বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ : দলিলপত্র (অষ্টম খন্ড) - গণহত্যা, শরনার্থী শিবির ও প্রাসঙ্গিক ঘটনা

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HISTORY OF BANGLADESH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE DOCUMENTS, VOL-8 Published by : Golam Mustafa Hakkani Publishers House # 7, Road # 4, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205 Tel: 9661141, 9662282, Fax : (8802) 9662844 E-mail: [email protected] On behalf of Ministry of Information Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Copyright : Ministry of Information Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Printed by: Md. Abul Hasan Hakkani Printing & Packing Road # 9, Lane # 2, House # 1 Block # A, Sec. # 11, Mirpur, Dhaka-1216. First Published: June, 1984 Reprint : December, 2003 Reprint: June 2009 ISBN: 984-433-091-2(set)


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 [e&] The Bangladesh Gazette, Par II September 1, 1977, Page 503 Ministry of Information & Broadcasting.

***

***

***


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 [di] Government of The People’s Republic of Bangladesh Ministry of Information & Broadcasting N. 51/2/78-Dev/231

Dated 18-7-1978 RESOLUTION

In connection with the Writing and Printing of the History of Bangladesh War of Liberation the Government have been pleased to constitute and Authentication Committee for the Project "Writing and Printing of a History of Bangladesh War of Liberation" with the following members : 1. Dr. Mafizullah Kabir

Pro-Vice Chancellor, Dacca University.

2. Professor Salahuddin Ahmed

Chairman, Department

3. Dr. Safar Ali Akanda

Director, Institute of Bangaldesh Studies, Rajshahi.

4. Dr. Enamul Huq

Director, Dacca Museum

5. Dr. K M Mohsin

Associate Professor, Deptt. of History, Dacca University

6. Dr. Shamsul Huda Harun

Associate Professor, Deptt of Political Science, Dacca

7. Dr. Ahmed Sharif 8. Dr. Anisuzzaman

Professor and Chairman, Deptt. of Bengali, Dacca University. Professor, Deptt. Bengali, Chittagong University

9. Mr. Hasan Hafizur Rahman

O.S.D. History of Bangladesh War of Liberation Project.

The following shall be the terms of reference of the Committee : (a) To verify, endorse and authenticate the collected data and documents to be included in the History of Bangladesh War of Liberation. (b) To determine validity and price of documents are required for the purpose.

Syed Asgar Ali Section Officer.


 s  d t : a n

GOVERNMENT OG THE PEOPLE'S OF BANGLADESH MINISTRY OF INFORMATION & BROADCASTING DACCA N. 51/2/78-Dev/10493/(25)

Dated 13-2-1978 RESOLUTION

In Partial modification of Resolution issued under No. 51/2/78-Dev/231. dated 18.7.78 Govt. have been pleased to reconstitute an Authentication Committee for the Project "Writing and Printing of a History of Bangladesh war of Liberation" with the following members : 1.

Chairman

Dr. Mafizullah Kabir Pro-Vice Chancellor, Dacca University.

2.

Professor Salahuddin Ahmed Chairman, Department

Member

3.

Dr. Safar Ali Akanda

Member

Director, Institute of Bangaldesh Studies, Rajshahi.

4.

Member

Dr. Enamul Huq Director, Dacca Museum

5.

Member

Dr. K M Mohsin Associate Professor, Deptt. of History, Dacca University

6.

Member

Dr. Shamsul Huda Harun Associate Professor, Deptt of Political Science, Dacca

7.

Member

Dr. Ahmed Sharif Professor and Chairman, Deptt. of Bengali, Dacca University.

8.

Member

Dr. Anisuzzaman Professor, Deptt. Bengali, Chittagong University

9.

MemberSecretary

Mr. Hasan Hafizur Rahman O.S.D. History of Bangladesh War of Liberation Project.

2.

The following shall be the terms of reference of the Committee: To verify, endorse and authenticate the collected data and documents to be included in the History of Bangladesh War of Liberation. To determine validity and price of documents required for the committee.

M. A. Salam Khan Section Officer.


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To The Chairman, Human Rights Commission Geneva, Switzerland. Sir, My name is Abdul Karim, S/o. Reazul Karim, age 27, Malibagh, Dacca. On26th March at approximately 10 P.M.4 Pakistani troops entered our house and asked whether we were Bengali. My father, an oldman, said in affirmative, he was shot at once. Then they turned to my brother and asked him whether he was Bengali and his answer was also in affirmative and they shot him also. Then I was asked whether I was a Bengali. I replied in Urdu saying that I was only a guest. Then they asked me whether I was a Hindu, I said again in Urdu that I was a Muslim guest in the house and came from West Pakistan. The spared me and left the house.

