اعمال الورش

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ ١-‫ א‬W‫א‬  E‫א‬FW‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٤٢٦ 



‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬



 

   W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   ??? ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬















 



‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ o

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o  

 

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WE٢٥٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٢٥٦F



 

W‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٦٤F‫א‬‫א‬

 

 E٦٤F‫א‬‫א‬

 

E٦٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o KE٦٤F

-٢-

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬        K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬

E١F‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

(١) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 W‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ W ‫א‬  K١ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٢F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

(٢) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E٣F

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

(٣) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬،E‫א‬F

-٣-

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٤F‫א‬ (٤) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،    ‫א‬         ‫ א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ،  ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ (5) ‫ א‬

K     ‫ א‬  ، ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ 

       

 : (٥) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ . ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻱ‬‫ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﺽ‬.٥

‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬.١

‫ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺭﺓ‬.٦

‫ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺏ‬.٢

‫ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ‬.٧

‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻑ‬.٣

‫ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻲ‬.٨

‫ ﺍﻟﺫﻴل‬.٤

-٤-

 

 

         

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ K١  W‫א‬

(٦) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ، E٦F ‫א‬   W‫א‬ EF   J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(٧) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،E٧F‫א‬W‫א‬ J

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J (٨) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬  W

(٩) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

‫א‬،E٩F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬

‫א‬  ، EK١F ‫א‬   W ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K

(١٠) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

-٥-

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬ K٢     ، ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬  E١F ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬       J   J   ‫א‬    ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 ٠

 ٤٥٠ J١٠٠

 ٢

 ٤٥٠ J٨٠

 

 ٣١٥ J٨٠

 

 ١  ٣  ٤  ٥

 ٤٥٠ J٨٠  ٤٥٠ J٨٠  ٢٥٠ J٨٠

 

 ٤{٥ J١٠

 

 ٥{٣ J١٦

 

 ١٤ J٣٥{٥

 

 ٤٠ J٧١

 ١٠ J٢٥  ٢٥ J٥٠

  ، E٣١٥F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ٨  E٤F  K‫א‬E٢٥F‫א‬E٣١٥F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ K٣ E‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  

 ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬EF ‫א‬    ،    W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 E١١F   W ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬  ∎ (١١) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٦-

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W ‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬  ∎  KE١٢F‫א‬

(١٢) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 

  W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ∎  KE١٣F‫א‬

(١٣) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

-٧-

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬  KE١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

(١٤) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

-٨-

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ،    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Workbench‫א‬

 W،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬،EK٨٥ JKK٨F‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬ E١٥F‫א‬ J  

 ‫א‬ K١    K٢ 

  K٣   K٤ 

    ‫א‬ K٥    K٦   ‫א‬ K٧   K٨ 

‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬ -٩-

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬ J

 E١٦F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬E١٦F‫א‬

‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬

   

 

 ‫א‬ J

‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E١٧F‫א‬

   

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J

 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     

، ‫א‬  E١٧F ‫א‬  ‫א‬EAngle viceF ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    

 KE١٨F

‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

  - ١٠ -

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫ א‬K١

 Bench Vice‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E١٩F ‫א‬  - ‫א‬ K٣  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

  K٤

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫ א‬K٥  E١٩F‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ .٦  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬□

 K‫א‬‫א‬□

‫א‬E١٩F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬□

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬□

‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬‫א‬ □

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 ‫א‬E٢٠F‫א‬W‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬  W

  J‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 

 K  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F‫א‬

- ١١ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

  J‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  J‫א‬

 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬      ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬

E٢١F‫א‬

      E٢١F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 KE J٢٢F‫א‬

E J٢٢F ‫א‬  

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  

E٢٢F‫א‬ - ١٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬       ‫א‬  E‫א‬ F ‫א‬   

  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      

  ،   EF ‫א‬  E J٢٣F ‫א‬ K ‫א‬    

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ، E١F  E J٢٣F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K<١KK

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٣F‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٢٤F ‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬    

 K‫א‬

‫א‬     ‫א‬  K‫א‬  

   E٢٤F‫א‬

- ١٣ -



‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬ ،       ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

 K‫א‬E٢٥F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٥F‫א‬

   

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

W‫א‬-‫أ‬   ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬□

E J٢٦F ‫א‬   W ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،   

‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J  KE J٢٦F‫א‬

E٢٦F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KE J٢٨F‫א‬

- ١٤ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬    E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢٧F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢٨F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

     

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٨F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٧F‫א‬    

 KE٢٩F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 KE٣٠F‫א‬

      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٠F‫א‬

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 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٩F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬،‫א‬

 E٣١F‫א‬

WFlatness‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE J٣١F‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Squareness‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE J٣١F‫א‬

 E٣٢F‫א‬

 W Parallelism ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٣٢F‫א‬   

Dimensions ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   J

‫א‬ ‫א‬  W and Angles

E٣٤F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

 KE٣٣F

 E٣٣F‫א‬

 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   E٣٤F‫א‬   ‫א‬ 

 E٣٤F‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬  W‫א‬

E F ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  □

 E J٣٥F ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K‫א‬

‫א‬      ‫א‬   □

 E٣٥F‫א‬

 KE J٣٥F‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  E٣٦F‫א‬   ‫א‬    E٣٦F‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٣٧F‫א‬،‫א‬    

 E٣٧F‫א‬

 W‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  

   E J٣٨F ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 

   E J٣٨F ‫א‬         ‫א‬    

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣٨F‫א‬

- ١٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

-‫أ‬

-١

 K‫א‬

-٢

 K‫א‬

-٣

 K‫א‬

-٤

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬

-‫ب‬

-١

 K‫א‬

-٢

 K‫א‬

-٣

 K‫א‬EF‫א‬

-٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-‫ج‬

 K‫א‬ J١

 K‫א‬ J٢

 K‫א‬ J٣

K J٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬W٣  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥

- ١٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



   K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬‫א‬K،١±‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣                                        

- ١٩ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

KK،١±‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣                                             - ٢٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬

 KW‫א‬‫א‬

 K١KK±‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                                                 - ٢١ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



   ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  K١KK±‫א‬

   

 E،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W ‫א‬‫ א‬K١  KW‫א‬ J  ٩٨W‫א‬W‫א‬

 KK٥W‫א‬

 K١٢W‫א‬    

W‫א‬‫א‬

.٢

KEF

 K

 K



KEF K‫א‬١KK

K

 K‫א‬K  KK

 KE١١F،E٨{٥FK

 KEF KEF

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬ - ٢٢ -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o  KE٦٤F

