTis eparqia imereTis eparqias SeuerTda. imereTis episkoposi da afxazeTis eparqiis mmarTveli, episkoposi gabrieli (qiqoZe) did misionerul muSaobas eweoda afxazeTSi. 1868-1877ww. misi ZalisxmeviT 19 aTasamde afxazi moinaTla1434. afxazeTis daCqarebuli asimilaciis imperiuli gegma ki ver ganxorcielda, raSic uzarmazari wvlili gabriel episkoposs miuZRvis. afxazuri damwerlobis Seqmna. 1861 wels ruseTis xelisuflebam miiRo gadawyvetileba kavkasiis mTis udamwerlobo xalxebisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmnis Taobaze.Aam sakiTxis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb enaTmecnieri, mefis armiis generali p.uslari werda: ,,am enebis ugulebelyofa SeuZlebelia... ramdeni enac unda SeviswavloT, vercerTi ver aRibeWdeba Cvens sulier samyaroSi ise Rrmad, rogorc mSobliuri ena, ena, romliTac uSualod gamoiTqmis Cveni cnobierebis Taviseburi wyoba. es mSobliuri enebi saimedo megzurebi arian mTielTa Soris axali yaidis mcnebaTa gavrcelebisaTvis. aviyvanoT es megzurebi sakuTar xelSi, SevZloT maTi gamoyeneba da marTva... rTuli saqmea, magram imsaxurebs imas, rom masze davfiqrdeT~1435. ruseTis xelisufleba daTanxmda kavkasiis mTis xalxebisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmnas, magram gadasawyveti darCa, romeli anbani (grafika) iyo mizanSewonili am mizniT gamosayeneblad. cnobili enaTmecnierebi: g.rozeni, a.Siogreni, a.Sifneri samarTlianad Tvlidnen, rom mTis kavkasiur enebsa da qarTuls erTi bgeriTi sistema aqvT, amitom qarTuli anbani (grafika) mcireodeni cvlilebebis Semdeg savsebiT gamosadegia kavkasiuri enebisaTvis. am azrs p.uslaric iziarebda. misi azriT, qarTuli anbani erT-erTi yvelaze srulyofili iyo arsebul anbanTa Soris, sadac yoveli bgera calke aso-niSniT gadmoicema da yoveli aso-niSani yovelTvis erTsadaimave bgeras gamosaxavs. ,,qarTuli anbanis sistema SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes yvela kavkasiuri enis anbanis safuZvlad, romelTac dRes damwerloba ara aqvT. magram Tu Cven qarTvelebisagan aramxolod anbanis sistemas, aramed asoebis moxazulobasac visesxebT, sruliad Tavisuflad SevqmniT sirTuleebs, romlebic miT ufro iqneba sagrZnobi, rac wera-kiTxvis codna kavkasiaSi gavrceldeba~1436. amrigad, kavkasiis mTis udamwerlobo xalxebisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmna emsaxureboda ara kulturul, aramed politikur miznebs – gaeadvilebina mTielebisaTvis rusuli enis Seswavla da, saboloo azriT, maTi asimilacia. amitom miCneul iqna, rom kavkasiis mTis xalxTa enebisaTvis, da maT Soris afxazurisaTvis, mizanSewonili iyo rusuli anbanis (grafikis) gamoyeneba garkveuli cvlilebebiT. 1861w. TbilisSi Seiqmna specialuri komisia cnobili numizmatisa da siZveleTa mkvlevaris, mefis armiis general-leitenantis, i. barTolomeis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic Seudga muSaobas afxazuri damwerlobisa da saanbano wignis Sesadgenad. komisiis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen d.furcelaZe, mRvdeli v.trirogovi, afxazeTis mkvidrni: mRvdeli ioane gegia, praporSiki giorgi qurcikiZe, aznauri simon eSba, romlebmac icodnen afxazuri, qarTuli da rusuli enebi. 1862 wlidan p. uslaric Seudga afxazuri enis Seswavlas. sul mokle xanSi p.uslari gaerkva am enis struqturaSi da imave 1862 wlis maisSi TbilisSi gamosca monografia ,,afxazuri ena~, romelsac erTvoda mis mier rusuli grafikis safuZvelze Sedgenili afxazuri anbani. 1434 1435 1436
. wm. mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi. Semdg. j. gamaxaria. Tb., 2007, gv. 124, 200-204. . . . . , gv. 16-17. . . . . ..., gv. 48-49.
280
afxazur anbanSi yovelgvari cvlilebis gareSe Sevida rusuli anbanis 24 aso-niSani (19 Tanxmovani da 5 xmovani), romlebic orive enisaTvis saerTo fonemebs aRniSnavda; danarCeni specifikuri fonemebis gamosaxatavad gamoyenebuli iyo rusuli anbanis aso-niSnebi garkveuli cvlilebebiT. garda amisa, zogierTi aso-niSani nasesxebi iyo sxva anbanebidan (qarTuli, laTinuri, berZnuli, slavuri). mogvianebiT, rodesac kavkasiis saswavlo olqis saolqo inspeqtorma m. zavadskim 1887w. p.uslaris ,,afxazuri ena~ stamburi wesiT gamosca, afxazuri anbanidan amoiRo mis mier nasesxebi qarTuli asoebi: w,W,j. amdenad, man es sami qarTuli aso-niSanic ver aitana afxazur anbanSi. TiTqmis imavdroulad i.barTolomeis komisiamac daasrula muSaoba afxazur saanbano wignze da anbanze, romelSic gamoyenebuli iyo qarTuli grafika. Tumca, sabolood, komisia im daskvnamde mivida, rom p.uslaris mier Sedgenili anbani ufro Seesabameboda afxazuri enis bgerebs. rogorc Cans, komisiis am gadawyvetilebaSic Sorsmimavali politikuri zraxvebi imaleboda. cnobili qarTveli moRvawe n.janaSia amis Taobaze werda, rom ruseTis xelisufleba Seecada, bolo moeRo im mcireodeni naSTisaTvisac ki istoriuli kavSirisa, romelic saukuneebis manZilze akavSirebda afxazebsa da qarTvelebs da am miznis misaRwevad gamoiyenes iseTi sasiamovno da kulturuli movlena, rogoric aris damwerlobis Seqmna afxazur enaze. qarTul asoebsac Seswames politikuri arasaimedooba da qarTuli anbani uaryofil iqna1437. afxazuri damwerlobis Seqmna emsaxureboda qarTuli samyarosagan afxazTa Camocilebisa da maTi garusebis mizans, Tumca politikuri mizandasaxulobis miuxedavad, es iyo mniSvnelovani kulturul-istoriuli movlena afxazi xalxis cxovrebaSi1438. realurad xelisuflebas afxazuri enis bedi ar ainteresebda, radgan misi adgili rusul enas unda daekavebina.Pp.uslari gulaxdilad aRniSnavda, rom ,,...tuzemcebis damwerloba unda emsaxuros mxolod imas, rom maT gauadvildeT rusuli enis Seswavla. TavianTi mdgomareobis gamo maT damoukidebeli literaturis Seqmna ar SeuZliaT da igi arc arasodes eqnebaT~1439. afxazuri damwerlobis Seqmna rom emsaxureboda ara kulturul, aramed politikur mizans, amaze daufaravad werda mefisnacvlis sabWos wevri e.veidenbaumi: ,,afxazuri ena, romelsac ar gaaCnia damwerloba da literatura, ra Tqma unda ganwirulia gasaqrobad ase Tu ise axlo momavalSi. sakiTxi isaa, romeli ena Secvlis mas. albaT, mosaxleobaSi kulturuli ideebisa da cnebebis gamtareblis roli unda Seasrulos ara qarTulma, aramed rusulma enam. amitom mimaCnia, rom afxazuri damwerlobis damkvidreba TviTmizani ki ar unda iyos, aramed eklesiisa da skolis meSveobiT qarTuli enis gamoyenebis dasustebisa da saxelmwifo eniT misi TandaTan Secvlis saSualeba~1440. i.barTolomeis komisiam didi muSaoba gaswia afxazuri saanbano wignis Sesadgenad. komisiis muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRes cnobilma afxazma moRvaweebma k.SarvaSiZem da gr.SarvaSiZem. saanbano wigns safuZvlad daedo p.uslaris anbani, romelmac garkveuli cvlileba ganicada, da afxazuri enis abJuuri dialeqti. 1865w. TbilisSi gamovida ,,afxazuri saanbano wigni~, romelic praqtikulad gamouyenebeli darCa. carizmi cdilobda mosaxleobisaTvis pirvel rigSi saeklesio literatura miewodebina misTvis yvelaze ufro gasageb mSobliur enaze. 1866w. TbilisSi kidev erTi wigni gamovida afxazur enaze: ,,kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qristianobis aRmdgenelma sazogadoebam~ gamosca 1437 . hamuT-bei. Wreli SeniSvnebi afxazTa da afxazeTis Sesaxeb, mexuTe werili. _ droeba, 1909, noemberdekemberi. 1438 . T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, r. Wanturia. RvTismsaxurebisa da sasuliero ganaTlebis ena, rogorc rusifikatoruli politikis ganxorcielebis saSualeba. _ qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi 2001, gv. 101-102. 1439 . Ш. Д. Инал-Ипа. Страницы абхазской литературы. Сухуми,1980,gv. 23. 1440 . . . . . , 1970, gv. 96.
281
,,mokle wmida istoria~, romelic rusulidan i.gegiam, g.qurcikiZem, d.marRaniam Targmnes. magram 1866 wlidan carizmis mier afxazebis mimarT dakavebulma poziciam afxazuri damwerlobis ganviTarebaSi uaryofiTi roli Seasrula. 1868w. ,,kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis~ sabWom afxazuri ena miiCnia ,,imdenad Cvil da ganuviTarebel~ enad, rom masze yovelgvari Targmanis mcdeloba Sewyda1441. afxazTa sazogadoebis zedafena, romelsac usityvod mihyveboda xalxis didi nawili, jer kidev qarTuli orientaciisa iyo, rac kargad Cans afxazeTisa da samurzayanos Tavadaznaurobis deputatTa 1870w. 23 martis moxsenebiTi baraTidan wodebriv-saadgilmamulo komitetis Tavmjdomaris, generalleitenant d.sviatopolk-mirskisadmi. mas xels awerdnen b.emuxvari, m.marSani, t.marRani, k.inal-ifa. afxazi xalxis warmomadgenlebs afxazeTi saqarTvelos ganuyofel nawilad miaCndaT. isini xazs usvamdnen afxazTa da qarTvelTa yofacxovrebisa da tradiciebis, istoriuli bedis erTianobas.
5. afxazeTis kolonizacia XIX s. 60-70-ian wlebSi afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebisa da afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajirobis Semdeg carizmma vrceli teritoria miiRo sakolonizaciod. afxazeTis ucxouri kolonizacia ruseTis saxelmwifos ekonomikur da politikur interesebSi Sedioda. am periodSi ruseTis xelisuflebis safiqrals warmoadgenda ara marto afxazeTis, aramed Savi zRvis mTeli Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros kolonizacia. Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros kolonizaciis ideologi a. vereSCagini maSin werda: ,,rogorc fsous, ise mZimTas auzebSi ukve ramdenime welia sicocxlis araviTari niSani ar iyo~1442. mkvidrTa gasaxlebis Semdeg ruseTis xelisuflebis winaSe idga amocana, kvlav daesaxlebina bunebiT uxvad dajildoebuli, magram gaukacrielebuli mxare; misi bunebrivi simdidre – vrceli tyeebi da nayofieri miwebi – aeTvisebina, ganeviTarebina meRvineoba, meabreSumeoba, meTambaqoeoba, mebaReoba, mefutkreoba. magram umTavresi iyo mxaris mosaxleobis sakiTxi. xelisuflebas surda, Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi politikuri TvalsazrisiT sruliad saimedo mosaxleoba hyoloda1443. am amocanebis relizaciis mizniT SemuSavda ,,debuleba Savi zRvis okrugis dasaxlebisa da misi marTvis Sesaxeb~, romelic imperatorma 1866 wlis 10 marts daamtkica. debulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis mizniT Seiqmna Savi zRvis okrugi1444. 1866w. 10 martis debulebis Tanaxmad Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli gansazRvruli iyo rus moaxalSeneTa ,,sanapiro sasoflo dasaxlebebis~ Sesaqmnelad. gadmosaxlebulebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mTeli rigi SeRavaTebi: nadelebi – ojaxze 30 desetina, erTdrouli fuladi daxmareba (50 man.), gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisufleba 15 wliT, sarekruto valdebulebisagan gaTavisufleba da sxv. magram pirvel xanebSi Savi zRvis okrugSi gadmosaxlebuli rusebis ricxvi mainc mcire iyo. amitom xelisuflebam gadawyvita, gadmosaxlebaze uari ar eTqva qristianebisTvis amierkavkasiidan da anatoliidan, slavebisaTvis, moldavelebisaTvis da sxv. aseTi politikis wyalobiT, anapasa da novorosiisks Soris rusebis garda dasaxldnen Cexebi, bulgarelebi, berZnebi1445. Savi zRvis okrugis saukeTeso miwebi daisakuTres imperatorma da misma naTesavebma, kavkasiis mefisnacvalma, didma samxedro da samoqalaqo Cinovnikebma. md. fsous marcxena napirze, samxedro dasaxleba 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445
. . . . .
1860-1910 . . . . . . . .
. . . .
..., gv. 66. ..., gv. 7-16. ..., gv. 7-11; . . ..., gv. 16-17; .
282
. .
.
..., gv. 24. ..., gv. 20.
. , gv. 157.
moewyo, xolo md.candrifSidan or versze _ moldavelebis dasaxleba, romelsac Savi zRvis okrugis ufrosis d.pilenkos pativsacemad 1870w. pilenkovo ewoda; jiqebis aulSi md.fsous marjvena napirze rusebi Casaxldnen da mas vesioloe ewoda1446. afxazeTis kolonizacia imave principebiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo, rogorc Savi zRvis okrugis kolonizacia. afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg carizmma yofili mTavrisa da samTavro saxlis wevrTa vrceli samflobeloebis konfiskacia moaxdina. 1867 wlis muhajirobis Semdeg afxazeTSi bevri ,,Tavisufali miwa~ gaCnda.Ees miwebi Sevida saxazino miwebis fondSi, romelsac kavkasiis mTielTa sammarTvelo ganagebda1447. saxazino miwebis fondSi Sevida agreTve mosaxleobisagan sruliad gaTavisuflebuli webelda, romelsac aseve kavkasiis mTielTa sammarTvelo ganagebda. webeldis okrugis nacvlad Seiqmna webeldis dasaxlebaTa ,,samzrunvelo~. pirvel mzrunvelad rusi oficeri n.diaCkov-tarasovi dainiSna. mis movaleobas Seadgenda mxaris gawmenda adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan, romlebic Tavs afarebdnen xeobis miuval adgilebs, gansakuTrebiT md. sakenis xeobas; mas unda SeerCia adgilebi momavali dasaxlebebis mosawyobad1448. xelisufleba Tvlida, rom webeldis strategiuli mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, es mxare politikuri TvalsazrisiT sando xalxiT unda dasaxlebuliyo.Nn.diaCkov-tarasovis azriT, webeldis kolonizacia saWiro iyo am mxareSi meurneobisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebisaTvis, romelic afxazTa xelSi ,,sacodav dReSi iyo~. mxaris bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aq unda ganeviTarebinaT mebaReoba, mexileoba, meRvineoba, mefutkreoba, mesaqonleoba, mesimindeoba. mrewvelobis ganviTarebisTvis aq iyo samSeneblo xe-tye, spilenZis, rkinis, tyviis madnebi.1449 gamoirCeoda jansaRi haviT, rbili klimatiT, nayofieri niadagiT, amitom webeldis dasaxlebaTa mzrunvelis azriT, problema ar unda gamxdariyo aq mosaxleobis mozidva. amdenad, webelda SeiZleboda gamxdariyo ayvavebuli mxare – SesaniSnavi venaxebiTa da xexilis baRebiT, samTamadno warmoebiT, oRond amisaTvis saWiro iyo kidev erTi da mTavari piroba – gzebis gayvana1450. 1867w. webeldaSi 6 punqti gamoiyo dasaxlebisaTvis: mixailovskoe – md.amtyelis sanapiroze, olginskoe – md. aRm. maWaris saTavesTan, aleqsandrovskoe – md.kelasurze, anastasievskoe da nikolaevskoe – afianCas mTasTan, md.nauSze, yofili sof. nauSis teritoriaze, georgievskoe – sof. jamfalis teritoriaze1451.
xelisuflebas surda, webeldaSi aucileblad rusebi Caesaxlebina, magram isini pirvel xanebSi xalisiT ar modiodnen. amasTan, miwis simwire-siviwroviT sulSexuTuli qarTvelebi moiwevdnen aq dasasaxleblad, rac xelisuflebis SeSfoTebas iwvevda. aseT pirobebSi mTavrobam arCevani ucxoelebze SeaCera, ufro sandod anatolieli berZnebi da bulgarelebi miiCnia. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosis, general v.geimanis brZanebiT TurqeTidan gadmosaxlebuli pirveli berZeni kolonistebi 1869w. Teberval-martSi sam sofelSi – aleqsandrovskoeSi, georgievskoeSi, olginskoeSi Caasaxles. 1869w. ivnisSi soxumSi Camovida 1800-iani wlebis dasawyisidan tiraspolis guberniaSi mcxovrebi bulgarelebis 62 ojaxi, romlebic anastasievskoesa da nikolaevskoeSi Caasaxles1452. 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iqve. . iqve, gv. 196-199.
. . . .
..., gv. 70-95. ..., gv. 191; . . ..., gv. 194.
.
..., gv. 431. . -
...,gv. 196.
283
, 1868,
129.
imavdroulad xelisuflebam vrceli miwa-wyali uboZa rus Cinovnikebs – samxedro da samoqalaqo pirebs, magram maTTvis SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda samsaxuris paralelurad meurneobis gaZRola, miwebis ijariT gadacemis SesaZleblobac ar hqondaT, radgan msurvelebi ar Candnen. amis gamo miwebis didi nawili gamouyenebeli iyo. ase Tu ise awyobili meurneoba kolonistebis mxolod 8-10%-s hqonda. CinovnikTa dasaxlebebi ar viTardeboda, miwebi daumuSaveblad iyo migdebuli1453. 1866 wlis afxazTa ajanyebis CaxSobisa da 1867 wlis muhajirobis Semdeg carizmi ufro mSvidad Seudga afxazeTSi saglexo reformis gatarebas. 1870w. 8 noembers imperatorma aleqsandre II-m daamtkica debuleba soxumis samxedro ganyofilebaSi saglexo reformis Sesaxeb, romlis gamocxadeba mTavrobam ruseTSi batonymobis gauqmebis aT wlisTavs _ 1871w. 19 Tebervals daamTxvia. afxazeTSi gauqmda batonymoba, glexoba gaTavisuflda feodalTa piradi damokidebulebisagan, magram umniSvnelo nadelebi miiRo da droebiT damokidebul urTierTobaSi darCa. O 1872 wlidan afxazeTSi mimdinareobda e.w. ,,sakurorto~ kolonizacia. erTidan sam desetinamde miwa, e.w. ,,sanitaruli nakveTebi~ soxumsa da mis SemogarenSi SeRavaTiani pirobebiT eZleodaT rus Cinovnikebsa da oficrebs, magram 70-ian wlebSi arc amas mohyolia didi warmatebebi1454. xelisufleba fsxus dasaxlebasac Seecada. am mizniT aq 21-e saxazo batalionis Stabi da 2 aseuli ganaTavses, romlebic 1874 wlamde darCnen. am droidan bzifis xeobis zemo weli sruliad dacarielda. afxazebs, maTi politikuri arasaimedoobis gamo, iseve rogorc webeldaSi, fsxuSi dasaxleba ekrZalebodaT1455. 70-iani wlebidan afxazeTSi samonastro kolonizaciac warimarTa. 1872w. dafuZnda biWvinTis rusuli monasteri, romelsac sargeblobaSi gadaeca 1049 desetina miwis nakveTi, fiWvnari da inkiTis tba. 1875w. fsircxaSi aTonis mTis wm. panteleimonis rusuli monastris filiali dafuZnda. monasters jer gamoeyo 327 desetina miwa da 200 desetina tyis masivi, mogvianebiT kidev 1000, xolo SemdgomSi - 4 aTasamde desetina miwa.1456 ruseT-TurqeTis omi da afxazTa axali muhajiroba. 1877 wlis aprilSi ruseT-TurqeTis axali omi daiwyo, romlis asparezi kavkasiac gaxda. Omisi dawyebidanve rTuli viTareba Seiqmna afxazeTSi. carizmis koloniuri reJimiT gamowveulma ukmayofilebam am droisaTvis kulminacias miaRwia da ajanyebam ifeTqa. aseT daZabul viTarebaSi 29 aprils gudauTasTan TurqeTis desanti gadmosxda, romelic ZiriTadad afxazi muhajirebisagan Sedgeboda. soxumis garnizonis ufrosma, general-maiorma p. kravCenkom, romelic imavdroulad soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosi iyo, ver gabeda SedarebiT Zlier mterTan Sebma, soxumi datova da md.kodorisken daixia. april-maisSi Turqebma TiTqmis mTeli afxazeTi daikaves. imavdroulad ajanyebuli afxazebi TurqTa desants SeuerTdnen. ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo CeCneTsa da daRestanSic. brwyinvale portas imedi mieca, rom ruseTis winaaRmdeg kavkasiis mTel mahmadianur mosaxleobas aamxedrebda, magram ruseTis jarebis warmatebebma kavkasiis frontze da gansakuTrebiT balkaneTSi, imedebi gaucrua. ivlisSi ruseTis jaris nawilebi Setevaze gadavidnen afxazeTSi da ukve agvistoSi mTeli mxare gawmindes okupantebisagan1457. afxazeTidan gaqcevisas Turqebs afxazTa nawilic gahyva. magram
1453
. . . . ..., gv. 78; . . iqve, gv. 79. 1455 . . . ..., 1456 . wm. mRvdelmowame kirioni da afxazeTi, gv. 1457 . . . . aRmosavleTis omebSi, gv. 74.
.
.
...,gv. 432.
1454
7, gv. 90. 203; wm. mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi, gv. 44-58. 1877-1878 . gv. 77-84; S. megreliZe. saqarTvelo
284
maTi meti nawili, agreTve mcire raodenobiT qristiani qarTvelebi (megrelebi) da berZnebi ZaliT waiyvanes1458. 1877w. afxazeTidan muhajirobaSi wasulTa ricxvis gaangariSeba SesaZlebelia 1878w. bolos soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosis, polkovnik p. arakinis masalebis mixedviT. 1878 wels soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis oCamCiris okrugis samurzayanos ubanSi (9 sasoflo Temi) 24 461 suli cxovrobda. samurzayanos muhajirobis procesi amjeradac ar Sexebia. oCamCiris okrugis kodoris ubanSi (9 sasoflo Temi) 3 935 ojaxi cxovrobda. aqedan 1 071 ojaxi gadasaxlda. ,,kavkazski kalendris~ redaqcias saWirod miuCnevia kodoris ubnis mosaxleobis suladobrivi gaangariSeba, risTvisac amosavlad auRia gumisTisa da gudauTis ubnebis komlobriv-suladobrivi monacemebi. kerZod, TiToeuli komlis wevrTa saSualo odenobis ganmsazRvrelad, argumentirebuli varaudiT, oTxnaxevari suli miuCneviaT. aseTi gaangariSebiT TurqeTSi gadasaxlebamde kodoris ubanSi mosaxleobis odenoba daaxl. 17 707 suli unda yofiliyo, saidanac TurqeTSi daaxloebiT 4819 suli gadasaxlda, xolo daaxloebiT 12 888 adgilze darCa. biWvinTis okrugis gumisTis ubnidan (8 sasoflo Temi), sadac 2 221 ojaxi (9 985 suli) cxovrobda, yvela gadasaxlda. gudauTis ubnis (17 sasoflo Temi) 5 293 ojaxidan (23 545 suli) 17 160 mcxovrebi (3 775 ojaxi) gadasaxlda, xolo 6 385 suli adgilze darCa1459. amrigad, 1877 wels muhajirobaSi afxazeTis daaxloebiT 31 964 mcxovrebi wavida. Tu 1867w. muhajirobis Sedegad mTlianad daicala kodoris xeobis zemo weli – webelda da dali, 1877 wlis muhajirobis Sedegad TiTqmis dacarielda afxazeTis sanapiro zoli. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTveli misionerebis dauRalavma saqmianobam, aTasobiT afxazis monaTvlam, afxazi xalxi masobrivad gadasaxlebisagan ixsna da am gziT, ubixebis msgavsad fizikuri ganadgurebisagan daifara1460. rodesac Turquli samoTxis Sesaxeb miTi daimsxvra, muhajirebi dabrunebas Seecadnen, magram ruseTis xelisuflebas maTi miReba ar surda. ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebiTac muhajirebs samSobloSi dabrunebis ufleba ar hqondaT, ramac ukan dabrunebis msurvelTa nakadi Seamcira, magram, miuxedavad amisa, muhajirebi yovelnairad cdilobdnen samSobloSi dabrunebas. san-stefanos zavis dadebis Semdeg isini pirvel rigSi baTumisken gaemarTnen da iqidan Seecadnen afxazeTSi dabrunebas. bevri maTgani baTumsa da mis SemogarenSi damkvidrda da maTi STamomavlebi dResac iq cxovroben. 1879w. 27 ianvars ruseT-TurqeTs Soris xeli moewera konstantinopolis xelSekrulebas, romlis safuZvelzec kavkasiis rusulma administraciam dauSva afxazebis nawilobrivi repatriacia xelSekrulebis moweris dRidan sami wliT. 1881 wlisTvis afxazeTSi 15 aTasamde muhajiri dabrunda1461. muhajirobis Semdeg gaukacurebuli afxazeTi damTrgunveli sanaxavi iyo. rogorc n.mari aRniSnavda: ,,afxazeTis centraluri eTnografiuli nawilic ki gaukacurda... darCa mxolod gavelurebuli ezoebi xexiliT, ar iyo arc erTi afxazi da arc afxazuri sityva ismoda~ (ни души абхазской, ни звука абхазского)1462. carizmma vrceli miwa-wyali miiRo sakolonizaciod, amjerad afxazeTis sanapiro zolSi, da mis winaSe kvlav dadga sakiTxi, vin daesaxlebina afxazeTSi. maSin, cxel kvalze, 1877 wlis 27 seqtembers, gaz. ,,tiflisski vestniki~ werda: ,,axlandelma omma, sxva mraval SedegebTan erTad, gamoiwvia is Sedegic, rom Cveni qveynis saukeTeso kuTxe moulodnelad gaudaburda, vinaidan is miatova TiTqmis yvela misma mkvidrma mcxovrebma. Cven vlaparakobT afxazeTisa da misi mcxovreblebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac datoves TavianTi 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462
. . . . ..., gv. 206-208; . . . . 1879 , gv. 330-331. . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 511, 515. . . . . ..., gv. 381, 396. . . . . , gv. 177.
285
..., gv. 356-369.
samSoblo da gadasaxldnen TurqeTSi. eWvs gareSea, rom es gadasaxleba droebiTi ar aris, aramed samudamoa: afxazeTi verasodes veRar ixilavs Tavis Svilebs. es garemoeba rigSi ayenebs sakiTxs: vin unda dasaxldes am mxareSi, romelic samudamod datova misma mkvidrma mosaxleobam~. werilis avtori iyo cnobili sazogado moRvawe i.gogebaSvili (1840-1912ww.). misi gamoqveyneba gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom 1877w. gaz. ,,kavkazi~-s #207 daibeWda soxumis okrugis ufrosis a. vedenskis statia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mimarTuli iyo i. gogebaSvilis werilebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic ,,tifliski vestnikis~ #209-210-Si gamoqveynda. i.gogebaSvilis am werilebSi is azri iyo gatarebuli, rom dacarielebuli afxazeTisaTvis saukeTeso kontingents Seadgendnen megrelebi, imerlebi da gurulebi. swored am werils mohyva a.vedenskis gamolaSqreba. Amis pasuxad i. gogebaSvilma yovelmxriv Seiswavla sakiTxi da vrceli statia gamoaqveyna, sadac adre gamoTqmul mosazrebas adasturebda. rogorc aRmoCnda, a.vedenski daeTanxma mis mosazrebas afxazeTSi qarTvelTa dabrunebis Sesaxeb, gazeTis redaqcias estumra da ganacxada, rom amieridan im azrs eTanxmeboda, romelic sruli safuZvlianobiT iyo gazeTSi gatarebuli.1463 1878w. gazafxulidan xelisufleba afxazeTis kolonizaciisaTvis praqtikuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas Seudga. 1878w. 1 maiss biWvinTis okrugis mmarTvelobam gamoaqveyna gancxadeba sof. anuxvis venaxebisa da xexilis baRebis erTi wlis vadiT ijariT gacemis Sesaxeb. imave wlis 25 maiss gamocxadda md.gumisTidan md.kodoramde teritoriaze arsebuli xexilis baRebisa da venaxebis erTi wlis vadiT ijariT gacemis Sesaxeb. 5 oqtombers soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis saxeliT gamocxadda md.maWarasa da md.kodors Soris teritoriidan gadasaxlebuli afxazebis miwebis ijariT gacemis Taobaze. garda moijareTa mowvevisa, biWvinTis okrugSi sami nakveTi gamoiyo rusi 1464 kolonistebisaTvis samudamo mflobelobaSi gadasacemad . 1879w. biWvinTis okrugSi rusi glexebis 137 ojaxi Caasaxles, magram ukve 1881w. maTgan mxolod 99 ojaxi iyo darCenili.Aaq verc germaneli kolonistebi damkvidrdnen. 24 germaneli kolonistis ojaxidan 1883 wlisTvis afxazeTSi mxolod 3 ojaxi iyo darCenili1465. amdenad, 60-70-ian wlebSi kolonizaciis warmatebebi afxazeTSi umniSvnelo iyo. miuxedavad carizmis didi mondomebisa, afxazeTis kolonizacia gaWianurda. rusebi ver eguebodnen afxazeTis bunebriv pirobebs – notio havas, tyian, mTian mxares, Waobian sanapiro zols; aq puri ar modioda, marcvleuli kulturebidan simindi xarobda, rac uCveulo iyo rusebisaTvis1466. sanapiro zolSi ciebiani hava musrs avlebda kolonistebs; webeldisa da dalis maRalmTiani pirobebi uCveulo iyo ruseTis Sida guberniebidan gadmosaxlebuli glexebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTis miwebi rus Cinovnikebs dauriges, qveyana kvlav dausaxlebeli iyo, miwebi ki upatronod migdebuli. webeldaSi miwebs 24, xolo dalSi 23 memamule flobda. isini ramdenime weliwadSi erTxel Tu akiTxavdnen TavianT mamulebs. dalSi, sadac 1867 wlis muhajirobamde 5 aTasamde mcxovrebi iyo, XIXs. miwurulsac ki aravin cxovrobda. cnobili qarTveli moRvawe petre Waraia 1897w. dalis xeobis Sesaxeb gulistkiviliT werda: ,,didi xani ar aris mas aqeT, rac dali gaWedili iyo afxazebiTa... ZvelaT iqaur mcxovrebTa vaJkacobiT ganTqmuli qveyana dRes gaveranebulia ise, rom Sig aravin cxovrobs~1467. afxazTa muhajirobis Semdeg, rodesac afxazeTis didi nawili gaukacurda da gaveranda, xolo rusebi da ucxoelebi xalisiT sulac ar modiodnen aq 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467
. i. gogebaSvili. Txzulebani, t. 3, Tb. ,1954, gv. 317. . . . . ...,gv. 79. . iqve, gv. 79. . s. mesxi. afxazeTis dasaxleba. - droeba, 1878, #24. . p. Waraia. miwaT-mflobeloba afxazeTSi. - kvali, 1897, #13, gv. 268.
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dasasaxleblad, imereTidan da samegrelodan miwis simciriTa da simwiriT sulSexuTuli glexoba gadmodioda da mkvidrdeboda afxazeTSi,aSrobda Waobebs, kafavda buCqna-rebs, nar-ekals da meurneobas misdevda. dasavleT saqarTvelodan glexebis gadasvlam da afxazeTSi damkvidrebam xelisufleba SeaSfoTa. gaz. ,,Cernomorski vestniki~ maSin werda: ,,aucilebelia Cqara davasaxloT rusebi Savi zRvis sanapiroze, Torem megrelebi daRupaven am wmida saqmeso~1468. carizmis moxeleebi Tvlidnen, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi xelisuflebas afxazeTis kolonizacia ,,saWiro sistemurobis gareSe uwarmoebia, radgan rusebs aq fexi ise ver moukidebiaT, rogorc saWiro iyo~1469. a.vereSCagini amis Taobaze 1878w. 19 ianvars aRniSnavda: ,,...Savi zRvis kavkasiis sanapiroze, rogorc saxelmwifos ganapira mxareSi, romelic ase bevri rusuli sisxli da fuli dajda, samarTlianad unda batonobdnen rusuli eklesia, rusuli ena, rusuli wera-kiTxva. mosaxleobis sxvadasxva tomobrioba iwvevs skolebis daarsebis aucileblobas, radgan mxolod skoliT SeiZleba es sxvadasxvatomobrivi mosaxleoba momavalSi rusad iqces~1470. carizmis politika afxazeTSi mimarTuli iyo afxazTa da qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg. 1877 wlis anticaristuli ajanyebis gamo imperatoris 1880 wlis 31 maisis brZanebulebiT gudauTis, gumisTis da kodoris ubnebis afxazur mosaxleobas CamoerTva miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba da maTi miwebi saxazino uwyebas gadaeca; afxazebs aekrZalaT soxumidan 20 versze da sanapiro zolSi md. kodorsa da md. fsircxas Soris dasaxleba da mieniWaT ,,damnaSave~ mosaxleobis statusi1471. imxanad cnobili sazogado moRvawe anTimoz juReli werda: ,,axla afxazeTSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia aqauri udaburi adgilebis dasaxleba. ukanaskneli omis (1877-1878ww. omi, _ avt.) Semdeg umaRlesi gankarguleba iyo, rom md. kodorsa da md. fsircxas Sua mdebare adgilebze afxazebi ar dasaxlebuliyvnen. maT garda yvelas eZleoda neba aq dasaxlebisa. qveyanas mileTis xalxi moawyda, magram aqaurobas veravin SeeTvisa garda imerel-megrelebisa da berZnebisa. amJamad soxumis garSemo Svidi-rva 1472 megrelebis sofelia da sami Tu oTxi berZnebisa~ . mogvianebiT, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros kolonizaciis erT-erTi ideologi s.Sarapovi ruseTis zraxvebze afxazeTSi gulaxdilad aRniSnavda: ,,mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi istoriuli brZolisas, miiswrafvis ra samxreTisaken, Tbili cisa da Tbili zRvisaken, rusi xalxi iRebs msxverpls da, ai, bolos mas aqvs es cac da es zRvac. Aaq frialebs rusuli droSa, dalivlivebs rusuli arwivi. magram ratomaa, rom rusi kaci aq laRad ver grZnobs Tavs, ratomaa, rom is aq Seviwroebulia, sulSexuTulia? ratomaa ucxo is am Tbil napirze, am kaSkaSa mzis qveS? vfiqrob imitom, rom rusuli sikeTis wyalobiT aq, am miwaze, romelic rusuli sisxliTaa mopovebuli, mokalaTda yovelgvari ucxotomeli, gansaxlda saukeTeso adgilebze da ara marto aviwroebs rus adamians, aramed dascinis mas. magram es didxans ar gagrZeldeba. Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi amocanebi moiTxoven, rom es mxare ara marto saxeliT, aramed marTlac iqces male rusul mxared, rom aq mxardaWerili, gaZlierebuli da daimedebuli iyos rusi kaci. visurvoT, batonebo, rom es moxdes Cqara, rom mZlavr rusul mucelSi male moixarSos mTeli aqauri sxvadasxvatomobrivi da sxvadasxvaerovani narevi da rom es ca da es zRva namdvilad rusuli iyos~1473. am realuri safrTxis Tavidan acilebas isaxavda miznad qarTvelTa dabruneba Tavis istoriul miwawyalze. 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473
. cnobis furceli, 1905, #2821. . . . , gv. 21. . . . . ..., gv. 22. . . . О ...,gv. 35. . droeba, 1883, #240. . s. yauxCiSvili. berZnebis dasaxlebis istoria saqarTveloSi, gv. 134-135.
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Tavi XV. afxazeTi 1881 wlidan 1917 wlis Tebervlamde 1. rusuli kolonialuri politikis gamkacreba afxazeTSi. 1880-1905ww. kolonizacia da eTnikuri Semadgenloba. 1881 wlis 11 marts imperator aleqsandre II-is mkvlelobis Semdeg ruseTSi mkacri politikuri reaqciis xana dadga. 1881w. miwuruls carizmma kavkasiaSi mefisnacvloba gaauqma da mTavarmarTebloba aRadgina. kavkasiidan gaiwvies mefisnacvali, didi mTavari mixeil romanovi da mTavarmarTeblad dainiSna ukiduresi reaqcioneri a.dondukov-korsakovi (1882-1887ww.). es periodi kavkasiaSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi, erovnuli Cagvrisa da rusifikatoruli politikis mkveTri ganviTarebiT aRiniSna. rusifikatoruli politikis erT-erT gamovlinebas afxazeTSi mxaris kolonializaciis intensiuri gagrZeleba warmoadgenda. es procesi sxvadasxva formiT mimdinareobda: 1. arenduli kolonizacia, rodesac adgilobrivi memamuleebisagan sagadasaxleblo jgufebi rusi glexebisaTvis iRebdnen arendiT miwebs, ris uflebasac qarTvel glexebs ar aZlevdnen (xSirad ukan abrunebdnen aq Camosul mTiani raWa-imereTis da samegrelos mosaxleobas). 2. samonastro kolonizacia, rodesac ruseTis mier aRdgenil Tu axlad daarsebul eklesiamonastrebs miwebis didi fondi eZleoda. mTavroba am monastrebs miiCnevda ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobisa da koloniuri meurneobis mniSvnelovan dasayrdenad afxazeTis sanapiroze. 3. sakurorto da saTavadaznauro kolonizacia. ruseTSi Seiqmna specialuri komiteti, romelic aTamaSebda latarias afxazeTSi miwis nakveTebis mosagebad da gasayidad.1474 ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul glexebs mefis xelisuflebis adgilobrivi moxeleebi mzrunvelobas ar aklebdnen, ,,gadasaxlebulTa sammarTvelos amierkavkasiis ganyofileba” axalmosaxleebs (rusebs, estonelebs, berZnebs, somxebs) saxl-karis mosawyobad aZlevda fuls; afxaz glexebs aiZulebdnen, axalmosaxleTa miwebi usasyidlod daemuSavebinaT. kolonistebs neba eZleodaT saxelmwifo tyidan samSeneblo masala ,,muqTad” gaetanaT. es maSin, roca Tavisufal miwebze dasasaxleblad senakidan CamosulT, rogorc Tanamedroveni aRniSnaven, ,,Ze-xorcieli” aravin miSvelebia, ,,Tu rame gaakeTes, isev sakuTari ofliTa da xarjebiT”.1475 mefis xelisufleba, romelic saqarTvelos istoriul miwaze uapelaciod epatiJeboda sxvadasxva eTnosebisa da religiuri aRmsareblobis (seqtantebi) adamianebs, xelovnur dabrkolebas uqmnida qarTvelebs. aseTi diskriminaciuli damokidebuleba, ra Tqma unda, aRaSfoTebda qarTuli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebs. isini mSvenivrad xvdebodnen, rom mcirericxovani afxazebis garusebisagan da afxazeTis teritoriis, rusuli eqspansiisagan gadarCena XVIXVII saukuneebSi, mTis Camowolis Sedegad dasavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi ganTesili afxazeTis mkvidri mosaxleobis STamomavlebis dabrunebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. qarTvelTa dabruneba afxazeTSi ucxouri kolonizaciis sapirwone RonisZiebas warmoadgenda.1476 carizmisagan mosalodnel saSiSroebas Cinebulad grZnobdnen adgilobrivi mamuliSvilebi ai, ras werda afxazeTis miwebis gasxvisebis Taobaze cnobili sazogado moRvawe niko janaSia: ,,gasuli saukunis (XIXs._avt.) ukanasknel meoTxedSi sazogadod soxumis olqi, kerZod, misi saukeTeso, Tvalwarmtaci nawili md. kodoridan Rele gagrifSamdis mizanSi amoiRo ruseTis burJuaziam da 1474. d. WumburiZe. rusuli dasaxlebebi saqarTveloSi (XIX-XX ss-Si) da ,,gadasaxlebulTa sammarTvelos amierkavkasiis ganyofileba”. _ ,saqarTveloSi ruseTis kolonializmis politikuri istoriis narkvevebi, w. I. Tb., 2007, gv. 85-86. 1475. cnobis furceli, 1902, .25 ivnisi. 1476. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 57-58; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 643.
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saukeTeso adgilebi SeiZina. es bunebiT uxvad dajildoebuli nawili afxazeTisa moskovel da peterburgel jibesqelTa xelSia ukve. midixar da misdev am napirs: aq baRia, saxelad ,,otradnoe”, iq ,,sCastie”, fexs moinacvleb, `lubovs” anda ,,druJbas” miadgebi. maTi uwindeli patronebi afxazebi ki xelcarielni darCnen: rac fuli aiRes, moexarjaT, mamulic xelidan gamouZvraT...”1477 mxaris eTnikuri Semadgenlobis radikaluri cvla TvalsaCinod aisaxa afxazeTis geografiul saxelwodebaTa transformaciaSi. toponimikis cvlas 1864 wlidan dRemde specialistebi xuT etapad yofen. pirveli etapi ganxorcielda 1864 -1918 wlebSi.1478 yvela etaps erTi saerTo niSani hqonda: erTdroulad didi raodenobiT uqmdeboda istoriuli geografiuli saxelebi da maT nacvlad inergeboda sxva, ucxo enisaTvis, ZiriTadad rusulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis toponimia. umetes SemTxvevaSi istoriuli toponimebis Canacvleba romanovebis samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebis, rusi samxedro Cinosnebisa an sxva moxeleebis pativsacemad xdeboda. magaliTad, 1914 wels Sedgenili soxumis olqis dasaxlebuli punqtebis im siaSi, romelic daculi iyo afxazeTis saxelmwifo istoriul arqivSi da Seicavda 213 msxvili soflis saxels, ar aris warmodgenili gagris zonis dasaxlebuli punqtebi, vinaidan es mxare 1904 wels carizmis damqaSebma TviTneburad miuerTes Savi zRvis gubernias. am 213 soflidan axali rusuli, anda rusificirebuli saxeli aqvs 33 sofels. esenia: baklanovka, beloreCenski, vesioloe, petrovskoe, aleqsandrovskoe, andreevskoe, vasilevka, voroncovka, mixailovskoe, naa-armianskoe, olginskoe, vladimirovka, da a.S.1479 rogorc vxedavT, toponimTa cvla ucxo ar iyo afxazeTisaTvis da asaxavs caristuli imperiuli reJimis mier winaswar dagegmil koloniur da enobriv politikas. separatistebi cdiloben, Seqmnan STabeWdileba, rom qarTvelebi ukve im periodSi ayalibebdnen ,,imperiul Segnebas” da axalisebdnen Tanamemamuleebs ,,xelSi CaegdoT” afxazebis miwebi.1480 maT ar surT gaixsenon, rom imJamad saqarTvelo TviTon imyofeboda kolonializmis marwuxebSi, misi ena da tradiciebi yoveldRiurad fexqveS iTeleboda rusi kolonizatorebis mier. aseT viTarebaSi qarTveli eri ar iyo da arc SeiZleba yofiliyo imperiuli cnobierebis matarebeli. carizmis mcdelobis miuxedavad, me-19s-is 80-ian wlebSi da Semdegac afxazeTSi qarTveloba ricxobrivad umravlesobas warmoadgenda. statistikuri cnobebi muTiTeben, rom 1880 wels soxumis olqSi qarTvelebi wamyvani eTnikuri jgufia. amaze metyveleben germaneli eTnografis n. zaidlicis monacemebic.1481 gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa afxazeTSi XIX saukunis bolos mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis statistika. is yvelaze kargad uCvenebs, Tu romel eTnoss ekava wamyvani adgili mosaxleobis saerTo struqturaSi. rogorc cnobilia, 1897 wels ruseTis imperiaSi Catarda mosaxleobis pirveli sayovelTao aRwera. misi monacemebiT, afxazeTSi sul cxovrobda _ 106 179 kaci,1482 q.soxumis mosaxleoba Seadgenda 7 998 kacs.1483 soxumis olqis mosaxleobidan qarTveli iyo 25 873 kaci, rusebi _ 5 135, Cerqezi _ 58 715, somxebi _ 6 552, berZnebi _ 5 393, germanelebi _ 406, danarCeni _ 4 105 kaci.1484 rac Seexeba 1477. j. gamaxaria. qarTul afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 17.; ix r. Wanturia. saxalxo ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba afxazeTSi XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi (1864-1905 ww.) . Tb., 2006. 1478 . T. gvancelaZe. toponimTa masobrivi cvla afxazeTSi 1864 wlis Semdgom. - iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, t. XXXIV. Tb., 2000, gv. 45. 1479 . iqve, gv. 47. 1480 . . . , . . . , gv. 261.
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Дж. гамахариа, Б. Гогиа. dasax. naSromi, gv. 352. . 1897 . LXVI, 1483. iqve. 1484. iqve, gv. 88-93. ix. agreTve iqve, gv. 3. .
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1905, gv. V.
afxazebs (afsuebs), am dokumentSi isini calke eTnikur jgufad gamoyofili ar arian, mxolod aRniSnulia, rom mTel quTaisis guberniaSi gamovlinda 60 sxvadasxva enobrivi jgufi da maT Soris 59 469 kaci afxazurenovani mosaxleoba.1485 1897 wlis aRweraSi samurzayanoelebi Segnebulad miaTvales mTielebs, riTac mizanmimarTulad gaayalbes realuri eTnikuri suraTi. Sedegad miiRes gazrdili ricxovnoba afxazebisa. aseve samurzayanoelTa xarjze `win wamowies~ afxazebis kulturuli mdgomareoba (wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa ricxvi, mRvdelmsaxurTa raodenoba da a.S.). am statistikasTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis quTaisis gubernatoris T. gerSelmanis monacemebi, romelTa mixedviT XIXs. bolos afxazeTSi mxolod 2 afxazi mRvdeli moRvaweobda, da es maSin, rodesac 1897 wlis aRweris mixedviT soxumis olqSi marTlmadidebeli samRvdeloebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis saerTo raodenoba iyo _ 801, maT Soris afxazi _ 102, 333 _ qarTveli, 226 rusi (ukrainelebTan da belorusebTan erTad) da a.S. rogorc gamoikveTa, erT SemTxvevaSi _ 102 afxazia dasaxelebuli, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ 2. SeuZlebelia ori afxazi mRvdlis ojaxis wevrebis saerTo raodenoba yofiliyo 102. mizezi msgavsi Seusabamobebisa samurzayanoelebis afsua-afxazebad gasaRebis mcdelobaSi mdgomareobda. arsebobs SedarebiT gviandeli statistikac. rogorc soxumis olqis ufrosi, Tavadi l. jandieri episkopos kirionisadmi gagzavnil depeSaSi miuTiTebs, 1906 wels soxumis olqSi cxovrobda 3 419 suli rusi (orive sqesis), afxazi _ 40 978, megreli _ 9 037, samurzayanoeli _ 44 623, guruli _ 56, qarTveli _ 60, imereli _ 53, berZeni 4 946, somexi _ 6 313, Turqi _ 935, sparsi _ 17, estoneli _ 299, latvieli _ 48, bulgareli _ 230, moldaveli _ 254, osi _ 2, leki _ 9, albaneli _ 12, TaTari _ 2, poloneli _ 8, frangi _ 5, Cexi _ 3, avstrieli, germaneli _ 5.1486 yvela zemoTmoyvanili statistikuri monacemi aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom XIX-XX saukeneebis mijnaze afxazeTSi ZiriTadi, wamyvani eTnosi iyo qarTveli. socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. afxazeTi XIX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT ZiriTadad agraruli kuTxe iyo. afxazi Tavadebi _ SarvaSiZeebi, inal-ifebi, marSaniebi, anCabaZeebi, emuxvarebi, CiCbebi, marRaniebi da a.S. sxvadasxva sididis mamulebs flobdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTSi feodalizmi kudSekvecili, primitiuli iyo, glexs mainc evaleboda gadaexada gansazRvruli gadasaxadi Tavadis sasargeblod.1487 afxazeTSi SedarebiT sustad iyo ganviTarebuli mevenaxeoba, abreSumis warmoebas ki aq XIX saukunis 50-60-iani wlebidan Caeyara safuZveli.1488 XXs-is dasawyisidan am dargis ganviTareba Seferxda. Tumca adamianebis garkveuli jgufi maqsimalurad cdilobda meabruSumeobis farTod daenergvas mosaxleobaSi. magaliTad, afxazeTSi cnobilma sazogado moRvawem anTimoz juRelma aswavla soxumelebs abreSumis Wiis movla. afxazeTis sazogado moRvaweni cdilobdnen glexebisaTvis soflis meurneobis gaZRolis progresuli meTodebis gacnobas. mosaxleobisaTvis agronomiuli daxmarebisa da sasoflo-sameurneo codnis miRebis mizniT 1898 w-dan Camoyalibda soxumis soflis meurneobis sazogadoeba, romelsac Tavisi ganyofileba hqonda gudauTaSi da romelmac 1903w. daiwyo sakuTari beWdviTi organos gamocema danarTiTurT.1489 amave wlis 19 dekembers gagraSi princ aleqsandre
1485.
iqve, gv. VI. . wminda mRvdelmowame kirion II da afxazeTi, gv. 124. statistika emsaxureboda imperiul miznebs da kuTxuri niSniT calcalke aRricxavda qarTvelebs, maT Soris megrelebsa da samurzayanoelebs. 1487 . g. zariZe. afxazeTis Tavadaznaurobis socialuri urTierTobis zogierTi aspeqti XIX saukuneSi. _ klio Tb., 2006, #30, gv. 104. 1488 . . . . ., 1982. gv. 30. 1489 . . . . . . , 1960. gv. 282. 1486
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oldenburgelis TaosnobiT gaixsna ,,samcenareulo gamofena”, sadac 300 eqsponatze meti yofila warmodgenili1490. nela, magram mainc Caisaxa da viTardeboda afxazeTSi mrewveloba. 1881 wels gulrifSSi gaixsna xe-tyis saxerxi qarxana, romelic ekuTvnoda Tavad erisTavs.1491 1898 wels gaixsna afxazeTSi yvelaze didi – maqsimovis qarxana da 1913 wlamde moqmedebda.1492 mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis ganviTareba iwvevda saqalaqo cxovrebis aRmavlobas. XX saukunis dasawyisSi afxazeTSi erTaderTi qalaqi, mTavari administraciuli, savaWro da kulturuli centri iyo soxumi. gudauTaSi 1903 wlisaTvis 1117 kaci cxovrobda, izrdeboda oCamCiris, gagrisa da sxva dabebis mosaxleoba.1493 TandaTan daiwyo afxazeTis unikaluri sakurorto regionis saagarakodasasvenebeli saqmianobisaTvis gamoyenebac. seriozuli investiciebi Caido gagris sakurorto zonis mSeneblobaSi. 1903 wlis 9 ianvars princ oldenburgelis inciativiT agebuli klimatologiuri sadguri gaixsna. meore dRes princma imperator nikoloz II-gan miiRo aseTi Sinaarsis depeSa: ,,Zalian moxaruli var, rom gagris klimatologiuri sadguri gaxsnilia. guliTad madlobas gigzavni Sen misi mowyobisaTvis gaweuli Sromisa da garjisaTvis. RmerTma inebos, naxo Seni energiuli moRvaweobis Semdgomi Sedegebi.”1494 Sedegma ki ar daayovna da 1904 wlis 25 dekembers imperatoris specialuri brZanebulebiT gagris klimatologiuri sadguris teritoria gamoeyo soxumis olqs da SavizRvispireTis gubernias SeuerTes. es iyo mxolod pirveli nabiji afxazeTis danarCeni saqarTvelosagan CamoWrisa da mxaris asimilaciis gzaze.1495 XIXs-is dasasruls aSkarad gamoikveTa afxazeTis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi: soflis meurneobaSi _ meTambaqoeoba, mrewvelobaSi _ qvanaxSiris da xe-tyis eqspluatacia da sakurorto biznesi. antikoloniuri moZraoba. ruseTis aRviraxsnili koloniuri politika afxazeTSi da mosaxleobis garkveul nawilSi antiqarTuli fsiqozis danergva erTnairad aRelvebdaT afxaz da qarTvel mamuliSvilebs. regionis mosaxleobis interesebis sadarajoze, rogorc bevr sxva SemTxvevaSi, aqac sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenlebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen. episkoposi gabrieli (qiqoZe), blaRoCini daviTi (maWavariani), soxumis sakaTedro taZris kandelaki _ ambrosi (xelaia) da sxvani yovelnairad cdilobdnen qarTvelTa da afxazTa kanonieri uflebebis dacvas. 1886 wlis bolomde afxazeTis eparqia imereTis eparqiasTan iyo SeerTebuli da mas episkoposi gabrieli edga saTaveSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom am eparqiaSi maSin svaneTic da samegreloc Sedioda, ar yofila afxazeTSi arcerTi kuTxe, rom ep. gabriels cxeniT an fexiT ar Semoevlo da ar eqadaga qristianuli rwmenis, zneobis Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi mcdelobebi afxazuri enis swavlebisa da am enaze RvTismsaxurebis SemoRebis Taobaze, rasac xelisufaleba sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda.1496 afxazeTis mosaxleobis erTi nawili mahmadianur moZRvrebas aRiarebda. viTarebas arTulebda Turqi molebis moZalebac. islamis aqtiuri propagandistebi xdebodnen samSobloSi dabrunebuli muhajirebi. maTi saqmianoba afxazur mosaxleobaSi qristianobis dasustebas uwyobda xels. islamizaciis 1490
. iveria. 1903, 21 seqtemberi. . v. zuxbaia, x. zanTaraia. gali. soxumi, 1988, gv. 89. ix. aseve: d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo 1917-1921 wlebSi, Tb., 2006. gv. 51-55. ix. misive, afxazeTis social-ekonomikuri da politikuri mdgomareoba XX saukunis pirvel oceulSi. Tb., 2002, gv. 3-17. 1492 . kvali, 1899, #13. 1493 . T. saxokia. mogzaurobani. Tb., 1950, gv. 303. 1491
1494 1495 1496
. j. gamaxaria. qarTul afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 18. . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 610.. . ix. vrclad: wminda mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi, Tb., 2007.
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kidev erTi xelSemwyobi faqtori iyo afxazi xalxis damnaSave erad gamocxadeba (1880w. 31 maisi), masTan dakavSirebuli socialuri Tu politikuri SezRudvebi, mxaris ucxouri kolonizacia.1497 carizmis mizans warmoadgenda afxazeTis iseTi teritoriuli gadanawileba, romelic uzrunvelyofda imperiasTan mis organul Serwymas, saqarTvelosagan naklebmtkivneulad gamoyofas, advil kolonizacias. XIXs. 80-ian wlebSi rogorc administraciul, ise saeklesio sferoSi reformebi ganxorcielda. 1883 wels soxumis samxedro ganyofilebas soxumis olqi ewoda da quTaisis gubernators daeqvemdebara. adre arsebuli ori olqisagan oTxi ubani Camoyalibda: gudauTis, gumisTis, kodorisa da samurzayanosi.1498 1885 wlis 12 ivniss imperatoris brZanebiT da uwmindesi sinodis gadawyvetilebiT aRdga afxazeTis (soxumis) calke eparqia. imave wels ganxorcielda kavkasiis eparqiis reorganizacia _ igi vladikavkazisa da stavropolis eparqiebad daiyo, xolo SavizRvispireTis guberniis 10 eklesia soxumis eparqias SemouerTda.1499 carizmis politika ufro da ufro gamkacrda. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans samurzayanos magaliTze. 1897 wlis aRweraSi samurzayanos qarTuli mosaxleoba, rogorc ukve iTqva, afxazebTan erTad mTielebad warmoaCines, riTac cdilobdnen, daenergaT Sexeduleba, TiTqos samurzayanoelebi sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. Tumca SesaniSnavad icodnen, rom isini arafriT gansxvavdebodnen megrelebisagan. amitomac gadawyvites maTTvis megruli damwerlobis SemoReba; amiT surdaT es SedarebiT mcirericxovani mosaxleoba erTiani qarTveli erisagan CamoecilebinaT iseTnairad, rom arc ,,damnaSave” afxazebs Serwymodnen da ase iolad gaerusebinaT.1500 am mcdelobebs medgrad win aRudgnen WeSmariti mamuliSvilebi _ rogorc saero, ise sasuliero moRvaweebi. maTgan gansakuTrebulad aRniSvnis Rirsia ambrosi xelaias damsaxureba. 1899 wlis 22 Tebervals (6 marti) gazeTma `sankt-peterburgskie vedomosti~-m gamoaqveyna anonimuri korespodencia saTauriT: ,,suxum”. arsebobs varaudi, rom es werili ambrosi xelaias an Tedo saxokias kalams ekuTvnis. werilSi mxilebuli iyo episkopos arsenis mier gatarebuli miuRebeli qmedobebi, mis mier samurzayanos araqarTul samrevlod gamocxadebis mcdeloba da qarTul enaze RvTismsaxurebis akrZalva. am werils gamoexmaura cnobili renegati konstantine daviTis Ze maWavariani. 1899 wlis 31 marti _ 3 aprils gazeTSi `Cernomorski vestnik” (##72-75) daibeWda misi vrceli werili saTauriT ,,aqvT Tu ara samurzayanoelebs ufleba, TavianT Tavs megrelebs uwodebdnen”. masSi avtori afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebSi arakompetenurobas da saocar tendenciurobas amJRavnebda da `amtkicebda~, TiTqos samurzayanoelebi qarTvelebi ar yofiliyvnen. ambrosi xelaias ,,golos samurzakanca”, romelic 1899 wlis 6 maiss gazeT `Cernomorski vestnik”-Si daibeWda, swored am werilis sapasuxod daiwera. masSi utyuar istoriul wyaroebze miTiTebiT naCvenebia, rom soxumis olqi mdinare fsircxamde megrelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, magram SemdgomSi isini samurzayanos sazRvrebamde Seaviwroves. amis dasturad avtorma k.maWavarians Sesabamis wyaroebSi arsebuli monacemebi miuTiTa.1501 pirveli diskusia afxazeTsamurzayanos istoriis sakiTxebze amiT ar dasrulebula da ramdenime urTierTsapasuxo werilis saxiT grZeldeboda.1502 publicistur kamaTs carizmis mxridan male mohyva konkretuli qmedobebi. samurzayanos CamoaWres rigi teritoriebi (maT Soris ilori, misi unikaluri 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502
. j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba. gv. 516-17. . iqve, gv. 524. . mwyemsi, 1885, #18. . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 552. . wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi. gv. 62-68. . ix. , 1899, 8-9 , 102-103.; 17,18,19 ,
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136, 23
, 138.
sataZro kompleqsiT). 1903 wels soxumis olqi, romelsac 1899 wels SemoRebuli TviTmmarTveloba ganagebda, gamoyves quTaisis guberniisagan da kavkasiis armiiis sardlobas dauqvemdebares.1503 policiurad regioni kvlav quTaisis guberniis gamgeobaSi darCa. erovnuli interesebis sadarajoze idgnen inteligenciis warmomadgenlebic, romelTa saqmianobam Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos yuradRebac ki miipyro. am mxriv sayuradReboa quTaisis guberniis JandarmTa sammarTvelos ufrosis da antiqarTulad ganwyobili soxumis episkopos arsenis saidumlo mimowera. werili aSkarad miuTiTebs rusi didmoxelis SeSfoTebaze afxazeTSi ,,qarTuli partiis~ wevrebis energiuli moqmedebis gamo, romelTac `...Tavis miznad dausaxavT afxazeTisa da samurzayanos sruliad gaqarTveleba qarTuli skolebis daxmarebiT da wirva-locvis da yovelive mRvdelmsaxurebis qarTuls enazed SesrulebiT, raic sruliad ucnobia afxazTaTvis.~1504 imave dros Jandarmerias ainteresebda, sdevnida Tu ara ,,qarTvelTa partia” rusofilebs RvTismsaxurebisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi, ramdenad cdilobda igi afxazeTis gaqarTvelebas.1505 mefis Jandarmeriam ,,qarTuli partiis” warmomadgenlebze detaluri informacia Seagrova da 1904 wlis 1 maiss mTavarmarTeblis sabWom ganixila qarTveli patriotebis moRvaweoba, romlebic qarTuli enis danergviT xels uSlidnen afxazeTis mosaxleobis garusebas. ,,qarTuli partiis” aqtivistebs kavkasiis uvado datoveba miesajaT.1506 `qarTul partiaSi~ Sediodnen: T.saxokia, anT.juReli, sp.norakiZe, iv.gegia, mRvdlebi: d.maWavariani, i.kereseliZe, i.Cxenkeli, bes. xelaia da sxv. afxazeTis qarTuli samRvdeloebisadmi mTavarmarTeblis sabWos mier wayenebuli oficialuri braldeba, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeboda soxumis `olqis mosaxleobis uswrafesad garusebisaken mimarTul mTavrobis sakeTildReo RonisZiebebs~, sinamdvileSi iyo umaRlesi Sefaseba maTi istoriuli mniSvnelobis Rvawlisa1507. `qarTuli partiis” saqmianoba rusi oficialuri pirebisaTvis aSkarad iyo ,,boroteba~, romelic erTxel da samudamod safuZvlianad unda 1508 aRmofxvriliyo. ruseTis zewolas mamuliSvilebi mainc ar SeuSindnen, rasac naTlad cxadyofs maTi Semdgomi sazogadoebriv-politikuri da publicisturi saqmianoba. religiuli cxovreba. XIX saukunis bolos afxazebSi kvlav dominirebdnen tradiciuli (warmarTuli) rwmena-warmodgenebi, Tumca maT Soris iyvnen iseTebi, romlebic qristianobis an islamisken ixrebodnen. afxazeTSi marTlmadideblobas ZiriTadad qarTvelebi, rusebi da berZnebi misdevdnen.1509 am periodisaTvis mTlianad afxazeTSi 74 eklesia iyo, maTgan gudauTis ubanSi 13, gumisTaSi _ 14, kodorSi _ 16, samurzayanoSi _ 31. maTSi mRvdlebad msaxurobdnen 60 qarTveli, 7 berZeni 5 rusi da 2 afxazi.1510 eklesiebi dazianda ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros, omis Semdgom aqtiurad daiwyo maTi aRdgena. am mxriv didi Rvawli gaswia episkoposma gabrielma. aRdgenil iqna oCamCiris, gudauTis, merxeulis da sxva eklesiebi.1511 80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan afxazeTi damoukidebeli eparqiaa, romelsac, ep.gabrielis Semdgom, 1906 wlis dasawyisamde rusi mRvdelmTavrebi marTavdnen. eseni iyvnen: 1. wminda mRvdelmTavari gabrieli (qiqoZe) _ 1868 wlis ivnisidan eparqiis droebiTi mmarTveli, 1869 wlis 30 maisidan 1886 wlis 28 dekembramde _ 1503
. v. zuxbaia. soxumi. Tb., 1997, gv. 138; 50 . . wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 144.. 1505 . iqve, gv. 145.. 1506 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 598-601.. 1507 . iqve, gv. 600.. 1508 . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakveTi I., gv. 228.. 1509 . ix. a. nodia. werili afxazeTidan. - iveria, 1902, 29 marti. 1510 . wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 385-391. 1511 . wminda mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi, Ggv. 64, 631-632. 1504
293
, 1971, gv. 26..
mmarTveli; am Tanamdebobaze igi faqtobrivad 1887 wlis 15 Tebervlamde rCeboda. 2. genadi (pavlinski) - dainiSna 1886w. 29 noembers, ikurTxa imave wlis 28 dekembers; 1889 wlis 31 marts gardaicvala axal aTonSi. 3. aleqsandre (xovanski), 1889w. 24 maisi _ 1889w. 12 Tebervali. 4. agafodori (preobraJenski) _ 1891w. 2 marti _ 1893 w. 17 ivlisi. 5. petre (drugovi) _ 1893w. 21 agvisto _ 1895w. 28 ianvari. 6. arseni (izotovi) _ 1895w. 2 Tebervali _ 1905w. 26 marti. 7. serafime (CiCagovi) _ 1905w. 27 marti _ 1906w. 3 Tebervali.1512 maT Soris, rogorc aRiniSna, gamoirCeoda episkoposi arseni _ arqireaqcioneri da Sovinisti. mas ise sZulda qarTvelebi da qarTuli ena, rom 1897 wlidan misi brZanebiT, eparqiaSi qarTul enaze Sesrulebuli RvTismsaxureba ar axsovdaT. manve 1901w. 20 oqtombers uwmindesi sinodis winaSe aRZra Suamdgomloba misadmi rwmunebuli eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqososagan gamoyofisa da misTvis TviTmdgomi eparqiis statusis miniWebis Sesaxeb. Suamdgomlobis safuZvlad ki is asaxelebda imas, TiTqos soxumis eparqiaSi ZiriTadad afxazuri da rusuli mosaxleobaa da maT araviTari tomobrivi kavSiri ar hqondaT saegzarqosoSi Semaval sxva eparqiebTan; gamoyofis aucileblobas, arsenis mtkicebiT, marTvis mouxerxebeli sistemis arsebobac ganapirobebda. soxumis episkoposma imavdroulad mTavarmarTebel g.golicinsac mimarTa. igi daeTanxma arsenis mosazrebebs da sinodis ober-prokuror k.pobedonoscevs am Temaze 1901w. 15 dekembers werili gaugzavna.1513 uw. sinodma ep. arsenis Suamdgomloba mTavarmarTeblis werilTan erTad 1902w. 4 ianvars daskvnisaTvis saqarTvelos egzarqos aleqsis gadmougzavna. is ZiriTadad daeTanxma warmodgenil dokumentebSi gaJRerebul mosazrebas, ep. arsenis argumentebs da soxumis eparqiis yubanis olqTan SeerTebis axali gegma wamoayena, rasac mxari g. golicinmac dauWira. rusuli saero da sasuliero xelisufleba soxumis eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqososagan gamoyofas da yubanis olqTan gaerTianebas, afxazeTis mosaxleobis rusul masaSi gaTqvefis, qarTvelTa da afxazTa asimilaciis mizniT gegmavda. am ganzraxvas araferi hqonda saerTo marTlmadideblobis interesebTan. 1903 wlis oqtomberSi gavrcelda informacia, rom soxumis eparqia ukve Camoaciles saqarTvelos saegzarqosos da uSualod sinods dauqvemdebares. savaraudod, soxumis eparqiis gamoyofis Taobaze peterburgSi gadawyvetileba miRebuli iyo, magram uwmindesi sinodi misi gacxadebisaTvis xelsayrel moments eZebda. winarevoluciuri da miT umetes revoluciis aRmavlobis periodi namdvilad ar iyo soxumis eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqososagan gamoyofis gamocxadebisaTvis saukeTeso dro. Seqmnilma politikurma viTarebam uwm. sinodi aiZula, uari eTqva saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, Tu ukve miRebuli gadawyvetilebis ganxorcielebaze.1514 rusi episkoposebis politika Sors gamiznuli da veraguli iyo. maT surdaT Zaladobis gziT sabolood ganedevnaT afxazeTidan istoriulad damkvidrebuli wesi - RvTismsaxurebis aRsruleba qarTul enaze, SeecvalaT is slavuri liturgiiT da amiT sulier sferoSi gadaulaxavi ufskruli SeeqmnaT qarTulafxazuri urTierTobisaTvis. soxumis eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqososagan gamoyofa ki, maTi azriT, daaCqarebda mxaris asimilacias.
1512 1513 1514
. iqve, gv. 671-672. . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 610-612. . iqve, gv. 616 - 617.
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rus episkoposebs mxardamWerad quTaisis gubernatori T.gerSelmani moevlina, romelic carizmis koloniuri politikis aqtiuri gamtarebeli iyo da Tavis erT-erT saidumlo werilSi daufaravad avlenda ruseTis didmpyrobelur miznebs. afxazeTSi ,,erTaderTi radikaluri RonisZieba am mimarTebiT iqneba is, werda gubernatori, - rom gamovglijoT skola da eklesia qarTul sazogadoebas xelidan, rom wirva-locva skolebsa da eklesiebSi tardebodes slavur enaze. am RonisZiebebiT gadavarCenT adgilobriv mosaxleobas qarTuli gavlenisagan, gaqarTvelebisagan”.1515 amasTan metad mniSvnelovania afxazeTSi qarTvelTa Seviwroebis, rusuli enis danergvisa da mosaxleobis asimilaciis Taobaze T.gerSelmanis werilSi xazgasmuli moTxovnac: ,,...rusuli enis danergva eparqiaSi aseve xels Seuwyobs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis zneobrivi da gonvbrivi ganviTarebis donis amaRlebas. aseve saWiro da aucilebelia, soxumis skolebSi qarTveli maswavleblebi Seicvalos rusuli warmomavlobis maswavleblebiT. yovelive es momavalSi xels Seuwyobs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Serwymas, SeerTebas rus mosaxleobasTan”.1516 samarTlianad miuTiTeben, rom rusi mRvdelmTavrebis mxridan qristianobis ZaldatanebiT damkvidrebis mcdelobam, ris Sesaxeb s. basariac werda, kidev ufro gaaZliera afxazTa ltolva islamisaken.1517 1897 wlis aRweriT, afxazeTis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili marTlmadidebeli qristiani iyo, maTi ricxvi 87 064 kacs Seadgenda, mahmadianebi iyvnen 11 062 kaci, somexi grigorianelebi _ 6 536 kaci, luTeranebi _ 954 kaci, kaTolikeebi (somexi da ,,romaeli”) _ 375 kaci, iudevelebi _ 162 kaci,1518 sxva religiur mimdinareobebs ki mcirericxovani mimdevari hyavda. afxazeTSi rusuli religiuli zegavlenis ganmxorcielebeli iyo axali aTonis monasteri, sadac asobiT rusi beri moRvaweobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom k.maWavariani am monasters uwodebda ,,saxelmwifos saxelmwifoSi”.1519 axali aTonis monasters hqonda uzarmazari mamulebi imperiis sxvadasxva regionebSic: peterburgSi, novorosiiskSi, tuafseSi, biWvinTaSi da a.S., saidanac didZali Semosavali SesdiodaT. kaspiis zRvaze mas sakuTrebaSi hqonda Tevzis sarewebi.1520 monasteri eweoda komerciul saqmianobas, romelic sul ufro da ufro farTo xasiaTs Rebulobda. 1885 wels imperatoris gankargulebiT, biWvinTis monasteri kuTvnili miwis nakveTiT, fiWvnariTa da tbiT axali aTonis simon kananelis monasters SeuerTda. es imas niSnavda, rom qarTuli eklesiis kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi centri, dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosTa rezidenciac, rusi berebis xelSi gadavida.1521 uwmindesi sinodis 1898w. 3 seqtembris gankargulebiT dadginda, rom RvTismsaxureba taZrebSi afxazurenovani mrevliT aResrulebinaT slavur enaze.1522 saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTis mTel teritoriaze wirva-locva aResruleboda qarTul enaze, saeklesio literaturac da sagaloblebic qarTul enaze iyo Seqmnili. marTalia, gvian Sua saukuneebSi afxazeTze kontrolis droebiT dakargvam, afsuebis Camowolam, mahmadis rjulisa da warmarTobis gavrcelebam seriozuli dartyma miayena adgilobrivi mosaxleobis 1515 . Kk. toliaSvili. ruseTis sinodis saeklesio politika afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi (XIX saukunis 80iani _ 1917ww.), sakand. dis. Tb., 2005. gv. 35. 1516 . iqve, 35. 1517 . . . , gv. 55. ix. g. rogava. qarTvelTa sasuliero moRvaweoba XIX saukunis afxazeTSi. Tb., 2002. gv. 34. 1518 . Первая всеобщая перепись..., gv. 86-87. 1519 . . . , gv. 190-191. ix. . - . . . 1965. gv. 505. 1520 . . . . , 1977, gv. 6-8; ix. wminda mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi, gv. 45-57. 1521 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 523. 1522 . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakveTi I, gv. 228.