Sd/Abdul Karim 8-6-71

(An English Translation of the original. The original in Bengali sent to the addressee.)

2
 s  d t : a n

\2\ To The Chairman, Human Rights Commission Geneva.

Sir, I beg to relate below some of the facts for your information and action. I was a permanent resident of Daudkandi in the district of Comilla within Bangladesh formerly known as East Pakistan. But since by no means I could save myself there I escaped to Agartala in India and I am writing this letter from here. The barbarous and cruel West Pakistani Troops left behind sufficient and tolling evidence of their atrocities at Dacca, Narayanganj, Munsiganj, Taltala, Sirajdhiga and Gazaria Police Stations in which places the Pak troops killed innumerable innocent residents in the darkness of the night. At Gazaria the said Pak troops mist inhumanely killed in all 8 hundred men, women and children by Machinegun fire and looted all the cash, gold ornaments and other valuables found in their houses. In broad day light the said Pak troops took into custody women & girls of the ages ranging From 12 to 30, blind folded them, took them to the Military Cantonment and ultimately dispatched them to West Pakistan. I myself saw the dead bodies of hundreds of young men, their hands and feet tied and killed inside the premises of Burma Eastern Company and Esso Company at Godnail in Narayanganj. Those deal bodies were thrown into the river. Women of the ages from youth to sixty were not spared in this area. They were raped, killed and thrown away. The atrocities are beyond description and rare in human history. Similar atrocities and killings were carried out at Narayanganj Terminal Jetty and Phatulla P. N. O. (Pakistan National Oil) Company area. Barbarous Yaya Government issued circulars directing all people of the ages between 12 & 30 to obtain Identity Cards from Military Cantonment but unfortunately none of those who Went there returned. Their fate can easily be guessed. Following the attack by the Liberation Forces the Pak troops are not content only by killing innocent villagers indiscriminately, they are not sparing old women and children. They are burning villages after villages and looting the properties. In accordance with directives of Banga Bandhu Sheikh Mujib the people of Bangladesh stopped payment of rents. As a result the West Pakistan Raiders were not only carrying on cruel oppression, they were threatening the people with confiscation of all their properties and trail in Military courts unless rents were paid within the 15th of May.

3
 s  d t : a n

At the instance of notorious Tikka Khan few Mirjafars (Traitors) are looting the houses of the innocent Bengalis, setting fire to the same, abducting and kidnapping women and girls & with the help of the tractors Beharis carrying on most barbarous and inhuman killings of innocent Bengalis. What is strange is that young; men are caught, their hands and feet are tied and entire quantity of blood is drawn out of their bodies and the dead bodies are consigned into water. Yours faithfully Sd.Chowdhury A.B.M. Kaiser Ahmed Daudkandi, Comilla, Bangladesh

Dt. 10.6.71

N.B. I post this letter after escaping to Agartala in India.

\3\

To Chairman Human Rights Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, Europe.

Sir, I was the Head Master of Bijoypur High School under Police Station Kotwali, District Comilla in Bangladesh. My permanent address is Village & Post Office – Dariadauat, P.S. Bacharampur, Comilla. In the last week of April, 1971 the Pakistan Troops broke all the doors and the windows of Bagmara High School and Quaid-e-Azam High School at Bijoypur and destroyed all the laboratory materials, furniture’s and office records. The same process was repeated later and Miarbazar High School which was set on fire by them destroying the office and laboratory completely. The Pak troops caught and took away two students from village Alekdia under Kotwali P.S. and they did not return. In the last week of May last, I saw two teen-aged girls of Barura P.S. having been carried in an Army Jeep via Lalmai towards Comilla. Near village Dharmapur they raped one of those two girls on the public road. At Lalmai where the Pak troops have a fair

4
 s  d t : a n

concentration, they brought people whom so ever they liked and most capriciously put most of them to death. I learnt this from the few persons who manage to escape from this centre. Unfortunately persons who were killed at the centre or elsewhere by Pak Troops were thrown into the big ditch at the back of the C & B Duk-Banglow inside the Lalmai Hill. The Pak troops have separate tents to detain the kidnapped and abducted girls and Women for satisfying their lust. One person who succeeded in escaping from the detention camp related how he was asked to carry and throwaway the dead body of a girl who had died in consequence of repeated brutal rape and torture. That man, however, when left alone with the dead body fled away. . These are just few of the similar innumerable gruesome stories of which I bear testimony since I had been passing through different areas in my flight from my country to the neighboring country to seek shelter from the cruel Pakistani Armed killers. I relate these stories in the hope that world conscience may, however late, be roused. Yours sincerely, A F M Fazlul Haque Dt. 11-6-71 P.S. At present I am residing with Professor Khurshed Alam M N A at Agartala.