- ٢٤ -

 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬

 K K١

‫ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ‬: (١) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 K J٢

 KEF J٣  K J٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬: (٢) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬

- ٢٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣F‫א‬٠{٠٠١٠{١

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬: (٣) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 K

. ( ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ ) ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴل‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،  K‫א‬

.(‫ ﻀﺒﻌﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﺤﺩﻴﺔ‬-١ .(‫ ﻀﺒﻌﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ )ﺤﺩﻴﺔ‬-٢

.‫ ﻀﺒﻌﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻨﺼﺎﻑ ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬-٣

‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬: (٤) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ . (‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ )ﻀﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ - ٢٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫ﻤﺴﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ‬

-١

.‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬

-٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬WE٦F‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 ،٥٢٠H‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬٥٢٠H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Steel Rule ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧F‫א‬



 K١٠٠٠،٦٠٠،٣٠٠،١٥٠

. ‫ ﻤﺴﻁﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﻻﺫﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ‬: (٧) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

- ٢٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬،١٠‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬KE٠،٥F‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٠{٥F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬

W‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨F‫א‬

،‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،E٨F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٩F‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩F‫א‬

    - ٢٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٠F‫א‬،ETrammer lF  ،‫א‬‫א‬EDividerF‫א‬  KE J١٠F‫א‬

     

K‫א‬WE١٠F‫א‬

 













 













  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١١F‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬WE١١F‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 

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

  

 ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬W‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 KE١٢F‫א‬،‫א‬

     

‫ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺴﻁﺭﺓ‬: (١٢) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ . ‫ﻜﺩﻟﻴل ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ - ٢٩ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 

KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬KKK٤٣،٢‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F‫א‬  K١‫א‬         .‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ‬: (١٣) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 















  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J  ،‫א‬‫א‬

 



. ‫ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬: (١٤) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬



















 KE١٤F‫א‬ 





‫א‬



 J 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F  

KE١٥F‫א‬  

. ‫ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺫﻭ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻲ‬: (١٥) ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ 

- ٣٠ -

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





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  

  

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF  KE١٦F‫א‬،

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 

.‫ ﺍﻨﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬:(١٦) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬



K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 Outside Caliper ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F

 E J١٧F‫א‬،‫א‬

.‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬: (١٧) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

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  

 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







- ٣١ -





KE J١٧F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 

 Inside Caliper‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬

E J١٨F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‬: (‫ﺃ‬-١٨) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 K٠{٥

 







  Divider ‫א‬ E١٩F‫א‬  W‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 J

‫א‬‫א‬E J١٩F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

. ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺴ‬: (١٩) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

- ٣٢ -

    

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬E J١٩F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 KE٢٠F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬WE٢٠F‫א‬















 

 Trammel ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣

K‫א‬‫א‬

E١F،‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F‫א‬



‫א‬

‫א‬،E٢F ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬EF‫א‬

 . ‫ﻡ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺘﻕ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺴ‬: (٢١) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬



 KE٣F‫א‬





 





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  KE٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬

. ‫ﻡ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺘﻕ‬‫ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺴ‬: (٢٢) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ - ٣٣ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ،‫א‬،٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 KE٠{٠٢FE٠{٠٥FE٠{١F

 

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣F‫א‬



 KE١FE١٠F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬-

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫ א‬-

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬-

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬K١  ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢  ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥  ‫א‬‫ א‬K٦  E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٧

‫ א‬.٨

K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٣F‫א‬

   

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬ - ٣٤ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬٢ J٤

 ‫א‬



 WEF    

 E‫א‬F‫א‬  J  WE٠{١F

.‫ﻤﻡ‬٠,١ ‫ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻗﺩﻤﺔ )ﻭﺭﻨﻴﺔ( ﺩﻗﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬: (٢٤) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 ‫א‬E٩F‫א‬

 E‫א‬F

 KE٢٤F‫א‬،‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬،E٠{٩F‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬E٠{١F‫א‬‫א‬KE٠{١Z٠{٩ J١F  ٠{١‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WE١F  KE٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

،EF‫א‬Z‫א‬ EF‫א‬

.(‫ ﻤﻡ‬٠,١ ‫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻗﺩﻤﺔ )ﻭﺭﻨﻴﺔ( ﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ )ﺩﻗﺔ‬: (٢٥) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬







 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٣٥ -



 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  KE٢F

 KE٤F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J

 K٠{١X‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬

 K٢{٤Z٠{١X ٤H٢H٠Z ‫א‬E٢٦F‫א‬WE٢F H‫א‬‫א‬Z

 K ‫א‬‫א‬

 K٠{١X‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬

 K٣{٢Z٠{١X٢H٣H٠Z

.‫ ﻤﻡ‬٠,١ ‫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻗﺩﻤﺔ )ﻭﺭﻨﻴﺔ( ﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﻗﺔ‬: (٢٦) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 







‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F

 KE٢٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z

٦Z٠{١X‫א‬‫א‬H

 ٠{١X٨H٢H  ٠{٨H٢H٦٠Z  

.‫ ﻤﻡ‬٠,١ ‫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻗﺩﻤﺔ )ﻭﺭﻨﻴﺔ( ﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﻗﺔ‬: (٢٧) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 K٦٢{٨Z  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٠{١X٥H١H٥Z

 K٥١{٥Z٠{٥H١H٥٠Z  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٠{١X٣H٠H١Z

 K١٠{٣Z٠{٣H٠H١٠Z  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٠{١X٣H٢H٢Z - ٣٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K٢٢{٣Z٠{٣H٢H٢٠Z  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٠{١X٥H١H١٠Z

 K١٠١{٥Z٠{٥H١H١٠٠Z  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٠{١X٧H٠H٤Z

 K٤٠{٧Z٠{٧H٠H٤٠Z

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  J  W٠{٠٥

 E‫א‬F‫א‬١٩  E٢٨F‫א‬،٢٠

.‫ﻤﻡ‬٠,٠٥ ‫ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻤﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻨﻴﺔ( ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‬: (٢٨) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬E 19 FE‫א‬F

20 1 19 E 0.05 = = − 1 FWE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 20 20

 KE٠{٠٥F‫א‬K  KE٠{٠٢F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ،٢٥E‫א‬F‫א‬١٢W‫א‬‫א‬   KE٣٢F‫א‬