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marTlmadideblur aRmsareblobas, magram qarTuli saeklesio tradiciebi kvlav Zlieri iyo afxazeTis mTel rig regionebSi. mosaxleobaSi gansakuTrebul ukmayofilebas iwvevda rusul enaze wirva-locva. ai, ras werda imJamindeli korespodenti: ,,gudauTSi aris eqvsasi mcxovrebi, amaTgan rusi da somexi ormocdaaTamde iqneba, danarCeni yvela qarTvelia. amden qarTvels aTi weliwadi iqneba qarTuli wirva-locva ar mousmenia. monatrebuli varT Cveneburs galobas, mSobliur xmebs. umetesobas ar gvesmis rusuli anda slavianuri, wirva-locvac xom aravis esmis CvenTagan. amnairad vitanjebiT amdeni mosaxle kaci, dids madls gvizamdnen, Tu umaRles mTavrobis yuramde miitandnen Cvens gaWirvebas”1523. xelisuflebas kargad esmoda, rom mTavr dabrkolebas mxaris garusebaSi qarTuli samRvdeloeba warmoadgenda, radgan maT xelSi isev rCeboda eklesia da skola. amitomac cdilobda maT warTmevas qarTuli samRvdeloebisaTvis. am mizniT mefis xelisufleba mniSvnelovan RonisZiebebs atarebda mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi.1524 aseve gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebebi gatarda afxazeTSi qristianobis aRsadgenad, rac ruseTs sakuTari kolonialisturi interesebidan gamomdinare sWirdeboda. Tu carizmi SeZlebda afxazeTis mosaxleobis, maT Soris afxazebis, eklesiis meSveobiT rusifikacias, mas mniSvnelovnad gauadvildeboda am teritoriis inkorporireba. saeklesio-samrevlo skolebi, rogorc dasturdeba, maTi mniSvnelovani iaraRi gaxda am saqmeSi. samrevlo skolebSi axalgazrdoba unda aRzrdiliyo rusuli marTlmadidebluri tradiciebis SeTviseba-gaTavisebis safuZvelze. irkveva, rom 1900 wlisaTvis ruseTis eklesia kidev ufro intensiurad cdilobda ganaTlebis seqtorze monopoliis mopovebas. am saqmeSi garkveuli wvlili Seitana ,,kavkasiaSi marTlmadideblobis aRmdgenelma sazogadoebam”, romelmac garkveuli dadebiTi roli Seasrula qristianobis aRdgena-damkvidrebaSic. misi finansebiT da ZalisxmeviT afxazeTSi aSenda araerTi eklesia, gaixsna saeklesio-samrevlo skolebi. XX saukunis dasawyisSi afxazeTis teritoriaze SeimCneva samrevlo skolebis mSeneblobis intensifikacia.1525 mefis xelisufleba didad ar zrunavda afxazeTis samrevlo skolebis pedagogiuri kontingentis profesiul srulyofaze. arsebobs cnobebi, rom zogierT samrevlo skolaSi pedagogebad dauniSnavT yofili straJnikebi da gudauTis 2 - klasiani samrevlo skolis kursdamTavrebuli axalgazrdebi im motiviT, rom ,,afxazuris swavleba SeuZliaTo”.1526 ar SeiZleba, ar davinaxoT, rom ruseTis reaqciulma sasuliero pirebma garkveul warmatebebs miaRwies afxazebSi antiqarTuli fsiqozis dasanergad. pirvel rigSi, es gamovlinda samrevlo skolebidan qarTuli enis totalur gandevnaSi. XIXs. 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi qarTuli ena gandevnes afxazeTsamurzayanos skolebidan da wirva-locvis qarTulad Sesrulebac akrZales.1527 imavdroulad akrZaluli iyo afxazuri enis gamoyenebac am enis `ganuviTareblobis~ motiviT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom afxazur mosaxleobas Tavs axvevdnen rusul enas samrevlo skolebSi da slavur enas – eklesiaSi, rac maTi saboloo garusebis safuZvels qmnida. aseTi viTareba ki patrioti pedagogebis seriozul ukmayofilebas da protests iwvevda. ganaTleba. ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 omis Sedagad dazianda an ganadgurda afxazeTis skolebis didi nawili. omis dasrulebis Semdeg TandaTan daiwyo maTi aRdgena da saswavlo procesis ganaxleba. 1880 wlis monacemebiT, afxazeTis
1523
. iveria, 1902, 14 dekemberi. . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakveTi I, gv. 228. 1525 . ix. kavkasiaSi marTlmadideblobis aRmdgeni sazogadoebisa da saeparqio saswavlo sabWos skolebis CamonaTvali (1851-1917 ww.). wignSi: j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 1020.-1029. 1526 . isari, 1907, 24 ivlisi. 1527 . trof. xundaZe. carizmi da saxalxo ganaTleba saqarTveloSi 1881-1917 ww. Tb., 1948, gv.7. 1524
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skolebSi 190 qarTveli da 36 afxazi swavlobda.1528 carizmis moxeleebma ukve moicales ganaTlebis sferoSi ufro energiuli qmedebebisaTvis, raTa mxaris garusebisaTvis skolebis saxiT ufro moqnili da efeqturi meqanizmi SeeqmnaT. 1884 wlis 13 ivniss imperatorma daamtkica saeklesio-samrevlo skolebis wesdeba, xolo 1885 wels marTmadideblobis aRmdgeni sazogadoebis saeklesio-samrevlo skolebi samrevlo skolebad gadakeTda.1529 XIX saukunis dasasruls afxazeTis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili werakiTxvis ucodinari iyo, ganaTlebuli mosaxleobis raodenoba soxumis olqSi 9,7 %-s Seadgenda, xolo qalaq soxumSi _ 41,7 %-s.1530 aRsaniSavia, rom am periodSi umaRlesi da teqnikuri ganaTleba afxazeTis soflis mosaxleobaSi arcerT kacs ar hqonda; umaRlesi ganaTleba ar hqondaT soxumis olqSi mcxovreb kazakebsa da sxva ucxoel axalmosaxleebsac.1531 afxazeTSi mosaxleobis am kategoriidan mxolod qalaq soxumSi aRmoCnda 3 kaci, romelsac saSualospecialuri ganaTleba hqonda, xolo mTlianad olqSi am fenebidan 32 kaci da 36 qali iyo saSualo ganaTlebiT.1532 odnav gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba dafiqsirda soxumis olqis Tavadaznaurobisa da Cinovnikebis ojaxebSi. am socialur kategoriaSi wera-kiTxvis mcodne iyo 1653 kaci, werakiTxvis ucodinari _ 3574 kaci.1533 umaRles saswavleblebSi ganaTleba miRebuli hqonda 35 kacs, specialuri teqnikuri ganaTlebiT iyo 7 kaci, saSualo specialuri ganaTleba hqonda 20 kacs, saSualo ganaTleba ki _ 275.1534 ganaTlebis mxriv savalalo mdgomareoba Seiqmna soxumis olqis sasuliero da sazogadoebis sxva fenebSic. gazeT ,,saxalxo furcelSi” Tedo saxokia fsevdonimiT ,,soxumeli” xazgasmiT miuTiTebda: ,,samwuxaroa is faqti, rom dRemde am niWier xalxis, rogoric afxazebi arian, SvilTagan umaRlesi saswavlebeli aravis daumTavrebia”.1535 aqedan gamomdinare, ganaTlebas da saganmanaTleblo politikas saqarTvelos am kuTxisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda. es iyo Sedegi erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis, istoriuli bedukuRmarTobis, gareSe mtrebis ganuwyveteli eqspansiisa, ris gamoc sagrZnoblad Seferxda saqarTvelos kulturuli ganviTareba. yovelive aman regionSi seriozulad Seasusta qristianuli tradiciebi, gaaZliera mahmadis rjuli da warmarTobac. am mdgomareobidan gamosavali ori iyo: an afxazeTi daubrundeboda mama-papaTa kulturul faseulobebs _ saerTo qarTul qristianul-marTlmadideblur kulturul samyaros, an daadgeboda ruseTis mier Tavs moxveul ZalmomreobiT kulturul cxovrebas, romlis Sedegi rusul kulturul sivrcesTan SeerTeba da sabolood rusifikacia iqneboda. aSkaraa, rom carizmi, Tavisi koloniuri pilitikidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos am kuTxeSi ganaTlebis qarTul sistemas ar Seqmnida.1536 misi globaluri politikuri amocana strategiulad mniSvnelovan geopolitikur sivrceSi aqtiur rusifikacias gulisxmobda, rac rusuli ganaTlebis sistemis yovelmxrivi kultivirebis safuZvelze SeiZleboda mxolod momxdariyo. amitomac es politika ZiriTadad ganmsazRvreli iyo XIX saukunis bolodan 1917 wlamde. 1880 wlidan 1905 wlamde afxazeTSi gaixsna 86 skola, aqedan marTlmadideblobis aRmdgeni sazogadoebis xaziT sami _ moqvSi, aWandarasa da
1528
j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 520. iqve, gv. 520, 521. 1530 Первая всеобщая перепись ..., gv. 1. 1531 iqve, gv. 80. 1532 iqve, gv. 80. 1533 iqve, gv. 78. 1534 iqve, gv. 78 -83. 1535 saxalxo furceli, 1905, 1 aprili. 1536 . vrclad ix. i. gelenava. sasuliero samrevlo skolebi afxazeTSi (1900-1917 ww.). _ logosi, 2007, #IV, gv. 209-215; И. Геленава. О некоторых аспектах религиозно-просветительной политики царизма в Абхазии (1900-1917 г.г.). _ saistorio vertikalebi, 2005, #9, gv. 81-89. 1529
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foqveSSi, danarCenebi ki saeparqio saswavlo sabWos daqvemdebarebaSi iyvnen.1537 afxazeTSi, kerZod, samurzayanoSi skolebis simcirisa da miuwvdomlobis gamo, kvlav gamoiyeneboda swavla-aRzrdis xalxuri wesebi:1538 saSinao aRzrdaSi mTavari adgili ostats (maswavlebels), mRvdels, bersa da ojaxis diasaxliss eWira. ojaxSi arsebobda `zepiri skolebi~, romlebSic `vefxistyaosans~ da sxva nawarmoebebs aswavlidnen. didwilad aman SeinarCuna afxazeTSi qarTuli suli. 1900 wels afxazeTis saxalxo skolebSi maswavlebelTa ricxvi aRwevda 46-s; maT Soris afxazi iyo 3, qarTveli - 25, rusi - 14, estoneli - 3 da germaneli 1.1539 1880 wels soxumis mTielTa skolaSi (romelic 1863 wels gaixsna mTielTa SvilebisaTvis da imyofeboda samxedro uwyebis meTvalyureobaSi, amave dros Sedioda saxalso ganaTlebis saministros sistemaSi da swavla-aRzrdis mxriv emorCileboda kavkasiis saswavlo olqs. skola 1917 wlamde funqcionirebda) iricxeboda 80 aRsazrdeli. 1900 wels ki aq gaixsna biblioTeka. skola Tavisi arsebobis manZilze erTgulad emsaxureboda axalgazrdobis garusebis saqmes.1540 XIX s-is dasasrulisa da XX s-is dasawyisisaTvis Tavi gamoiCines afxazma, qarTvelma da sxva erovnebis pedagogebma, maT Soris iyvnen T.eSba, a.WoWua, iv.gegia, p.Waraia, T.saxokia, anT.juReli, k.maWavariani, p.Sayrili, n.Wedia, n.janaSia, i.lakerbaia, g.eSba, n.qirTbaia, k.marSania, gracki, d.ajamovi da sxv. grZeldeboda afxazuri anbanis daxvewaze muSaoba. 1892 wels k.maWavarianma da d.guliam Seadgines axali afxazuri saanbano wigni da gamosces TbilisSi. eWvgareSea, qarTveli moRvaweebis Tanadgoma afxazuri damwerlobis SeqmnaSi pativiscemis gulwrfeli gamovlineba iyo afxazi xalxisadmi. d.gulias azriT, `es anbani afxazurma skolebma naxes pirvelad da misis saSualebiT afxazma bavSvebma daiwyes swavla mSobliur enaze. gamoCnda saSualeba mSobliur enaze xalxTan saubrisa~.1541 am wignma mainc ver Seasrula mniSvnelovani roli afxazi mosaxleobis ganaTlebis saqmeSi, radganac carizmis mizani regionis rusifikacia iyo.. 1900-ian wlebSi myarad hqonda fexi mokidebuli `WeSmariti rusebis kavSirs~. misi wevrebi ibrZodnen, raTa aRmoefxvraT qarTuli ena soxumis olqSi. kavSiris mTavari sulisCamdgmelebi iyvnen adgilobrivi rusuli mosaxleoba, rusuli samRvdeloeba, maT Soris: l.progulbicki (olqis ufrosi), v.iastrebovi (eparqialuri zedamxedveli), mRvdlebi s.protopopovi, s.alfiorovi, g.golubcovi (im periodSi samoswavlo sabWos wevri) da sxva. isini yovel Rones xmarobdnen regionis garusebisaTvis, qarTvelTa da afxazTa dapirispirebisaTvis; cdilobdnen, raime ziani mieyenebinaT sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze myofi qarTvelebisaTvis; aSkara ciliswamebas da bezRobasac ar eridebodnen.1542 saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodaluri kantoris 1898 wlis 17 martis brZanebulebiT afxazeTisa da samurzayanos skolebSi aikrZala qarTuli enis swavleba.1543 carizmis mcdelobis miuxedavad, tradiciuli qarTul-afxazuri megobruli urTierTobebi mainc grZeldeboda. STamomavlobisaTvis udidesi magaliTia giorgi mixeilis Ze SarvaSiZisa (1847-1918ww.) da akaki wereTlis megobruli urTierToba, erTmaneTisadmi miZRvnili leqsebi. literaturaTmcodneebma daadgines, rom g.SarvaSiZisa da akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi igrZnoba Rrma 1537
. j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 1020-1029. . i. gelenava. ruseTis saganmanaTleblo politikis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi XIX s. dasasrulsa da XX s. pirvel ocwleulSi (samurzayanos masalebze dayrdnobiT). _ klio, 2005, #26, gv. 77-98. 1539 . n. vekua. saxalxo ganaTlebis dawyebiTi saswavleblebi revoluciamdel afxazeTSi (1851-1917). soxumi, 1958. 1540 . n. vekua. soxumis mTielTa saswavlebeli (1863-1917 ww).. _ komunisturi aRzrdisaTvis, 1958, #5, gv. 73. 1538
1541
. . . , . I. , 1925, gv. 21. . a. xvingia.. `mogonebebi~ (xelnaweiri). rveuli #2. gv. 54. ix. s.g.m. 4669. gv. 56. ix. z. cincaZe, afxazeTis saqarTvelodan mowyvetis saTaveebTan.. _ afxazeTis istoriis problemebi. Tb. 1998, gv. 138. 1543 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 591-592. 1542
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naTesaoba rogorc esTetikuri, ise Tematuri, ideuri da religiuri TvalsazrisiT. sainteresoa is faqti, rom ungrelma mxatvarma mixail ziCim swored g.SarvaSiZe gamoiyena naturad `vefxistyaosnis~ gmiris avTandilis saxis Seqmnisas. aRsaniSnavia aseve konstantine giorgis Ze SarvaSiZis (1813-1883ww.), daviT Cqotuas, aleqsandre grigolis Ze SarvaSiZis (1855-1932ww.)1544 mamuliSviluri SemarTeba, maTi brZola ruseTis mcdelobis winaaRmdeg Rrma da gadaulaxavi ufskruli Seeqmna qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaSi. didi popularobiT sargeblobda afxazeTSi saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefe _ ilia WavWavaZe. 1903 wlis 22 maiss ilia stumrobda soxums. aq is gagridan Camovida, sadac princ a.oldenburgelis miwveviT imyofeboda.1545 soxumis mosaxleoba aRfrTovanebiTa da didi siyvaruliT Sexvda mgosans. mas ori Tanamgzavri axlda: al. orbeliani da dimitri ColoyaSvili.1546 ai, ras werda gazeTi ,,iveria~: `22 maiss, saRamoze soxumis `bulvarSi~ saseirnod gamosuls xalxSi gaisma mxiaruli CurCuli: `ilia Camosula, ilia gvewvia~, da TiTiT uCvenebdnen erTmaneTs baRSi moseirne Cvens saxelovan mgosans ilia WavWavaZes... ...yvelas undoda axlo daenaxa es sasiqadulo mamuliSvili saqarTvelosi, yvela natrobda misi xmis gagonebas da fexakrefiT misdevda~.1547 qarTul-afxazurma inteligenciam _ ivane miminoSvilma, T.saxokiam, s.Turqiam, a.Cukbarma, e.gabuniam, maSo anCabaZem (Salva dadianis da), g.norakiZem da sxvebma ilias gulTbili Sexvedra mouwyves da 24 maiss sazeimo sadilic gaumarTes, romelic moewyo aleqsandre da ivane SarvaSiZeebis baRSi. gaiSala mdidruli tradiciuli qarTul-afxazuri sufra, tkbili simRerebiT, Tvalwarmtaci gulTbili sadRegrZeloebiT. ilias dinjad warmouTqvams Semdegi sityva: ,,me Cemi amxanagebis magier da CemTavad dids madlobas mogaxsenebT am gadametebuli pativiscemisagan da RmerTsa vTxov, gixsnaT Tqven im saSineli gansacdelisagan, romelic me sulTamxuTaviviT TvalT ametuza, roca aqauroba daviare da davaTvaliere. dRes aqamomde am mSveniers afxaz-qarTvelTa miwa-wyals xmliT vinaxavdiT da, asea Tu ise, SevinaxeT kidec. dRes xmali qarqaSSi Caego. dRes sxva mteri modis, rogorc vxedav, ise guldagul da pirdapir ki ara, rogorc patiosani xmali, aramed Cumad, qurdulad, rogorc macduri da mparavi. igi mteri fulia, gaiZvera da mzaravi. igi RimiliT da alersiT mogeqcevaT da ise gamogacliT xelidan am lamazs, turfas, mdidars qveyanas, rom pirvel xanSi iqneb madlobelic gauxdeT. kidev vityvi: RmerTma gixsnaT am saSineli macdurisagan, RmerTma hqnas da Tamam xmlisagan uZlevelni ar iZlivneT mxdal da mSiSar fulisagan da SeinarCunoT es qarTvelis sisxliT morwyuli mSvenieri qveyana Tqvenda sadRegrZelod da Tqvenda SvilTa da axlobelTa sabednierod da Tavmosawonad”1548. sufra afxazur-qarTul simRerebsa da iSviaTi silamazis cekvebs SeumkiaT Zuku loluas xelmZRvanelobiT. zeimi 6-7 saaTamde gagrZelebula.1549 XXs-is 80-iani wlebidan imperialisturi politika afxazeTSi gansakuTrebiT gamkacrda. yvelaze mkafiod es ganaTlebis sferoSi igrZnoboda, rac skolebidan qarTuli enis mTlianad gandevnasa da rusulis damkvidrebaSi gamoixata. xorcieldeboda eklesiebis rusifikaciis procesi, saidanac aseve ganidevna ena qarTuli, iniSnebodnen rusi mRvdelmTavrebi, aqtiurad daiwyo muSaoba afxazeTis 1544 1545 1546 1547
. . 2003. gv. 1549 . 1548
. . .
T. mibCuani. afxazeTi. II nawili. Tb., 2006, gv. 148-150. ж. , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 727. i. gogebaSvili. afxazeTis Sesaxeb. - Txz. Tb., 1955, t. 4, gv. 200. iveria, 1903, #118, 4 ivnisi. iveria, 1903, 4 ivnisi. ix. i. gelenava. afxazeTis kulturuli cxovrebis istoriidan (1917-1921 ww. Tb., 35-36. sabWoTa afxazeTi, 1966, 15 ivnisi, gv. 3.
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teritoriis dasanawevreblad, gagris ubani CamoSorda afxazeTs da SavizRvispireTis gubernias SeuerTda. farTo masStabebi SeiZina regionis ucxouri kolonizaciis procesma, saxelmwifo politikis rangSi iqna ayvanili dapirispirebis gaRrmaveba qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda zewola qarTvelobaze.
2. afxazeTi demokratiuli revoluciis, reaqciisa da pirveli msoflio omis periodSi. 1905-1917ww. XX saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTi seriozuli ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis winaSe aRmoCnda. mTeli imperia moicva farTo revoluciurdemokratiulma moZraobam, romelmac iaponiasTan omSi damarcxebis Semdeg kidev ufro mwvave xasiaTi SeiZina. 1901-1903 wlebSi winarevoluciuri situacia saqarTvelos mTel rig raionebSic aSkarad SeimCneoda. warmoiSva seriozuli dapirispireba mefis xelisuflebasa da demokratiul Zalebs, glexobasa da memamuleebs, kapitalistebsa da muSebs, carizmsa da erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel moZraobas Soris, ramac Tavisi koncentrirebuli gamoxatuleba 1905 wlis wina TveebSi Seqmnil revoluciur situaciaSi hpova. revoluciurma da demokratiulma ganwyobilebam Tavi iCina afxazeTSic, sadac mSromeli masa ZiriTadad qarTveli, rusi da berZeni erovnebis warmomadgenlebisagan Sedgeboda (afxazebi muSebs Soris erTeulebi iyvnen). miuTiTeben, rom 1905 wlis revoluciis dawyebidan 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTSi moewyo 11-mde gaficva, mitingi, manifestacia da saxalxo Sekreba.1550 afxazeTis zogierT regionSi glexebi axerxebdnen xelisuflebis xelSi aRebas, Tavisi gavlenis damkvidrebas da saxalxo-demokratiuli mmarTvelobis Seqmnas. aseTi ram moxda samurzayanos erT nawilSi, rac istoriaSi ,,samurzayanos respublikis” saxeliTaa cnobili. am xelisuflebam iarseba TiTqmis erTi weli.1551 istorias SemorCa mogoneba ,,gagris respublikis” Sesaxeb. am xelisuflebam ori Tve iarseba. aris cnoba, rom 1905 wlis 16 noembridan 20 dekembremde soxumSi arsebobda ,,revoluciuri mTavroba”.1552 demokratiuli moZraobis zewoliT carizmi iZulebiT daTmobaze mainc wavida. liberaluri reformebi kavkasiaSic ganxorcielda. kvlav aRdga mefisnacvlis instituti. 1905 w. ianvarSi Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufles mTavarmarTebeli g. golicini. imave wlis TebervalSi kavkasiaSi mefisnacvlis posti i. voroncov-daSkovma daikava. TiTqmis erTdroulad soxumis olqis Sovinisti ufrosi v. progulbicki Tavadma l. jandierma Secvala. saqarTvelos da maT Soris afxazeTs moaSores Sovinisturad ganwyobili mRvdelmTavrebic _ egzarqosi aleqsi, soxumis episkoposi arseni, rusifikaciis politikis mTavari ideologi da cxovrebaSi misi gamtarebeli, qarTveli xalxis dauZinebeli mteri dekanozi i. vostorgovi. axali egzarqosi nikolozi (1905-1906ww.) da soxumis episkoposi serafime SedarebiT liberalur politikas axorcielebdnen. ep. serafimem TxuTmetwliani akrZalvis Semdeg qarTul enaze wirva-locvac aRadgina.1553 miRebuli zomebis miuxedavad, xalxis ukmayofileba ar Camcxrala. revoluciuri moZraobis aRmavloba afxazeTSi gansakuTrebiT SeimCneva 1905 wlis Semodgomidan. amas ganapirobebda revoluciuri movlenebis intensifikacia, rogorc peterburgSi, ise moskovSi. imperiis ,,orive dedaqalaqSi” mRelvarebam Tavis apogeas 17 oqtombrisaTvis miaRwia. nikoloz II 1550 1551 1552 1553
. . . . , gv. 265. . . . 1905-0907 . , 1984, gv. 42. . iqve, gv. 37. . .j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 617-680.
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iZulebuli gaxda imave dRes gamoeca manifesti, romliTac ruseTis mosaxleobas mianiWa yvela ZiriTadi demokratiuli ufleba da dahpirda saxelmwifo saTaTbiros gadaudebel mowvevas. qarTuli da afxazuri istoriografia samarTlianad amaxvilebs yuradRebas ruseTis 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciaSi eTnikuri afxazebis gandgomaze. jer kidev 1910 wels, ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri mebrZoli giorgi SarvaSiZe xazgasmiT aRniSnavda: ,,gamovida moulodneli kazusi, rogor moxda, afxazebi _ ,,cnobili meamboxeni”, uecrad iyvnen mSvidad da es maSin, rodesac mTeli ruseTi mRelvarebaSia... ver gaugeb am xalxs. mudam akeTeben imas, rasac aranairad ar elodebi... maTTvis jer kidev feodalizmi grZeldeba, saWiroa maTSi am gancdis aRmofxvra, radgan sasaciloa, Cvens droSi, gyavdes saxelmwifoSi xalxi feodaluri wyobilebis yofiTi sistemiT... revoluciurma propagandam aq warmatebas ver miaRwia, radgan aq ar arsebobda wodebrivi dapirispireba.”1554 1906w. maisSi mefisnacvlis sabWoze aRiniSna, rom afxazeTis mosaxleoba, romelic oficialurad atarebda damnaSavis saxels, bolo Tveebis movlenebis dros gamoirCeoda mTavrobisadmi loialobiT mezobeli raionebis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT,1555 riTac afxazebis garkveuli nawili amayobda kidec.1556 erTi ram ueWvelia: afxazeTSi saocialuri konfliqti aq arsebuli specifikuri ekonomikuri urTierTobis gamo erovnebaTSoris konfliqtad iqca. Tavadaznaurobis gabatonebulma mdgomareobam ganapiroba afxazTa umravlesobis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba demokratiuli gardaqmnebisadmi, risTvisac ibrZodnen sxva erebis warmomadgenlebi, gansakuTrebiT ki qarTvelebi. aseTi mdgomareoba da ganwyoba zrdida dapirispirebas qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris. s.lakobas azriT, afxazi glexi, sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT, ver SeZlebda social-demokratiuli ideebis aRqmas; sxvebi ixrebodnen fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebisaken, afxazebi ki vaWrobaSi da sxva saxis SromiT samsaxurSi CarTuli ar iyvnen, radgan es damamcireblad miaCndaT. isini iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda ar cxovrobdnen soxumSi, gudauTasa da oCamCireSi.1557 s.lakoba revoluciidan afxazTa gandgomis erTerT mizezad asaxelebs imasac, rom isini am movlenebs aRiqvamdnen rogorc qarTul revolucias. afxazTa erTi nawilis aseTi warmodgena revoluciaze, swored rusi agitatorebis mier ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli propagandistuli da ,,aRmzrdelobiTi” muSaobis nayofi iyo. swored isini unergavdnen carizmis mier damnaSaved gamocxadebuli da dasjili eris warmomadgenlebs, qarTvelebisagan TiTqos ,,daCagrul” afxazebs siZulvils `qarTveli dampyroblebisadmi”. da es xdeboda maSin, rodesac afxazebis mier gamoTavisuflebul miwebze mTavroba operatiulad asaxlebda sxvadasxva mimarTulebis seqtantebsa da nebismieri erovnebis adamianebs, garda qarTvelebisa. saqarTvelos progresuli sazogadoeba SeSfoTebuli iyo afxazeTSi 1905w. Seqmnili situaciiT. aSkara iyo Savrazmelebis ,,gaTiSe da ibatones” politikis pirveli sagrZnobi Sedegebi. isini sistematurad aqveynebdnen presaSi werilebs, romlebSic mxilebulni iyvnen ,,bneli Zalebi”, romlebic afxazeTSi avrcelebdnen aTasgvar binZur monaWors, TiTqos qarTvelebi apirebdnen afxazTa amowyvetas da maTi mamulebis mitacebas.1558 aqtiuri ideologiuri muSaoba xorcieldeboda afxazebis yvela fenaSi: ,,Tqven mSvidi, keTili da 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558
. z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakveTi I, gv.242. . j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 23. . kavkaz, 1906, 13 ianvari. . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. I, gv. 243. . iqve, gv. 243-244.
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wesierebis moyvaruli xalxi xarT, Tqvengan araviTari uwesoba ar aris mosalodneli, darwmunebuli varT, arc iqnebao. magram Tqveni mezobeli qarTvelebi sandoni ar arian; imaTgan Tqvens dasaRupavad rasme unda movelodeT, amitom ,,hka magaTo” darwmunebuli iyaviT, amisaTvis jildos meti sxva araferi geliTo”1559, - aqezebdnen afxazebs. 1905 wlis dekemberSi, moskovis sisxliani warumatebeli ajanyebis Semdeg, daiwyo revolucis daRmavloba. carizmi, romelmac miiRo dasavleTevropuli subsidiebi, revanSisaTvis emzadeboda. aseT viTarebaSi mefis xelisufleba Seecada, garkveuli administraciuli cvlilebebi ganexorcielebina soxumis olqSi. ukve didi xani amuSavebdnen proeqts, rom soxumis olqi SeeerTebinaT Savi zRvis guberniisaTvis. amasTan dakavSirebiT soxumis qalaqis Tavma niko TavdgiriZem da aleqsandre SarvaSiZem afxazeTis saxeliT mefisnacvals Suamdgomloba warudgines soxumis olqis ara SavizRvispireTis, aramed quTaisis guberniisaTvis mierTebis Sesaxeb. `es Suamdgomloba, _ werda `cnobis furceli~ 1905w. 7 seqtembers, _ namestnikma gadasca quTaisis gubernators da daavala, am sagnis Sesaxeb mcodne pirTagan komisia Seadginos da gamoikvlios, quTaisis Tu Cernomoriis gubernias mieweros soxumis olqi~. erToblivi qarTul-afxazuri interesebis gamomxatveli iyo mefisnacvlisaTvis wardgenili da 1905w. 19 noembers `cnobis furcelSi~ gamoqveynebuli soxumis olqis mcxovrebTa moTxovnebi. dokumentis avtorebi mefisnacvals sTxovdnen: `1. ,am olqis mTlianad datoveba Tavis istoriul sazRvrebSi, rogorc gansakuTrebuli damoukidebeli kuTxe administraciul mmarTvelobis mxriv _ da Tu aseTi datoveba ar moxerxda, maSin igi SeuerTdes Cernomorski gubernias, ise ki, rom administraciul centrad soxumi iyos. 2. am olqSi mcxovrebi afxazebi aRar moixsenion metad saZraxis da daumsaxurebel saxeliT: ,,damnaSaveni”, rogorc am Jamad sCadian administraciis moxeleni miwer-moweris da maTTan saubris dros. 3. am olqis mcxovrebTac mieniWoT is uflebani, rac samurzayanos olqis mcxovrebTa aqvT; olqis umiwawylo mkvidrT exlav daurigdeT miwebi; is mcxovrebni am olqisa, rusis qveSevrdomni, romelic ara nakleb 7 wlisa dasaxlebulan da mflobeloben ama Tu im miwiT, exlav miewernen ama Tu im sazogadoebas da am miwiTac mxolod maT da maT STamomavlobas SeeZloT sargebloba da ara sxva visme; megrelebi, romelnic am olqSi scxovroben nayid miwebze, Cairicxnen im sazogadoebebSi, sadac am Jamad scxovroben da amoiSalnen im sazogadoebidan, saidanac mosulni arian. 4. umaRlesad neba darTon dabrundnen is afxazebi, romelnic 1877-1878 ww. osmaleTSi gadasaxldnen da amJamad dabruneba surT. amaT unda daubrundeT sasaxlkarod saxelmwifo miwebi. 5. usasyidlod daeTmos xalxs aqauri saxelmwifo da sazafxulo saZovari adgilebi. 6. exlav gauqmebul iqnas kavkasiis sapolicio daraji, radgan mas xalxisaTvis araviTari sargebloba, zaralis meti, ara moaqvs-ra. amis nacvlad Tavis dasacvelad adgilobriv mcxovrebTagan Sesdges razmi. 7. exlav gaixsnas safosto gza gagrasa da zugdids Sua da ganTavisuflebul iqnas xalxi fostis cxenebis Senaxvisagan. 8. exlav SemoRebul iqnas saero, ufaso da savaldebulo swavleba. 9. yvela stipendia stavropolis vaJTa gimnaziidan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg gadmotanil iqnas soxumis realur saswavlebelSi da TviT stipendiebis ricxvi gamravldes. 10. yvela am olqSi arsebul saswavlebelSi savaldebulo gaxdes swavleba qarTul enisa, xolo visac surs, afxazurisa da mahmadian-abxazebisaTvis_arabul enebisa. 11. umaRles saswavleblebSi am olqis mcxovrebTaTvis daarsdes stipendia. 12. soxumis samTo skola exlave gadakeTdes saSualo sasoflo-sameurneo saswavleblad mosamzadebel ganyofilebiT.
1559
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cnobis furceli, 1905, 22 aprili.
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13. samkurnalo nawili kargad moewyos, daardes qsenonebi da saavadmyofoebi da sxva. 14. soxumis olqis jaris-kacT exlav mieceT neba kavkasiaSi moixadon begara da ara sxvagan sadme. 15. exlav SemoRebul iqmnas nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo da instituti amorCeul momrigebel mosamarTleebisa. 16. xalxs mieceT ufleba, TviTon airCios sasuliero piri, rogorc marTlmadidebel, ise mahmadianur moZRvrebisa. 17. yvela samsaxurSi, Tu ganaTlebis cenzi uflebas aZlevs, adgili daeTmos adgilobriv mkvidrs”.
soxumis olqis mcxovrebTa saxeliT Sedgenili am moTxovnebidan TvalnaTliv Cans winaaRmdegobebi. magaliTad, punqtebis – 1, 7, da 10-is Sejereba gviCvenebs sazogadoebaSi arsebul azrTa sxvaobas, Tumca naTelia ganwyoba saqarTvelosTan da qarTuli enis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT. pirveli punqti aSkara mcdelobaa, rom Tuki soxumis olqi SavizRvispireTis gubernias SeuerTdeboda, maSin administraciuli centri unda yofiliyo soxumSi. amiT moxdeboda istoriuli saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT sazRvris aRdgena, Sedegad gagris raioni kvlav soxumis olqs SemouerTdeboda; amasTan olqis SemadgenlobaSi Semovidoda teritoria mdinare yubanamde.1560 mefisnacvali iZulebuli iyo, dasTanxmeboda soxumis olqis mcxovrebTa kanonieri moTxovnebis garkveul nawils. revoluciuri procesebisagan afxazTa gandgomis gamo uaRresad kmayofilni iyvnen carizmis moxeleebi. 1906 wels gazeTi ,,okraini rosii” werda: ,,afxazebma jer kidev ver gaiTavises socializmi, amitomac maTTan cxovreba SeiZleba.”1561 swored amitom 1907 wlis 27 aprils gamoqveynda imperatoris `wyaloba”, romlis mixedviTac afxazebs oficialurad moexsnaT ,,damnaSave mosaxleobis” statusi. es iyo mefis winaSe gamoCenili erTgulebisaTvis miRebuli jildo. kavkasiis mefisnacvali i.voroncov-daSkovi Tavis 1907w. 11 maisis mimarTvaSi afxazebisadmi imeds gamoTqvamda, rom momavalSi ,,afxazebi Tavisi xelmwife imperatoris winaSe damnaSaveebi aranair viTarebaSi ar iqnebian”, rom maT Rirseulad gauZles gamocdas.1562 mefis `mowyalebam~ aRafrTovana afxazoba, male maT jarSi samsaxuris nebarTva iTxoves da miiRes kidec (qristianebma). daiwyo xalxis TviTSegnebis ara gamoRviZeba, rogorc gazeTi `kavkazi~ 1907w. 12 dekembers werda, aramed am TviTSegnebis Zireuli gardaqmna; eri, romelic sul cota xnis winaT ruseTis Zlevamosili imperiis winaaRmdeg medgrad ibrZoda da am brZolaSi ,,damnaSavis” sapatio saxeli moipova, axla imave imperiis erTguli gaxda. ruseTis istoriaSi mniSvnelovan politikur movlenad iqca I saxelmwifo saTaTbiros mowveva, rac mefis 1905w. 17 oqtombris manifestiT iyo gadawyvetili. revoluciis aRmavlobam I saTaTbiros arCevnebi CaSala, Tumca 1906w. TebervalmartSi mainc Sedga. saqarTveloSi es arCevnebi 1906w. april-maisSi Catarda. soxumis, baTumisa da yarsis olqebidan saTaTbiros wevri gaxda generali prokofi SarvaSiZe1563. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxebis uwm. sinodSi ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT peterburgSi myofi soxumis episkoposi kirioni erTxel iyo I saxelmwifo saTaTbiros stumari. is didi pativiT miiRo saTaTbiros Tavmjdomarem s.muromcevma da ministrebis gverdiT loJa dauTmo. `metad karg STabeWdilebas axdens baasi, _ werda ep.kirioni, _ ise Tavisuflad Cem dReSi ar amomisunTqia, rogorc saTaTbiroSi. mWevrmetyveleba duRs da 1560
. ж. , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 730. . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. I, gv. 243. 1562 . ж. , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 368-369. 1563 . meore saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi (1907 w. Teberval-ivnisi) imave olqebidan warmodgenili iyo konstantine kandelaki, mesameSi (1907 w. seqtember-oqtomberi _ 1912 w. ivnisi) _ kvlav pr. SarvaSiZe, meoTxeSi (1912 w. seqtember-oqtomberi _ 1917 w. Tebervali) _ samurzayanoeli akaki Cxenkeli. _ ix. g. saiTiZe. qarTuli politikuri azri da ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbiro (1905-1917). Tb., 2005. 1561
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gadmodis. wesiereba TaTbiris dros samagaliToa. Tumca yvela orators sificxe etyoba. yvela erTgulad muSaobs sazogado saqmisTvis. did mniSvnelobas am saTaTbiros istoria aRniSnavs. exla ki mTavrobisgan devnis meti arafers unda moelodes~1564. marTlac, sul male, 1906w. 8 ivliss, urCi saTaTbiro daiTxoves. soxumis kaTedraze ep. kirionis daniSvna (1906w. 3 Tebervali) TavisTavad warmoadgenda daTmobas soxumis olqSi demokratiuli revoluciis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalis _ qarTvelebis winaSe. afxazeTSi misi moRvaweobis xanmokle periodi Seadgens mTel epoqas regionis saeklesio cxovrebaSi. ep.kirionma imTaviTve uaryo rusi mRvdelmTavrebis mier danergili iZulebiTi gaqristianebis praqtika da mTeli yuradReba mrevlTan Sexvedrebze, qadagebebze, axali samrevloebis gaxsnaze, eklesiebis aRdgena-mSeneblobaze gadaitana; hqonda gegma, soxumSi aeSenebina `ori Seupovari simagre qarTveli erovnebisa~1565 _ eklesia da skola, magram ar dascalda. cxumeli episkoposis erT-erTi damsaxureba is iyo, rom man yvela erovnebis mrevls _ qarTvelebs, rusebs, berZnebs _ sakuTar enaze RvTismsaxurebis SesaZlebloba misca. afxazebsac rom aseTive SesaZlebloba hqonodaT, ep.kirionma afxazTagan Camoayaliba da intensiurad muSaobda saeklesio literaturis afxazur enaze mTargmneli komisia, romelic ZiriTadad afxazuri erovnebis sasuliero pirebisagan da inteligenciis warmomadgenlebisagan Sedgeboda. kirion episkoposma moaswro komisiis ori sxdomis Catareba. afxazeTidan qarTveli mRvdelmTavris gawvevis Semdeg komisiis saqmianoba SeCerda, magram mogvianebiT man kvlav ganaaxla muSaoba, romelic 1913 wlamde gagrZelda da uflis sityvis afxazur enaze TargmniT dasrulda (Seasrules d.guliam da mRvdlebma n.ladariam, n.pateifam da d.marRaniam)1566. kirion episkoposs miznad hqonda dasaxuli gamoCenili pedagogis, iakob gogebaSvilis daxmarebiT afxazuri dedaenis Sedgena da gamocema1567. misma moulodnelma gadayenebam es gegmac CaSala. ep.kirionis kalams ekuTvnis 1906w. cxumelis saxeliT peterburgSi rusul enaze gamocemuli broSura `abxazia~. saqarTvelos am uZvelesi regionis _ afxazeTis istoriisa da awmyos mimoxilvis Semdeg avtori akeTebs daskvnas kanonikuri da istoriuli TvalsazrisiT soxumis eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqososagan gamoyofis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb1568. broSuris winaaRmdeg gailaSqra vinme l.voronovma, romelmac 1907w. moskovSi gamosca `wigni” `afxazeTi saqarTvelo ar aris~ (Абхазия – не Грузия). miuxedavad myvirala saTaurisa, `naSroms~ aranairi mecnieruli Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. amave dros, unda iTqvas, rom avtorma mizans _ qarTvelTa da afxazTa gaucxoebas, maT Soris dapirispirebas _ namdvilad miaRwia. `afxazeTi saqarTvelo ar aris~ dRemde separatistTa erT-erT mTavar ideologiur sayrdens warmoadgens. ep.kirionis soxumis kaTedraze daniSvnam da misma moRvaweobam SovinistTa gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. qarTvel mRvdelmTavars isini nacionalisturi interesebis lobirebaSi adanaSaulebdnen, xolo afxazeTSi mis daniSvnas ruseTis interesebis Selaxvad miiCnevdnen. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda
1564 . wm. mRvdelmowame kirion II da afxazeTi, gv.148. saTaTbiroSi stumrobamde, 1906w. 22 Tebervals, episkoposebi kirioni da leonide (oqropiriZe) gatCinaSi Sexvdnen Tbilisis yofil gubernators, imperator nikoloz meoris dedis kancelariis ufross, general g.d.SarvaSiZes. Seityo ra mizani qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebis stumrobisa, generalma Tqva: `me TanaugrZnob avtokefalias, avtonomias~; Sexvedris dasrulebis Semdeg ep. kirionma afxazeTis samTavro saxlis warmomadgeneli ase daaxasiaTa: `bevrisgan gamigia, rom ServaSiZe ar aris guliT qarTvelio, magram es ciliswamebaa~ (iqve, gv. 118-119). 1565 . iqve, gv. 213. 1566 . j.gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 692; wm. mRvdelmowame kirion II da afxazeTi, gv.33, 305-307. 1567 . wm. mRvdelmowame kirion II da afxazeTi, gv. 268. 1568 . iqve, gv. 423-438.
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i.vostorgovi1569, romlis ciliswamebebma didwilad ganapirobes 1907w. 24 ianvars ep.kirionis soxumidan gawveva da wlebis ganmavlobaSi misi devna-Seviwroeba. SemdgomSi soxumis kaTedris mmarTvelebad wm.sinodi mxolod rus mRvdelmTavrebs niSnavda. 1907-1919ww. soxumis kaTedras marTavdnen: dimitri sperovski (1907w. 25 ianvari _ 1911w. 25 ivlisi), andria uxtomski (1911w. 25 ivlisi _ 1913w. 22 dekemberi), sergi petrovi (1913w. 22 dekemberi _ 1919w. 1 seqtemberi)1570. rusi episkoposebi, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT ep. andrias liberalurfarisevlur politikas, asimilatorul, erovnebaTaSorisi SuRlis gaRrmavebis, qarTvelTa devnis politikas axorcielebdnen. XXs. dasawyisidan aSkara iyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gaaqtiureba. demokratiuli fenebi cdilobdnen mosaxleobis erTferovani yofa ukeTesobisaken SeecvalaT. am saqmeSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen TviTmoqmedi gaerTianebebi, Tanamegobrobebi, saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi, saTvistomoebi da sxv. aseTi gaerTianebebis interesTa sferos warmoadgenda mrewveloba da soflis meurneoba, sainvesticio politika, janmrTeloba, upovarTa da ltolvilTa daxmareba, mosaxleobis dasvenebisa da kulturuli garTobis organizacia. yvelaze efeqturi SedegebiT gamoirCeodnen ekonomikuri profilis gaerTianebebi. gansakuTrebuli aqtiuroba Savi zRvis piras rkinigzis gayvanasTan dakavSirebiT gamoikveTa. rkinigzas afxazeTisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda, amitomac bunebrivad Cans `kavkavis gzis sazogadoebis” wevrTa aqtivoba, rom mieRoT mTavrobisagan misi gayvanis ufleba, rac moipoves kidec 1902wels.1571 jer kidev 1899w. dasawyisSi drandaSi daarsda `meabreSumeobis amxanagoba”,1572 1900w. soxumSi dafuZnda `kavkasiis sameurneo sazogadoeba” romlis wesdebac daamtkica kavkasiis mTavarmarTebelma1573. amave periodSi drandaSi arsdeba `sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoeba”,1574 1903w. Seiqmna `samurzayano-kodoris frinvelTa gamSenebeli sazogadoeba”.1575 1911w. soxumSi Camoyalibda momxmarebelTa sazogadoeba `solidaroba”, romelsac Tavisi wesdeba hqonda1576, Seiqmna aseve `eqimTa sazogadoeba” da sxv. 1915w. daba oCamCiris mcxovrebni quTaisis gubernatoris winaSe Suamdgomloben, daaarson `oCamCiris momxmarebeli sazogadoeba”.1577 amave wels sof.gudauTis mcxovreblebma Suamdgomloba aRZres gubernatoris winaSe `sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebis” daarsebis Sesaxeb1578. amave periodSi soxumSi moqmedebas iwyebs samomxmareblo kooperatiuli sazogadoeba ,,patroni”.1579 sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebebis erT-erTi mimarTuleba iyo pirveliUmsoflio omis mZime pirobebSi mosaxleobis sursaT-sanovagiT momarageba. isini aarsebdnen sacxobebs, puris maRaziebs, fardulebs da a.S. 1915w. samurzayanoSi gaxsnes kooperatiuli furne.1580 amave wlis miwuruls daba oCamCiris mcxovreblebma daaarses `momxmarebelTa sazogadoeba”. igi daxmarebas uwevda materialurad gaWirvebul xalxs. `es amxanagoba mxolod sami Tvea arsebobs da 1569 . 1906 w. martSi J. `kolokolSi~ (#45) ep.kirionis soxumSi daniSvnis winaaRmdeg i.vostorgovma fsevdonimiT `rusi~ gamoaqveyna binZuri werili `Голос из Сухума~. maSin mas sakadrisi pasuxi gasca arqinamdritma ambrosi xelaiam specialur werilSi `По поводу статьи «Голос из Сухума»~. masSi mocemulia safuZvliani kritika rusifikatoruli politikisa saqarTveloSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi. i. vostorgovs ekuTvnis kidev erTi paskvili ep. kirionis winaaRmdeg `Скоро ли конец~, romelic 1906 w. seqtemberSi J. `kolokolma~ (#261) gamoaqveyna. 1570 . wm. mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi, gv. 672. 1571 . cnobis furceli, 1902. 27 ivnisi. 1572 . kvali, 1901. 25 Tebervali; ix. aseve: T. saxokia. Cemi saukunis adamianebi. Tb., 1984, gv. 52. 1573 . iveria, 1900, 28 maisi. 1574 . cnobis furceli, 1904, #2418. 1575 . iveria, 1903. 19 aprili. 1576 . saxalxo gazeTi, 1911 w, 26 ivlisi. 1577 . saqarTvelo, 1915, 12 qristeSobisTve. 1578 . saqarTvelo, 1916, 1 marti. 1579 . saqarTvelo, 1915, 3 noemberi. 1580 . saqarTvelo, 1915, 22 oqtomberi.
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ukve kvalic daamCnia”,1581 - werda gaz. `saqarTvelo~. afxazeTSi sakmaod warmatebuli iyo urTierTdamxmare, anu `saurTierTobo” sazogadoebebi. misi pirveli xseneba 1900w. fiqsirdeba1582. 1904w. 14 dekembers soxumSi akurTxes adgilobrivi saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis mier gaxsnili Ramis TavSesafari. Ramis gaTevis garda gaWirvebulT aq SeeZloT Caisa da cxeli kerZebis miRebac1583. qvelmoqmedeba amxanagobebisa da sazogadoebebis muSaobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo. afxazeTSi specialuri saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebebi iqmneboda, romelTa sawesdebo movaleobas Seadgenda upovarTa da miusafarTa materialuri da sulieri daxmareba, aseve sxvadasxva profesiis adamianTa gaerTianeba. magaliTad, soxumSi Sedga `urTierT Soris damxmare sazogadoeba”, romlis mizani iyo, erT jgufad gaeerTianebina sxvadasxva profesiis adamiani, aRmoeCina wevrebisa da maTi ojaxebisaTvis materialuri Tu sulieri daxmareba, gaeca sesxi. Tu am organizaciis wevrs daiTxovdnen samuSaodan, sazogadoebas unda ezruna misi dasaqmebisaTvis, miewodebina `gonieri da sasargeblo gasarTobi”. sazogadoebas unda uzrunveleyo Tavisi wevrebis gonebrivi da zneobrivi ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro pirobebi, roca maT amisaTvis eqnebodaT Tavisufali dro1584. 1908-1911 wlebSi soxumSi aseve funqcionirebda `Rarib moswavleTa damxmare sazogadoeba”,1585 `WleqTan mebrZoli sazogadoeba” (romlis wesdeba mTavrobas 1904w. `qarTuli saskolo sazogadoeba”,1587 `afxazeTis saskolo daumtkicebia),1586 1588 1589 sazogadoeba”, `cecxlisagan damzRvevi saurTierTo sazogadoeba” da sxv. gansakuTrebuli efeqturobiT gamoirCeoda qarTuli saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis soxumis ganyofileba, romelic daarsda 1915 wlis noemberSi. igi daxmarebas uwevda xelmokle ojaxebs. daarsebidan erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi am sazogadoebisaTvis daxmarebis saTxovnelad 166 ojaxs miumarTavs. mravalerovan afxazeTSi paralelurad moqmedebdnen sazogadoebebi erovnuli niSniT. magaliTad, arsebobda berZnebis1590, somxebisa da rusebis (WeSmarit rusTa kavSiri) am ukanasknelis moRvaweoba gamoirCeoda antiqarTuli sazogadoebebi1591. saqmianobiT. `saxalxo soxumSi funqcionirebdnen `filarmoniuli sazogadoeba”,1592 universitetis sazogadoeba”, romelic 1908 wels daarsda. moqmedeba daiwyo saxalxo universitetma, romlis kursebze 30-40 kaci iricxeboda; swavla rusul enaze mimdinareobda1593. soxumSi gaixsna dramatuli xelovnebis moyvarulTa wre, romelsac Tavisi wesdebac hqonda1594. 1911 wels mas saxalxo universitetis sazogadoebasTan SeerTebac ki ganuzraxavs1595. saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebebi da gaerTianebebi yuradRebas uTmobdnen mosaxleobis ganaTlebas da kulturul dawinaurebas. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli Rvawli `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas” miuZRvis. am organizaciis soxumis ganyofilebis pirveli kreba 1909 wlis 17 maiss iqna mowveuli1596. Tumca manamdec igi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli afxazeTSi kulturisa da 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
saqarTvelo, 1916, 9 Tebervali. Temi, 1912, #91. iveria, 1904. 6 ianvari. kvali, 1902, 29 seqtemberi. saxalxo gazeTi, 1911, 14 dekemberi. cnobis furceli, 1904, 17 noemberi; ix. saxalxo gazeTi, 1911, 14 dekemberi. saxalxo gazeTi, 1911, 14 dekemberi. iqve. baTumis gazeTi, 1911, 19 oqtomberi. baTumis gazeTi, 1911, 27 noemberi. droeba, 1909, 25 ivnisi. saxalxo gazeTi, 1912, 13 ivlisi. saqarTvelo, 1915, 6 qristeSobisTve. saxalxo gazeTi, 1911, 10 ivlisi. iqve, 20 oqtomberi. droeba, 1909, 25 ivnisi.
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ganaTlebis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis” soxumis ganyofilebis gaxsnis Semdeg afxazeTis dabebSi SeimCneva sazogadoebis adgilobrivi ganyofilebebis gaxsnis mcdeloba. 1912 wels gudauTis qarTveloba cdilobda daearsebina adgilobrivi ganyofileba `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebisa”.1597 es organizacia aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli mxaris kulturul cxovrebaSi. `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebasTan” SeTanxmebiT q.soWSi Seiqmna scenismoyvareTa wre, romelmac warmatebiT daiwyo moRvaweoba.1598 afxazTa kulturul cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani movlena gaxda 1913 w. 25 agvistos s.lixnSi afxazTa Soris ganaTlebis bzifis komitetis daarseba. sazeimo damfuZnebel krebas, romelic komitetis Tavmjdomarem s.aSxvawaam gaxsna, gudauTis ubnis ufrosi d.qelbaqiani Tavmjdomareobda1599. afxazeTis sazogadoebrivma organizaciebma pirveli msoflio omis pirobebSic SeZles mowinave agraruli teqnologiebis SeZlebisamebr danergva, gaWirvebulTa da miusafarTa materialuri daxmareba, kulturuli cxovrebis organizeba, janmrTelobis kerebis Seqmna. 1905-1907w-bis revoluciisa da Semdeg periodSi ganxorcielebul SezRuduli demokratiuli gardaqmnebis fonze afxazeTSi aqtiurdeba kulturuli cxovreba. soxumis olqSi moRvawe qarTveli pedagogebi msjelobdnen afxazeTis istoriasa da mis kulturul-istoriul kavSirze saqarTvelosTan. magaliTad, petre Waraiam gamoaqveyna kapitaluri mecnierul-eTnografiuli naSromi `afxazeTi da afxazebi~1600. niko janaSiam dabeWda eTnografiuli werilebi: `afxazebi~, `abrskili~1601, `amirani~, `xalxuri afxazuri gamocanebi~1602 da sxva. mravali saintereso statia gamoaqveynes afxazeTis Sesaxeb ivane gegiam,1603 anTimoz juRelma, Tedo saxokiam,1604 mariam dadian-anCabaZem1605 da sxva mamuliSvilebma, romlebSic saubari iyo qarTvelTa da afxazTa istoriul kavSirze, maT naTesaobaze. afxazeTis qarTveli mosaxleobis brZola sasuliero da saero saswavleblebSi mSobliuri enis uflebebis aRsadgenad gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1905 - 1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi. 1905 wlis 17 dekembris soxumis olqis skolebis maswavlebelTa I aralegaluri yriloba iyo pirveli mniSvnelovani cda, saskolo reformis TviTneburi, carizmisaTvis arc Tu ise misaRebi wesiT gatarebisa.1606 yrilobas eswrebodnen olqis rogorc saministro uwyebis, ise saeklesio-samrevlo skolebis maswavleblebi.1607 marTalia, igi aralegalurad Seikriba, magram Tavisi muSaoba Caatara saqalaqo skolis darbazSi. Sekrebilebma ganixiles sakiTxebi: yvela skolis saxalxo erovnul skolad gamocxadeba; saswavlo disciplinebis swavleba dedaenaze da rusuli enis swavlebis datoveba skolebSi rogorc calke saswavlo sagnisa; bevri iTqva maswavleblis materialuri da uflebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. magram aseTi erovnuli miznebis realizacias mefis mTavroba yovelTvis upirispirebda sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebs. 1905 wlis revoluciis periodSi carizmi droebiT daTmobaze wavida da neba darTo, skolebSi swavleba qarTul enaze warmarTuliyo. es moxda 1597
. baTumis gazeTi, 1912, 27 ivnisi. . saqarTvelo, 1915, 5 qristeSobisTve. 1599 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 693. 1600 . literaturuli saqarTvelo, 1964, 31 ivlisi. 1601 . gr. Saria. pedagogi, sazogado moRvawe. - sabWoTa afxazeTi, 1962, 29 ivlisi. 1602 . a.xundaZe. cnobili qarTveli pedagogi niko janaSia. Tb., 1949, gv. 28. 1603 . saxalxo ganaTleba, 1946, #41. 1604 . c. ardaSelia. gogebaSvilis laSqari. - ganTiadi, 1989, #1, gv. 252. 1605 . saxalxo ganaTlebis saxalxo maswavleblebi da qarTveli moRvaweebi, krebuli, III, gv. 199. 1606 . n. vekua. maswavlebelTa pirveli aralegaluri yriloba. - sabWoTa afxazeTi, 1965, 28 dekemberi. 1607 . n. vekua. qarTveli da afxazi mowinave inteligenciis brZola TviTmpyrobelobis rusifikatoruli politikis winaaRmdeg. - soxumis ped. institutis Sromebi, 1956, IX, gv. 152. 1598
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revoluciis wlebSi. qarTuli ena isev dabrunda afxazeTSi, svaneTSi, samegrelosa da aWaraSi.1608 revoluciis damarcxebis Semdeg saero da sasuliero mTavroba cdilobda swavlis Zveli tradiciuli sistema aRedgina, Tumca 1905 wlis revoluciurma moZraobam savsebiT naTeli gaxada, rom skola ver gadaiqca TviTmpyrobelobis erTguli moxeleebis aRmzrdelad, erovnuli gadagvarebis saimedo iaraRad. amitom Seecadnen ufro SeniRbuli da rafinirebuli formebi gamoeyenebinaT. afxazeTSi, qarTvel maswavleblebTan erTad, moRvaweobdnen da usamarTlobas upirispirdebodnen afxazi pedagogebic. afxazi bavSvebisaTvis sanatreli iyo afxazuri ena, mimdinareobda maTi asimilacia. is afxazi maswavlebeli, vinc ar uSindeboda mTavrobisagan mosalodnel sasjels da ganagrZobda afxazi bavSvebis dedaenaze swavlebas, aTvalwunebuli hyavdaT ganaTlebis mesveurebs. aseTi iyo Toma eSba, romelmac sof. bediaSi moRvaweobis dros gaxsna skola da iq aswavlida afxazur enas.1609 sayuradReboa warmoSobiT samurzayanoeli ioseb lakerbaias (lixnis RvTismSoblis miZinebis eklesiis winamZRvari da gudauTis ubnis blaRoCini mRvdeli) moRvaweoba, romelic sof. lixnSi SeTavsebiT skolis gamged muSaobda, aswavlida bavSvebs afxazur enas.1610 gerasime eSba brwyinvaled flobda afxazur enas, Targmnida religiur literaturas. nestor qirTbaia maswavleblobda otobaiis orklasian saswavlebelSi; misi, rogorc xelmZRvanelis, xangrZlivi da nayofieri muSaobis Sedegad otobaiis skola 1919w. gadakeTda umaRles dawyebiT saswavleblad.1611 konstantine marSania muSaobda tamiSis orklasian skolaSi, misi iniciativiT afxazeTSi ramdenime skola gaixsna. afxazuri saliteraturo enis fuZemdeblia afxazeTis saxalxo poeti dimitri gulia (1874-1960ww.)1612. pirvelad man 1907w. TbilisSi calke wignad gamosca `afxazuri andazebi, gamocanebi da enis gasatexebi~1613. misi pirveli literaturuli krebuli saxelwodebiT ,,leqsebi” aseve gamodis TbilisSi 1912w. am wignma afxazur poezias Cauyara safuZveli.1614 1913 wels gamodis misive `Wabukis werili gogonas~; am poemam safuZveli Cauyara afxazur satrfialo lirikas.1615 1907 wlisaTvis afxazeTis mkvidrma k.maWavarianma, romelic imxanad quTaisis guberniis saxalxo skolebis inspeqtorad muSaobda, moamzada da gamosca afxazuri enis saxelmZRvanelo. rogorc gazeTi `zakavkazie~ 1907w. 4(17) Tebervals ityobineboda, sazogadoebis nawili uaryofiTad Sexvda afxazuri literaturis xelovnurad Seqmnis ideas1616. am publikacias gamoexmaura i.gogebaSvili. man ar gaiziara `gazeTebis zogi korespondentis~ pozicia da aRniSna, rom `vinaidan afxazuri ena qarTuli enis kilo ar aris, aramed damoukidebeli enaa, Tumca qarTuli enis monaTesave, rogorc damoukidebel enas, mas udavod aqvs ufleba Tavis RvTismsaxurebaze, Tavis damwerlobaze, Tavis xalxur literaturaze~1617 1907 wels Toma eSbam dawera afxazur enaze saswavlo wigni maTematikaSi. 1908 wels a.WoWuam axali anbanis safuZvelze gamosca sakiTxavi wigni afxazur enaze. 1912 wels ruseTis armiis oficerma, pirvelma afxazma geografma m.ServaSiZem daasrula afxazeTis rukis Sedgena afxazur enaze afxazuri 1608
. iveria, 1906, #66. . , 1977, 2 seqtemberi. 1610 . . . . , 1979, gv. 111. 1611 . a. samxaraZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos pedagogebis brZola carizmis saganmanaTleblo politikis winaaRmdeg 1900-1907ww. sakand. dis. Tb., 1999, gv. 105. 1612 . . . ..., gv. 112. 1613 . afxazuri literatura (mokle narkvevi). red. m. mirneli. Tb., 1975, gv. 14. 1614 . afxazuri poeziis anTologia. red. i. abaSiZe. Tb.., 1957, gv. 7. 1615 . afxazuri literatura (mokle narkvevi), gv. 17. 1616 . wm. mRvdelmTavari gabrieli da afxazeTi, gv. 617. 1617 . i. gogebaSvili. Txz., t. 4. Tb., 1955, gv. 200. 1609
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skolebisaTvis (АпсныАпсны ахсаалаахсаала). Seiqmna sxvadasxva kulturulsagamanaTleblo dawesebulebebi. soxumSi gamoicemoda ramdenime gazeTi, romelTaganac mTavars warmoadgendnen `suxumski vestnik” da ,,suxumski listok”. 1914w. 1 agvistos ruseTi Caeba pirvel msoflio omSi, romlis mizani msoflios xelaxali gadanawileba iyo. man SeaCera imperiaSi dawyebuli axali revoluciur-demokratiuli moZraoba. omSi gaiwvies aTasobiT qarTveli afxazeTidan, bevri afxazic moxalised wavida frontze. xalxis mdgomareoba gauaresda, gaizarda gadasaxadebi, imata umuSevarTa ricxvma. omis simZime afxazeTSi yvelaze metad qarTvelebs daawvaT (somxebi da berZnebi, romlebsac ruseTis qveSevrdomoba ar hqondaT, jarSi ar mihyavdaT, afxazebi ki mxolod moxaliseebad midiodnen); masobrivma gawvevebma sagrZnoblad Seamcira maTi xvedriTi wili mosaxleobaSi. Sesabamisad gaZlierda maTze zewolac. 1917w. 1 marts gaz. `saxalxo furceli~ aRniSnavda, rom am mZime viTarebaSi moxda qarTvelTa da afxazTa SekavSireba, mravlad iyo urTierTTanadgomis faqtebi. afxazeTSi kargad iyo organizebuli daxmareba frontisaTvis, omSi wasulTa ojaxebisaTvis. aqtiurad moqmedebda wiTeli jvris afxazeTis ganyofileba, romelsac saTaveSi edga soxumis qalaqis Tavis meuRle e.TavdgiriZe1618. pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi afxazeTSi arsebul politikur mdgomareobaze mogviTxrobs cnobili qarTveli sazogado moRvawe samson fircxalava, romelmac 1915w. oqtomberSi mTeli regioni Semoiara. oCamCireSi yofnisas man SeniSna, rom iq ar iyo `gabmuli Zafi danarCen saqarTvelosTan da aqauri maja ar uerTdeba samSoblos saerTo majiscemas~. SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomareoba naxa s.fircxalavam soxumSi. qalaqis 40 aTasiani mosaxleobis naxevars qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, qonebrivadac upiratesoba maT ekuTvnodaT. soxumSi gacilebiT ufro Zlieri iyo qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegneba (afxazebi qalaqSi TiTqmis ar cxovrobdnen). `aq qarTveloba hgrZnobs Tavis saxes... swyuria daewafos erovnul cxovrebas da mWidrod dauaxlovdes mTels Cvens qveyanas~, _ werda s. fircxalava. arsebobda seriozuli problemebic. 1915w. gaxsnil samaswavleblo seminariaSi arcerTi qarTveli ar miuRiaT, qarTul enas iq ar aswavlidnen; qalaqis oTxi eklesiidan arcerTSi wirva-locva qarTulad ar warmoebda. soxumis olqis yvelaze mwvave problemad s.fircxalava qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobebis problemas miiCnevda. afxazTa Soris, _ werda igi, _ gamoCndnen `iseTebi, romelTac daiwyes laparaki: Cven qarTvelebTan saerTo arc gvqonia da arc gvaqvso... sabednierod aseTi midrekileba nel-nela hqreba~. gancalkevebis mqadagebel inteligent afxazebze uaryofiTi gavlena akad. n.maris bolodroindel gamokvlevebs (aqve, gv. 31) mouxdenia, _ SeniSnavda s.fircxalava.1619 mas ,albaT, mxedvelobaSi hyavda mosaxleobis dabali fenebidan gamosuli, rusifikaciis politikis zegavleniT aRzrdili axali inteligencia _ m.Tarnava, s.Wanba, a.Cukbari da sxvebi. maTi Sexedulebebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda ZirZveli afxazuri Tavadaznauruli inteligenciis (giorgi SarvaSiZe da sxv.) proqarTuli Sexedulebebisagan. amitom XX saukunia 10-ian wlebSi mimdinareobda ara afxazi xalxis aRorZinebisa da TviTgamorkvevis procesi, rogorc es separatistul istoriografias miaCnia1620, aramed xdeboda xalxis mowyveta erovnuli fesvebisagan, proimperiuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba. s.fircxalavas azriT, am process xeli Seuwyves n. maris Sromebmac. afxazeTSi yofnisas s.fircxalavas axali aTonis monasteric mounaxulebia. berebis raodenoba 600-700-dan samasamde Semcirebula; qarTvel berebs an 1618 1619 1620
. .j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 722-723. . iqve, gv. 736-737. . О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 271-272.
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morCilebs monasterSi ar iRebdnen. gudauTaSi qarTveloba ekonomikurad Zlieri yofila, magram `erovnuli interesebi aqac abuCadaa agdebuli~. s.fircxalavas cnobiT, gudauTaSi arsebula `mcire wre afxazTa inteligentebisa, romelTac surT swavla-ganaTlebis gavrceleba xalxSi. bevri simware gadmomces afxazebis mdgomareobisa. Zlier CamorCenilni da daqveiTebulni arian da exla iwyeben nel-nela moqalaqeobriv cxovrebas. yvela maT sCagravda da ibriyvebda da qarTvelebmac ver gavuwieT keTili Zmoba”. s.fircxalava mouwodebda qarTvelobas, `gavuwodoT afxazebs Zlieri xeli... rac Cven SegviZlia erTmaneTisTvis, imas ar gagvikeTebs aravin ucxo da gareSe~. afxazeTidan is wamovida mware SegnebiT, `rom ugunurad miviwyebulia is mxare, romelic salaroa saganZurebisa da romelic safuZvelia Cvenis erovnulis ganviTarebisa. warmoviRe Segneba imisa, rom es mxare ukidures safrTxeSia, mas yovelis mxriT etaneba uricxvi mteri da Tu gansakuTrebuli zomebi ar miviReT, xelidan gamogvtaceben. da rodesac am Savi zRvis pirs davkargavT, maSin iZulebuli gavxdebiT TavSesafari gamovZebnoT sadme Soreul aziaSi...~1621. s.fircxalavas dakvirvebebi da daskvnebi dResac aqtualuria. mefis xelisufleba mudmivad cdilobda afxazeTis qarTuli samyarosagan Camocilebas, romlis winapirobad mas saqarTvelos saegzarqososagan soxumis eparqiis gamoyofa miaCnda. am gegmis ganxorcielebis pirveli mcdeloba, rogorc zemoT iTqva, demokratiulma revoluciam CaSala. mizani ver iqna miRweuli 1907-1908 da 1912-1915 wlebSic. 1916w. dasawyisSi uwm. sinodis gegmac soxumis eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqososagan, xolo soxumis eparqiisagan - samurzayanos gamoyofas (amiT uwm. sinodma sabolood aRiara samurzayanoelTa qarTveloba) iTvaliswinebda. ruseTis xelisufleba sjida qarTvelebs eklesiis avtokefaliisa da politikuri avtonomiis moTxovnisaTvis; afxazeTis dayofis gegma ki soxumis olqis TviTmmarTvelobis Seqmnaze fiqris dawyebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. qarTulma sazogadoebam gangaSi atexa. uwm. sinodis veraguli gegma sastikad gaakritika n.durnovom1622. 1916w. april-maisSi arq. ambrosi xelaiam peterburgSi gamoaqveyna metad mwvave da saintereso werili `soxumis eparqiis Sesaxeb~; misi ZiriTadi nawili afxazeT-samurzayanos istoriis sakiTxebs exeboda. werilSi dasabuTebulia winadadeba: `soxumis eparqia unda darCes afxazebs da samurzayanoelebs, gamoiyos misgan SavizRvispireTis gubernia. soxumSi unda ijdes cxumeli, rogorc es iyo qarTuli eklesiis damoukideblobis Jams.~1623. am werilis publikacia droSi emTxveva TbilisSi afxazeTis delegaciis Camosvlas. mis SemedgenlobaSi Sediodnen: a.SarvaSiZe, g.SarvaSiZe, p.anCabaZe, m.emuxvari, a.inal-ifa, n.marRania, b.ezugbaia, a.Cukbari da a.S. mefisnacval nikoloz nikolozis Ze romanovTan Sexvedrisas (26 aprili) delegaciam afxazeTis calke guberniad gardaqmnis sakiTxi dasva, gamoTqva wuxili imis Taobaze, rom `ganzraxulia soxumis olqi CamoSordes quTaisis gubernias, raTa Savi zRvis gubernias SeuerTon~. 1916w. 27 aprils afxazeTis delegacia egzarqos platons Sexvda da soxumis eparqiis saegzarqosos SemadgenlobaSi datoveba, afxazur samrevloebSi RvTismsaxurebis qarTul enaze warmoeba da afxazur samrevlo skolebSi qarTul enaze savaldebulo swavlebis SemoReba moiTxova. igive mosazrebaa dafiqsirebuli afxazuri sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTa 1624 SuamdgomlobaSi uwm. sinodis winaSe . afxazeTis delegaciis TbilisSi Camosvlam namdvilad iTamaSa gadamwyveti roli saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis mzakvruli gegmebis 1621 1622 1623 1624
. j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 738. . iqve, gv. 742-743. . wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 566. . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 744-748.
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CaSlaSi, Tumca sakiTxi dRis wesrigidan mainc ar moxsnila. 1917w. 27 Tebervals soxumis saqalaqo sabWo ixilavda dek. g.golubcovis mier dasmul sakiTxs: `gamoeyos soxumis eparqia afxazeT-saqarTvelos eklesias, Tu misive nawilad darCes~. afxazi xmosnebi niko janaSia da timoTe anua qarTvelebTan erTad ori monaTesave eris eklesiur erTianobas uWerdnen mxars. keniWisyrisas dek. golubcovis rezoluciam mxolod 6 xma miiRo, qarTvel-afxazTa rezoluciam _ 171625. SovinistTa morigi avantiurac amiT CaiSala. imave dRes peterburgSi TviTmpyrobeluri reJimi daemxo, ruseTSi demokratiulma revoluciam gaimarjva.
1625
. iqve, gv. 774-776.
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Tavi XVI. afxazeTi _ saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi. 1. afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis periodSi. 1917 w. Tebervali – 1918 w. maisi 1917w. Tebervlis demokratiulma revoluciam ruseTSi daamxo TviTmpyrobeluri reJimi da imperiis saTaveSi droebiTi mTavroba movida. 1917w. 9 marts amierkavkasiis marTva-gamgeoba gansakuTrebul komitets _ ozakom-s1626 gadaeca. misi xelmZRvaneli da droebiTi mTavrobis warmomadgeneli (komisari) gaxda ruseTis IV saxelmwifo saTaTbiros wevri soxumis, baTumisa da yarsis olqebidan, samurzayanoeli akaki Cxenkeli. 1917w. 10 marts regionis mosaxleobis warmomadgenelTa TaTbirze soxumis olqis imJamindeli ufrosis, polkovnik n.polivanovis xelSewyobiT Camoyalibda ozakom-is adgilobrivi organo sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis droebiTi komiteti a.SarvaSiZis TavmjdomareobiT. komitetis wevrebi gaxdnen: d.zaxarovi (Tavmjdomaris moadgile), n.TavdgiriZe, v. lakerbaia da sxv.; policiis ufrosad t. marSania dainiSna, soxumis qalaqisTavad _ b. CxikviSvili.1627 1917w. 2 ivliss gaimarTa soxumis saolqo saTaTbiros arCevnebi. gaimarjves social-demokratebma (18 adgili), warmatebas miaRwies aseve eserebma (10 adgili) da socialist-federalistebma (2 adgili). 1917w. 30 seqtembers saolqo saTaTbirom reorganizebuli saolqo komitetis SemadgenlobaSi airCia b.CxikviSvili, b.zaxarova, wivwivaZe, i.gogelaSvili, cariova da sxvebi; 12 oqtombers Sedga prezidiumisa da saolqo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis arCevnebi. komitetis Tavmjdomare gaxda v.SarvaSiZe, mdivani_ d.zaxarovi; saolqo komisrad airCies s.basaria, saolqo miliciis ufrosad _ l.kartozia. 27 oqtombers s.basaria d.zaxarovma Secvala.1628 samsaxuridan daTxovnili rusi Cinovnikebi erovnebaTaSorisi SuRlis gaRvivebas cdilobdnen. arc maT da arc afxazebs ar awyobdaT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis demokratizacia, saxelisuflebo struqturebis arCeviToba. socialdemokratebi (menSevikebi), romelTa xelSi aRmoCnda xelisuflebis sadaveebi, frTxil sakadro politikas awarmoebdnen, magram yovelTvis ver xerxdeboda erovnuli faqtoris saTanadod gaTvaliswineba. Sovinistebis xeli yvelgan da yvelaferSi igrZnoboda. isini gafacicebiT adevnebdnen Tvalyurs mimdinare politikur procesebs da upirispirdebodnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaken mimarTul nebismier RonisZiebas. am procesSi iyvnen CarTuli separatistebic. magaliTad, 1917w. 12 marts qarTulma eklesiam aRadgina avtokefalia. Sovinistebma am samarTlian aqts viTom afxazuri samRvdeloebis (soxumis eparqiaSi sul xuTi afxazi mRvdeli msaxurobda) krebis mowveviT (1917w. 24-27 maisi) upasuxes. krebam, romelic mRvdel-bolSevik (?!) v.agrbasTan erTad samoqalaqo pirebma _ s.basariam (krebis Tavmjdomare), s.Wanbam (mdivani) da sxvebma Caatares, miiRo
1626 . Особый Закавказский Комитет. ix. r. grZeliZe. saqarTvelos politikuri partiebis istoria (1910-1924). Tb., 1998, gv. 82. 1627 . Г. Дзидзария. Формирование дореволюционной абхазской интеллигенции. Тб., 1979. gv. 284; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 67-68. 1628 . d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo. Tb., 2006, gv 106-108.
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gadawyvetileba TviTmdgomi afxazuri eklesiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.1629 misi gadawyetilebebi ar gaiziares 1917w. ivnisSi gamarTulma samurzayanoelTa saeklesio krebam da mTlianad afxazeTis qarTulma samRvdeloebam, romelic deda eklesias SeuerTda.1630 erovnul sakiTxebSi ZiriTadi qarTuli partiebis SeTanxmebas, interpartiuli sabWos daarsebas (1917w. 3 agvisto) da I erovnuli yrilobis mowvevis mzadebis dawyebas1631 isev da isev SovinistTa waqezebiT afxazTa gaaqtiureba, CrdiloeTkavkasiuri orientaciis gaZliereba mohyva. 1917w. 6 marts Seqmnilma mTielTa droebiTma centralurma komitetma imave wlis 1 maiss vladikavkazSi mTielTa I yriloba moiwvia. afxazeTidan mas al. SarvaSiZe eswreboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom delegatebi ovaciebiT Sexvdnen saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenlis gamosvlas. yrilobam Camoayaliba gaerTianebul mTielTa kavSiri, airCia centraluri komiteti (mTavroba). 1917 wlis 10-17 agvistos gaimarTa mTielTa II yriloba, romelmac daamtkica debuleba CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis Sesaxeb. is iTvaliswinebda avtonomiuri Statebis saxiT am xalxebis ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi yofnas. mTielTa centralurma komitetma _ mTavrobam 1917w. 20 oqtombers kazakTa radasTan (Seiqmna 1917w. seqtemberSi) erTad Camoayaliba `kazakTa kavSiris, kavkasieli mTielebisa da stepebis Tavisufali xalxebis samxreT-aRmosavleT kavSiri~. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida `soxumis olqis mTieli xalxi (afxazebi)~1632 da ara soxumis olqi, rogorc cruobs separatistuli istoriografia1633. 1917w. 16 noembers ekaterinodarSi muSaobas Seudga samxreT-aRmosavleT kavSiris gaerTianebuli mTavroba. am kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Semavali mTielTa kavSiri Tavisi mTavrobiT agrZelebda muSaobas. kavSiris warmomadgeneli, soxumSi Camosuli CeCeni erovnebis aslanbeg Seripovi (romelic male bolSeviki gaxda) 1917 wlis Semodgomaze bevrs cdilobda masSi afxazTa oficialurad CarTvas, magram garkveul winaaRmdegobas waawyda. es sakiTxi moixsna mas Semdeg, rac stumarma mosaxleobas auxsna, rom mTielTa kavSiri warmoadgenda politikur da ara administraciul gaerTianebas1634. a.Seripovis rCeviT da ZalisxmeviT, 1917 wlis 7-8 noembers gaimarTa afxazi xalxis yriloba1635. man miiRo gadawyvetileba mTielTa kavSirSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb, daamtkica yrilobis deklaracia da konstitucia, airCia afxazTa saxalxo sabWo (Tavmjdomare _ s.basaria, moadgile _ g.ajamovi, mdivani _ m.Tarnava)1636. interpartiuli sabWos 1917 wlis 3 noembris gadawyvetilebiT Tbilisidan Camovida da afxazTa yrilobas daeswro delegacia a. Cxenkelis xelmZRvanelobiT. yriloba warmoadgenda afxazTa TviTgamorkvevisaken gadadgmul pirvel nabijs, Tumca orientirebi jer ar iyo mkafiod da calsaxad Camoyalibebuli. 1629 . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 777-781. yrilobis delegatebi iyvnen ara sasuliero pirebi, aramed soflebidan Camoyvanili glexebi, romelTa winaSe sityviT bolSeviki n. lakobac gamovida (Г. Дзидзария. Формирование..., gv. 287-288). 1630 . wm. mRvdelmowame kirion II da afxazeTi, gv. 345-353, 473—474; wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 193197, 396-398. 1631. r. grZeliZe. saqarTvelos politikuri partiebis istoria, gv. 109-121. 1632 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi gv. 389. 1633 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 289. 1634 . Э.Эшба. Асланбек Шерипов. Сухуми, 1990, gv. 158. 1635 . a. Seripovi iyo yrilobaze mTavari momxsenebelic. amdenad, ar Seesabameba sinamdviles v. Snirelmanis mtkiceba, TiTqos, yrilobis mowvevis iniciatorebi menSevikebi iyvnen (В. Шнирельман. dasax. naSromi, gv. 261). piriqiT, TviT a. Cxenkelis gamosvlam yrilobaze Sedegi ver gamoiRo (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 290). 1636 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 69, 389-391, 740-741; ix agreTve С. Басария. Абхазия, gv. 86-90.