\4\ To The Chairman Human Rights Commission Geneva, Switzerland Europe. Sir, I was a third year University Student of Dacca University residing at the Salimullah Hall. Following the launching of ruthless attach by the Pakistani troops with all sorts of lethal weapons, the said Troops killed the students found in the Salimullah Muslim Hall most inhumanly. About a week back the Pakistani Troops caught Iqbal Ahamed, the Cultural Secretary of DUCSU and his younger brother. They have not been heard of any more. The Pak Troops carried on large scale killing of un-armed innocent people of Gazaria and other neighboring areas most wantonly.

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May not the student community of Bangladesh expect some positive action ? we earnestly pray for the same in the name of humanity.

Yours faithfully, Sd/Mian Tajul Islam Dt. 17.6.71 Permanent Address Village-0Ichakhali, P.O. Baganbari, P.S. Matlab, Dist. Comilla, Bangladesh. P.S. To avoid censor I am trying to get this posted from India. It is very likely that I will have to leave the country very soon just to save myself from the hands of Pak Troops.

\5\ To The Chairman, Human Rights Commission Geneva. Sir, I was a permanent resident of Flat No. F-2/3 T & T Colony, Moghbazar Wireless, Dacca. Following the full scale Military operation in the city of Dacca driving out the Bengalees from their residences the non-Bengalees flant into the cities from outlined districts and have been occupied all the Hindu houses deserted by the occupants on allotment by the Army authority vis. Brig. Formannar. The non-Bengali policemen constantly harassing the Bengalees and whenever a grenade explodes anywhere the Pak troops surrounds the area. In this way the troops surrounded Jatra Bari and Gopi Bag area at night, arrested all young men found there, and took them away never to return. The Pak troops in civil dress but quite well armed raided Razarbag area, entered in to private houses and raped women. This happened in the last week. The Pak troops carried on the same process in the Norshingdhi area in the same week. The non-Bengalee i.e. West Pakistani policemen round about New Market and teased Bengali girls if any other found and more often than not take them away forcibly.

Sd/M. Nurul Amin 22-6-71

6
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\6\

To The Chairman, Human Rights Commission Geneva Switzerland, Europe. I am a 21 years old M A Students of the Dacca University. My father's name is Mvi. Sabje Ali. We are permanent resident of Chalna under P.O. Charshindur, Ploice Statin-Kaligonj in the district of Dacca within Bangladesh. On 25.3.71 night I was at Malibagh. At about 12.00 at night Rajarbag Police Line were attacked by the Pakistani troops in full force armed with all modern heavy and light weapons. Next morning we passed by Rajarbagh and saw innumerable dead bodies. Some mutilated lying scattered and the Tin shed accommodating Police men burnt and destroyed. On 26-3-71 I Went to and visited Iqbal Hall, S.M. Hall, Jagannath Hall and Rokeya Hall. I saw the Iqbal Hall partly destroyed. The students killed by the Pakistani troops were left on the street and their books were scattered in the field. The entire office of the S. M. Hall were burnt. The Jagannath Hall suffered Worst destruction Large number of students were killed in that Hall. Fire were set to the ground floor of Rokeya Hall. The Pakistani troops destroyed all the Sahid Minars and constructed a Mosque at the side of the Central Shahid Minar. Last month the Pak troops destroyed the entire Narshingdi Bazar by shelling and setting fire. With the help of local miscreants the Pakistani troops annihilated all the Hindus and destroyed all their properties and also destroyed the Shahid Miniar, Schools and Colleges there. The Pakistani troops visit the neighboring villages in search of student, catch them if found, kill them and take away the girls they find and rape them. The Pakistani troops established camps at Narsingdi, Palash, Ghorasal. They go out and catch people and kill them. After they catch the young men they draw out blood from their body till their death. All the Hindu and Muslim housed of villages Purulia, Zinardi and Kashwalla have been burnt and 400/500 persons Hindus, Muslims, men and women have been killed by the Pak troops. The High school at Raipura has been burnt and the Shahid Minar there has been demolished. The Students, the Hindus, the Awami League people and the women are the worst victim. The Biharis, they utterly defeated Muslim League people, Jamat-e-Islam boys lead by Prof. Yousuf Ali of Jamat and Mahtabuddin of Muslim League have been receiving rifle training and they roam about looting properties and extracting money from the innocent people. These people in this way avenge their miserable defeat in the last

7
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election and the Pakistani troops are using them to suit their purpose. The Pakistani troops methodically eliminating the intelligentsia. May we hope that your Organisation in the name of humanity and human values your lofty ideas rise to the occasion. Yours faithfully, Abdul Kader 21-6-71 We fully corroborate the above statement since we had witnessed the gruesome incidents. Md. Ibrahim Mia 2nd Year Dacca College, Dacca. 23-6-71