FK‫א‬EFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬KE‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬

 W

.‫ ﻤﻡ‬٠,٠٢ ‫ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻤﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻨﻴﺔ( ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‬: (٣٢) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

     

- ٣٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K٠{٠٢Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WE١F  

KE٣٣F‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬

 ٠{٠٢X١٦H٢H٣Z

 ٠{٣٢H٢H٣٠Z

.‫ ﻤﻡ‬٠,٠٢ ‫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻗﺩﻤﺔ )ﻭﺭﻨﻴﺔ( ﺩﻗﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬: (٣٣) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 K٣٢{٣٢Z  

 







 

 KE٣٤F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F  

‫א‬‫א‬

 K٠{٠٢X٥H٠{٥H٨H١Z

 K٠{١H٠{٥H٨H١٠Z

 K١٨{٦٠Z

٠,٠٢ ‫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻗﺩﻤﺔ )ﻭﺭﻨﻴﺔ( ﺩﻗﺔ‬: (٣٤) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 









 



 W‫א‬‫א‬

،٥٠E‫א‬F‫א‬٤٩



 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥F‫א‬  ٠{٠٢Z١Z٤٩ J١  ٥٠٥٠

   

  . ‫ﻤﻡ‬٠,٠٢ ‫ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻭﺭﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﻗﺔ‬: (٣٥) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

   

- ٣٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،E–٣٧F‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE–٣٧F‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

. ‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻨﻴﺔ‬: (٣٧) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 KE–٣٧F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 KE–٣٧F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  KE٠{٠٢FEF

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١  KE٠{١FEF

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬

EF‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٩F‫א‬

EF‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٨F‫א‬

 KE٠{٠٢F

 KE٠{١F

- ٣٩ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 Metric Micrometer  ‫א‬‫א‬ E٠{٠٢F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٠{٠١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠F‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬-

،٢٥–‫א‬‫א‬،٥٠–٢٥‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬E٧٥–٥٠F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٠{٥F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  K٥٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFW‫ א‬ K‫א‬

. ‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬-١

. ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺩﺍﻥ‬-٢ . ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ‬-٣ . ‫ ﺼﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻔل‬-٤

. ‫ ﺠﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬-٥ . ‫ ﺠﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ‬-٦ . ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﺎﻁﺔ‬-٧

. ‫ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬: (٤٠) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ - ٤٠ -

     

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫ ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬: (٤١) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٤١F‫א‬

. ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬

 

 













  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٤٢F‫א‬

 

‫ ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬: (٤٢) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 

. ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‬

   











  

 

 W‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٤٣F‫א‬

   

‫ ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬: (٤٣) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ‬

- ٤١ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬KE٠{٥F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٠{٥F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E٤٤F‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢٥–  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

       

. ‫ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬: (٤٤) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 





 

 



‫א‬‫א‬KE٤٥F‫א‬،E٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٠{٠١‫א‬E٠{٠١FZ٠{٥

 ٥٠  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

. ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ‬: (٤٥) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KE٠{٠١F

- ٤٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٤٦F‫א‬  ٠{٠١X٤٩+٠{٥H٥Z



 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 K٥{٩٩Z







 K٢{٠٢Z







 K١١{٣٧Z







 ٠{٠١X٢H٠H٢Z  ٠{٠١X٣٧H٠H١١Z

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

.‫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺘﺭﻱ‬: (٤٦) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 



 

 ‫א‬

‫ ﺤﺩﺩ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ‬-١ ‫( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺴﻌﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ‬٤٧) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ . ‫ ( ﻤﻡ‬٥٠ – ٢٥) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ‬

.( ‫ﻤﻡ‬٥٠ – ٢٥) ‫( ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺴﻌﺔ‬٤٧) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ ﺤﺩﺩ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ‬-٢ ‫( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺴﻌﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬٤٨) ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ . ‫ ( ﻤﻡ‬٧٥ – ٥٠) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ‬

.( ‫ﻤﻡ‬٧٥ – ٥٠) ‫( ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺴﻌﺔ‬٤٨) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

  - ٤٣ -













  

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 KE‫א‬F  

EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٤٩F‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ )ﻀﺒﻌﺎﺕ( ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻨﺼﺎﻑ‬: (٤٩) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 

.‫ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬









  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٠F‫א‬  KE٥١F‫א‬،

   

. ‫ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﻟﻭﻟﺏ‬: (٥١) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

‫ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ )ﻀﺒﻌﺎﺕ( ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬: (٥٠) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﻟﺏ‬

 











 - ٤٤ -















‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬١L٦٠Z‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٢F‫א‬



E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 KE٢FE١F

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

.‫ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬: (٥٢) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 















  

 

 E–٥٣F‫א‬W‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬E–٥٣F‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬          

‫ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬: (٥٣) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬ - ٤٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٤F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬  

   

‫ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬: (٥٤) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺓ‬





 Bevel Protractor 





 



‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E–٥٥F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

E–٥٥F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٠{٥‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

. ‫ ﻤﺴﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ‬: (٥٥) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 





‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬،E٥٦F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 

. ‫ ﻤﺴﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗل‬: (٥٦) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

- ٤٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 Combination Set  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٧F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J  







. ‫ ﻁﻘﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬: (٥٧) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٨F‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J

 E–٥٨F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬ J

 KE–٥٨F

 ،٥٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  KE–٥٨F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J . ‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻁﻘﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل‬: (٥٨) ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



KE–٢٨F‫א‬EF

 KE–٥٨F‫א‬،٥٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KE–٥٨F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J - ٤٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K٥٢٠

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J  K J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

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‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،E١F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEF

‫ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻐﻭﻟﺔ‬: (١) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬   ‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ ﻤﺴﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬: (٢) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 ،E٢F

 ‫א‬،

 ،  K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣F‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬: (٣) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٤F‫א‬

‫ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ‬: (٤) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

- ٥٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 W،E٥F‫א‬، ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬K١

 K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 K‫ א‬K٣

 K‫ א‬K٤

‫ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺴﻤﺎﺕ‬: (٥) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 K‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬،‫א‬

     

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،E٦F‫א‬،‫א‬

،E٣F‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬ E٥F‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬‫א‬ ،E٧FE٦F

 K٥٤٥‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬: (٦) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

- ٥١ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٧F‫א‬،‫א‬

‫ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﻜﺎﺭ‬: (٧) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،E٧F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، 