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saxalxo sabWo, rogorc erovnul-pilitikuri organizacia, cnobda `soxumis olqis komitetis, amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis, amierkavkasiis yvela sazogadoebriv-politikuri dawesebulebisa da piris, gaerTianebul mTielTa kavSiris centraluri komitetisa da droebiTi mTavrobis Zalauflebasa da kompetencias~1637. amrigad, afxazebma politikuri kavSiri ki daamyares mTielebTan, magram administraciulad rCebodnen amierkavkasiis SemadgenlobaSi. mTielTa kavSiris droebiTma mTavrobam, romlis wevri afxazTagan gaxda s.aSvxawaa, Tavisi #1 dekretis pirvel paragrafSi gansazRvra teritoria, romelzec mTlianad vrceldeboda misi saxelmwifoebrivi Zalaufleba; meore paragrafSi ki vkiTxulobT: `zaqaTalisa da soxumis olqebis mimarT mTielTa droebiT mTavrobas Zalaufleba aqvs erovnuli da politikuri xasiaTis sakiTxebSi, xolo mTielTa mTavrobis saxelmwifoebrivi Zalauflebis axlave da mTlianad gavrceleba am olqebze gadasawyvetad miendos zaqaTalisa da soxumis olqebis saxalxo sabWoebs~1638. afxazTa saxalxo sabWom araerTxel daadastura, rom afxazeTi rCeba amierkavkasiis SemadgenlobaSi1639. saolqo yrilobamac (1918w. 4-10 marti) gadawyvita: `afxazeTi Sedis amierkavkasiis xalxebis saerTo SemadgenlobaSi rogorc misi Tanasworuflebiani wevri~1640. miuxedavad amisa, separatistebi kvlav da kvlav cruoben da acxadeben, rom mTielTa mTavroba 1917w. bolodan viTom afxazeTzec avrcelebda saxelmwifoebriv Zalauflebas1641. ruseTSi 1917w. 25 oqtombris gadatrialebam Secvala politikuri viTareba amierkavkasiaSic. imave wlis 11 noembers TbilisSi Seiqmna amierkavkasiis droebiTi mTavroba _ komisariati e. gegeWkoris TavmjdomareobiT. bolSevikebis mier damfuZnebeli krebis garekvis (1918w. ianvari) Semdeg amierkavkasiam gezi damoukideblobisaken aiRo. 1918w. 10 Tebervals Camoyalibda amierkavkasiis seimi, romlis wevrebi gaxdnen Zaladobis gziT daSlili ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbiros deputatebi amierkavkasiidan. 9 aprils seimma damoukidebloba gamoacxada. axal mTavrobas saTaveSi a.Cxenkeli Caudga. afxazeTi amjeradac amierkavkasiis nawils warmoadgenda. TviTgamorkvevis gzas daadga saqarTvelo. I erovnulma yrilobam (1917w. 19-23 noemberi) moismina n. Jordanias moxseneba da ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelosaTvis sruli TviTmmarTvelobis miniWebis programa wamoayena, airCia erovnuli sabWo. samurzayanos saxeliT gamosulma ivane gegiam yrilobis delegatebs Seaxsena istoriulad afxazeTis saqarTvelosadmi kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb; aRniSna, rom samurzayano ar SeuerTda afxazebs mTielebTan kavSiris sakiTxSi, magram mudamJams viyaviT da vrCebiT megobrebad; samurzayano TamaSobs momrigeblis rols da momavalSic xidad gaideba saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris. `moqalaqeno! Cveni survilia, afxazeTi saqarTvelos SeuerTdes~, _ ganacxada oratorma da Tavisi sityva ase daasrula: `dasasrul, Cveni survilia, afxazeT-samurzayano, soxumis olqi darCes ucvlelad da mieces erovnulkulturuli avtonomia Tavis sazRvrebSi~1642. afxazeTsac gulisxmobda I erovnuli yriloba, roca Tavis rezoluciaSi `dRevandeli momenti da saqarTvelos TviTmmarTveloba~ Cawera: `farTo TviTmmarTveloba mieniWeba yvela im ganapira adgilebs, romelTa mcxovrebni moisurveben saqarTvelos
1637
. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan. Tb., 1991, gv. 37-38. . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 397. 1639. j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi: istoriisa da politikis sakiTxebi. werilebis krebuli. Seadgina r. xarebavam. Tb., 2000, gv. 90. 1640. erToba, 1918, 22, 24 marti. 1641. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба, История Абхазии, gv. 290. 1642. alioni, 1917, 30 noemberi. 1638
314
TviTmmarTvel erTeulSi Semosvlas~1643. sul male es sakiTxi qarTvelTa da afxazTa warmomadgenlebis ganxilvis sagani gaxda. 1918w. 9 Tebervals TbilisSi gaimarTa saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWosa da afxazTa saxalxo sabWos delegaciebis Sexvedra, romelic SeTanxmebiT dasrulda. Sexvedras win uZRoda mosamzadebeli periodi. iniciativa saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWosagan modioda. 1918w. dasawyisSi man winadadebiT mimarTa afxazTa sabWos, gamarTuliyo erToblivi TaTbiri saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis urTierTobis gasarkvevad. am Sexvedraze saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom samurzayanos warmomadgenlebic moiwvia da sTxova maT, xeli Seuwyon saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris Zmuri kavSiris ganmtkicebas1644. 9 Tebervlis Sexvedras TbilisSi afxazTa mxridan eswrebodnen a. SarvaSiZe, m. emuxvari, n. marRania, polkovniki r. Cxotua, b. caguria. qarTul mxares warmoadgendnen erovnuli sabWos aRmaskomis wevrebi a. Cxenkeli, k. mesxi, g. gvazava, p. sayvareliZe, n. qarcivaZe. afxazuri delegacia regionis damoukideblobis aRiarebas da saqarTvelosTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobis damyarebas iTxovda. erovnuli sabWos liderebi ar daeTanxmnen afxazeTis politikuri damoukideblobis ideas da saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiuri uflebebiT misi Sesvlis survili gamoTqves. amasTanave, a. Cxenkelma afxazebs aRuTqva daxmareba 1904w. SavizRvispireTis olqisaTvis mierTebuli gagris zonis dabrunebaSi; mosagvarebeli iyo aseve urTierToba samurzayanosTan, vinaidan is faqtobrivad gamovida soxumis olqis Semadgenlobidan mTielTa kavSirTan afxazebis mierTebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebis gamo. `Cveni mizania, _ ganacxada a. Cxenkelma, _ soxumis olqis rogorc afxazeTis aRdgena~1645. afxazebi daTmobaze wavidnen. miRebuli SeTanxmebis pirveli punqti Seicavda saerTo miswrafebas - `sazRvrebSi mdinare enguridan md.mzimTamde aRdges erTiani, ganuyofeli afxazeTi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sevlen sakuTriv afxazeTi da samurzayano~1646. garda amisa, SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebda momavalSi afxazeTis politikuri mowyobis sakiTxis demokratiul sawyisebze mowveul damfuZnebel krebaze gadaWras; mxareebi valdebulebas kisrulobdnen, sxva erebTan Tu saxelmwifoebTan saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi Sesvlamde am sakiTxze erTmaneTTan winaswar gamarTon molaparakebebi. es ki imas niSnavda, rom 9 TebervlisaTvis afxazTa da qarTvelTa winaSe aRniSnuli problema ar idga, afxazebi faqtobrivad ar gawevrianebulan mTielTa kavSirSi. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom ruseTSi samoqalaqo omis gaCaRebasTan dakavSirebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan kavSiri ver xerxdeboda, mTielTa organizaciebic ver funqcionirebdnen. 1918w. 16-20 Tebervals soxumi rusma bolSevikebma Caigdes xelSi, Seqmnes e.w. revoluciuri komiteti e. eSbas meTaurobiT. ZiriTadad igi eyrdnoboda patimrobaSi myof da komunistebis mier gaTavisuflebul sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebs, romlebic umowyalod Zarcvavdnen mosaxleobas. maT xelSi Caigdes seriozuli SeiaraReba da naZarcvi qoneba, 20 Tebervals revoluciurma komitetma `uflebamosileba~ moixsna, misi moTaveebi ki sazRvao gziT ruseTSi gaiqcnen. 21 Tebervlis Rames samTavrobo formirebebma soxumi daikaves. yovelive momxdaris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos qalaqis Tavma b.CxikviSvilma Seatyobina. igi werda, rom ganTavisuflebuli da SeiaraRebuli damnaSaveebi drandis raionSi gaiqcnen, Tavi bolSevikebad gamoacxades da daiwyes adgilobrivi qarTuli (megruli) mosaxleobis darazmva `afxazebisa da
1643.
iqve. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 744-745. 1645. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки современного сепаратизма в Грузии. Тб., 1998, 1646. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 402. 1644.
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gv. 16.
menSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolis lozungiT~1647; `sasowarkveTilebamde miyvanilma~ afxazebma, _ agrZelebda b.CxikviSvili, _ romlebic loialurad arian ganwyobili megrelebisa da sxvaTa mimarT, `SesaZloa TurqeTs sTxovon desanti, Tu Tqveni mxridan ar iqneba daxmareba wesrigis aRsadgenad~.1648 sul male afxazeTSi erovnuli sabWos wevrebi d. suliaSvili da qr. raWveliSvili, aseve zugdideli glexebis warmomadgenlebi Camovidnen. isini daeswrnen soxumis olqis glexTa II yrilobas (1918w. 4-9 marti), romelmac miiRo istoriuli gadawyvetileba, afxazeTi Sevides kavkasieli erebis saerTo ojaxSi, rogorc misi Tanasworuflebiani wevri da Tavisi saukeTeso momavali demokratiul saqarTvelosTan erTad gamoWedos. yrilobam airCia glexTa sabWo da misi aRmasrulebeli komiteti arzayan (dimitri) emuxvaris, dimitri gulias, m. caavas, m. cagurias, v. esvanjias, k. ZiZarias, abuxbas, barcicis, docenkos SemadgenlobiT (mdivani gaxda g. ajamovi)1649. 1918w. aprilSi TurqeTma aWara da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos didi nawili daikava. zustad im dReebSi afxazeTs ruseTidan SemoWrili bolSevikebi daeuflnen1650. maT `daaviwydaT~ dapirebebi erTa TviTgamorkvevis, avtonomiis Sesaxeb da aRadgines soxumis olqi. xelisuflebis bolSevikurma organom _ e.w. revoluciurma komitetma (revkomi), romlis dokumentebSi `afxazeTi~ saerTod ar figurirebs, afxazTa saxalxo sabWo faqtobrivad daSala, misi Tavmjdomare da wevrebis didi nawili daapatimra. amierkavkasiis seimisa da mTavrobis davalebiT erovnulma gvardiam v.juRelis meTaurobiT 1918w. 17 maiss q.soxumi gaaTavisufla bolSevikebisagan da SemdgomSi mteri afxazeTis farglebidanac gandevna1651. imave wlis 29 maiss v.juReli saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos afxazeTis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT moaxsenebda, Tu rogor aRvivebdnen da amwvavebdnen bolSevikebi SuRls qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris, aseve qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris, magram bolomde mizans mainc ver miaRwies. `arsad ise aRfrTovanebiT ar mivuRivarT mcxovrebT, rogorc oCamCireSi, ramdeni taSi, ramdeni yvavilebi, ramdeni dResaswauli... kodoris afxazebi CvenTan iyvnen, gudauTisa _ bolSevikebis mxareze~1652, _ acxadebda v.juReli. unda aRiniSnos, rom afxazur mosaxleobas bolSevikur avantiuraSi aqtiuri monawileoba marTlac ar miuRia, Tumca revkomis Tavmjdomared, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, e.eSba dainiSna. amboxebis mTavari organizatorebi iyvnen CrdiloeTidan movlenili rusi da ufro metad qarTuli erovnebis 1653 bolSevikebi , romlebic samSoblos Ralatobdnen. am dros, mtkiceba, TiTqos brestis zavidan gamomdinare, sabWoTa ruseTs ar hqonda afxazeTisaTvis (aseT politikur erTeuls bolSevikebi saerTod ar scnobdnen) daxmarebis gawevis SesaZlebloba1654, usafuZvloa. Tanamedrove separatistebi, iseve rogorc Tavis droze s.basaria, arafers amboben arnaxul bolSevikur Zaladobaze, Zarcvaze, saxalxo sabWos, TviT s.basarias dapatimrebaze da weren qarTvelTa `imperiuli~ miznebis, sabWoTa xelisuflebis CaxSobis Semdeg menSevikuri `samxedro 1647. 1918 w. ianvarSi q. soxumi da mTeli afxazeTi Zarcva-glejis asparezad iqca. mxolod saalyo wesebis SemoRebisa da samxedro mdgomareobis gamocxadebis gziT moxerxda qalaqSi wesrigis damyareba, damnaSaveTa ganeitraleba (saqarTvelo, 1918, 18 ianvari). am damnaSaveebs eyrdnobodnen bolSevikebi. 1648. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi gv. 404. 1649. erToba, 1918, 22, 24 marti. angariSi yrilobis Sesaxeb rusul enaze gamoqveynebulia: Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 405-409. 1650. ix. amis Sesaxeb: erToba, 1918, 17 aprili (b. CxikviSvilis werili). 1651. afxazeTSi erovnuli gvardiis Sesvlas win uZRoda amierkavkasiis mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris akaki Cxenkelis mimarTva afxazebisa da samurzayanoelebisadmi TxovniT, dauyovnebliv miiRon zomebi da SeaCeron anarqia, gamogzavnon uflebamosili warmomadgenlebi TbilisSi, amierkavkasiisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis warmomadgenlebTan erTad aq SevimuSaoT konstitucia, davadginoT saxelmwifo sazRvrebi, raTa amaSi hpovon TavianTi molodinis aRsruleba (erToba, 1918, 10 maisi; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv.412). 1652. saqarTvelo, 1918, 1 TibaTve (ivnisi). bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg saomrad mzad iyo t. marSania afxazTa razmiT, magram v. juRelma misi winadadeba ar miiRo (d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 160). 1653. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 46-47. 1654. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 294.
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diqtaturis~ damyarebis Sesaxeb.1655 sinamdvileSi ki bolSevikuri tiraniisagan `soxumis olqis~ ganTavisuflebas mohyva politikuri erTeulis _ afxazeTis faqtobrivi aRdgena da ramdenadme ganaxlebuli (meore mowvevis) afxazTa saxalxo sabWosaTvis mTeli Zalauflebis gadacema. separatistebi, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa xelisuflebas (romelmac soxumis olqi aRadgina) mistirian; meore mxriv, 1918w. 11 maiss, roca soxumSi jer kidev bolSevikebi batonobdnen, `afxazeTis saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis~ dRed acxadeben im motiviT, rom maSin baTumis samSvidobo konferenciaze TurqeTma aRiara mTielTa respublika, am ukanasknelis SemadgenlobaSi ki viTom afxazeTic Sedioda1656. es aris aSkara, yovelgvar safuZvels da logikas moklebuli morigi tyuili. 1918w. 17 maisamde, bolSevikebis damarcxebamde, politikuri erTeuli _ afxazeTi arc arsebobda; bolSevikTa xelSi myof soxumis olqs ki aranairad ar SeeZlo `saxelmwifoebriobis~ aRdgena. garda amisa, 1918w. 20 maiss afxazTa saxalxo sabWom aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT miiRo specialuri rezolucia, `romlis mixedviT, kategoriulad mtkicdeba afxazTa saxalxo sabWos da saolqo glexTa sabWos (4-10 marti) gadawyvetileba, rom afxazeTi Sedis amierkavkasiis xalxTa sazogado ojaxSi, rogorc misi Tanaswori wevri, rac dauyovnebliv euwyeba baTumis sazavo konferencias sakuTari delegatebis piriT~1657. sabWos nebis winaaRmdeg, al. SarvaSiZis xelmZRvanelobiT ramdenime piris mier baTumSi gakeTebul gancxadebas (isini arc konferenciis monawileebi iyvnen da arc saxalxo sabWos warmomadgenlebi) araviTari iuridiuli Zala ar hqonda. Sesabamisad, aranairi samarTlebrivi Sedegi aseT gancxadebas ar mohyolia1658. mTielTa respublikis deklaraciaSi afxazeTi mis Semadgenel nawilad ar dasaxelebula. masSi mxolod is iyo naTqvami, rom respublikis samxreTis sazRvari amierkavkasiis mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT dadgindeba1659. baTumis samSvidobo konferenciis CaSlas amierkavkasiis federaciis daSla da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Camoyalibeba mohyva. 1918w. 26 maiss saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba pirvelad saqarTvelom aRidgina. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen amierkavkasiis saxelmwifos teritoriebis is nawilebi, romlebic istoriulad saqarTvelos kuTvnilebas warmoadgendnen da amjerad azerbaijanis an somxeTis nawili ar gamxdaran. aseTi iyo afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriac. am sakiTxSi Taviseburi xedva hqonda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mTavari garantis _ germaniis warmomadgenels fon-losovs. baTumis konferenciaze, TurqeTisa da aseve separatistTa poziciis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1918w. 28 maiss saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi gagzavnil saidumlo werilSi is aRniSnavda, rom soxumis olqi (gagris CaTvliT) Seadgens saqarTvelos nawils manamde, sanam kavkasiis farglebSi saqarTvelo iqneba damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. saqarTvelos monawileobiT (xazgasma avt.) kavkasieli xalxebis konfederaciis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi soxumis olqis mosaxleobas unda mieces ufleba kavkasiis qveynebs Soris Tavisi mdgomareobis Taobaze sakiTxis gadaWrisa~1660. jer erTi, es iyo ara `germaniis gegma~, rogorc separatistebs hgoniaT, aramed fonlosovis mosazreba; meorec, kavkasiis konfederaciaSi afxazeTis calke yofnas is uSvebda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqarTveloc am konfederaciis nawili gaxdeboda. es `mcire detali~ mudmivad aviwydebaT separatistebs1661. usafuZvloa iqve, gv. 295; С. Басария. Абхазия, gv. 91, 92. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. dasax. naSromi, gv. 297-298. 1918 w. 11 maiss gamocxadebuli mTielTa respublikis damoukidebloba TurqeTma, sinamdvileSi, imave wlis 8 ivniss aRiara da samokavSireo xelSekrulebac gaaforma (m. gabedava. sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-1921 ww. Tb., 1993, gv. 18). afxazeTi am respublikis nawili rom yofiliyo, saxalxo sabWos warmomadgenlebi zustad 8 ivniss xels ar moawerdnen saqarTvelosTan xelSekrulebis proeqts, 11 ivniss _ xelSekrulebas (aqve, gv. 291). 1657. saqarTvelo, 1918, 23 maisi. 1658. ix. amis Sesaxeb: А. М. Чочуа. Избр. соч. Тб., 1987, gv. 69-70. 1659. eri, 1992, 14 Tebervali. 1660. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки…, gv. 17-18. 1661. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 300. 1655.
1656.
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maTi mtkiceba, TiTqos sazRvrebis miTiTebis gareSe 1918w. 26 maisis aqtis gamocxadebis momentisaTvis afxazeTi saqarTvelos farglebs gareT imyofeboda1662. amierkavkasiis teritoria, romlis Semadgeneli nawilic iyo afxazeTi, samma damoukidebelma saxelmwifom - saqarTvelom, azerbaijanma da somxeTma gainawila. damoukideblobis aqtebSi sazRvrebi mxolod imitom ar miuTiTebiaT, rom erTmaneTTan iyo SesaTanxmebeli momijnave sadavo teritoriebis ama Tu im saxelmwifosadmi kuTvnilebis sakiTxi. afxazeTi ar yofila sadavo, amdenad, masze vrceldeboda qarTuli saxelmwifos iurisdiqcia. uaRresad mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom 1918w. 28 maiss soxumis saolqo sasamarTlos ganyofilebam Tavis Sekrebaze sagangebod ganixila saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisa da afxazeT-saqarTvelos Semdgomi urTierTobis sakiTxi. vinaidan afxazeTi iuridiulad quTaisis guberniis SemadgenlobaSi imyofeboda, sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom igi amieridan saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis nawilia1663. am garemoebas ar iTvaliswinebda afxazTa saxalxo sabWo, romelic sxvadasxva politikuri orientaciis mqone da samarTlebriv sakiTxebSi arakompetenturi wevrebisagan Sesdgeboda.
2. afxazeTi _ saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis avtonomiuri erTeuli. 1918 w. ivnisi – 1919 w. marti saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg afxazeTSi Seqmnili viTareba saxalxo sabWom 1918 wlis 2 ivniss ganixila. man aRniSna, rom afxazeTSi dislocirebuli amierkavkasiis wiTeli gvardia, amJamad ki saqarTvelos samxedro nawili, 26 maisidan sakuTari qveynis farglebs gareT aRmoCnda, magram realuri Zalaufleba mis xelSia; gamomdinare aqedan, sabWom daadgina, TviTon aiRos xelSi Zalaufleba da mimarTos saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos TxovniT, aRmouCinos daxmareba afxazeTs xelisuflebis organizaciis saqmeSi, xolo soxumSi myofi qarTuli gvardia darCes adgilze da gadavides saxalxo sabWos daqvemdebarebaSi1664. es faqti, agreTve delegaciis mivlineba TbilisSi da saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan molaparakebis gamarTvis Semdeg 1918w. 11 ivnisis xelSekrulebis gaformeba sabolood aqarwyleben separatistTa monaWorebs mTielTa respublikis SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis gawevrianebis Sesaxeb. rogorc separatistTa erT-erTi lideri m.Tarnavac werda, saxalxo sabWos wevrebma, realuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, erTianad airCies `orientacia menSevikur saqarTveloze~ da mis `SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis Sesvlis safuZvlebis Taobaze~ xelSekrulebis gasaformeblad `saxalxo sabWos deputatebma TbilisSi delegacia gagzavnes~1665. afxazuri delegacia r.kakubas xelmZRvanelobiT 1918w. 6 ivniss Sexvda saqarTvelos mTavrobis delegacias samxedro ministris _ g.giorgaZis xelmZRvanelobiT. r.kakuba, rogorc etyoba, icavda afxazTa saxalxo sabWos 2 ivnisis gadawyvetilebas; sainteresoa misi mosazreba afxazeTSi arsebuli pilitikuri mimdinareobebisa da Sesabamisi orientaciebis Sesaxeb: Tavadaznaurobas aSkarad Turquli orientacia aqvs, _ ganacxada man; arsebobda umniSvnelo bolSevikuri orientacia, mosaxleobis nawili mxars uWerda mTis orientacias. igulisxmeboda, rom TbilisSi Camosuli afxazuri delegacia, sakuTar Tavs proqarTul orientacias miakuTvnebda. mxareebis mier 1918w. 8 ivniss xelmowerili xelSekrulebis proeqti afxazurma delegaciam soxums gadaugzavna da moiTxova mandati saboloo variantis xelmoweraze. amasTanave, naTqvami iyo, rom afxazeTis sruli damoukideblobis 1662.
iqve, gv. 301. d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 169. 1664. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 413. 1665. iqve, gv. 748-749. 1663.
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gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo ver daakmayofilebda afxazTa saxalxo sabWos 2 ivnisis Suamdgomlobas. Tbiliss aucileblad miaCnda urTierTobis garkveva afxazeTis damfuZebeli krebis mowvevamde. 1918w. 10 ivniss afxazTa saxalxo sabWos gafarToebulma sxdomam TbilisSi myof delegacias xelSekrulebis sakuTari varianti SesTavaza da misca mandati dokumentis xelmoweraze. 1918w. 11 ivniss xeli moewera xelSekrulebis saboloo variants1666. bunebrivia, igi ramdenadme gansxvavdeba saxalxo sabWos proeqtisagan da 8 ivniss xelmowerili samuSao variantisagan. es, ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba iyos safuZveli mtkicebisaTvis, TiTqos moxda dokumentis Canacvleba, mandatis gareSe masze xelmowera1667 da a.S. 1918w. 11 ivnisis xelSekruleba mniSvnelovani politikur-samarTlebrivi aqtia, romelic 1918w. Tebervlis SeTanxmebis gagrZelebas da ganviTarebas warmoadgenda. saqarTvelom gadadga seriozuli nabiji umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli teritoriis Semomtkicebisken. realurad afxazeTi iqca saqarTvelos avtonomiur erTeulad1668. centralur mTavrobaSi SemoiRes afxazeTis saqmeTa ministris Tanamdeboba, romelic saxalxo sabWos wardginebiT r.Cqotuam daikava. Sovinistebs ar awyobdaT afxazeTSi situaciis daregulireba. 1918w. SuaxanebSi mdgomareoba kvlav gamwvavda _ soWidan SemoWrili bolSevikTa razmebi axal aTonamde movidnen. 1918w. 16 ivniss afxazTa saxalxo sabWos wevrebma daxmarebisaTvis general g.mazniaSvils mimarTes. generalma deputacia mTavrobasTan gagzavna. 18 ivniss g.mazniaSvilma miiRo samxedro ministris depeSa afxazeTis general-gubernatorad daniSvnisa da dauyovnebliv soxumSi gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb. 19 ivniss is ukve q.soxumSi imyofeboda. 27 ivniss Setevaze gadasulma qarTulma jarebma g. mazniaSvilis iniciativiT saxeldaxelod Camoyalibebul afxazur kavaleriasTan (300 kaci) erTad afxazeTi bolSevikebisagan gawmindes da navsadgur tuafses dakavebis Taobaze saxalxo sabWos 1918w. 24 ivnisis gadawyvetilebis1669 Tanaxmad, gaagrZeles winsvla Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. 26 ivliss maT xelSi aRmoCnda tuafse. saboloo mizani iyo tuafse-maikopis rkinigzis dakaveba. 1918w. agvistoSi TeTrgvardielTa gaaqtiurebam qarTuli jarebi aiZula, ukan daexiaT jer md.Saxemde, Semdeg ki _ q.soWamde1670. separatistebma isargebles Seqmnili viTarebiT da 1918w. 27 ivniss, roca afxazeTSi bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolebi mimdinareobda, kodoris mazraSi maTi mowveviT ZiriTadad muhajirebiT dakompleqtebuli Turquli desanti gadmosxda. jerjerobiT ucnobia, ramdenad iyo es aqcia koordinirebuli bolSevikebTan, magram faqti rCeba faqtad _ isini sxvadasxva mxridan TiTqmis erTdroulad Semovidnen afxazeTSi1671. qarTulma SenaerTebma da rus-kazakTa razmebma desantic gaanadgures. samxedro operacias Tan axlda zedmetad mkacri da represiuli zomebi mSvidobiani mosaxleobis mimarT. gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT kazakebi gamoirCeodnen. isini TurqeTisadmi TanagrZnobaSi `eWvmitanilTa~ ZarcviTa da saxl-karis gadawviT iyvnen dakavebulni1672, razec pasuxismgebloba mainc qarTul 1666.
А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки…, gv. 20-22; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 414,
748-753. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 304-306. ix. amis Sesaxeb: Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 752-753, 759. 1669. iqve, gv. 415. 1670. g. mazniaSvili. mogonebebi. baTumi, 1990, gv. 59-79; saqarTvelos respublika, 1918, 30 ivlisi, 8 agvisto; Борьба, 1918, 22 августа da a. S. 1671. sruliad usafuZvloa mtkiceba, TiTqos Turquli desanti g. mazniaSvilis ukanono moqmedebebis pasuxad Camoiyvanes (Литературная Абхазия, №1, с. 212; - С. Лакоба; В. Шнирельман. Войны памяти, gv. 263). Turquli desantis Camoyvana afxazeTSi, rogorc utyuari istoriuli wyaroebi mowmoben, 1917 wlis bolodan da 1918 w. dasawyisidan igegmeboda (ix. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv.78-81). 1672. С. Басария. Абхазия, gv. 95. 1667. 1668.
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sardlobas ekisreboda. 1918w. seqtembris dasawyisSi afxazeTSi Casulma mitropolitma ambrosim (xelaia) saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomaris varlam SarvaSiZisa da sabWos wevris joto SarvaSiZis TxovniT, miiRo zomebi samxedroTa TviTnebobis aRsakveTad. 3 seqtembers igi saavadmyofoSi ewvia g. mazniaSvilis Stabis ufross polkovnik Tuxarels da viTarebis ganmuxtvis mizniT saswrafo zomebis miReba sTxova. polkovnikma mitropolit ambrosis SuamdgomlobiT rva afxazi tusaRi gaaTavisufla; oCamCireSi gagzavna saswrafo brZaneba: `saxl-karis gadawva SeCerebul iqnas, gamoyvanili iyos jari im soflebidan, sadac maTi yofna samZimoa mSvidobian mcxovreblebisaTvis~1673. garkveuli zomebi miiRes afxazTa saxalxo sabWom da saqarTvelos mTavrobamac1674. separatistuli istoriografia Tavisebur Sefasebas aZlevs Turquli desantis gadmosxmis faqts; amtkicebs, rom is gaxldaT pasuxi afxazeTSi g. mazniaSvilis Semosvlaze da `okupaciaze~. separatistebis azriT, desanti, iyo ara Turquli, aramed afxazuri da warmoadgenda CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikis SeiaraRebul Zalas1675. es yvelaferi Sors aris realobisagan. pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom Turquli desantis afxazeTSi gadmosxma g. mazniaSvilis Semosvlamde didi xniT adre daiwyo. jer kidev saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde arsebobda informacia afxazeTSi Turqebis mowvevis, soxumis dakavebis Taobaze TurqeTis mTavrobis gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb1676. 1918w. 29 maiss v. juReli saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos moaxsenebda, rom afxazeTSi mis Casvlamde (10 maisi) Turqebma ukve moaswres afxazeTis napirebze 200-300 kacis gadmosxma, romlebsac niadagi unda moemzadebinaT desantis misaRebad1677. 1918w. 15 maiss ak.Cxenkeli saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos baTumidan acnobebda, rom aq Camosul afxazTa warmomadgenlebs `undaT da kidec Seasruleben Turqebis Tavdasxmas afxazeTze. aris gegmac, aris saamisod gamzadebuli Zalebic. Sevecdebi, xeli SevuSalo am ganzraxvis ganxorcielebas~1678. iyo Tu ara desanti afxazuri? rogorc ukve iTqva, ZiriTadad is muhajirebis STamomavlebisagan Sedgeboda, magram es sulac ar niSnavs, rom desanti iyo afxazuri. saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze 1918w. 30 ivliss, exeboda ra aRniSnul sakiTxs, v. emuxvarma ganacxada, rom desanti da misi wevrebi movidnen `CvenTan rogorc TurqeTis regularuli armiis nawili da dRemde aseTebad rCebian. jariskacebi ver SeZlebdnen dezertirobas omis dros. TurqeTSi jer demobilizacia ar gamocxadebula. Tu TurqeTis mTavroba amas uSvebs, maSasadame, akeTebs ganzrax~1679. savsebiT swori Sefasebaa _ afxazeTSi Semovida Turquli armiis qvedanayofi. gaugebaria, ratom warmoadgenda desanti mTielTa respublikis SeiaraRebul Zalas. afxazeTs oficialurad arasodes ucvnia Tavi am respublikis nawilad. piriqiT, 1918w. 11 ivnisidan is saqarTvelos nawilad iyo aRiarebuli. rogorc Cans, TurqeTi, romelsac afxazeTis dakaveba surda, Tavis mizans mTielTa respublikas amofarebuli axorcielebda. mogvianebiT efrem eSba erTmaneTTan akavSirebda 1918 wlis ivnisSi TurqeTsa da mTielTa kavSirs (g.bamatovi, Cermoevi, kantemirovi) Soris dadebul xelSekrulebas afxazeTSi Turquli desantis gadmosxmasTan1680. afxazeTSi Turquli mmarTvelobis damyareba iyo 1673.
wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 223; saqarTvelos respublika, 1918, 2 oqtomberi. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 424, 766-767. 1918 wlis 17 dekembers mTavrobis sxdomam miiRo gadawyvetileba, sagangebo komisiis mier gamoZiebuli masalebi im zaralis Sesaxeb, rac miadga mosaxleobas Turqi askerebisa da bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli brZolebisas, gadaeces iusticiis saministros (j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 73). 1675. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 312-313. 1676. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi gv. 80. 1677. saqarTvelo, 1918, 1 TibaTve. 1678. d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 168. 1679. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 67. 1680. Е. Эшба. Асланбек Шерипов, gv. 161. 1674.
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TviT separatistTa mizani da amas sulac ar malavda m.Tarnava. saxalxo sabWo, _ werda igi, _ rogorc erovnuli organo gamoyenebul iqna afxazeTSi Turquli mmarTvelobis damyarebis survilis uqonlobis gamosaxatavad, magram sabWoSi iseTi deputatebic moRvaweobdnen, `romlebic ganwyobilni iyvnen afxazeTSi Turquli xelisuflebis sasargeblod~1681. amrigad, general g.mazniaSvilis udides damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos 1918w. zafxulSi bolSevikuri avantiuris CaxSoba, saqarTvelos, maT Soris afxazeTis istoriuli sazRvrebis aRdgena da, ra Tqma unda,Turquli agresiis aRkveTa. yovelive aman, cxadia, sxvadasxva orientaciis (rusul-bolSevikuri, rusulTeTrgvardiuli, Turqul-mTiuluri) Zalebis ukmayofileba da protesti gamoiwvia. TviT mTielTa respublikis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebmac ki, romlebsac saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan kargi urTierToba hqondaT, etyoba, TurqeTis davalebiT, 1918w. zafxulSi gaakeTes gancxadebebi afxazeTidan qarTuli jarebis gayvanis moTxovniT1682. separatistebmac aseve atexes xmauri saqarTvelos mxridan afxazeTis `okupirebis~ Sesaxeb, rac Tanamedrove afxazurma istoriografiamac aitaca1683. samarTlebrivad da faqtobrivad Tezisi `okupaciis~ Taobaze yovlad usafuZvloa. separatistebi malaven mis komunistur warmomavlobas. 1918w. maisSi, roca v.juRelis gvardia afxazeTidan erekeboda bolSevikebs, am ukanasknelebma mimarTes `ciliswamebas, viTomc qarTveloba afxazeTis dasapyrobad modioda~1684. bolSevikTa monaWors separatistebi, samwuxarod, dRemde imeoreben. `okupaciaSi~ gulisxmobdnen da gulisxmoben g.mazniaSvilis general-gubernatorad daniSvnas da mis mier viTom mTeli xelisuflebis uzurpacias. msgavsi mtkicebebi sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi general-gubernatorebi, romlebic iniSnebodnen sabrZolo moqmedebebis zonebSi, an frontispira raionebSi, ar warmoadgendnen umaRlesi politikuri Tanamdebobis pirebs. `afxazeTis politikur da administraciul cxovrebaSi ar vereodi, _ werda Tavad g.mazniaSvili, _ radgan, jer erTi, am saqmisaTvis afxazeTis erovnul sabWosTan iyo saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli, da, meorec, srulebiT ar viyavi momzadebuli politikuri moRvaweobisaTvis, amitom mTeli Cemi yuradReba samxedro saqmeze mqonda miqceuli~1685. separatistul istoriografias ar gaaCnia erTi faqtic ki, romelic g.mazniaSvilis mier politikuri Zalauflebis miTvisebas daadasturebda. generlis Secdoma imaSi mdgomareobda, rom saxalxo sabWos xelmZRvaneloba winaswar ar Caayena saqmis kursSi 1918w. 23 ivnisis #1 brZanebis Taobaze, romlis ZaliTac afxazeTi soxumis sageneralgubernatorod gamoacxada. aman ki saxalxo sabWos, misi Tavmjdomaris varlam SarvaSiZis gaoceba da ukmayofileba gamoiwvia1686. miuxedavad amisa, politikur Zalauflebas mTlianad saxalxo sabWo flobda, ar yofila SemTxveva g.mazniaSvilis mxridan masze zemoqmedebis mcdelobisa. mosalodneli gaugebrobebis Tavidan asacileblad 1918w. 6 ivliss v. SarvaSiZem n.Jordanias winaSe saxalxo sabWoSi sagangebo uflebebiT aRWurvili mTavrobis warmomadgenlis movlinebis sakiTxi dasva, gamoTqva survili warmomadgenlis funqciebi isidore ramiSvilisaTvis daekisrebinaT1687. sul male i.ramiSvili mTavrobis warmomadgenlis rangSi soxumSi Camovida da aqtiurad CaerTo politikur procesebSi. misi Camosvla daemTxva saxalxo sabWoSi qarTuli jarebisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxis ganxilvas. 1918w. 17 ivliss deputatebma, romelTa Soris iyvnen v. SarvaSiZe, d.gulia, s.basaria da 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687
. . . . . . .
Литературная Абхазия, 1991, #1, gv. 201-202. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 310-311. iqve, gv. 307-308. saqarTvelo, 1918, 1 TibaTve. g. mazniaSvili. mogonebani, gv. 97. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 415-418. iqve, gv. 760.
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sxvebi, uaryves mRvdel v.agrbas meTaurobiT moqmedi, banditebisa da mZarcvelebisagan Semdgari bolSevikuri razmis `kiarazis~ winadadebebi qarTuli jarebis gayvanis, mosaxleobis ganiaraRebis Sewyvetis, ekaterinodarSi myof bolSevikebTan (n.lakoba, e. eSba) delegaciis gagzavnis Sesaxeb, raTa Sewyvetiliyo Semosevebi CrdiloeTidan da a.S. bolSevikebs, rogorc Cans, dagegmili hqondaT CrdiloeTidan Semosevebis Sewyvetis `garantiis~ micema; amis Semdeg ki unda momxdariyo qarTuli jarebis gayvana, raTa moulodneli dartymiT aeRoT daucveli afxazeTi. deputatebi, albaT, miuxvdnen bolSevikTa Canafiqrs, amitom saxalxo sabWom erTxmad daadgina, `guliswyromiT uari eTqvas~ `kiarazis~ moTxovnebs1688. imave sxdomaze sabWom kenWi uyara g.mazniaSvilis Stabisadmi ndobis sakiTxs. TiTqmis erTxmad gadawyda (mxolod orma Seikava Tavi), `xelaxla dadasturdes araerTi Cveni gadawyvetileba da iTqvas saqarTvelos nawilebis aq yofnis aucileblobis Sesaxeb~1689. 1918w. 18 ivliss saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze mkveTri gancxadeba gaakeTa i. ramiSvilma. man daaxasiaTa zogadpolitikuri viTareba, isaubra demokratiis mtrebis winaaRmdeg afxaz xalxTan erTad brZolis aucileblobaze, miuTiTa arsebul saSiSroebaze viwronacionalisturi da Sovinisturi elementebis mxridan, romlebic bolSevikebTan erTad daupirispirdebodnen demokratias. `afxazi xalxis goneba ganwyobilia qarTuli demokratiisa da misi warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg, romelTa mimarT gaavrceles Worebi, TiTqos afxazi xalxisaTvis maT moaqvT damoneba da dapyroba, _ ganacxada i.ramiSvilma, _ midis Zlieri agitacia saqarTvelos miznebis winaaRmdeg... viTareba gvexateba imdagvarad, rom ueWvelad saWiroa qarTuli jarebis aqedan gayvana... umjobesia droulad gaviyvanoT jarebi, vidre velodoT sisxlisRvras~. i.ramiSvilis gancxadebis paTosi arcerTma deputatma ar gaiziara, xolo sityviT gamosulma r.kakubam da d.marSaniam qarTuli jarebis afxazeTidan gayvana dauSveblad miiCnies. 19 ivlisis sxdomaze ki d.marSaniam aseTi gancxadeba gaakeTa: `moRalaturi nabijebi Cveni mxridan ar SeiZleba iyos, vinaidan qarTuli nawilebi mowveulia CvenTvis mZime wuTebSi daxmarebis gasawevad da saerTod qarTvelebTan Cven yovelTvis megobrulad vcxovrobdiT... arian adamianebi, romelTac surT wagvkidon qarTvelebTan, magram Cven es ar gvinda~1690. 1918w. 20 ivliss deputatma g. Tumanovma (mRvdeli) kvlav dasva sakiTxi afxazeTidan jarebis gayvanis Sesaxeb. saxalxo sabWos sxdomis wevrTagan mas mxari mxolod i.ramiSvilma dauWira: `Tu migaCniaT, rom maT (jarebma _ avt.) Seasrules TavianTi misia, maSin isini wavlen... rac ufro adre ganTavisufldebian aq samxedro nawilebi, miT ukeTesia saqarTvelosaTvis~1691. iramiSvilma dasZina, rom propagandas jarebis gayvanis Sesaxeb ewevian monarqistebi da Tavadaznaurobis momxreebi. maT Soris iyvnen probolSevikuri da proTurquli Zalebic. moyvanili faqtebi uaryofen mtkicebas `okupacia~_`aneqsiis~ Sesaxeb1692. saxalxo sabWo, romelsac viTom politikuri Zalaufleba CamoarTva g. mazniaSvilma, miuxedavad Tavidan arsebuli mcire gaugebrobebisa, mxars uWerda qarTuli jarebis afxazeTSi yofnas, vinaidan isini warmoadgendnen regionSi mSvidobis, stabilurobis, mTlianobisa da avtonomiurobis mTavar garants. rac Seexeba saxalxo sabWos, mas ara Tu ar daukargavs Zalaufleba, rogorc es 1688
j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 60-61. iqve, gv. 62. 1690 iqve, gv. 62-63, 65. 1691 iqve, gv. 63. 1692 . 1918-1921 ww. saqarTvelos mier afxazeTis `aneqsia~_`okupaciis~ Teorias s. Cervonnaia uazros, ucnaurs uwodebs (С. М. Червонная. Абхазия 1992: Посткоммунистическая Вандея Грузии. М., 1993, gv. 39), Tumca ar uaryofs, rom im periodSi qarTul-afxazuri saxelmwifos aRorZinebis rTul da mZime process Tan axlda Secdomebi, provokaciebi, danaSaulobebi (iqve, gv. 42). 1689
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moxda bolSevikebis Semosevebis dros, aramed qarTuli jarebis wyalobiT is aRdga Tavis uflebebSi da afxazeTis realuri baton-patroni gaxda.. separatistuli istoriografia uZluria raime axsna mouZebnos zemoaRniSnul faqtebs imis Sesaxeb, rom `okupantebs~ undodaT wasvla afxazeTidan, `dapyrobilebi~ ki amas yovelnairad ewinaaRmdegebodnen. amitomac igi cdilobs, es da sxva msgavsi faqtebi mkiTxvelebs daumalos. 1918w. ivlis-agvistoSi afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos reorganizacia ganxorcilda. 1917w. 8 noembers glexTa I yrilobaze arCeuli sabWo legitimur organod ver CaiTvleboda. garda amisa, igi mxolod erTi eris _ afxazTa interesebs gamoxatavda. regionSi ki im droisaTvis funqcionirebdnen qarTvelTa (Tav-re i.gogelaSvili), somexTa (Tav-re x. avdalbekiani), berZenTa (Tav-re i. faSalidi) erovnuli sabWoebi; 25 agvistos Camoyalibda rusebis erovnuli sabWo; arsebobdnen agreTve ebrauli, ukrainuli, polonuri da sxva erovnuli organizaciebi1693. amdenad, aucilebeli iyo mravalerovnuli mosaxleobis interesebis gamomxatveli politikuri organos Camoyalibeba. 1918w. ivlisSi afxazeTis ubnebSi Catarda saxalxo sabWos gadarCevebi mitingebsa da krebebze. 27 ivliss saxalxo sabWom miiRo gadawyvetileba sxva erebis warmomadgenelTa mowvevis Sesaxeb. sabWos wevrebi gaxdnen i.gogelaSvili, x.avdalbekiani, i. faSalidi, mogvianebiT _ i. mixelsoni (estoneli) da sxv. 31 ivliss afxazTa saxalxo sabWom Tavis SemadgenlobaSi arCeulad scno 35 deputati. axal SemadgenlobaSi ver moxvdnen al. SarvaSiZe, t.marSania da sxvebi, romelTa mimarT Turquli desantis SemoyvanisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRiZra.1694 8 agvistos deputatebis r. kakubas, n. xasaias, v. Rurjuas da a.inal-ifas monawileobiT sabWom Camoayaliba damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis mosamzadebeli komisia. 15 agvistos dasrulda saxalxo sabWos reorganizacia. umravlesobam moiwona Zvelis daTxovna da axali droebiTi sabWos formireba. mis SemadgenlobaSi darCenili Zveli sabWos umravlesobas daemata sxva erovnebaTa sabWoebis warmomadgenlebi. Turqofilebi samSoblodan gandevnilad gamocxaddnen1695. saxalxo sabWos reorganizacias jer baTumSi (TurqebTan), Semdeg ki krasnodarSi (TeTrgvardielebTan) myofma al. SarvaSiZem1696 sabWos garekva uwoda. am sicrues dRemde uapelaciod imeorebs afxazuri istoriografia1697. bolSevikuri da Turquli avantiuris ZirSive aRkveTam, saxalxo sabWoSi proqarTuli kursis gamarjvebam, sabWos reorganizaciam, axali demokratiuli arCevnebis mosamzadebeli komisiis Seqmnam da sxva movlenebma sagonebelSi Caagdo Sovinistebi, aseve separatistebi, romlebic nebismier antiqarTul orientacias emxrobodnen. amjerad yvelaze mimzidveli aRmoCnda maTTvis ruseTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli `moxaliseTa armia~ general m.aleqseevis meTaurobiT. 1918w. 15 seqtembers saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministri e.gegeWkori soWidan n.Jordanias acnobebda, rom aleqseevTan gagzavnilma afxazTa delegaciam TeTrgvardiel generals `mTeli suliT~ ruseTis momxre afxazebis qarTveli `moZaladeebisagan~ dacva sTxova1698. cxadia, 1693.
Г. Дзидзария. Формирование…, gv. 294-295; j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv.
67-70. 1694. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi gv. 763-766. ar Seesabameba sinamdviles mtkiceba, TiTqos axal sabWoSi `Warbobdnen qarTveli delegatebi~ (В. Шнирельман. Войны памяти, gv. 263). 1695. d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 226-227. 1696. 1918w. 18 seqtembers afxazeTis saqmeTa ministrma r. Cqotuam saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomares gaugzavna kavkasiaSi germaniis delegaciis meTauris fon kresis 9 seqtembris werili. germaneli diplomati r. Cqotuas werda: `viyavi baton JordaniasTan da Tanxmoba vTxove Tavad al. SarvaSiZis afxazeTSi dabrunebaze. batonma Jordaniam mipasuxa Semdegi: Tu afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo Suamdgomlobas aRZravs saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaSe Tav. al. SarvaSiZis afxazeTSi dabrunebis Taobaze da igi angariSs warudgens erovnul sabWos Tavis moqmedebaze, saqarTvelos mTavroba daakmayofilebs afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos Suamdgomlobas~ (d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 476). 1697. С. Лакоба. Очерки политической истории Абхазии, gv. 68; О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 314. 1698. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 84.
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soWis olqis dakavebiT ukmayofilo m.aleqseevi am `Txovnas~ (SesaZloa, igi misi inspirirebulic ki iyo) saqarTveloze zewolisaTvis gamoiyenebda, maT Soris uaxloes dReebSi dagegmil Sexvedrebzec. 1918w. 15 seqtembers e. gegeWkorma mTavrobis Tavmjdomares imis Sesaxebac moaxsena, rom soWSi moqmedi socialisturi partiebi SesaZleblad da aucileblad miiCneven olqis saqarTvelosTan SeerTebas. `Cveni mxridan miutevebeli Secdoma iyo, _ werda ministri, _ rom ar gamoviyeneT CvenTvis xelsayreli koniunqtura, roca olqis mTeli mosaxleoba aRfrTovanebiT xvdeboda Cvens jarebs. amJamad viTareba uaresobisaken Seicvala... Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, unda gamoviyenoT erTaderTi koziri Cvens xelSi _ adgilobrivi social-demokratebisa da eserebis TanagrZnoba Cvendami da movaxdinoT olqis SemoerTebis dekretireba~1699. e.gegeWkors surda, faqtis winaSe daeyenebinaT m.aleqseevi, aseve a.denikini, romelmac SavizRvispireTis gubernia (romlis nawilic iyo soWis olqi) moxaliseTa armiis sardlobas dauqvemdebara. soWSi e.gegeWkoris muSaobis Sedegi unda yofiliyo adgilobrivi socialisturi partiebis gaerTianebuli sabWos 1918w. 18 seqtembris rezolucia soWis olqis saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb. igive gadawyvetileba miiRo 20 seqtembers q.soWis mosaxleobis saerTo krebamac1700. saqarTvelos mTavroba ar Cqarobda soWis SemoerTebis dekretirebas, magram brZola olqisaTvis grZeldeboda. 1918w. 25 seqtembers ekaterinodarSi es sakiTxi ixileboda moxaliseTa armiis sardlobisa da yubanis warmomadgenlebTan saqarTvelos delegaciis Sexvedraze. iniciativa, rogorc etyoba, m.aleqseevisagan modioda; 16 agvistos mas `megobruli~ weriliT miumarTavs general g. mazniaSvilisaTvis, romelSic `mokavSireobaze~, saqarTvelosTvis sursaTiT daxmarebaze, farTo TanamSromlobaze iyo saubari; am da sxva sakiTxebze mosalaparakeblad generali ekaterinodarSi iwvevda saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier uflebamosil pirebs1701. 1918w. 25 seqtembers aseTi Sexvedra marTlac Sedga. saqarTvelos mxridan masSi monawileobdnen e.gegeWkori da g.mazniaSvili, TeTrgvardielTa mxridan _ generlebi m.aleqseevi, a.denikini, i.romanovski, a.dragomirovi, a.lukomski, agreTve v.Sulgini da v.stepanovi. yubanis mTavrobas biCi da n.vorobiovi warmoadgendnen1702. rusebi kategoriulad moiTxovdnen soWis olqisa da gagris daclas. `moxaliseebi~ afxazTa `damcvelebis~ rolSi gamodiodnen. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda yubanis mTavrobis warmomadgeneli n. vorobiovi. man pirvelma gaamaxvila yuradReba gagraze, romelic princma oldenburgelma aaSena da amisaTvis `10 milioni maneTi daxarja Zveli valutiT~; rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sazRvrebs, _ ganacxada n.vorobiovma, _ `igi unda ganisazRvros mxolod afxazeTamde, radgan cnobebi gvaqvs, rom afxazebi arafers zogaven, oRond isev Sevidnen ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi. marTalia, bolo xanebSi saqarTvelos mTavroba cdilobs gaaqarTulos qalaqebi, niSnaven iq komisrebs da sxva, magram es sulac ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom es olqebi qarTul olqebad CavTvaloT. dRes amiT Semovifarglebi~1703. qarTulma delegaciam dauSveblad miiCnia ukve gadawyvetil sakiTxze _ afxazeTze, maT Soris gagraze saubari `moxaliseTa~, rogorc e. gegeWkorma uwoda, `kerZo organizaciasTan~ da moiTxova molaparakebis gagrZeleba mxolod soWis olqTan dakavSirebiT. angariSi unda gaewios, _ Tqva 1699.
iqve, gv. 756. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки…, gv. 25-26. 1701. А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты. Белое движение и борьба добровольческой армии. Май-сентябрь 1918 г. Минск, Харвест, 2002, gv. 398-399. 1702. g. doliZe. rogor unda velaparakoT rus generlebs da polkovnikebs anu ra moxda q. ekaterinodarSi 89 wlis win. Tb., 2007, gv. 8, 31. 1703. iqve, gv. 65; n. vorobiovi 26 seqtembersac araerTxel Seexo gagra-afxazeTis Temas (iqve, gv. 71, 73, 81), Sexvedris damTavrebidan cota xanSi ki `gamoacxo~ zemoTnaxsenebi, mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT usafuZvlo broSura (aqve, gv. 68.). 1700.
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man, _ adgilobrivi demokratiuli organizaciebisa da mosaxleobis dadgenilebebs soWis olqis saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi datovebis Sesaxeb. `soWi, Tanaxmad mcxovrebTa survilisa, droebiT unda darCes saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi da daJinebiT moviTxov amas~,1704 _ ganacxada e.gegeWkorma. saqarTvelos pozicia soWTan dakavSirebiT iyo uryevi. 26 seqtembers e. gegeWkorma kvlav daadastura, rom mas misaRebad miaCnia `formula-soWis olqis droebiT datoveba saqarTvelos respublikis sazRvrebSi~.1705 amis Semdeg m. aleqseevma molaparakebis gagrZeleba da sxva sakiTxebis ganxilva SeuZleblad miiCnia. imave dRes Sexvedra uSedegod dasrulda. aSkara gaxda, rom `erTiani da ganuyofeli~ ruseTisaTvis mebrZoli `moxaliseebi~ saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg momavalSic didi `xalisiT~ gamoiyenebdnen uprincipo separatistebs. SiSi gamarTlda. 1918 wlis 9 oqtombers `moxaliseTa~ waqezebiT da daxmarebiT separatistTa mcire jgufma soxumSi politikuri gadatrialebis mowyoba scada. SeTqmulebas saTaveSi edgnen afxazeTis saqmeTa ministri r. Cqotua1706 da saolqo komisari i. marRania. maTi miTiTebiT, saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze SeWrilma SeiaraRebulma pirebma miliciis razmidan da `afxazTa aseulidan~ ultimatumis wesiT sabWos xelmZRvanelobis gadayeneba moiTxoves da aiZules prezidiumi, gadamdgariyo. am viTarebaSi saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomare v. SarvaSiZe, rogorc m. Tarnava igonebs1707, ar daibna; is ar daemorCila meamboxeebs da momxdaris Sesaxeb acnoba samTavrobo jarebis Stabs, romelmac dauyovnebliv aRadgina wesrigi. saxalxo sabWom opozicia saxelmwifos RalatSi daadanaSaula. imave dRes _ 9 oqtombers v. SarvaSiZem, d. emuxvarma, i. gogelaSvilma, i. faSalidim da p.gelovanma1708 amboxebis Taobaze Tbiliss acnobes. maTi azriT, saxalxo sabWoSi warmodgenil arcerT jgufs ukve ar hqonda xalxis saxeliT saubris moraluri ufleba, amitom mizanSewonilad miiCnies am organos daTxovna da axali demokratiuli arCevnebis Catareba. afxazTa saxalxo sabWos warmomadgenlebi sTxovdnen saqarTvelos mTavrobas, Tavis Tavze aeRo arCevnebis momzadeba, saarCevno debulebis SemuSaveba, romelic sabWos unda daemtkicebina, magram `aleqseevelTa~ obstruqciis gamo ver moxerxda; momavalSi sisxlisRvris Tavidan asacileblad isini iTxovdnen agreTve amboxebis sulisCamdgmelebisa da xelmZRvanelebis _ r. Cqotuas, i. marRanias, s. aSxvawaas, g. ajamovis, a. inal-ifas, g. Tumanovis, n. marSanias da sxvaTa dapatimrebas, saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan arsebuli afxazeTis saqmeTa ministris Tanamdebobis gauqmebas, samxareo komisris daniSvnas, romelic aRadgenda wesrigs, Seqmnida Zlier administraciul mmarTvelobas; samTavrobo jarebis Stabs ki unda mieRo gadamwyveti zomebi `aleqseevelTa~ SesaZlo morigi provokaciebis aRsakveTad1709. soxumidan miRebuli informaciisa da winadadebebis safuZvelze saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam 1918 wlis 10 oqtombers adekvaturi zomebi miiRo. daapatimres afxazTa saxalxo sabWos eqvsi meamboxe wevri1710, agreTve rusuli erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomare. saxalxo sabWo, romelic ar iyo demokratiuli wesiT arCeuli da, Sesabamisad, ar gamoxatavda afxazeTis mravalerovnuli mosaxleobis interesebs, mTavrobam daSlilad gamoacxada da 1704.
iqve, gv. 81.
1705 . iqve, gv. 83. 1706 . rafiel Cqotua adre sakuTar Tavs qarTvelad miiCnevda da orientaciac qarTuli hqonda. rogorc
delegati afxazeTidan, is eswreboda saqarTvelos I saeklesio yrilobas (1917 w. 8-17 seqtemberi), sadac gamovida sityviT, romelmac didi mowoneba daimsaxura (wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 195). 1707 . Литературная Абхазия, 1991, №1, gv. 202-203. 1708. p.gelovani iyo aleqsandre SarvaSiZis mamidaSvili, soxumis saTaTbiros Tavmjdomare (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 457). 1709. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi gv. 84-86. 1710. daapatimres s. aSxvawaa (Tavmjdomareobis kandidati amboxebuli opoziciisagan), i. marRania, d.alania, g. ajamovi, g. Tumanovi, m. Slateri da sxvebi.
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axali arCevnebi (sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze) daniSna, Seqmna saarCevno komisia v. SarvaSiZis, i. ramiSvilis, v. Rurjuas, i. faSalidis da g. SanSievis SemadgenlobiT, romelsac Tavmjdomaris arCevisa da axali wevrebis kooptaciis ufleba mieca (masve daevala saxalxo sabWos qonebisa da saqmeebis dacva); afxazTa saxalxo sabWos arCevnebamde mTeli Zalaufleba soxumis olqis komisrad daniSnuli benia CxikviSvilis xelSi gadadioda, mis Camosvlamde ki es funqcia samTavrobo jarebis Stabis ufross Tuxarels unda Seesrulebina; afxazeTis saqmeTa ministris r. Cqotuas uflebamosileba mTavrobam amowurulad scno, xolo misi funqciebi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs SeuTavsa1711. miRebul mkacr, magram kanonier zomebs separatistebi afxazeTis `qarTul okupaciad~, 11 ivnisis xelSekrulebis uxeS darRvevad miiCneven1712, magram arafers amboben imaze, ramdenad Seesabameboda aRniSnul xelSekrulebas SeiaraRebuli Turqi jariskacebis afxazeTSi Semoyvana, TeTrgvardiel generlebTan m. aleqseevTan da a. denikinTan aliansi da sxva danaSaulebrivi qmedobebi. afxazeTis centralurma saarCevno komisiam (Tavmjdomare v. SarvaSiZe) regionSi moqmedi politikuri partiebis, aseve calkeuli ubnebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad SeimuSava arCevnebis debulebis proeqti. 1918 wlis 17 dekembers igi moiwona saqarTvelos mTavrobam da dasamtkiceblad parlaments gadasca; mTavrobam daadgina `gamoqveyndes mTavrobis mimarTva, sadac miTiTebuli unda iqnes, rom afxazeTs eniWeba saxalxo warmomadgenlobis ufleba da amiT Sinauri cxovrebis mowyoba avtonomiis sawyisebze~1713. 1918 wlis 27 dekembers parlamentma afxazeTis saarCevno debuleba daamtkica. ramdenadac momaval saxalxo sabWos sabolood unda gadaewyvita regionis politikuri mowyobis, qarTvelTa da afxazTa urTierTobis sakiTxi, arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba saqarTvelos moqalaqeebTan erTad eniWebodaT 1914 wlis 19 ivlisamde (pirveli msoflio omis dawyebamde) afxazeTSi damkvidrebul nebismier moqalaqes (aseTi gadawyvetileba saxalxo sabWom 1918 wlis 2 oqtombers miiRo). sabWoSi arCevis uflebiT sargeblobdnen pirebi, romlebmac afxazeTSi binadrobis ufleba moipoves 1914 wlis 19 ivlisis Semdegac, agreTve afxazeTSi armosaxle saqarTvelos qveSevrdomebi1714. afxazTa saxalxo sabWos arCevnebisaTvis mzadebis periodi droSi emTxveva saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis winasaarCevno periods, roca qveyanas gareSe mtrebis mogerieba erTdroulad or, unda vivaraudod, erTmaneTTan koordinirebul frontze mouxda. samxreT-aRmosavleTidan mas somxeTi utevda, xolo Crdilo-dasavleTidan _ TeTrgvardiel moxaliseTa armia a. denikinis meTaurobiT. 1918 wlis dekemberSi ingliselebisagan daimedebulma saqarTvelom, rom soWis olqi neitralur zonad gamocxaddeboda, daiwyo iqidan jarebis gayvana. SavizRvispireTis frontis sardali generali koniaSvili amasTan dakavSirebiT 16 dekembers ganmartavda: `soWis olqi ingliselebTan SeTanxmebiT neitraluradaa aRiarebuli. am SemTxvevis ZaliT, nebismieri armiis (moxaliseebis _ avt.) an saxelmwifos (saqarTvelos _ avt.) SeiaraRebuli jaris olqis teritoriaze Sesvla ar unda moxdes... olqSi rCeba qarTuli marTvagamgeoba~1715. ingliselebisagan Sesabamisi miTiTeba miiRo a. denikinmac; maSin man nacad xerxs mimarTa _ soWis olqSi moawyo qarTvelTa mier viTom Seviwroebuli somxebis ajanyeba, organizeba gaukeTes am ukanasknelTa werilobiT `Txovnas~, rom moxaliseTa armiam `soxumis olqis, kerZod, sof. gu1711.
Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 424-425.
1712 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv.323. 1713 . j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 73. 1714
. iqve, gv. 73-74. . А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты. Вооруженные силы юга России. Распад Российской империи. Октябрь 1918 – январь 1919. Минск, Харвест, 2002, gv. 282. 1715
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dauTis somxuri erovnebis mosaxleoba daicvas Zaladobisagan qarTuli jarebis mxridan~1716. ra Tqma unda, es iyo provokacia. afxazeTis somxuri (aseve berZnuli, estonuri da a.S.) mosaxleoba mxars uWerda saqarTvelos 1717 demokratiul respublikas . amitomac dasWirda a. denikins soWis olqis somxebis `Txovna~ afxazeTeli TanamoZmeebis `dacvis~ Taobaze. ajanyebul da `Seviwroebul~ somexTa `dacvis~ sababiT, a. denikinma 1919 wlis 24 ianvars (6 Tebervals) soWi daikava, xolo momdevno oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi daikava teritoria md. bzifamde1718. aseTi movlenebis fonze mimdinareobda winasaarCevno kampania. 1919 wlis 13 Tebervals afxazeTSi pirvelad mis istoriaSi Catarda demokratiuli, mravalpartiuli arCevnebi. ramdenic ar unda icruon separatistebma, arCevnebi imdenad Tavisufali iyo, rom masSi monawileoba miaRebines 1918 wlis 9-10 oqtombris amboxebis jer dapatimrebul, Semdeg ki TeTrgvardielTa da ingliselTa moTxovniT ganTavisuflebul moTaveebsac ki. afxazTa saxalxo sabWoSi 40 deputati airCies, romelTa Soris iyo 27 _ social-demokrati, 4 _ damoukidebeli socialisti, 3 _ eseri, 3 _ memarjvene; TiTo deputati gaiyvanes socialist-federalistebma, erovnul-demokratebma da kolonistebma1719. erTdroulad Catarda saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi (1919w. 1416 Tebervali). gamarjvebuli social-demokratiuli partiis siiT afxazeTis saolqo organizaciidan qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos wevrebi gaxdnen v. SarvaSiZe, d. emuxvari, v. Rurjua, d. zaxarovi da i.faSalidi1720. 1919w. 12 marts damfuZnebeli krebis pirvel sxdomaze sxva kolegebTan erTad maT xeli moaweres 1918 w. 26 maiss miRebul saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aqts. axladarCeuli saxalxo sabWos pirveli sxdoma 1919w. 18 marts Sedga. man airCia Tavmjdomare (d.emuxvari), moadgile (m.berulava) da pirveli mdivani v. koroliovi. 20 marts saxalxo sabWom miiRo istoriuli dokumenti _ `aqti . iqve, gv. 282-283; Деникин-Юденич-Врангель. М.-Л., 1927, gv. 96. . separatistuli istoriografia cruobs, roca saqarTvelos mTavrobas somxuri, berZnuli Tu sxva erovnebis mosaxleobis devnaSi adanaSaulebs (О.Бгажба, С.Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 335-336). utyuari faqtebi sruliad sawinaaRmdegoze miuTiTeben. ase, magaliTad, 1919w. dasawyisSi qarTuli samxedro nawilebis moqmedebiT ukmayofilo somxuri aTaris warmomadgenlebi soxumis olqis komisar b.CxikviSvils swerdnen: `Cven yovelTvis megobrulad viyaviT moZme eris demokratiul respublikasTan. olqSi bolSevikuri anarqiis dros Cven vmuSaobdiT da vibrZodiT gmirul saxalxo gvardiasTan erTad. Turquli desantis dReebSi Cven yvelanairad vexmarebodiT Cvens raionSi moqmed samxedro nawilebs. saqarTvelosTan somxeTis omSic davamtkiceT, rom keTilganwyobilni varT demokratiuli mTavrobis mimarT. Cven Rrmad gvwams, vendobiT, momavalSic viwamebT da mivendobiT saqarTvelos demokratiul mTavrobas da olqSi mis warmomadgenlebs, romlebTanac mudam solidarulebi iyvnen Cveni arCeviTi warmomadgenlebi saolqo somxur erovnul sabWoSi” (j.gamaxaria. afxazeTi: istoriisa da politikis sakiTxebi, gv. 116). 1919w. martSi afxazeTSi somxuri erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomare da saxalxo sabWos wevri x. avdalbekianic imaves swerda n.Jordanias: `saqarTvelos respublikis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirveli dReebidanve soxumis olqis somxuri mosaxleoba mxurvale simpatiebiT iyo gamsWvaluli axalgazrda demokratiuli saxelmwifosadmi. Tavisi damokidebuleba man faqtobrivad daafiqsira afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos arCevnebSi masobrivi monawileobiT, erTianad misca ra xma social-demokratiul partias~ (Дж.Гамахария, Б.Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 91). zustad igive iTqmis berZnul mosaxleobazec, romlis erovnuli sabWo (Tavmjdomare _ saxalxo sabWos wevri i. faSalidi) mtkiced uWerda mxars saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas. amis Sesaxeb werda TviT s.basariac (С. Басария. Абхазия..., gv. 95). berZnuli mosaxleoba devnas ganicdida ara qarTvelebis mxridan, aramed bandituri organizacia `kiarazisagan~, ris Sesaxebac msjeloba saxalxo sabWoSic (1918w. 20 ivlisi) gaimarTa (j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 61). separatistTa ukmayofilebas iwvevda swored saxelmwifos erTguli somxebisa da berZnebis afxazebTan gaTanabreba politikur da socialur-ekonomikur (agrarul) uflebebSi (ix. aqve, gv. 304,-305). saqarTvelos saxelmwifosadmi afxazeTis germanuli mosaxleobis erTguleba gaxda sababi separatistebis mxridan maTi darbevis mcdelobisa; amasTan dakavSirebiT, kavkasiaSi germaniis warmomadgeneli sTxovda r. Cqotuas, mieRo zomebi mosalodneli ubedurebisagan germanel kolonistTa dasacavad (d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 255-256). 1718 . А. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты. Октябрь 1918 – январь 1919, gv. 283. 1719. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 73. 1720. sicruea, TiTqos xalxma boikoti gamoucxada damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebs (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 335). msgavsi mtkicebisaTvis safuZvels ar iZleva damfuZnebeli krebis damatebiT arCevnebSi afxazeTis monawileobis sakiTxis ganxilvis CaSla saxalxo sabWos 1919w. 25 noembris sxdomaze (d.Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 316-317). 1716 1717
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afxazeTis avtonomiis Sesaxeb~, romlis pirvel punqtSi naTqvamia: `afxazeTi Sedis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc misi avtonomiuri erTeuli, ris Sesaxebac ecnobos saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobas da mis damfuZnebel krebas~1721. `aqtis~ mixedviT, afxazeTis konstitucias SeimuSavebda damfuZnebeli krebisa da saxalxo sabWos Sereuli paritetuli komisia da ZalaSi Sevidoda orive organos mier misi damtkicebis Semdeg. saxalxo sabWos pirvelma sxdomam moiTxova gagris ubnis dauyovnebliv ganTavisufleba `moxaliseebisagan~ istoriul sazRvramde _ md.mzimTamde, wardginebiT mimarTa saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomares da iusticiis ministrs afxazeTis teritoriaze bolSevikur moZraobaSi monawileobisaTvis dapatimrebulTa amnistirebis Sesaxeb1722. `aqtiT afxazeTis avtonomiis Sesaxeb~ moxda regionis TviTgamorkveva. mosaxleobis didi umravlesobis nebiT, saqarTvelos es uZvelesi mxare, gareSe mtruli Zalebis mxridan misi mitacebis araerTgzisi mcdelobis miuxedavad, kvlav saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi dabrunda. amiT afxazeTisaTvis brZolis umniSvnelovanesi da umZimesi etapi warmatebiT dagvirgvinda.
3. politikuri viTareba avtonomiur afxazeTSi da misi okupacia sabWoTa ruseTis mier. 1919w. marti _ 1921w. marti axal viTarebaSi, roca regionis winaSe avtonomiis realurad ganxorcielebis amocana idga, mTavari gaxldaT mtkice demokratiuli xelisuflebis organizacia da misi efeqturobis amaRleba. saxalxo sabWo, rogorc arCeviTi organo, srulad moicavda afxazeTSi arsebul politikur speqtrs. myari umravlesobis mqone mmarTvel social-demokratiul partias Zlieri da garedan marTuli opozicia hyavda. maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze radikaluri iyo `damoukidebeli socialistebis~ fraqcia (d.alania, m.caguria, s.Wanba, i.marRania, r.kakuba, a.demianovi, r.Cqotua), romlis erTi nawili bolSevikebTan TanamSromlobda, meore _ TeTrgvardielebTan. maT saerTo platformas afxazeTSi mdgomareobis destabilizacia, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis diskreditacia da damxoba warmoadgenda. mogvianebiT (1919w. noemberi) socialdemokratebs gamoeyo `internacionalistTa~ fraqcia (k.barcici, d.Zkuia, m.Tarnava). Zalian xSirad isini mxars uWerdnen `damoukidebel socialistebs~, monawileobdnen yvela antiqarTul aqciaSi. saxalxo sabWos hyavda prezidiumi (Tavmjdomare, moadgile, mdivani) da `senioren konventi~ (uxucesTa sabWo). isini erTobliv sxdomebs atarebdnen, sadac winaswar ixilavdnen sabWos dRis wesrigs, agreTve sameurneo da sxva Sida sakiTxebs. 1919w. 20 maiss saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomaris posti varlam SarvaSiZem daikava. 1920w. Tebervlamde misi moadgile iyo m. berulava, SemdgomSi ki _ t. kvaracxelia (momavalSi ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis wevri). mdivnis Tanamdeboba k. aqirTavam daikava. `senioren konventSi~ Sediodnen s.Wanba, v.anCabaZe, m.Tarnava, d.alania, d.emuxvari. saxalxo sabWo zogjer mcire SemadgenlobiT ikribeboda (`mcire saxalxo sabWo~) da gansaxilvel sakiTxebs winaswar amuSavebda. mis sxdomebs eswrebodnen v.SarvaSiZe, d.emuxvari, p.gelovani, v.anCabaZe, d.alania, m.berulava, i.lorTqifaniZe, g.koroliovi, t.kvaracxelia, g.zuxbaia1723. afxazTa saxalxo sabWo 1919w. 8-10 aprils ganixilavda marTvis organoebis formirebis sakiTxs. gadawyda, Seqmniliyo afxazeTis marTvis organo, romelic konstituciis SemuSavebamde ixelmZRvanelebda saxalxo sabWos instruqciebiT. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 435. iqve, gv. 433-435, 772. 1723. iqve, gv. 772-773. 1721.
1722.