Abu Mohammad Shadullah Final Year Examinee Civil Engineering \7\ To The Chairman, Human Rights Commission Geneva Switzerland, Europe. Sir,

I was a court Sub-Inspector of Police at Sadar Noakhali, Maijdee having residence at Govt. Flat No. 9/B. Owing to the atrocities committed by the Pakistani troops at Maijdee we took shelter in my daughter's house at Bartali, within P. S. Lakshipur in the district of Noakhali. On 7-5-71 the Pakistani troops came and burnt the house of my daughter. Those Pak forces burnt the Hindu houses including that of Dhirendra Nath Dutt. The Pak forces fired indiscriminately on paddy fields killing both Hindu and Muslim cultivations. On 7-5-71 the Pak troops burnt 21 houses of both communities and killed 30/32 Hindus and Muslims. On 9-5-71, the Pak troops burnt one washerman's house and shot dead three persons there. On the same day, the house of Niranjgan Banarjee of Mandari Bazar and that of Advocate M. Ahmed Ullah were burnt and one Barek Majhi was killed. On the same day the Pak troops killed sweeper when on physical examination he was found to have been a Hindu. On 7-5-71, the Pak troops entered into Battali village and raped four Muslim women. Sd/- Ranendra Chandra Dey 3.6.71

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\8\

To The Chairman, Human Rights Commission Geneva. Sir, I was a permanent resident of village Ulwon, P. S. Tejgaon, Dacca in Bangladesh formerly known as East Pakistan. On 11-5-71 three armed soldiers of Pakistan Army entered into the house of my neighbor Mr. Kader and two of them forcibly dragged away his young daughter. On hearing the cries of his daughter Mr. Kader rushed to her rescue and grappled with the other armed soldier. But he was also forcibly taken out and the Pakistan troops assaulted him mercilessly and wounded him by Bayonets. They assaulted the daughter and left her. One Peace Committee member Mr. Golam Azam in vain complained to the Military Authorities. The Pak troops entered into shops, lifted goods but did not pay except for occasional small payments. One Awal who is lamed and the Union Committee Chairman invited the Pakistani troops to village Baira P.S. Tejgaon alleging presence of Mukti Fouj there. The Pakistani Troops came and killed about 500 to 600 persons all Namasudras (Scheduled Cast) and the other collaborators of the Pakistani troops caught hold of passers by, took away all their money and assaulted them. These are for your information and action. YOurs Sincerely, Sd/Supal Chandra Das 10-6-71

N.B. To save my life I escaped to Agartala in India and I am posting this letter.

9
 s  d t : a n

\9\

To The Chairman, Human Rights Commission Geneva Switzerland, EUROPE. Sir, I am a 19-year-old B.Sc Examinee from Tularam College Narayanganj, Dacca. On 27-3-71, the Pakistani soldiers launched attack on Narayanganj with heavy weapons destroying whatever fell on their path. Like others, I also left my permanent residence at Nayamati, in Narayanganj Town and came to Gopchar. As a result of indiscriminate firing from heavy weapons two young girls were lying dead on Gopchar field. I crossed Dhaleswari river and saw fleeing people including many injured. At last I could find my family members. After three days I went back to Narayanganj undertaking very risk and found our house completely tooted even my books not excluded. I saw the Awami League Office at Narayanganj severely damaged and many houses burnt to ashes. I saw a good number of dead bodies lyingat the Railway crossing. I also saw all the houses of Palpara and Debagram burnt and destroyed. I saw dead bodies which like the other ones but the result of indiscriminate shooting by the Pakistani soldiers at Baburail. At Sreenagar Police Station through which I retreated I saw all the Hindu houses burnt and all the Hindus available there' killed by the Pakistani soldiers. The Pakistani soldiers oppressed and killed whomsoever they consider Awami League supporter. The Pak troops looted the houses of Jogesh doctor at Singpara and got the adjacent houses by the local miscreants. The Pak soldiers also looted the Dispensary of Dr. Jogesh. I solicit prompt action to stop the unprecedented genocide.

Yours sincerely, Sree Gopal Krishna Guha 22-6-71 S/o. Monorangaj Guha, Nayamati, Narayanganj Town Dacca.