،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﺸﻨﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻨﻴﺔ‬: (٨) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬

 KE٨F

‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬: (٩) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

W‫א‬،‫א‬

،

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٩F‫א‬

- ٥٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬: (١٠) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

،E١٠F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  K،

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،E١١F

‫ ﺒﻼﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ‬: (١١) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 ٠

   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ ﻋﻮارض ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ‬: (١٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،E١٢F

- ٥٣ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ،E١٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 K‫א‬

‫ زاوﻳﺔاﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬:(١٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

 W

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E١F‫א‬WE١٤F‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬: (١٤) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

‫א‬،E٢F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 KE٥F‫א‬،E٤F‫א‬‫א‬،E٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

- ٥٤ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 

 ECF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

،E١٥F‫א‬،(C)

‫א‬‫א‬،

،‫א‬‫א‬،

(C) ‫ ﻤﺭﺒﻁ ﺤﺭﻑ‬: (١٥) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬ EvF‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

،E١٦F‫א‬،E٥٩٠F

(v) ‫ ﺯﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺤﺭﻑ‬: (١٦) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

E٥٠FE٢١{٢٢F‫א‬٣L٤ ‫א‬‫א‬،E١٥٠٠F E٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٢٧F  KE١٧F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ‬:(١٧) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

- ٥٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬،‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                 

‫ وﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬:(١٨) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

KE١٨F‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳﺔ‬: (١٩) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮة‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٩F‫א‬،‫א‬  

- ٥٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢٠F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E٥١٥F‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ،‫א‬‫א‬E٥١٥F‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢١F‫א‬

‫ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ ورﺳﻢ‬:(٢٠) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠F  K

‫ ﻤﺤﺎﺫﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻁﺭﺓ‬:(٢١) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،EC F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  KE٢٢F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

K  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

‫ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬: (٢٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺴﻡ‬: (٢٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬ J  K

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KE٢٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٥١٥F‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬:(٢٤)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  KE٢٤F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬

 K

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

 K‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢٥F‫א‬،‫א‬

WE٢٥F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬

  K   ‫א‬،E٢٦F‫א‬  W  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫( ﺣﺎﻻت ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻐﻭﻟﺔ‬٢٦) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

 KE٢٧F‫א‬

‫ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﺴﻨﺒﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬:(٢٧) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

- ٥٩ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٢٧F‫א‬،

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E،F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٨F‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 J

،  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ‬: (٢٨) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 K‫א‬E،،F

‫א‬‫א‬،E،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K  ‫א‬E JF‫א‬EF‫א‬،E JF‫א‬،EF‫א‬

 ٠‫א‬‫א‬،E،F‫א‬E JFE JF‫א‬ J

E٢،١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١،٢،٣،٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٤،٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E0F‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬  F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

- ٦٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬،E٢٩F  K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٩F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٣٠F‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ ﻣﺮآﺰة اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺴّﻢ‬: (٣٠) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

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‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 K‫א‬،‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻋﺪة ﻤﺸﻐﻭﻻﺕ‬: (٣١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣١F‫א‬،‫א‬

 ٠‫א‬

‫ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻷﻃﺮاف اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬: (٣٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬،

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٠‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج‬: (٣٣) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 KE٣٢F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KE٣٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،،‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫ ﺷﺤﺬ ﺷﻮآﺎت اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬:(٣٤)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺠﺎﺭ اﻟﺠﻠﺦ‬

 ،E٣٤F‫א‬E‫א‬F  K٠E٢٠ J١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫ ﺷﺤﺬ اﻟﺴﻨﺒﻚ‬: (٣٥) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 ‫א‬،٠٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٣٥F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F  KE٣٦F‫א‬٠٦٠  

‫ ﺷﺤﺬ ﺳﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺴّﻢ‬: (٣٦) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 

 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J - ٦٣ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬              

- ٦٤ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬،K…  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،  ‫א‬‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K،‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J .‫ أﻋﺪ أدوات اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ أﻣﺎآﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬-

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o  ‫א‬ o

 ‫א‬‫א‬ o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

 KE٦٤F

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 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ J١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬١ J١ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 

K‫א‬WE١F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١  W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ J١ ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 K،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٦٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١–٢  W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١ J١ J٢

K‫א‬ J٢ J١ J٢

K‫א‬ J٣ J١ J٢

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬١–١–٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٢F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J٢  K‫א‬

‫ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎر اﻟﻴﺪوي‬: (٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬ J٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥F

 ‫א‬W J٤  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W

 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬

.‫ اﻹﻃﺎر)اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ( اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬: (٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

- ٦٩ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬،E٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K٣٥٠٢٥٠‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ J

 WE٥F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ -١

 K‫א‬ -٢

 K‫א‬ -٣

 K‫ א‬-٤

 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F‫א‬

،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K،

 

‫א‬E٦F‫א‬

 W‫א‬      

 K‫א‬WE٦F‫א‬ - ٧٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬Z

 ‫א‬

K٣٠٠،٢٥٠،٢٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   WW‫א‬Z  ١٦،١٢

 W‫א‬W‫א‬Z  K٠{٨،٠{٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬  W‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧F‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬٢٥{٤‫א‬

 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬٢٥{٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WE١F  ‫א‬

٢٥{٤‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٦–١٤

 

 ‫א‬

 ٢٢

 

 

‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣٢

- ٧١ -

EF

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  KE٨F‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 

. ‫ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻥ‬: (٨) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 

‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬

 ‫א‬

‫ﺍﻷﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬: (١١) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

(‫)ﺃ‬

‫א‬‫א‬،E–٩F‫א‬

٩F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E–

(‫)ﺏ‬

 W‫א‬

‫ ﺍﻟﻨﺼل ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻑ‬: (‫ – ﺃ – ﺏ‬٩ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺩﻭﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩ‬

 E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  

 

.‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻷﺳﻨﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺼﻞ‬: ( ١٠ ) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

          - ٧٢ -

   

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬Z

 ‫א‬E١١F‫א‬  ‫א‬

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 







 



 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬Z ‫א‬E١٢F‫א‬

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬

. ‫ اﻷﺳﻨﺎن اﻟﻤﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬: (١٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬G

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E١٣F‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬: (١٣) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ . ‫ﻨﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ‬

 

- ٧٣ -











  

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



W‫א‬G

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬E٢F‫א‬، ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬  EF‫א‬  