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marTvis koleqtiuri organo _ komisariati sami wevrisagan Sedgeboda: Sinagan saqmeTa komisari, iusticiis, ganaTlebisa da jandacvis komisari, saxalxo meurneobis komisari. saxalxo sabWo irCevda mxolod erT komisars (pasuxismgebels sabWos winaSe), romelsac evaleboda sxva komisrebis SerCeva da kolegiis Sedgena.kolegias amtkicebda saxalxo sabWo. 1919w. 13 maiss sabWom miiRo gadawyvetileba aRmasrulebeli organos _ komisariatis (mTavroba) Seqmnis Sesaxeb, Tavmjdomared damtkicda dimitri (arzayan) emuxvari. afxazTa saxalxo sabWos ewoda afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo, soxumis olqs _ afxazeTi, ubnebs _ mazrebi1724. separatistul Zalebs, hqondaT mWidro urTierToba a.denikinis StabTan da mudmivad cdilobdnen viTarebis destabilizacias. `moxaliseebTan~ TavSefarebul al. SarvaSiZes da sxvebs daawerines `Txovna~ `afxazeTis olqidan~ qarTvelTa gandevnisa da ruseTTan misi mierTebis Sesaxeb. amasTan dakavSirebiT a.denikinma jer kidev gagris aRebamde, 1919w. 1 Tebervals axlo aRmosavleTSi ingliselTa jarebis mTavarsardal milns da 27-e diviziis meTaurs forestie uokers (mas emorCileboda ingliselTa jarebi amierkavkasiaSi) gaugzavna memorandumi, romelSic `afxazeTis daSoSminebisa da saqarTvelosTan Cveni Setakebis sababis moxsnis~ mizniT Semdeg winadadebebs ayenebda: `1. gamocxaddes soxumis olqi neitralurad; 2. dauyovnebliv gavidnen iqidan qarTuli jarebi da administracia; 3. wesrigis dacva daekisros maT mier Tavisuflad arCeul afxazur xelisuflebas da afxazebisagan Semdgar saxalxo razmebs~1725. a.denikinis gegmis mixedviT, qarTul jarebs md. enguramde unda daexiaT. am e.w. memorandumis Sesaxeb saxalxo sabWosaTvis mogvianebiT gaxda cnobili. 1919w. 15 aprils, man moismina i.ramiSvilis moxseneba da miiRo mkveTri rezolucia. afxazeTis erTaderTi uflebamosili da sruluflebiani warmomadgenelia saxalxo sabWo, romlis meSveobiT afxazeTma mWidro kavSiri daamyara saqarTvelosTan, gaxda misi avtonomiuri nawili da daadgina savsebiT saerTo sazRvrebi, _ naTqvamia dokumentSi; memorandumSi moxseniebuli `afxazi xalxis warmomadgenlebi~ gamocxaddnen TviTmarqviebad, demokratiis mtrebad, kontrrevolucionerebad, sakuTari xalxis moRalateebad; a.denikinis memorandums sabWom `sinamdvilesTan Seusabamo~ uwoda da sTxova saqarTvelos mTavrobas, 15 aprils miRebuli rezolucia miawodos mokavSire saxelmwifoebs1726. saxalxo sabWos yvela fraqciam, TviT `damoukidebelma socialistebmac~ ki dagmes memorandumi da a.denikinTan gamocxadebuli TviTmarqviebi. sul male gairkva, rom eseni iyvnen al. SarvaSiZe da a.xasaia. 1919w. 21 ivniss social-demokratiuli partiis afxazeTis organizaciis gazeTma `naSe slovo~-m, romelsac dimitri gulia redaqtorobda, gamoaqveyna werili `afxazeTis iuda~. `afxazeTis warmomadgeneli, romelic a. denikinTan gamocxadda daJinebuli TxovniT denikinis jarebis mier afxazeTis dakavebis Taobaze, afxazeTis moRalate, gamovlenilia. es aris aleqsandre SarvaSiZe, vinc Tavis droze afxazeTSi Turquli desantis gadmosxmas cdilobda, is rusi `patrioti~, romelsac surda TurqebisaTvis ruseTis yofili nawilis gadacema. ai, visi saxeliT amarTlebda denikini evropis winaSe saqarTveloze, afxazeTze Tavis yaCaRur Tavdasxmas~. gaugebaria, rodesac Tanamedrove separatistuli istoriografia, xotbas asxams a.denikins da masTan gamocxadebul `afxazeTis iudas~, krints ar Zravs saxalxo sabWos 1919w. 15 aprilis gadawyvetilebisa da dimitri gulias gazeTis publikaciis Sesaxeb. 1724. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 82. afxazTa saxalxo sabWos saxeli gadaerqva 1919w. 13 maiss da ara 1918w. agvistoSi, an 1919w. TebervalSi, rogorc fiqrobs d. Citaia (ix. misi: afxazeTis sakiTxi, gv. 237, 239). 1725. А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты..., октябрь 1918г. - январь 1919г., gv. 284. 1726. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 436-437, 774.
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miuxedavad a.denikinis memorandumisa da separatistTa `Txovnisa~, ingliselebma araerTxel moiTxoves ara afxazeTis, aramed soWis olqisa da gagris gamocxadeba neitralur zonad, iqidan `moxaliseTa~ gayvana, magram TeTrgvardielebi daTmobaze ar midiodnen. 1919w. TebervalSi md.bzifis gaswvriv dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris ingliselTa aseuli Cadga. amas didad ar SeuSlia xeli qarTuli jarebisaTvis, romlebmac general gedevaniSvilis sardlobiT 4 aprils gadalaxes md. bzifi da ramdenime dReSi daikaves teritoria md.mzimTamde. male odnav ukan daixies da md.mexadirze gamagrdnen1727. a.denikini misi jarebis srul ganadgurebamde da ruseTidan gaqcevamde cdilobda gagridan qarTvelTa gandevas, mTeli afxazeTis xelSi Cagdebas. sasazRvro sakiTxi ixileboda 1919w. 23 maiss e.gegeWkorisa da n.ramiSvilis Sexvedraze inglisel general brigsTan, romelic `moxaliseTa~ pozicias gamoxatavda. qarTulma mxarem uaryo brigsis winadadeba md.bzifamde ukandaxevis Sesaxeb1728. rogorc a.denikini amowmebs, 1919w. 9 aprils generali milni saqarTvelosagan md.bzifamde teritoriis daTmobas moiTxovda. igive gaimeora ingliselTa misiam 12 ivniss, magram, `etyoba, britanelTa avtoriteti, _ werda a.denikini _ ukve ar iyo sakmarisi Setakebis arc Tavidan acilebisaTvis, arc likvidaciisaTvis... qarTvelebi darCnen mexadirze... srul sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi idgnen sanapiroze erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg orive mxaris jarebi, romlebic yovel wuTs riskavdnen imiT, rom raime gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevis gamo Tofebi da qvemexebi `Tavad alaparakdebodnen~1729. xSiri iyo undoblobiTa da eWvebiT gamowveuli Setakebebi md.mexadirze. gaurkveveli mdgomareoba `arc mSvidoba, arc omi~1730 bolomde gagrZelda. gen. a.denikinis moqmedebebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg misi saerTo samxedro warmatebebis fonze marTlac saxifaTo xdeboda. aqtiurobda TeTrgvardielTa agenturac separatistebis saxiT. 1919w. maisSi `moxaliseebma~ mTielTa respublika gaanadgures. afxazi separatistebi CrdiloeTkavkasielTa motyuebisa da mxardaWeris mopovebis mizniT mudmivad cdiloben da TavianT SromebSic amtkiceben, viTom afxazeTi yovelTvis iyo mTielTa respublikis nawili1731. a.denikinis mier am respublikis ganadgurebasTan dakavSirebiT ki separatistebs xma ar amouRiaT 1919 wels; dResac afxazuri istoriografia gverds uvlis aRniSnul Temas da dakavebulia mxolod ciliswamebebiT saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. arada, swored saqarTvelo iyo is qveyana, romelic azerbaijanTan erTad yovelnairad mxarSi edga mTielebs, amaragebda maT iaraRiT, exmareboda cocxali ZaliT. n. Jordania Tavis mogonebebSi werda, rom mTielTaTvis guluxv daxmarebas `iTxovda Cveni Crdilo sazRvrebis uzrunvelyofa: Zlieri, damoukidebeli mTa iyo Cveni simagre, moskovis winaaRmdeg amarTuli. mis arsebobaSi viyaviT yovelnairad dainteresebuli da es gvikarnaxebda Cvens damokidebulebas masTan~1732. or respublikas Soris arsebul megobrul urTierTobaze TbilisSi evakuirebuli devnili mejlisis mier mTielTa respublikis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRles mTavarsardlad qarTveli generlis kereseliZis daniSvnac miuTiTebs. 1919w. seqtembramde is CeCneTSi imyofeboda da saomar moqmedebebs xelmZRvanelobda. amis gamo a.denikinma saqarTvelos ekonomikuri blokada А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты...,. Октябрь 1918 г. - январь 1919, gv. 288-293. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки..., gv. 36-41. 1729. А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты..., Октябрь 1918 г. - январь 1919, , gv. 296. 1730. iqve, январь 1919 – март 1920. Минск, Харвест, 2002, gv. 273; 1919w. 18 ivniss e. gegeWkorma sTxova Suamdgomloba italiis misias da ganacxada: `saqarTvelos mTavroba denikinis sazRvrebs dasTanxmdeba, Tu bzifsa da mexadirs Soris neitralur zonaSi italielebi Cadgebian~ (d. jojua. saqarTvelo-italiis urTierToba 1919-1921ww. Tb., 1997, gv. 100). mogvianebiT, roca gairkva, rom italiis jarebi saqarTveloSi ingliselebs ar Secvlidnen, mTavrobam gagris zonis neitralizacia isev ingliselebs sTxova. miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelebs md. mexadiri ar dautovebiaT. 1731. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 320 da a.S. 1732. noe Jordania. Cemi warsuli (mogonebani). Tb., 1990, gv. 110-111. 1727. 1728.
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gamoucxada1733. TeTrgvardielTa agresiuli moqmedebebisadmi msoflios yuradRebis mipyrobis mizniT, 1919w. 14 ivniss parizis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze saqarTvelos delegaciis meTaurma n.CxeiZem amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, didi britaneTis, italiisa da iaponiis delegaciebs werilobiT acnoba a.denikinis gegmebze _ saqarTvelosaTvis waerTmia afxazeTis nawili, `romlis saqarTvelosTan SemoerTeba sanqcirebuli iyo misi xalxis kenWisyriT da romlis mmarTvelobas saqarTvelos respublikis farglebSi uzrunvelyofda sayovelTao kenWisyriT arCeuli afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo~1734. 1919w. ivnisis dasawyisSi TeTrgvardielTa agresiisagan saqarTvelos dacvis mizniT did saxelmwifoebs notebi gaugzavnes estoneTis, latviis, CrdiloeT kavkasiis, azerbaijanis, litvis, poloneTisa da saqarTvelos warmomadgenlobebma1735. sazRvrebis sakiTxi gadawyda saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris 1920w. 7 maiss dadebuli istoriuli xelSekrulebis ZaliT. maSin sabWoTa ruseTma soxumis olqi saqarTvelos udavo teritoriad aRiara, saxelmwifoTaSorisi sazRvari ki md.fsouze gadioda1736. amis Taobaze 1920w. 18 maiss d. emuxvaris mier miwodebuli informacia saxalxo sabWom sixaruliT miiRo da damfuZnebel krebas specialuri rezoluciac gaugzavna1737. Sovinistebisa da maTi damqaSebis gegmebi sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT CaiSala. amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos ar akmayofilebda sazRvari md. mexadirTan. parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze saqarTvelom 1919w. martSi da ivlisSi waradgina Tavisi moTxovnebi sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT. istoriul dasabuTebaSi (Seadgina iv. javaxiSvilma) naCvenebi iyo, rom saqarTvelos eTnikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvari uZvelesi droidan md.yubanamde, XVs. Semdeg ki md. makofsemde aRwevda. saqarTvelo swored aq moiTxovda ruseTTan saxelmwifo sazRvris dafiqsirebas. amasTanave, TurqeTSi iZulebiT gadasaxlebul mTielTa dabrunebisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis saxelmwifos Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli mxare winaaRmdegi ar iyo sazRvris gadasinjvisa da axali mijnis dadgenisa md.mzimTasa da makofses Soris1738. aRniSnul faqts malavs separatistuli istoriografia da ruseTis imperiis saameblad saqarTvelos `imperialistur miswrafebebze~ saubrobs1739; amave dros, ver `amCnevs~ aq saqarTvelo-afxazeTis istoriuli sazRvrebis aRdgenis mcdelobas, zRvaze gasasvlelis mqone Crdilokavkasiuri saxelmwifos Camoyalibebaze, mTielTa samSobloSi dabrunebaze zrunvas. separatistuli istoriografia Tavis mkiTxvelebs saguldagulod umalavs im faqtsac, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam 1920w. aprilSi saerTaSoriso arenaze gadadga seriozuli nabijebi qarTvel da afxaz muhajirTa samSobloSi dabrunebis mizniT1740. rom ara gasabWoeba, sakiTxi dadebiTad iqneboda gadawyvetili. cnobilia, es problema rogor awuxebda afxazur mosaxleobas, gansakuTrebiT inteligencias1741. А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты..., Январь 1919 – март 1920, gv. 266-271. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки..., gv. 46. 1735. iqve, gv. 46-47. 1736. Оккупация и фактическая аннексия Грузии. Документы и материалы, Тб., 1990, gv. 75-76; Tanamedrove separatistebi ukana ricxviT acxadeben, rom 1920 w. 7 maisis xelSekruleba `aneqsirebul~ afxazeTze ar vrceldeboda (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 337), rac saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebis arcodnis Tu ignorirebis maCvenebelia. 1737. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 80. 1738. Оккупация и фактическая аннексия Грузии, gv. 64-68; levan ToiZe. intervenciac, okupaciac, ZaldatanebiTi gasabWoebac, faqtobrivi aneqsiac. Tb., 1991, gv. 211-215. 1739. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 316-321. 1740. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки..., gv. 47-49. 1741. 1920 w. TebervalSi afxazuri inteligenciis yrilobam specialuri rezolucia miiRo muhajirebis dabrunebis Taobaze da mimarTa saqarTvelos mTavrobas, raTa mas Sesabamisi zomebi mieRo (j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 81). miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam muhajirebis dabrunebis sakiTxi gamarjvebul mokavSire saxelmwifoTa umaRlesi sabWos winaSe daayena, v. Snirelmani 1733.
1734.
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afxazeTis xelisuflebas seriozul problemad eqca soxumis rusi episkoposis sergis, mTlianad rusuli samRvdeloebis antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba. qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg soxumis episkoposi e.w. kavkasiis saegzarqosos (Seiqmna 1917w. ivlisSi) eqvemdebareboda. saqarTvelos pirvelma saeklesio krebam (1917w. 8-17 seqtemberi) Seqmna cxum-bediis eparqia. mTel afxazeTze qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis gavrcelebamde igi droebiT Wyondidis eparqias miewera. 1917w. bolodan am ukanasknelis daqvemdebarebaSi gadmovidnen samurzayanoSi moqmedi eklesiebi da sxva qarTuli samrevloebi danarCen afxazeTSi. rus mRvdelmsaxurTa qmedobebi pirdapir kavSirSi iyo ruseTis samoqalaqo omSi TeTrgvardielTa warmateba-warumateblobasTan. ep. sergi uars ambobda qarTul samRvdeloebasTan, maT Soris Wyondidel mitropolit ambrosisTan yovelgvar urTierTobaze, cdilobda kavkasiis saegzarqososagan gamoyofas, sanam saqarTvelos eklesia Tavis iurisdiqcias mTel afxazeTze gaavrcelebda. aRniSnuli gegmis CaSlis Semdeg igi samxreT-aRmosavleT ruseTis droebiT umaRles saeklesio sammarTvelos emorCileboda1742. aseTi mdgomareoba afxazeTSi viTarebis stabilizaciamde gagrZelda. 1919w. 20 martis istoriuli aqtis miRebam da afxazeTis statusis garkvevam dRis wesrigSi daayena soxumis eparqiis reorganizaciis sakiTxic. 1919w. 1 seqtembers afxazeTis komisariatma miiRo dekreti marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis marTvis Sesaxeb. soxumis sakaTedro taZari, misi krebulisa da mRvdelmTavris saxlebi afxazeTis sakuTrebad iqna aRiarebuli; vakanturad gamocxadda saepiskoposo kaTedra; axali mRvdelmTavris arCevamde dainiSna eparqiis droebiTi mmarTveli. es Tanamdeboba Tavidan arqimandrit ioane margiSvils, 11 seqtembridan ki Wyondidel mitropolit ambrosis (xelaia) ekava. Sesabamisi mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis Catarebis Semdeg, 1918w. 7 oqtombers afxazeTis sagangebo saeklesio kreba gaimarTa. man moismina mitropolit ambrosis brwyinvale moxseneba da misi ZiriTadi debulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT istoriuli gadawyvetilebebi miiRo. amieridan yofil soxumis eparqias cxum-afxazeTis eparqia ewoda da igi kvlav qarTuli eklesiis organuli nawili gaxda; mitropolitis Tanamdebobaze krebam wm.aRmsarebeli ambrosi erTxmad airCia. sagangebo krebis gadawyvetilebebi 1919w. 28 oqtombers sruliad saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso sabWom daamtkica1743. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli eklesiis gaerTianeba saeklesio da saero kanonebis sruli dacviT ganxorcielda. bolo moeRo afxazeTSi eklesiis erovnuli niSniT dayofis (filetizmi) antikanonikur praqtikas, antisaxelmwifoebrivi miznebisaTvis RvTismsaxurTa gamoyenebas. amitomac ar moswondaT rus Sovinistebs, maTTan aliansSi myof separatistebs afxazeTSi ganxorcielebuli saeklesio reforma da Seecadnen, es sakiTxi saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze1744, agreTve saerTaSoriso doneze1745 ganxilvis sagnad eqciaT, magram mizans mainc ver miaRwies. separatistebi cruoben, roca weren, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam afxazeTis dawesebulebebs da saswavleblebs Tavs moaxvia qarTuli ena.1746 es ar momxdara, rodesac saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom daamtkica debuleba (1918w. 20 ivlisi) fosta-telegrafis nacionalizaciis (qarTul enaze gadayvanis) Sesaxeb1747. rac Seexeba 1919 wlidan skolebSi qarTuli enis SemoRebas, v.anCabaZe cruobs da acxadebs, rom afxazTa mimarTvebi saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi aRniSnul Temaze `daxetialobda biurokratiuli arxebiT~ (В. Шнирельман. Войны памяти, gv. 265). 1742. wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi. gv. 48-50, 240-241. 1743 . iqve, gv. 51-52, 258-281. 1744 j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 816-821 1745. iqve, gv. 812-814; wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 291-295. 1746. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 336. 1747. Sss-s 1918 w. 20 ivlisis debulebasTan dakavSirebiT saxalxo sabWom 1918 w. 25 ivliss imsjela. man mizanSewonilad miiCnia dawesebulebaTa nacionalizacia, magram aRniSna, rom jerjerobiT amis ganxorcielebisaTvis pirobebi ar arsebobs; amitomac gadawyda: `afxazeTis teritoriaze saxelmwifo
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saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze (1919w. 18 noemberi) ganmartavda: `CemTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom saxelmwifo enis swavla, Tu masze swavleba ara, saxelmwifo samarTlis anabanas warmoadgens~1748. separatistebs, samwuxarod, es ar esmiT. saqarTvelos mTavroba namdvilad ar Cqarobda saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis nacionalizacias (saqmiswarmoeba afxazeTSi rusul enaze mimdinareobda, urierToba ki centralur xelisuflebasTan saxelmwifo enaze unda yofiliyo, Tumca es moTxovnac xSirad irRveoda), qarTul enaze swavlebis SemoRebas, risTvisac mas mkacrad akritikebda damfuZnebeli krebaSi warmodgenili politikuri opozicia1749. saqarTvelos mTavroba, romelsac separatistuli istoriografia denikizrunavda nelebze dayrdnobiT mudmivad `SovinizmSi adanaSaulebs~1750, afxazeTis, gansakuTrebiT afxazTa kulturuli ganviTarebisaTvis. nebismieri xalxis cxovrebaSi udidesi movlenaa mSobliur enaze pirveli gazeTis gamoSveba. afxaz xalxs aseTi gazeTi mxolod `Sovinisti~ qarTveli socialdemokratebis `batonobis~ dros eRirsa _ 1919w. 27 Tebervals soxumSi afxazurenovan gazeT `afsnis~ pirveli nomeri gamovida, afxazuri Srifti TbilisSi damzadda1751; istoriaSi pirvel afxazur gazeTs xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partiis wevri d.gulia, romelic manamde (1918w. 1 seqtembridan) soxumis saostato seminariis afxazuri enis maswavleblad saStato Tanamdebobaze iyo (aseve pirvelad istoriaSi) damtkicebuli. afxazeTis kulturul cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani movlena gaxldaT 1918w. mxatvar a.k. SarvaSiZis TaosnobiT dramatuli saswavleblis gaxsna; 1919w. soxumSi daarsda agreve literaturul-dramatuli wre da a.S.1752. saqarTvelos mTavroba yuradRebiT ekideboda nebismier Txovnas afxazeTidan, miT umetes, Tu igi afxazi xalxis interesebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, 1919w. 1 noembers n. ramiSvili mTavrobas moaxsenebda afxazeTis komisariatis Tavmjdomaris d.emuxvaris Suamdgomlobis Taobaze samxedro samsaxurisagan, ganurCevlad sarwmunoebisa (manamde jarSi mxolod qristiani afxazebi mihyavdaT), yvela afxazis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. imaves iTxovda gudauTis mazris TemTa warmomadgenlebis kreba sof. lixnSi 1920w. 13 maiss1753. Txovna dakmayofilda. afxazeTSi arsebul rTul politikur viTarebaze sakmaod srul warmodgenas gviqmnis erovnul-demokratiuli partiis SekiTxvis safuZvelze saqarTvelos damfuZnebel krebaSi 1919w. 2 agvistos gamarTuli debatebi. SekiTxvis avtorebs ainteresebdaT informacia afxazeTSi `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mowinaaRmdege jgufis mecadineobiT~ Seqmnili ganwyobilebis, saxelmwifo enis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb da a.S. SekiTxvas pasuxi n.ramiSvilma gasca. `afxazeTis mdgomareoba rogorc Sinauri, agreTve sagareo ZalTa Sejaxebis mxriv metismetad rTulia da TavisTavad aSkaraa, rom am rTul pirobebSi mTavrobis politika unda iyos fxizeli da araviTar aCqarebas adgili ar unda hqondes. dawesebulebebis enad droebiT darCes rusuli ena~ (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 420). 1918w. 20 ivliss Sss-m saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomares acnoba, rom mTavrobas ar gamoucia aranairi gankarguleba soxumis olqis saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis nacionalizaciis Sesaxeb da arc apirebs amis gakeTebas. soxumis olqSi (iseve, rogorc q. TbilisSi, zaqaTalasa da borCaloSi) fosta-telegrafi qarTul da rusul enebze funqcionirebda (iqve, gv. 761-762). 1748. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 454-856. 1749. o. bRaJba da s. lakoba iseT STabeWdilebas uqmnian mkiTxvels, TiTqos 1919w. 2 agvistos damfuZnebeli krebis wevri, mwerali leo qiaCeli (Sengelaia) afxazeTis `nacionalizaciis~ politikis winaaRmdeg gamovida (О. Бгажба, С.Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 336). piriqiT, mTavroba man aseTi politikis gautareblobis gamo, agreTve 1918w. regionisaTvis zedmeti uflebebis miniWebisaTvis gaakritika (saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba, stenografiuli angariSi. 45-e sxdoma, 1919, 2 agvisto, gv. 25). 1750. О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 336. 1751. z. papasqiri. narkvevebi...., nakv. II, gv. 65. 1752. iqve, gv. 66; С. Лакоба. «Крылились дни в Сухум-кале». Сухуми, 1988 gv. 53-55, 63; o. Jordania. dimitri gulia: masalebi pedagogiuri moRvaweobidan. – biuleteni. afxazeTis sulierebisa da kulturis centri, 2008 #3, gv. 6. 1753. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 453-454, 781.
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eWvs gareSe aris, rom iq, afxazeTSi, arian iseTi adamianebi, romelnic ebrZvian Cvens saxelmwifoebriobas da es elementebi arian, upirveles yovlisa, is memarjveneebi, romelnic Tavidanve cdiloben, rom saqarTvelosTan araviTari kavSiri ar hqonoda afxazeTs~1754. saqarTvelos mTavroba, _ n.ramiSvilis TqmiT, _ mizanmimarTulad atarebda regionis mTeli mosaxleobis agrarul, politikur da socialur uflebebSi gaTanabrebis demokratiul politikas. antiqarTuli Zalebi cdilobdnen, es politika saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg afxazTa asamxedreblad gamoeyenebinaT. n.ramiSvilma aRniSna, rom, miuxedavad aseTi rTuli viTarebisa, afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo, afxazuri mosaxleobis umravlesoba mxars uWers saqarTvelos farglebSi konstituciiT garantirebul avtonomiur marTva-gamgeobas. ministris gamosvlas mxari dauWires damfuZnebeli krebis (aseve afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos) wevrebma, afxazma v.Rurjuam da b.CxikviSvilma. v.Rurjuam aRniSna, rom afxazeTi, romlis interesebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos interesebs, daeqvemdebareba saerTo saxelmwifo kanonebs, magram iTxovs damoukideblobas saSinao sakiTxebSi. amis winaaRmdegi, _ Tqva man, _ qarTuli demokratiuli Zalebi ar iyvnen da arc iqnebian. `gaumarjos demokratiulad darazmul avtonomiur afxazeTs, am saqarTvelos respublikis ganuyofel nawils~1755, _ ganacxada v.Rurjuam. eserma leo Sengelaiam mizanSeuwonlad miiCnia afxazeTSi sakanonmdeblo organos da mTavrobis arseboba, Tumca `afxazeTs unda mieces farTo avtonomia~1756, _ Tqva oratorma. socialist-federalisti s. mdivani, romelic SedarebiT loialobas iCenda mTavrobis mimarT, saerTo Secdomad miiCnevda separatistebisaTvis iluziebis Seqmnas, xelSekrulebis dadebas (1918w.) yovelgvar samarTalSi gauTviTcnobierebel adamianebTan, afxazTa (da ara afxazeTis) saxalxo sabWos Seqmnas da a.S. misi azriT, saWiro iyo brZolis gaZliereba Tavadaznaurobisa da ruseTidan Camosuli Sovinistebis winaaRmdeg1757. mTavrobis mkacri kritikiT gamovida erovnul-demokratiuli partiis lideri sp. kedia. afxazeTSi arsebul viTarebas man saxifaTo uwoda; mTavrobis politikiT afxazTa umetesobis ukmayofilebas, misi mtkicebiT, omis SemTxvevaSi (denikinelebTan) mtrebi iolad gamoiyenebdnen saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. ukmayofilebis erT-erT mizezad gamomsvlelma TurqeTis qveSevrdomebisaTvis miwis darigeba daasaxela. `saerTod afxazeTSi niadagi meryevia, didi antiqarTuli moZraobaa, romelsac xelmZRvaneloben da aRrmaveben rus-somxis bolSevik-denikinelebi da afxazTa inteligenciis erTi nawili~, _ ganacxada sp. kediam da politikur partiebs erToblivi muSaobisaken mouwoda, raTa `es Cveni saerTo saqme, romelic dRes afxazeTSi gansacdelSia, SeerTebulis Zal-RoniT, erTmaneTis loialuri gagebiT, Cvenda sasargeblod gamovakeToT~1758. damfuZnebel krebaSi warmodgenil politikur partiebs ufro metad afxazeTis konstituciaze muSaobis mimdinareoba aRelvebdaT. es sakiTxi, marTlac, yvelaze mwvave aRmoCnda. saxalxo sabWos sakonstitucio komisiam 1919w. 30 marts Tavis pirvel sxdomaze erTxmad miiRo momavali konstituciis pirveli muxli: `afxazeTi Sedis demokratiuli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc misi avtonomiuri erTeuli~1759. radganac es iyo `afxazeTis avtonomiis Sesaxeb aqtis~ pirveli punqtis faqtobrivi gameoreba, mas kamaTi ar gamouwvevia. sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT komisiaSi erTsulovneba ar sufevda, misi muSaoba daZabulad mimdinareobda. 1919w. 23 maiss sakonstitucio komisia or qvekomisiad gaiyo da, Sesabamisad, ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli proeqti 1754. 1755. 1756. 1757. 1758. 1759.
saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. stenografiuli angariSi. 45-e sxdoma, 1919, 2 agvisto, gv. 12-16. iqve, gv. 16-17. iqve, gv. 25-27. iqve, gv. 28. iqve, gv. 29-35. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 97.
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momzadda. mesame _ Semrigebluri proeqti Seadgina afxazeTis komisariatma1760. maT Soris vercerTma ver miiRo saxalxo sabWos wevrTa xmebis saWiro raodenoba, magram meti mowoneba (20 xma) mainc komisariatis proeqtma daimsaxura. 1919w. 21 ivliss saxalxo sabWom airCia delegacia (d. emuxvari, g.koroliovi, m.ubiria, v.Rurjua, m.caava, m. grigolia), romelsac centralur xelisuflebasTan sakonstitucio sakiTxebis ganxilva daevala. 1919w. seqtemberoqtomberSi is TbilisSi imyofeboda. 4 oqtombers delegaciam moxsenebiTi baraTi miarTva mTavrobas, romelSic saubari iyo centrsa da regions Soris uflebamosilebis gamijvnis, konstituciis miRebis aucileblobaze, agrarul reformaze, socialur-ekonomikur problemebze. damfuZnebeli krebis prezidiumma, saxalxo sabWos TxovniT, afxazeTis sakonstitucio sakiTxebze samuSaod gamoyo xuTkaciani (p.sayvareliZe, s.dadiani, g.gvazava, naneiSvili, m.xoWolava) komisia. delegaciisa da komisiis erToblivi muSaoba sakmaod nayofieri aRmoCnda. Seiqmna respublikasa da avtonomias Soris SeTanxmebis proeqti afxazeTis mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi debulebebis Sesaxeb. masSi aisaxa centrsa da regions Soris faqtobrivad Camoyalibebuli urTierTobani. saxalxo sabWos delegaciis 1919w. 4 oqtombris moxsenebiTi baraTis safuZvelze mTavrobam imave wlis 20 dekembers daamtkica `agraruli reformisa da afxazeTSi saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis droebiTi debuleba~1761. saqarTvelos mTavrobis mowveviT 1919w. seqtembris bolodan TbilisSi imyofeboda kidev erTi delegacia afxazeTidan (i.marRania, d.alania, m.caguria, m.Tarnava), romelic saxalxo sabWos 14 separatistulad ganwyobili wevris pozicias gamoxatavda. mTavroba, rogorc vxedavT, yvela mimdinareobasTan molaparakebisa da SeTanxmebis gzas adga. separatistebTan Sexvedras man miuZRvna specialuuri sxdoma, romelzec delegacia moxsenebiT wardga. n.Jordanias TxovniT, es moxseneba werilobiT gaformda da 1919w. 29 seqtembers mTavrobas waredgina. masSi separatistebisaTvis Cveuli tendenciurobiT iyo gaSuqebuli afxazeTSi arsebuli viTareba. gamosavals delegaciis wevrebi maT mier SemuSavebuli konstituciis proeqtis1762 miRebaSi xedavdnen. 1919w. 15 noembers afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom TbilisSi oficialurad mivlinebuli delegaciis moxseneba moismina. sityviT gamosulma m.ubiriam aRniSna, rom konstituciaze muSaobisas Tavidanve warmoiSva ori mimdinareoba, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian istoriuli momentisadmi, kerZod, afxazeTis politikuri da ekonomikuri amocanebisadmi midgomebiT; erT mimdinareobas, momentis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, saWirod miaCnda afxazeTis rac SeiZleba male SeerTeba saqarTvelosTan, rac Cvens boboqar epoqaSi misi usafrTxoebis, xolo momavalSi mxaris socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis sawindari iqneboda. meore mimdinareobac scnobda afxazeTis saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis aucileblobas, _ dasZenda m. ubiria, _ magram istoriuli perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT ufro marTebulad miaCnda respublikasTan rac SeiZleba susti kavSiris damyareba, meti damoukideblobis mopoveba, rac viTarebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi sxva gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas miscemda1763. es ori midgoma aisaxa sakonstitucio komisiaSi Sedgenil samive proeqti gamoqveynebulia. ix.: А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки..., gv. 80-94. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 98-100, 451-453. 1762 . А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки…, gv. 89-94. 1763 . social-demokrat-internacionalistTa probolSevikuri fraqciis deklaraciaSi, romelic 1919 w. 25 noembers saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze m.Tarnavam gaaJRera, naTqvami iyo, rom Tanamedrove koniunqturis pirobebSi aRiareben da icaven saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas Sida da gareSe mtrebisagan; saqarTvelos damoukidebloba fraqciisaTvis warmoadgenda miznis miRwevis saSualebas; momavalSi ki, roca politikuri viTareba Seicvleboda, `internacionalistebi~ mxars dauWerdnen saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis mierTebas `ruseTis xalxebis saerTo ojaxTan~ ise, rom winaswar ar ayenebdnen pirobebs am `saerTo ojaxSi~ maTi politikuri mowyobis formebis Sesaxeb (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 111). amrigad, konstituciis garSemo separatistTa mier atexili aurzauri viTarebis destabilizaciis interesebs ufro ukavSirdeboda, vidre realuri avtonomiis mopovebis mizans. amitom sicruea separatistuli istoriografiis 1760. 1761.
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proeqtebSi. m. ubiriam aRniSna, rom Tbilisi ar Cqarobda afxazeTis (qveynis nawilis) konstituciis damtkicebas, sanam ar iqneboda miRebuli qveynis ZiriTadi kanoni. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc ukve iTqva, moxerxda afxazeTis mmarTvelobis ZiriTad principebze SeTanxmeba. saxalxo sabWos 15 noembris sxdomaze TbilisSi miwveuli meore delegaciis wevrebic gamovidnen. m. Tarnavas gancxadebiT, mTavrobasTan Cveni SeTanxmebis miRweva SeuZlebelia. i. marRaniam daumata, rom, n. Jordanias sityvebiT, SeTanxmeba SesaZlebelia, Tu movrigdebiT denikinisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxSi. afxazeTis mimarT saqarTvelos mTavrobis pozicia 1920w. 6 Tebervals saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze moxsenebiT gamosulma n.ramiSvilma ganmarta; roca saqarTvelo ukve aRiares dasavleTis qveynebma, Cveni amocanaa demokratiis gaRrmaveba, xalxis rolis gafarToeba, _ ganacxada man. momxsenebelma uaryo Worebi, TiTqos mTavrobas surs Sekvecos afxazeTis avtonomiuri uflebebi, SezRudos saxalxo sabWo da a.S. n.ramiSvilma mTavrobis saxeliT sabWos wevrebs moaxsena, rom `aq, afxazeTSi sazogadoebriv-politikuri mSeneblobis erTaderTi gzaa afxazeTis avtonomiuri uflebebis ganmtkiceba~.1764 n.ramiSvilis sakmaod vrceli da saintereso gamosvla saxalxo sabWos sxdomaze male proklamaciis saxiT daibeWda da yvela afxazur dasaxlebul punqtSi gamoikra. separatistebi ityuebian, TiTqos n.ramiSvili sabWoze muqaris Semcveli sityviT gamovida.1765 1920w. 22-23 Tebervals soxumSi afxazuri inteligenciis yriloba gaimarTa (Tavmjdomare g. zuxbaia, moadgileebi _ v.anCabaZe da d. gulia). mis muSaobaSi saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomarisa da wevrebis monawileobam yriloba politikur tribunad aqcia. erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen qarTuli orientaciisa da separatistulad ganwyobili afxazebi. `Cven, afxazebi, rusul kulturasTan varT naziarebi, gvarTmeven am kulturas, am enas da iZulebiT Tavs gvaxveven qarTul enas. qarTvelebi movidnen da wagvarTves Cveni kultura, qarTvelebi ZalmomreobiT SemoiWrnen afxazeTSi~1766, _ aseTi iyo renegat i. marRanias pozicia. sakadrisi pasuxi mas, aseve sxva separatistebs, WeSmaritma afxazma, namdvilma inteligentma v. SarvaSiZem gasca da bolos yrilobac datova. d. alanias, v. anCabaZis, m. Tarnavas, m. ubirias, v. Rurjuas, d.emuxvaris gamosvlebma TvalnaTliv warmoaCines afxazur inteligenciaSi arsebuli uTanxmoebani politikuri orientaciis sakiTxebSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, iyo mizezi sakonstitucio uTanxmoebebisa. afxazuri inteligenciis yrilobam daadastura konstituciis proeqtis saswrafod SemuSavebisa da damtkicebis aucilebloba. saxalxo sabWoSi grZeldeboda muSaoba am mimarTulebiT. 1920w. 21 maiss arCeuli sabWos delegacia v. SarvaSiZis, d. emuxvaris, d. zaxarovis, g. zuxbaias, m. Tarnavas da v. anCabaZis SemadgenlobiT male Tbiliss ewvia. 1920w. 1 ivliss man moxsenebiTi baraTi warudgina damfuZnebeli krebis prezidiums. `vnebaTaRelvis Casacxrobad~ delegacia iTxovda damfuZnebuli krebis sesiaze afxazeTis saqarTvelos avtonomiur erTeulad aRiarebas, misi warmomadgenlobiTi organosa da mTavrobis kompetenciis sakiTxebis ganxilvas. `amasTan, mtkiceba, TiTqos opozicia `namdvili TviTmmarTvelobis da konstituciis miRebisaTvis ibrZoda~ (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 334). avtonomiisa da konstituciis sakiTxebze saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan molaparakebebSi monawileoba, _ m.Tarnavas TqmiT,_ miznad isaxavda mxolod SeTanxmebis CaSlas da mTavrobis kritikas; `vmoqmedebdiT ra ase, erTdroulad Cven veZebdiT rsfsr-sTan urTierTobisa da mis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis SesaZleblobas~, - acxadebda m. Tarnava (Л. Тоидзе. К вопросу о политическом статусе Абхазии. Тб., 1996, gv. 6). ai, rogori `patriotebi~ iyvnen e.w. `internacionalistebi~, `damoukideblebi~ da maTi mxardamWerebi saxalxo sabWoSi. 1764 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 101-102. 1765 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 334. 1766. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 103.
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mogaxsenebT, rom sakonstitucio komisiaSi (saqarTvelosi _ avt.) es sakiTxebi dadebiTadaa gadawyvetili1767,~ _ naTqvamia 1 ivlisis baraTSi. 1920w. 10 seqtembers Tbilisidan dabrunebulma delegaciam saxalxo sabWos moaxsena TbilisSi Catarebuli muSaobis, afxazeTis konstituciis ori variantis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb. sakonstitucio komisiam (g.zuxbaia, d.zaxarovi, m.wulukiZe, g.koroliovi, m.Tarnava) maT safuZvelze erTi proeqti Seadgina. ramdenime sxdomaze misi detaluri muxlobrivi ganxilvis Semdeg, 1920w. 16 oqtombers saxalxo sabWom afxazeTis konstituciis proeqtis sakuTari varianti daamtkica. preambulaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom konstitucia SemuSavebulia 1919w. 20 martis `aqtisa~ da saqarTvelos konstituciis safuZvelze. pirveli muxlis mixedviT, afxazeTi md. enguridan yubanisa da Tergis olqebis mimdebare kavkasiis qedamde Sedioda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc avtonomiuri erTeuli. rogorc vxedavT, saxalxo sabWo solidaruli iyo saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan qveynis Crdilo-dasavleT sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT (aqve, gv. 302). konstituciis proeqti zustad mijnavda centrisa da regionis funqciebs; afxazeTis kanonis konstituciasTan Seusabamobis SemTxvevaSi centraluri xelisufleba 15 dRis vadaSi gansaxilvelad gadascemda mas senats (umaRles sasamarTlos). am ukanasknelis kompetencias ganekuTvneboda afxazeTis gaprotestebuli kanonis moqmedebis SeCereba. proeqtis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis teritoriaze mxolod saerTosaxelmwifoebrivi Tanamdebobis pirebi iniSnebodnen centraluri xelisuflebis mier, Tanac, SeZlebisdagvarad, adgilobriv mkvidrTagan. afxazeTis mTavrobas SeeZlo rekomendacia gaewia aRniSnul Tanamdebobebze dasaniSni pirebisaTvis, an, piriqiT, eSuamdgomla maTi ganTavisuflebis Taobaze. moqalaqeTa ufleba-movaleobebisa da samoqalaqo uflebebis garantias afxazeTSi saqarTvelos konstitucia warmoadgenda; saqarTvelos respublikis moqalaqeebi afxazeTis teritoriazec moqalaqeobis uflebiT sargeblobdnen1768. 1920w. 4 noembers TbilisSi Camovida saxalxo sabWos delegacia (v. SarvaSiZe, v. Rurjua, d. zaxarovi, m. ubiria, i. faSalidi, m. caguria, d. alania, m. Tarnava, m. berulava). 16 noembers is n. Jordanias Sexvda. mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem daadastura, rom afxazeTis avtonomiis sakiTxi eWvgareSea, konstituciis SemuSavebis prerogativa ki mxolod damfuZnebel krebas ekuTvnis. afxazeTs avtonomia unda mieces, _ ganacxada n.Jordaniam, _ saerTo konstituciis miRebis Semdeg. Tu ZiriTadi kanonis damtkiceba gaWianurdeba, maSin gamoices jer droebiTi kanoni, romelic SemdgomSi qveynis konstituciis calke Tavi gaxdeba. qveynis pirveli piris aseTi pozicia misaRebi iyo saxalxo sabWos delegaciisaTvis. xelisSemSlel faqtorad iqca is garemoeba, rom damfuZnebeli kreba ar daeTanxma paritetuli sakonstitucio komisiis Seqmnas, rogorc amas saxalxo sabWos 1919w. 20 martis aqti da delegaciis mandati iTvaliswinebda. roca amis Taobaze sabWos ecnoba, man 5 dekembers delegaciis wevrebi soxumSi gamoiZaxa moxsenebisaTvis. 6 dekembers damfuZnebeli krebis prezidiumma ganixila m.cagurias, d. alanias da m. Tarnavas gancxadeba afxazeTis konstituciis ganxilvis wesis (ganxilva ara paritetul komisiaSi, aramed damfuZnebel krebaSi saxalxo sabWos wevrebis monawileobiT) miuReblobis gamo proeqtis ganxilvaSi monawileobaze uaris Tqmisa da afxazeTSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb. gancxadeba cnobad iqna miRebuli. Tbilisidan delegaciis wevrebis uSedegod dabrunebam ukiduresad daZaba viTareba saxalxo sabWoSi. v. SarvaSiZem 24 dekembers Tavisi da aseve prezidiumis wevrebis gadadgomis sakiTxic dasva kenWis sayrelad, magram 1767. 1768.
iqve, gv. 105. iqve, gv. 105-108.
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gadawyvetileba ver iqna miRebuli. saxalxo sabWom mxolod 1921w. 4 ianvars ganixila da moiwona sakonstitucio delegaciis mier TbilisSi gaweuli muSaoba. 1920w. 21 dekembers damfuZnebeli krebis mcire sakonstitucio komisiam daamtkica avtonomiuri afxazeTis mmarTvelobis debulebis proeqti, romelsac safuZvlad daedo saxalxo sabWos mier 1920w. 16 oqtombers miRebuli konstituciis proeqti. 1921w. 21 Tebervals damfuZnebelma krebam saqarTvelos konstituciasTan erTad es debulebac daamtkica,1769 Tumca ukve gviani iyo _ saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika bolSevikuri agresiis Sedegad sisxlisagan icleboda, wiTeli armia afxazeTSic SemoiWra. 1918w. gazafxul-zafxulSi gancdili samxedro-politikuri marcxis Semdeg isedac ukiduresad susti komunisturi moZraoba afxazeTSi saerTod gaqra. misi aRorZineba 1919w. gazafxulidan iwyeba, rasac xeli Seuwyo orma faqtorma: denikinis mier dakavebuli ekaterinodaridan, gansakuTrebiT soWis olqidan represiebs gamoqceuli bolSevikebis Camosvlam da saxalxo sabWos Suamdgomlobis (1919w. 20 marti) safuZvelze bolSevikur gamosvlebSi monawileTa mimarT amnistiis gamocxadebam. amis Semdeg n. lakoba 1919w. zafxulamde kodoris mazris komisrad msaxurobda. 1919w. aprilSi moxerxda droebiTi bolSevikuri komitetis (a.beliakovi, s.kuxaleiSvili, m. mgelaZe, i. Jvania, i. xioti da sxv.) Seqmna; imave wlis agvistoSi komunistebma daaarses axali iatakqveSa komiteti s.kuxaleiSvilis TavmjdomareobiT. 1920w. afxazeTis saolqo komitets sxvadasxva dros xelmZRvanelobdnen i.vigrianovi, n.svaniZe, n.aqirTava da s.kuxaleiSvili. bolSevikebTan mWidro kavSiri hqonda afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos separatistul nawils. m.caguria 1919 wlidan iyo ruseTis kompartiis wevri. d.alaniasa da i.marRaniasTan erTad 1920w. gazafxulze igi daapatimres bolSevikebTan TanamSromlobisaTvis; m. Tarnava 1920w. bolos afxaz bolSevikebTan (e. eSba, n. lakoba, k. inal-ifa, m. lakoba) erTad ruseTis kompartiis centraluri komitetis kavkasiis biurom (kavbiurom) miavlina TurqeTSi, sadac axladdafuZnebuli kompartiisaTvis (igi kavbiuros eqvemdebareboda) daxmareba unda aRmoeCinaT propagandistul saqmianobaSi, pirvel rigSi, kavkasiel muhajirTa STamomavlebs Soris. bolSevikuri moZraobis gamococxlebas xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris dadebulma xelSekrulebam (1920w. 7 maisi), romelic saqarTveloSi kompartiis legalizaciasac iTvaliswinebda. am moZraobas realurad TbilisSi ruseTis saelCo warmarTavda. elCis _ s. kirovis miTiTebiT soxumSi moqmedebda sagangebo komisia (v.ivanovi, v.sverdlovi, b.volxovski, muzikantski). mas evaleboda saelCosaTvis jaSuSuri cnobebis miwodeba. 1920w. oqtomberSi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom aRkveTa afxazeTSi bolSevikTa SeiaraRebuli gamosvla (daapatimra s. kuxaleiSvili, n. svaniZe da sxv.). dagegmili amboxebis moTaveebs mWidro kavSiri hqondaT gagris frontze ganlagebul sabWoTa ruseTis samxedro nawilebTan, saidanac miiRes SeiaraReba da didZali finansuri daxmareba (20 mln. man.). gagraSi moqmedi e.w. revoluciuri komiteti jaSuSur masalebs awvdida sabWoTa jarebs, frontis dasustebis mizniT agitacia-propagandas uwevda qarTuli jaris nawilebs. 1920w. maisidan gagraSi moqmed bolSevikur komitets hyavda Tavisi sabrZolo razmi; saqarTveloze wiTeli armiis Setevis momentisaTvis mas SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba unda daewyo; razmis uSualo amocanas `qarTuli frontis zurgis moSla~ da `gagris qarTuli frontis likvidacia warmoadgenda~. SeiaraRebuli ajanyebisaTvis mzadebas Tan axlda mosaxleobis ideologiuri damuSaveba, `avrcelebdnen xmebs afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan 1769
. iqve, gv. 108-110, 466-469, 787.
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Camocilebis Sesaxeb, urCevdnen afxazebs ruseTTan SeerTebas~1770. saxelmwifos mier miRebuli energiuli zomebis Sedegad afxazeTSi 1920w. bolosaTvis ganadgurebulma bolSevikurma organizaciebma 1921w. ianvarSi kvlav iwyes aRorZineba. 1920w. 2 ianvars s.orjonikiZe da s.kirovi ruseTis kompartiis ceka-s arwmunebdnen saqarTvelos ZaliT gasabWoebis aucileblobaSi da werdnen, rom saWiro ar aris uSualo Tavdasxma, aris `SesaZlebloba daviwyoT moZraoba afxazeTSi, aWaraSi, borCalos mazraSi~1771. imave wlis 25 ianvars sabWoTa ruseTis saelCos samxedro ataSe TbilisSi p.sitini moskovs acnobebda, rom muSaoba afxazeTSi warmatebiT midis, Seqmnilia aqtiuri partiuli muSakebis koleqtivi, soxumis garnizonSi ki samkaciani revoluciuri komiteti moqmedebda. p.sitinis SefasebiT, 1920w. bolos TbilisSi konstituciur sakiTxebze muSaobis CaSlam afxazeTSi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia da `es qmnis xelsayrel niadags CvenTvis~1772. 1921w. 14 Tebervals ruseTis kompartiis ck-s kavkasiis biuros (kavbiuro) miTiTebiT, afxazeTSi bolSevikTa saolqo komiteti Camoyalibda m.kargarodskaias (kavbiuros warmomadgeneli), e.sverdlovisa da i.Jvanias (Tavmjdomare) SemadgenlobiT. 18 Tebervals Seiqmna droebiTi revoluciuri komiteti (revkomi), romelSic Sevidnen i. Jvania (Tavmjdomare), e. sverdlovi da m.caguria. mis amocanas adgilobrivi revkomebisa da meamboxeTa razmis formireba warmoadgenda1773. im dReebSi m.caguriam miiRo kavbiuros warmomadgenlis a.sajaias werili, romelSic is aRniSnavda, rom male moxdeboda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damxoba da afxazeTs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba miecemoda; werilis avtori imeds gamoTqvamda, rom saxalxo sabWos damoukidebelTa fraqcia yvela zomas miiRebda `afxazeTis mSromeli masebis ganTavisuflebisaTvis... SemiZlia winaswar vTqva, _ werda a. sajaia, _ rom afxazeTs aqvs ufleba iseTive Tavisufali ganviTarebisa, rogoric misca sabWoTa ruseTma yofili ruseTis imperiis yvela mcirericxovan xalxs~1774. motanili masalebi adastureben, rom `revoluciuri~ moZraoba afxazeTSi inspirirebuli iyo garedan da imarTeboda araafxazi bolSevikebis mier. maT gaiTvaliswines 1918 wlis gamocdileba da TavianTi propagandistuli saqmianoba afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan `ganTavisuflebaze~, mis viTom TviTgamorkvevaze aages. 1921w. 25 Tebervals sabWoTa ruseTis me-11 armiam Tbilisi daikava, gagris mxridan Semosulma me-9 armiis nawilebma ki 4 marts soxumi daikaves; 6 marts arseboba Sewyvita afxazeTis droebiTma revkomma da Zalaufleba kavbiuros mier e.eSbas (Tavmjdomare), n.lakobasa da n.aqirTavas SemadgenlobiT Seqmnil saokupacio organos _ revkoms gadaeca. 1921w. martSi dasrulda saqarTvelos, maT Soris afxazeTis sruli okupacia Semdgomi aneqsiiT. daiwyo axali etapi saqarTvelos, maT Soris afxazeTis, istoriasa da qarTul-afxazur urTierTobebSi.
1770. 1771.
iqve, gv. 456, 785-786. saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 6 ivnisi. 1772. Борьба за Октябрь в Абхазии. Сб. док. и мат. 1917-1921 гг. Сухуми, 1967, gv. 172-173. 1773. iqve, gv. 175-176. ar Seesabameba sinamdviles, TiTqos Tebervlis Sua ricxvebSi Seqmnili revkomis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen e. eSba, n. lakoba da n. aqirTava (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 340). 1774. Борьба за Октябрь в Абхазии, gv. 175.
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Tavi XVII. afxazeTis politikuri statusi sabWoTa saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. 1921-1937ww. iZulebiT gasabWoebuli afxazeTi ruseTis kompartiis centraluri komitetis kavbiuros (mdivani g.orjonikiZe) gamgeblobis qveS moeqca. am organos mier daniSnuli afxazeTis revkomis wevrebs ar hqondaT Camoyalibebuli saboloo pozicia regionis momaval statusTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca jer kidev gasabWoebamde qarTveli da afxazi bolSevikebi moskovSi SeTanxmdnen avtonomiis uflebebiT afxazeTis saqarTvelos ssr SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Taobaze; am faqts e.eSbac adasturebda1775. gasabWoebis Semdeg sxva gadawyvetileba iqna miRebuli. 1921w. martis dasawyisSi afxazeTis revkomma kavbiuros sTxova ganmarteba ramdenime sakiTxze: `a) TurqeTis Sesaxeb, b) mTielTa avtonomiur respublikebs Soris (maT Soris afxazeTisa) urTierTobis Sesaxeb, g) afxazeTisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobis Sesaxeb~1776. unda vivaraudoT, rom TurqeTTan da mTielebTan (da ara sabWoTa ruseTTan) urTierTobis sakiTxis wina planze wamoweva XIX saukunis, aseve 1918 wlis zafxulis movlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT, seriozulad daafiqrebda sabWoTa ruseTis mesveurebsa da afxazeTSi mivlinebul mis warmomadgenlebs. axali winadadebis SemuSaveba moxda afxazeTis pasuxismgebel muSakTa or TaTbirze, romlebsac eswrebodnen da warmarTavdnen rkp ck-s kavbiuros rwmunebuli vinme liaki (Ляк), kavbiuros warmomadgeneli ivanicki da ruseTis IX saokupacio armiis samxedro sabWos wevri epSteini. am sami pirovnebis karnaxiT, afxazeTis revkomis mier v. leninisa da i. stalinis saxelze 1921w. 26 marts gagzavnil werilSi vkiTxulobT: `iqneba ki sabWoTa afxazeTi damoukidebeli (самостоятельная) respublika Tu administraciuli erTeuli da rogori iqneba saerTo politika afxazeTSi~1777; werilis avtorebi regionisaTvis administraciuli erTeulis statussac ar Takilobdnen, magram mizanSewonilad miiCnevdnen afxazeTis gamocxadebas saerTo rusul federaciaSi Semaval damoukidebel respublikad. amrigad, `damoukideblobis~ cneba maT esmodaT sabWouri gagebiT _ uSualod Sesvla ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi. aRniSnuli winadadeba motivirebuli iyo mosaxleobis viTomda antiqarTuli ganwyobiT. aseTive Sinaarsis werilebi gaigzavna rostovSi kavbiuros saxelze da TbilisSi imave kavbiuros xelmZRvanelTan _ g. orjonikiZesTan. es ukanaskneli 27 marts daeTanxma damoukidebel respublikad afxazeTis gamocxadebis ideas, magram uari Tqva ruseTTan federirebaze im motiviT, rom dasavleTi amas CaTvlida ruseTis mier afxazeTis aneqsiad1778. 1921w. 28 marts baTumSi gaimarTa saokupacio organoTa _ kavbiuros, saqarTvelos kompartiis xelmZRvanelobis da afxazeTis revkomis warmomadgenelTa TaTbiri g. orjonikiZis, S.eliavas, s.qavTaraZis, m.toroSeliZis, e.eSbasa da n.lakobas monawileobiT. maT ganixiles sakiTxi afxazeTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebisa da kompartiis struqturis Sesaxeb da daadgines: `afxazeTis sabWoebis yrilobamde (xazgasma avt.) sabWoTa afxazeTis rsfsr-sTan Tu saq. ssr-sTan federaciis sakiTxi rCeba Riad da afxazeTi cxaddeba socialistur respublikad. partiuli organizacia konferenciamde (xazgasma avt.) atarebs saxels _ rkp(b)-s orgbiuro afxazeTSi da muSaobs rkp(b) ck-is kavbiuros direqtivebis Sesabamisad. saqarTvelos revkomis dekretebi unda warmoadgendnen masalas (afxazeTis) revkomisaTvis, raTa orive revkomis moqmedebaSi winaaRmdegoba ar iyos~1779. TaTbiris es gadawyvetileba gaxda safuZveli 1921w. 31 marts afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis gamocxadebisa. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom 1921w. afxazeTis sakiTxi erTxelac ar gamxdara sabWoTa ruseTis centraluri partiuli Tu saxelmwifo organoebis msjelobis sagani. v. leninis werilebis, aseve misi biografiuli qronikis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, sabWoTa imperiis pirvel pirs uSualo Sexeba afxazeTTan, afxaz bolSevikebTan, miT umetes regionis statusis dadgenasTan ar hqonia1780. afxazeTTan dakavSirebuli yvela problema TbilisSi kavbiuros sxdomebze an g.orjonikiZesa da ruseTis erovnebaTa saqmis saxalxo komisars (ministrs) _ i.stalins Soris А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки, gv. 59. Б.Сагария. Образование и укрепление советской национальной государственности в Абхазии (1921-1938). Сухуми, 1981, gv.41. 1777. Трудящиеся Абхазии В. И. Ленину (1918, 1921-1924 гг.). Сб. док. Составил Г. Дзидзария. Сухуми, 1970, gv. 31. 1778. А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки…, gv. 59-60ö ix. agreTveÖ Г. К. Орджоникидзе. Статьи и речи, т. 1. М., 1956, gv. 200-201. 1779. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 469. 1780 . separatistuli istoriografia tyuis, roca afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis gamocxadebas v. leninis saxels ukavSirebs (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 430-431). afxazeTidan revkomis, sxva organizaciebis Tu pirebis mier v. leninisaTvis gagzavnili arcerTi werili, mimarTva, misalmeba (ix. Трудящиеся Абхазии В. И. Ленину...) mas piradad ar miuRia, ar ganuxilavs da arc pasuxi gaucia. 1775.
1776.
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sityvieri SeTanxmebiT wydeboda. afxazeTis damoukidebloba warmoadgenda wminda wylis fiqcias; moskovi, bunebrivia, mas ar aRiarebda. e.w. damoukidebloba mogonili iyo saqarTvelos daSoSminebis, damoukideblobis survilis samudamod Cakvlis mizniT. ruseTis yofilma samxedro ataSem saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi p.sitinma, romelic sabWoTa periodSic agrZelebda TbilisSi Tavis jaSuSur saqmianobas, 1921w. 22 aprils moskovs `qarTuli Sovinizmis~ (saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis) winaaRmdeg brZolis `gegma~ warudgina. sxvadasxva zomebis miRebasTan (ruseTis jarebis ganlageba upiratesad TurqeTis sazRvarTan, samegrelos avtonomizacia, rusuli mosaxleobis mxardaWera da gaaqtiureba, amierkavkasiis rkinigzis moskovisaTvis gadacema) erTad igi iTvaliswinebda ruseTis federaciis sazRvris gadatanas md. bzifamde, afxazeTSi plebiscitis Catarebas da ruseTTan mis mierTebas; es gamoiwvevda `qarTuli Sovinizmis~ dasustebas teritoriulad da materialurad~1781. afxazeTis uSualod ruseTTan SeerTebas p. sitini imitomac moiTxovda, rom sxva SemTxvevaSi igi mTielTa respublikasTan gaerTiandeboda da maSin, garTulebis dros, ruseTs Seeqmneboda `dabrkoleba zRvidan zRvamde~1782. ruseTis saokupacio saxelisuflebo organom saqarTveloSi _ revkomma 1921w. 21 maiss aRiara afxazeTis ssr, magram iqve gamoTqva imedi, rom sakiTxi saqarTvelos ssr da afxazeTis ssr urTierTobis Sesaxeb sabolood gadawydeboda orive respublikis `muSaTa da glexTa sabWoebis pirvel yrilobaze~1783. es aRiarebac formalur xasiaTs atarebda. saqarTvelos revkoms afxazeTis statusis sakiTxi saerTod ar ganuxilavs, maT Soris arc 21 maiss. sabWoTa afxazeTis xelmZRvanelebi e.eSba da gansakuTrebiT n.lakoba xSirad usvamdnen xazs, rom `damoukidebloba~ gamocxadda droebiT, `erTi wuTiT~, rom es iyo mxolod `abra~ da a. S.1784 afxazeTis mSromelTa warmomadgenlebis I yrilobam (1921w. 28 maisi), ufro sworad, misma organizatorebma gaiTvaliswines es garemoeba da SekrebilT miaRebines gadawyvetileba rogorc `damoukideblobis~ mowonebis, ise yvela sabWoTa respublikis mSromelebTan, `pirvel rigSi, kulturiT, ekonomikuri da geografiuli mdgomareobiT, yofiT yvelaze axlos mdgomi sabWoTa saqarTvelos muSebTan da glexebTan~ umWidroesi kavSiris damyarebis Sesaxeb; yrilobam imedi gamoTqva, rom saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis sabWoebis I yriloba `sabolood gansazRvravda afxazeTisa da saqarTvelos Zmuri TanamSromlobis formebs~1785. yrilobaze e.eSbam isic ganacxada, rom `sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis ar arsebobs erovnuli sakiTxi~1786. afxazeTi `erTi wuTiTac~ ar yofila realurad damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli. regionis mmarTveli partiuli da saxelmwifo struqturebis, maTi piradi Semadgenlobis (gansakuTrebiT xelmZRvanelebis) damtkiceba xdeboda qarTveli bolSevikebis xelmZRvanelobiT TbilisSi moqmedi kavbiuros gadawyvetilebiT. sabWoTa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo struqturebi, yvelaze xSirad Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati da misi sammarTveloebi afxazeTis revkoms ugzavnidnen TavianT gankargulebebs, Tanac qarTul enaze `cnobad da saxelmZRvanelod~, `sisworiT Sesasruleblad~ da a.S. ase, magaliTad, saqarTvelos Ss saxalxo komisariatis ltolvilTa mTavarma sammarTvelom n. sokolovskis xelmoweriT 1921w. 3 agvistos cirkularuli werili gaugzavna `saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis mazrebisa da qalaqebis, afxazeTis da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis (xazgasma avt.) revkomebis Tavmjdomareebs~ da mosTxova, `arc erTi ltolvili ar iqnes SemoSvebuli sabWoTa saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi~1787. n.sokolovskis mSvenivrad esmoda, rom `damoukidebeli~ afxazeTi sinamdvileSi warmoadgenda avtonomiur respublikas saqarTvelos farglebSi. SemdgomSic Ss saxalxo komisariats araerTxel gamougzavnia soxumSi Sesasruleblad savaldebulo gankargulebebi1788. saqarTvelos revkomic afxazeTs sakuTar teritoriad miiCnevda. 1921w. 14 aprilis sxdomaze man ganixila tyvarCelis maRaroebis sakiTxi, 21 aprils 1 miliardi maneTis krediti gauxsna afxazeTs, 30 maiss imsjela bzifis 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788
. . . . . . . .
Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 470. iqve, gv. 471. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 117. iqve, gv. 118. Укрепление советской власти в Абхазии. Сб. док. и мат. (1921-1925 гг.). Сухуми, 1957, gv. 44-51. iqve, gv. 47. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 480. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 118-119.
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koncesiebis Sesaxeb (es sakiTxi mravaljer iqna ganxiluli)1789. igive sakiTxi saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-m afxazeTis damoukideblobis `aRiarebis~ dRes _ 1921w. 21 maiss ganixila da daadgina, rom araa winaaRmdegi saqarTvelos `mTavrobis mier am koncesiis dadebisa, Tu is aris soliduri da saqarTvelos kompartiis ceka ar miiCnevda afxazeTs sasargeblo~1790. `damoukidebel~ respublikad da Tavis TezisebSi (Tbilisis komitetTan erTad) aRniSnavda, rom `amierkavkasiis damoukidebeli respublikebis (saqarTvelo, somxeTi, azerbaijani) Zalisxmevis gaerTianeba samokavSireo xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, nakarnaxevia~ saerTaSoriso da saSinao pirobebiT1791. `damoukidebel~ respublikebs Soris, rogorc vxedavT, afxazeTi ar Cans. sabWoTa ruseTis centraluri xelisuflebis politikis gamtarebeli kavkasiaSi _ kompartiis ck-s kavbiuro afxazeTs damoukidebel respublikad ar Tvlida. aRniSnuli organos plenarul sxdomebs afxazeTis, mTielTa respublikisa da daRestnis, rogorc avtonomiebis, warmomadgenlebi mxolod saTaTbiro xmis uflebiT eswrebodnen. 1921w. 2-3 ivliss kavbiuros plenumma `saWirod cno amierkavkasiis respublikebis (saqarTvelo, azerbaijani, somxeTi) damoukideblobis cxovrebaSi gatareba~1792, .`damoukidebel~ afxazeTze ki saubari ar yofila. misi realuri statusi zogjer ufro dabali Canda, vidre daRestnisa da mTielTa avtonomiuri respublikebisa, naxiWevanisa da yabardosi. maTgan gansxvavebiT, afxazeTi ar Sedioda uSualod kavkasiis ekonomikur kavSirSi (Seiqmna 1921w. agvistoSi); `damoukidebeli~ afxazeTi ver moxvda aseve kavbiuros mier 1921w. 16 agvistos Seqmnil ekonomikur biuroSi, romelic saqarTvelos, somxeTsa da azerbaijans aerTianebda1793. afxazeTis dabal statusze miuTiTebs v.leninis 1921w. 14 aprilis werili kavkasieli komunistebisadmi, romlis adresatebi iyvnen azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos, somxeTis, daRestnisa da mTielTa respublikebis bolSevikuri organizaciebi1794, magram ara afxazeTi. is ar moixsenieba v. leninis mier 1921w. 28 noembers daweril rkp(b) ck-s politbiuros dadgenilebis proeqtSi amierkavkasiis respublikebis federaciis Sesaxeb. masSi mxolod saqarTveloze, azerbaijansa da somxeTzea saubari1795. `damoukidebeli~ afxazeTi v.lenins orivejer imitom `gamorCa~, rom oficialuri moskovi, rogorc ukve iTqva, mas ar aRiarebda da saqarTvelos farglebSi gulisxmobda.es faqti v.leninma kidev erTxel daadastura 1921w. 1 seqtembers, roca mas warudgines saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis mTavrobebis mier bzifis xe-tyis damuSavebis Taobaze dadebuli sakoncesio xelSekrulebis teqsti. amasTan dakavSirebiT `beladma~ mTavrobis saqmeTa mmarTvelis TanaSemwes v.smolianinovs daavala, gaerkvia, daicva Tu ara saqarTvelos mTavrobam (afxazeTsa da mis mTavrobas amjeradac ar axsenebda) is piroba, rom sakoncesio xelSekrulebebis dadeba rsfsr-s mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebis gareSe ar SeiZleba1796. sabWoTa ruseTi amierkavkasiaSi, marTalia, formalurad, magram mainc cnobda mxolod sam damoukidebel respublikas: saqarTvelos, azerbaijans da somxeTs. samive respublikasTan ruseTma xeli moawera samokavSireo xelSekrulebebs (saqarTvelosTan aseTi xelSekruleba 1921w. 21 maiss daido)1797, gacvala warmomadgenlobebi.afxazeTi aseT `pativs~ moklebuli iyo. ar arsebobs rkp(b) ck-s, 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797
. . . . . . . . .
iqve, gv. 120. iqve, gv. 121. Правда Грузии, 1921, 22 ноября. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 121. iqve, gv. 121-122. В. И. Ленин. Полн. собр. соч., т. 43, gv. 198-200. iqve, t. 44, gv. 255. В. И. Ленин. Биографическая хроника, т. XI. М., 1980, gv. 270. m. vaCnaZe, v. guruli. ruseTTan erTad da uruseTod. Tb., 2007, gv. 59-60.
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ruseTis saxalxo komisarTa sabWos (mTavrobis), muSaTa, jariskacTa da glexTa sabWoebis yrilobis (umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos), an cakis _ sabWoebis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis (yrilobebs Soris moqmedi umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo) Tundac erTi dokumenti, sadac afxazeTi `damoukidebel~ respublikad (an saerTod) moixsenieba. rac Seexeba iseT specialur organos, rogoric iyo ruseTis erovnebaTa saqmis saxalxo komisariati, is afxazeTs saqarTvelos avtonomiur nawilad ganixilavda. am uwyebis xelmZRvaneli i.stalini 1921w. 1 seqtembers sruliad ruseTis cak-is mdivans a.enuqiZes swerda: `afxazeTi aris damoukidebeli saqarTvelos nawili, amis gamo damoukidebeli warmomadgenlobebi ruseTSi ar hyavs da arc unda hyavdes. amitom kreditis miReba rsfsr-dan mas ar SeuZlia~1798. i.stalini, rogorc ruseTis muSur-glexuri inspeqciis Tavmjdomare (mas mTavrobaSi ori uwyebis xelmZRvanelis posti eWira), 1921w. 13 seqtembers imave a. enuqiZes acnobebda, rom saqarTvelos finansTa saxalxo komisariatis Tanxmobis gareSe afxazeTisaTvis fulis gamoyofa dauSvebelia1799. saubaric ki zedmetia imaze, rom afxazeTi odesme yofila saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqti. am dros saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani formalurad jer kidev rCebodnen saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebad. 1921w. 13 oqtombers maT xelic moaweres yarsis xelSekrulebas TurqeTTan. afxazeTi, cxadia, msgavs dokumentebs xels ar awerda. amrigad, savsebiT naTelia, rom afxazeTi sabWoTa gagebiTac ki ar warmoadgenda damoukidebel (uSualod moskovs daqvemdebarebul) politikur erTeuls. 1921 welsac is rCeboda saqarTvelos gansakuTrebuli statusis mqone nawilad da formalurad, droebiT, `erTi wuTiT~ sabWoTa socialistur respublikad iwodeboda. imave wels daisva sakiTxi da daiwyo praqtikuli nabijebis gadadgma arsebuli formalobis aRmosafxvrelad, rusuli aneqsiis Sedegad centrsa (Tbilissa) da regions (soxums) Soris droebiT warmoqmnili samarTlebrivi vakuumis Sesavsebad. 1921w. 5 ivliss kavbiurom miiRo gadawyvetileba, gaweul iqnes partiuli muSaoba im mimarTulebiT, rom avtonomiuri respublikis saxiT afxazeTi Sevides saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi1800. imave wlis 23 ivliss afxazeTis pasuxismgebel muSakTa TaTbirze n.lakobam ganacxada: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo an afxazeTi damoukideblebi arian sameurneo da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, magram politikurad yvela isini centrs emorCilebian kompartiis meSveobiT saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-sa da rkp ck-s kavbiuros saxiT, amitom savsebiT sul erTia, visTanac unda moaxdinos afxazeTma federireba~; n.lakoba saubrobda saqarTvelos ruseTTan mierTebis SeuZleblobaze da saqarTvelosTan federirebis aucileblobaze, gamomdinare eTnografiuli, istoriuli da yofacxovrebiTi pirobebidan. TaTbirma Tavis rezoluciaSi aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos revkomis deklaracia damoukideblobis Sesaxeb (1921w. 21 maisi) aZlevs afxaz xalxs `maqsimaluri avtonomiuri uflebebis garantias~, sruli damoukidebloba ki `praqtikulad ganuxorcielebelia~; amitom TaTbirma axlo momavalSi saqarTvelosTan federaciuli kavSiris damyarebis rwmena gamoTqva1801. igive gadawyvetileba miiRo pasuxismgebeli muSakebis 1921w. 15 oqtombris TaTbirmac1802. aseTive iyo `mSromelTa~ (maTi saxeliT spekulirebdnen bolSevikebi), gansakuTrebiT samurzayanoelTa survili1803, rom araferi vTqvaT afxazeTis sxva raionebSi mcxovrebTa umravlesobazec _ ZiriTadad qarTvelobaze1804. 1921w. 1 noembers kavbiurom saWirod miiCnia afxazeT-saqarTvelos momavali xelSekrulebis proeqtis SemuSaveba, risTvisac Seiqmna komisia e.eSbas, S.eliavasa da saqarTveloSi ruseTis . А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки…, gv. 67. . iqve; afxazeTs afinansebda saqarTvelos revkomi; afxazeTis revkomi ki valdebuli iyo, waredgina misTvis xarjTaRricxva da Sesabamisi angariSebi; saqarTvelos biujetis SevsebaSi afxazeTi 1921 welsac monawileobda (j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 118-120). 1800 . j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 123. 1801 . iqve, gv. 123-124; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 475. 1802 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 481. 1803 . social-federalisti, 1921, 20 ivlisi. 1804 . kavbiuros moTxovniT, afxazeTSi rkp(b)-s orgbiuros mier mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenlobis Taobaze TbilisSi gagzavnili cnobis mixedviT, afxazeTis mTeli mosaxleobis (181382 kaci) 38,5%-s qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, mTielebi da afxazebi _ 25%-s, aziuri xalxebi _ 11,1%-s, rusebi _ 9,9%-s, evropeli xalxebi _ 7,6%-s, somxebi _ 7,5%-s, ebraelebi _ 0,3%-s (j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 124). 1798
1799
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warmomadgenlis _ legranis (komisiis Tav-re) monawileobiT. aTdRian vadaSi mas unda daesrulebina xelSekrulebis proeqtis SemuSaveba. 14 noembers e.eSbam amierkavkasiis federaciaSi afxazeTis uSualod (da ara saqarTvelos meSveobiT) Sesvlis winadadeba wamoayena (SesaZloa, wamoayenebines)1805. kavbiuros 1921 wlis 16 noembris gadawyvetileba iyo Taviseburi pasuxi e. eSbas axal `iniciativaze~: `1. ekonomikurad da politikurad mizanSeuwonlad CaiTvalos damoukidebeli afxazeTis arseboba. 2. winadadeba mieces amxanag eSbas, warmoadginos Tavisi saboloo daskvna saxelSekrulebo sawyisebze afxazeTis saqarTvelos federaciis SemadgenlobaSi an avtonomiuri olqis sawyisebze rsfsr-Si Sesvlis Sesaxeb~1806. kavbiuros es dadgenileba mniSvnelovania imiT,rom masSi gansazRvrulia afxazeTis statusi sabWoTa ruseTis kriteriumebis mixedviT _ avtonomiuri olqi. ufro maRali statusi mas eZleoda imisaTvis, rom moskovis xelSi yofiliyo damoukideblobisaken saqarTvelos swrafvis Semaferxebeli berketi. sabWoTa saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis afxazeTze srulad gavrcelebis gzaze didi mniSvneloba hqonda kavbiuros 1921w. 21 noembris gadawyvetilebas afxazeTSi rkp-s orgbiuros organizaciulad saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-sTan dakavSirebisa da am ukanasknelis SemadgenlobaSi e.eSbas Seyvanis Sesaxeb1807. 1921w. 16 dekembers saqarTvelom da afxazeTma xeli moaweres sakavSiro xelSekrulebas1808. dokumentis meoTxe punqti pirdapir miuTiTebda, rom afxazeTi gaxda kavSiris ara sruluflebiani wevri, aramed saqarTvelos Semadgeneli nawili. masSi naTqvamia: `yvela samxareo gaerTianebaSi, kerZod, amierkavkasiis respublikebis federaciaSi afxazeTi Sedis saqarTvelos meSveobTT, romelic aZlevs mas Tavisi adgilebis erT mesameds~1809. afxazeTis sabWoebis pirvelma yrilobam 1922w. 17 Tebervals moiwona xelSekruleba saqarTvelosTan. afxazeTis ssr-s Sesvla saqarTvelos ssr-s SemadgenlobaSi daadastura sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoebis I yrilobaze (1922w. 25 II _ 3 III) miRebulma konstituciam, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `saqarTvelos socialistur sabWoTa respublikaSi Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis safuZvelze Sedian: aWaris avtonomiuri socialisturi sabWoTa respublika, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi da afxazeTis socialisturi sabWoTa respublika; ukanaskneli ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos socialistur sabWoTa respublikas _ am respublikaTa Soris dadebul, gansakuTrebul sakavSiro xelSekrulebis safuZvelze~1810. miuxedavad aseTi mkafio Canawerisa saqarTvelos konstituciaSi, separatistuli istoriografia amtkicebs, TiTqos afxazeTis ssr ar Sedioda saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi1811, magram ar ambobs (da verc ityvis), romeli respublikis Tu qveynis nawils warmoadgenda igi. afxazeTi ar Sedioda amierkavkasiis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi; is ar aris moxseniebuli amierkavkasiis respublikebis sakavSiro xelSekrulebaSi (1922w. 12 marti)1812, agreTve amierkavkasiis federaciis konstituciaSi (1922w. 13 dekemberi)1813. vinaidan afxazeTi amierkavkasiis federaciis subieqtic ki ar iyo, cxadia, is ver gaxdeboda ssr kavSiris dafuZnebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis (1922w. 30 dekemberi)1814 uSualo monawile. sicruea, TiTqos am dokuments xeli moawera `afxazeTis ssrs warmomadgenelma n.aqirTavam~1815. sinamdvileSi, aRniSnul xelSekrulebas xeli moaweres mxolod ruseTis federaciis, ukrainis, belorusiisa da amierkavkasiis federaciis warmomadgenlebma. amierkavkasiis saxeliT dokuments xels awerda 22 kaci, maT Soris iyo ara n. aqirTava, aramed n. lakoba1816. faqtobrivad da iuridiulad afxazeTis ssr warmoadgenda avtonomiur res-publikas. am statusiT moixsenieba igi saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s 1922w. 27 Te-bervlis dadgenilebaSi centralur aRmasrulebel komitetSi adgilebis gada-nawilebis Sesaxeb: `mieces: centrs 35, afxazeTis, aWaris avtonomiur 1805. 1921w. 14 noembers saq. kompartiis ck-s plenumma moiwona rkp(b) ck-s kavbiuros gadawyvetileba amierkavkasiis respublikebis federaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb (Очерки истории коммунистической партии Грузии, ч. II. Тб., 1983, gv. 28), magram am ideas bevri mowinaaRmdegec (b. mdivani da sxv.) hyavda. isini `nacional-uklonistebad~ monaTles. rogorc Cans, e.eSbam gadawyvita, esargebla am viTarebiT. arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom `nacional-uklonistebis~ dasaSineblad mas daevala msgavsi winadadebis wamoyeneba. 1806 . j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 125; Л. Тоидзе. К вопросу о политическом статусе Абхазии, gv. 16-17. 1807 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 482. 1808 . xelSekrulebas saqarTvelos saxeliT xeli moawera s. qavTaraZem, afxazeTis saxeliT _ e. eSbam da s. kartoziam. 1809 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 483-484. 1810 . saqarTvelos ssr konstituciuri aqtebis krebuli (1921-1978). Tb., 1983, gv. 73. 1811 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 342 1812 . Образование Союза Советских Социалистических Республик. Сб. док. М., 1972, gv. 257-259. 1813 . iqve, gv. 349-359. 1814 . iqve, gv. 381-386. 1815 . О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 342. 1816 . Правда,1922, 31 декабря.