10
 s  d t : a n

\ 10 \

To The Chairman, Human Rights Commission Geneva. Sir, I used to live with my husband Amal Kanti Sarkar at No. 4/B-L, Dacca, Sahajahanpur Rly. Colony, Dacca. Two days back I crossed into tripura border. After 25-3-71 we continued to stay at our Dacca residence. In the very early part of April at about 8/9 A.M. my husband went out and I went to my neighbour Mr. Idris Ali's house. The Pakistani troops looted our house. It was then 10 A.M. my husband did not return. My host Mr. Idris Ali arranged to send me to the Indian border. In June last the Pak troops came in jeeps raided demra area set fire to the houses, killed people by gun fire and took away women and girls of both communities. The people did no more reutrn. The Pak troops drew out blood from young men who were killed in the process. The Pak troops collected girls and kept them confined in a building in Demra. The Pak troops killed 7 persons and burnt houses in Sadarghat area.

Sd/- Dipali Rani Sarker 24-7-71 \ 11 \ To The Chairman, Human Rights Commission Geneva. Sir, I was a permanent resident of P.O. & village Narsingdi, Dacca. After the bombing of Narsingdi on 28the March, 1971 from Air I crossed into Agartala in India and have been residing in the care of Gouranga Chandra Saha of Nazirpukurpar, Agartala. Entire Narsingdi Bazar have burnt in course of bombing on 28-3-71 and 29th Mrch, 1971 as a result at least 100 people were killed. Following these actions by the Pak Armed forces we moved 5 miles away but had to leave the place for fear of the antisocial elements who were engaged by the Pak troops to perpetrate all sorts of crimes. In course of time we reached Bazidpur from where we had to move again for the same reason. We reached Halajia where also the Pak troops came and killed 5 persons and looted the houses. We hided ourselves in the Jute filed. 35 girls were taken away by the Pakistani troops from

11
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Bazidpur. Those unfortunate girls did no more return. The same story was to be witnessed almost everywhere. I may mention that I was a student of Narsingdi College. I am 223 year old. These are for your information and action.

Sd/Swapan Kumar Saha 18-6-71

\ 12 \

To The Chairman, Human Rights Commission Geneva. Sir, My name is Kalimuddin Mia S/o. Salim Ali, age 35 Village Jinjira, Distt. Dacca. Our house was on the other side of Buriganga near the river. On April 2, at night, all on a sudden Pakistan troops stared shelling our village from the city side of the river. Some of them crossed the river and by that time many of us stated fleeing. I had my old mother and my wife and children to look after. By the time the army arrived I could not manage to get everybody out. Six army men entered our house, shot to death without saying anything my children and my mother and took away my wife Amina Bibi. When they entered the house I was just outside packing up some belongings to take with us when we decided to leave. This all happened in 2/3 minutes. When I looked through the window I saw the army men were taking away my wife.

Sd/- Kalimuddin Mia 4-8-71

12
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28
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 -L aяs g
I-7  2 # o p !  nt 2t-#-7  i। 2 p  # #+s g
I-7 o 2 "  #+
 a]# 2t#-7  я  "  d
-o p   i। ,  _T 2 ei ,n "!, ‘‘p77 L p+ 
,  nt ! +J
 ।’’ a pI L   ! " _T 2 o p ! "# pJ N N
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n  1r  eT J J   !  
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29
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p+ g !। e(
27", 28" o 29" /- / । 2 ,µ J  я  e "]_J  "o + i, 2 "  o "o + i। 2 29" /- 
 2 <  "я  # i, e, "/e #+
    e# 2   ($k  e
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+ ]-   2 "
r  i।   30" /- 2 2 "я1_os
T / i। e 2
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+ я  o  "#   !। oi   #
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f 
,
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+   aя+    2  +, p 
+  ei  +
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n  "# 
#   o +। " # 
n    "   o + o a i ] 2# । o " "] +।  "#  
+ o "
i
f я  e(
1971 #  (m # -n a/ /  । ?#m k
+ o tk #m 21    L я
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    k
+    #
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2
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# #+ !। sk/"+m "+# 21-1-74

30
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\9\

" #+
2 #i ink =  "e#(, =  2 1971 # " =  "e#( a  #i ink +#
t  । 1971 #  25" /- 2 2 #i    t   #n 45/1, p#n "d " s 2 d  st 
T  a
s !।  J  2 =  i "?  "
 + " sNJ / , #  p  
+ dr 1n
s  " "। !t я  s "
 ? V  "। p V 
s !t я   J я   =  "#  
# "  "#  я =   # b   e1 2#!।  L p  я  !t я  e p/ o p#। 2 #
 ! " an (kn 
# / "1।  #T e1J  я
1  i ,  "+? J-,  a]# o 
1, "1n a]#  2  ]J "1g b "  # =  _
я p
 


я ]_T ( I7 " 1jя- L । 2  J
-


я #i   " _T /- "1g ( I7 1jя- L । 26" /- a pI 2 #i   " " "eT " 