 

 ٠{٠٨

 ١{٦–١{٤

 ١{٢–١{٠

 ٢{١–١{٨

 ‫א‬  

   

 ‫א‬‫א‬–

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬Z

، E‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ F ‫א‬    ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬

. ‫ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ‬: (١٤) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  KE١٤F‫א‬

 

‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Z  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٥F‫א‬

 

.‫ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬. ‫ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ‬: (١٥) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

- ٧٤ -





  

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 E١٦F‫א‬،‫א‬

 K 

‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫ ﻧﻤﺎذج ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﺎر اﻟﺘﺨﺮﻳﻢ‬:(١٦) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  K

 ‫א‬ -

‫א‬،E ١٧F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬

‫א‬WE١٧F‫א‬

 

‫اﻟﺜﺎ ﺖ‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬E ١٨F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫ ﻣﻨﺸﺎر ﺷﻖ اﻟﻤﺠﺎري‬: (١٨) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

- ٧٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬     ‫א‬    J

 K 

K‫א‬ J  ‫رﺑﻂ ﻗﻄﻊ‬: (١٩) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ .‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻮازﻳﺔ‬





 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E – ١٩F‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬E–١٩F‫א‬،‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪات رﺑﻂ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮة‬:(٢٠) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٠F  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢١F‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬:(٢١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ - ٧٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬،E ٢٢F‫א‬

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢F‫א‬

   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫ اﻟﻮﻗﻮف اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬: (٢٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﺸ‬

E٢٣F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٤F‫א‬

- ٧٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬

. ‫ اﺑﺘﺪاء اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬: (٢٥) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ ﻧﺸﺮ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬: (٢٦) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٦F‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

- ٧٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

-‫أ‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧F‫א‬  ‫א‬ -١ ‫א‬ -٢

‫أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻨﺸﺎر اﻟﺸﻠﺔ‬:(٢٧)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ .‫اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﻲ‬

‫א‬ -٣ ‫א‬ -٤

‫א‬ -٥

 W‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬    E ٢٨ F ‫א‬ 

‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F  

WE٢٨F ‫א‬

 

. ‫א‬‫ א‬

   

،E ٢٩ F ‫א‬         ‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬، ٢٥  J٣‫א‬

 ‫א‬     ‫א‬     ١٠ 

 K  

‫ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﺴﻨﻦ‬:(٢٩) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ - ٧٩ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬    

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ،    ‫א‬  

   ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬-١

.‫ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎر اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬: (٣٠) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ א‬-٢

‫א‬ -٣ ‫ א‬-٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬

-‫أ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 

-‫ب‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٨٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٣١F‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 KE٣١F‫א‬      

. ‫ ﻣﻨﺸﺎر اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬: (٣١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

   

     ‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٣٢F‫א‬

   

.‫ ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬: (٣٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 

 ‫א‬   E٣٤F،E٣٣F ‫א‬   EF   ‫א‬    K٦–٠{٥‫א‬٣١٥–٥٠‫א‬‫א‬

           

WE٣٤F‫א‬

WE٣٣F‫א‬

K‫א‬

K‫א‬ - ٨١ -

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥F‫א‬  W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J١

‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٥F

 

 W‫א‬EF J٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J٣  K‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬EUF W‫א‬ J٤  KE٥F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ J٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٩

- ٨٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬

.‫ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎر اﻟﺘﺮددي اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬:(٣٦) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 







 







 KE٣٧F 



.‫ﺣﺮآﺔ هﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎر اﻟﺘﺮددي اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬ : ( ٣٧) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

- ٨٣ -





 

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨F‫א‬

 KE٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬E٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

E F

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫( ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎر اﻟﺘﺮددي اﻵﻟﻲ‬٣٨)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬x٢Z‫א‬

 KE‫א‬F  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٦٠–٣٠٠WEF‫א‬ J

 K٦٠_٢٠WEF‫א‬ J  K٢{٥_K٠{٨W‫א‬ J

 K١٢{٥ J٦{٥EF‫א‬ J

 K٤ J١{٨WEF‫א‬ J

- ٨٤ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KE٣٩F‫א‬

E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫( ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻧﺼﻞ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬٣٩)‫وﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺎر اﻟﺘﺮددي اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  





 



،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F

‫א‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻻذ آﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻻذ آﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ل‬ ٍ ‫ﻓﻮﻻذ آﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ ﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻻذ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻻذ ﺳﺒﺎﺋﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ زهﺮ‬ ‫أﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺎس أﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻧﺰ‬

( ‫ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬/ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ ) ﺷﻮط‬ ١٤٠ – ١٠٠ ١٤٠ – ١٠٠ ١٠٠ ١٠٠ ١٠٠ ١٠٠ – ٧٠ ١٤٠ ١٤٠ – ١٠٠ ١٠٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬WE٤٠F‫א‬

E٤٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤١F‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 



 

EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.‫ ﻃﺮاﺋﻖ رﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻮﻻت‬: (٤١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 KE٤٢F‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

. ‫ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ‬: (٤٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ - ٨٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،E٤٣F‫א‬

 













 W‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٤٤F‫א‬‫א‬  





 



.‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮة اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬: (٤٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬





 



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬ J

..‫ ﻣﺤﺪد )ﻣﻌﻴﺎر( اﻟﻄﻮل‬: (٤٤) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

- ٨٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K

- ٨٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K……‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١  K………………………‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٩ -

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



  ٦٠W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

E١F‫א‬‫א‬-١

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬-٢

 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬-٣

- ٩٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E١F‫א‬  ٦٠W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

-١   -٢   -٣

 E،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W ،،،٥x١٠x٢٠،٢٠٠x٢٠x٢٠

   

 K،،E،F‫א‬  

   

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١    ‫א‬‫א‬    KE١F‫א‬‫ א‬ 

         E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢    





١٠‫א‬    KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬      

 E٢F‫א‬ 

 











 

   E٢F‫א‬    - ٩١ -



   

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E١F  W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ J

  KE٣F‫א‬

 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEF

 ‫א‬ J٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K

 E٤F‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٥،٤F‫א‬

 E٥F‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬ J٥  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

-

 E٦F‫א‬ KE٦F‫א‬

- ٩٢ -

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E١F  W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٦  ٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KE٧F‫א‬‫א‬        

 ‫א‬ J٧  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٧F‫א‬











  