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respublikebs sam-sami adgili~1817. afxazeTis partiuli da saxelmwifo struqturebi saqarTvelos Sesabamisi struqturebis Semadgenelni da mis winaSe angariSvaldebulni gaxdnen1818. maleve daiwyo winaswari msjelobebi konstituciidan cnebis _ `saxelSekrulebo respublika~ amoRebis Sesaxeb. amis Taobaze saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s mdivans beso lominaZes usaubria nestor lakobasTan. saqarTvelos kompartiis III yrilobas 1924w. 8 maiss n.lakoba moaxsenebda: `axla lominaZe micxadebs, rom erT weliwadSi amovSliT sityvas `saxelSekrulebo respublika~... Cven ubralod vambobT, rom varT saxelSekrulebo respublika, da me myofnis gambedaoba, ganvacxado, rom afxazeTis glexoba or weliwadSi am sityvebsac amoSlis~; gaixsena ra, Tu rogor upirispirebda mefis xelisufleba `kulturul qarTvel ers afxazur erovnebas (народность)~, n.lakoba agrZelebda: `afxazebs istoriuli TvalTaxedviT rom miudgeT, ra Tqma unda, araviTari rolis TamaSi kacobriobis istoriaSi ar SeeZloT, Tundac imitom, rom am xalxs... ara aqvs arc Tavisi istoria, arc Tavisi damwerloba, arc Tavisi literatura~1819. afxazeTs saqarTvelos avtonomiad miiCnevda regionis `damoukideblobis~ gamocxadebaze sanqciis mimcemi g. orjonikiZec. 1923w. 21 dekembers afxazeTis sabWoebis meore yrilobaze man ganacxada: `afxazebma unda icodnen, rom afxazeTi avtonomiuri respublikaa da Tanasworia Cvens kavSirSi~1820. amis Sesaxeb dRemde araferi `icis~ mxolod separatistulma istoriografiam. g. orjonikiZem 1924w. 5 seqtembers Tbilisis sabWos sxdomaze gamosvlisas afxazeTi kvlav avtonomiur respublikad moixsenia1821. igive gaimeora man rkp(b) ck-s 1924w. plenumze: `Cvenma avtonomiurma respublikebma da olqebma (aWara, afxazeTi, samxreT oseTi) da araqarTveli mosaxleobis raionebSi ar isargebles ajanyebiT (1924w. _ avt.) separatistuli miznebisaTvis~1822. aseTi iyo (avtonomia) afxazeTis namdvili statusi. afxazeTis istoriis falsifikatorebi arc ssr kavSiris 1924w. konstitucias uweven angariSs; masSi ki SaviT TeTrze weria: `avtonomiuri respublikebi aWara da afxazeTi da avtonomiuri olqebi samxreT oseTi, mTiani yarabaxi da naxiWevani erovnebaTa sabWoSi TiTo warmomadgenels agzavnian~1823. gamodis, rom `damoukidebel~ afxazeTs realurad iseTive statusi hqonda, rogorc avtonomiur olqebs1824. afxazeTis sabWoebis III yrilobam (1925w. 26 marti _ 1 aprili) 1925 wlis 1 aprils yovelgvari ganxilvis gareSe daamtkica konstitucia, romelic faqtobrivad imeorebda saqarTvelos 1922 wlis konstitucias. am mizezis gamo is ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos, amierkavkasiisa da ssr kavSiris konstituciebs, saqarTvelosTan dadebul xelSekrulebas. soxumSi miRebuli konstituciis mixedviT, afxazeTi cxaddeboda suverenul respublikad; masSi deklarirebuli iyo amierkavkasiis federaciidan da ssr kavSiridan Tavisufali gasvlis ufleba; saxelmwifo enad rusuli dgindeboda1825. marTali gaxldaT n. lakoba, roca dokuments sul male man `konstituciuri sisulele~, sulelurad dawerili konstitucia uwoda1826, Tumca Tavad brZandeboda misi mTavari Semoqmedi. ZiriTadi `sisulele~ imaSi mdgomareobda, rom konstituciaSi ignorirebuli iyo gansakuTrebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze afxazeTis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi yofnisa da mxolod misi meSveobiT (da ara nebayoflobiT) amierkavkasiis federaciaSi, am ukanasknelis meSveobiT ki ssr kavSirSi gaerTianebis faqti. gamomdinare aqedan, is veranairad ver iqneboda suverenuli respublika, ver gavidoda amierkavkasiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan, vinaidan ar gaxldaT maTi subieqti; saxelmwifo enad ara afxazuris, aramed ucxo enis gamocxadebac sulac ar miuTiTebda afxazeTis suverenitetze. 1925 wlis konstitucia ar gamoqveynebula1827, Sesabamisad, ZalaSi ar Sesula. ufro metic, sabWoebis III yrilobis biuletenSi, romelic afxazeTis centralurma aRmasrulebelma komitetma (caki) gamosca, naTqvamia: `yrilobam gadawyvita, dasruldes muSaoba yrilobisaTvis wardgenil proeqtze, moyvanil iqnes
1817
. z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 98. . iqve, gv. 98-99. 1819 . Л. Тоидзе. К вопросу о политическом статусе Абхазии, gv. 29-30. avtori uTiTebs pirvelwyaros: politikuri partiebis arqivi (q. Tbilisi), f. 14, aRw. 2, s. 1, f. 230-235. 1820 . Съезды Советов Абхазии. Сб. док. и мат. 1922-1923. Сухуми, 1959, gv. 153. 1821 . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 99. 1822 . saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 19 Tebervali (plenumis oqmebis publikacia z. gamsaxurdias winasityvaobiT). 1823 . Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 489. 1824. ssr kavSiris 1924 w. konstituciis (IV, 15) mixedviT, ruseTis federaciis avtonomiuri respublikebi erovnebaTa sabWoSi agzavnidnen xuT-xuT warmomadgenels (e. i. xuTjer mets, vidre `damoukidebeli~ afxazeTi), xolo avtonomiuri olqebi _ TiTos (rogorc afxazeTi). 1825. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 489-490. 1826. Н. А. Лакоба. Статьи и речи. Сухуми, 1987, gv. 177; Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 491. 1827. pirvelad gamoqveynda krebulSi: Съезды Советов союзных и автономных советских социалистических республик Закавказья. Сборник документов (1923-1937 гг.), т. 6, М., 1964, gv. 686-700. 1818
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igi SesabamisobaSi saqarTvelos ssr da amierkavkasiis sfsr konstituciebTan~1828. amrigad, afxazeTis cakma 1925w. 1 aprils namdvilad miRebuli konstitucia, romelic arsad ganxilula da ar gamoqveynebula, aRiara mxolod proeqtad. am faqts malavs separatistuli istoriografia. ruseTis kompartiis amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetma 1925w. 6 seqtembers afxazeTis konstituciasTan dakavSirebiT daamtkica samxareo cak-is komisiis winadadebebi da daadgina: `1. aucileblad saWirod iqnas cnobili, rom afxazeTis ssr-sa da saqarTvelos ssr-s Soris urTierToba gaformdes konstituciuri wesiT da gadaisinjos afxazeTis sabWoebis III yrilobaze miRebuli konstitucia. 2. winadadeba mieces partiis afxazeTis saolqo komitets da saxalxo komisarTa sabWos erovnuli sakiTxis daregulirebis mizniT amierkavkasiis cakisa da saqarTvelos cakis arsebuli dekretebis safuZvelze SeimuSaos proeqti enebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb da warudginos saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s. 3. sabWoTa da profesiuli organoebis arCevisas mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli raionisa da mazris erovnuli Semadgenloba~1829. afxazeTis konstituciis sakiTxi 1925w. 6 da 31 ivliss ganixiles saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur komitetSi1830. imave wlis 11 seqtembers saqarTvelos kompartiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetis biurom cak-s da mTavrobas daavala afxazeTis konstituciis im muxlebis gadasinjva, romlebic saqarTvelosTan urTierTobas exebodnen, agreTve konstituciis axali proeqtis momzadeba. sakonstitucio komisiam n. lakobas xelmZRvanelobiT mokle vadaSi moamzada afxazeTis konstituciaSi Sesatani cvlilebebis proeqti da 1925w. 27 seqtembers saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s samdivnos warudgina dasamtkiceblad. samdivnom proeqti moiwona. cvlilebebi Seexeboda `suverenitetisa~ da saxelmwifo enis (enebis) sakiTxebs. axali proeqtiT afxazeTis xelisuflebis damoukidebloba izRudeboda ara mxolod amierkavkasiisa da ssr kavSiris konstituciebiT (pirvandeli varianti), aramed saqarTvelosTan saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebiTac. saxelmwifo enebad cxaddeboda afxazuri, qarTuli da rusuli1831. aRniSnulma cvlilebebma asaxva hpoves afxazeTis 1926w. konstituciaSi. mis miRebas win uZRvoda saqarTvelos konstituciis damtkiceba 1926w. 11-16 ivniss soxumSi gamarTul sruliad saqarTvelos cakis III sesiaze. saqarTvelos mTavrobis angariSi sesias S.eliavam warudgina. rogorc `didi eris~ warmomadgenelma, man dagmo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis menSevikuri mTavroba, romelic, oratoris mtkicebiT, afxazeTs ganixilavda ara avtonomiur respublikad, aramed qveynis provinciad. isaubra ra bolSevikuri erovnuli politikis `miRwevebze~, S.eliavam ganacxada: `bunebrivia, afxazeTic, romelic erTgvar xelSekrulebis pirobebSi Sedis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, Tavis Tavs am didi kavSiris nawilad grZnobs1832.~ afxazeTis mTavrobis angariSiT saqarTvelos cakis sesiaze n.lakoba wardga. rogorc `mcire eris~ warmomadgeneli, is sxva erebis interesebis dacvaze da saqarTvelosTan kavSirze saubrobda. `afxazeTis respublika, _ Tqva n.lakobam, _ zogierTs esmis ise, rom Tu respublikas afxazeTisas uwodeben, es imas niSnavs, rom respublika mxolod afxazebisaTvis aris. aseTi Sexeduleba ar Seesabameba saqmis namdvil mdgomareobas afxazeTSi. aq umTavresi erebi Tavisi ricxviT da xvedriTi woniT, arian afxazebi, qarTvelebi, somxebi, rusebi da berZnebi~. momxsenebelma yuradReba gaamaxvila politikur mowinaaRmdegeebze: `ai, ras emyarebian isini: afxazeTi moindomebs _ wava saqarTvelodan, moindomebs _ darCeba saqarTveloSi, _ dasZenda n.lakoba. _ imisaTvis, rom amis Sesaxeb ar iyos odesme raime gaugebroba, saWiroa, sruliad gadaWriT ganvacxadoT, rom afxazeTs saqarTvelodan wasvla ar SeuZlia, ar aqvs ganzraxva da arc surs es. magram sabWoTa saqarTvelosTan erTad afxazeTi wava Tugind saiqioSi~1833. sesiaze sityviT gamovida soxumSi Camosuli rkp(b)-s kavkasiis samxareo komitetis pirveli mdivani mamia oraxelaSvili (14 ivnisi). man aseve dagmo afxazeTis `mCagvreli~ saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika; ganacxada, rom `afxazeTis respublikas umTavresad, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, sawarmoo xasiaTi aqvs. is mowodebulia Seqmnas da gamoasworos savsebiT afxazeTis mSromelTa kultura~ (anu daamyaros faqtobrivi Tanasworoba, rogorc im periodSi qadagebda kompartia)1834; m.oraxelaSvili akritikebda afxazeTis respublikis Seqmnis mowinaaRmdegeebs, aseve im pirebs, vinc, TiTqos, Seegua 1828. Съезды советов..., t. VI, gv. 673. wyarod miTiTebulia `Бюллетень III Всеабхазского съезда советов. Изд. АбЦИК, 1925, gv. 10-11. 1829. Л. Тоидзе. К вопросу о политическом статусе Абхазии, gv. 25. 1830 История Абхазской АССР. Сухуми, 1983, gv. 197. 1831. Л. Тоидзе. К вопросу о политическом статусе Абхазии, gv. 25 1832. komunisti, 1926, 13 ivnisi. 1833. komunisti, 926 w. 15 ivnisi. 1834. И. В. Сталин. Соч., т. 5. М., 1953, gv. 24, 35-36, 38, 188-189 da a. S.
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aseTi respublikis Seqmnis faqts, magram, oratoris TqmiT, qarTuli umravlesobisaTvis1835 gabatonebuli mdgomareobis uzrunvelyofas moiTxovda. umciresobaSi afxazTa yofnas `rodi aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, _ acxadebda m.oraxelaSvili. _ Cven rom gvindodes afxazeTis gadaqceva saqarTvelos respublikis meore gamocemad, es sasacilo iqneboda. Cven saqarTvelos respublikis dublikati ar Segviqmnia da arc vfiqrobT mis Seqmnas. amitom, cxadia, Cven ar SegviZlia sakiTxis ase dayeneba, rom raki afxazeTSi qarTuli mosaxleoba umravlesobas warmoadgens, amitom Zalaufleba, pirveloba da politikuri xelisuflebis yvela upiratesoba mosaxleobis qarTul nawils unda ekuTvnodes~1836. S. eliavas, n. lakobasa da m. oraxelaSvilis gamosvlebSi mkacrad iyo daculi XXs. 20-30-ian wlebSi kompartiis e.w. erovnuli politikis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi didmpyrobelur SovinizmTan da `wvrilburJuaziul~ 1837 nacionalizmTan brZolis aucileblobis Sesaxeb . am farisevluri politikis Sesabamisad, qarTvel bolSevikebs evalebodaT `qarTuli Sovinizmis~ dagmoba da afxazebis dacva1838; afxaz bolSevikebs ki unda esaubraT nacionalistur gadaxrebze afxazeTSi da saqarTvelosTan mWidro kavSiris aucileblobaze. asec moiqcnen ZiriTadi gamomsvlelebi saqarTvelos cakis III yrilobaze, magram realurad arsebuli problemebis mogvareba msgavs gamosvlebs, cxadia, ar SeeZlo. SeuZlebelia, gverdi avuaroT sesiis 13 ivnisis sxdomaze afxazi glexis, vinme maTuas gamosvlas. man ilaparaka 1877w. TurqeTSi gadasaxlebulTa gaWirvebul mdgomareobaze da sTxova mTavrobas, `miiRos zomebi muhajirebis samSobloSi dasabruneblad~1839. Tavis droze saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Zalian axlos iyo aRniSnuli problemis gadaWrasTan (aqve, gv. 302), magram maqsimumi, risi gakeTebac moskovis diqtats daqvemdebarebul sabWoTa saqarTvelos SeeZlo, iyo cakis sesiaze maTuas gamosvlis organizeba (an winaaRmdegobis argaweva) da amis Sesaxeb gazeTSi mokle informaciis gamoqveyneba. saqarTvelos cakis III sesiam soxumSi miiRo saqarTvelos ssr-is axali konstitucia; misi V Tavi _ `mokavSire afxazeTis socialisturi sabWoTa respublika~ mTlianad eZRvneboda saqarTvelos ssr da afxazeTis ssr Soris urTierTobis konstituciuri wesiT daregulirebas1840. saqarTvelos ZiriTadi kanonis es nawili (V Tavi) ucvlelad Sevida sabWoTa afxazeTis faqtobrivad pirvel konstituciaSi da Seadgina misi meore Tavi. 1926w. 27 oqtombers igi miiRo afxazeTis muSaTa, glexTa da wiTelarmielTa sabWoebis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis (caki) III sesiam1841 da sabolood daamtkica afxazeTis sabWoebis IV yrilobam (1927w. 5-10 marti). konstituciaSi orjer aris dafiqsirebuli (muxlebi 2 da 17), rom afxazeTis ssr `gansakuTrebuli xelSekrulebis ZaliT Sedis~ saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, xolo misi meSveobiT _ amierkavkasiis federaciaSi. saxelmwifo enad aRiarebulia afxazuri, qarTuli da rusuli (muxli 8); Tbilissa da soxums Soris uflebamosilebas mijnavda 21-e muxli. afxazeTis Sinagan saqmeTa, iusticiis, ganaTlebis, jandacvis, miwaTmoqmedebis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxalxo komisariatebi (saministroebi) moqmedebdnen saqarTvelos saTanado 1835. 1926 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, afxazeTis mTeli mosaxleoba Seadgenda 212 aTas kacs, maT Soris yvelaze meti iyo qarTveli _ 68 aTasi, Semdeg modioda afxazi _ 55,9 aTasi, somexi _ 34,7 aTasi, rusi _ 20,4 aTasi, berZeni _ 27 aTasi, sxvebi _ 6 aTasi (Г. Лежава. Изменение классово-национальной структуры населения Абхазии (конец XIX – 70-е годы XX в. ). Сухуми, 1889, gv. 26). 1836. komunisti, 1926, 16 ivnisi. 1837. И. В. Сталин. Соч., т. 5. М., 1953, gv. 27-28, 40, 187-190 da a. S. 1838. 1923 w. martSi i. stalini werda: `qarTuli Sovinizmis~ Sesaxeb, `romelic mimarTulia somxebis, osebis da afxazebis winaaRmdeg~ (И. В. Сталин. Соч., т. 5б gv. 189). es iyo bolSevikuri sicrue da ciliswameba, magram, miuxedavad amisa, qarTvel komunistebs mainc unda `ebrZolaT~ am mogonili Sovinizmis winaaRmdeg. 1839. komunisti, 1926, 16 ivnisi. 1840. saqarTvelos ssr konstituciuri aqtebis krebuli, gv. 117-120. konstitucia sabolood daamtkica saqarTvelos ssr sabWoebis IV yrilobam (1927 w. 28 marti _ 3 aprili). 1841. afxazeTis konstitucia gamoqveynda da ZalaSi Sevida 1926 wels. ix. Основной закон (Конституция) Советской Социалистической Республики Абхазии. Сухуми, 1926.
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komisariatebisagan damoukideblad; saxalxo meurneobis umaRlesi sabWo ormag daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda; afxazeTis mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi gadamwyveti an saTaTbiro xmis uflebiT (amis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas afxazeTis caki iRebda) Sediodnen finansTa, Sromis da muSaTa da glexTa inspeqciis saxalxo komisariatis rwmunebulebi, romlebic saqarTvelos Sesabamisi komisariatebis organoebs warmoadgendnen, magram periodulad angariSs udgendnen afxazeTis caks da mTavrobas; saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze gasavrceleblad gamocemul saqarTvelos cakis kodeqsebs, dekretebs da dadgenilebebs savaldebulo Zala hqondaT afxazeTis ssr teritoriaze; konstituciasTan Seusabamo afxazeTis sabWoebis yrilobebis, cakis sesiebisa da mTavrobis dadgenilebebs auqmebda saqarTvelos sabWoebis yriloba an caki; 125-e muxlis mixedviT, afxazeTis ssr biujeti misi damtkicebis Semdeg xdeboda saqarTvelos biujetis nawili. erTi SexedviT, Tbilissa da soxums Soris uflebamosileba sakmaod mkafiod gaimijna. sinamdvileSi, sabWoTa konstituciebi formalur xasiaTs atarebdnen; realuri Zalaufleba partiuli organoebis xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili. saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s nebismieri gadawyvetileba nebismier sferoSi savaldebulo gaxldaT afxazeTis organizaciisaTvis. garda amisa, afxazeTisaTvis, cxadia, savaldebulo iyo amierkavkasiis da ssr kavSiris partiuli Tu saxelmwifo organoebis yvela gadawyvetileba. amrigad, afxazeTis ssr-s gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas ar ganekuTvneboda saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis arcerTi sfero maSin, roca saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi mas bevrad meti uflebebi hqonda. 1921w. 21 Tebervals damfuZnebeli krebis mier damtkicebuli debulebis mixedviT avtonomiuri afxazeTis srul gamgeblobaSi rCeboda saxalxo ganaTleba, maT Soris umaRlesi, kulturuli mSenebloba, samomrigeblo sasamarTlo, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da wesrigis dacva, jandacva da a.S.1842 bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: ra mizniT Seiqmna (Tundac droebiT) afxazeTis ssr, ufro sworad, ratom ewoda afxazeTis avtonomias sabWoTa socialisturi respublika? oficialuri versiiT, romelic dafiqsirebulia adgilobrivi partiuli Tu sabWoTa organoebis masalebSi, xelmZRvaneli pirebis gamosvlebSi, afxazeTis `damoukideblobis~ droebiTi gamocxadeba miznad isaxavda sabWoTa xelisuflebis ideis ganmtkicebas, agreTve menSevikebis mier qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris viTom daTesili erovnuli SuRlis aRmofxvras1843. pirdapir unda iTqvas, rom regionis formaluri damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT afxazTa Soris adre arapopularuli sabWoTa ideis ganmtkicebis mizani namdvilad iqna miRweuli. amieridan sabWoTa xelisuflebis dacva afxazeTSi unda gaigivebuliyo `damoukideblobis~ dacvasTan; amitom separatistuli istoriografia dRemde xotbas asxams kacobriobis istoriaSi am erT-erT yvelaze antiadamianur politikur reJims1844, romelic aravis aniWebda namdvil damoukideblobas, piriqiT, ZaliT ipyrobda da sabWour imperias uerTebda adre damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs. separatistebs `ar moswonT~ mxolod ssr kavSiris umaRles partiul da sabWoTa Tanamdebobebze myofi qarTvelebi, gansakuTrebiT, viTomda afxazeTis `sazianod~ saqarTveloze `mzrunveli~ i.stalini da l. beria1845. rac Seexeba qarTvelTa da afxazTa Soris erovnuli SuRlis aRmofxvras, realurad aseTi mizani sabWoTa xelisuflebas 1842. 1919 w. Semodgomaze afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos delegaciasa da damfuZnebeli krebis warmomadgenlebs Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, romelic gasabWoebamde moqmedebda, afxazeTis srul gamgeblobas ganekuTvneboda yvela sfero, garda sagareo politikisa, jarisa, sazRvao portebisa, sabaJosi, safinanso da sasamarTlo sistemebisa, fosta-telegrafisa, rkinigzisa da saerTosaxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis gzatkecilebisa (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 451-453, 466-469). 1843. j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan, gv. 116-118. 1844. ix. С. Лакоба. Очерки политической истории Абхазии; О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии da a.S. 1845. am sakiTxSi separatistTa Sexedulebebis kritika ix.: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 120-131.
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arc dausaxavs. piriqiT, afxazeTis ssr-s gamocxadebiT mefis ruseTis (da ara menSevikebis) mier daTesili SuRli da undobloba kidev ufro gaRrmavda, ris Sesaxebac gaz. `socialist-federalistma~ 1921w. ivnis-ivlisSi ramdenime uaRresad mwvave werili gamoaqveyna1846. `damoukidebel~ afxazeTSi, iseve rogorc Tavis droze mefis ruseTSi, gaZlierda antiqarTuli propaganda, qarTvelTa devna-Seviwroeba1847. afxazeTis mosaxleobis qarTuli umravlesoba amasTan dakavSirebiT xmamaRla gamoxatavda ukmayofilebas. xma aRimaRla saqarTvelos inteligenciamac. vaxtang kotetiSvili aRSfoTebuli werda imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ikrZaleboda `damoukidebel~ afxazeTSi, `eSba-lakobas mamulSi~ yovelive qarTuli, rogor iCagreboda mosaxleobis umravlesoba; es yovelive, misi azriT, sulac ar uwyobda xels afxazTa erovnul aRorZinebas, rogorc zogierTebi fiqrobdnen; piriqiT, mimdinareobda regionis rusifikacia. v.kotetiSvilma saqarTvelos revkoms mouwoda, bolo mouRos antiqarTul politikas, gaauqmos sadRac `kabinetebSi~ miRebuli deklaracia afxazeTis damoukideblovis Sesaxeb da aRadginos respublikis teritoriuli mTlianoba1848. afxazeTSi qarTvelTa Seviwroebis mizanmimarTuli politika cxum-afxazeTis eparqiisa da misi xelmZRvanelis _ mitropolit ambrosis (xelaia) devnaSic gamoixata. sabWoTa xelisuflebis erT-erTi pirveli aqtiT soxumis sakaTedro taZari gadaeca rusul samRvdeloebas, romelic qarTul avtokefalur eklesias jer kidev ar eqvemdebareboda; eparqias CamoarTves samRvdelmTavro saxli; mitropolit ambrosis mouwia `xuTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi xan visTan da xan visTan Tavis Sefareba~, daangries karis eklesia, sanaxevrod gaanadgures arqivi, mRvdelmsaxurT CamoarTves sacxovrebeli saxlebi. `yoveli es moxda axali mTavrobis damyarebis pirvel Tvesve~1849, _ brZanebda wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi. dapirispirebam erovnul niadagze saxifaTo masStabebs miaRwia; am Temaze Riad saubrobda n. lakobac. soxumSi gamarTul saqarTvelos cak-is III sesiaze mis mier gakeTebuli gancxadebiT, qarTvelebi, somxebi da berZnebi ar eTanxmebian imas, rom afxazeTis mTeli mmarTveloba iyos mxolod afxazTa xelSi1850. saqarTvelos kompartiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetis 1926w. 1 ivnisis plenumzec iTqva imis Sesaxeb, rom erovnebaTa araTanasworuflebianobam, gaumarTlebelma privilegiebma afxazebisaTvis (samxedro samsaxuridan ganTavisufleba, miwiT pirvel rigSi dakmayofileba, upiratesoba xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze kadrebis SerCevisas da a.S.) gamoiwvies mosaxleobis iZulebiTi asimilacia (gaafxazeba)1851. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom afxazeTis `damoukideblobis~ gamocxadebis erTerTi mTavari mizani swored erovnuli SuRlis gaRviveba da am motiviT saqarTvelosagan misi Camocilebis gegmis ganxorcieleba iyo, rasac calsaxad adasturebs p. sitinis zemoTmotanili moxsenebac. isic cxadia, rom gasabWoebamde bolSevikebi afxazeTSi avrcelebdnen xmebs saqarTvelosagan misi gamoyofis Sesaxeb, mouwodebdnen afxazebs ruseTTan mierTebisaken1852. afxazeTis `damoukidebloba~ warmoadgenda mxolod pirvel nabijs am mowodebebisa Tu dapirebebis realizaciis gzaze, miznis miRwevis erTgvar Sualedur models, politikuri mowyobis gardamaval formas im etapisaTvis, roca rusulma saokupacio xelisuflebam regioni naZaladevad gasabWoebuli Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 474-480. vrclad amis Sesaxeb ix.: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 109-118. 1848. socialist-federalisti, 1926 w. 26 ivlisi (ix. agreTve Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 4781846. 1847.
480). 1849.
wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, gv. 351. Трудовая Абхазия, 1926, 19 ivniss; ix. agreTve: komunisti, 1926, 15 ivnisi. afxazeTis xelisuflebaSi 14 xelmZRvaneli piridan 1927 w. iyo 9 afxazi, 3 qarTveli, TiTo somexi da rusi. 1929 wlisaTvis suraTi odnav Seicvala: 7 afxazi, 5 qarTveli, TiTo rusi da berZeni (Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 801). 1851. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 122. 1852. iqve, gv. 465. 1850.
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saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis miRma daafiqsira da Riad datova misi Semdgomi bedis (ruseTTan Tu saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis) sakiTxi1853. afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan mowyvetis mcdeloba qarTulma sazogadoebam CaSala; am veragul Canafiqrs, rogorc zemoT iTqva, win aRudga inteligencia. zedmeti garTulebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, i. stalini da g. orjonikiZe, etyoba, ar wavidnen morig mZime danaSaulze, samagierod marjved gaiTamaSes afxazeTis karti urCi saqarTvelos dasasjelad. afxazeTis droebiT `damoukideblobas~ ruseTi iyenebda saqarTveloze zewolisaTvis da aiZulebda mas Segueboda sabWoTa wyobas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dakargavda mxolod `droebiT CamorTmeul~ teritorias; afxazeTs ki am dros moCvenebiTi damoukideblobis ufleba sabWoTa ruseTisadmi gaorkecebuli erTgulebiT unda daemsaxurebina, Tu ar surda kvlav saqarTvelosTan mierTeba. saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis kvalobaze, roca imperiis mesveurTa azriT, moixsna misi damoukideblobis aRdgenis safrTxe, afxazeTis ssr-s Semakavebeli funqcia amowurulad CaiTvala. garda amisa, 20-30-an wlebSi mimdinareobda ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali avtonomiebis reorganizacia. afxazebze bevrad mravalricxovani erebi avtonomiuri olqebis, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi avtonomiuri respublikebis statuss inarCunebdnen, an Rebulobdnen. ssr kavSiris konstituciiT, afxazeTic avtonomiur respublikas warmoadgenda, saqarTvelos konstituciiT ki _ sabWoTa socialistur respublikas. misi magaliTi, SesaZloa, gadamdebic gamxdariyo sxva avtonomiebisaTvis da safrTxe Seeqmna ruseTis mTlianobisaTvis. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom afxazeT-saqarTvelos 1921w. 16 dekembris xelSekruleba ukve ar Seesabameboda konstituciuri gziT regulirebad realur urTierTobebs. am viTarebaSi savsebiT kanonzomierad unda miviCnioT afxazeTis samarTlebrivi statusis ssr kavSiris konstituciasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana. amis aucileblobas gulisxmobda, albaT, n.lakoba, roca 1929w. 4 ivliss saqarTvelos kompartiis VI yrilobaze ganacxada: `konstituciuri urTierToba afxazeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris iseTnairadaa formirebuli, rom TviT afxazeTs mouwevs raRaceebis gasworeba Tavis konstituciaSi; saubari imaze, rom afxazeTi ukmayofiloa saqarTveloTi, sruli sisulelea~1854. misi TqmiT, saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis mSromelebis politikuri Tanasworoba didi xnis uzrunvelyofilia, memkvidreobiT miRebuli ekonomikuri da kulturuli uTanasworobis aRmosafxvrelad ki saqarTvelo yvelafers akeTebda. es iyo miniSneba imaze, rom afxazeTis respublikam Tavisi misia Seasrula. 1930w. 17 aprils afxazeTis cak-is III sesiam ganixila afxazeT-saqarTvelos Soris saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis gadasinjvis sakiTxi. sesiisaTvis afxazeTis mTavrobis mier momzadebul cnobaSi naTqvamia: `imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom 1921w. 16 dekembris xelSekrulebam dakarga realuri mniSvneloba da, Sesabamisad, igi SeiZleba ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc SeTanxmeba afxazeTis ssr da saqarTvelos ssr gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, xolo am respublikebis namdvili urTierTobebi zustadaa gansazRvruli maT konstituciebSi, _ aucilebelia vaRiaroT, rom afxazeTis ssr saxelwodebas `saxelSekrulebo respublika~ realuri Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia~1855. marTlac, xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis Tu saqarTvelos kompetencias mikuTvnebuli uflebamosilebebi amierkavkasiis da ssr kavSiris gamgeblobaSi gadavida; xelSekruleba winaaRmdegobaSi modioda saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis 1853. daaxloebiT igive viTareba Seiqmna ufro adre naxiWevanis garSemoc, romelsac ver iyofdnen azerbaijani da somxeTi. 1920 w. ivlisSi gamocxadda naxiWevanis ssr, magram 1923 w. TebervalSi is Sevida azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiuri mxaris statusiT, 1924 wlidan ki _ avtonomiuri respublikaa (А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки, gv. 68). 1854. Л. Тоидзе. К вопросу о политическом статусе Абхазии, gv. 26. 1855. iqve, gv. 27.
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konstituciebTanac. amitomac dakarga man realuri Sinaarsi. sesiam es gaiTvaliswina da konstituciidan amoiRo saxelwodeba `saxelSekrulebo respublika~ da igi `avtonomiuri respublika~-Ti Secvala1856. amasTanave, 1926w. konstituciiT gansazRvrul uflebamosilebaTa gadasinjva ar momxdara. konstituciaSi Sevida kidev erTi axali cvlileba _ cak-s Seerwya saxalxo komisarTa sabWo. 1931w. 11 Tebervals es cvlilebebi daamtkica afxazeTis sabWoebis VI yrilobam, romelsac bagafSi Tavmjdomareobda1857. amieridan gauqmebulad CaiTvala 1921w. 16 dekembris xelSekruleba. yrilobaze sityviT gamosulma n.lakobam aRniSna: `saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis mSromelebs Soris urTierTobis sakiTxi mTlianad gadawyvetilia~1858. man gaakritika afxazeTis enisa da literaturis instituti, romelic, misi azriT, ar iTvaliswinebda afxazuri enis SesaZleblobebs da cdilobda am enaze `uTargmnelis Targmnas~, agreTve imis `damtkicebas, rom afxazuri literatura jer kidev adamze adre arsebobda. istoriaSi is ar arsebula da dausviT wertili~1859. aseTi iyo n. lakobas oficialuri pozicia. 1931w. 14 Tebervals saqarTvelos sabWoebis VI yrilobam moismina saqarTvelosa cakis mdivnis s. Todrias moxseneba saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb. man daadastura afxazeTis sabWoebis VI yrilobis gadawyvetileba - afxazeTi avtonomiuri respublikis statusiT Sedioda saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. 1921w. 16 dekembris xelSekruleba ki 1860 Zaladakargulad gamocxadda . afxazeTisa da saqarTvelos sabWoebis VI yrilobebis sakonstitucio gadawyvetilebebs gudauTis raionSi separatistTa gamosvlebi mohyva, romlebSic n.lakobas dedac monawileobda. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom am gamosvlebis ukan n.lakoba idga1861. misi sityva da saqme xSirad erTmaneTs ar emTxveodnen. erTi mxriv, n.lakoba saqarTvelosTan erTianobas qadagebda, meore mxriv, eTnokratiul, klanur reJimze dayrdnobiT, separatistul da Sovinistur politikas atarebda1862. afxazeTis ssr-is avtonomiur respublikad gardaqmnam, seriozuli dartyma miayena separatistebs, gamoaSkarava e.w. `leninuri erovnuli politikis~ siyalbe; miTi imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos komunisturma reJimma saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mier `daCagrul~ da am `Cagvris~ winaaRmdeg gmirulad mebrZol afxaz xalxs uboZa saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, sapnis buStiviT gaskda1863. Sors aris sinamdvilisagan mtkiceba, TiTqos 1931w. Seilaxa `afxazeTis suverenuli uflebebi~1864. arc 1921w. xelSekrulebaSi, arc 1926w. konstituciaSi araferia naTqvami afxazeTis suverenitetis Sesaxeb. separatistebs ar surT, Tvali gausworon simarTles da aRiaron, rom 1931w. afxazeTis konstutucia srul SesabamisobaSi iqna moyvanili ssr kavSiris moqmed (1924 wlidan) konstituciasTan, sadac afxazeTi avtonomiuri respublikis statusiT aris dafiqsirebuli. cvlilebebi afxazeTis konstituciaSi ganxorcielda saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis im politikis konteqstSi, romelsac XXs. 30-ian wlebSi sabWoTa reJimi 1856. ar arsebobs monacemebi, romlebic daadastureben separatistuli istoriografiis mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos i.stalini mzad iyo, uari eTqva afxazeTSi koleqtivizaciis Catarebaze Tu respublika avtonomiis statusiT saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Sevidoda (О. Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 343). 1857. Дж. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. dasax. naSromi, gv. 125, 503-504. 1858. iqve, gv. 503. 1859. iqve. 1860. komunisti, 1931, 20 Tebervali; Съезды Советов..., т. VI, gv. 557-561. 1861. О. Бгажба, С.. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 347. 1862. vrclad amis Sesaxeb ix.: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 110-113, 117, 122-123; j.anCabaZe. qarTulafxazuri urTierTobebis istoriidan. Tb., 2005, gv. 76. 1863. z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 118. 1864. О. Бгажба, С.. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 344.
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atarebda. kerZod, mimdinareobda xelisuflebis centralizaciis, ssr kavSiris unitarizaciis, kanonmdeblobis, pirvel rigSi, mokavSire da avtonomiuri respublikebis konstituciebis unificirebis procesi, romelic gamonakliss afxazeTisaTvis ver dauSvebda. aRniSnulma procesma moiTxova afxazeTis assr konstituciis axali redaqciis momzadeba. afxazeTis sabWoebis VII yrilobam (1935w. 2-7 ianvari) 1935 wlis 7 ianvars daamtkica konstitucia,1865 romelmac gansazRvra avtonomiis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba. Tu 1926w. konstitucia formalurad mainc mijnavda uflebamosilebas Tbilissa da soxums Soris, 1935w. konstituciam sruli centralizacia daafiqsira _ avtonomiuri respublikis yvela saxalxo komisariati saqarTvelos saTanado uwyebebs daeqvemdebara (muxli 42)1866. saqarTvelos konstituciaSic (muxli 78) Sevida Sesabamisi damateba, romelic sxva cvlilebebTan erTad sabWoebis VII yrilobam (1935w. 1014 ianvari) daamtkica1867. afxazeTis sabWoebis VII yrilobam cakis Tavmjdomaris n.lakobas moxsenebis safuZvelze miRebul rezoluciaSi aRniSna, rom sakonstitucio norma sami saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb cxovrebaSi realurad ar tardeba1868. yrilobam soflebSi saqmiswarmoebis mSobliur enaze gadayvana moiTxova1869. ssr kavSiris unitarizaciisa da qveyanaSi totalitaruli politikuri sistemis Camoyalibebis procesi 1936 wlis 5 dekembers sakavSiro sabWoebis VIII sagangebo yrilobaze `stalinuri konstituciis~ miRebiT ZiriTadad 1870 dasrulda . gauqmda (1936w.) amierkavkasiis federacia da saqarTvelo uSualod Sevida ssr kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. respublikis axali konstitucia saqarTvelos sabWoebis VIII sagangebo yrilobam (1936w. 15 noemberi, 1937w. 10-13 Tebervali) 1937w. 13 Tebervals miiRo. saqarTvelos konstituciis safuZvelze afxazeTis sabWoebis VIII sagangebo yrilobam (1936w. 12-13 noemberi, 1937w. 30 ivlisi _ 2 agvisto) moismina cakis Tavmjdomaris a.agrbas moxseneba da 1937w. 2 agvistos miiRo avtonomiuri respublikis axali konstitucia1871, saidanac gaqra 1935 wlis konstituciaSic SenarCunebuli saxelmwifoebriobis iseTi atributebic ki, rogoricaa sakuTari Rerbi da droSa (muxlebi 83-84); saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis arcerTi sfero formaluradac ar darCenila arc saqarTvelos da arc afxazeTis gamgeblobaSi. 1937w. miRebuli konstituciebis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis isedac sustma sabWourma saxelmwifoebriobam realuri Sinaarsi TiTqmis dakarga. mokavSire da avtonomiuri respublikebi mkacrad centralizebuli totalitaruli saxelmwifos _ ssr kavSiris uuflebo nawilebad iqcnen.
Съезды Советов... т. 6, gv. 766-787. iqve, gv. 766-773. 1867. sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoTa VII yriloba (stenografiuli angariSi). Tb, 1935, gv. 248. 1868. n. lakobam Tavis moxsenebaSi aRniSna, rom saqmiswarmoeba mSobliur (qarTul) enaze gadavida mxolod galis raionSi. _ Советская Абхазия, 1935, 16 января. 1869. Советская Абхазия, 1935, 14 января; Съезды Советов..., т. 6, gv. 764-765. 1870. komunisturi reJimi axali konstituciis miRebas ssr kavSirSi socialisturi sazogadoebis SeqmniT asabuTebda. 1871. Советская Абхазия, 1937, 4 августа. 1865.
1866.
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Tavi XVIII. afxazeTi sabWoTa socializmis epoqaSi. 1938_1990ww. afxazeTis 1937 w. konstituciis safuZvelze, romelmac gansazRvra avtonomiuri respublikis politikuri organizaciisa da socialur–ekonomikuri sistemis sawyisebi, moxda xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis organoebis formireba. 1938 wlis 12 ivniss gaimarTa umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebi. sabWos pirvelma sesiam 1938 wlis 12-14 ivliss airCia umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumisa (Tav-re _ m. delba, moadgile – i. zarandia) da afxazeTis saxalxo komisarTa sabWos (Tav-re – a. rafava, moadgile _ i. tania) axali Semadgenloba.1872 afxazeTSi sabWouri socialisturi wyobilebis genezisisa da socializmis safuZvlebis mSeneblobis procesi mimdinareobda saerToimperiuli kanonzomierebis farglebSi da saerTosakavSiro generaluri mimarTulebebis (industrializacia, koleqtivizacia, kulturuli revolucia,1873 axali socialisturi mmarTvelobiTi da gamanawilebeli sistemis formireba, komunisturi ideologiuri orientaciis inteleqtualuri elitis Seqmna da a.S.) regionaluri proeqciis safuZvelze. afxazeTSi `socializmis mSeneblobis~ safuZvlebis dasrulebisa da ganviTarebis axal etapze gadasvlis gamocxadeba, iseve rogorc mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, cxadia, atarebda upiratesad ideologiur, doqtrinalur xasiaTs. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari daskvna emyareboda savsebiT realur obieqtur safuZvlebsac. maT ganekuTvneba: samrewvelo industriis safuZvlebis Seqmna da totaluri agraruli reforma, afxazeTis socialuri struqturis radikaluri Secvla (30-iani wlebis dasasrulisaTvis socializmis sayrdenad miCneuli fenebis xvedriTi wili Seadgenda mosaxleobis 80 %-ze mets _ muSebi 21 %-s, glexoba _ 60_61 %-s), axali socialisturi inteligenciisa da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo qselebis formireba. mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda agreTve sazogadoebriv fsiqologiaSi. aqtiur cxovrebiseul moRvaweobaSi Caeba Taoba, romelic aRizarda 20_30-ian wlebSi da romlisTvisac socializmamdeli periodi (maT Soris 1918_1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi qarTvel xalxTan erTad demokratiuli da avtonomiuri principebis safuZvelze Tanacxovrebisa da TanaganviTarebis tradicia) ukve istoriis kuTvnileba iyo. amis gamo progresul–konservatiuli antisocialisturi moZraobis obieqturi SesaZlebloba praqtikulad gamoiricxa. socialisturi reJimi afxazeTSi Sevida politikuri stabilizaciis fazaSi. swored am dros regions gadauara masobrivi saxelmwifo terorisa da politikuri represiebis talRam, romelmac qarTveli, afxazi da sxva erovnebis aseulobiT moqalaqis sicocxle Seiwira. usafuZvlo represiebs daeqvemdebara samecniero da SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis mniSvnelovani nawili. oficialuri monacemebiT, 1937 wlis ivlisidan 1938 wlis oqtombramde afxazeTSi represirebul iqna 2186 adamiani, maT Soris 794 _ sasjelis umaRlesi zomiT.1874 gansakuTrebiT gaxmaurda procesebi iseT saqmeebze, rogoricaa `afxazeTSi antisabWoTa nacionalisturi organizaciis Sesaxeb~ da `afxazeTSi kontrrevoluciuri, diversiul-mavnebluri, sajaSuSo da trockistul-teroristuli organizaciis Sesaxeb~. ufro adre, 1936 wels politikuri represiebis msxverplni gaxdnen afxazeTSi komunisturi moZraobis veteranebi da, amave dros, separatistuli socializmis cnobili ideologebi n.lakoba da n.aqirTava. 1872 1873 1874
. sabWoTa afxazeTi, 1938, 14-16 ivlisi. . g. gasviani. afxazeTi XIXs. bolosa da XX saukuneebSi. Tb., 2004, gv. 388-401. . , , 1991, gv. 348.
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politikuri represiebi afxazeTSi warmoadgenda danarCen saqarTvelosa da mTel sabWoTa imperiaSi mimdinare saxelmwifo teroris saerTo procesis nawils. es iyo saerTo tragedia, romelic imperiaSi inkorporirebul uklebliv yvela xalxs daatexa Tavs bolSevikur-radikalur marqsistul-leninur ideologiur principebze dafuZnebulma komunisturma sistemam da totalitaruli saxelmwifos represiulma institutebma. es iyo umkacresi politikuri diqtatis, saxelmwifo terorisa da sanqcirebuli Zaladobis gziT sazogadoebis, maT Soris calkeul eTnosTa kulturis, ganviTarebis blokirebis universaluri strategia. am procesSi afxazma eTnosma iseTive represiuli zewola ganicada, rogoric gacilebiT didi masStabiT ganicada qarTvelma erma da sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Semavalma sxva erebma. amitom 30-iani wlebis meore naxevris politikuri represiebis problematikis farglebSi romelime xalxisTvis SeRavaTebisa `miniWebis~ xazgasma iseve usafuZloa, rogorc, vTqvaT, konkretulad afxazi xalxis uflebaTa gansakuTrebuli Selaxvis an represiebis specifikuri antiafxazuri eTnodiversiuli Semadgenlis Teoriuli konstruireba, rogorc amas cdilobs afxazuri istoriografia. represiebma udidesi ziani miayena `stalinis samSoblosac~ mosaxleobis nawilis fizikuri ganadgurebisa da cimbirSi gadasaxlebis, qarTuli aristokratiisa da inteleqtualuri elitis likvidaciis saxiT. afxazeTi warmoadgenda saqarTvelosa da mTlianad sabWoTa kavSiris totalitaruli saxelmwifoebrivi struqturisa da mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistemis organul nawils, mis regionalur variants. amitom avtonomiuri respublikis partiul-politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTareba warimarTa saerTod sabWoTa kavSiris totalitaruli ideologiis damkvidrebis, komunisturi partiis diqtaturis ganmtkicebis, demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebis ar arsebobis, socialisturi kulturuli mSeneblobis (`formiT erovnuli, SinaarsiT socialisturi kulturis~) universaluri procesis farglebSi. ganviTarebis universaluri xazis garda afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi, gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis meore naxevridan gamoikveTa meore paraleluri tendencia, romelmac arsebiTi gavlena moaxdina regionis sazogadoebriv-politikur ganviTarebaze da mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba kidec gasuli saukunis dasasrulis destruqciuli procesebi. am paraleluri procesis Sinagani struqtura sami sabaziso ideologiuri sistemis _ saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis qarTuli ideis, rusuli sabWoTa imperializmisa da afxazuri separatizmis `Tanaarseboba_TanaganviTarebasa~ da maT bazaze Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri substruqturebis strategiul dapirispirebaSi mdgomareobs. XXs. 40-iani wlebidan afxazeTi warmoadgenda am sami ideologiuri sistemis, sami msoflmxedvelobrivi samyaros konfliqtis vels. afxazeTis sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli garemo, misi politikuri sivrce erTgvarad gajerebuli iyo saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis qarTuli ideis, rusuli imperializmisa da afxazuri separatizmis permanentuli Sejaxebis sxvadasxva etapebiT. TiToeul am sistemas hqonda sakuTari specifikuri interesebi, miznebi, istoriul-kulturuli koncefciebi da, rac mTavaria, afxazeTis teritoriul-politikuri da samarTlebrivi identifikaciis sakuTari modelebi. aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom afxazeTis politikur-ideologiuri sivrcis es samwevriani pluralizmi umravles SemTxvevaSi mainc pirobiTi iyo da bipolarizmis formats atarebda, radganac rusul-sabWoTa imperializmi da afxazuri separatizmi mainc erTiani frontiT gamodiodnen saqarTvelos wi-
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naaRmdeg da afxazeTis sinamdvileSi qmnidnen qarTuli ideis sapirispiro alternativas. afxazeTis sazogadoebriv-politikur sinamdvileSi sampolusiani ideologiuri `samkuTxedis~ SigniT seriozuli struqturuli krizisi dakavSirebulia XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolosa da 40-ian wlebSi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sferoSi gatarebuli reformebis politikasTan. afxazuri istoriografia da separatizmis ideologTa rigi sxva `korporaciebi~ aRniSnuli reformebis (afxazuri damwerlobis grafikuli sistemis reforma da zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis reforma) kritikuli analizis dros aviTareben kategoriul Teziss am reformebis `Tbilisuri warmomavlobis~ da antiafxazuri qarTul-imperiuli mizandasaxulobis Sesaxeb. safuZvliani argumentaciisa da obieqturi Sefasebebis gareSe isini cdiloben, reformebi ganixilon sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT ganxorcielebuli analogiuri reformisagan mowyvetiT, erTgvarad Caketili abstraqtuli modelis farglebSi, surT warmoaCinon isini saqarTvelos lokalur iniciativad da qarTvel xalxs daabralon afxazi eris TviTmyofadobis moSlis mcdeloba. Sesabamisi wyaroTmcodneobiTi masalis analizi da sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT kulturuli mSeneblobis sferoSi gatarebuli zogadi politikis calkeuli specifikuri aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba zemoxsenebuli koncefciis araTu konstruqciuli kritikis, aramed misi sruli moxsnis saSualebas iZleva. 30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi ganxorcielebuli 13 `kulturuli revoluciisa~ da `leninuri erovnul-kulturuli politikis~ gatarebis saerTo procesis farglebSi, kremlma miiRo erTi specialuri gadawyvetileba sabWoTa imperiis oTxsafexuriani federaluri sistemis mesame da meoTxe safexurebis subieqtebis _ avtonomiuri respublikebis `satitulo mcire erebis~ anbanis Sesabamisi mokavSire respublikis saxelmwifo enis damwerlobis grafikul sistemaze gadayvanis Sesaxeb1875. formalurad es anbanuri reforma ar tovebda imperiul-asimilatoruli mizandasaxulobis STabeWdilebas da ar Canda `mcire erebze~ kulturul-civilizaciuri dartymis gamovlinebad _ `mcire erebis~ damwerloba gadahyavdaT im mokavSire respublikebis saxelmwifo enis grafikaze, romlis SemadgenlobaSic am erebis avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebi Sediodnen. amitom damwerlobis sistema modioda garkveul harmonizaciaSi teritoriul-administraciul sistemasTan da mokavSire respublikebze avtonomiuri erTeulebis uSualo daqvemdebarebis zogad politikur modelTan. Tanac es reforma xorcieldeboda oficialurad, organuli kanonmdeblobisa da konstituciuri sistemis farglebSi. magram sul sxva analitikur sibrtyeSi moiazreba reformis latenturi mxare, romelic realurad imperiul-asimilatorul xasiaTs atarebda, oRond rusifikaciis konteqstSi. saqme isaa, rom sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Semaval mokavSire respublikebs Soris im periodSi mxolod oTxis _ rsfsr, azerbaijanis ssr, uzbekeTis ssr da saqarTvelos ssr _ teritoriul-administraciul struqturas gaaCnda avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebi, xolo maTgan mxolod saqarTvelos ssr-s saxelmwifo enas _ qarTul enas hqonda sakuTriv originaluri anbani, danarCeni respublikebis saxelmwifo enebis damwerloba ki gawyobili iyo slavur-rusul anbanze, e.w. `kirilicaze~. amdenad, cxadze ucxadesia, rom 30-iani wlebis meore naxevris `saanbano revoluciis~ ZiriTadi mizani iyo `mcire erebis~ damwerlobaTa sistemebis 1875 . z .papasqiri. miTi qarTvelTa mxridan afxazi xalxis eTnokulturuli individualobis moSlis e.w. `mcdelobis~ Sesaxeb XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis miwurulsa da 40-ian wlebSi. _ saistorio Ziebani, VI. Tb., 2003, gv. 134.
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gadayvana rusul-slavur grafikul sistemaze da unifikaciis amgvari modelis farglebSi (es procesi warimarTa 1938_1941 wlebSi laTinuri Sriftis `kirilicaze~ masobrivi gadayvaniT) maTi kulturul-institucionaluri rusifikaciis qmediTi bazisis Seqmna. afxazuri damwerlobis reforma, ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, damwerlobis laTinuri Sriftis1876 gadayvana qarTul grafikul sistemaze ganxorcielda `saanbano revoluciis~ imperiuli modelis farglebs gareT, ufro metic, misi erTgvari alternaciis konteqstSi. magram amisi mizezi unda veZeboT ara i. stalinis da l. berias eTnikur qarTvelobaSi, arc pirovnebis kultisa da sabWoTa reJimis totalitarul-represiuli politikis specifikurad antiafxazur mimarTulebaSi da gansakuTrebiT arc qarTvelebis mxridan afxazuri eTnokulturuli TviTobis destruqciis mcdelobaSi, aramed im sruliad udavo lingvoistoriul garemoebaSi, rom avtonomiebis mqone mokavSire respublikebis saxelmwifo enebidan mxolod qarTuli gamoirCeoda `kirilicisgan~ diametralurad gansxvavebuli anbanuri damwerlobiT. cxadia, imperiuli centri Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi ver moaxdenda am qarTuli specifikis neitralizebas da saqarTvelosTvis calke gadawyvetilebas ver miiRebda.1877 uaRresad sainteresoa afxazeTSi damwerlobis sistemis reformis procesualuri mxare. reformis momzadeba daiwyo 1937 wlis maisSi, rodesac saqarTve-los kp(b) afxazeTis organizaciis XV konferenciam miiRo gadawyvetileba afxazuri damwerlobis laTinuri Sriftis qarTulze gardaqmnis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg Seiqmna reformis mosamzadebeli komisia saqarTvelos kp(b) ck-is mdivnis p.Sarias TavmjdomareobiT. komisiis SemadgenlobaSi afxazi inteligenciis cnobili warmomadgenlebi Sevidnen: d.gulia, a.WoWua, m.delba, a.xaSba, d.Cagava, m.xaSba.1878 sagulisxmoa, rom reformis mxardamWeri sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis kampaniaSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes swored afxazi inteligenciisa da nomenklaturuli elitis warmomadgenlebma. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs afxazuri literaturis patriarqis d.gulias mosazrebani afxazuri damwerlobis qarTul grafikaze gadayvanis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. Tavis werilSi is aRniSnavda: `es RonisZieba, rasakvirvelia, xels Seuwyobs mTeli afxazuri kulturis ganmtkicebas da zrdas, radganac qarTuli anbani aris yvelaze Sesaferisi afxazuri enis bgerebis ufro mTliani da srulyofili gadmocemisaTvis~.1879 es aris reformis eTnokulturuli da eTnolingvisturi optimizaciis da yovelgvari politikuri zewolisagan Tavisufali argumentaciis klasikuri magaliTi, Tanac gamoTqmuli afxazuri literaturis klasikosis mier. marTlac, ra didi diskusia unda sWirdebodes imis mtkicebas, rom afxazuri enisTvis, orTografiisTvis da sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis makroojaxis farglebSi monaTesave qarTuli enis grafikuli sistema ufro optimaluria, vidre rusul-slavuri `kirilica~ an laTinuri? amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebdnen XIX saukunis rusi moRvaweebic, maT Soris `afxazuri kirilicis~ Semqmneli p. uslari.
1876 . jer kidev 1862-1865 wlebSi general-numizmat i.barTolomeis da gansakuTrebiT p.uslaris mier rusuli Sriftis safuZvelze Seqmnilma da 1892 wels k.maWavarianisa da d.gulias mier modificirebulma afxazurma damwerlobam `laTinizaciis~ ori etapi gaiara: 1926 wels SemoRebul iqna n. maris mier Sedgenili laTinuri Srifti (e.w. `analizur-iafetidologiuri~), xolo 1928 wels _ n.iakovlevis mier Seqmnili laTinuri grafika, romelic 1938 wlamde moqmedebda. 1877 . am konteqstSi sayuradReboa, rom somxeTSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi ar Sedioda arcerTi avtonomia, amave periodSi qurTuli damwerloba gadayvanil iqna somxur grafikaze. 1878 . , 1991, gv. 348. 1879 . , 1937 ., 11 .
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1937 wlis 4-5 dekembers q. soxumSi, n. maris saxelobis kvleviT institutSi gaimarTa specialuri TaTbiri afxazi, qarTveli da rusi mecnierebis monawileobiT. TaTbirze warmodgenil iqna anbanuri reformis oTxi proeqti (akaki SaniZis, simon janaSias, dimitri guliasa da d.gulia_a.WoWua_m.xaSbas erToblivi proeqti), romelTa Seswavlisa da Sejerebis safuZvelze specialurma komisiam1880 5 dekembris daskvniT sxdomaze miiRo integrirebuli proeqti.1881 rogorc TaTbiris saoqmo aRweriloba metyvelebs, afxazuri damwerlobis qarTul grafikaze gadayvanis sakiTxi faqtobrivad seriozuli diskusiis gareSe iqna ganxiluli. ufro metic, afxaz mecnierebsa da sazogado moRvaweebs `sityva ar dascdeniaT afxazuri damwerlobis qarTul anbanze gadayvanis ideis sawinaaRmdegod~.1882 sayuradReboa cnobili afxazi moRvawis x.bRaJbas mier axali afxazuri anbanis Sefaseba. is werda: `es anbani srulyofilad gamoxatavda afxazuri saliteraturo enis mTel, srul bgeriT Sedgenilobas~.1883 afxazuri damwerlobis reformis procesi dasrulda 1938 wlis TebervalSi, rodesac p.Sarias komisiisa da 1937 wlis 4_5 dekembris samuSao TaTbiris erToblivi daskvnis safuZvelze, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis centralurma aRmasrulebelma komitetma miiRo dadgenileba afxazuri damwerlobis qarTul grafikul sistemaze gadayvanis Sesaxeb. separatistTa mosazreba, TiTqos 1937_1938ww. afxazuri damwerlobis grafikuli sistemis reforma warmoadgenda afxazuri kulturisa da eTnoidenturobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul proqarTul politikur aqcias, absoluturad usafuZvlo da araargumentirebadia. am procesis sxvadasxva Semadgeneli aspeqtebis analizi, Semdgom ki maTi urTierTdakavSireba da erTian mTlianobaSi konceptualizacia Semdegi daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs: 1) 1937_1938 wlebis reforma warmoadgenda afxazuri damwerlobis evoluciis garkveul etaps (`uslaris anbanis~, `barTolomeis komisiis anbanis~, `maWavarian _ gulias anbanis~, n.marisa da n.iakovlevis `laTinuri anbanebis~ etapebis Semdgom stadias), misi grafikuli tipologiis qarTuli ciklis dasawyiss. cnobilia, rom es cikli aRmoCnda sakmaod moklevadiani da 1954 wlamde iarseba; 2) 1937_1938 wlebis reforma ar yofila saqarTvelos respublikuri partiul-sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobisa da qarTuli inteleqtualuri elitis lokaluri iniciativa. is warmoadgenda 30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT Camoyalibebuli kulturuli koniunqturis, konkretulad ki `avtonomiuri erebis~ damwerlobis Sesabamisi mokavSire respublikebis saxelmwifo enis damwerlobasTan unifikaciis procesis organul Semadgenel nawils; 3) reforma, procesualuri TvalsazrisiT, momzadda da ganxorcielda Tanabarzomieri dialogisa da konsensusis formatSi, afxazur inteleqtualur elitasTan solidarizmisa da samecniero konsultaciebis reJimSi. 4) reformas ar hqonia (da verc eqneboda) afxazuri damwerlobis intragenuli infiltraciis xasiaTi im elementaruli WeSmaritebidan gamomdinare, rom afxazur enas (iseve rogorc msoflios umravlesi xalxebis enebs) ar gaaCnia Tavisi originaluri grafikuli sistema da saWiroebs damwer1880
. komisiis (Tavmjdomare d. gulia), 7 wevridan xuTi afxazi iyo. . T.gvancelaZe. afxazuri damwerlobis qarTul grafikaze gadayvanis istoriisaTvis. _ bedia, #6-7, Tb., 2000, gv. 89. 1882 . T.gvancelaZe. afxazuri damwerlobis..., gv. 88-89; z .papasqiri. miTi qarTvelTa mxridan..., gv. 9. 1883 . . . , I. , 1987, gv. 28. 1881
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lobiTi grafikis `sesxebas~. reformam afxazuri damwerlobis Srifti ki ar gaauqma (ararsebuli ver gauqmdeboda), aramed mis recipientul arsSi laTinuri grafikuli `donori~ qarTuliT Caanacvla. amitom saubari eTnoidenturobis likvidaciis mcdelobaze maSin, rodesac damwerlobis grafikuli TviTidenturoba ar arsebobs, ubralod aramecnierulia. miT ufro, rom qarTuli grafikis gacilebiT meti Sesaferisoba afxazuri damwerlobisaTvis laTinurTan da rusul-slavurTan SedarebiT sruliad udavo lingvisturi faqtia, rasac TiTqmis mTeli kavkasiologia, TviT afxazuri damwerlobis rusuli Sriftis Semqmneli kolonizatorebic ki aRiarebdnen XIX saukuneSi. arafers vambobT imis Taobaze, rom afxazeTSi saukuneebis manZilze swored qarTuli mwignobroba batonobda. rac Seexeba 1945 wlis saskolo reformas, yvelaze optimaluri gza misi miukerZoebeli analizuri sqemis SeqmnisaTvis aqac mdgomareobs mis ganxilvaSi zogadsakavSiro saganmanaTleblo-saskolo politikis konteqstSi. am globaluri makropedagogikuri `fonis~ SeqmnaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs sak. kp(b) ck-is orgbiuros 1938 wlis 24 ianvris gadawyvetilebas, romelic warmoadgens sabWoTa kavSirSi saganmanaTleblo seqtoris gardaqmnis imperatiul rekomendacias. kerZod, dadgenilebaSi aRniSnulia: `a) gardaiqmnas gansakuTrebuli erovnuli skolebi (germanuli, finuri, polonuri, latviuri, estonuri, berZnuli, iJoruli da a.S.) Cveulebrivi tipis sabWoTa skolebad, aseve gauqmdes Cveulebriv sabWoTa skolebTan arsebuli gansakuTrebuli erovnuli ganyofilebebi; b) ...aucilebelia gansakuTrebuli erovnuli skolebis reorganizacia moxdes Cveulebrivi tipis sabWoTa saxelmZRvaneloebsa da saswavlo programebze maTi gadayvanis gziT, Sesabamisi respublikis enaze an rusul enaze swavlebis SemoRebiT...~1884 rogorc vxedavT, 1945_1946 saswavlo wlidan afxazeTSi inicirebuli saskolo reformis (7 wlis dagvianebiT misi ganxorcielebis dawyeba saqarTvelos maSindeli xelmZRvanelobis mxridan sakiTxisadmi frTxil midgomaze miuTiTebs) sawyisi aRmasrulebeli arxi isev da isev moskovis direqtiva iyo da es xorcieldeboda mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi. afxazuri saskolo sistema, Tavisi specifikuri niSnebis gamo, mTlianad eqceoda 1938 wlis 24 ianvris imperatiuli dadgenilebis realizaciis areSi. specifika ki swored e.w. `afxazuri skolis~ relatiur xasiaTSi mdgomareobs, radganac afxazur enaze mxolod I_IV klasebSi swavlebisa da V_X klasebSi swavlebis rusul enaze mimdinareobis gamo, is arsebiTad rusul skolas da afxazi eris rusifikaciis instituts warmoadgenda (samwuxarod, amJamadac asea). aseTi binaruli struqturis gamo `afxazuri skola~ akmayofilebda zemoxsenebuli dadgenilebis pirvel punqtSi miTiTebul `gansakuTrebuli erovnuli skolis~ statussac da `Cveulebriv sabWoTa skolebTan arsebuli erovnuli ganyofilebis~ statussac, radganac afxazur enaze mxolod I_IV klasebSi swavleba afxazur seqtors marTlac skolis calke ganyofilebad aqcevda. ai, ratom moeqca `afxazuri skola~ sabWoTa centris dadgenilebis moqmedebis arealSi. amasTan, 1945 wlis saskolo reformis arsis gasarkvevad didi mniSvneloba aqvs 1938 wlis 24 ianvris imperatiuli dadgenilebis b punqtis analizs. masSi dagegmili reformis formaluri procedura isea warmodgenili, rom afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi swavleba unda SemoRebuliyo mxolod qarTul an rusul enaze, yovelgvari sxva alternativis gamoricxviT. maSasadame, reformas, aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, xeli unda Seewyo afxazi xalxis derusifikaciisa da qarTul kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi reintegraciisaTvis. 1884
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citirebulia: z. papasqiri. miTi qarTvelTa mxridan..., gv. 19.
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rasakvirvelia, erovnuli skolis ararseboba iyo da aris afxazi xalxis tragedia, gamowveuli rusul-imperiuli didmpyrobeluri SovinizmiT. SeuZlebelia kulturosani adamianis SemecnebaSi, miT umetes, kulturosani qarTvelis gonebaSi ar warmoSvas erTgvari ukmarisobisa da zneobrivi solidarobis grZnoba im garemoebam, rom TviTmyofadi tradiciebis, adaT-wesebis, eposis da sxva sulier-kulturuli institutebis mqone afxaz xalxs ar gaaCnda erovnuli skola _ kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo socializaciis es fundamenturi arxi. magram faqti faqtad rCeba, xolo am faqtis mizezi sabWoTa-rusuli imperializmis praqtikaSi devs. 1945 wlis saskolo reformis iniciativa modioda sakuTriv afxazuri pedagogiuri korpusisagan. 1944 wlis 28 agvistoTi TariRdeba cnobili afxazi pedagogis, moqvis saSualo skolis direqtoris b. kacias werili partiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetisadmi, romelSic saTanado argumentebis moxmobis safuZvelze avtori gadaWriT werda: `me mimaCnia, rom afxazur skolebSi swavleba unda gadavides qarTul enaze, xolo afxazuri ena darCes, rogorc sagani~1885 analogiuri xasiaTis sainiciativo mimarTvebi saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis umaRlesi partiuli da sabWoTa instanciebis misamarTiT gaakeTes: n.geriam (afxazeTis assr ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis moadgilem), saxalxo ganaTlebis oCamCiris raionuli ganyofilebis ufrosma a. marRaniam da pedagogma s. aSvanbam (1944 wlis 3 oqtombers), bediis pirveli afxazuri skolis direqtorma m. buavam (1944 wlis 30 dekembers),1886 aseve afxazuri elitis sxva warmomadgenlebma. b. saRarias mtkiceba, TiTqos xsenebuli pedagogebi winaswar `daamuSaves~ saolqo komitetis TaTbirze, absoluturad usafuZvloa1887, radganac man ver miakvlia am TaTbiris Sesaxeb araTu saoqmo aRwerilobas, aramed raime xelSesaxeb reprezentatul masalas. 1945 wlis 9 ianvars saqarTvelos kompartiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetma Seqmna saskolo reformis mosamzadebeli specialuri komisia ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris m.delbas meTaurobiT. orTviani intensiuri muSaobis Semdeg, 12 marts komisiam saolqo komitetSi saTanado daskvna waradgina.1888 daskvnaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvilda saskolo reformis ganmapirobebel iseT mizezobriv faqtorebze, rogoricaa afxazi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis mier qarTuli enis codna, qarTuli da afxazuri enebis leqsikuri siaxlove da erTiani anbanuri sistema. cxadia, afxazuri skolis instituciuri da sagnobrivi rusifikaciis dauSveblobis argumenti daskvnaSi Riad ver dafiqsirdeboda, arada, swored es iyo reformis faqtobrivi da, ase vTqvaT, anonimuri mizandasaxuloba. komisiis daskvnis safuZvelze, 1945w. 13 marts saqarTvelos kompartiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetma miiRo dadgenileba `afxazeTis assr-s skolebSi saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis xarisxis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb~, romelic iTvaliswinebda 1945-46 saswavlo wlidan afxazur skolebSi swavlebis qarTul enaze gadayvanas. imave wlis 13 ivniss es dadgenileba daamtkica saqarTvelos kompartiis(b) centraluri komitetis biurom.1889 reforma marTlac 1945-46 saswavlo wlis dasawyisidan ganxorcielda. 1947w. TebervalSi afxazi inteligenciis erTma jgufma (k. Sayrili, g. ZiZaria da b. Sinquba) moskovSi gagzavna (centraluri komitetis mdivnis a. kuznecovis aparatSi) saskolo reformis sawinaaRmdego saprotesto
1885
. В . Пачулия. Советы Абхазской АССР в период великой отечественной войны (1941-1945гг). Сухуми 1990, gv. 115. . iqve,. 1887 . afsni yafS, 1989, 2 agvisto. 1888 . , 1991, gv. 360. 1889 . iqve, gv. 361. 1886
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werili1890. magram masSi moyvanili faqtebi, iseve rogorc werilis zogadi tendencia, ar Seesabameboda sinamdviles. afxazur skolebSi swavlebis gadayvanam rusulidan qarTul enaze xeli Seuwyo afxazuri enis ganviTarebas. qarTul skolebSi misi swavleba savaldebulo gaxda. b. Sinquba Tavis erT-erT naSromSi werda: `im wels (1945 _ avt.) davbrundi soxumSi, muSaoba daviwye afxazur institutSi. vamuSavebdi afxazuri enis sityvis agebulebis sakiTxs, vakeTebdi SeniSvnebs afxazur enaSi maxvilis Sesaxeb. Sevudeqi afxazuri zepirsityvierebis mudmivad Caweras. monawileoba miviRe afxazuri literaturis qrestomaTiis SedgenaSi, davwere da axlac gamoicema afxazuri enis gramatika II da III klasebisaTvis.~1891 meore msoflio omis wlebSi gamoica poeturi krebulebi afxazur enaze: `samSoblosaTvis~ (1941w.), `win, dasavleTisaken~ (1942w.), `simRerebi samSobloze~ (1943w.). garda amisa, 1938 _ 1954 wlebSi afxazur enaze gamoqveynda afxaz poetTa _ b. Sinqubas, a. lasurias, a. jonuas, W. jonuas da sxvaTa krebulebi.1892 motanili masala savsebiT sakmarisia im elementaruli WeSmaritebis samtkiceblad, rom afxazuri ena da literatura araTu Seviwroebas, aramed qarTuli kulturuli Zalebis, aseve xelisuflebis mxardaWeriTa da daxmarebiT aSkara aRmavlobas ganicdida. calke ganxilvis sferoa XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi afxazeTis onomastikonSi, konkretulad ki toponimikaSi momxdari cvlilebebi. es sakiTxic separatistTa mxridan mudmivi spekulaciis sagans warmoadgenda sabWoTa periodSi da warmoadgens dResac. 1940 wlis 14 dekembers afxazeTis assr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumTan Seiqmna `dasaxlebuli punqtebis saxelwodebaTa transkrifciis komisia~ m.xaSbas TavmjdomareobiT1893. komosiis wevrebi iyvnen da toponim-hidronimebis Secvlis procesSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen afxazuri inteligenciis TvalsaCino mesveurebi _ d. gulia da a. WoWua (afxazeTis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis direqtori). komisiis wardginebaTa safuZvelze 1940_1944 wlebSi avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesma sabWom ganaxorciela dasaxlebuli punqtebis saxelwodebaTa gardaqmnis srulmasStabiani aqcia. transkrifciaTa ZiriTadi qronologiuri da onomastikuri nusxa aseTia (pirvelad miTiTebulia Zveli, meored ki _ axali saxelwodebani): 1943 wlis 10 maiss _ volodarovskis, gradenbergisa da neidorfis nacvlad _ axali sofeli (soxumis raioni);1894 1943 wlis 8 seqtembers _ anastasievkis, vladimirovkisa da olginskoes nacvlad _ Sesabamisad, ganaxleba, kodori da oqtomberi (gulrifSis raioni); 1943 wlis 21 oqtombers _ pilenkovos nacvlad _ ganTiadi (gagris zona); 1943 wlis 23 dekembers _ beSkardaSis, ekaterinovkasa da mixailovkas nacvlad _ Sesabamisad, mTis-ubani, kelasuri da Sroma (soxumis raioni); 1944 wlis 12 ianvars _ qristoforovos nacvlad _ baRnari (gagris zona), konstantinovkasa da andreevkas nacvlad _ Sesabamisad, odiSi da axalSeni (soxumis raioni) da zaxarovkas nacvlad _ xevi (gulrifSis raioni); 1944 wlis 12 ivniss _ ermolovskisa da salmes nacvlad _ leseliZe (gagris zona).1895 rogorc vxedavT, 1940_1944 wlebis cvlilebebs hqonda afxazeTis rusulTurquli (da ara afxazuri) onomastikis daSlis mizandasaxuloba. 1890
. afxazeTis labirinTi, 1999, gv. 25-26. . b. Sinquba wlebis nakvalevi. wignidan _ Txzulebani oTx tomad, t. III. soxumi, 1989, gv. 540 (afxazur enaze). aq da sxva SemTxvevebSi afxazuri enidan Targmnili masala mogvawoda prof. T. gvancelaZem, risTvisac mas madlobas movaxsenebT. 1892 . afxazuri literaturis istoria, wigni I. soxumi, 1986 (afxazur enaze). 1893 . . . dasax. naSr., gv. 15. 1894 . . . . , 1985, gv. 45. 1895 . . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 16-17. 1891
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gaugebaria, ratom unda gamoewvia afxazi xalxis Rirsebis, istoriisa da kulturis Selaxva rusuli da Turquli toponimebis Secvlas. es toponimebi xom namdvilad ar iyo uZvelesi istoriul-geografiuli saxelwodebebi da warmoadgendnen afxazeTis rusuli kolonizaciisa da eTnodemografiuli infiltraciis Sedegs. afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan gamoyofis idea da misi iuridiuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri aspeqtebis damuSavebis mcdeloba oficialurad pirvelad dafiqsirda XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, roca sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles xelmZRvanelobaSi Seiqmna afxazeTisa da soWis olqis kurortebis gaerTianebis da amis bazaze moskovisadmi uSualo daqvemdebarebiT erTiani SavizRvispira sakurorto olqis Seqmnis proeqti. afxazeTis geografiuli nomenklaturisa da sakurorto industriis ganviTarebis imdroindeli donis gaTvaliswinebiT, es iyo saqarTvelos teritoriuli dekonstruqciis gegma. afxazeTSi sakurorto infrastruqturis qseli moicavda Savi zRvis sanapiro zols md.fsoudan md.kodoramde, romlis SeerTebiT soWis olqis sakurorto qselTan unda Camoyalibebuliyo gansakuTrebuli sakurorto olqi, Tanac imperiuli centris pirdapiri iurisdiqciis qveS, regionaluri komunisturi administraciis saxelisuflebo prerogativebis gamoTiSviT. proeqti warmoadgenda saqarTvelos mimarT rusul-sabWoTa imperializmis Tvisobrivad axal formas, radganac misi teritoriis nawilis aneqsiis da erTiani politikuri sivrcis daSlis motivaciad sakurorto industriis gaumjobesebis ideas aviTarebda. Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `sakurorto ideologia~ namdvilad axali da originaluri fenomeni iyo sabWoTa kolonializmis ideologiur arsenalSi. amave dros, proeqts antiafxazuri mimarTulebac hqonda, rameTu mis realizacias unda mohyoloda regionSi avtonomiuri saxelisuflebo institutebis gauqmeba da sabWoTa centrs daqvemdebarebuli sakurorto administraciis Camoyalibeba, e.i. afxazeTis avtonomiis likvidacia. `sakurorto respublikis~ Seqmnis imperiuli idea pirvelad gaaJRera sakavSiro kp(b) ck-s mdivanma m. suslovma 1945 wels, rogorc amas aRniSnavs Tavis memuarebSi ak. mgelaZe, 1943_1951 wlebSi saqarTvelos kp(b) afxazeTis saolqo da soxumis saqalaqo komitetebis pirveli mdivani.1896 Tumca, rogorc Cans, m.suslovis am avantiuristul aqcias sakiTxis wamoWrisa da viTarebis winaswari zondirebis funqcia unda hqonoda mxolod. gacilebiT masStaburad dadga integrirebuli sakurorto olqis formirebis sakiTxi 1948 wels, radganac misi ganxilvis iniciativa wamovida ukve i.stalinis uSualo garemocvis, kerZod, ck-s gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufrosisa da stalinis piradi mdivnis a.poskrebiSevis mxridan. 1948 wlis Semodgomaze, afxazeTSi i.stalinis dasvenebis dros, erT-erT araoficialur sadilze, romelsac eswrebodnen saqarTvelos kp(b) ck-sa da afxazeTis saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivnebi k.Carkviani da a.mgelaZe, aseve saqarTvelos uSiSroebis ministri d. rafava, a. poskrebiSevma kvlav wamoWra aRniSnuli sakiTxi. `ras fiqroben afxazi da qarTveli amxanagebi, _ aRniSna man, _ Tu soxums, axal aTons, gudauTasa da gagras gavaerTianebT da erTian sakurorto olqs SevqmniT, momarageba ukeTesi iqneba...~,1897 amaze a.mgelaZem da k.Carkvianma upasuxes, rom es niSnavs afxazeTis avtonomiis gauqmebas da saqarTvelosagan mis moglejas.1898 Tavi rom davaneboT tipuri komunisti funqcionerisaTvis damaxasiaTebel ukidures cinizms, rodesac is yovelgvari moraluri da samarTlebrivi 1896 1897 1898
. . . iqve. . iqve..