я ]_T 1 " ]_T p
 , (, "/
#, uT + T   я   iu ]  g 2N W_яT k
k kk  T 2!। 2 ]_T ( p
  " ]_T / "o +я g 2N W_WT + 2!। "o / "W / / k, я k яJ + 2!, " " u я( "
  T 2!, " u +  J   2!, pJ  
t "+ a# g 2N। 
 a


 o Ž 
(<# , " 2 e J "01T   #   =  J]?- +#  N " 2
 "01T   _
я p
  e
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- =  яя J- " 7 "+J #g s J ]  # o  # "  st uf o a- uf  u0। "  +n  2 s i i। #
J  #  !। s T   g W_яT J  "01T   2 J]?-   1!। #   e(
s T   "o  । i 2 s  я  #
i   g  J]?- я !। я =  #
-t ]-¸   #tto 17+ "#i
(<# , " я  !t я  s s "
 + T  #  "NI7  =  ]-

< ! " u s "
 + g  +
।  #  e "NI7  2 # T।   "I "
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я, _
я e
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,  a
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I-7। #  "#  _
я, 
я o "1 1 e  a
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I-7   । 1971 #  27" /- "
 e J #  "#  o
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7я e  s d  #  "  J 2g  "। "
  J -n i "? s d 2g j  । 2g  "#i "+  P-
- e  я  2A я    ।  1

31
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 #  g 2N a  p7 +। "
  J  "#  _
я
+  o 
1  ” P- +n n u "  nJ £  "। i "? 2g
#
 e ak  #i    " 2#   2 #i    я(-    - "i।  "#  ?f #  #i  #i  J k  я  ag# + 2  "#  g  / 2#। 1971 #  28" /- #  "?o ] #  #  o "
#  -/  a
m я "1  +
e  - "  2 #  J # =  "e#( ?uJ J-  =  "e#( <  #(n a]#  id# 2 "?   a
m =  
(n я1 T     "]
 । id# #+
an kd(

  #+
2 "
 + T, 
/_ /o 
=  я o 
(n e  "  " я  "
 + T। " u
_/
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, #
i  "#  g
I- +
, #
i     +  +
। "e#( <  "/ "я # 2  L 2 #    utя +, an -s kd(


   । "# 2, #i ink 2ud , #i ink /7, #i #(iя Ž, #i ink 2o "+# 2 _/я us !। 2  "?, n "?, " "?, "? "1 / , dN o  "?   =  J]?- +# "   s
1 2uJ  "]
 +। 1971 #  29" /- 2  =  J]?- +#  N " db  !। 2  " #   ! 2 s/k  "!। a i ! #  -/ , , 2 # o o   "  
, ।      2 я¤ "? + e "IT r#  uf k
k  ", " "#i 
  
t "+ a# k /h, 
 " s #я  " o +!, jяs k
k + 2!, !  #  " o +!। +7  ( 
T
T "/ N 2!, #+ #, - " d #  2
,  !,    /  "  -n m + T!,  di 1 2N /h "। k7i " 
! e    uf k
k । ar r# ]  J J "/+, #+
J 2N। 1971 #  30" /- =  
P
 "  + " (pp  "#  "я "e#( "J] #
 " "  + /  I  / 1n "#
# c , a
m "? 0   "] "+ । 2 !я "?   "  + p
  "  + #s k n n  _я "    " / ! u 1 20
! я¤ r# !t  uf  " "। 2 # t я¤  "#  яj#  e !t  "+ g "  2N i, "+ "  s "  k /h i a/  / + T 2! " ? "# a‹+# "]J T
 2 #   #   o I-7   "!। /-] "#i r#  uf "+ T 2! "। ?1 ?1 "/ ] "
 + 2!,  /  Ji !_T "] +!, jяs  "J " ] a u u0 2!, "  kk।  d 1 L T /h ",
k s  I _   /h "। 2 e J /  J "=     2s "  + #(-n " J- ( p
  _/я   st я  _/J  e
 2JJ rI  ( ) "!।  "  + , $
-k7 #
i L !। 2 b   = 
P
 bT  " " я¤ +n a ,  st o di "!  !। s  я   я    di "
J
d + +# 2! । #1,+   s
1 2uJ  "]  2 b   = 

32
 s  d t : a n


T 1f   (# +-, "/
_ a# 
   !। 2 30" /- = 
T 1f  "  -b   s
1 "]!।  #     $
-i "# 
J 
J 1-  "!।   2 "+m e  яn    J " #J /-]  !। i
 + 2 "   i i।  "#  $
-i i
 +  "b  j (s  "।
s e  " я1n + 2A я  !J 2#  я