 

 KE٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨          











 



 

 E٨F‫א‬

   

- ٩٣ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



   E٢F‫א‬  ٦٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  

           

                          - ٩٤ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٢F‫א‬  ٦٠W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

-١

K

-٢

 K

-٣

         

     KE،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W  

،‫א‬،٥٠x٣٢،١٠٠x ٢٥

 K،‫א‬‫א‬،،،،

     

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W

EF‫א‬‫א‬ J١  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 KE١F‫א‬EF‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬K‫א‬

     

- ٩٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٢F  W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J

 E٢F‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬  

   

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣F‫א‬

 

 

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  KE٤F‫א‬

 E٤F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KE١F‫א‬

 E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KE٥F‫א‬‫א‬

 E٦F‫א‬‫א‬ J

 E٦F‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٣F‫א‬  ٦٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١  

                                     

- ٩٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٣F‫א‬

 ٦٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ J١

       

 K١H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 KE،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W

،،،،E٥x١٠٠x١٠٠F  K،،‫א‬،،

         

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W  

 K‫א‬ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬_  

 K‫א‬١٦ J١٤  

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬_  KE١F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬  

 

 E٢F‫א‬  

- ٩٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٣F  W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤  ‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣F‫א‬١٠‫א‬

 KE٤F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J

 E٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 KE٥F‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬،E٦F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 KE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

       

 E٦F‫א‬E ٧F‫א‬ - ٩٩ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٤F‫א‬  ٩٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬

‫א‬ J١

،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬

EVF،EIF

K‫א‬‫א‬  

                               

- ١٠٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٤F‫א‬  ٩٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  KEVFEIF،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،F‫א‬

-١

 

-٢  

 E،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W 

،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬KE١F‫א‬‫אא‬      

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬

     

 E٣F‫א‬  

  - ١٠١ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٤F  W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  KE٤F‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٤F‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KE٥F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ J٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٠٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ٣٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪١٠٠

١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J    KE٥x٧٥x٧٥F

 

٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬ J

                                 



 

   

  - ١٠٣ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

،،‫א‬

١٣

 K‫א‬E١F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE١F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬

،‫א‬

،‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬

 K٢٥‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٤ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،EF

K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬Z١

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬Z٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬  E J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١FW‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬E٢F‫א‬،

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F

‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬،

 K‫א‬‫א‬E J٤F‫א‬    

- ١٠٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٥F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   

K‫א‬‫א‬WE٦F‫א‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E٧F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 

K‫א‬‫א‬WE٧F‫א‬

- ١٠٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬ ،١٠٠٠L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ WE٨F ‫א‬

   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬WE٩F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬E٩F‫א‬،

 K‫א‬

 

- ١٠٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢ E١٠F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬

 

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠F‫א‬

 

‫א‬،‫א‬ J٣

‫א‬E١١F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬W E١١F‫א‬

   

 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٣  KE١٢F‫א‬

     

K‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٢F‫א‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  J١ 

 KE١٣F‫א‬

     

K‫א‬ WE١٣F‫א‬ - ١٠٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٤F‫א‬    

 K‫א‬WE١٤F‫א‬

       

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٥F‫א‬

 K‫א‬WE١٥F‫א‬

     

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٦F‫א‬    

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦F‫א‬

         

- ١٠٩ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J١

،E‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬ J٢

،E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،E٤F‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J٣

‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ J٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧F‫א‬

 K‫א‬W‫א‬ J٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 E١٨F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨F‫א‬

- ١١٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W

١٠٠٠E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠E٢F‫א‬١٠E١F‫א‬

 ٠E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KL  

 KE‫א‬‫א‬F٢C٢٠Z١٠٠٠C١٠W‫א‬  

١٠٠٠ × ١٠

 L٥٠٠ZZ٢ ٢٠

 K‫א‬WE١٩F‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   

 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬  KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 L 500 = 100 × 10 Z٢ 20

K‫א‬WE٢٠F‫א‬

      - ١١١ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬  W‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F‫א‬



‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١F‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،E٢٢F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٢٣F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢F‫א‬

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٤F  

 KWE٢٣F‫א‬

  - ١١٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬WE٢٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K ‫א‬E٢٥F‫א‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٥F‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦F‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٦F‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   

 

- ١١٣ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬E٢٧F‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬WE٢٧F‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

     KV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٢٨F‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٨F‫א‬

   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢  KE٢٩F‫א‬

 

K‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٩F‫א‬

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٣٠F‫א‬

 K‫א‬WE٣٠F‫א‬

 

 

- ١١٤ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 K‫א‬ K٢

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣  KE‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

- ١١٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 K‫א‬ K٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 K‫א‬ K٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧  K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٦ -

 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ J١  K١٣ J

 K٢٠ J  K٣٠ J

 K٥٠ J  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  K‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J  W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬ J

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤  K١ J

 K٠{١ J  K٠{٠١ J

 K٠{٠٠١ J

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣  K‫א‬‫ א‬K٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ - ١١٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E١F‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 

     K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬           

     

                          - ١١٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E١F‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬W      W‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١     K‫א‬ J٢     K‫א‬ J٣ 

   K‫א‬‫א‬ J٤  WE،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W    ،،،،،     K٥،E٥C٦٠C٤٠F  

  W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W EL٥٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬

   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 KE١F        E٢F  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J    K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٢F‫א‬‫ א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -   K‫א‬‫א‬

   

- ١١٩ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J    K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ J     

.(٣) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢    KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ J   ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J .(٤) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 

     

،‫א‬ J٤  

،‫א‬‫א‬  KE٥F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

.(٦) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣   ،‫א‬‫א‬ J    KE٤F‫א‬

.(٥) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،E٦F‫א‬

 K

           

- ١٢٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬E٥F‫א‬ J٦   K‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬   E٨F‫א‬،‫ א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  

.(٧) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠  K‫א‬ J١١

 

 K‫א‬ J١٢

   K‫א‬ J١٣

.(٨) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٤   ‫א‬E٢٥٠F‫א‬E٣F‫א‬‫א‬ J٩  KE٨F

 

    

                 

- ١٢١ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٢F‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 

 K                                    

- ١٢٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٢F‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬   

 W‫א‬‫א‬W 

 W‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١



   

 

 WE،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W 

 

،،٥،E٢٠٠C٥C٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬



 



  ،،  K٢٠٠،    

  W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬ J١

،‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  KE١F‫א‬

     