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., 2001, gv. 108.
kriteriumebis miRma myofi kaci ayenebs sakiTxs garkveuli materialurteqnikuri momaragebis motivaciiT qveynisagan ZirZveli istoriuli kuTxis CamorTmevis Sesaxeb, sakurorto olqis Seqmnis ideis wamoWra ukve seriozuli riskis faqtoris tolfasi iyo: cxadi gaxda, rom proeqtis damuSaveba da oficialuri obieqtivaciisaTvis misi momzadeba xorcieldeboda umaRlesi partiuli da saxelmwifo instanciebis da, SesaZloa, TviT i.stalinis doneze. sakurorto olqis Seqmnis proeqti ar ganxorcielebula. samwuxarod, a.mgelaZis memuarebi, romlebic warmoadgens mkvlevarTa xelT arsebul erTaderT wyaros, sakiTxs proeqtis Cagdebis mizezebis Sesaxeb faqtobrivad Riad tovebs. am mizezebis analizi uaRresad Znelia nebismier konceptualur konstruqciaSi. a.poskrebiSevTan saubris dros a. mgelaZis miniSnebis _ proeqtis realizaciis SemTxvevaSi saqarTveloSi mosalodneli saprotesto moZraobis Sesaxeb _ mizezad dasaxeleba damajerebeli ver iqneba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sabWoTa kavSiris totalitarizmis arss da gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis meqanizms, aseve swored 1948 wlisaTvis represiebis axali talRis dasawyiss. mTavari faqtorebi, romlebmac ganapirobes proeqtis CaSla, SeiZleboda yofiliyo omis Sedegad dangreuli saxalxo meurneobis aRdgenis pirobebSi am grandiozuli infrastruqturuli sakurorto gegmis finansur-ekonomikuri siZvire, aseve radikaluri Seusabamoba sabWoTa federalizmis konstituciur sistemasTan, romelSic ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli teritoriul-administraciuli struqturireba kurortologiis (?) principebis safuZvelze. movlenaTa logikis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa mZlavri impulsi sakurorto olqis proeqtis centrSi jer damuxruWebis, Semdeg ki CaSlis procesSi yofiliyo l.berias politikuri klanis zewola. miuxedavad sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis moRvaweobis da konkretulad l. berias represiuli politikis kritikisa, samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebisa da 50-iani wlebis dasawyisis konkretul-istoriul situaciaSi sabWoTa imperiis umaRles ierarqiaSi l.berias politikuri klanis faqtobrivma batonobam uzrunvelyo qarTuli interesebis regulireba afxazeTSi, riTac maTi damcavi meqanizmis da afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan gamoyofis prevenciis roli Seasrula. l. berias politikur figuraSi, tipuri sabWoTa jalaTisa da represiuli struqturis organizatoris Tvisobriv maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, aSkarad SeimCneva qarTuli regionalur-lokaluri egocentrizmis niSnebic. misi politikuri klanis mier 1938_1953 wlebSi afxazeTSi gatarebuli politika, am politikis oficialuri sabWoTa Semadgeneli elementebis paralelurad, Seicavda kulturuli da demografiuli procesebis qarTuli interesebis Sesabamisad programirebis latentur strategias. aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT dasavleT saqarTvelos miwisZvriT dazarebuli raionebidan usaxlkarod darCenili ojaxebis organizebuli Casaxleba afxazeTSi XXsaukunis 40-ian wlebSi1899. es iyo ara afxazeTis gaqarTvelebis mizanmimarTuli aqcia, aramed saxelmwifo doneze gatarebuli RonisZieba, romelmac uzrunvelyo regionis mkvidri mosaxleobis (qarTvelebisa da afxazebis) erovnul-kulturuli ganviTareba. 1953 wlis martSi i. stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles xelmZRvanelobaSi ZalauflebisaTvis mZafri brZolis Sedegad dawyebulma politikurma krizisma garkveuli gavlena moaxdina afxazeTis sazogadoebriv-politikur viTarebaze da arsebiTad gansazRvra kidec Semdgomi destruqciuli procesebis mimarTuleba. imave wlis Semodgomaze ganxorcielda regionaluri nomenklaturis Secvla. moskovis karnaxiT, 1899
. vrclad ix.: z.papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 148-153.
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saqarTvelos kp ck-is `rekomendaciiT~ saqarTvelos kp afxazeTis saolqo komitetis 1953 wlis 2 oqtombris plenumis gadawyvetilebiT, saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivnis Tanamdebobaze g. qarCava Secvala g. gegeSiZem; imave dRes afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma avtonomiuri respublikis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomareobidan gadaayena m. delba da daniSna a. labaxua.1900 1953 wlis meore naxevarSi moxda rusulenovani afxazuri da somxuri skolebis aRdgena. 1954 wlis mart-aprilSi afxazuri damwerloba qarTuli grafikuli sistemidan gadaiyvanes ara laTinurze, rogorc es iyo 1938 wlamde, aramed rusul-slavur `kirilicaze~, riTac Seiqmna afxazTa rusifikaciis mZlavri kulturologiuri meqanizmi. 1954 wlis ianvarSi miRebul iqna specialuri dadgenileba saqarTvelos skolebSi rusuli enisa da literaturis swavlebis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb. igi moiTxovda TbilisSi rusuli pedinstitutis daarsebas, amave dros, afxazeTis assr-sa da samxreT oseTis ao-s skolebSi rusuli enis gafarToebul swavlebas.1901 sagulisxmoa, rom dadgenileba ar iTvaliswinebda afxazur da osur enebze swavlebis aRdgenas an Tavidan SemoRebas, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom aRniSnul enebze swavleba arasodes gauqmebula. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia aseve pozitiuri kulturul-saganmanaTleblo inovaciebic, romlebic gamiznuli iyo afxazi eris kanonzomieri kulturuli da sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis. magaliTad, 1953 wlidan soxumis a.gorkis saxelobis pedagogiur institutSi Seiqmna afxazuri enisa da literaturis kaTedra, gaixsna filologiuri fakultetis afxazuri seqtori.1902 imperiuli centri daadga afxazeTSi qarTuli da afxazur-separatistuli interesebis permamentuli Sejaxebebisa da maTi mediatoruli regulirebis, ese igi marTvadi daZabulobis strategias. separatistul `erovnul~ ideas da komunisturi variantis eTnonacionalizms sWirdeboda separatizmis matarebeli socialuri kasta. separatistuli socialuri korporativizmis specifikur gamovlinebas warmoadgenda afxazuri eTnokratiis Camoyalibeba. afxazuri eTnokratia aris privilegirebuli eTnikur-politikuri klasi, garkveul-wilad kasturi principiT organizebuli Caketili eTnokorporacia, afxazi eTnosis politikuri Zalauflebis realizacia iseTi nomenklaturis Seqmnis gziT, romlis formirebis umTavres kriteriums warmoadgenda individis afxazuri eTnikuri warmomavloba. 50-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan dawyebuli, ukve 80-iani wlebis bolosaTvis afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi kremlidan marTvadi procesis farglebSi ganviTarebulma eTnokratiulma politikam gamoiwvia stabiluri eTnikuri nomenklaturis Seqmna, TiTqmis yvela doneze diversificirebuli struqturiT _ eTnikuri partokratiiT, eTnikuri biurokratiiT, eTnikuri sameurneo_korporaciuli elitiT, eTnikuri samecniero-SemoqmedebiTi biurokratiiT da sxva socialur-ierarqiuli `stratebiT~. Tavisi instituciuri dizainiTa da Sidapolitikuri anTropologiiT afxazuri eTnokratia gamoirCeva araerTgvarovnebiT, rac gamoixata misi e.w. `gudauTuri~ da `oCamCiruli~ seqtorebis TanaarsebobaSi. amas, Tavis mxriv, istoriuli Zirebi aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, Tu ra istoriulma faqtorebma ganapirobes es heterogenoba da Sinagani dualizmi, magram faqtia, rom afxazi eTnosi iyofa or subeTnosad _ gudauTis, igive Crdilo-dasavleTis da oCamCiris, igive samxreT-aRmosavleTis, _ rac `bzifeli afxazebisa~ da `abJuis afxazebis~ istoriuli dualizmis gagrZelebaa. dRemde SenarCunebulia gansxvaveba subeTnosebs Soris 1900 1901 1902
. sabWoTa afxazeTi, 1953, 4 oqtomberi. . afsni yafS, 1954, 8 ianvari. . , 1991, gv. 368-369.
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dialeqtsa da kulturul-sayofacxovrebo sferoSi. eTnokratiam uzrunvelyo Semdegi sami imperiuli funqciis realizacia: funqcia pirveli _ eTnokratia uzrunvelyofda raodenobrivad mcire afxazi eTnosis privilegirebul statuss da politikur batonobas avtonomiur respublikaSi. imis gamo, rom afxazTa eTnokratiuli statusi maTi raodenobrivi da xarisxobriv-kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis araekvivalenturi iyo, apriorulad arsebobda qarTvelTa da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenelTa ukmayofilebis safuZveli. amiT eTnokratiuli meTodi Tavis TavSi Seicavda konfliqturi situaciis imanentur wyaroebs, romelTa gaRvivebis SemTxvevaSi kremli uzrunvelyofda `gaTiSe da ibatone~-s imperiuli meqanizmis amoqmedebas. funqcia meore _ afxazuri eTnokratia warmoadgenda Caketil, kastur sistemas. misi korporaciuli aratransparentuloba, erTgvari distancireba qarTuli elitisagan da saerTo-qarTuli problemebisagan stimuls aZlevda eTnokratiis politikur avtarkias. avtarkiidan separatizmamde ki erTi nabijiRa rCeba. funqcia mesame _ afxazuri eTnokratia iyo separatizmis mTavari wyaro, misi ideuri da organizaciuli birTvi, separatistuli politikuri koniunqturis erTgvari matrica. is warmoadgenda separatistuli moZraobis warmmarTvel Zalasac da moskovTan mis damakavSirebel pirdapir arxsac. Teoriulad afxazuri eTnokratiis es funqcia SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc Sida kolonializmi da am formiT sabWoTa kolonializmis regionaluri mikrovarianti. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom SemdgomSi ZiriTadi separatistuli partiebi Tu gaerTianebani afxazuri eTnokratiis sxvadasxva dajgufebebis wiaRSi warmoiSvnen. es funqciuri trializmi sruliad logikurad da araorazrovnad miuTiTebs kremlis miznebze _ Tu ratom daadga is winaswar dagegmili da daprogramebuli marTvadi politikis gziT afxazeTSi privilegirebuli eTnokorporaciuli elitis Seqmnis kurss: imitom, rom Sesabamis viTarebaSi gamoeyenebina afxazuri eTnokratia sakuTari imperokratiuli ambiciebis dakmayofilebisaTvis, tradiciuli imperiuli meqanizmis `gaTiSe da ibatone~-s amoqmedebisa da saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Sekaveba-damarcxebisaTvis, an, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, misi stabiluri ganeitralebisaTvis. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, afxazuri eTnokratiis Camoyalibeba daiwyo sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles xelisuflebaSi n. xruSCovis mosvlisa da partiulpolitikuri elitis poststalinur generaciaSi proafxazuri lobis warmoqmnis Sedegad. swored am periodSi iRebs saTaves avtonomiur respublikaSi eTnokratiuli modelis partiul-saxelmwifo, administraciuli, ekonomikuri da saganmanaTleblo struqturebis formirebis etapobrivi procesi. afxazuri eTnokratiisa da separatistuli politikuri koniunqturis formirebis yoveli stadia winaswar iyo dagegmili da maT imperiuli centridan inspirirebuli afxazuri gamosvlebis mimarT gamovlenili `iZulebiTi~ operatiuli reaqciis forma hqondaT. ase iyo 1957, 1967, 1977_1978 da 1988_1989 wlebSi, rac erTobliobaSi warmoadgens afxazuri separatizmis genezisis stadialur qronologias – oficialuri moskovidan inspirirebuli separatistuli politikuri moTxovnebisa da iniciativebis calkeuli talRebis saxiT, romelTa drosac avtonomiuri respublikis afxazur umciresobas eZleoda garkveuli privilegiebi da eTnikuri preferenciebi sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. pirveli aseTi destruqciuli gamosvla moxda 1957 wels. krizisuli viTarebis warmoqmnis sababad destruqciulma Zalebma gamoiyenes qarTveli mecnieris p.ingoroyvas
364
wignis `giorgi merCule~ _ gamoqveyneba (1954 wels) da afxazeTis istoriis kardinalur sakiTxebze masSi wamoyenebuli debulebebis ganxilva qarTuli akademiuri istoriografiis wreebSi (1956w.). amasTan dakavSirebiT, garkveulma Zalebma aagores antiqarTuli saprotesto moZraoba da masSi Caabes avtonomiuri respublikis afxazi mosaxleobis nawili. am moZraobis katalizatorad iqca skkp ck-s 1956 wlis 10 ivlisis zemoTxsenebuli dadgenileba (aqve, gv. 33). 1957 wlis 11_13 aprils soxumSi gaimarTa 200 kaciani saprotesto aqcia partiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetis SenobasTan. mRelvarebas hqonda adgili a.gorkis saxelobis soxumis pedagogiur institutSi. afxazi inteligenciis calkeuli jgufebi gavidnen soflebSi, moZraobis masobrivi bazis Seqmnisa da organizebuli protestis gamowvevisaTvis. gaCnda politikuri lozungebic. afxazi samecniero da SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis sxvadasxva jgufebma skkp ck-isa da piradad n.xruSCovis saxelze gaagzavnes ramdenime werili–peticia. isini moiTxovdnen skkp centraluri komitetis 1956 wlis 10 ivlisis gadawyvetilebis bolomde Sesrulebas, Sidarespublikuri migraciis Sewyvetas da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis rsfsr-s iurisdiqciaSi gadasvlas.1903 viTarebis normalizacia mxolod saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobis Carevis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli. saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-is biuros 1957 wlis 12 aprilis da saqarTvelos kompartiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetis biuros 15_16 aprilis gadawyvetilebebma droebiT, konfliqturi arsenalis administraciuli konservaciiT ganmuxta daZabuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri situacia. absoluturad mcdaria da seriozul koreqcias saWiroebs mosazreba, romelic 1957 wlis separatistuli aqciis wanamZRvrebis Sefasebisas am aqciis mTavar mizezad Tvlis p.ingoroyvas naSromis gamocemas, romelic TiTqosda afxazTa genocidisa da asimilaciis mecnierul-ideologiuri argumentaciis mizandasaxulobiT gamoica. sinamdvileSi 1957 wlis saprotesto aqcia warmoadgens afxazuri eTnokratiis pirvel organizebul gamosvlas saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis winaaRmdeg, afxazuri separatizmis politikuri proeqtis pirvel oficialur demonstracias, romlis drosac am destruqciulma fenomenma gamoxata Tavisi proimperiuli da antiqarTuli TviTidenturoba. amas naTlad adasturebs aqciis sruliad mizanmimarTuli politikuri plasti _ ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvla avtonomiuri respublikis saxiT, am politikuri lozungis realizaciis mizniT peticiebis gagzavna sabWoTa kavSiris centralur struqturebSi, lixnisa da moqvis Tavyrilobebis mowvevis mcdeloba separatistuli lozungisaTvis saerTo-saxalxo plebiscitaruli sawyisebis misaniWeblad. 1964 wels sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles saxelisuflebo eSelonebSi da uSualod n. xruSCovis uaxloesi garemocvis wreSi Seiqmna afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan gamoyofisa da rsfsr-s SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiis statusiT inkorporaciis gegma. am gegmis Sesaxeb iribi cnoba saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s pirvel mdivans v.mJavanaZes miawoda saqarTvelos kompartiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetis maSindelma pirvelma mdivanma m.bRaJbam. dagegmil teritoriul-administraciul cvlilebas uSualod n.xruSCovi lobirebda. rogorc d.sturua (saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s mdivani ideologiis dargSi) Tavis memuarebSi wers, 1964 wlis agvistoSi v.mJavanaZis kabinetSi Sexvedrisas m. bRaJbam aRniSna, rom is xruSCovma miiwvia biWvinTis saxelmwifo agarakze da ubrZana, daewera moxsenebiTi baraTi afxazeTis rsfsr-Si Sesvlis
1903
.
.
.
:
.
365
., 1999, gv. 127.
TxovniT.1904 rogorc Cans, gegma realurad arsebobda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sul cota or moments; jer erTi, afxazuri separatizmis waxaliseba da saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis secesia yovelTvis figurirebda sabWoTa kavSiris elituri jgufebis imperiul strategiaSi, radganac es idea grZelvadiani strategiuli dagegmvis obieqti iyo 1921 wlidan moyolebuli; meore, 1954 wels n.xruSCovma sruliad umtkivneulod, partokratiuli sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli monopoliuri gadawyvetilebiT ganaxorciela analogiuri cvlileba yirimis rsfsr-dan ukrainis SemadgenlobaSi gadayvaniT. sxva sakiTxia am cvlilebis samarTlianoba Tu istoriuli aspeqtebi. faqtia, rom sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas ukve hqonda `zemodan~ teritoriuladministraciuli struqturis Secvlis precendenti da faqtobrivad amgvari cvlilebis ganxorcielebis umtkivneulo (saprotesto moZraobis TvalsazrisiT) praqtika. ratom Cavarda afxazeTis saqarTvelosgan mowyvetis morigi imperiuli (n.xruSCoviseuli) gegma? is garemoeba, rom m.bRaJbam gamoiCina tradiciuli afxazuri patriotizmi, Rrmad gaacnobiera imperiuli gegmis realizaciis gardauvali tragikuli Sedegebi, pirvel rigSi, TviT afxazi xalxisa da misi kulturisaTvis da moxsenebiTi baraTis daweris nacvlad saswrafod gaemgzavra TbilisSi saqarTvelos respublikuri xelmZRvanelobis informirebisaTvis, TavisTavad mniSvnelovani faqtia. es faqti TviT m.bRaJbas warmoaCens, rogorc saRad moazrovne, progresuli orientaciis funqcioners. magram arc m.bRaJbas uars (moexdina afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan gamoyofis werilobiTi inicireba), da arc saqarTvelos partiul-politikuri elitis lokalur protests, cxadia, ar SeeZlo gegmis ganxorcielebis blokireba. sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobas nebismier momentSi SeeZlo sxvadasxva resursebis gamoyenebiT saprotesto moZraobis paralizeba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis ruseTTan SeerTebis mzakvruli gegmis ganxorcieleba CaSala 1964 wlis oqtombris kremlis `sasaxlis gadatrialebam~ da breJnev-semiCastni-Selepin-suslovis jgufis mier n.xruSCovis gadayenebam. afxazeTSi arsebuli situaciis formatSi arcTu ise umniSvnelo adgili eWira, ase vTqvaT, Sidaelitur kriziss _ afxazuri erovnuli biurokratiis eTnocentristuli `moskovuri~ frTisa da zomier-centristuli `proqarTulproafxazuri~ frTis dapirispirebas. es dapirispireba met-naklebad Seesabameboda afxazuri eTnokratiis dayofas `gudauTur~ da `oCamCirul~ nawilebad, an ufro farTo aspeqtSi _ afxazi eTnosis dayofas Crdilodasavlur da samxreT-aRmosavlur subeTnosebad. qarTlocentristuli da separatistuli tendenciebis dapirispirebis formiT afxazur nomenklaturaSi Sidaelituri krizisis konkretuli gamovlena iyo 1964_1965 wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi sakadro politikis sferoSi. 1964 wlis dekemberSi saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-Si gaigzavna anonimuri werili, romelic Seicavda afxazeTis saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivnis m.bRaJbas negatiur daxasiaTebas, cxadia, dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan misi gadayenebis qveteqsturi moTxovniT. avtorebi m. bRaJbas adanaSaulebdnen partiuli da saxelmwifo disciplinis SesustebaSi, kadrebis araswor SerCevaSi, meqrTameobaSi, zneobriv gaxrwnilobaSi, damnaSaveTa mfarvelobaSi da a.S.1905 es faqti aSkarad miuTiTebs avtonomiuri respublikis mmarTvel eSelonebSi Sidaelituri krizisis arsebobaze elita-kontrelitis 1904
.
1905
.
.
.
.
3-4. iqve, gv. 21.
366
., 1995, gv.
diqotomiis formatSi. am SemTxvevaSi elitas qmnidnen m. bRaJba da misi proqarTul-proafxazuri jgufi, xolo kontrelitas _ avtonomiuri respublikis partiul da saxelmwifo aparatSi mokalaTebuli ultranacionalisturi `promoskovuri~ dajgufeba, romelsac meTaurobda ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile aslan oTirba. rogorc Cans, `oTirbas iatakqveSa komitets~ hyavda mxardamWerebi afxazi inteligenciis wreebSi, partiuli, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis xelmZRvanel fenebSi. TviT a.oTirbas fsiqologiuri portreti xasiaTdeba aSkarad gamoxatuli antiqarTuli paTosiT, is gamoirCeoda separatistuli da radikalurad eTnonacionalisturi ganwyobilebiT. m.bRaJbas dabalansebuli politika iwvevda separatistebis ukmayofilebas. amitom isini cdilobdnen, mieRwiaT m.bRaJbas gadayenebisa da mis adgilas a.oTirbas daniSvnisaTvis. karieristuli da viwrouwyebrivi interesebis garda, aq ikveTeba separatistul-korporatiuli mizandasaxuloba da swored es iyo mTavari _ regionalur elitaSi `bRaJbas gundis~ `oTirbas jgufiT~ Canacvlebis SemTxvevaSi avtonomiur respublikaSi irRveoda isedac myife balansi da strategiuli politikuri upiratesoba gadadioda separatistulrevanSistuli koaliciis xelSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, radikalurad cvlida regionaluri politikuri procesis struqturas antiqarTuli da promoskovuri mimarTulebis gaaqtiurebis TvalsazrisiT. 1964 wlis dekembris anonimuri werili miznad isaxavda m.bRaJbasa da misi gundis diskreditacias saqarTvelos partiuli elitis winaSe da am formiT `oTirbas gundiT~ misi Canacvlebis argumentirebas. rogorc d. sturua miuTiTebs, a.oTirba arc ki malavda amgvar mizanswrafvas.1906 saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-m anonimuri werili ganixila 1964 wlis 24 dekembris prezidiumis sxdomaze da miiRo gadawyvetileba, daetovebina m. bRaJba saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivnis Tanamdebobaze, werilSi miTiTebuli naklovanebebisa da Secdomebis aRmofxvris moTxovniT.1907 amiT saqarTvelos respublikurma xelmZRva-nelobam droebiT SeZlo afxazeTSi separatistuli `sakadro revoluciis~ blokireba da regionalur elitaSi m.bRaJbas proqarTuli-proafxazuri jgufis SenarCuneba. magram 1965 wels, ukve skkp cks aSkara administraciuli zewoliT, m.bRaJba gaaTavisufles saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivnis Tanamdebobidan. am sakadro perturbaciis dros v.mJavanaZem mainc moaxerxa xeli SeeSala `oTirbas jgufis~ Tanamdebobrivi aRmasvlisaTvis. separatistuli procesis mTavari figurantis a.oTirbas nacvlad saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivani gaxda v.kobaxia. marTalia, v.kobaxia ar gamoirCeoda aSkarad gamoxatuli proqarTuli simpaTiebiT, magram arc separatistul-ultranacionalistur platformaze idga (yovel SemTxvevaSi, im periodSi). is, iseve rogorc saolqo komitetis mdivani ideologiis dargSi m.xvarwkia, komunist-internacionalistis imijs flobda, `proqarTul-proafxazur~ da `promoskovur~ orientaciebs Soris Sualeduri mdgomareobiTa da zomier-centristuli taqtikiT. 1967 wels separatistulma revanSistulma koaliciam kvlav CarTo moqmedebaSi 1957 wlis modeli _ istoriografiuli konfliqtis inicirebiT farTo-masStabiani sazogadoebriv-politikuri konfliqtis gaCaReba. amjerad krizisis istoriografiuli sababi gaxda 1966 wels akademikos n. berZeniSvilis TxzulebaTa mesame tomis gamocema, romelSic Sevida 1951 wlis werili `mcire SeniSvna did sakiTxze~. masSi n. berZeniSvilma gamoTqva mosazreba qarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi aqtiurad monawile Zveli afxazebis iber-lazebTan naTesaobis Sesaxeb (aqve, gv. 70). afxazur eTnokratiasa da masTan asocirebul garkveul wreebSi es koncefcia aRqmul iqna, rogorc afxazTa eTnogenetikuri qarTvelobis 1906 1907
. iqve. . iqve.,
gv. 22.
367
mtkiceba da, aqedan gamomdinare, afxazTa eTnogenezisis sakiTxSi n. berZeniSvilis mier p. ingoroyvas Teoriis gaziareba. samecniero polemikaSi CaerTo afxazi mosaxleobis faqtobrivad yvela fena, rac farTomasStabian saprotesto moZraobaSi gadaizarda. 1967 wlis 7_9 aprils soxumis sazafxulo TeatrSi Sekrebil aTaskacian Tavyrilobaze Camoyalibda Svidwevriani delegacia, romelsac daevala afxazi mosaxleobis moTxovnebis oficialuri wardgena sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen t. Sayrili, j. axuba, a. agrba, x. Caragua, o. Samba, o. damenia da a. zuxba.1908 maT mier aprilis Sua ricxvebSi centralur sakavSiro partiul da saxelmwifo struqturebSi wardgenili dokumenti Tavisi paTosiT, SinaarsiTa da mizandasaxulobiT pirwmindad separa-tistul xasiaTs atarebda. preambulaSi aRniSnuli iyo afxazTa viTom devna-Seviwroebis, xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze ardaSvebis, asimilaciis, afxazeTis ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis xelovnurad damuxruWebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs dokumentis avtorTa moTxovnebi TurqeTidan 200 aTasi muhajiris repatriaciis, antiqarTuli toponimikuri cvlilebebis gatarebisa da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis statusis mokavSire respublikis statusamde amaRlebis Sesaxeb (rac, rasakvirvelia, niSnavda gamoyofas saqarTvelosagan).1909 yuradRebas iqcevs aseve 1967w. saprotesto moZraobis politikuri anTropologia. delegaciis wevrebTan da inteligenciis warmomadgenlebTan, romlebic qmnidnen moZraobis arainstituciur segments, aliansSi iyo eTnokratiis separatistuli frTa, ukve naxsenebi a.oTirbasa da kulturis ministris r. kvarWelias meTaurobiT. amitom 1967w. saprotesto moZraoba warmoadgenda afxazuri eTnokratiisa da separatistuli inteligenciis aliansis bazaze organizebuli samoqalaqo putCis mcdeloba saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis gamoyofis mizniT. 1967 wlis 14 aprils saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s biurom miiRo xuTpunqtiani dadgenileba, romelic iTvaliswinebda zogierT praqtikul RonisZiebas afxazeTSi Seqmnili feTqebadsaSiSi viTarebis ganmuxtvisaTvis. kerZod, aRiniSna, rom n.berZeniSvilis TxzulebaTa mesame tomis gamocemis dros daSvebul iqna garkveuli xarvezebi da zogierTi formulireba saWiroebs koreqtirebas.1910 mizanSewonilad iqna CaTvlili afxazeTis zogierTi dasaxlebuli punqtis saxelwodebis Secvla (gagris zonis sof. nakaduls ewoda mexadiri, gulrifSis raionis sof. neZonas _ xizaruxa da gudauTis raionis soflebs bambukovans, gogirdwyals da SuamTas _ Sesabamisad akalamra, arsauli da Cirgosta).1911 saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s samdivnos daevala afxazeTis ekonomikisa da kulturis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli RonisZiebebis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba. 1967 wlis 18 aprils gaimarTa afxazeTis partiul-sabWoTa aqtivis gafarToebuli kreba. miRebul rezoluciaSi 7_9 aprilis Tavyriloba Sefasda provokaciad, romelic xels uSlida ori moZme eris urTierTobis normalizacias.1912 situaciis deblokireba moxda ukve ivnis-ivlisisaTvis. separatistTa samoqalaqo putCis mcdeloba kraxiT dasrulda, Tumca mas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. saprotesto gamosvlebis garkveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba zogierT 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912
. . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 133. . iqve, v. 133. . . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 34. . iqve, gv. 35. . . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 150.
368
nomenklaturul cvlilebas, romelsac antiqarTuli xasiaTi hqonda. 1967 wlis 21 maiss saqarTvelos kp afxazeTis saolqo komitetis plenumma demonstraciulad gamoiyvana saolqo komitetis biuros Semadgenlobidan da gaaTavisufla dakavebuli Tanamdebobebidan saolqo komitetis meore mdivani d. gogoxia da ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare m. Ciqovani.1913 morigi antiqarTuli saprotesto gamosvlis sababad separatistulma eTnokratiam gamoiyena mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi konstituciuri sistemis formalur-iuridiuli Secvlis procesi. sakavSiro konstituciis axali redaqciis Seqmnis paralelurad, cxadia, unda Secvliliyo saqarTvelos respublikuri da afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri konstituciebic. skkp ck-s 1977 wlis 3 ivnisis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-s biurom 13 ivniss miiRo dadgenileba saqarTvelosa da misi avtonomiuri respublikebis axali konstituciebis mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis organizaciis Sesaxeb.1914 1977 wlis 10 dekembers afxazuri elitis 130 warmomadgenelma specialuri weriliT mimarTa imperiis centralur instanciebs _ skkp ck-s politbiuros, piradad l. breJnevs da rsfsr-s umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomares m. iasnovs. werili gamoirCeoda saqarTvelosa da qarTveli eris mimarT usazRvro siZulviliT, xolo saqarTvelos partiul-sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba gamocxadebuli iyo `berias saqmis~ gamgrZeleblad, afxazeTis socialurekonomikuri da kulturuli Seviwroebisa da asimilaciis politikis gamtareblad. werilSi centraluri adgili eWira separatistul moTxovnas _ mimdinare konstituciuri cvlilebis farglebSi afxazeTis gamoyofas saqarTvelosagan da mis gadasvlas rsfsr-s teritoriul-samarTlebriv sivrceSi krasnodaris mxaris SemadgenlobaSi. werilis avtorebi moiTxovdnen specialuri samTavrobo komisiis Seqmnas sakavSiro doneze.1915 skkp ck-dan aRniSnuli deklaracia gadaagzavnes afxazeTis saolqo komitetSi Sesabamisi reagirebisaTvis. pirveladi reagireba marTlac operatiuli da obieqturi gamodga rogorc saolqo komitetis, ise saqarTvelos respublikuri xelmZRvanelobis mxridan. 1978 wlis 22 da 24 Tebervlis sxdomebze saolqo komitetis biurom da saqarTvelos kp ck-s biurom werilis avtorebis pozicia Seafases, rogorc `aRmaSfoTebeli da uprincipo~.1916 magram es radikalurad antiseparatistuli xazi ar moewonaT imperiul centrSi. 1978 wlis 3 maiss skkp ck-s samdivnom specialur sxdomaze ganixila afxazeTSi arsebuli viTareba.1917 miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba avtonomiis partiuli xelmZRvanelobis Secvlis Sesaxeb. saolqo komitetis pirvel mdivnad v. xinTbas nacvlad dainiSna b. adleiba. adgilze viTarebis Seswavlisa da Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad mizanSewonilad CaiTvala specialuri jgufis afxazeTSi Casvla skkp ck-s mdivnis i. kapitonovis meTaurobiT. i. kapitonovi da saqarTvelos kp ck-s pirveli mdivani e. SevardnaZe soxumSi 19 maiss Camovidnen. swored i. kapitonovis jgufis Camosvlas mohyva separatistuli putCis aqtivizaciis gansakuTrebulad maqsimaluri talRa, afxazTa antikonstituciuri moTxovnebis radikalizacia, eskalaciis masStaburi gafarToeba da zogierT SemTxvevaSi situaciis umarTaobis precedentis Seqmna. soxumSi, gagrasa da gudauTaSi adgili hqonda sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da saxelmwifo disciplinis masobriv darRvevebs. separatistebma mimarTes sabotaJis taqtikas _ moawyves masobrivi gaficvebi transportsa da savaWro qselis obieqtebSi. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917
. z . papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakveTi II, gv. 173. . . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 47. . . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 151. . iqve. . iqve, gv. 152.
369
1978 wlis 21 maiss, afxazeTis partiul-sabWoTa aqtivis krebaze i. kapitonovma calsaxad daafiqsira imperiuli centris pozicia: saprotesto moZraobis moTxovnebi antikonstituciuria da afxazeTis gamoyofa saqarTvelosagan am etapze gamoricxulia. man, kerZod, aRniSna: `Cven mzad varT, ganvixiloT universitetisa da televiziis sakiTxi, magram afxazeTis gadasvla rsfsr-s SemadgenlobaSi gamoricxulia. aseve gamoricxulia axal konstituciaSi aseTi gadasvlis uflebis Sesaxeb specialuri muxlis Setana~.1918 daZabulobis eskalaciis umaRles punqts warmoadgenda 22 maiss mTavrobis saxlis win organizebul mravalaTasian mitingze separatistebis mier mowyobili obstruqcia. i. kapitonovis gamosvlas, romelSic man gaimeora aqtivis krebaze wina dRes gamoTqmuli debulebebi, mohyva saprotesto SeZaxilebi, xolo e. SevardnaZes saerTod ar misces gamosvlis ufleba, ris Semdegac maT saswrafod datoves iqauroba. Seqmnil situaciaSi saqarTvelos partiulma nomenklaturam da piradad e. SevardnaZem gamoiCines absoluturi uprincipoba, moaxdines saqarTvelos erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis ignorireba, daadgnen ra separatistebis mimarT yovlad gaumarTlebeli daTmobebis taqtikas maSin, rodesac, 1957 da 1967 wlebisgan gansxvavebiT, am periodSi imperiuli centri faqtobrivad ar iyo dainteresebuli am etapze mainc arsebuli balansis darRvevasa da afxazuri eTnokratiis centridanuli moZraobis stimulirebaSi. ufro metic, rogorc informaciis kuluaruli wyaroebi cxadyofen, 1978 wlis 22 maiss i. kapitonovma wamoayena centridan separatistuli mitingis Zalismieri blokirebis sanqciis gamoTxovis idea, rac kategoriulad uaryo e. SevardnaZem. kompromisuli taqtikis imperatiuli baza gaxda saqarTvelos kp ck-s 1978wlis 24 maisis gadawyvetileba `afxazeTis assr-s ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis, avtonomiuri respublikis mSromelebSi organizaciuli da ideur-aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis gaZlierebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb.~1919 swored am gadawyvetilebis realizaciis farglebSi moxda afxazuri televiziis gaxsna, a. gorkis saxelobis soxumis pedinstitutis gardaqmna afxazeTis saxelmwifo universitetad da sxv. e. SevardnaZem afxazuri eTnokratiis interesebis Sesabamisad ganaxorciela nomenklaturuli cvlilebebi afxazeTis partiul-saxelmwifo elitaSi. umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomared dainiSna v. kobaxia, rac iyo aSkara kapitulacia eTnokratiis gudauTuri klanis winaSe. gagris saqalaqo komitetis pirvel mdivnad, g. kvantalianis nacvlad, jer dainiSna qarTveli g. naWyebia, magram sul cota xanSi mis nacvlad daniSnes separatistulad ganwyobili a. gvaramia, ris Semdegac e. SevardnaZem Tqva, rom `gamoaswora Secdoma~.1920 saerTod, e. SevardnaZis sakadro politikas savalalo Sedegebi mohyva, gansakuTrebiT regionalur elitaSi separatistuli elementebis win wamowevisa da maTi klanur-korporaciuli TviTdamkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT. ganxorcielebili sakadro cvlilebebiT avtonomiur respublikaSi daiwyo eTnokratiuli modelis saboloo formireba da afxazuri eTnokratiis, rogorc elitaruli politikuri klasis, Camoyalibeba. miuxedavad diskretuli Sidakorporaciuli struqturisa (partiuli elita, saxelmwifo Cinovnikebi, ministrebi, sameurneo elita da direqtorTa korpusi, saxelisuflebo struqturebSi integrirebuli samecniero da SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis nawili), eTnokratiam SeiZina erTiani mmarTveli klasis funqciebi da antiqarTuli separatistuli ideuri platforma. yuradRebas iqcevs eTnokratiuli reJimis imdroindeli faqtologiuri statistika, 1918 1919 1920
. iqve. . komunisti, 1978, 26 maisi. . . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 159.
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romelic mohyavs l. marSanias: afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikidan arCeuli 15 ssrk-s saxalxo deputatidan rva iyo afxazi... afxazeTis assr umaRlesi sabWos 140 deputatidan 57 (40,7 %) iyo afxazi, 53 (37,9 %) _ qarTveli, 30 (21,4 %) __ danarCeni erovnebis warmomadgeneli. saqalaqo da sasoflo sabWoebis Semadgenlobis mesameds da ministrTa sabWosa da saolqo komitetis aparatis naxevars Seadgendnen afxazebi. 12 ministridan rva da saxelmwifo komitetis rva Tavmjdomaridan xuTi iyo afxazi. qalaqisa da raionebis rva prokuroridan xuTi iyo afxazi~.1921 1985 wlis martSi sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles xelisuflebaSi moxda formalurad morigi, magram Tavisi SinaarsiTa da politikuri transformaciis xarisxiT radikaluri cvlilebebi. xelisuflebis saTaveSi movida `gorbaCovis gundi~, romelmac gamoacxada qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebisa da gardaqmnis (`perestroikis~) kursi. misma pirvelma ornaxevarma weliwadma aCvena, rom totalitaruli sistema misi sruli demontaJis gareSe ar eqvemdebareboda reformebs. 1987 wlis oqtombridan m. gorbaCovi iZulebuli gaxda gamoecxadebina gadasvla `perestroikis~ meore etapze _ demokratiisa da sajaroobis politikaze, ramac stimuli misca reJimis mimarT opoziciuri moZraobebis gaaqtiurebas, ramac Ziri gamouTxara da safuZvlianad Searyia komunisturi reJimi. swored am etapze moxda saqarTvelos disidenturi da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-obis legalizacia da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideis oficialuri dayeneba dRis wesrigSi. xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis arcerT politikur Zalas eWvis qveS ar dauyenebia afxazeTis avtonomiis mizanSewonilobis sakiTxi. rac Seexeba afxazTa uflebebis xelyofis programas, aqac unda aRiniSnos erTi konceptualuri momentis Sesaxeb: qarTuli erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Teoriul-konceptualur konstruqciebSi arasodes ar dasmula oficialurad afxazTa uflebebis destruqciis moTxovna. piriqiT, imdenad, ramdenadac es moZraoba afxazur separatizms ganixilavda ruseTis imperialisturi politikis regionaluri meqanizmis konteqstSi, afxazTa istoriul-kulturuli da politikuri uflebebis garantireba erTian qarTul sivrceSi da am gziT `afxazeTis afxazizacia~ swored qarTul erovnul-strategiul interesebTan iyo Tanxvedrili. `afxazeTis afxazizacia~ gulisxmobda paralelur derusifikacias an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis ideologiur-kulturuli zegavlenis minimizacias. amitom afxazeTis `nacionalizacia~ uzrunvelyofda mis amogdebas imperiuli vertikalidan da afxazuri eTnokratiis distancirebas sabWoTa rusuli imperiis centraluri istebliSmentisagan. amdenad, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da qarTuli erovnuli proeqtis realizacia apriori gamoricxavda afxazTa uflebebis diskriminacias da maT denacionalizacias. `perestroikis~ mier Seqmnili pluralizmisa da sajaroobis pirobebSi afxazuri separatizmis pirvel oficialur gamovlinebas warmoadgenda egreT wodebuli `samocis werili~ _ afxazuri mecnierebisa da kulturis samoci TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis 1988 wlis 17 ivnisis mimarTva skkp XIX sakavSiro konferenciisadmi.1922 es e.w. `afxazuri werili~ gamoirCeoda radikaluri antiqarTuli paTosiT, usafuZvlo TavdasxmebiT qarTvel xalxze da saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobaze. dokumentis centraluri idea iyo saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis gamoyofis antikonstituciuri moTxovna. marTalia, werili arc ki gamxdara partkonferenciaze prezentaciisa da ganxilvis sagani, magram misma gamoqveynebam mainc daZaba sazogadoebrivi atmosfero avtonomiur respublikaSi. 1921 1922
. .
.
. .,
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., 1995, gv. 11-12. , gv. 414.
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1989 wlis 18 marts gudauTis raionis sofel lixnSi gaimarTa avtonomiuri respublikis afxazi mosaxleobis mravalaTasiani Tavyriloba, romelmac miiRo egreT wodebuli `lixnis deklaracia~ _ mimarTva sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvaneli organoebisadmi saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis gamoyofisa da sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi mokavSire respublikis statusiT Sesvlis Sesaxeb. mimarTvas xels awerdnen avtonomiuri respublikis oficialuri instanciebis xelmZRvaneli pirebi, maT Soris saqarTvelos kompartiis afxazeTis saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivani b. adleiba. gaocebas iwvevs afxazuri istoriografiisa da politikuri publicistikis aSkarad araobieqturi da araakademiuri `koncefcia~, romelSic lixnis Tavyri-loba saxeldebulia `saerToafxazur plebiscitad~ (?), xolo mis mier miRebuli mimarTva centraluri imperiuli instanciebisadmi _ `afxazi xalxis erovnuli moZraobis aqtad~1923 (?). samarTlebriv cnobierebaSi ar arsebobs raime oficialuri aqtis gareSe organizebuli Sekrebis plebiscitad gansazRvris, xolo masze miRebuli dokumentebisaTvis deklaraciad wodebis precedenti. lixnis Tavyriloba, cxadia, ver CaiTvleba plebiscitarul-referendumuli sawyisebis mqone oficialur krebad. es iyo mosaxleobis nawilis mier stiqiurad, konstituciuri sistemis farglebSi aucilebeli formalur-iuridiuli procedurebis gverdis avliT organizebuli araformaluri Sekreba. mis mier miRebul mimarTvas ar hqonda afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis mravalerovani mosaxleobis nebis gamoxatvis funqcia da, Sesabamisad, ar warmoadgenda saxalxo suverenitetis gamovlinebas. TavisTavad ki afxazuri eTnikuri nacionalizmisa da separatizmis es `deklaracia~ iyo antikonstituciuri, ukanono da radikalur-konfrontaciuli, radganac man stimuli misca daZabulobis eskalacias rogorc TbilisSi, ise sakuTriv afxazeTSic. `lixnis deklaraciam~ gansakuTrebiT gaamwvava sazogadoebriv-politikuri situacia afxazeTSi, stimuli misca farTomasStabian destabilizacias da saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis afxazeTis seqtoris gaaqtiurebas. amgvari gaaqtiurebis sawyisad unda miviCnioT qarTuli erovnuli partiebis mier organizebuli pirveli masobrivi antisabWoTa aqcia soxumSi 1988 wlis 3 dekembers. am mitingze qarTuli erovnuli Tvalsazrisi da afxaz xalxTan erTad damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobis mzadyofna daafiqsires erovnuli moZraobis TvalsaCino liderebma m. kostavam, z. WavWavaZem da qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis afxazeTis seqtoris liderebma v. vekuam, n. mgalobliSvilma da sxvebma. 25 marts soxumsa da galSi gaimarTa qarTuli mosaxleobis grandiozuli saprotesto mitingebi. 1 aprils daba leseliZeSi Catarda antiimperialisturi mitingi, romlis monawileTa erTi jgufi darbeul iqna afxazTa egzaltirebuli masis mier bzifsa da axal aTonTan; iyvnen daWrilebic. am veraguli aqciis sapasuxod, 2 aprils soxumSi gaimarTa qarTuli mosaxleobis mitingebi da manifestaciebi, ramac Seqmna situaciis ukiduresad eskalaciisa da garkveulwilad misi umarTaobis safrTxe. am viTarebaSi saqarTvelos erovnulma moZraobam mizanSewonilad miiCnia saprotesto aqciebis afxazeTidan dedaqalaqSi gadatana. ase daiwyo Tbilisis 1989 wlis 4-9 aprilis aqcia. igi afxazeTis krizisze sruliad bunebrivi da kanonzomieri reaqciis dafiqsirebiT daiwyo, male gadaizarda saqarTvelos politikuri damoukideblobisa da deokupaciis moTxovnis mqone saprotesto moZraobad, rasac Sedegad mohyva cxra aprilis tragedia _ ssr kavSiris umaRles xelisufalTa gadawyvetilebiT, Tavdacvisa da Sinagan saqmeTa 1923
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iqve, gv. 372-373.
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saministroebis specnawilebis mier mSvidobiani mitingisa da SimSilobis aqciis Zalismieri darbeva. am barbarosul aqcias mohyva 19 qarTvelis daRupva da ramdenime aTasis mowamvla qimiuri nivTierebebiT. afxazeTSi destabilizaciis RerZuli zona gaxda kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sivrce, konkretulad, afxazeTis saxelmwifo universiteti. misi qarTuli seqtori warmoadgenda afxazeTSi qarTuli kulturisa da ganaTlebis, aseve saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis mTavar keras da, aqedan gamomdinare, afxazuri separatizmis mimarT winaaRmdegobis moZraobis birTvs. sruliad bunebrivia, rom lixnis destruqciuli parapolitikuri `deklaracia~ gacilebiT mtkivneulad swored universitetSi aRiqves. miT umetes, rom `deklaraciis~ xelmomwerTa Soris figurirebda universitetis reqtori a. gvaramia, romlis Sidasauniversiteto politika qarTuli seqtoris diskriminaciuli SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT isedac iwvevda ukmayofilebas. yovelive amas mohyva universitetidan qarTuli seqtoris gamoyofa da mis bazaze Tbilisis universitetis soxumis filialis Camoyalibeba, saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos 1989 wlis 14 maisis gankargulebis safuZvelze. es gaxda sababi 1989 wlis 15_16 ivliss samoqalaqo mRelvarebis SeiaraRebul SetakebebSi gadazrdisa, romlis drosac afxazebis SeiaraRebulma egzaltirebulma brbom Tavdasxma ganaxorciela q. soxumis #1 saSualo skolaSi ganTavsebuli filialis mimReb komisiaze da rusTavelis parkSi Sekrebil qarTul sazogadoebriobaze. pirveli qarTul-afxazuri SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros daiRupa 16 da daiWra 140-mde moqalaqe, ZiriTadad eTnikuri qarTveli.1924 daRupulTa Soris iyo afxazeTSi qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis lideri, `sruliad saqarTvelos ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis~ afxazeTis regionaluri organizaciis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli vladimer (vova) vekua. aseve mZime danaklisi ganicada qarTulma erovnulma moZraobam imave wlis Semodgomaze am moZraobis meore aRiarebuli lideris ioseb (soso) adamias avtokatastrofaSi tragikuli daRupviT. 1990 wlis 3 aprils sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesma sabWom miiRo kanoni1925, romlis Tanaxmadac mokavSire respublikebis mier 1922 wlis sakavSiro xelSekru-lebis denonsaciisa da ssrk-s Semadgenlobidan gasvlis SeTxvevaSi, avtonomiur respublikebs ufleba hqondaT, referendumis Sedegebis safuZvelze mieRoT gadawyvetileba, darCeniliyvnen sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi centrTan axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebis dadebis bazaze. Zneli misaxvedri araa is faqti, rom kanoni qmnida sabWoTa imperiidan gamosvlis msurveli erovnuli respublikebis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi sivrcisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis daSlis iuridiul meqanizms. aqedan gamomdinare, mokavSire respublikebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebi am meqanizmis SesaZlo amoqmedebis SiSiT unda damdgariyvnen sruli damoukideblobis uaryofis platformaze, radganac sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan maTi gasvla erT sibrtyeSi iyo dayenebuli mokavSire respublikebis Semadgenlobidan avtonomiuri respublikebis SesaZlo gasvlasTan. avtonomiuri respublikebis suverenizaciiTa da maTi eTnikuri nomenklaturis legitimaciiT mokavSire respublikebis damoukideblobis Sekaveba _ es iyo centris strategiuli gaTvla da 1990 wlis aprilis kanoniT Seqmnili makroformati mTeli imperiis masStabiT. rac Seexeba mikroformats konkretulad afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi, unda iTqvas, rom 1990 wlis aprilis kanonma Seqmna saqarTvelos imdroindel partiul-saxelmwifo elitasa da afxazur eTnokratias Soris `kanonTa omis~, anu konstituciur-samarTlebrivi disbalansis atmosfero. 1924 1925
. . .Известия, 1990, 5 апреля.
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1990 wlis 9 marts, saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis pozitiuri zewoliT da inicirebiT, saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos me-13 riggareSe sesiam miiRo uaRresad mniSvnelovani istoriuli dokumenti _ dadgenileba `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo suverenitetis dacvis garantiebis Sesaxeb~1926. dadgenileba oficialurad adasturebda saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruseTis 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis ruseTis mxridan 1921 wlis Teberval-martis omis Sedegad darRvevis faqts. aqedan gamomdinare, ukanonod da iuridiuli Zalis armqoned CaiTvala yvela is xelSekruleba, romelTa ZaliTac saqarTvelo Seyvanil iqna sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi da ganxorcielda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos okupaciis, sovetizaciisa da aneqsiis etapobrivi procesi. didi mniSvneloba hqondaT saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobisa da misi afxazeTis seqtoris politikuri struqturirebis RonisZiebebs. 1990 w. 13_15 marts TbilisSi Catarebuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis konferenciaze Seiqmna mTavari makoordinirebeli struqtura _ erovnuli forumi. paralelurad analogiuri struqtura Camoyalibda afxazeTSi. kerZod, 1990 w. martSi ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis, monarqistul-konservatiuli partiis, rusTavelis sazogadoebis, qristianul-demokratiuli kavSiris, erovnuli damoukideblobis partiis, saqarTvelos helsinkis kavSiri _ erovnuli aRorZinebis, merab kostavas sazogadoebis da sadroSo `lemi~-s koaliciis bazaze Seiqmna cxum-afxazeTis erovnuli komiteti (caek). samwuxarod, erovnul partiebs Soris konfrontaciis `Tbilisuri formati~ maleve gadatanil iqna afxazeTSic. cnobilia, rom 1990 wlis 7 maiss saqarTvelos erovnuli forumi daiSala `mrgval magidad~ da kongresistuli orientaciis politikuri Zalebis centrad. amisi analogiiT afxazeTSic moxda politikuri ganxeTqileba: helsinkis kavSiris, wmida ilia marTlis sazogadoebis, merab kostavas sazogadoebis da monarqistul-konservatiuli partiis afxazeTis regionalurma filialebma datoves caeki da daafuZnes `mrgvali magidis~ afxazeTis regionaluri organizacia. 1990 wlis 25 agvistos gamocxadda, rom afxazeTis assr-s umaRlesma sabWom (momxsenebeli v. kobaxia) miiRo ori aqti: `deklaracia afxazeTis assr saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis Sesaxeb~ da dadgenileba `afxazeTis saxelmwifoebriobis dacvis samarTlebrivi garantiebis Sesaxeb~.1927 aRniSnuli dokumentebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen saqarTvelos konstitucias da TviT afxazeTis 1978 wlis 6 ivnisis konstitucias. saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma 1990 w. 26 agvistos1928 dadgenilebiT gauqmebulad da iuridiuli Zalis armqoned gamoacxada zemoxsenebuli aqtebi, romlebic arRvevdnen saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas. sul male gairkva, rom 1990 w. 25 agvistos sesia iyo falsificirebuli; sinamdvileSi igi warmoadgenda deputatTa jgufis (naxevarze naklebis) krebas. 1990 w. 31 agvistos mowveulma afxazeTis assr umaRlesi sabWos sagangebo sesiam (momxsenebeli v. yolbaia) gaauqma 25 agvistos qvorumis gareSe da proceduruli normebis darRveviT miRebuli aqtebi. informacia amis Sesaxeb farTod gavrcelda mTel ssr kavSirSi, riTac didi politikuri da moraluri dartyma igemes separatistebma1929. 1990 wlis SemodgomisaTvis movlenaTa msvlelobam afxazeTSi warmoSva seriozuli politikur-konstituciuri konfliqtis gaCaRebis wanamZRvrebi. gamoikveTa separatistebisa da imperiuli centris aliansis mxridan 1926 1927 1928 1929
. komunisti, 1990, 10 marti. . Советская , 1990, 28 . komunisti, 1990, 27 agvisto. . j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi..., gv. 8.
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saqarTvelos teritoriul suverenitetze morigi Setevis realuri tendencia. politikur-situaciuri formatis amgvari scenaris blokireba im etapze uzrunvelyo 1990 wlis oqtombris erovnulma saparlamento revoluciam saqarTveloSi.
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Tavi XIX. afxazeTi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel wlebSi (1990_1992ww.). 1990w. 28 oqtombers Catarebul arasabWour da pluralistur saparlamento arCevnebSi blokma _ `mrgvali magida-Tavisufali saqarTvelo~ miiRo amomrCevelTa xmebis 57 % da Seqmna myari sakanonmdeblo umravlesoba. axladarCeuli uzenaesi sabWos pirvelma sesiam, 1990w. 14 noembers Tavmjdomared airCia zviad gamsaxurdia, miiRo kanoni gardamavali periodis Sesaxeb, romelic iTvaliswinebda RonisZiebaTa kompleqss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis de-iure da de-faqto aRdgenis uzrunvelsayofad. amdenad, 1990 wlis oqtombris saparlamento revoluciis Sedegad saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraoba gaxda oficialuri saxelmwifo xelisufleba, konstituciuri sistemis umaRlesi subieqti. magram imis gamo, rom sabWoTa kavSiri kidev ganagrZobda arsebobas da saqarTveloc de-faqto mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisufleba imavdroulad warmoadgenda erovnuli moZraobis makoordinirebel struqturas da imperiuli centris mimarT erovnuli daumorCileblobis instituts. Seqmnili specifikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisuflebis institucionaluri dualizmis gaTvaliswinebas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs praqtikuli politikis sferoSi mis mier gadadgmuli zogierTi araordinaluri nabijis obieqturi gacnobierebisaTvis. saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavrobisa da prezident z. gamsaxurdias1930 politika afxazeTSi mTlianad da savsebiT gamomdinareobda qveynis teritoriuli erTianobis fuZemdebluri koncefciidan. saqarTvelos axal politikur elitas SesaniSnavad esmoda afxazeTis krizisis pozitiurad gadawyvetis didi, zogierTi TvalsazrisiT ki ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis formirebis procesSi. amasTan, afxazeTsa da mis garSemo Seqmnili viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki kremlis mier afxazuri separatizmis mxardaWerisa da eTnokrizisis inspirirebis realuri perspeqtivisadmi angariSis gawevis gamo, es politika xasiaTdeboda afxazur eTnokratiasTan iZulebiTi, ase vTqvaT, fors-maJoruli kompromisis taqtikis gamoyenebis tendenciiT. kompromisis taqtika, romelic emyareboda saqarTvelos saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi afxazTa specifikuri politikuri uflebebis garantirebas, ar iyo z. gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis TviTmiznuri politogema: kompromisis gavrcelebis vels da diskusias ar eqvemdebareboda saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba, teritoriul-administraciuli unitarizmi da suverenitetis sivrcis xelSeuxebloba md. fsoumde. 1990 wlis dekembris dasawyisSi warumatebulad dasrulda b. adleibasa da misi `oCamCiruli dajgufebis~ politikur procesSi damkvidrebis mcdeloba, rasac sawyis etapze mxars uWerda z. gamsaxurdia1931. 1991 wels afxazeTSi intensiurad warimarTa imperiul centrs daqvemdebarebuli separatistuli politikuri koniunqturis formirebis procesi _ separatistuli orientaciis politikuri partiebis, jgufebisa da gaerTianebebis Camoyalibeba. am procesis logikuri Sedegi iyo imperiul centrs daqvemdebarebuli da misi mxridan samxedro-politikur-ekonomikur
1930 . 1991 wlis 9 aprils, 31 martis referendumis Sedegebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom miiRo damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti, xolo 26 maisis saqarTvelos istoriaSi pirvel pluralistur saprezidento arCevnebSi gaimarjva zviad gamsaxurdiam. 1931 . dawvrilebiT ix: v. Wania konfliqti afxazeTSi: istoriuli kanonzomiereba Tu sabediswero Secdoma?! Tb., 2003, gv. 142-156..
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proteqciaze orientirebuli separatistuli politikuri sivrcis, igive `omis rezervuaris~ Seqmna1932 afxazuri eTnokratiis centraluri politikuri partia da separatizmis institucionaluri birTvi gaxda saxalxo forumi `aidgilara~ (`Tanadgoma~), romelic 1988w. 13 dekembris damfuZnebel yrilobaze Seiqmna. misi pirveli Tavmjdomare iyo afxazi poeti a. gogua. `aidgilaras~ meore (riggareSe) yrilobaze 1990w. 3 Tebervals forumis lideri gaxda s. Samba. Tavisi ekleqtikuri Teoriuli debulebebis gamo praqtikulad SeuZlebelia am organizaciis politikuri koncefciis daxasiaTeba politologiis normatiuli sqemebis farglebSi. SeuZlebelia aseve misi mikuTvneba ama Tu im politikur-partiuli `areopagisTvis~ _ memarjvene, memarcxene, centristuli, memarjvene-centristuli Tu memarcxene-centristuli. erTaderTi ram, raSic SeiZleba calsaxad da araorazrovnad daxasiaTdes `aidgilaras~ politikuri renome _ es aris antiqarTuli separatistuli ideologia: saqarTvelo aris `mcire imperia~; mas axasiaTebs imperiuli mentaliteti; afxazeTis gamoyofa saqarTvelosgan aris `afxazi xalxis TviTgamorkvevis umaRlesi forma~ da misi usafrTxoebis garantia. `aidgilara~ imTaviTve moiTxovda afxazeTis suverenizacias. 1989_1991ww. pirobebSi am statusis uzrunvelyofis erTaderT saSualebad mas miaCnda `sabWoTa kavSiris erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis oTxsafexuriani struqturis gauqmeba da federaciis mSenebloba horizontaluri principiT~1933. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi federaluri horizontalizmi, gulisxmobda afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiebis statusis gafarToebas mokavSire respublikebis statusis doneze da uSualo daqvemdebarebas moskovisadmi. 1992 wlidan `aidgilaras~ separatistuli saqmianoba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda, xolo afxazeTis omis Semdeg man Seasrula separatistuli kvazisaxelmwifos politikuri liderebisa da istebliSmentis inkubaciis funqcia. 1991w. Seiqmna memarcxene-centristuli orientaciis afxazeTis saxalxo partia, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga i. lakoba1934. faqtobrivad es partia iyo (da aris) analogiuri saxelwodebis ruseTis partiis filiali1935. Seqmnis dRidanve afxazeTis saxalxo partia aviTarebda garkveulwilad kritikulopoziciur xazs `aidgilaras~ mimarT, magram saqarTvelos centralur xelisuflebasTan damokidebulebisa da e.w. afxazeTis damoukideblobis sakiTxebSi isini gamodiodnen erTiani poziciiTa da integraluri separatistuli platformiT. separatistuli politikuri koniunqturis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules afxazeTSi mcxovrebi araqarTul-araafxazuri eTnikuri Temebis konsolidaciis mizniT Seqmnilma parapolitikurma gaerTianebebma. 1991 wlis 23 aprils Seiqmna `slavuri saxli _ rusuli kulturis sazogadoeba afxazeTSi~, romlis gamgeobis Tavmjdomare gaxda v. loginovi. oficialurad deklarirebuli saqvelmoqmedo kulturuli proeqtebis miuxedavad, `slavuri saxli~ iyo mkacrad ideologizebuli politikuri organizacia, romlis funqcias afxazeTSi ruseTis imperiuli politikis gatareba warmoadgenda. es funqcia mas unda ganexorcielebina sabWoTa da ruseTis specsamsaxurebTan pirdapiri kavSirebiT, afxazeTSi moqmedi yvela araafxazuri jgufis konsolidaciiT antiqarTul platformaze.
1932 . am sakiTxis dawvrilebiTi analizi sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac omisSemdgomi separatistuli kvazisaxelmwifos mmarTveli nomenklatura swored `omis partiis~ bazaze Camoyalibda upirateswilad. 1933 . (` ~), 1, 1989, 25 1934 . . . . . www. novopol.ru/article 1283. html. 1935 . `damoukidebeli~ afxazeTis erT-erTi partiis lideri i. lakoba 2003 w. monawileobda ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbiros arCevnebSi, ruseTis saxalxo partiis siiT (sic!).
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`slavuri saxlis~ saqmianobis konteqstSi yuradRebas iqcevs erTi niSandoblivi momenti: mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi (gansakuTrebiT baltiispireTsa da ruseTis federaciis musulmanur anklavebSi) analogiuri formaluri statusis mqone struqturebi `moRvaweobdnen~ rusul-slavuri moZraobis uflebadacviTi formatiT, rusuli diasporis kulturul moTxovnilebaTa realizaciisTvis. es garemoeba obieqturad ganapirobebda maT opozicias `satitulo~ erebis (estonelebis, litvelebis, baSkirebis, TaTrebis da sxv.) warmomadgenlebTan. afxazeTSi amgvari opoziciurobis natamalic ar igrZnoboda da `slavuri saxli~ `aidgilaras~ oponentis ki ara, aramed aSkara mxardamWerisa da erTgvari `gonebrivi centris~ funqcias asrulebda. `slavuri saxli~ mogvianebiT samxedro daxmarebasac uwevda afxaz separatistebs da maT rusul-kazakuri formirebis CamoyalibebaSi uwyobda xels. ase, magaliTad, 1992 wlis 14 ivniss `slavuri saxlis~ egidiT gamarTul afxazeTis kazakTa yrilobaze Seiqmna gasamxedroebuli organizacia `saTvistomo~, romlis atamanad airCies vinme v. Smali1936. eTnopolitikuri niSniT da rusul-imperiuli interesebis safuZvelze Seiqmna somxuri gaerTianeba `krunqi~. is mTlianad moeqca afxazuri eTnokratiisa da `slavuri saxlis~ gavlenis qveS. ~krunqis~ lideri a. topoliani separatistuli nomenklaturis aqtiuri wevri gaxda, xolo somxuri mosaxleobis rekrutirebis bazaze Seqmnili e.w. `bagramianis batalioni~ gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT qarTveli mosaxleobis mimarT, iyo eTnikuri wmendis, genocidisa da humanitaruli katastrofis erT-erTi aqtiuri `Semoqmedi~. ase Camoyalibda afxazeTSi politikuri sivrcis imperiul centrze orientirebuli da mTlianad misi proteqciis qveS myofi separatistuli segmenti, rogorc integrirebuli `omis partia~. magram 1991 wlis konkretul-istoriul situaciaSi, z. gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis stabiluri erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi poziciisa da masobrivi mxardaWeris pirobebSi, v. arZinbas klani ver bedavda aSkara separatistuli politikis warmoebas. v. arZinba da misi garemocva, miuxedavad antiqarTuli orientaciisa, iZulebulni iyvnen mieRoT arsebuli `TamaSis wesebi~ da Tavi SeekavebinaT aqtiuri separatistuli politikuri aqciebisagan. Tu ar CavTvliT 1991 wlis 17 marts afxazeTis teritoriaze ssrk-s SenarCunebis Taobaze masobrivi gayalbebisa da kenWisyris procesidan galis r-nis gamoTiSvis gziT Catarebul `referendums~, amasTanave 1991 wlis aprilivnisSi v. arZinbas ukanono monawileobas sabWoTa kavSiris prezidentis m. gorbaCovis mier axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebis dasadebad `9+1~ formatiT inicirebul e.w `novo ogariovos procesSi~, Tbilisis gadatrialebamde v. arZinbas ar (Tu ver) miuRia arcerTi secesionisturi iuridiuli aqti. oficialur Tbilissa da soxums Soris urTierToba mimdinareobda `kanonTa omis~ an, vTqvaT, `civi omis~ formatSi, Tanac arsebuli konstituciuri sistemis farglebSi. saqarTveloSi ruseTis samxedro yofnis, imperiuli centris mier afxazeTSi eTnokonfliqtis inspirirebis realuri berketebis flobis gamo z. gamsaxurdiam kompromisuli taqtika ganagrZo mas Semdegac, rac 1991 w. 31 martis damoukideblobis referendumma, imave wlis 9 aprilis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis deklaraciam da 26 maisis saprezidento arCevnebma seriozuli dartyma miayenes separatistul moZraobas afxazeTSi. amaze naTlad metyvelebs referendumisa da saprezidento arCevnebis oficialuri statistikac. miuxedavad `aidgilaras~ da sxva separatistuli organizaciebis, TviT v. arZinbas reJimis mxridan boikotis ga1936
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s. Cervonaia. dasax. naSromi, gv. 113.
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mocxadebisa, referendumSi monawileoba miiRo amomrCevelTa saerTo raodenobis (347175) 61,27%-ma. saqarTvelos damoukideblobas xma misca 97,73%ma, anu amomrCevelTa saerTo raodenobis 60%-ma. TiTqmis igive maCvenebeli ganmeorda saprezidento arCevnebSic.1937 Tavis sainauguracio gamosvlaSi, 1991 wlis 7 ivniss, z. gamsaxurdiam kidev erTxel daafiqsira damoukidebeli saqarTvelos uryevi neba _ daecva afxazTa erovnuli uflebebis xelSeuxebloba politikuri avtonomiis konstituciuri garantiebis safuZvelze.1938 1991 wlis ivnis-ivlisSi oficialur Tbilissa da v. arZinbas garemocvas Soris gamarTuli intensiuri konsultaciebis Sedegad SemuSavda kompromisuli konstituciuri SeTanxmebebis paketi, romelic Seicavda axal saarCevno kodeqss da konstituciuri cvlilebebis pakets, romlis sakanonmdeblo realizacia ganxorcielda 1991 wlis ivlis-agvistoSi. 9 ivliss afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos sesiam miiRo axali saarCevno kodeqsi _ kanoni `afxazeTis assr umaRlesi sabWos deputatTa arCevnebis Sesaxeb~.1939 kanoni iTvaliswinebda amomrCevelTa Tanabari raodenobis ZiriTadi principebis dacviT erTmandatiani saarCevno olqebis demarkacias eTnikur zonebad da avtonomiuri parlamentis dakompleqtebas eTnikuri kvotebis principiT. umaRlesi sabWos 1991 w. 27 agvistos gadawyvetilebiT, afxazuri eTnikuri zona warmodgenili iyo 28 erTmandatiani olqiT mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 17,3 %-is pirobebSi, qarTuli _ 26-iT mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 47,7 %-is SemTxvevaSi, xolo sxva danarCeni erovnebebis _ 11. aqedan gamomdinare, 65 wevridan parlamentSi afxazebs eZleodaT 28 sadeputato mandati, qarTvelebs _ 26 da danarCeni erovnebis warmomadgenlebs _ 11. warmomadgenlobiTi proporcia 28+26+11 calsaxad ar Seesabameboda afxazeTis mosaxleobis eTnodemografiul struqturas da eTnikuri Temebis raodenobriv-procentul Tanafardobas.1940 27 agvistos miRebul iqna konstituciur cvlilebaTa paketi. kanoniT `afxazeTis assr konstituciaSi cvlilebis Setanis Sesaxeb~ konstituciis 98e muxli Camoyalibda aseTi redaqciiT: `kanonebi da sxva aqtebi afxazeTis assr samarTlebrivi statusis sakiTxebze miiReba afxazeTis assr uzenaesi sabWos deputatTa saerTo raodenobis ori mesamedi xmebiT...~1941 imave dRes miRebul iqna kanonis `afxazeTis assr sayovelTao-saxalxo kenWisyris (referendumis) Sesaxeb~ axali redaqcia, romlis mexuTe muxlSi dafiqsirda, rom sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Sesaxeb referendumis dasaniSnad saWiro iyo deputatTa saerTo raodenobis ori mesamedis Tanxmoba.1942 1991 wlis kompromisis sakanonmdeblo modelis rogorc maSindeli, ise dRevandeli kritikosebi mas calsaxad negatiur Sefasebas aZleven, miiCneven z. gamsaxurdias seriozul Secdomad da avtonomiur respublikaSi 1992-1993 wlebSi datrialebuli tragediis erTerT mizezad. amasTan, isini eyrdnobian SiSvel abstraqtul sqemebs da ara politologiisa da konsensusuri politikuri dialogis kanonzomierebebs. oponentebi cdiloben saparlamento eTnokvotirebis specifikas mouZebnon zedapiruli saerTaSoriso `analogiebi~, magaliTad, samxreT afrikis respublikaSi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi moqmedi aparteiduli sistemis saxiT. ase gaCnda istoriografiasa da politikuri publicistikis erT nawilSi 1991 wlis 9 1937
. j. gamaxaria. zviad gamsaxurdias politika afxazeTSi (1990_1993 ww.), Tb., 2004, gv. 7. . saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 8 ivnisi. 1939 . afxazeTis xma, 1991, 18 ivlisi. 1940 . ix. amis Sesaxeb: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 314-322. 1941 . regionaluri konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi _ samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, afxazeTis assr (1989-2001). politikur-samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli. Semdgeneli da mT. redaqtori T. diasamiZe. Tb., 2002, gv. 51. 1942 . iqve. 1938
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ivlisis saarCevno kanonis `aparteidul~ kanonad, xolo mis safuZvelze afxazeTSi Camoyalibebuli partiul-politikuri sistemis `aparteidad~ saxeldebis koniunqturuli tendencia. gaocebas iwvevs `aparteidistebis~ uaRresad vulgaruli da antimecnieruli paralelizmi, maT mier samxreT afrikis respublikaSi arsebuli aparteiduli reJimis substratuli maxasiaTeblebis _ TeTrkanianTa da feradkanianTa sruli gamijnva, rasobrivi da eTnikuri segregaciis saxelmwifo praqtika da a.S. _ gauTvaliswinebloba. ismis kiTxva: afxazeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis romeli `rezervati~, `lokacia~ Tu `bantustani~ iqmneboda 1991 wlis saarCevno kanoniT? an romeli samTavrobo Tu sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebis cal-calke, afxazTa da qarTvelTa eTnokorporaciuli gamxoloebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebas uwyobda is xels? mainc rogor azrobriv konstruqciaSi SeiZleba avxsnaT 1991 w. kompromisi da ra faqtorebis analizze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba ukuvagdoT `aparteidistebis~ araadekvaturi, xSir SemTxvevaSi pirovnulad z. gamsaxurdiasadmi paTologiuri siZulviliT nasazrdoebi iaffasiani da aSkarad reducirebuli interpretaciebi? uwinares yovlisa, aucilebelia analizis meTodologiuri plastis optimizacia. `aparteidistebi~ problemas udgebian koniunqturuli da nawilobriv moraluri poziciebidan, aqaoda rogor SeiZleboda qarTuli 47,7%-iani mosaxleobis saparlamento warmomadgenloba gansazRvruliyo 26, xolo 17,3%-iani afxazi mosaxleobisa _ 28 deputatiT. isini mizanmimarTulad axdenen kompromisis qarTuli segmentis (formulis 28+26+11) absolutizacias, TiTqos kompro-misis Semxvedri afxazuri segmenti (sakonstitucio cvlilebebi) sulac ar yofiliyos. arada, am SemTvevaSi saWiro da aucilebelia swored realpolitikuri midgoma, sakiTxis analizi konsensusis, kompromisuli dialogis, interesTa urTierTbalansis politikur-teqnokratiul sqemebSi. rasakvirvelia, eTnokvotirebis principi da afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Seusabamoba avtonomiuri respublikis eTnodemografiul struqturasTan iyo saparlamento praqtikisTvis aratradiciuli, arasasiamovno da garkveulwilad arapopularuli faqti. am TvalsazrisiT, kompromiss hqonda negatiuri aspeqtebi (razec araerTxel miuTiTebda z. gamsaxurdiac), magram nebismieri kompromisis arsic xom amaSia. eTnokvotirebis formula (28+26+11), 1991 w. 9 ivliss miRebuli saarCevno kanonis uxeSi darRveviT erTmandatian qarTul olqebSi amomrCevelTa raodenobis 4_5-jer da metad aRmateba afxazuri olqebis analogiur maCvenebelze ewinaaRmdegeboda ara mxolod saparlamento arCevnebis tradiciul praqtikas, aramed saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis1943 principebs erovnuli warmomav-lobis miuxedavad adamianTa politikuri Tanasworobis Sesaxeb. magram es iyo droebiTi, iZulebiTi kompromisi, gamowveuli globaluri situaciis specifikiTa da saqarTveloze zemoqmedi madestabilizebeli tenden-ciebiT. am faqtorebs Soris aRsaniSnavia: imperiuli centris Zliereba, mis mier ukve gaxsnili pirveli antiqarTuli fronti Sida qarTlSi da afxazeTSi eTnokonfliqtis inspirirebis perspeqtiva. cxadia, rom aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis kompromisi miznad isaxavda daZabulobis ganmuxtvas da qveynis dacvas omisa da saxelmwifoebrivi daSlisagan. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba: afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos 1991 w. 27 Tebervlis 1943 . 1948 wlis adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis, 1966 wlis adamianis uflebaTa Jenevis fakulta-turi oqmis, 1966 wlis adamianis samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis evropuli konvenciis da sxv.