-   k 
k  !। "]  2 =  + ( " /я !t uf  !। 1971 #  1 ep 2 /k, { ]k , "я1_o, in "?, d  я e s =  

n a(n, =  "? #я $
- k7  "  я !t /  !। e  " p 2
T 1f   T " +-, "/
_ a# 
   !। 
я iJ 2  +я
f 
   !।  e m "#   s P- !T , !J ,
f 
   !। "+m ]я  я + " я !t k
k  !। 
я s,  , 1 J,  G, 
1 , _0
1 , eJ- "? -

- e , "я1_o d# " a#  I /-]  !। a  +- "!  i i। "  #
i uf o k 
k "!।  !  2 ,-k  -    1 #  ºI  p]# "1/nd

 "
 J 2N k-k kk я   s
1 "]!।  L "1

 #
-s n     яs T
k "
 J =    -(
+  " ।   
t k-
k  /  e J u " !। 2 1 " p]# "1

  я ( "
  +  2!। 1 !  2 "1я।

sk/" #+
2 19-5-74

33
 s  d t : a n

\ 10 \

"+m #hjя #
ink a
    , =  1971 #  25" /- #n 2 e pJ "]#-#+   e m "#  J+ !। #n i 2  #
-t  (
k !।  2  #T J # 2 o# "#JJ a s< #k + o0। o# "#J e
f  n aя  "s "
!, ‘‘=  "# 
# " JU o 
+ #st  #  b #
d(
я  #- p
 !,
f  " #
 +o।’’ i+  2 o# "#J ] =   n r " "#я "o +, ‘‘ ?uJ ui{ ’’। o# ] e#
"#я 2# i 2 =  я  2  #
-t 2g  ] u0 "। a s< я
1  i , i
 +, i,, 2 "+? J- ( I7  o JU + 2 ]J b L  i। e s 2 2 J+  "]#-  ”  g  / 1 p77 p   -  2 2 i] o g    
# / i।   ] e# 2 <     (pp a]#  2
 +# e
 a   #
ink, e, e#, 2i o
f  an 
I- o 
$n " i।  
# 2 o#
f n
h
(<# 2-  L  i  #T /J   L  n r   "#  o#
i J+  k
f  - n
! ‘‘
f 1, 2( 2-  ", " "   
+ + # +,.....।’’ e  L 2
f  1 u o0। 2 
34
 s  d t : a n

\ 11 \

я (
+d) "? #i 

n + #+
"  -#t , =  1971 #  26" /- #  J # =  "e#( "+ a]# 2  #+
=    "/dJ #i  " 2 #i ink Ž, "? #
яя , 
 , +
 o # "?   2 ei #i   k7   p
 #m _T ‘‘1 , ,
 #, 7я,  i, ‘‘
 /<   ?    2 #
i   N " "
 + e# " " =  "e#( e J я  =  u #J <  "/  # 2  L, p# a -  id# /<  
! , =  я, 
(n я1
h  T 2!, " "
 + 2#, "# #
 a
m    ? "] o। 2,  , 1 , /n, 2 #
i J]?-  N " 28" /- #  d’b     ? "]!। a   /, ] 
, o
(<# + 1!। 29" /- 2 p J]?- +# " d’b  !। e 2 d  !J "o +।    2   
T " _/J /   b я- +  ag# +    "#  2 b 2J  2 b {i( /  o #i  ink Ž     । #(iя /JN  s "]     /<  
  ‘‘ "  u "  +, $ 
c,
+ "/,  + ,  " 1 "।’’   2, !,  , /n #
i  _
я " J- p
 ag# + /i 2 "# jn 2g  a$ p+  "# 


я ]_T  _
я p
 
 - (
। e # 2 " # _
я "+ 2g   j!, # _
я j!, j!   0, N
T, $
 2#

t j!। 2 b   n ( dя 
  /1  !।  / " + 1!। 1  " 2 (  + T!। "  " я ! , / 
 sb, t  ++  "। pJ N " 2 L  ,
,d
, 
-
  /, 1  !। 2 # 2o di  "? =  "e#( d’J b     ? "]!। e 2 #NJ
T 1f   T, 
я NJ,
 NJ "  !। 2   NJ " " #  /, ], 1  !  a  ! "/ o +-
_ 
  । e   0 ( " f  d’я 
  / o 1  "!,

я,  # "?  J
T " 2  !। e 2
g e  s "  J /  !।  " 2 "b t   !, 2 W
7я e  " A 
h  !। J#+ я 8-5-74

35
 s  d t : a n

\ 12 \


 "? o , #i  =  2 1971 #  28" /- 2 #i #(iя Ž  J]?+#  N "  !।    2 #(iя #+
2   
  i    T "   я 
, e я # o
,d k
k, ], /  !। pJ  "/ o +-
_ !। e 2