      

.(١) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 

    

‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢F‫א‬

         

.(٢) ‫ﺸﻜل‬ - ١٢٣ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤   KE٣F‫א‬          

.(٣) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥          

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦  .(٤) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬   KE٤F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬         

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧  .(٥) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

.(٦) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 KE٥F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬              

    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨    KE٦F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬        - ١٢٤ -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



٦٠ ‫א‬  ١٠٠

‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ١

  ‫א‬‫א‬،Mt1

  ‫א‬E١٠C٥٠C٤٠F

 K‫א‬                        

                         

 

 

 

 

           

- ١٢٥ -

 

   

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o  KE٦٤F

- ١٢٧ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬                     .‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬: (١) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

   

- ١٢٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬،  E١٥٠،٢٠٠،٣٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬E،‫א‬،F     ‫ ﻣﺒﺮد ﻣﺴﺘ ٍﻮ‬: (٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬     E٣٠٠،٢٠٠،١٥٠F،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬    

‫ ﻣﺒﺮد ﻧﺼﻒ داﺋﺮي‬:(٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

- ١٢٩ -

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

E٣٠٠،٢٠٠،١٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬E،‫א‬،F      

.‫ اﻟﻤﺒﺮد اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي‬:(٤) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  

 KE٥F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

.‫ اﻟﻤﺒﺮد ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي‬:(٥) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

     K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٦F‫א‬      

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦F‫א‬

     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٧F‫א‬    

‫ اﻟﻤﺒﺮد ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‬:(٧) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

     K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 KE٨F‫א‬‫א‬    

‫ اﻟﻤﺒﺮد اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‬:(٨) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

   

- ١٣١ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   



 KE٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

     

.‫ اﻟﻤﺒﺮد اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‬:(٩) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٠F‫א‬      

‫ ﻣﺒﺮد ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﺮف واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‬:(١٠) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 KE١١F‫א‬‫א‬      

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬WE١١F‫א‬

   

- ١٣٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  KE١٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     .‫ ﺿﺒﻌﺎت أﻗﻮاس ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬:(١٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

   

 KE١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       .‫ ﺿﺒﻌﺎت أﻗﻮاس داﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬:(١٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

   

 KE١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     .‫ ﻣﺤﺪد ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻐﺎت اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬:(١٤) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ - ١٣٣ -

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫( ﺗﺪوﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺮد ﺣﻮل‬١٥) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻲ‬

E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

   

E١٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫( ﺗﺪوﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺮد ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬١٦) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ‬

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٧F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   

‫( ﺗﺪوﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺮد ﺣﻮل‬١٧) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮرﻳﻦ‬

   

- ١٣٤ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  KE١٨F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻘﻮس اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬: (١٨) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

E٢ J١F‫א‬  

 KE١٩F‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺮادة أوﻟﻴﺔ‬: (١٩) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

    

 KE٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺮادة ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ‬: (٢٠) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬E٢١F ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  

‫ ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﻘﻮس اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬: (٢١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺿﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬ - ١٣٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻘﻮس اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬: (٢٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ إﺟﺮاء ﺑﺮادة أوﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺸﻨﺔ‬: (٢٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٢٣F‫א‬E٢ J١F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻡ‬: (٢٤) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬E٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫ ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﻘﻮس اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬: (٢٥) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺿﺒﻌﺔ ﻗﻴﺎس‬

- ١٣٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  KE٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K E٠{٥F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ١٣٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  KE٦ J٤

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬ J  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J  K E١F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

     

- ١٣٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬ K١

 KE F K٢  K K٣  K K٤

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫ א‬K١

 K‫ א‬K٢

 K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣  K‫ א‬K٤

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣  K K٤

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬  J١

 K‫א‬E٣ J٢F  J٢  K‫א‬E١F  J٣  K‫א‬  J٤

- ١٣٩ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬ K١  K‫א‬ K٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢                    

- ١٤٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬  E١F‫א‬  E٣٦FW‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬    

      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

          - ١٤١ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E١F‫א‬ ٣٦W‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬W      W‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 

  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  K‫א‬



،،E١٠C٩٥C١٠٠F   ‫א‬‫א‬،،،،،   ،‫א‬، ‫א‬،،،‫א‬،



  WE  ،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W 

 

 K(V)

   W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J٢

   

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٥F  

 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       (١) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W  

- ١٤٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



   E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   E٢{٥F‫א‬‫א‬   KE٢F‫א‬           

(٢) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤  E٩٥F‫א‬   KE٣F‫א‬E٢F‫א‬     

(٣) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

   

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥   E٩٠FE١F‫א‬    KE٤F‫א‬         

(٤) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦   KE٥F‫א‬E١٠F     

(٥) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

   

   

- ١٤٣ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧   KE٦F‫א‬‫א‬       (A,B,C,D)‫א‬‫א‬ J٨  KE٧F‫א‬  

(٦) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

(٧) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

             ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩   ١٠‫א‬‫א‬   KE٨F‫א‬‫א‬          

(٨) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    KE٩F‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J١١   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

(٩) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  KE١٠F‫א‬

(١٠) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

- ١٤٤ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J١٢

(١١) :‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    KE١١F‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J١٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٢F‫א‬

(١٢) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

   

      ‫א‬(A,B,C,D)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٤  KE١٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٥  KE١٤F‫א‬‫א‬  

(١٣) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٦    KE١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

(١٤) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 

E15F

- ١٤٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



   E٩٥C٩٠F‫א‬ J١٧  KE١٦F‫א‬    

(١٦) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

(١٧) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٨    KE١٧F‫א‬            ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٩    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    KE١٨F‫א‬E١٠F            K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢٠        

(١٨) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

   

- ١٤٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٢F‫א‬  ٢٠W‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  

   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                                    

- ١٤٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٢F‫א‬  ٢٠W‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬W      W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ J١     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢     K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣   

 

 WE،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W   ،v،،E٣C٢٧C٥٢F   ،،،،،١٥٠،   ،،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬،،‫א‬

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W  E١F‫א‬    J١ 

(١) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

(٢) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 ٥٩٠‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١‫א‬    KE١F‫א‬      E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KE٢F‫א‬  ‫א‬      - ١٤٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣ 

(٣) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

(٤) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 ٢{١‫א‬   KE٣F‫א‬E٣C٥٠C٢٥F           

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬   KE٤F‫א‬E٤٥F‫א‬  

   