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dadgenilebis Sesabamisad, imave wlis 1 oqtombers mTavrdeboda afxazeTis 1986 wlis mowvevis umaRlesi sabWos gadarCevisaTvis dadgenili axali vada1944 da am dromde arCevnebis Cautareblobis SemTxvevaSi kremls SeiZleboda SemoeRo pirdapiri saprezidento mmarTvelobis reJimi. amitom saarCevno kanonmdeblobis sakiTxze molaparakebis CaSliTa da kanonis optimalur vadebSi armiRebiT saqarTvelos xelisufleba iuridiul sababs aZlevda kremls afxazeTze pirdapiri iurisdiqciis dawesebisaTvis. rac Seexeba kompromisuli konstituciuri paketis Sinagan anatomias, is Seicavda afxazeTSi qarTuli interesebis realizaciis mTel kompleqss. afxazeTis samarTlebrivi statusis sakiTxebze (rogorc parlamentis SigniT, aseve referendumul-plebiscitarul doneze) gadawyvetilebis misaRebad aucilebeli iyo kvalificirebuli umravlesoba, romelsac araTu afxazuri deputacia, aramed masTan integrirebuli sxva erovnebaTa deputatebic ver qmnidnen erTad aRebulni. maSasadame, afxazeTis parlamentSi eTnikuri afxazebis umniSvnelo umravlesoba da saerTod nebismieri koalicia qarTuli eTnikuri deputaciis gareSe ar warmoadgenda `konstituciur umravlesobas~, radganac konstituciuri cvlilebebis misaRebad saWiro iyo qarTuli fraqciis Tanxmoba. politikuri TvalsazrisiT es imas niSnavda, rom saqarTvelos prezidents SesaZlebloba hqonda gaeuqmebina saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan afxazeTis gamoyofis, an amgvari gamoyofis etapobriv-procesualuri uzrunvelyofis nebismieri ukanono gadawyvetileba. es momenti _ saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis daSlis blokirebis meqanizmi, prezidentis de-faqto da de-iure veto afxazeTis SesaZlo secesiaze _ unda miviCnioT 1991 w. kompromisis umTavres maxasiaTeblad. kompromisuli paketi aseve iTvaliswinebda qarTul-afxazur Tanxmobas samTavrobo struqturebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. qarTuli seqtoris nomenklaturuli preferencia garantirebuli iyo parlamentis pirveli vicespikerisa da ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris eTnikuri qarTvelobiT. avtonomiuri respublikis istebliSments unda emuSava `ormxrivi konsensusis~ wesebiT, e.i. nebismieri mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis misaRebad aucilebeli iyo mosaxleobis ori ZiriTadi eTnikuri (qarTul-afxazuri) zonis kooperacia da konstruqciuli TanamSromloba. magaliTad, ministrebis damtkicebas parlamentSi kvalificiuri umravlesoba, Sesabamisad, SeTanxmeba sWirdeboda. 1991 wlis kompromisis mTavari mizani afxazuri eTnokratiis integraciuli veqtoris radikaluri Semobruneba, rusuli orientaciis ganeitraleba da qarTul sivrceSi misi reintegraciis dawyeba iyo. am TvalsazrisiT kompromisi miznad isaxavda separatistuli politikuri energiis efeqtur marTvas da misTvis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi dinebis micemas. osebis avtonomiis likvidaciisa da aWaris avtonomiis gauqmebis referendumuli sawyisebis mzadebis paralelurad 1991 wlis kompromisuli paketis dadebis fonze afxazebma marTlac irwmunes, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisuflebis antiavtonomisturi kursi maT ar SeexebaT da TbilisTan SeiZleba dialogi garkveul pozitiur platformaze. formula 28+26+11 afxazeTSi nergavda mkvidri (28+26) da aramkvidri (11) eTnosebis cnebas. aqedan gamomdinare, afxazuri eTnokratia qarTvelebs cnobda afxazeTis mkvidr eTnosad, Sesabamisi saxelmwifoebriv-uflebrivi garantiebiT, da piriqiT. afxazeTis konstituciaSi Sevida cvlilebebi `saqarTvelos ssr-s~ nacvlad Caiwera `saqarTvelos respublika~, riTac afxazurma mxarem aRiara saqarTveloSi sabWoTa simbolikis likvidaciis faqti, afxazeTis assr ki damoukideblobaaRdgenili saqarTvelos 1944
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j. gamaxaria. zviad gamsaxurdias politika afxazeTSi, gv. 4.
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respublikis nawilad dafiqsirda. afxazeTis politikur-samarTlebrivi statusis Sesaxeb kanoni ZalaSi Sedioda mxolod saqarTvelos centraluri da afxazeTis avtonomiuri parlamentebis mier misi miRebis momentidan. amiT faqtobrivad gamoiricxa statusis Taobaze calmxrivi kanonieri gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba. mTavari mainc is iyo, rom afxazurma eTnokratiam cno saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba, yovelgvari Suamavali misiebisa da moskovis mediatorobis gareSe oficialur TbilisTan dado politikuri SeTanxmeba erTian saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi yofnis Sesaxeb, Tanac saqarTvelos federalizaciis Tu konfederalizaciis moTxovnis gareSe. amiT afxazurma eTnokratiam rogorc sakuTari politikuri uflebebis, ise afxazeTSi mTeli politikuri procesis wyarod da subieqtad damoukidebeli saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisufleba cno. pirdapir Tu iribad, afxazebma aRiares, rom avtonomiis statusis safuZveli aris ara calke afxazi eris TviTgamorkveva an romelime sakavSiro-imperiuli aqti, aramed saqarTvelos xelisuflebis politikuri neba da masTan SeTanxmeba. dabolos, kidev erTi sadiskusio sakiTxis Sesaxeb: absoluturad mcdaria mosazreba eTnokvotirebis modelis uprecendentobis Sesaxeb, TiTqos es iyo eqskluziurad z. gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis gamogoneba. afxazeTis istoriaSi pirvel parlamentSi, e.i. 1919 wlis 13 Tebervals arCeul afxazeTis saxalxo sabWoSi 40 wevridan 17 eTnikuri afxazi iyo, 15 _ qarTveli da 8 _ sxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli. afxazeTis bolo sabWoTa parlamentSi, 1986 _ 1991 ww. mowvevis umaRles sabWoSi ki aseTi proporciis eTnostruqtura iyo: 140 wevridan _ 57 afxazi, 54 qarTveli da 29 sxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli. ase rom, wminda raodenobrivi maCveneblebiT eTnikur afxazTa warmomadgenlobiTi preferenciis principi arsebobda avtonomiuri parlamentarizmis istoriis TiTqmis yovel etapze. is garemoeba, rom eTnokvotireba faqtobrivi da ara iuridiulad sanqcirebuli iyo, rasakvirvelia, am SemTxvevaSi arafers cvlis. rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso praqtikas, politikur-eTnikuri an politikurkonfesiuri kvotirebis principi safuZvlad udevs zogierTi saxelmwifos konstituciur sistemas, rogorc postkonfliqturi daregulirebis an antikonfliqturi prevenciis saSualeba. magaliTad, italiis trentino-altoadijes provinciaSi, tirolSi garantirebulia germanelTa eTnikuri umciresobis politikuri da warmomadgenlobiTi preferenciebi, raTa maT ar gamoTqvan avstriasTan SeerTebis survili. libanis 1943 w. `erovnuli paqtis~ Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoSi, romlis mosaxleobis absolutur umravlesobas muslimanebi warmoadgenen, prezidenti unda iyos maroniti-qristiani. kvotirebulia aseve premier-ministris, parlamentis spikeris, sagareo saqmeTa ministrisa da sxva Tanamdebobebi. XX s. 70-ian wlebSi libanis samoqalaqo omi gamoiwvia am kvotirebuli balansis daSlam, risi mizezic gaxda qveyanaSi palestinuri struqturebis infiltracia. eTnopolitikuri kvotirebis principis realizaciis magaliTebad SeiZleba miviCnioT aseve kviprosis politikuri sistema 1974 w. krizisamde da Sveicariis zogierTi kantonis administraciuli struqtura. 1991 wlis ivlis-agvistos kompromisma afxazeTSi Seqmna eTnokonstituciuri wonasworobisa da politikuri balansis mdgomareoba. aseT balanss qmnida qarTuli da afxazuri mxareebis ara raodenobrivi, aramed xarisxobrivi (da es iyo mTavari) urTierTTanafardobis sistema _ eTnokvotirebuli uzenaesi sabWo, konstituciuri cvlilebebisaTvis da mTavrobis Camosayalibeblad. kvalificiuri umravlesobis aucilebloba, saqarTvelos prezidentis de-faqto da de-iure veto afxazeTis SesaZlo secesiaze, qarTveli erovnebis pirveli vice-spikeri da premier-ministri.
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1991 wlis kompromisuli konstituciuri paketi, cxadia, miznad isaxavda afxazeTSi samxedro konfliqtis Tavidan acilebas, mosalodneli konfrontaciis lokalizebas saparlamento-konstituciur CarCoebSi da realuri, ase vTqvaT, `cxeli omis~ moqcevas `civi omis~ Tu `civi mSvidobis~ formatSi. swored amgvar tendencias hqonda adgili 1991 wlis Semodgomaze. z. gamsaxurdiam iuridiuli Zalis armqoned cno afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWosa da mTavrobis zogierTi antikonstituciuri aqti _ afxazeTis sabaJo samsaxuris Seqmnis Sesaxeb (1991 wlis 27 seqtemberi), afxazeTis suverenitetis ekonomikuri safuZvlebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb (1991 wlis 27 seqtemberi), afxazeTis teritoriaze ganlagebuli sakavSiro da sakavSiro-respublikuri daqvemdebarebis sawarmoTa da organizaciaTa afxazeTis iurisdiqciaSi gadasvlis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb (1991 wlis 22 oqtomberi) da sxva aqtebi1945. axali saarCevno kodeqsis safuZvelze afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebi Catarda 1991 wlis 29 seqtembers (zogierT olqSi meore turi Tu xelaxali arCevnebi gaimarTa 13 oqtombersa da 1 dekembers). kompromisuli konstituciuri paketis safuZvelze politikuri balansis sistemis formirebis procesi Sewyvita 1991_1992 w.w. dekember-ianvris saxelmwifo gadatrialebam saqarTveloSi. 1991 wlis 18_21 agvistos moskovis putCis dros z. gamsaxurdiam airCia pozitiuri neitralitetis taqtika, rac Seqmnil pirobebSi yvelaze adekvaturad pasuxobda saqarTvelos erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv interesebs. putCistTa jgufis mier prezident m. gorbaCovis gadayenebis mcdeloba, ukanono `sagangebo situaciaTa saxelmwifo komitetis~ mier Zalauflebis xelSi aReba da sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadeba warmoadgenda antikonstituciur saxelmwifo gadatrialebas. magram saqarTvelos antiimperiuli interesebis konteqstSi faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia agvistos putCis daxasiaTeba totalitarizm-demokratiis diqotomiis koncefciaSi, radganac orive dapirispirebuli bloki TiTqmis identuri negatiurobiT uyurebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideas. amitom saqarTvelos interesebis TvalsazrisiT es iyo `sasaxlis gadatrialebis~ warumatebeli mcdeloba, erTgvari Sidasaxelisuflebo fronda. mas Sedegad mohyva ara posttotalitaruli tranziti da demokratiaze gadasvla, aramed imperiis umaRles ierarqiaSi nomenklaturuli cirkulacia _ `gorbaCovuri centris~ Canacvleba `elcinuri centriT~. z. gamsaxurdiam obieqturad Seafasa agvistos putCis es latenturi arsi da pozitiuri neitralitetis taqtika airCia, anu erTi imperokratiuli dajgufebis mxardaWeriT saqarTvelo meore imperokratiuli dajgufebis mxridan SesaZlo samxedro dartymis saSiSroebis qveS ar daayena. miuxedavad amisa, an SesaZloa swored amitom, moskovis putCma stimuli misca uaRresad destruqciuli procesebis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi. putCis dros z. gamsaxurdias mier gatarebuli pozitiuri neitralitetis taqtikam gamoiwvia b. elcinisa da misi nomenklaturis negatiuri damokidebuleba saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mimarT. es damokidebuleba kidev ufro gamZafrda saqarTvelos mier `demokratiuli~ ruseTis patronaJis qveS formirebad neoimperiul struqturaSi _ dsT-Si integrirebaze uaris Tqmis fonze. moskovis putCis dros ganviTarebulma movlenebma sakuTriv saqarTveloSi gamoiwvies destruqciuli antisaxelmwifoebrivi moZraobis gaaqtiureba. Camoya-libda qarTuli putCis sociopolitikuri infrastruqtura _ erovnuli gvardiis arakontrolirebadi nawilis, erovnuli moZraobis opoziciuri Seiara-Rebuli jgufebis, fsevdoliberalur faseulobebze orientirebuli 1945
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regionuli konfliqtebi..., gv. 49-50, 54.
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inteligenciis garkveuli nawilis, kriminaluri paramilitaruli dajgufebebisa da yofili partokratiis revanSistuli antierovnuli koaliciis saxiT. b. elcinis garemocvam ganaxorciela am revanSistuli koaliciuri konglomeratis politikur-diplomatiuri, finansuri da samxedro mxardaWera. saxelmwifo gadatrialebas Sedegad mohyva prezident z.gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis damxoba1946, uzenaesi sabWos daTxovna da konstituciis moqmedebis SeCereba. 1992w. 2 ianvars Seiqmna samxedro sabWo triumviratis _ T. siguas (premier-ministri), j. ioselianis (paramilitaruli `mxedrionis~ lideri) da T. kitovanis (gvardiis ukontrolo nawilis sardali) SemadgenlobiT. ukanono reJimis erTgvari modifikacia moxda: 7 martis Semdeg, roca saqarTveloSi Camovida sabWoTa kavSiris yofili sagareo saqmeTa ministri e. SevardnaZe. 10 marts misi TavmjdomareobiT saqmianobas Seudga saxelmwifo sabWo. Tbilisis gadatrialebam afxazeTis politikur sivrceSi Tvisobrivad axali viTareba Seqmna regionaluri politikuri procesis struqturebis da meqanizmebis gadajgufebis TvalsazrisiT. daiSala 1991w. kompromisis modeli da daingra masze dafuZnebuli balansirebuli partiul-politikuri sistema. am sistemis afxazuri seqtori ukve Riad daadga secesionistur platformas da separatizmis gzas. gadatrialebam moSala afxazeTis secesiis blokirebis mTavari politikuri RerZi _ saqarTvelos prezidentis instituti, romelsac am sakiTxSi vetos konstituciuri prerogativa hqonda. gadatrialebam moSala agreTve afxazeTis secesiis aRkveTis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi meqanizmic: saqarTvelos samxedro sabWom 1992 wlis 2 ianvars SeaCera qveynis konstituciis moqmedeba, xolo 21 Tebervals formalurad aRadgina saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921w. konstitucia. realurad Seqmnilma samarTlebrivma vakuumma v. arZinbas antiqarTul jgufs secesiis an konfederaciul sawyisebze qarTul-afxazuri saxelSekrulebo orsubieqtiani gaerTianebis Seqmnis damatebiTi iuridiuli argumentaciis SesaZlebloba misca _ TiTqos samarTlebrivi vakuumis gamo afxazeTi iZulebuli gaxda procesi daewyo `nulovani variantidan~ da ganexorcielebina iZulebiTi forsmaJoruli suverenizacia. amitom garkveuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri samxedro sabWos mier 1921 w. konstituciis aRdgenasa da separatistebis mier 1992w. 23 ivliss miRebul aqts Soris (razec qvemoT gveqneba saubari) sruliad naTelia. samxedro sabWosa da saxelmwifo sabWos mier dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1992w. Teberval-martsa da ivlisSi Catarebulma eqspediciebma negatiuri roli Seasrules. maT gamoiwvies meridionaluri SidaqarTuli geopolitikuri ganxeTqileba1947 (sabednierod, droebiTi) da afxazeTsa da saxelmwifo sabWos mier kontrolirebad teritoriebs Soris Seqmnes erTgvari buferuli zona. am garemoebam afxazeTis qarTuli mosaxleobisaTvis (iseve rogorc SemdgomSi qarTuli SeiaraRebuli ZalebisaTvis) erTbaSad moSala `samegrelos zurgi~ da is faqtobrivad anklavur mdgomareobaSi Caayena. Tu z.gamsaxurdias prezidentobis dros politikuri viTareba afxazeTSi xasiaTdeboda `civi omis~ (`kanonTa omis~) Tu `civi mSvidobis~ fazebis 1946 . afxazeTis axladarCeuli umaRlesi sabWos pirveli sesia gaixsna zustad im dRes, rodesac kanonierma prezidentma iZulebiT datova saqarTvelos teritoria - 1992 wlis 6 ianvars. 1947 . droebiTi meridionaluri SidaqarTuli geopolitikuri ganxeTqilebis Sedegi isic iyo, rom samxedro reJimis represiuli politikiT sargeblobda ruseTis imperia. magaliTad, 1993 wlis Semodgomaze prezident b. elcinis garemocvaSi arsebobda saqarTvelos teritoriuli daSlis proeqti: z. gamsaxurdias unda Seeqmna saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris buferuli dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifo da Tavisi iurisdiqcia SemoesazRvra mxolod am teritoriiT. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi miiRebda is ruseTidan samxedro da finansur garantiebs. cxadia, prezidentma z. gamsaxurdiam kategoriulad uaryo es gegma.
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permanentuli urTierTmonacvleobiT, Tbilisis gadatrialebis droidan v. arZinbas politikuri klani sabolood daadga gamoyofis strategias. swored am droidan daiwyo afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan gamoyofis da misi suverenizaciis politikuri, samxedro da samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis uzrunvelyofis mcdelobani. 1991w. 29 dekembers v. arZinbam miiRo dadgenileba afxazeTis teritoriaze dislocirebuli sajariso nawilebisa da sajariso dawesebulebaTa afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris iurisdiqciaSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb.1948 dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos TavmjdomaresTan Seiqmna e.w. `droebiTi samxedro sabWo~, romelic Tavisi struqturiT da daniSnulebiT warmoadgenda separatistuli reJimis momavali samxedro sistemis makoordinirebel organos. 1992w. 31 martis dadgenilebiT `afxazeTis Sinagani jarebis polkis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~ Camoyalibda afxazuri monoeTnikuri gvardia. 30 aprilis dadgenilebiT, v. arZinbam gamoacxada 1965_1974ww. dabadebul moqalaqeTa samxedro samsaxurSi gawveva.1949 sagulisxmoa, rom afxazuri monoeTnikuri sajariso formirebis Seqmna moxda saqarTvelos samxedro sabWos SeiaraRebuli formirebebisagan afxazeTis `dacvis~ sababiT da es maSin, rodesac samxedro sabWom mizanmimarTulad daSala afxazeTSi z. gamsaxurdias mier Camoyalibebuli qarTuli erovnuli gvardiis oTxive batalioni _ gagris, soxumis, gulrifSisa da galisa. v. arZinbam daarRvia aseve 1991 wlis kompromisuli paketi da qarTul mxaresTan SeTanxmebis gareSe Tanamdebobidan gadaayena qarTveli erovnebis ministrebi da reglamentis darRveviT isini Caanacvla separatistuli orientaciis eTnikuri afxazebiT. danaSaulebriv secesionistur aqciaTa es seria v. arZinbas klanma ganaxorciela absoluturad mizanmimarTulad, Tbilisis mxridan efeqturi kontrzomebis gareSe. samwuxarod, verc qarTul da verc zomier-liberalur afxazur wreebSi ver gaimarjva blokuri strategiis tradiciam. Seqmnil politikur koniunqturaSi centrizmi, rogorc ukiduresi qarTuli da afxazuri ultraradikaluri flangebis gawonasworebis strategia, damarcxda. 1992 wlis 5 maiss afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWo faqtobrivad gaiTiSa eTnopolitikuri niSniT. ukve ar tardeboda erToblivi sxdomebi. manamde, 1992 wlis martSi `aidgilaras~, `afxazeTis saxalxo partiis~, `slavuri saxlisa~ da somxuri `krunqis~ gaerTianebis bazaze Camoyalibda separatistuli centri _ bloki `soiuzi~, romelic warmoadgenda antiqarTuli, proimperiuli da kontrdemokratiuli Zalebis koalicias. qarTul-afxazuri koaliciuri centri ki ver Seiqmna. damxobili erovnuli xelisuflebis Zalebs, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, ver aRmoaCndaT sakmarisi resursebi qarTul-afxazuri centristuli koaliciis Sesaqmnelad, darRveuli politikuri balansisa da 1991 wlis kompromisuli modelis aRsadgenad, rac Seqmnil situaciaSi omis erTaderT racionalur alternativas warmoadgenda. 1992 wlis 24 ivniss SevardnaZe-elcinis dagomisis Sexvedraze, garda qarTul-osuri konfliqtis mowesrigebis principebisa, ganixiles ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobaTa saerTo kompleqsi. miRebul `komunikeSi~, sxvaTa Soris, aRiniSna: `saqarTvelosa da ruseTis samarTaldamcavi organoebi aRkveTen maTi iurisdiqciis qveS myof teritoriebze ukanono samxedro, naxevrad samxedro da TviTneburad Seqmnili razmebisa da jgufebis moRvaweobas...~1950 Rrma saeqsperto atribucia ar sWirdeba imis mtkicebas, rom dagomisis Sexvedraze e. SevardnaZem b. elcinisagan miiRo afxazeTis avtonomiuri 1948 1949 1950
. regionuli konfliqtebi..., gv. 268. . afxazeTis xma, 1992, 12 maisi. . saqarTvelos respublika, 1992, 27 ivnisi.
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respublikis teritoriaze samxedro operaciis Catarebis sanqcia, rogorc Cans, ruseTis federaciis mxridan neitralitetis garantiiT. 1992 wlis 18 ivliss soWSi, `boCarov ruCeis~ saxelmwifo agarakze gaimarTa b. elcinis araoficialuri saidumlo Sexvedra v. arZinbasTan da afxazuri elitis zogierT sxva warmomadgenlebTan.1951 movlenaTa logikis Tanaxmad da Sexvedridan sul raRac xuTiode dReSi afxazTa mier separatistuli kanonmdeblobis miRebis TvalsazrisiT eWvs ar unda iwvevdes is garemoeba, rom konfidencialur Sexvedraze separatistebma miiRes omis inicirebis sanqcia, oRond amjerad ruseTis mxridan samxedro Carevis garantiiT. amave periodSi saxelmwifo sabWom gadadga kompromisuli nabiji da wamoayena erTiani qarTul-afxazuri integrirebuli samxedro SenaerTis Seqmnis winadadeba. proeqtis Tanaxmad, romelic soxumSi Caitanes Tavdacvis ministrma T. kitovanma da misma pirvelma moadgilem l. SaraSeniZem, afxazuri gvardiisa da Sinagani jaris qarTuli batalionis integraciis bazaze unda Seqmniliyo erTiani qvedanayofi dualisturi daqvemdebarebis (afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWosa da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros ormag daqvemdebarebaSi) statusiT. magram aRniSnuli proeqti Caagdes saxelmwifo sabWos mxardamWeri qarTuli organizaciebisagan Semdgar `erovnuli erTianobis sabWoSi~, miiCnies ra is `separatistebis winaSe centraluri xelisuflebis erTgvar kapitulaciad~.1952 1992w. 26 ivniss v. arZinbam gamarTa Zalovani uwyebebis afxazuri birTvis SemadgenlobiT mowveuli TaTbiri,1953 sadac gadawyda, rom adre miRebuli afxazi xalxis erovnul uflebaTa viTom damrRvevi aqtebisa da dadgenilebis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo eqscesebis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba, kerZod: afxazuri gvardiis dakanoneba, samxedro da miliciis nawilebis mzadyofnaSi moyvana, sakvanZo obieqtebis kontrolis qveS ayvana da a.S. es iyo omis infrastruqturis Seqmnis pirdapiri gza. 1992 wlis 23 ivliss afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos afxazurma fraqciam, yovelgvari procesualuri normebisa da reglamentis aSkara darRveviT miiRo dadgenileba afxazeTis teritoriaze 1978 wlis konstituciis gauqmebisa da 1925 wlis konstituciis aRdgenis Sesaxeb.1954 dadgenileba miRebul iqna 1991 wlis kanonmdeblobis gverdis avliTa da ignorirebiT. 1978 wlis konstituciis moqmedebis ukanonod, calmxrivi wesiT SeCereba, wminda iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, niSnavda am konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli avtonomiuri statusis imave wesiT gauqmebas da afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos TviTlikvidacias. 1925 wlis konstituciis aRdgena faqtobrivad saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis gamoyofis deklarirebas warmoadgenda, Tumca isic cnobilia, rom es konstitucia Tavidanve mkvdradSobili iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom dadgenilebis miRebis paralelurad uzenaesi sabWos afxazurma nawilma Seqmna samuSao jgufi erTiani orsubieqtiani qarTul-afxazuri federaciuli saxelmwifos proeqtis SesamuSaveblad, 23 ivlisis aqti unda Sefasdes, rogorc regionaluri politikuri gadatrialeba, an ufro konkretulad, saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan afxazeTis antikonstituciuri gziT gamosvlis mcdeloba. `konstituciur revoluciasTan~ dakavSirebiT, 1992w. 28_30 ivliss afxazeTis parlamentis qarTulma fraqciam `demokratiuli afxazeTi~ gamarTa 1951 1952 1953 1954
. . . ? . z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 355. . afxazeTis labirinTi. Tb., 1999, gv. 32. . . , . . , gv. 415.
,
386
2001, gv. 25.
kontrsesia, gaauqma 23 ivlisis ukanono aqti da miiRo gadawyvetileba afxazeTisaTvis saxelwodeba `afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis~ miniWebis Sesaxeb1955.
Tavi XX. afxazeTi 1992-2007 wlebSi 1955
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demokratiuli afxazeTi, 1992, 2 agvisto.
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1. omi afxazeTSi. 1992 _ 1993ww. 1992 wlis 14 agvistos, rkinigzis transportze sagangebo wesebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb saxelmwifo sabWos 1992 wlis 10 agvistos dadgenilebis, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos prezidiumis (e. SevardnaZe, j. ioseliani, T. sigua, T. kitovani, v. goguaZe) 1992 wlis 11 agvistos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze da Tavdacvis saministros generaluri Stabis operatiuli departamentis mier momzadebuli specialuri gegmis (koduri saxelwodebiT `maxvili~) Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis nawilebi gadaadgildnen afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze. SezRuduli kontingentis javSankolonas afxazi boevikebisagan Semdgarma jgufma cecxli gauxsna oCamCiris raionis sof. oxureisTan, rasac mohyva pirveli msxverpli. seriozuli brZola gaimarTa gulrifSis raionis daba aguZerasTan, sadac e.w. `afxazeTis Sinagani jaris gansakuTrebuli polkis~ batalionma garkveuli winaaRmdegoba gauwia qarTul jars da erTi javSanmanqana aafeTqa.1956 ase daiwyo afxazeTis omi. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT 1992 wlis 14 agvistos afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SezRuduli kontingentis Seyvana ar warmoadgenda intervencionistul da, miT umetes, saokupacio aqcias. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, formalur-iuridiuli aspeqtiT, is unda dakvalificirdes, rogorc jarebis gadaadgileba, an redislokacia sakuTari saxelmwifos teritoriuli uzenaesobisa da iurisdiqciis sivrcis farglebSi. amave dros, pozitiuri saerTaSoriso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT es aqcia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc gansazRvruli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi represalia, erTgvari samxedro sanqcia, romelsac mimarTa saqarTvelos xelisuflebam afxazeTis avtonomiuri erTeulis xelmZRvanelobis calmxrivi ukanono qmedobis (23 ivlisis separatistuli gadawyvetilebis) sapasuxod, am qmedobis faqtobrivi Sedegis (e.i. saxelmwifoebrivi daSlis) SekavebisaTvis. sxva sakiTxia, rom 14 agvistos aqciis amgvari oficialuri interpretacia e. SevardnaZem ar gaakeTa da is satransporto magistralis afxazeTis monakveTis deblokirebis aucileblobamde daiyvana, ramac apriori gamoiwvia saqarTvelos damarcxeba sainformacio-fsiqologiur omSi. rac Seexeba `satransporto versias~, cxadia, mas ukavia garkveuli adgili afxazeTis omis gamomwvev mizezTa kompleqsSi. afxazeTis teritoriaze marTlac iZarcveboda saqarTvelosa da somxeT-azerbaijanisaTvis gankuTvnili sarkinigzo Semadgenlobani. amis safuZvelze omis dawyebis versia marTlac figurirebs mizezTa ierarqiaSi, magram ara centraluri mizezis xarisxSi. am ierarqiaSi Segnebulad gamotovebulia afxazeTSi omis inicirebis kidev erTi arsebiTi mizezi _ prezident z. gamsaxurdias mxardamWeri konstitucionalisturi moZraobis politikuri da fizikuri likvidacia, romlis ZiriTadi centrebi maSin swored afxazeTSi moqmedebdnen. SemdgomSi konfliqtis dinamikam sul sxva mimarTuleba SeiZina da mowinaaRmdege Zalebi rusuli agresiis winaaRmdeg erTian qarTul frontSi gaaerTiana. omis mizezTa Soris garkveul yuradRebas imsaxurebs Sidaelituri krizisic. faqtia, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWoSi arsebobda Ria Tu faruli dapirispireba e. SevardnaZis partokratiul-nomenklaturul, j. ioselianis paramilitarul da sigua-kitovanis ultraradikalur korporaciul klanebs Soris. am Sidaelitur korporatizmSi e. SevardnaZis samo1956
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g. gasviani. T. gasviani. afxazeTis omi. Tb.., 2005, gv. 161..
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qalaqo seqtori faqtobrivad ver akontrolebda kitovan-ioselianis samxedro bloks da, Sesabamisad, ver aneitralebda am `omis partiis~ militaristul iniciativebs, maT Soris afxazeTSi jaris Seyvanis gegmebs. magram es ar aris omis ZiriTadi mizezi, TviT e. SevardnaZe da misi apologetikiT gamorCeuli bevri moRvawe moxerxebulad sargeblobdnen Sidaelituri konfliqtis faqtiT da afxazeTSi jaris Seyvanas T. kitovanis lamis pirad iniciativad asaRebdnen (Tanac T. kitovanisa da j. ioselianis xelisuflebidan Camocilebis Semdeg). es `koncefcia~ ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mTeli pasuxismgebloba afxazeTis omis inicirebisa da misi negatiuri SedegebisaTvis ekisrebaT e. SevardnaZes da mis imdroindel elitarul garemocvas v. arZinbas klanTan da ruseTis umaRles xelmZRvanelobasTan erTad. avtonomiur respublikaSi qarTuli jarebis kontingentis gadaadgilebis paralelurad imave 14 agvistos separatistuli umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma miiRo dadgenileba, romelSic momxdari Seafasa `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos jarebis mier suverenuli afxazeTis teritoriis okupaciad~ (?) da gamoacxada samxedro mobilizacia 17-dan 45 wlamde asakis mosaxleobas Soris. amave dros, separatistebma Seqmnes e.w. Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komiteti v. arZinbas TavmjdomareobiT, romelic 1993 wlis 8 ianvridan gaxda e.w. SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsardali.1957 1992 wlis 15 agvistos gagris zonis daba ganTiadSi gadasxda saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sazRvao desanti, romelmac kontroli daamyara ganTiad-leseliZis zonasa da saqarTvelo-ruseTis saxelmwifo sazRvarze md. fsouze. es iyo drouli da strategiuli TvalsazrisiT uaRresad mniSvnelovani samxedro operacia. saqarTvelo-ruseTis saxelmwifo sazRvarze kontrolis damyarebiT uzrunvelyofili iyo md. fsous mxridan ruseTisa da kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis sajariso SenaerTebis pirdapiri intervenciis blokireba. amis Semdeg afxazur formirebebTan warmoebuli oTxdRiani brZolebis Sedegad qarTuli desanti 19 agvistos q. gagraSi Sevida da daamyara kontroli gagris raionsa da strategiulad mniSvnelovan gagris qedze. omis dawyebis meore dRes, 15 agvistos soxumSi Cavidnen saqarTvelos premier-ministri T. sigua da saxelmwifo sabWos prezidiumis wevri j. ioseliani. maTgan da afxazeTis qarTvel xelisufalTagan (T. nadareiSvili, v. yolbaia, a. ioseliani, n. mesxia) Semdgarma jgufma molaparakeba gamarTa afxazuri mxaris delegaciasTan, romelsac meTaurobda ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris pirveli moadgile s. bagafSi. molaparakebis dasawyisSive qarTulma mxarem moiTxova, rom SexvedraSi CarTuliyo v. arZinba, magram amaod.1958 mZime diskusiis Semdeg miRebul iqna winaswari proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebda q. soxumis demilitarizacias (sami dRis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli nawilebisa da samxedro teqnikis ganlagebas sof. baRmaranTan, xolo afxazurisa _ md. gumisTaze) da paritetul sawyisebze 400-kaciani qarTul-afxazuri SenaerTis Camoyalibebas fsoudan enguramde sakomunikacio magistralebis dasacavad. situaciis ganmuxtvisa da samxedro eskalaciis Tavidan acilebis es Sansi afxazuri mxaris mecadineobiT CaiSala, radganac s. bagafSma, v. arZinbasTan 1959 konsultaciis momizezebiT, proeqts xeli ar moawera. 18 agvistos qarTuli erovnuli gvardiisa da mxedrionis nawilebi q. soxumSi Sevidnen. v. arZinbas dajgufeba da separatistuli xelisuflebis
1957 1958 1959
. . . . www. abkhazeti.narod.ru/pages/2/161.htm/ . afxazeTis labirinTi, gv. 125. . iqve.
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organoebi gudauTaSi gadavidnen, xolo afxazurma formirebebma md. gumisTis marjvena napirze daikaves poziciebi. e. SevardnaZem da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis xelmZRvanelobam omis dasawyisSive dauSves strategiuli Secdomebi da danaSaulebrivi infantilizmi gamoiCines. jer erTi, qarTuli nawilebi mTeli sami-oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi SeCerebulni iyvnen q. soxumis SesasvlelTan, ramac v. arZinbas dajgufebas soxumidan gudauTaSi Tavisufali evakuaciis saSualeba misca; meore, soxumis dakavebisa da md. gumisTis marcxena napirze gamagrebis Semdeg qarTul formirebebs Tavisuflad SeeZloT eSeris qedis dakaveba da iqidan axali aToni-gudauTis xazze gasvla. es nabiji ar gadaidga, rac miuTiTebs e. SevardnaZis absolutur arakompetenturobaze samxedro-strategiul sakiTxebSi. qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gudauTisaken winsvliT, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, moxdeboda separatistuli klanis izolacia da afxazuri mcirericxovani sajariso formirebebis internireba, rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs omis zogadi logika da situaciuri formati. e. SevardnaZis es gadawyvetileba, iseve rogorc im periodSi mis mier warmoebuli politikis zogadi tendencia _ roca saWiro iyo molaparakeba da mSvidobiani politika _ jarebis Seyvana, xolo jarebis Seyvanis Semdeg, roca saWiroa saqmis bolomde miyvana _ piriqiT _ humanisturi da pacifisturi lozungomania _ aSkarad miuTiTebs qveynis maSindeli xelmZRvanelobis srul ususurobaze, omis xelovnuri gaWianurebis da imanenturi eskalaciis rusuli strategiis realizaciaze. qarTuli SenaerTebis axali aToni-gudauTis xazis mimarTulebiT Setevis blokirebam afxazur mxares SesaZlebloba misca, gamagrebuliyo md. gumisTis marjvena napirze da Seeqmna iq met-naklebad stabiluri frontis xazi, e.w. dasavleTis frontis, igive `gumisTis TavdacviTi sazRvris~ saxiT. afxazeTis omis pirveli dReebidanve sruliad gansakuTrebuli negatiuri roli Seasrula ruseTis imperiuli politikis `axalma moTamaSem~ _ kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciam (kmxk). 1992 w. 18 agvistos kmxk-s prezidentma m. Sanibovma da parlamentis spikerma i. soslanbekovma gamosces Semdegi brZanebuleba: `1. konfederaciis yvela Stabma ganaxorcielos moxaliseTa gadasrola afxazeTis teritoriaze agresorisaTvis SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis gasawevad... 3. q. Tbilisi gamocxaddes ubedurebis zonad; 4. konfederaciis teritoriaze myofi yvela qarTveli erovnebis adamiani gamocxaddes mZevlad; 5. dakavebul iqnes saqarTvelosadmi kuTvnili yvela tvirTi da aRikveTos misi daniSnulebis adgilze gadazidva.~1960 am droidan daiwyo CrdiloeT kavkasiidan moxaliseTa Zalebis Semosvla da koncentracia afxazeTis teritoriis im nawilSi, romelsac gudauTis dajgufeba akontrolebda. volontiorTa jgufebis bazaze erTiani samxedro struqturis Camoyalibebis mizniT Seiqmna pirveli da meore gansakuTrebuli batalionebi, aseve mesame sarezervo batalioni. kmxk-s mier kontrolirebadi volontiorTa korpusis jamuri raodenoba aRwevda 1700_2100 adamians. konfederatebis pirveli ZiriTadi damrtymeli Zala _ 286 mebrZolisagan Semdgari e.w. `afxazeTis batalioni~ CeCeni erovnebis savele meTauris S. basaevis meTaurobiT ukve 22 agvistos Caeba sabrZolo moqmedebebSi md. gumisTis marjvena napiris strategiul xazze. proafxazur volontiorul moZraobaSi kmxk-s garda aqtiurad monawileobda kazakoba da samxreT ruseTidan da postsabWoTa sivrcis rusulenovani mosaxleobisagan rekrutirebuli moxaliseTa razmebi. am procesSi sruliad aSkaraa ruseTis centraluri xelisuflebis, regionaluri 1960
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g. gasviani, T. gasviani. dasax. naSromi, gv. 173.
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elitebisa da specsamsaxurebis maorganizebeli roli. kazakebisa da postsabWoTa sivrcis rusuli regionebidan (gansakuTrebiT dnestrispireTidan) organizebuli volontioruli razmebisagan Camoyalibda e. w. `slavbati~ (`slavuri batalioni~), romelic aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobda saomar moqmedebebSi. afxazeTis omis magistralur faqtors warmoadgens masSi ruseTis federaciis monawileoba, Tanac monawileoba ara distanciur-minimaluri formatiT, an kidev proafxazuri dainteresebuli mxaris statusiT, aramed uSualo meomari mxaris formiT. swored es momenti gansazRvravs afxazeTis konfliqtis determinacias de-faqto ruseT-saqarTvelos omad. afxazeTis omSi ruseTis uSualo monawileoba ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT _ samxedro-strategiuli da politikur-diplomatiuri mimarTulebiT warimarTa. samxedro-strategiul sferoSi ruseTis monawileoba postulirdeba Semdegi sferoebiT: _ saomar moqmedebebSi ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis regularuli nawilebis monawileoba. esenia _ gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis fskovis divizia, 345-e sahaero-sadesanto polki, 643-e sazenito-saraketo polki, bomboris aviabazaze dislocirebuli samxedro-sahaero Zalebis eskadrilia, samxedro-sahaero Zalebis 529-e saaviacio polki, Savi zRvis samxedro floti, qvemo eSerasa da oCamCireSi dislocirebuli batalionebi, specsamsaxurebis nawilebi; _ separatistTa da volontiorTa sajariso SenaerTebis momarageba SeiaraRebiT, samxedro teqnikiTa da masalebiT (ruseTis specsamsaxurebis xaziT v. arZinbas mrCevlis m. demianovis monacemebiT, omis dasawyisSive ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis 643-e sazenito-saraketo polkma separatistebs gadasca 984 avtomati, 267 pistoleti, 18 tyviamfrqvevi, 500-ze meti xelyumbara, 600 sasignalo raketa, naxevar milionze meti tyvia, samxedro-satvirTo manqanebi, samxedro-sainJinro teqnika da sxv);1961 _ separatistebis samxedro-saeqsperto daxmareba sajariso SenaerTebis strategiuli marTvis uzrunvelyofiTa da ruseTis generalitetisa (g. kondratievi, r. Cindarovi, a. kvaSnini, i. sigutkini da sxv.) da oficerTa korpusis mier mniSvnelovani samxedro operaciebis dagegmviT; _ ruseTis teritoriaze moxaliseTa jgufebis organizacia da maTi gadasrola konfliqtis zonaSi; _ ruseTis samxedro-sahaero da sazRvao Zalebis mier qarTuli jaris poziciebisa da qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli zonebis masirebuli dabombvebi. _ ruseTis umaRlesi xelmZRvanelobis mxridan (mag., vice-prezidenti a. ruckoi, parlamentis spikeri r. xasbulatovi) saqarTvelos xelisuflebisadmi permamentuli damuqreba Tbilissa da sxva adgilebze sahaero TavdasxmiT da amiT qarTuli jaris mniSvnelovani operaciebis blokireba. afxazeTis omSi ruseTis monawileobis politikur-diplomatiuri formati gulisxmobs ruseTis mzakvrul politikas _ saqarTvelos xelisuflebaze politikuri zewoliTa da molaparakebaTa procesSi cru garantiebis SeTavazebiT omSi saqarTvelos damarcxebis diplomatiur-saxelSekrulebo bazisis uzrunvelyofas (rasakvirvelia, am SemTxvevaSi didi roli Seasrula e. SevardnaZis mudmivma TviTmotyuebam, misma uaRresad kapitulanturma diplomatiurma TamaSma). afxazeTis omis sawyis fazaSi strategiuli situacia saqarTvelosTvis sakmaod xelsayreli iyo. afxazeTis teritoriis umetes nawils qarTuli samoqalaqo xelisufleba da SeiaraRebuli Zalebi akontrolebdnen. gudauTis dajgufebis mier kontrolirebadi teritoriebi da Sesabamisad separa1961
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afxazeTis labirinTi, gv. 208.
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tistuli samxedro Zalebis koncentraciis centrebi _ gudauTa-axali aTonis xazi da tyvarCelis zona imyofebodnen anklavur mdgomareobaSi. q. soxumsa da qarTuli sajariso formirebebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, 1992 w. 31 agvistos Seiqmna `stabilizaciis droebiTi sakoordinacio sabWo~ g. lominaZis TavmjdomareobiT.1962 magram strategiuli viTareba radikalurad Seicvala sul mcire xanSi. 1992 w. 3 seqtembers moskovSi xelmoweril iqna ormxrivi SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis farglebSi konfliqtis mowesrigebis Sesaxeb. magram afxazurma mxarem, isargebla SeTanxmebis Sedegad qarTuli mxaris yuradRebis modunebiT da moamzada gagris zonis xelSi Cagdebis operacia. 1992 wlis 1 oqtombers rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma koaliciam daiwyo masirebuli Seteva gagris zonis mimarTulebiT. sagulisxmoa, rom Setevis dawyebamde cota xniT adre rusulma samSvidobo Zalebma, romlebic aq ganlagebulni iyvnen 3 seqtembris SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, datoves sadamkvirveblo wertilebi da dislokaciis adgilze dabrundnen(?). 1 oqtombris saRamosTvis mterma daikava sof. kolxida, xolo 2 oqtombers _ q. gagra. gagris operaciaSi afxazur da konfederatul (S. basaevis `afxazuri batalioni~) dajgufebebTan erTad aqtiurad monawileobdnen ruseTis armiis regularuli SenaerTebi, konkretulad ki _ 643-e sazenito-saraketo polki. amave dros, ruseTis samxedro-sazRvao xomaldebma uzrunvelyves gagris zonaSi mebrZoli qarTuli dajgufebisaTvis (ZiriTadad `mxedrionisa~ da `TeTri arwivis~ qvedanayofebisaTvis) desantis gadasxmiT daxmarebis gawevis blokireba. operaciis mimdinareobis dros mowinaaRmdege mxares sabrZolo iaraRiT, sawvaviTa da sursaT-sanovagiT amaragebdnen gudauTis rusuli samxedro baza da zRvidan rusuli tankeri benzinmzidi. arsebobs mniSvnelovani dokumenturi cnoba _ erT-erTi rusuli samxedro xomaldis meTauris, pirveli rangis kapitnis v. fominis pataki, romelic cxadyofs ruseTis samxedro flotis uSualo monawileobas gagris operaciaSi1963. wyaros reprezentatuli monacemebiT, ruseTis mxridan am operacias sardlobda general-polkovniki g. kondratievi. arsebobs informacia, rom gagris operacias saerTo xelmZRvanelobas faqtobrivad uwevda ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis ufrosi generalpolkovniki m. kolesnikovi. gagris operaciamde ramdenime dRiT adre omSi Caeba qvemo eSeraSi dislocirebuli rusuli samxedro nawili. 22 seqtembers am nawilidan qveiTTa sabrZolo manqanam cecxli gauxsna qarTuli jaris poziciebs da sacecxle wertilebis Caqrobis Semdeg Setevaze gadavida _ rusebma TavianT kontrols dauqvemdebares strategiulad mniSvnelovani obieqtebi: soxumis navTobbaza da wisqvilkombinati. gagris datovebis Semdeg CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT gadanacvlebuli formirebebisagan g. yaryaraSvilma scada jarebis erTiani jgufis Seqmna. samwuxarod, gagris dakargviT gamowveul qaossa da dezorganizaciaSi, aseve umaRlesi sardlobis mxridan sruli ganukiTxaobis pirobebSi es ver moxerxda. 6 oqtombers rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma koaliciam daikava leseliZe, ganTiadi da gavida saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvarze. 1962
. z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 375. . `В 17.00 2 октября первый заместитель Министра Обороны России генерал-полковник Кондратьев Г.Г. поставил боевую задачу СКР `Безукоризненный~: 1. Не допустить высадки морского десанта грузинской стороны в районе Пицунда – Гагры вплоть до применения оружия; 2. Осуществить ПВО АЭ Гудаута; 3. Установить факт подпитки Гагрской группировки грузинской стороны войсками и оружием путëм переброски их морем из Туапсе, Сочи в Гагры в прибрежной полосе...~1 1963
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1992 wlis 1_6 oqtombris marcxma uaRresad negatiuri roli Seasrula afxazeTis omis msvlelobaSi. saqarTvelom dakarga kontroli strategiulad mniSvnelovan gagris zonaze. gudauTa-axali aTonis dajgufebis anklavuri mdgomareobis deblokirebiT da ruseTTan sazRvarze kontrolis damyarebiT separatistebma miiRes TavianT mTavar mxardamWerebTan uSualo sakomunikacio kavSiris damyarebis SesaZlebloba. gagrasa da mis zonaSi rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma Zalebma ganaxorcieles qarTuli mosaxleobis masobrivi genocidi da xocva-Jleta, aseve saerTaSoriso konvenciebiT dasjadi sxva danaSaulobani adamianurobis winaaRmdeg. gagris tragediis Semdeg garkveuli cvlilebebi moxda afxazeTis qarTuli xelisuflebis politikur da samxedro struqturaSi. `droebiTi sakoordinacio sabWos~ nacvlad Seiqmna afxazeTis saqmeebSi saxelmwifo ministris posti, romelzec dainiSna g. xaindrava. 1992 wlis 26 noembers, saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebiT Seiqmna afxazeTis mTavroba _ ministrTa kabineti T. nadareiSvilis TavmjdomareobiT.1964 q. soxumis, gulrifSisa da oCamCiris raionebis qarTuli mosaxleobisagan Semdgarma saxalxo laSqarma miiRo oficialurad struqturirebuli samxedro SenaerTebis forma. Camoyalibda saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros meore saarmio korpusis (sardali _ general-maiori p. daTuaSvili) 23-e (meTauri g. adamia) da 24-e (meTauri z. uCaZe, Semdgom _ b. ToxaZe) meqanizebuli brigadebi. gagris samxedro operaciis warmatebas ar mohyolia rusul-afxazurkonfederatuli koaliciis mier arsebiTi upiratesobis mopoveba sxva frontebze. am etapze qarTulma SeiaraRebulma Zalebma da saxalxo laSqarma SeZles frontebis stabilizacia sxvadasxva ubanze, tyvarCelis strategiuli blokadis SenarCuneba. 1992 wlis 26 oqtombers mtris Zalebis ganadgurebiTa da ukandaxeviT dasrulda maT mier dagegmili oCamCiris aRebis operacia. samwuxarod, qarTuli SenaerTebis mier tyvarCelis dauflebis operaciis dablokva iyo saqarTvelos politikuri xelmZRvanelobisa da umaRlesi samxedro sardlobis strategiuli Secdoma, radganac xelidan iqna gaSvebuli mowinaaRmdegis tyvarCelis dajgufebis neitralizaciisa da 80kmiani e.w. `aRmosavleTis frontis~ likvidaciis realuri Sansi. 1992 w. 3 noembers qarTulma nawilebma warmatebiT moigeries rusulafxazuri Zalebis Seteva gumisTis frontis Sromis ubanze.1965 aRniSnuli warumateblobebis kompensirebis saxiT mowinaaRmdegem gaaaqtiura `distanciuri omis~ taqtika _ 1992 w. noember-dekembridan daiwyo q. soxumisa da saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier kontrolirebadi sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebis intensiuri dabombva rogorc haeridan, iseve zalpuri cecxlis reaqtiuli artileriiT. 9 dekembers ruseTis aviaciam dabomba soxumis sacxovrebeli ubnebi da xalxmravali bazari, rasac 13 mSvidobiani moqalaqis sicocxle Seewira. 11 dekembers ruseTis aviaciam sahaero ieriSi miitana oCamCiris raionis sof. axaldabaze, ris Sedegadac 11 mSvidobiani moqalaqe daiRupa da 60-ze meti daiWra.1966 afxazeTis omis pirveli etapis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli mxaris strategiuli upiratesobis mTavar ganmsazRvrel faqtors warmoadgenda saomari operaciebiT moculi geostrategiuli sivrcis diskretuli xasiaTi: saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da afxazeTis qarTuli samoqalaqo xelisuflebis kontrolqveS imyofeboda afxazeTis teritoriis umetesi nawili qalaq soxumTan erTad. mowinaaRmdegis tyvarCelis dajgufeba imyofeboda 1964 1965 1966
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z. papasqiri. narkvevebi..., nakv. II, gv. 389. . , . . , gv. 380. g. gasviani, T. gasviani. dasax. naSromi, gv. 180.
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blokadaSi, xolo blokaduri jaWvi Sekruli iyo gumisTis frontis xaziT, radganac qarTuli Zalebis soxum-gulrifSis dajgufeba uzrunvelyofda afxazeTis ori istoriuli nawilisa da separatistTa samxedro Zalebis ori centris _ bzif-gudauTisa da abJua-tyvarCelis centrebis _ erTmaneTisagan gamijvnas. 1993 wlis pirvel TveebSi mowinaaRmdegem orjer scada blokaduri jaWvis likvidacia da gumisTis frontis garRveviT soxumis dakaveba. 1993 wlis 2 ianvars rusul-afxazurma Zalebma gumisTis poziciidan `gradis~ tipis saraketo danadgarebidan masirebuli cecxli gauxsnes soxumis sacxovrebel ubnebs, raTa panika da SiSi daeTesaT mebrZolebsa da mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi. 4_5 ianvars mowinaaRmdegem daiwyo Seteva rusuli javSanteqnikis gamoyenebiT, gumisTis frontis aCadaris ubanze. erTxans rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma jgufebma SeZles mdinaris forsireba da marcxena napirze mcire placdarmis Seqmna, magram artileriis kontrdartymebisa da gumisTis frontis nawilebis kontrSetevis Sedegad mteri ganadgurebul iqna. mowinaaRmdegem daxocilTa saxiT 90-mde mebrZoli, aseve xuTi javSanmanqana dakarga.1967 `aCadaris operaciis~ Cavardnam da didZalma adamianurma danakargebma gamoiwvia seriozuli dapirispirebis provocireba gudauTis dajgufebis zeda eSelonebSi. v. arZinbas Riad daupirispirda afxaz funqcionerTa erTi jgufi, magram am etapze v. arZinbam SeZlo krizisis neitralizacia da Tavidan aicila separatistuli reJimis Sida destabilizacia. rusul-afxazur-konfederatuli koaliciis meore da gacilebiT masStaburi SeteviTi operacia gumisTis frontze moxda 1993 wlis 14_16 marts. rusuli aviaciis da separatistTa mZime artileriis mier soxumisa da qarTuli armiis poziciebis masirebuli dabombvis Semdeg afxazebis, konfederatebisa da `slavbatis~ gaerTianebuli Zalebi Setevaze gadmovidnen. sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Semdeg mowinaaRmdegem SeZlo qarTuli SenaerTebis poziciis garRveva gumisTis frontis centralur da samxreT ubnebze da qarTuli nawilebis mier dakavebuli teritoriis siRrmeSi SemoaRwia, magram swored aq moeqca is alyaSi da qarTuli mZime artileriis mier profesionalurad da operatiulad ganxorcielebuli masirebuli cecxlisagan warmoqmnil `qvabSi~. separatistTa da konfederatTa danakargebi marTlac rom yvelaze didi iyo omis dawyebidan rogorc cocxali Zalis, ise samxedro teqnikis mxriv. qarTuli armiis kontrSeteva 17 marts dasrulda gumisTis frontze Setevamde arsebuli strategiuli situaciis aRdgeniT. e. SevardnaZisa da umaRlesi samxedro sardlobis brZanebiT qarTuli SenaerTebi SeaCeres frontis xazze, miuxedavad imisa, rom swored martis operaciis dros arsebobda faqtobrivad erTaderTi yvelaze realuri Sansi md. gumisTis marjvena napirze gasvlisa da mowinaaRmdegis gudauTa-axali aTonis dajgufebis likvidaciisa. amrigad, 1993 w. ianvrisa da martis brZolebs afxazeTis omis saerTo strategiul formatSi arsebiTi cvlilebebi ar Seutania. saqarTvelos SeiaraRebulma Zalebma myari da gonivruli Tavdacvis, mtris Semtevi dajgufebebis efeqturi dezorganizaciisa da, rac yvelaze arsebiTia, gumisTis frontis centrsa da flangebze Zlieri saartilerio kontrdartymebiT CaSales mowinaaRmdegis mcdeloba _ daekavebina soxumi da mieRwia strategiuli upiratesobisaTvis. saqarTvelos parlamentma e. SevardnaZes mosTxova, oficialurad daesva saerTaSoriso doneze sakiTxi ruseTis agresiis Sesaxeb. 1993 w. 24 aprilis dadgenilebaSi aRiniSna: `saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTaurma mimarTos 1967
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afxazeTis xma, 1993, 14 ianvari.
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ruseTis federaciis prezidents _ afxazeTidan ruseTis jaris gayvanis Taobaze... am moTxovnis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, afxazeTis konfliqtis zona md. gumisTis Crdilo-dasavleTiT ruseT-saqarTvelos sazRvramde, CaiTvalos ruseTis federaciis mier okupirebul teritoriad da saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTaurma, sagareo saqmeTa saministrom, saqarTvelos respublikis warmomadgenelma gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi Sesabamisi sakiTxi dasvan _ gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWosa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi _ saerTaSoriso samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli meqanizmebis amoqmedebisaTvis~.1968 saqarTvelos parlamentis es dadgenileba qaRaldze darCa. 1993 wlis 29 aprils Seiqmna erTiani samxedro-politikuri organo _ afxazeTis Tavdacvis sabWo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen: T. nadareiSvili (Tavmjdomare), g. gabiskiria (q. soxumis meri), d. gulua (afxazeTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministri), i. keSelava (afxazeTis sainformacio-sadazvervo samsaxuris ufrosi), v. qvaraia (meore saarmio korpusis meTauri), z. uCaZe (24-e brigadis meTauri), g. adamia (23-e brigadis meTauri), l. marSania da r. siWinava (afxazeTis ar ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris pirveli moadgileebi)1969. magram mimdinare procesebze operatiuli reagirebis nacvlad da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis sawinaaRmdegod e. SevardnaZem kidev ufro gaaaqtiura strategiulad wamgebiani kapitulanturi diplomatiuri TamaSi. 1993 wlis 14 maiss moskovSi xelmoweril iqna ruseT-saqarTvelos SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetisa da konfliqtis mSvidobiani mowesrigebis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmebas, romelmac kvlav moaduna qarTuli mxaris yuradReba da saomari sifxizle, Sedegad mohyva tragikuli strategiuli Sedegebi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maT Soris iyo tyvarCelis blokadis moxsna da mowinaaRmdegis tyvarCelis dajgufebis strategiuli trombis deblokireba. am aqciaze saqarTvelos xelisuflebis yovlad gaumarTlebeli da danaSaulebrivi Tanxmoba swored 14 maisis kapitulanturi SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli e.w. humanitaruli derefnis organizebis farglebSi moxda. 1993 wlis 16 ivniss saqarTvelos xelisuflebis TanxmobiT, ruseTis sagangebo situaciebis saministrom ganaxorciela `humanitaruli~ daxmarebis operacia: sadesanto-satransporto xomaldebma soWidan zRviT soxumSi Caitanes `kamazis~ tipis 30 satransporto traileri, soxumidan ki kolona yovelgvari Seferxebisa da monitoringis gareSe (?) tyvarCelSi Cavida. es iyo uprecedento da msoflio praqtikaSi analogis armqone aqcia, radganac blokirebuli tyvarCelisaTvis aucilebel sursaTTan da medikamentebTan erTad, afxazeTis e. w. aRmosavleTis frontis saWiroebisaTvis transportirebul iqna didi raodeno-bis tyvia-wamali, sabrZolo masala da, SesaZloa, cocxali Zalac. 1993 wlis Sua xanebisaTvis afxazeTis omSi Seqmnilma operatiul-strategiulma viTarebam, ianvrisa da martis SeteviTi operaciebis didi danakargebiT Cavardnam rusul-afxazur-konfederatuli koalicia daayena samxedro operaciebis dagegmvis strategiis Secvlis aucileblobis winaSe. kerZod, isini darwmun-dnen, rom gumisTis frontis garRveva erTi strategiuli mimarTulebiT Setevis formiT, Tanac qarTuli mxaris soxumigulrifSis dajgufebis xelSi arsebuli strategiul-teqnikuri arsenalis pirobebSi, praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo. mowinaaRmdegis samxedro sardlobam SeimuSava Tvisobrivad axali strategia, romelic iTvaliswinebda kombinirebul taqtikur formats _ erTdroul 1968 1969
. saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1993, #5-8, gv. 135-136. . afxazeTis sakiTxi oficialur dokumentebSi, I. Tb., 2000, gv. 171.
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Setevas erTbaSad orive frontis yvela ubanze, Tanac winaswari madezorientirebeli samxedro manevrebiT, romelTa mizani iyo qarTuli mxaris yuradRebis gadatana da koncentracia swored am araZiriTad dartymaze. afxazuri istoriografiis mosazreba, TiTqos es axali samxedro strategia momzadda afxazeTis samxedro sardlobis mier, rbilad rom vTqvaT, simarTles ar Seefereba. axali gegma mTlianad damuSavda ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis Sesabamis struqturebSi, xolo misi praqtikuli realizacia uSualo saomar operaciebSi _ ganxorcielda ruseTis generalitetisa da oficerTa specialuri jgufebis operatiultaqtikuri da samxedro-saeqsperto daxmarebiT. aRniSnuli strategiis farglebSi, ruseTis Tavdacvis saministros generalurma Stabma SeimuSava soxumis aRebis specialuri saidumlo gegma, romelic Sedgeboda oTxi punqtisagan: `1) tyvarCelis dajgufebis mier oCamCiris raionis avtotrasis xelSi Cagdeba; 2) oCamCireSi sazRvao desantis gadasxma tamiSTan da misi SeerTeba tyvarCelis dajgufebasTan; 3) paralelurad Setevis ganxorcieleba gumisTidan da soxumis irgvliv strategiuli simaRleebis xelSi Cagdeba; 4) saboloo jamSi, soxumis rkalSi moqceva da aReba~.1970 strategiuli atribuciis TvalsazrisiT cxadia, rom gegma miznad isaxavda saomari moqmedebebis Teatris dayofas or saoperacio zonad, romelTagan erTSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo mTavari dartyma, xolo meores unda hqonoda qarTuli mxaris dezorientaciisa da yuradRebis gadatanis funqcia. 1993 w. 2 ivliss sof. tamiSTan ruseTis samxedro-sazRvao flotis sadesanto xomaldebidan gadmosxda rusul-afxazuri desanti 300 mebrZolis SemadgenlobiT da TiTo-TiTo erTeuli tankiT, javSantransportioriTa da `gradis~ tipis saraketo danadgariT.1971 sof. labrasTan da tamiSTan dislocirebulma qarTulma SenaerTebma Setevis moulodnelobis gamo ver SeZles desantis blokireba, romelmac tamiSTan mcire placdarmis Seqmnis Semdeg moaxerxa `aRmosavleTis frontis~ nawilebTan SeerTeba da gaerTianebuli ZalebiT oCamCire-soxumis avtomagistralis garkveuli monakveTis gakontroleba. rogorc Cans, tamiSis desants hqonda yuradRebis gadatanis funqcia, radganac imave 2 ivliss rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma formirebebma daiwyes masi-rebuli Seteva gumisTis frontis marcxena seqtorze. maT isargebles tamiSis desantis mier oCamCire-soxumis avtomagistralis mniSvnelovani monakveTis xelSi CagdebiT da qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis soxumi-gulrifSis dajgufebis blokirebiT. mowinaaRmdegem SeZlo md. gumisTis forsireba, frontis garRveva da soxumis CrdiloeTiT soflebis _ kamanis, axalSenisa da gumas dakavebiT mZlavri placdarmis Seqmna sof. Sromis asaRebad. 9 ivliss rusul-afxazurma Zalebma kontroli daamyares sof. Sromaze da cugurovkisa da axbiukis strategiulad mniSvnelovan simaRleebze. qarTulma SenaerTebma da saxalxo laSqarma, gmiruli brZolebis da SeTanxmebuli operatiul-taqtikuri RonisZiebebis, gansakuTrebulad ki mZime artileriis praqtikulad uSecdomo moqmedebebis Sedegad warmatebiT daasrules tamiSis desantis likvidaciis operacia: desantisa da masTan gaerTianebuli aRmosavleTis frontis formirebebi TiTqmis mTlianad iqna ganadgurebuli da mxolod umniSvnelo nawilma moaxerxa SeerTeba tyvarCelis dajgufebasTan. miuxedavad amisa, ivlisis operaciis Sedegad frontebze Seqmnili strategiuli situacia araxelsayreli iyo qarTuli mxarisaTvis. gumisTis frontze 1970 1971
. afxazeTis labirinTi, gv. 150. . g. gasviani, T. gasviani dasax. naSromi., gv. 191.
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mowinaaRmdegem SeZlo strategiuli upiratesobis mopoveba _ fronti faqtobrivad Suaze gaixliCa, separatistebma kontroli daamyares Sroma-soxumis strategiulad mniSvnelovan trasaze, aseve cugurovkisa da axbiukis simaRleebze. aRmosavleTis frontze ki, oCamCiris raionis zogierT sofelze kontrolis damyarebiT, afxazurma formirebebma Seqmnes centralur avtomagistralTan maqsimalurad miaxloebuli saoperacio zona, romlidanac gacilebiT advili iyo oCamCire-soxumis strategiuli komunikaciis blokireba did sigrZeze _ sof. labridan md. kodoris xidamde. rusul-afxazuri Zalebis 2_9 ivlisis Setevis Sedegebis likvidacia moiTxovda gadaudebeli samxedro-strategiuli xasiaTis RonisZiebebisGgatarebas qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis sferoSi arsebuli strategiuli resursebis Tavmoyris, sayovelTao mobilizaciis gamocxadebis, arsebuli moralur-fsiqologiuri krizisis ganeitralebis, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis marTvis struqturis gaumjobesebis, calkeuli nawilebisa da SenaerTebis moqmedebaTa operatiuli koordinaciisa da sxv. TvalsazrisiT. yovelive amis nacvlad, e. SevardnaZem da misma garemocvam omis frontebze ivlisamde arsebuli balansirebuli strategiuli situaciis aRdgenis gareSe (arada, amisaTvis adamianuri da teqnikuri resursebi jer kidev arsebobda), gaagrZela kapitulanturi diplomatiuri TamaSi ruseTTan da mis kontrolqveS myof separatistebTan. 1993 w. 27 ivliss, wina dReebSi ruseTis flotisa da aviaciis mier soxumisa da sof. drandis dabombvis (21 ivliss), aseve rusul-afxazuri Zalebis mier tamiSis midamoebTan ganxorcielebuli Setevebis (23_24 ivliss) fonze, q. soWSi xelmoweril iqna sammxrivi (rusul-qarTul-afxazuri) SeTanxmeba afxazeTSi cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb.1972 TavisTavad is warmoadgenda Cveulebriv samSvidobo aqts, romelic iTvaliswinebda cecxlis Sewyvetas, meomar mxareTa daSoriSorebas, q. soxumisa da sxva zonebis demilitarizacias, samSvidobo procesis marTvisa da monitoringis efeqturi sakontrolo meqanizmis Seqmnas. magram es aris soWis xelSekrulebis abstraqtuli konfliqtologiuri atribucia. realurad ki SeuZlebelia 27 ivlisis xelSekrulebis ganxilva afxazeTSi arsebuli samxedro -strategiuli da operatiuli situaciis konteqstis farglebs gareT. kerZod, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, 1993 w. 2_9 ivlisis rusul-afxazurma Setevam faqtobrivad uzrunvelyo ruseTis Tavdacvis saministros genStabSi SemuSavebuli soxumis aRebis 4-punqtiani operatiuli gegmis sami punqtis realizacia. rCeboda mxolod bolo punqtis _ uSualod soxumis dauflebis _ ganxorcieleba, rasac abrkolebda saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis soxumi_gulrifSis dajgufeba da mis xelSi arsebuli strategiulteqnikuri arsenali. maSasadame, saWiro iyo am dajgufebis daSla, misi ZiriTadi nawilis gayvana afxazeTidan da mZime sabrZolo teqnikis gatana. swored amas iTvaliswinebda soWis xelSekruleba: Tavisi formaluri samSvidobo paTetikis miuxedavad, soWis xelSekrulebis siRrmiseul strategiul atribucias praqtikulad erTaderT daskvnamde mivyavarT _ is iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos jarebis gayvanas afxazeTidan. amdenad, soWis 27 ivlisis xelSekruleba faqtobrivad iyo ara ordinaluri samSvidobo formatis SeTanxmeba, aramed rusul-afxazuri koaliciis mier soxumis aRebis operatiuli gegmis organuli nawili. 1993 w. agvistosa da seqtembris pirvel naxevarSi, soWis xelSekrulebis pirobebis Sesrulebis formatiT, e. SevardnaZem ganaxorciela strategiulad kapitulantur RonisZiebaTa mTeli kompleqsi: gumisTisa da oCamCiris frontebis daSla, gumisTis xazze mxolod ori (?) qarTuli sameTvalyureo 1972
.
regionuli konfliqtebi..., gv. 111-112.
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punqtis datoveba, qarTuli samxedro SenaerTebisa da batalionebis, maT Soris soxumis dacvis RerZuli samxedro struqturis _ Tavdacvis saministros 23-e meqanizebuli brigadis, aseve mosaxleobis volontioruli korpusebis daSla, mZime samxedro teqnikis (tankebi, qveiTTa sabrZolo manqanebi, javSantransportiorebi, artileria, sazenito danadgarebi da sxv.) gatana konfliqtis zonidan (ruseTis samxedro-satransporto saSualebebisaTvis garkveuli Tanxis gadaxdiT (sic). ase ganaxorciela saqarTvelos maSindelma xelisuflebam soxumis dacvis samxedro infrastruqturis demontaJi. e. SevardnaZisa da misi gundis zogierTi warmomadgenlis apelireba ruseTis, rogorc soWis xelSekrulebis mTavari formalur-iuridiuli garantis mier nakisri valdebulebebis ukve meramdened Seusruleblobaze, rac, rasakvirvelia, faqtia, am SemTxvevaSi ar cvlis saqmis viTarebas da verc xelisuflebis danaSaulebriv samxedrodiplomatiur politikas amarTlebs. mTeli am xnis manZilze iZulebiT eqsoriaSi myofi saqarTvelos prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia maqsimalurad cdilobda procesebze garkveuli zemoqmedebis moxdenas. is saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis erTiani marTvisa da koordinaciis optimalur variants sTavazobda TviT oficialur xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebul qarTul SenaerTebsac. am kursis gamoxatulebaa misi mimarTva afxazeTSi dislocirebuli qarTveli meomrebisadmi (1993 w. 7 ivniss). gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs zviad gamsaxurdias 1993 wlis 20 ivlisis mimarTva `qarTvel ers da afxazeTSi dislocirebul yvela qarTvel meomars~.mimarTvaSi z. gamsaxurdiam aRniSna, rom mzaddeboda axali sammxrivi SeTanxmeba afxazeTis demilitarizaciis, soxumidan qarTuli jarebis, mZime teqnikisa da artileriis gatanis da afxazeTSi e.w. `cxinvalis variantis~ (e.i. qarTuli sajariso nawilebis mier regionis datovebisa da iq ruseTis `samSvidobo~ kontingentis dislokaciis) gadatanis perspeqtiviT. yovelive amis fonze, man mouwoda afxazeTSi dislocirebul yvela qarTuli SenaerTis sameTauro da pirad Semadgenlobas, ar damorCilebodnen momavali xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis moTxovnebs, vinaidan amas `qarTuli mosaxleobis arnaxuli genocidi da deportacia~ mohyveboda; amitom unda gaegrZelebinaT brZola saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis.1973 zviad gamsaxurdias es patriotuli da, samwuxarod, winaswarmetyveluri gancxadeba gakeTda soWis avbediT xelSekrulebamde erTi kviriT adre da am xelSekrulebis ZaliT soxumisa da mTeli afxazeTis dacemamde samocdaaTi dRiT adre. 1993 w. 16 seqtembers mowinaaRmdege mxarem daarRvia SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb da daiwyo Seteva oCamCiris frontze. tyvarCelis dajgufebis SenaerTebma gadaketes oCamCire-gulrifSis raionebis administraciul sazRvarTan, md. kodorze arsebuli saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo xidebi. soxumis damcvelebisaTvis samxedro daxmarebis CasaSlelad organizebuli strategiuli trombis paralelurad, mtris Zalebma daiwyes mimdebare soflebis (varCe, yorasi, dranda, babuSara) da soxumis aeroportis dabombva. 17 seqtembers mowinaaRmdege gadmovida Setevaze gumisTis frontze. yuradRebas iqcevs Setevis operatiuli mxare. Tu adre mtris Setevebis operatiuli struqtura iyo erTiani, amjerad man miiRo eSelonizebuli forma: pirvel eSelons qmnidnen ruseTis regularuli armiis specnawilebi da konfederatTa razmebi; meore eSelons _ afxazuri batalionebi. garda amisa, gamoyofili iyo mesame, sarezervo eSeloni ruseTis armiis nawilebis saxiT, 1973
.
j. gamaxaria. saqarTvelos devnili xelisufleba da afxazeTis omi. Tb., 1998, gv. 59.