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    KE٥F‫א‬     

(٥) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

(٦) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦   K‫א‬‫ א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧  KE٦F‫ א‬   

       

- ١٤٩ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨ 

(٧) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ (٨) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 KE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬           KE٢F‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩ 

 KE٨F‫א‬          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠ ٢١‫א‬    KE٩F‫א‬E٣C٥٠C٢٥F        

(٩) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE١٠F‫א‬٢ J١‫ א‬      ‫א‬  J١٢ 

(١٠) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

(١١) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬   KE١١F‫א‬     

- ١٥٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   E١F‫א‬‫א‬    KE١٢F‫א‬       

        E٢FE١F‫א‬ J١٤    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬

(١٢) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 KE١٣F‫א‬         

(١٣) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

         

- ١٥١ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٣F‫א‬  ٣٦W‫א‬‫א‬

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                                     

- ١٥٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٣F‫א‬  ٣٦W‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬W      W‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١   

 K‫א‬ J٢



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣     WE،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W    ،،E١٠C١٥٠C٦٠F   ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،،،   Kv ، ‫א‬،،

   W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١  

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢    KE٢F‫א‬

 

    

(١) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

  (٢) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

   

- ١٥٣ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 

(٣) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

             ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤   KE٤F‫ א‬         E٥F  J٥  KE٥F‫א‬‫א‬           

(٤) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

       

     

(٥) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦  KE٦F‫א‬

  (٦) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

              

- ١٥٤ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧ 

(٧) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

(٨) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

‫א‬E١F‫א‬   KE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬  J٨ ‫א‬‫א‬   KE٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     

       

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩    KE٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K٢٠‫א‬G     

     

(٩) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

     

- ١٥٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٤F‫א‬  ٣٦W‫א‬‫א‬

   

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                                    

- ١٥٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٤F‫א‬  ١٢W‫א‬‫א‬

   

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬W     W‫א‬‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١     K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢ 

     WE،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W    ،،E١٠C٥٠C٦٠F    ‫א‬،،،،،    KV،‫א‬،،، ‫א‬

   W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W  KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١  

   

‫א‬‫א‬  J٢  

 KE٢F‫א‬E١٧F

 

      

(٢) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

(١) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

- ١٥٧ -

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



E٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J٣    KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

     

     

  

(٣) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

(٤) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J٤  ‫א‬‫א‬   KE٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     

  ٢٠EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KE٥F‫א‬    

(٥) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

       

           

- ١٥٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٥F‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬   

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K                                

- ١٥٩ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٥F‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬     

 W‫א‬‫א‬W      W‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬ J١ 

   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢



 K‫א‬ J٣     WE،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W    ،،،E٥C٥٠C٥٠F    ،،،،، ،   ،‫א‬،، F،،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬، ،E  

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W    K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢    KE١F‫א‬٤   

(١) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

  

‫א‬E٢F‫א‬E٤٨C٤٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      

(٢) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

  - ١٦٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    KE J٣F        K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF J٥   

(٣) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦   ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬    E٥FW‫א‬    KE J٣F‫א‬   

(٤) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧        ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨  KE٤F‫א‬   

(٥) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩   ‫א‬،    K‫א‬E٥F     ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠  

(٦) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 KE٦F‫א‬          

- ١٦١ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١ 

(٧) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

(٨) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 KE٧F‫א‬،              

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢  KE٨F‫א‬        

   

                  

- ١٦٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٦F‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K    

                  - ١٦٣ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 E٦F‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬W      W‫א‬‫א‬     

  J٤  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J٥

 K‫א‬ J١

 K‫א‬ J٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦   J٣    WE،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W    ،‫א‬،،،‫א‬،، E١٠C٥٠C٨٣F   ،،،،،  K،‫א‬‫א‬،،،، ،  

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W    K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢    KE١F‫א‬E٩F   

(١) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

،E٨٢C٤٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣   KE٢F‫א‬       (٢) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

    - ١٦٤ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬ J٤  

KE٣F‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬F‫א‬   KE  

(٣) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ J٦    K‫א‬‫א‬١٠{٧٥   ‫א‬‫א‬ J٧  

(٤) ‫ﺸﻜل‬

،‫א‬‫א‬،٢٤    KE٤F‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨ ‫א‬‫א‬

(٥) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 KE٥F‫א‬،‫ א‬ 

      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩    KE٦F‫א‬،‫א‬    (٦) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 

         

- ١٦٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠ 

 E٧F‫א‬E٥{٨F   KE١١F       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١  ،  

(٧) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

(٨) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

،‫א‬EF   KE٨F‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢  KE٩F‫א‬،      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣    KE١٠F‫א‬،

(٩) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

(١٠) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

     ،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٤  KE١١F‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٥ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    KE١٢F‫א‬   

(١١) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

   

(١٢) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

    - ١٦٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



١٢٠ ‫א‬

‫ א‬ 

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٠٠ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K

 

 

 

                                     

- ١٦٧ -

 ١

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬



‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠـــــــﻊ‬

   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٢‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

G  

 K٢‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K، K٤ ١٩٩٨،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K، K٥  ١٩٩٦،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1. W.A.J Chapman L Workshop Technology Part II - London . 2. M.H.S Kempester L Workshop Technology for Technicians . 3. Vict. E. , Wlard . J. Carthy - Machine Tool Technology . 4. R.L Timings, O. Alabi , Mechanical Engineering Craft Technology and related subjects, Vol. (1) and (2) Longman group LID, 1993 George Love, Metal Work, Longman, sing apore publishers, first  impression 1987.

- ١٦٨ -

  G  

‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬

 

   K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K     K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K   ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ •  ٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬

 ٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ١٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ٢٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫• א‬  ٣٠  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫• א‬

 ٣١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ٣٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬  ٤٠  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫• א‬

 ٤٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ٤٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ٤٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬ •

 ٤٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ٥٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ •  ٥٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ •  ٥٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ٥٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ٦٠  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ٦٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ - ١٦٩ -

‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬



 ٦٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ٦٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٦٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ •  ٦٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ٧٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫• א‬

 ٧٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ٧٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ •  ٧٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ٨٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫• א‬

 ٨٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ٨٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫• א‬  ٩٠  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K  •  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ •  ١٢٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

 ١٢٩  K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬  ١٣٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬ •

 ١٣٤  K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ١٣٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫• א‬  ١٤١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫• א‬ ١٦٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬

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     

                   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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