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romelic moicavda qveiTTa, satanko da saartilerio rezervebs. sarezervo eSelonis amoqmedeba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo pirveli da meore eSelonebis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi. saboloo jamSi, rusul-afxazur-konfederatuli koaliciis Setevis operatiulma siRrmem Seadgina ramdenime kilometri. yovelive amis sawinaaRmdegod qarTulma mxarem SeZlo SedarebiT naklebi raodenobis cocxali Zalis mobilizacia, ZiriTadad adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan, Tanac TiTqmis yovelgvari mZime teqnikis gareSe. amave dros, faqtobrivad ver moxerxda Tavdacvis eSelonizebuli taqtikuri zonis aRdgena _ qarTuli mxaris mier soWis xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis masStabebma gamoricxa amis SesaZlebloba. mowinaaRmdegem Setevis pirvelsave dRes SeZlo md. gumisTaze orive xidis aReba da aviaciisa da artileriis mxardaWeriT kontroli daamyara soxumis mimdebare soflebze _ Tavisuflebaze, bircxasa da odiSze.1974 soxumis irgvliv strategiuli wris SekvraSi didi roli Seasrula ruseTis Savi zRvis flotma. ukve 16_17 seqtembridan rusulma xomaldebma soxum-gulrifSis akvatoriaSi qarTuli armiis poziciebisa da aeroportis permamentul dabombvasTan erTad, uzrunvelyves qarTuli komunikaciebis blokireba. 21 seqtembers adlerSi gaimarTa e. SevardnaZis, Tavdacvis ministris g. yaryaraSvilisa da sainformacio-sadazvervo samsaxuris ufrosis i. baTiaSvilis Sexvedra ruseTis Tavdacvis ministrTan p. graCovTan. Sexvedraze saqarTvelos mxarem moiTxova ruseTis mier soWis SeTanxmebis farglebSi nakisri valdebulebebis Sesruleba, e.i. mowinaaRmdege mxaris Setevis samxedro blokireba an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, neitralitetis dacva. magram ruseTma aqac gamoavlina Tavisi mzakvruli imperiuli saxe. `graCovma, _ aRniSnavs e. SevardnaZe, _ mTeli principulobiT daayena sakiTxi: `afxazeTis problemas mogixsniT, saWiroa mxolod ori srulfasovani divizia SemoviyvanoT.~1975 rogorc Cans, ruseTi Tavisi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis Sesrulebis pirobad ayenebda ara sakuTriv soWis xelSekrulebis ZaliT sanqcirebul Carevas, risTvisac absoluturad sakmarisi resursebi arsebobda afxazeTSi ruseTis jarebis operatiuli jgufis (sardali _ general-leitenanti Cindarovi) saxiT, aramed damatebiTi samxedro xelSekrulebis safuZvelze ori specdiviziis dislokacias, rac saqarTvelos teritoriis garkveuli nawilis faqtobriv okupacias gulisxmobda (Tanac, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, afxazeTis omis gumisTis frontze vadagaurkveveli dakonservebiT). SeTanxmebis miRweva ver moxerxda. 1993 w. 24 seqtembers saqarTveloSi dabrunda devnili prezidenti z. gamsaxurdia1976. imave dRes man gamoacxada, rom Seudgeba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlis movaleobis Sesrulebas, magram, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, dagegmili strategiuli RonisZiebebis (jarebis marTvis erTiani sistemis Seqmna da samobilizacio Stabebis organizacia) ganxorcieleba ver moxerxda. 23 seqtembers rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma razmebma daikaves sof. aCadara. 25 seqtembrisaTvis maT daamyares kontroli eSbas quCasa da rkinigzis sadgurze. daiwyo sisxlismRvreli quCis brZolebi. mZime teqnikisa da mZlavri sabrZolo iaraRis uqonlobis pirobebSi, soxumis damcvelebi gmirul winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen mowinaaRmdegis kbilebamde SeiaraRebul SenaerTebs. 10_11 dRiani gmiruli brZolebis Semdeg, rodesac yvela SesaZlebeli resursi amoiwura, soxumis damcvelebis winaaRmdegoba gatexil iqna: 27 seqtembers mowinaaRmdegem aiRo mTavrobis sasaxlis Senoba da kontroli daamyara soxumze. 28_30 seqtembers rusul-afxazur-konfederatulma 1974 1975 1976
. g. gasviani., T. gasviani. dasax. naSromi, gv. 198. . e. SevardnaZe. fiqrebi warsulsa da momavalze, Tb., 2005, gv. 177. . j. gamaxaria. saqarTvelodan devnili..., gv. 15.
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koaliciam gaagrZela Seteva samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT da 30 seqtembers gavida md. engurze, galisa da zugdidis raionebis administraciul sazRvarze. afxazeTis omi, rogorc aseTi, e.i. rogorc sakuTriv saomari moqmedebebis erToblioba, dasrulda saqarTvelos damarcxebiTa da saxelmwifoebrivi katastrofiT. saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis afxazeTidan evakuaciis Semdeg rusulafxazur-somxur-konfederatulma SenaerTebma ganaxorcieles qarTuli mosaxleobis masobrivi mkvlelobebi, wamebis da Zaladobis barbarosuli aqtebi, qarTvelebis kuTvnili saxlebisa da sxva uZravi qonebis ganadgurebamitaceba. yovelgvari saerTaSoriso normebisa da elementaruli adamianuri principebis ugulvebelyofiT momxvdurebma fizikurad gaanadgures afxazeTis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare J. Sartava, q. soxumis meri g. gabeskiria, mrewvelobis ministri r. eSba, mTavrobis sxva wevrebi da maTi Tanmxlebi pirebi. farTomasStabiani humanitaruli katastrofa mohyva kodoris xeobiT (merxeuli-webelda-laTa-aJara-genwviSi-CxalTa-sakeni-Wuberis mimarTulebiT e.w. `golgoTis gziT~) konfliqtis zonidan qarTuli mosaxleobis evakuacias. mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili, maT Soris 400-mde bavSvi daiRupa sicivisa da SimSilisagan Wuberis uReltexilze. rusul-afxazur-konfederatuli koaliciis mier okupirebul teritoriaze daiwyo qarTuli mosaxleobis totaluri eTnikuri wmendisa da genocidis politikis gatareba, rac saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis nebismier aqtSi kvalificirdeba, rogorc samxedro danaSauli da danaSauli adamianurobis winaaRmdeg. aRsaniSnavia, rom eTnocidis msxverplTa absolutur umravlesobas warmoadgens arakombatanti mSvidobiani mosaxleoba. omisa da Semdgomi eTnowmenda-genocidis Sedegad, zogierTi monacemiT, daiRupa 30 aTasi eTnikuri qarTveli, sxvadasxva erovnebis 300 aTasze meti adamiani (upiratesad qarTveloba) gaxda afxazeTidan ltolvili da iZulebiT adgilnacvali piri. es aris afxazeTis omis yvelaze katastrofuli Sedegi _ regionSi eTno-demografiuli balansis radikaluri transformacia da saqarTvelos suverenitetisa da teritoriuli uzenaesobis uzrunvelyofis mTavari garantis _ qarTuli eTnikuri umravlesobis _ ararseboba. omma seriozuli zarali miayena afxazi eTnosis genofondsac. dauzustebeli statistikuri monacemebiT, daiRupa oTxi aTasamde afxazi da 20 aTasze meti ltolvilad iqca. omma uaRresad negatiuri foni Seqmna eTnofsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT. dairRva afxazi da qarTveli xalxebis mravalsaukunovani mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis formebi da megobrul-naTesauri kavSirebi, romelTa aRdgenas, albaT, garkveuli dro dasWirdeba. amave dros seriozuli ziani miadga iberiul-kavkasiur cnobierebas da erTiani kavkasiis ideas.
2. afxazeTi omisSemdgom wlebSi. 1993-2007 ww. afxazeTis omSi saqarTvelos damarcxebas, SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da qarTuli mosaxleobis mier avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriis datovebas Sedegad mohyva regionze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis Sewyveta. amitom postkonfliqturi afxazeTi, regionaluri politikuri procesis TvalsazrisiT, warmoadgens separatistuli reJimis kontrolis qveS myof politikur sivrces. is aris saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis politikuri suverenitetisa da iurisdiqciis farglebs gareT myofi secesiuri lokaluri zona,romelic ruseTis samxedro-strategiuli mxardaWeris safuZvelze calsaxad uaryofs oficialuri Tbilisis uzenaesobis aRdgenis nebismier gamovlinebas.
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afxazeTis secesia saqarTvelosagan ar ganxorcielebula TviTgamorkvevis saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis an devoluciis plebiscitaruli is moxda saqarTvelos Sidakonstituciuri procesis safuZvelze1977. centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg afxazi separatistebis antikonstituciuri amboxebisa da samxedro daumorCileblobis gziT, konkretulad _ ruseT-saqarTvelos omSi uSualo monawileobis saxiT. amitom afxazeTis `damoukidebloba~ saqarTvelos saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli udavo saerTaSoriso deliqtia, ris gamoc misi oficialuri statuireba Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemaSi gamoricxulia. saerTaSoriso samarTali ar cnobs (da arc arasodes aRiarebs) saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis gamoyofas, rogorc faqts da arc am gamoyofis produqts _ afxazeTis saxelmwifos, rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqts. magram miuxedavad oficialuri samarTlebrivi cnobierebisa, faqtia, rom saqarTvelom droebiT dakarga kontroli afxazeTze. misi dabrunebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis problemis gadawyvetis gareSe kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas saqarTvelos erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi qmnadobis globaluri sakiTxi. afxazeTis droebiTi dakargvis istoriul-geopolitikuri Sedegebi, mokled, aseTi problemuri nusxis formas iRebs: _ dakargulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo teritoriis 13 % (69,5 aTasi km2-isa da 8,7 aTasi km2 SefardebiT); _ dakargulia saqarTvelos sazRvao sazRvris da, aqedan gamomdinare, Sav zRvasa da bosfor-dardanelisa da atlantika-mediteranuli auzis globaluri mniSvnelobis satranzito komunikaciebze gasasvlelis daaxloebiT 65_67 %; _ resursul-sanedleulo TvalsazrisiT dakargulia Savi zRvis Selfis daaxloebiT 65_67 %; _ dakargulia pirdapiri saxmeleTo gasasvleli ruseT-ukrainis seqtorze da iqidan evropaze, ris Sedegadac saqarTvelo imyofeba naxevaranklavis mdgomareobaSi; _ moxda saqarTvelos teritoriisa da sazRvrebis `amoZraveba~ CrdilodasavleTidan samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, ris gamoc Semcirda manZili sazRvris sawyisi wertilidan saqarTvelos Sida siRrmeebamde, strategiuli daniSnulebis qalaqebamde da sxva obieqtebamde (amas emateba analogiuri problema Sida qarTlSi, ris gamoc arsebobs qveynis centraluri sakomunikacio arteriebis `gadaWris~ safrTxe); _ afxazeTi gadaqceulia ruseTis faqtobriv politikur da samxedro koloniad; _ saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi Seqmnilia qarTuli mosaxleobis vakuumi, rac nebismier SemTxvevaSi da, miT umetes, am vakuumis sxva eTnikuri masiviT Canacvlebis SemTxvevaSi, eTnodemografiuli katastrofis tolfasia, _ dakargulia saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis da misi sapatriarqos kanonikuri iurisdiqciis garkveuli teritoriuli nawili. amasTan, arsebobs moskovis patriarqats daqvemdebarebul prozelitur eparqiad misi gadaqcevis perspeqtiva, rac safrTxes uqmnis saqarTvelos sulier suverenitets; _ afxazeTSi mimdinareobs `kulturuli genocidi~ (istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreobis mizanmimarTuli ganadgureba) saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. _ dakargulia qarTveli eris eTnogenezis istoriuli arealis CrdilodasavleTi seqtori. amis Sedegad sagrZnoblad SeizRuda eris `sasicocxlo sivrce~, misi kulturul-goniTi aqtiurobis veli; 1977 . pirvelis klasikuri magaliTia, vTqvaT, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis deklarireba referendumis Sedegebis safuZvelze, meorisa _ slovakeTis gamoyofa Cexoslovakiisagan 1992 wlis 1 ianvars.
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_ afxazeTis problemis mowesrigebis formatSi, forsmaJorul reJimSi saqarTvelo iZulebulia droebiT daTmos Tavisi suverenitetis nawili ruseTis sasargeblod; _ afxazeTis droebiT dakargvaSi ruseTis warmmarTveli rolis gamo, saqarTvelo iZulebulia uari Tqvas geopolitikur-geostrategiul neitralitetze da usafrTxoebis saerTaSoriso garantiebi miiRos evroatlantikuri samxedro sistemis farglebSi, evraziis samxreT-dasavleT zonaSi am sistemis erT-erT placdarmad gadaqcevis perspeqtiviT. miuxedavad auRiarebeli formarul-iuridiuli mdgomareobisa da saerTaSoriso subieqtunarianobis arqonisa, faqtia, rom separatistuli reJimi arsebobs da de-faqto akontrolebs saqarTvelos teritoriis 13 %-s. mas ar gaaCnia legitimaciis saerTaSoriso da zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi (saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis TvalsazrisiT) safuZvlebi, magram amis paralelurad reJimi flobs legitimaciis Sida lokalur wyaroebs da saxelmwifoebrivi atributikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs _ e. w. konstitucia, gerbi, himni, droSa, saarCevno kanonmdebloba da mcire eleqtorati, xelisuflebisa da marTvis organoebis sistema, partiul-politikuri speqtri, separatistuli kvazisaxelmwifos 14_15 wliani politikuri praqtika da a.S. saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan de-faqto gamosvlis pirobebSi, ruseTis samxedro-politikuri da saeqsperto-politteqnologiuri daxmarebis safuZvelze v. arZinbas klanma ganaxorciela separatistuli reJimis institucionalizacia. miRebul iqna rigi ukanono aqtebisa, romlebmac gansazRvres separatistuli afxazeTis mmarTvelobis forma, Seqmnes de-faqto saxelmwifo institutebi da amiT moaxdines kvazisaxelmwifos formireba. am ukanono aqtebs Soris aRsaniSnavia _ 1994 w. 26 noembers e.w. `pirveli parlamentis~ mier miRebuli `afxazeTis respublikis konstitucia~; 1996 wlis 26 noembris saparlamento da 1998 w. 14 martis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi; 1999 w. 3 oqtombris ukanono referendumi `afxazeTis damoukideblobis sakiTxze~ da 1999 w. 12 oqtombris e.w. `afxazeTis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aqti~. politologiuri Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT unda aRiniSnos, rom separatistuli reJimis politikuri infrastruqtura Tavis TavSi aerTianebs avtoritarizmis, samxedro diqtaturis, afxazuri eTnokratizmis, nomenklaturuli restavraciis, ruseTis faqtobrivi proteqtoratisa da kriminalitetis niSnebs. separatistul afxazeTSi opoziciuri politikuri qselis yvelaze gavleniani Zalebi arian: paramilitaruli gasamxedroebuli politikuri moZraoba `amcaxara~; partia `erTiani afxazeTi~; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba `aiTaira~ (`aRorZineba~); interpartiuli `saxalxo erTianobis opoziciuri forumi~, romelic Seiqmna social-demokratiuli, respublikuri da saxalxo partiebis koaliciis bazaze; afxazeTis komunisturi partia. separatistuli reJimi ganicdis qronikul Sidapolitikur kriziss, romlis arsebiTi mizezia afxazuri eTnokratiis sxvadasxva Sidaelituri jgufebisa da dajgufebebis urTierTdapirispireba. krizisis kulminacias warmoadgenda 2004_2005 wlebis oqtomber_ianvris saprezidento arCevnebi, romlebic s. bagafSisa da r. xajimbas politikuri klanebis dapirispirebis formiT gamovlinda. afxazeTi samoqalaqo omis zRvarze idga, magram ruseTis aSkara Carevam droebiT SeinarCuna myife politikuri wonasworoba. separatistuli koniunqturis arsebiTi niSania ruseTis de-faqto proteqtorati. faqtobrivad moqmedebs garegani mmarTvelobis reJimi, romlis drosac ruseTi mTlianad akontrolebs afxazeTSi mimdinare politikur procesebs. saxezea ruseTis mier afxazeTis proteqtoruli mmarTveloba, politikuri kolonizaciis aSkara niSnebi.
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afxazeTSi konfliqtis daregulirebis mizniT qarTul-afxazuri molaparakebebis procesi mimdinareobs 1993w. noembridan gaero-s egidiT, euTo-s monawileobiTa da ruseTis `SuamavlobiT~. damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis `samSvidobo~ misiam afxazeTSi, romelsac ruseTi axorcielebs, uzrunvelyo mxolod konfliqtis samxedro fazis Sewyveta da Zalis gamouyeneblobis reJimis SenarCuneba. konfliqtis mowesrigebis saxelSekrulebo bazis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi ki _ politikuri statusis gansazRvra, ltolvilTa dabruneba da usafrTxoeba, saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis de-faqto aRdgena _ blokirebulia da faqtobrivad gayinulia 1993 w. seqtembris mdgomareobiT. saxezea humanitaruli katastrofa rusi `samSvidoboebis~ uSualo pasuxismgeblobis zonaSi (galis raionSi), sadac sami aTasze meti mSvidobiani moqalaqe daiRupa. erTi sityviT, ruseTis `samSvidobo~ kontingenti warmoadgens de-faqto geostrategiul anklavs, xolo `samSvidobo misia~ ar uzrunvelyofs konfliqtis srulmasStabian mowesrigebas. is warmoadgens regionSi ruseTis strategiuli yofnis gaxangrZlivebisa da mdinare engurze sazRvris dafiqsirebiT afxazuri separatizmis teritoriul-politikur garantias. ufro metic, axorcielebs ra afxazeTis de-iure miTvisebis politikas, ruseTma ukanono pasportizaciis gziT sakuTar moqalaqeebad gamoacxada regionSi darCenili mosaxleoba da yovelgvari saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebis ignorirebiT iCemebs misi `damcvelis~ funqcias. afxazeTis mosaxleobis ukanono pasportizaciis Sedegad ruseTma dakarga moraluri ufleba iyos neitraluri Suamavali `sakuTar moqalaqeebsa~ da qarTul mxares Soris. ruseTi mizanmimarTulad blokavs konfliqtis pozitiuri mowesrigebis xelSemwyob saerTaSoriso aqtebs. euTo-m ramdenjerme miiRo afxazeTSi genocidisa da eTnikuri wmendis aRiarebisa da dagmobis aqtebi. magaliTad, 1994 wlis 6 dekembris budapeStis samitis da 1996 w. 3 dekembris lisabonis samitis daskvniTma aqtebma sruliad araorazrovnad daafiqsires afxazeTSi qarTuli mosaxleobis genocidisa da eTnowmendis faqti1978. didi mniSvneloba hqonda euTo-s stambolis 1999 w. 17_18 noembris samits, romelzec eTnowmenda_genocidis aRiarebis deklaraciasTan erTad miRebul iqna saqarTvelo_ruseTis SeTanxmeba vazianidan da gudauTidan ruseTis samxedro bazebis gayvanis Taobaze.1979 2003 w. 22_23 noembris `vardebis revoluciisa~ da e. SevardnaZis reJimis mSvidobiani meTodebiT damxobis Sedegad saqarTvelos saTaveSi mosulma xelisuflebam prezident mixeil saakaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT kursi aiRo afxazeTis konfliqtis transformaciisaken, romlis strategiis arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebia: saqarTvelos ekonomikur-finansuri gajansaReba; samxedro mSeneblobis radikaluri srulyofa da natos standartebis Sesabamisi mobiluri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmna; samSvidobo procesSi saxalxo diplomatiis aqtivizacia; sakiTxis dasma samSvidobo operaciis formatis Secvlis, ruseTis saarmio kontingentis saerTaSoriso ZalebiT Canacvlebis Taobaze; konfliqtis zonis mimdebare teritoriaze konstituciuri wesrigis optimizacia, araformaluri kriminaluri anklavebis likvidacia da a.S. transformaciis strategiis gamovlineba iyo 2006w. ivlisis movlenebi kodoris (dalis) xeobis zemo nawilSi, romelsac uaRresad didi strategiuli mniSvneloba aqvs. es subregioni warmoadgens soxumisa da afxazeTis centraluri zonisaken, aseve tyvarCelisaken mimavali strategiuli komunikaciebis maintegrirebel areals, garda amisa, separatistuli reJimis 1978 1979
. afxazeTis sakiTxi oficialur dokumentebSi (1989-1999), naw. I, gv. 408_410; naw. II, gv. 126. . iqve, naw. II, gv. 333.
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mier kontrolirebadi teritoriebis `zemodan kontrolis~ RerZul zonas da dasavleT saqarTvelo-Wuberi-sakenis xaziT maTi SesaZlo strategiuli Seviwroebis mTavar derefans. soxumis dacemis Semdeg somxur-afxazuri formirebebi ruseTis aviaciis daxmarebiT utevdnen kodoris xeobis zemo nawils. gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT gamoirCeoda 1993w. ori oqtombris, oTxi oqtombris, 23_27 noembrisa da 1994w. 26 maisis Semotevebi.1980 magram adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gmiruli winaaRmdegobis fasad regionze SenarCunebul iqna saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia. 2006w. ivlisSi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros specqvedanayofebma Tavdacvis saministros xelSewyobiT kodoris xeobis zemo nawilSi ganaxorcieles Zalismieri antikriminaluri operacia, romlis Sedegadac saqrTvelos mier kontrolirebad afxazeTis mTianeTs ewoda oficialuri saxeli `zemo afxazeTi~ da iq ganTavsda avtonomiuri respublikis legitimuri mTavroba (Tavmjdomare m. akiSbaia) da administraciuli struqturebi. afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWo (Tavmjdomare T. mJavia) funqcionirebas kvlav TbilisSi agrZelebs. afxazeTis `ganTavisuflebas~ sikeTe afxazebisaTvis ar moutania: ekonomika moSlilia, mosaxleobis umravlesoba umuSevari da socialurad daucvelia, gabatonebulia antiqarTul-aparteiduli fsiqozi; eTnosi romelmac saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi arnaxul kulturul aRmavlobas miaRwia, dRes gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe dgas. omisSemdgom miRebulma `konstituciam~ qarTul enas yovelgvari iuridiuli uflebebi gauuqma, magram amiT afxazuri enis mdgomareoba ar gaumjobesebula – oficialuri saqmiswarmoeba mxolod rusul enaze mimdinareobs, masmediac ZiriTadad rusulad muSaobs, `afxazuri skolebis~ V-XI klasebSi swavlebis ena kvlavac rusulia, rac masobrivi denacionalizaciis safrTxis winaSe ayenebs afxaz eTnoss. afxazeTidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa winaSe, romlebic regionis kanonieri mosaxleobis did umravlesobas Seadgenen, sxva problemebi da amocanebi dgas, romelTa Soris umTavresia sakuTar saxlebSi usafrTxo da upirobo dabruneba, afxazeTze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis aRdgena, afxaz xalxTan Serigeba.
1980
. g. gasviani, T. gasviani dasax. naSromi, gv. 215.
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Tavi XXI. Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelo ucxoenovan rukebze arsebobs uamravi Zveli istoriul-geografiuli da politikuri ruka, romlebic asaxaven Sesabamisi epoqis an adrindeli xanis saerTaSoriso politikur vTarebas. rukebis Seqmnas Tavis droze ganapirobebda evropis qveynebis koloniuri politika, aseve sazRvao da saxmeleTo vaWrobis ganviTareba, axali bazrebis Ziebis aucilebloba. Tavisi geopolitikuri mdgomareobis gamo kartografTa interesis sferoSi saqarTveloc moeqca. misi politikuri sazRvrebi dafiqsirebuli iyo antikuri periodidan. magaliTad, herodotes (Zv.w. Vs.) mixedviT, uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifos, kolxeTis Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvrebi meotis (azovis) zRvamde aRwevda (ix. pomponius melas ruka). Zvel evropul samefo politikur rukebze saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari yovelTvis moxazulia jiqeT-afxazeTiTurT, an mxolod afxazeTiTurT. swored aseT saqarTvelos icnobdnen safrangeTis, inglisis, portugaliis, italiis, ruseTisa da sxva saxelmwifoebi. Sua saukuneebisa da gviandeli epoqis evropeli kartografebi mezRvaurebisa da mogzaurebis mier Sedgenili informaciebisa Tu axali portolanebis daxmarebiT gadaamowmebdnen xolme saxelmwifoTaSorisi sazRvrebis mdgomareobas da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, rukebSi koreqtivebi SehqondaT. politikuri rukebis nawilze miTiTebulia saxelmwifoTaSorisi sazRvrebi, nawilze ki sazRvrebi dafiqsirebuli ar aris, mxolod geografiuli nomenklaturaa datanili. aseT SemTxvevaSic Cans, rom afxazeTi yovelTvis iyo saqarTvelos nawili. kavkasionis mTagrexili Tavidanve iyo saqarTvelos bunebrivi, aqedan ki politikuri sazRvari CrdiloeTis mxridan. magaliTad, diego homemis rukaze (1559w.), romelzec aweria mengrelia (anu samegrelo, daaxl. dRevandel gelenjikTan), mxaris hidrotoponimika warmodgenilia qarTveluri ena-kiloebidan berZnul-laTinur da sxva evropul enebze evropeli kartografebis mier Targmnili formebiT. evropelma avtorebma aseve blomad Caiweres da Semogvinaxes qarTveluri saxelwodebebi. afsuur-afxazuri da Turquli geografiuli nomenklatura mxareSi Cndeba gvian Sua saukuneebSi, rusuli ki _ XIX saukuneSi. warmodgenili evropuli da rusuli kartografiuli masala (ix. agreTve g.keris `qarTuli provinciebis...~ _ 1732w.) udaod miuTiTebs, rom ara mxolod jiqeT-afxazeTi, aramed mTeli aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi md.yubanamde da azovis zRvamde uZvelesi xanidan iyo saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili. am faqts ar cnoben separatistebi, maTi mfarvelebi, magram oponentebs Sesabamisi kartografiuli da sxva dokumenturi sabuTebi ver moaqvT aseTi masalebis ararsebobis gamo.
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pirTa saZiebeli* abaevi v. 168 abaza-faSa 156 abaSiZe ir. 282 abduSeliSvili m. 173, 176 abo Tbileli 92, 185 abramiSvili g. 118 abramiSvili r. 24 abulasan iobis Ze 117, 128 abulaZe i. 189 abulaZe c. 146, 182, 188 abul-kasimi 101, 102 abusajisZe 101 abuxba 288 agaTangelosi 73 agaTia sqolastikosi 61, 82 agafodori (preobraJenski, sox.ep.) 269 agnezi b. – ruka #6 agrba a. 322 agrba a. 336 agrba v. 285, 293 adamia g. 357, 359 adamia z. 77 adamia i. 196 adleiba b. 337, 340, 343 adriane 58 avag amirspasalari 125, 126 avaliSvili g. 225 avgustusi gaius oqtaviane 4 avdalbekiani x. 294, 295, 298 avitabile p. 153 aviZba a. 106 aviZba s. 270 aieti 28, 29, 53 aixvaldi ed. 235-238 akaba n. 3 akiSbaia m. 367 akiSbaia o. 75 aladaSvili n. 105, 125 alania d. 297, 299, 305, 307, 308 alasania g. 63, 72, 147 aleni p. 186 aleqsandre 133 aleqsandre bagratis Ze 138 aleqsandre batoniSvili 205 aleqsandre makedoneli 80 aleqsandre I (didi) 135, 137 aleqsandre I (rus,) 232, 233 aleqsandre II (rus.) 249-251, 253, 260, 264 aleqsandre III (imer.) 155, 157 aleqsandre oqropiriZe. ix. wm. mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre aleqsandre ufliswuli 133 aleqsandre (xovanski, sox. ep.) 269 aleqseeva e. 34 aleqseeva t. 176 aleqseevi v. 173, 177 aleqseevi m. 295-297 aleqsi (eqzarq.) 269, 275 aleqsiZe z. 106, 113, 118, 155 ali_arsan begi 199 al-kalkaSandi 133 al-muhibi 132, 133 al-umari 133 ali-faSa 253 amanelisZe 121 ambrosi (xelaia). ix. wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi ambrojio di pietro 142 ambrojio de poco 142-143 *
Seadgines rusudan xarebavam, salome gamaxariam da sofio gamaxariam
406
amiane marcelinusi 45, 48, 49 amiranaSvili S. 111 amiCba g. 123 amfiste (amfistosi, amfistratosi) 4, 48, 49 ana dedofali 181, 184, 189 anania Sirakaci 93 anastasi apokrisiari 75, 85 anastasi II (artemi) 86 andria pirvelwodebuli 76, 128, 170 andria (uxtomski, sox.ep.) 279 anTelava i. 121, 152, 154, 156, 169, 199, 203, 206, 207 anTelava n. 65 anonimi (Vs.) 45, 49, 59, 62, 73, 139 anonimi (XIIIs.) 74 anua iuri (giorgi) 77 anua t. 284 anqiale 58 anCabaZe v. 299,303, 306, 307 anCabaZe z. 34, 39, 42, 45, 46, 50, 51, 61, 62, 69, 70, 74, 83, 88, 92, 94, 96, 121, 122, 124, 138, 141, 154, 258 anCabaZe l. 214 anCabaZe (dadiani) maSo 274, 281 anCabaZe p. 284 anCabaZe x. 214 anCabaZe j. 321 apiane 28, 48, 54 apolonios rodoseli 28, 29 arabuli a. 169 araxamia g. 119 arboliSvili l. 46, 48, 54, 57 ardaSelia c. 281 ariane flaviusi 29, 45, 46, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 67, 72, 73, 75 aristakes lastivertci _ 119 aristarxi 54 aristotele 29, 46 arseni (izitovi, som. ep) 268, 269, 275 artemidore 48, 75 arCil stefanozis Ze 85-88, 91 arCil II 158, 159 arZinba v. 345, 350-352, 354, 356, 358, 366 asaTiani l. 151 asaTiani n. 129, 170, 190 autlevi p. 28 afaqiZe a. 25 afaqiZe j. 18, 24, 25 afsirte 28 afxazava n. 71 afxazi iv. 231 afxazosi 65 aqirTava k. 299 aqirTava n. 308, 309, 315, 323 aqsianova g. 173 aqurTava bazux... 214 aSvamba s. 328 aSxvawaa s. 32, 68, 281, 286, 297 aCugba T. 3 axalaZe l. 87, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 105, 106, 108-110, 117, 119, 121, 127, 128, 193 axvlediani g. 36, 69, 70 axuba j. 336 ajamovi a. 273 ajamovi g. 286, 288, 297 ajinjali e. 3, 84, 85, 104 bagafSi s. 354, 366 bagafSi 321 bagrat I (afx.) 97, 100, 101, 119 bagrat I (kurapalati) 98 bagrat II – 106, 108, 117 bagrat II (imer.) 149 bagrat III 92, 97, 108, 117-121, 128 bagrat III (imer.) 148 bagrat IV 122, 123, 126-128 bagrat VI 137, 138 bagrat giorgis Ze 107 bagrat demetres Ze 99
407
bagrat konstantines Ze 104 bagrat miqelis Ze 131 bagrati 137 bagrationi aSoti 98, 99 bagrationi vaxuSti 6, 63-65, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 104, 120, 121, 130, 133, 135, 136, 137, 146, 147, 155-159, 162, 167, 169, 194, 198, 200, 202 bagrationi Teimuraz 65 baTiaSvili i. 363 bakuraZe n. 173 balardi m. 142-144 baramiZe m. 9, 13, 15, 17, 20, 21-26 barTolomei i. 257, 258, 325, 327 bariatinski a. 248, 250 barnaveli T. 121 barcic k. 288, 299 basaevi S. 355, 356 basaria s. 32, 68, 270, 285, 286, 289, 292, 293, 298 basilis Ze giorgi 2, 127 basilisZe demetre 128 basilisZe Tevdore 128 basilisZe merkile 128 baqraZe d. 65, 66, 94 baRaTuria n. 186 baxia 239 baxtaZe m. 120, 121 bebia i. 196 bebuTovi v. 239 beliakovi a. 308 belokurovi s. 151, 152, 155, 156, 169 belocerkovskaia v. 116 beninkazi an. 139 beraZe T. 29, 30, 38, 55, 78, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 95, 129, 131, 132, 134, 137, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146-148, 156, 159, 164, 165, ruka #13 beria l. 319, 325, 331, 337 beriZe v. 111-115, 121 bernardo moro 131 bertold voli 142 berulava k. 134 berulava m. 299, 307 berulava n. 38, 47, 53-55, 72 berZeniSvili i. 113 berZeniSvili n. 9, 60, 68-70, 89, 161, 163, 168, 214, 215, 336 besarion Wyondideli 208, 215 bessa 81 bianko 139 biCi 296 blaixStaineri l. 69 blarambergi i. 194 blievi m. 223 bogveraZe a. 80 bJania v. 9, 13, 15 bragvaZe z. 89 bregaZe b. 91 breJnevi l. 335, 337 brigsi 301 bronevski s. 45, 188 brose m. 28, 66, 164 bruni T. 139, 161, 162 buava m. 328 budbergi a. 210, 211 bukia m. 196 bunaki v. 173, 177 buraCkovi 43 burWulaZe e. 247 burjanaZe S. 164, 166, 197-199,
408
220 bRaJba m. 334, 335 bRaJba o. 3, 12, 23, 24, 26, 28, 32, 46, 53, 79, 81, 88, 94-96, 100, 103, 106, 110, 121, 122, 124, 125, 212, 214, 217, 265, 275, 283, 286, 287, 289, 291-293, 295, 297, 298, 301-304, 306, 309, 311, 315, 319, 321, 322, 339, 340, 352, 358 bRaJba x. 69, 109, 110, 168, 326 gabaSvili besarion 204 gabedava m. 289 gabisqiria g. 359, 364 gabriel episkoposi ix: wm. mRvdelmTavari gabrieli gabunia 239 gabunia a. 274 gabunia g. 118 gamaxaria j. 33, 43, 45, 48, 49, 57, 59, 64-66, 68, 71-73, 76, 77, 81, 84, 87, 90, 94-96, 104, 107, 109, 127, 139, 140, 148, 149, 155, 170, 171-186, 193, 201, 202, 204, 205, 242, 243, 246, 247, 251, 252, 253, 256, 261, 264, 265, 267-269, 271, 278, 281, 283, 284-295, 297300, 302-308, 310-316, 319-321, 342, 345, 347, 362, 363, ruka ##7-10, 13-15 gamba f. 232 gamsaxurdia z. 41, 315, 343, 345-351, 353, 362, 363 gamyreliZe al. 57 gamyreliZe g. 54 gamyreliZe T. 28, 30, 66, 71, 186, 188 gasviani g. 45, 47, 62, 68, 70, 71, 74, 82, 176, 242, 323, 353, 355, 358, 360, 363, 367 gasviani T. 353, 355, 358, 360, 363, 367 gastaldi jak. 4, 186, ruka #11 gegia iv. 268, 273, 281, 287 gegia ioane 257 gegenava gabrieli 169 gegeSiZe g. 331 gegeWkori e. 287, 295, 296, 300 gevorkiani m. 59 geimani v. 254-256, 260 gelasi kesarieli 76, 77 gelasi kvizireli 76 gelaSvili g. 235 gelbi i. 35 gelenava i. 272, 274 gelovani p. 297, 299 gelceri h. 67 genadi (pavlinski, sox. ep.) 269 genseliusi – ruka #14 gerberStaini s. 63 geria n. 328 germane (gogelaSvili, afx. ep.) 246 gerSelmani T. 68, 263, 270 gese k. 241 geCi aslanbei 199 gvazava g. 287-305 gvancelaZe T. 31, 65, 71, 74-76, 109, 169, 185, 186, 192, 193, 195, 196, 257, 265, 326, 327, 329, ruka #13 gvaramia a. 341 gvaramia a. 338 gibali p. 225 gigineiSvili b. 47 giliarova o. 173 giorgaZe b. 151-154 giorgaZe g. 291 giorgaZe gr. 35-37 giorgi I (afx.) 97-100, 119 giorgi I 122 giorgi II (afx.) 97, 104-109, 117, 119-121, 128 giorgi II 123, 126, 128 giorgi III 106, 124 giorgi IV laSa 123-126 giorgi V brwyinvale 131, 134 giorgi VII 134, 135 giorgi VIII 136, 137 giorgi aleqsandres Ze 134 giorgi galatozi 128 giorgi kedrene 73 giorgi megreli 140 giorgi mTavarepiskoposi 121, 127 giorgi mTawmindeli 122, 123, 191 giorgi mwerali 150 giorgi mcire 123 giorgi rusi 124
409
giorgi singelozi 73 giorgi 128 giorgi 198 giorgi (mTavarep.) 127 gloveli S. 92, 93, 109 gobejiSvili g. 25 gogebaSvili i. 262, 274, 279, 282 gogelaSvili i. 285, 294, 295, 297 gogia b. 33, 43, 45-48, 49-51, 57, 59, 62, 64-68, 71-73, 90, 94, 95, 107, 139, 140, 148, 155, 170, 186, 193, 251, 252, 265, 274, 278, 285-300, 302-308, 310-316, 319-321, ruka ##1-15 gogiZe s. 3 gogolaZe d. 71, 74 gogoxia d. 337 gogua a. 344 goguaZe v. 353 gozaliSvili g. 54 golenko k. 39 golicini g. 269, 275 golovini e. 243 golubcovi g. 284 gonglibaisZe miqael 127 gonglibaisZe nikoloz 127 gonglibaisZe sofron 127 gorbaCovi m. 339, 345, 349 gordeziani r. 30 gorki m. 248 gorCakovi p. 227, 228, 230-237 granJie l. 163, 165 graCovi p. 363 gracki 273 grigol galatozuxucesi 128 grigol (lorTqifaniZe, afx. kaT.) 167, 171, 201 grigol xanZTeli 41, 99, 109 grigoli (magistrosi) 85 grigoli (caiSeli) 201, 215 grigoli (IXs.) 98 grigolia g. 9, 22 grigolia k. 152, 155, 156 grigolia g. 305 grigorasi n. 73 grove 255 grozni b. 73 grZeliSvili i. 24 grZeliZe r. 285, 286 guaram mamfali 101 gubaz I 179 gubaz II 80-82, 179 gubaz taoeli 124 gudoviCi i. 210-213 gulia d. 31, 32, 36, 45, 46, 49, 51, 62, 68, 69, 72, 94, 110, 273, 278, 282, 288, 293, 300, 304, 306, 325, 326, 329 gulua g. 359 gunba m. 3, 94, 107, 110, 118, 121, 122, 124, 125 gurgeni 106, 117, 120 gurieli mamia 137 gurieli mamia I 147 gurieli simon 154 guranduxti (VIIIs.) 88 guranduxti (Xs.) 106, 107 gurgenisZe g. 121, 127, 128 guruli v. 313 dadiani antoni (ep.) 242 dadiani bedan I 137 dadiani bedan II 129, 130 dadiani beJani 198 dadiani giorgi 128 dadiani giorgi I 130, 131 dadiani giorgi 203 dadiani giorgi 147, 148 dadiani giorgi (grigolis Ze) 225, 226 dadiani giorgi 248 dadiani grigol 204-207 dadiani david 245
410
dadiani vamey I 144 dadiani vamey II 133, 134, 138 dadiani iosebi 154 dadiani kacia II 201, 203 dadiani levan I 147, 148 dadiani levan II 151-158, 161, 162, 169, 170 dadiani levan III 158 dadiani levan IV-158 dadiani levan V 207, 208, 215, 216, 220-225, 230, 231, 234, 236, 238, 239, 243, 245 dadiani liparit I 144 dadiani liparit II 135, 137, 138 dadiani liparit 157 dadiani mamia I 131, 132 dadiani mamia II 135 dadiani mamia III 147, 192 dadiani mamia IV 147, 148 dadiani manuCar 128, 151, 152, 157 dadiani manuCar 204 dadiani niko 157, 201, 203-205, 207, 212, 213, 215, 220-222, 224, 229-234 dadiani nikolozi 238-239 dadiani nino 209, 212, 213, 215, 217, 219 dadiani s.305 dadiani q. 234 dadiani Samadavle 144, 145, 149 dadiani S. 274 dadiani cotne 125, 126, 128, 129 daviT III (taoeli) 117, 118 daviT IV aRmaSenebeli 124-127 daviT VII laSas Ze 129 daviT IX 135 daviT giorgis Ze (imer.) 204, 205 daviT VI narini 126, 129, 130, 133 daviT soslani 124 daviTi (nemsaZe, afx. kaT.) 149, 167-171 daviTi (argveTi) 87 daviTi (wereTeli, mitr.) 242 daviTi (qorep.) 120 davlianiZe-tatiSvili l. 119 daTuaSvili p. 357 dalaqiSvili s. 173 damenia o. 336 danieli (maTavarep.) 128, 130 darsalia d. 3 dbari d. 3, 85 de vilhelmi d. 186 de viti fr. 186 debeci g. 174 degoevi v. 223 delba m. 323, 326, 331 demetre I 99 demetre II (afx.) 98-100, 109 demetre III (afx.) 107-108 demetre (ufliswuli) 122 demianovi a. 298 demianovi m. 356 denikini a. 295-298, 300, 301, 308 diakonovi i. 28, 33, 34 diasamiZe b. 77, 81, 84 diasamiZe T. 346 diaCkov-tarasovi a. 43, 46, 67, 167, 168, 234, 239, 241, 245, 259, 261 diaCkov-tarasovi n. 67, 259 dili S. 91 dimitri (sperovski, sox. ep.) 279
411
diodore sicilieli 29, 30 dionise periegeti 40, 45 diri a. 188 diubua de monpere frederik 29, 39, 45, 65, 194, ruka #2 diuvali p. ruka #12 diulCerti anj. ruka #5 doliZe g. 296 doliZe i. 147, 164 domiciane 56 domnusi 77 dondukov-korsakovi a. 264 dosiTeosi (ierus. patr.) 84, 154, 158, 170 doti 216 docenko 288 dragomirovi a. 296 dubrovini n. 227, 229-233, 235-237 dubecki i. 233, 235-237 duka 135 dumbaZe m. 204, 206, 245 dunaevskaia i. 33, 34 durnovo n. 284 egnataSvili (beri) 145, 155 egrosi 63, 65, 70, 75, 87, 181 eduard mefe 132 evagre sicilieli 76 evdemon (CxetiZe, afx. kaT.) 149 evmelos korinTeli 29 evstaTi antioqeli 73 evstaTi kesarieli 62 evstaTi netari 87 ezuxbaia b. 284 ekaterine II (rus.) 204 eliava g. 163, 165 eliava S. 310, 314, 317 elcini b. 349, 351, 352 elhaj omeri 197 emidio dorteli de askoli 155 emuxvari b. 258 emuxvari dimitri (arzayani) 288, 297-300, 302, 304, 305, 307 emuxvari v. 292 emuxvari m. 284, 287 enuqiZe a. 313 epifane kvipreli 73, 74, 76 epifane konstantinopoleli 76, 92, 93 epSteini 310 erekle (imp.) ix. herakle erekle II 200, 205 erisTavi g. 249 ermolovi a. 223, 226, 227, 229, 233, 234, 237, 238 esaZe s. 216, 223, 246, 248, 250, 256 esvanjia v. 288 efrem mawyvereli 41 efrem mcire 76 eqvTime aToneli 74, 76, 191 eqvTime I sayvareliZe (afxaz. kaT.) 150 eSba g. 273, 282 eSba e. 286, 288, 292, 293, 308-311, 314 eSba T. 273, 282 eSba r. 364 eSba s. 257 valerius flaviusi 45 varam msaxurTuxucesi 125 vardan arevelci 94 vardan filipikosi 85 varsimaSvili i. 115 varsqeni 41 vasilisko 77 vaCe protospaTari da ipatosi 123 vaCnaZe m. 313 vaWriZe g. 217 vaxtang gorgasali 77, 80, 94, 189 vaxtang V (Sahnavazi) 158, 159 vaxtang VI 198
412
vedenski a. 262 veidenbaumi e. 226, 227, 258 vekua v. 340, 341 vekua n. 273, 281 veiliaminovi a. 225, 227-229, 233, 235 vereSagini a. 258, 259, 263 veskonte petrus 139 vigrianovi i. 308 vitzeni n. 194 volkova n. 34, 35, 188 volxovski b. 308 vorobiovi n. 68, 296 voronovi a. 173 voronovi i. 9, 12, 24, 46, 116, 121, 162 voronovi l. 68, 279 voroncovi m. 246 voroncov-daSkovi i. 275, 278 vostorgovi i. 275, 279 zavadski m. 257 zaidlici n. 265 zamiatnini s. 9, 10, 13 zanTaraia x. 266. zarandia i. 323 zariZe g. 266 zaqaraia p. 115 zaqaria mitileneli 72 zaqaria mxargrZeli 125 zaxarievi p. 151, 152 zaxarova b. 285 zaxarovi d. 285, 298, 307 zebede (diakv.) 150 zevakini e. 141 zenubia edgin... 214 zefisSvili levan 214 zefisSvili narCou 214 zisermani a. 248-250 zuxba a. 336 zuxba s. 169 zuxbaia g. 299, 306, 307 zuxbaia v. 164, 266, 268 TavdgiriZe e. 283 TavdgiriZe n. 276, 285 Taiar-faSa 208-211 TakalanZe n. 239, 247 Tamar mefe 123-125 TamaraSvili m. 33, 137, 152, 155, 158, 162, 163, 165, 166, 169, 171 Tamari (dedofali) 158 Targamosi 74, 181 Tarnava m. 283, 286, 290, 293, 296, 299, 305-308 TayaiSvili e. 109, 134, 167, 171 Tevdore tironi 77 Teimuraz I 155 Temur lengi 133-135 Teodore kvireli 79 Teodosi (`mwuxare~) 107, 108, 118 Teodosi II (afx.) 98, 100 Teodosi 77 Teodosi gangreli 6, 75, 85 Terdeti 81 Teofane JamTaaRmwereli 86, 87 Teofilaqte antioqeli 84 TogoSvili g. 103 Todria s. 321 Todua T. 54, 56, 78 ToiZe l. 302, 306, 314-317, 321 Toma (somexi) 103 TofCiSvili r. 42, 45 ToxaZe b. 357 TumaniSvili d. 113, 116 Tumanovi g. 294, 297 iazikovi 200 iakobsoni a. 113
413
iakob xucesi 41 iakovlevi n. 325, 327 iakub-xani 138 iansoni i. 186 iasnovi m. 337 iasoni (iazoni) 28 iafeti 73 iahia de kremona 131 ignatievi n. 253 idesi ev. ruka #10 ivane axalcixeli 125 ivanicki 310 ivanovi v. 308 ivanovi viaC. 30, 34 iziaslav II 64 ilia II (kaT-patr.) 77 imnaiSvili i. 94 inalisSvili narCou ... 214 inal-ifa a. 284, 295, 297 inal-ifa (inalisSvili) giorgi 224, 230, 231 inalifa (inalisSvili) arukel 224 inal-ifa k. (XIXs.) 258 inal-ifa k. 308 inal-ifa (inaliSvili) narCou 224, 230, 231, 235 inal-ifa saraluf 242 inal-ifa S. 34, 52, 53, 61, 72, 94, 118, 121, 124, 168, 199, 257, 270 inaniSvili g. 24 inaZe m. 37, 39, 42, 45-50, 52-55, 57, 58, 62, 63, 70-72 ingoroyva p. 44-46, 50, 51, 62, 68-70, 74, 83-88, 91-93, 95, 96, 134, 164, 333, 334, 336 interiano j. 147 ioane antioqeli 174 ioane bedieli 127 ioane drasxanakerteli 95, 103, 113 ioane zonara 73 ioane Tomas Ze 82 ioane minCxi 109 ioane mwignobarTuxucesi 123 ioane sabanisZe 92, 93, 185 ioane oqropiri 76, 79 ioane Wyondideli 123 ioane (VIIIs.) 88, 91 ioane (kaT.) 84 ioane 191 ioane (somexi) 103 ioanisiani a. 211 iovakime (afx. kaT.) 149 iona (egzarq.) 242 iordaniSvili s. 155 ioseb flaviusi 56 ioseliani a. 354 ioseliani ioane 214, 237 ioseliani j. 350, 353, 354 ipolite romaeli 62, 63 irine 92 irinei 76 isami 87 isamberi m. 65 italinski 207 iuiruk bairaxdari 209 iuliane 58 iulius keisari 54 iustiniane II 86 kavadi 80 kavkasos 181 kakabaZe s. 30, 163, 164, 116, 167
414
kakuba r. 291, 294, 295, 299 kalandaZe a. 9, 25 kalandaZe k. 12 kalandia g. 127 kalisto III 136 kamenhuberi a. 34 kandelaki k. 278 kapanaZe d. 39, 126, 144 kargarodskaia m. 309 karpovi s. 140 kartozia s. 314 karcovi a. 251, 254 kapitonovi i. 338 kasteli qr. 45, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 160-162, 164, 165, 170 kastori 4, 48 kacia a. 116, 121 kacia b. 328 kacia r. 141, 162 kaWarava d. 45, 59 kaWarava i. 225 kaxaZe o. 186, 189, 190 kaxaber kaxaberisZe 129 kedia sp. 305 kekeliZe k. 74, 92, 93 kereseliZe ioane 268 kereseliZe 301 keri g. 368, ruka #15 keSelava i. 359 keWaymaZe n. 29, 45, 58, 60, 62 kvantaliani g. 338 kvaracxelia n. 3 kvaracxelia t. 299 kvarWelia r. 336 kvarWia v. 329 kvaSnini a. 356 kvaWantiraZe e. 94, 119 kvezereli-kopaZe n. 49 kvintus kurcius rufusi 49 kvirike (qorep.) 101, 102 kvirike II 107 kvirkvelia d. 45, 59 kviwinia p. 173 kiknaZe v. 132 kiniapina n. 227 kirzoRlu m. 135 kirion I (kaT.) 113 kirion episkoposi. ix. wm. mRvdelmowame kirion II kirovi s. 308, 309 kislingi 46, 69 kitovani T. 350, 352-354 klavdios ptolemaiosi 45, 48, 56, 59, 62, 67, 73, ruka #3 klaproTi i. 64., 65 klementi romaeli 76 klibanovi a. 256 klimenti palmosi 76 kobaxia v. 336, 338, 342 kobiZe d. 70, 119 kovensi i. ruka #10 kozenkovi v. 20 kokievi g. 43 kokovi j. 188, 189 kolesnikovi m. 357 kondratievi g. 357 koniari 252 koniaSvili 298 konradini 216 konjaria v. 195 konstantine daviT narinis Ze 128-131 konstantine I 77 konstantine II 137, 138 konstantine II (afx.) 103 konstantine III (afx.) 95, 97, 101-104, 106, 109, 119, 120 konstantine (ufliswuli) 134, 135
415
konstantine (argveTi) 87 korobkovi n. 9 koroliovi v. 299, 305, 307 kostava m. 340, 342 koCievi r. 173 koxi k. 167 kravCenko p. 260 krekasi - ix. telxiusi krilovi a. 344 krupnovi e. 20, 28, 177 kudava b. 81, 83, 84, 96, 120 kudriavcevi k. 28, 45, 118, 121, 141, 217 kuznecovi a. 329 kurnatovski i. 224, 225 kutievi 222 kuftini b. 9, 15, 18, 45 kuSnariova k. 26 kuxaleiSvili s. 308 labaxua a. 331 ladaria i. 173 ladaria n. 278 lavrovi l. 28, 188 lakerbaia e. 285 lakerbaia Tulafsu... 214 lakerbaia i. 273 lakvari urusi 234 lakoba i. 344 lakoba m. 308 lakoba n. 285, 293, 308-311, 313, 315-317, 320-323 lakoba s. 3, 12, 23, 24, 26, 28, 32, 46, 53, 79, 81, 88, 94-96, 100-103, 106, 110, 116, 121, 122, 124, 125, 152, 171, 212, 214, 217, 244, 263, 265, 275, 276, 283, 286, 287, 289, 291-293, 295, 297, 298, 301-304, 306, 309, 311, 315, 319, 321, 322, 339, 340, 352 lakrba gid 235 lakriba Tlafs 224 lakriba jamleT 224 lamberti arq. 45, 151-154, 156, 157, 160, 161, 163_165, 169, 171, 186, 194, ruka #13 lasuria a. 329 latiSevi v. 222, 73, 94 lebarnikiosi 85 legrani 314 levini m. 174 leiba 203 leTodiani d. 62, 79, 81, 184 lengi d. 144 lenini v. 310-312 leon I (afx.) 86-89, 91 leon II (afx.) 91-96, 98, 100 leon III (afx.) 97, 107, 108, 119, 120 leon gramatikosi 73 leon didi 80 leon (lev) III isavrieli (leon spaTari) 84-87 leoniZe g. 155 leonide (oqropiriZe) 278 leonti mroveli 74, 76, 91, 181, 184, 189 leJava g. 317, 333, 336-338 liaki 310 lindenfeldi 237 lioniZe solomon 204 lipartiani giorgi 151, 152 lipartiani vamey III 157, 158 litvinovi p. 207, 208 loginovi v. 344 lolaSvili i. 123 lolua Zuku 274 lomTaZe e. 186, 190 lomTaTiZe q. 36, 174, 179, 180, 186, 187, 192 lominaZe b. 149, 170 lominaZe beso 315 lominaZe g. 356 lominaZe r. 205 lomouri n. 37-41, 45, 47, 48, 51, 58, 59, 61-63, 70-72, 78, 79, 89, 91, 119, 168 lomsaZe gabriel 150
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lopatinski l. 188 lorTqifaniZe g. 57 lorTqifaniZe i. 299 lorTqifaniZe m. 31, 38, 70, 91, 92, 94-100, 103, 105, 109, 117, 159 lorTqifaniZe o. 29, 31, 38, 39, 43, 55 ludoviko bolonieli 136 ludoviko IX 129 ludoviko XIV 201 luka j. 151, 152, 156, 160, 161, 163, 169 lukini a. 9 lukomski a. 296 lulie l. 188 maevski v. 260 mazniaSvili g. 291-294, 296 maTua 318 maieri ed. 33 makariosi (ierus.patr.) 84, 151, 162, 170 malasa 58 malaqia I (abaSiZe, afx. kaT.) 149 malaqia II (gurieli, afx. kaT.) 154 maleni g. 129 mamacaSvili l. 167 mamisTvalaSvili l. 141 mandevili j. 186 manuel porfirogeneti 74 maraCevski 236 margiSvili ioane (ep.) 303 mari n. 31, 32, 46, 50, 51, 62, 66-69, 76, 90, 152, 178, 179, 186-188, 261, 283, 325, 327 marine, mariane - ix. miri marixi 128 markvarti J. 68 markovini v. 34 maruxba i. 3 maruSiani zviad 107 maruSisZe ioane 117, 118 marRania a. 328 marRania aslanbeg 214 marRania beJani 214 marRania d. 278 marRania Tlafs 238 marRania i. 296, 297, 299, 305, 306 marRania kac 224, 235, 236, 238 marRania levani 214 marRania n. 284, 287 marRania rostomi 214 marRania t. 258 marRania xitu 214 marRania jambulat 214 marSania d. 294 marSania zerefsu 222, 223 marSania TaflasTan 254 marSania k. 273, 282 marSania kvaji 254 marSania levani 255 marSania loriki 339, 359 marSania m. 258 marSania misoust 222, 223 marSania n. 297 marSania rebiaxanum 213, 214, 219, 221, 224, 228 marSania saraluf 222, 223, 231, 235 marSania t. 289, 295 marSania fsxubei 254 marSania yalibeg 235
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marSania Sirinbei 254 marSania xinkuras 235 masistios siromitresis Ze 41 maqsime aRmsarebeli 84, 85 maqsime II (abaSiZe, afx. kaT.) 204 maqsime quTaTeli 200 maWavariani daviTi (dek.) 268 maWavariani k. 66, 67, 199, 200, 268, 270, 273, 282, 325, 327 maWavariani n. 195 maWaraZe v. 200 majolo jak. ruka #8 mgalobliSvili n. 340 mgalobliSvili m. 63, 232 mgelaZe a. 330, 331 mgelaZe m. 308 mdivani b. 314 mdivani s. 304 megreliZe S. 261 medea 28, 29, 45 mediCi-bJiSkiani m. 64, 69 meliqiSvili g. 29, 31-33, 36, 44, 46, 47, 49, 52-54, 56, 58, 60-62, 70, 78, 79 meliqiSvili d. 41 menTeSaSvili a. 288, 290, 291, 295, 301, 302, 304-306, 310, 320 meretukovi k. 75 merkatori 186 merlini s. 221 merCule giorgi 41, 45, 50, 51, 52, 68-70, 74, 91, 92, 95, 99, 133, 134 mesxi s. 362 mesxi k. 287 mesxia n. 354 metreveli e. 123, 130, 226 metreveli r. 118 mefariSvili l. 158 mefisaSvili r. 101, 113 mehmed II 135 mehmed raSidi 197 mibCuani T. 46, 47, 62, 68, 71, 74, 79, 82, 274 miTridate VI pontoeli 50, 51, 53, 54, 61 miTridate umcrosi 53 miklaSevskaia e. 173 mileri v. 137 miliutini d. 250 milni 300 miminoSvili iv. 274 miri (marine, mariane ) 85-88 mirneli m. 282 miqael sabaZmindeli 109 miqaeli (ierus. patr.) 149 miqaeli 128 miqambia SalamaTi... 214 miqelaZe T. 15, 17, 18, 20, 38, 51 miqeli daviT narinis Ze 130, 131 mixailovski-danilevski a. 216 mixelsoni i. 295 mixini 229, 234, 235 moaferne 53 mogilianski p. 226-228 moizi 217 mortieri korn. ruka #10 mose xorenaci 93 mJavanaZe v. 334, 336 mJavia T. 367 muzikantski 308 muraviovi n. 244 murvan yru 86-88 murzakeviCi n. 141 muromcevi s. 278 musxeliSvili d. 36, 52, 71, 74, 75, 83 nabedi 81 nadareiSvili T. 354, 357, 359 nadirovi solomoni 237 namitoki a. 69 naneiSvili 305
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nasri guaramisZe 101 nafotaZe saba 150 naWyebia g. 338 naWyebia i. 208 naxoragani 82 nebieriZe l. 12 nepliuevi i. 198 neroni 56 niania novelisimosi 128 niketa xoniate 74 nikifore (mitr.) 155 nikoloz I (rus.) 240 nikoloz II (rus.) 266, 275 nikoloz bedieli 130 nikoloz mistikosi 104, 105 nikoloz paseki 142 nikonor aleqsandrieli 28 nino kabadokieli 76, 77 ninua d. 248 nodia a. 269 norakiZe g. 274 norakiZe sp. 268 nucubiZe lika (Teona) 3 odisevsi 29 odiSeli j. 155 ovidius nazoni 29 oTirba a. 335 oTirba g. 3 okujava k. 156, 157, 164 oldenburgeli a. (princi) 266, 274 olonecki a. 260, 262 oniani a. 180 oraxelaSvili m. 317 orbeli i. 46, 61 orbeliani d. 215 orbeliani s-s. 30, 35, 42, 49, 74, 75, 191, 194, 201, 202 orbeliani st. 119 orentiosi 76 orjonikiZe a. 13 orjonikiZe s. 309-311, 315, 320 osiZe e. 186 ofsite 28 ofsite 81 pavle alepoeli 156, 170, 190 paiWaZe g. 188, 198, 214 paiWaZe d. 137 palasi simeon 64 palefate abidoseli 40, 50 palmerstoni h. 247 pankratovi n. 242 papasqiri z. 43, 68, 69, 91, 92, 94, 96, 100, 109, 117, 118, 119, 122, 141, 184, 214, 269, 271, 276, 277, 304, 315, 319, 321, 322, 325, 327, 331, 337, 346, 352, 356, 357 paskeviCi i. 238-241 pateifa n. 278 patkanovi k. 66, 90 pafnoti (xoziaSvili, arq.) 205 paxomovi a. 203, 210 penCko n. 141 peskina m. 173 pesteli p. 240 petre I (rus.) 197 petre (drugovi, sox. ep.) 269 petrik patriki 122, 123 petrus geraldi 131, 132, 142 piTodorisi 56 pilenko d. 259 pineli j. 135 platoni (egzarq.) 284 plinius ufrosi 45, 48, 49, 54, 56-59, 63, 67, 72, 75 plutarqe 89 pobedonoscevi k. 269 polemon I 56
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polemon II 56 polidevke (poluqsi) 4, 48 polivanovi n. 285 poluqsi - ix. polidevke pompeusi 54, 61 pomponius mela 45, 48, 50, 56, 57, 75, 368, ruka #1 poskrebiSevi a. 330, 331 potocki Jan 64 progulbicki v. 275 prokopi kesarieli 36, 37, 50, 51, 62, 65, 67, 73, 77, 79 promeTeosi 58 puto 161, 169 puSkini a. 223 JamTaaRmwereli 125, 126, 129 Jan georg da rejobusi 142 Jan pol franciskeli 142 Jvania d. 3 Jvania i. 308, 309 Joberi a. 208 Jordania T. 66 Jordania n. 287, 295, 298, 301, 305-307 Jordania o. 266, 304 Jordania simeon 237 JuanisZe antoni 127, 150 JuanisZe kirile 127 Juze p. 151, 162, 170 rabia (afx.) 137 raevi b. 116 raevski n. 244 rakoci 232 ramiSvili a. 24 ramiSvili n. 301, 304 ramiSvili is. 293, 294, 297, 300 ransimeni 135 ratiani z. 71, 75 rafava a. 323 rafava d. 330 raWveliSvili qr. 288 rekasi - ix. telxiusi resmaga 58 rexviaSvili m. 204 rikhofi i. 207, 209, 213 riJovi k. 54 riSelie e. 210 riCardi J. 131 robert hintelsxani 142 rogava giorgi 195 rogava g. 238, 242, 243, 270 rozeni g. 241, 243 romanovi mixeil 250, 251, 253 romanovi n. n. 284 romanovski i. 296 rostombegi 198 roSa 128 rtiSevi n. 219-222 rubrukusi v. 129 rusTaveli SoTa 30, 41 rufinus avieniusi 73 rusudan mefe 125, 126, 128 ruckoi a. 356 rCeuliSvili l. 113, 115 saakaSvili m. 367 sagduxti 128 savlaki 53 saiTiZe g. 278 salamatina n. 173 salia m. 194 samxaraZe a. 282 sanaZe m. 30, 85, 86, 95
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sanikiZe l. 28, 53 sansoni g. ruka #9 sanudo m. ruka #4 saria S. 216 sarjvelaZe z. 42 saRaria b. 310, 328 sayvareliZe p. 287, 305 saxokia T. 266, 268, 273, 274, 279, 281 sajaia a. 309 sebastini 211 severovi n. 114 seid suleiman-faSa 221 selezniovi m. 64, 154, 158, 170, 171, 239 semi 73 serafime (CiCagovi, sox. ep.) 269, 275 sergi (petrovi, sox. ep.) 279, 302, 303 sergi barnukis Ze 85, 95 sesostrisi 41 svaniZe m. 135 svaniZe n. 308 sverdlovi v. 308, 309 sviatopolk mirski d. 251, 252, 258 svimeon galatozuxucesi 128 svimeon Wyondideli-mwignobarTuxucesi 127 svimon kananeli 76, 77, 270 sigua T. 350, 353 sigutkini i. 356 silogava v. 99, 105, 106, 108, 117, 121, 123, 126 simonoviCi T. 216, 217, 219 sitini p. 309, 311 siWinava r. 359 skeparna 81 skimnos qioseli 40 skirnevski T. 211, 212 smiri g. 238 smirnovi n. 244 sobinini (sabinini) g. 92 sokolovski n. 312 soleri 139 solinusi 48 soloviova v. 173 soloviovi l. 9, 13, 15, 24, 34 solomon I 200, 201, 204 solomon II 204-206, 216 sonRulaSvili a. 71 soselia o. 153 soslanbekovi i. 355 soteriqe 82 sofron bedieli 130 spadaga 58 spenseri e. 167 stalini i. 42, 310, 311, 313, 317-321, 324, 325, 330, 331 stefane bizantieli 43, 45, 62 stefane sananoisZe 109 stefanoz III 85, 86, 91, 93 straboni 43_45, 48, 49, 51-54, 56, 58, 67, 75 stratanovski g. 43 stratofile 77 sturua d. 334-337 suliaSvili d. 288 sumbat bagratuni 101, 103 sumbat daviTisZe 92, 97, 119 suslovi m. 330, 335 tabataZe k. 119 tabaRua i. 151-153, 157, 161, 163, 169, 197, 201 tabiZe m. 257 taleirani 211 tania i. 323 tatiSCevi v. 64, 167 telxiusi (telxiosi, rekasi, krekasi) 48-50 tinine 100 toliaSvili k. 270 tolstoi m. 254
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tolConovi 155 tormasovi a. 214-217 tornau T. 199 toroSeliZe m. 310 totlebeni 200 traiane 62 trafSi m. 116 trirogovi v. 257 trogus iustinusi 49 trofimova v. 174 turCaninovi g. 28 tuRuSi a. 75, 202 ubiria m. 305-307 uvarova p. 94, 141 uzun-hasani 137 urban VIII 153, 155 uridia m. 81 uruSaZe a. 28, 29, 40, 47, 89 uslari p. 28, 256-258, 325, 326 utCenko s. 43 uSakovi p. 46, 47 uCaZe z. 357, 359 uxtanesi 89, 106, 107 fadeevi a. 32, 141, 168, 223, 239 falda (qorep.) 107 favstos buzandi 59 fanaskerteli z. 35 fanCuliZe i. 215 faradavla Toreli 126 farasmani 86 farnavazi 53, 75, 93 farnake 54 farsmani 58 faRava m. 239 faSalidi i. 294, 295, 297, 298, 307 faCulia v. 116 faCulia v. 328-330 feSangi 155, 161 filipiki 86 filipsoni g. 235, 249 fircxalava s. 283, 284 fifia g. 72 fon-kresi 295 fon-losovi 290 forestie uokeri 300 formozovi a. 14 fsametixebi 28 fsevdo skilaks kariandeli 39, 40, 45, 48, 52, 75, fsevdo Sapux bagratuni 95 fselosi mix. 28 fuTuriZe g. 151 fuTuriZe v. 185 fureli r. 173 futkaraZe t. 30, 43, 45, 71. 90, 180, 186, 190 fxakaZe g. 13, 15-17 qavTaraZe ioane 237 qavTaraZe s. 310 qami 73 qardava x. 3 qarCava g. 331 qarcivaZe n. 287 qaSibaZe v. 173 qebulaZe r. 126 qelbaqiani d. 281 qvaraia v. 359 qirTbaia n. 273, 282 qiria c. 216 qorTua n. 207, 208, 210, 211, 213, 215, 216, 219, 221 qoriZe d. 24, 25 qoriZe T. 96 qorqia l. 9 qoColava giorgi 121, 127 qristoforo de kanevale 145
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qurcikiZe g. 257 quCuk Celebi zade 198 quji 53, 75 Rurjua v. 295, 297, 298, 304, 305, 307 yarabei 169 yaryaraSvili g. 357, 363 yauxCiSvili T. 28-30, 40, 41, 43, 45-49, 51-55, 56-58, 61, 75, 122 yauxCiSvili s. 30, 50, 55, 62, 63, 69, 70, 81, 82, 87, 181, 184, 186, 263 yifSiZe i. 186 yolbaia v. 342, 354 yoranaSvili g. 28 yubaneiSvili s. 185 Savliani adarnase 101 Savliani ioane 101 Salva axalcixeli 125, 126 Samba o. 336 Samba s. 3, 126, 344 Sanibovi m. 355 SaniZe a. 94, 326 SanSe mandaturTuxucesi 125 SanSievi g. 297 Sarapovi s. 263 SaraSeniZe l. 352 Sardeni Jan. 63, 152, 158, 163, 172, 194 SarvaSiZe a.g. 274, 276, 284, 285-287, 295, 300 SarvaSiZe a.k. 304 SarvaSiZe ali-bei (aleqsandre) 213, 219, 224, 230, 231, 238, 241 SarvaSiZe arzayani 157, 158 SarvaSiZe aslan-bei 209, 212, 215-217, 219, 221, 229-232, 234, 235, 237 SarvaSiZe bagrati (saustan) 158 SarvaSiZe baTal-bei 213, 216, 228, 230 SarvaSiZe beJan 212, 213 SarvaSiZe beslako 156 SarvaSiZe beqir-bei 200, 203, 219, 223 SarvaSiZe g.d. 278 SarvaSiZe g.k. 284 SarvaSiZe g.m. 109, 155, 251, 275, 283 SarvaSiZe g. (safar-bei) 209, 210, 212-222, 224-227, 230, 245 SarvaSiZe grigol 258 SarvaSiZe dardin 126 SarvaSiZe dim. 227, 229-234 SarvaSiZe varlam 285, 292, 293, 296-299, 307, 308 SarvaSiZe zegnay 159 SarvaSiZe zurab 199-201, 203 SarvaSiZe Taiar-bei 228, 230 SarvaSiZe (dadiani) Tamari 209, 226-230, 233-235, 237, 239, 242 SarvaSiZe Tula 214 SarvaSiZe iv. 274 SarvaSiZe (dadiani) kesaria 224 SarvaSiZe konst. 234, 258, 274 SarvaSiZe l. 201, 208, 220, 221 SarvaSiZe manuCari 199-200 SarvaSiZe manuCar (samurzay.) 208, 209, 215, 216, 219-221, 234 SarvaSiZe mixeili 233-239, 241, 242, 244-248, 250-252 SarvaSiZe oTaRo WaWas Ze 121, 122
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SarvaSiZe pr. 272 SarvaSiZe rostomi 159 SarvaSiZe rostom-bei 228, 230, 234, 235 SarvaSiZe seteman 153, 156 SarvaSiZe solomon 156_158 SarvaSiZe sorex (savarex) 158 SarvaSiZe soslan-bei 219, 223 SarvaSiZe qeleS-bei 200, 201, 203-213 SarvaSiZe quCuq-bei 215 SarvaSiZe yvapu 159, 167, 171 SarvaSiZe Servan 199, 200 SarvaSiZe weTanuria (darejan) 152, 153 SarvaSiZe xutunia 220 SarvaSiZe jiqeSia 159, 199 SarvaSiZe joto 292 SarvaSiZe xasan-bei 213, 216, 224, 226-229, 237-239, 241 Saria gr. 281 Saria p. 326 Sartava J. 364 Satilovi p. 251, 252 Sayrili k. 33, 195, 329 Sayrili t. 336 SevardnaZe e. 338, 350, 351, 353-356, 359, 361, 363, 367 Sengelaia leo (qiaCeli) 303 Sengelia n. 197-199 Sengelia v. 186 Serbatovi a. 240 ServaSiZe l. 106, 113, 133 ServaSiZe m. 282 Seripovi aslan-bek 286, 292 Serozia r. 186, 190, 257 Sinquba b. 329 Slateri n. 297 Smali v. 345 Smerlingi r. 96, 116 Snirelmani v. 28, 32, 38, 68, 286, 291, 295, 302 Sopeni iv. 65 SoSiaSvili n. 94, 99, 103, 117, 119 Sulgini v. 296 Surta 107 SuSaniki 241 Cabaluxa Temuryva 214 Cabaluxa vomeri 214 Cagava d. 326 Cakraborti r. 173 Caragua x. 336 Carkviani k. 330 Celebi evlia 151, 156, 160-162, 168 Celebi qaTib 63, 192, 194, 198 Cervonnaia s. 294, 345 Cerniavski v. 66, 139, 176 CigoSvili T. 21, 22 Cindarovi r. 356, 363 Cirikba v. 3, 186 Citaia d. 266, 285, 290, 292, 295, 298, 300 Citaia g. 51, 64, 69 Ciqobava arn. 31, 69, 75, 182, 196 Ciqovani m. 337 CijavaZe d. 157 CoCievi v. 197 ColoyaSvili d. 274 CubinaSvili g. 105, 106, 112-114, 118 CubinaSvili d. 35, 49 Cukbari a. 274, 283, 284 Cuxua m. 28, 30, 180 Cqotua daviT 274 Cqotua manuCari 238 Cqotua rafieli 287, 295-299 CxataraiSvili q. 117, 197-199, 201 Cxenkeli ak. 278, 285-287 Cxenkeli ioane (mRvd.) 268 Cxetia S. 254
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CxetiZe germane 127, 150 CxikviSvili benia 285, 288, 297, 298, 304 caava m. 288, 305 cagareiSvili e. 103, 119, 185 cagareli a. 200 caguria b. 287 caguria m. 288, 299, 305, 307, 308 camba edigei 235 cariova 285 cincaZe z. 245, 273 cincaZe i. 155 cincaZe n. 150 cicianovi p. 205, 207 ciciSvili i. 111 cqitiSvili g. 121 cxadaia p. 75 Zampi m. 158, 165, 171 ZafSba T. 3 ZiZaria g. 203, 206, 208, 212, 216, 225, 244, 245, 250-255, 259, 260, 261, 266, 282, 285, 295, 310, 329 ZiZaria k. 288 ZiZaria o. 194, 195 ZiZiguri l. 25 ZiZiguri S. 30 Zkuia d. 299 waTe I 80 waTe II 82 wereTeli l. 9_11 wesubia Seramet... 214 wvinaria i. 13, 15, 24 wivwivaZe 285 wm. aRmsarebeli ambrosi 66, 67, 75, 268, 269, 279, 284, 285, 292, 296, 303, 320 wm. mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre 246, 254, 256 wm. mRevdelmTavari gabrieli 256, 260, 267, 269, 270, 282 wm. mRvdelmowame kirion II 260, 266, 278, 279, 285 wulukiZe m. 307 wurwumia z. 204 WavWavaZe d. 254, 256 WavWavaZe z. 340 WavWavaZe i. 66, 274, 341, 342 Wanba s. 283, 285, 299 Wania v. 343 Wanturia r. 75, 257, 264 Waraia p. 262, 273, 281 Wedia n. 273 WiWinaZe T. 159, 167 WoWua a. 273, 282, 289, 326, 329 WumburiZe d. 264 Wyonia a. 151 xazaraZe n. 35, 50, 51 xaindrava g. 357 xan-girei 188 xarebava r. 287 xasaia a. 300 xasaia n. 295 xasbulatovi r. 356 xaSba a. 326 xaSba m. 326, 329 xaCiZe l. 109 xaxanaSvili a. 33, 67 xaxutaiSvili d. 24 xajinba r. 366 xvarckia m. 336 xvingia a. 273 xvistani r. 113, 116 xiTi b. 173 ximSiaSvili l. 115 xinTba v. 337 xioti i. 308 xonelia r. 107 xorava b. 43, 127, 147, 148, 157, 158, 165, 172, 193, 199, 200, 201, 205, 218, 226, 241-245, 249-251, 254-256 xomutovi 229 xotelaSvili m. 113
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xoStaria n. 24 xoStaria-brose e. 68, 69, 71, 81 xoWolava m. 305 xruSkova l. 96, 116, 125, 126 xruSCovi n. 333-335 xundaZe a. 281 xundaZe tr. 271 jaiani m. 167 jalal-ed-dini 125 javaxiSvili iv. 30, 32, 33, 36, 44-46, 50-52, 60, 67, 104, 117, 118, 138, 184, 302 janaSvili m. 30 janaSia niko 257, 264, 273, 281, 284 janaSia niko (laSa) 93 janaSia s. 32, 33, 36, 37, 45, 46, 58, 60-62, 68, 71, 78, 83, 85, 92, 105, 109, 113, 152, 168, 186, 188, 189, 251, 326 janberiZe g. 173, 175, 177 jangvelaZe z. 114 jandieri l. 275 jafariZe anania 76, 77, 81, 84, 90, 96 jafariZe g. 91, 119 jafariZe d. 354 jafariZe o. 9, 11, 12, 17, 20, 21, 25, 30, 34, 71 jayeli aRbuRa 136 jayeli sargis 126 jayeli yvaryvare 126 jayeli yvaryvare II 136, 137 jayeli yvaryvare III 138 jiblaZe l. 15, 17 jiqia s. 198 jonua a. 329 jonua W. 329 jorbenaZe b. 192 jojua d. 301 jojua v. 75 juanSeri 88, 91 juanSeri (memat.) 91, 183, 185, 189 judiCe juzepe 154, 163 juReli anT. 263, 266, 268, 273, 281 juReli v. 289, 292 hagba v. 3 haidar-faSa 148 heidi u. 142 hekaTe mileTeli 39, 40, 45 helanike mitileneli 39, 40, 43, 45, 50, 51 herakle (erekle) 83, 84 heraklide lembusi 45, 46 herode agripa 56 herodore herakleli 41 herodote 30, 39, 40, 43, 51, 52, 368 hefesto 58 hiuiti j. 94, 186 holud-al-alemi 185 homemi diego. ruka #7 homerosi 29, 30 hondiusi 186
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kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa simon gogiZe xaTuna gogiZe
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