я  u " e an ]   "!। 2 "#i #NJ   T "   (#   +-
_ ]  !। #NJ, 
я. oiяNJ,
 e  2   T o  "
,d, 
 o L  !।    2 n # " do #  !, _
я p
  n # 
T  ( " L- ,
,d-
, 

  J "  o 1    e#!।    2   
T " n ( " _/J e
 
T  p
 dJ "/ o + 
_ /  !। "1N  J 1r g k
k a
s T   "। e  "#  2  -(
J  2 2   i i।

sk
 "? 11-5-74

36
 s  d t : a n

\ 13 \

/n "? =  "e#( "o #i  223  b , 3  " "1J ]
T, =  1971 #  28" /- 2 #i i #k id# #+
2  u0
 я  "? =  u #J    । "# " 2 ,
 "?, я 
+d, 17 "? o  i e J b  p _
я " J- p
 #m  "। 2 uk _/я " =  яя " J- k7   p
 " я _
я  / "1! "#i s d’ "{   
-
 ,  -rI,  -L
h / । " ",
h  / ]
(<# + 2!, " _
я d  N
T  2g j!, a "  a-T  T   ", di P- a$ #st я
V#  p+ " "। pJ N "  I, 2#

t j!। e J N p
  e я ", e я L#+
 я 
  g  u0!। _
я pJ N " 
-
 ,
 -
 ,  -L o
,d  !। я
 p+    "#i  I a#  u 
+  uc,° ul# "]J T J  "। pJ N " 
+ я  $
 #g , я, я , "#   #
 ! J   " "।  u0 u0 e N p
  e a#+
,d "-
,d ( #nts +  
 / <  !,  2    i (,
,d " 2 2o (  +  e#!। 2   "/!  nt 2 ! #st я
"#  p+   2 "#i
,d   #+   i। 2 1971 #  28" /- _
я " p
 e   u0 , 
 b "
Wi       ? "]!। 1971 #  29" /- #  " 2 J]?- +# N o p
 dP- " 
P
 bT ,   
T , "  +, # +, =  + "  u0!। 29" /- 2 b p =  J]?- +# p
 । 2 uk _/я "? +# p
 "  e J
f 
  /, ], 
 ,  " "।  1 o "+ _J # "1_  b !। 2 i #k Ž 2 # ! । e  2 N p
 
h 
-
 ,
,d-  o L st ,  "। 2 e

 "?  N "    "J b  # я !, 2 17, я (
+d) e
  i "+ _J  
_  
_ /, 1  b !। pJ  g W_W "!, "   s i i, "  k
k e
 !  # J "!। "  "  +!,  +  $
-  s #я "J !_T "] +!, "  "+ ?  

n   =  "o +!। 
 " "  e
 !  # "  /   " J e#?  j "o +!। pJ 
 "  "_ "_ / "। J]?- " 2 p
 e       ? "]!।

37
 s  d t : a n

1971 #  30" /- 2 uk _/я  # k7 "? #+  "o +। 2 b "# # #я  2 # #я #m " 
f  u0c  a# 
+ я  2 / _T +#!,
f  7 " u+# !। 2 # #я #m " 2JJ
f 
   !,   " u + T 2!। #
 0 g a# 2N W_W + 2!। /, ]   " " o f , o я । 2
 o "+ +oi J- e
 "J‹   n।  "
J  !; pJ  "/ e
 + ! 
_ !।   T "
J  g 2N W_W "!।  "  +, (d N a(я
f 
 । # #я #    2   ? "]!। ] e# b   2 n "?   1!। n "? s  " n  d’J / ]  !।  o  =  "? #я #m " e
,d ]  # g
d  !, "  i (k W, J  ?
 o 0 T 2!। =  
P
 bT  #m " dя r# 
 " e
  я 
  k
k  !। "  + e J a-g 
   !, # + p
  e J /  "!, =  + ( " /я !t  !।   31" /-
#
  "  J /  !। "# a#s   2 2   "  i।

J#+ /n "? 7-4-74

38
 s  d t : a n

\ 14 \

"!J "? "o #i  223  b , 3  " "1J ]
T, =  1971 #  28" /- #  2JJ =  "e#( #i #(iя Ž 2   2# ।  #  я = 
h "   
-/ +  ] 
(n e  " #   / ] s T 2!     ? "] я  "o  " 2 o d  "?   । 2 =  "e#( 1 "# 2 (я "? 1o, 2 " яi + "?, #n, "]  "?, 
 , 17, ", 
+d, 
,  aя- #
i +я "!। 2  2-2, 
 , +,  i, + "] o ei !я !। #i #(iя Ž 2 # ! । 2 b i "?  #+

я p
   "1 1 s o n #m "   +। n ( p
  +] J- o +] n  e "/ed
! #n ]J]J "! # ,  "o "0  T   "-"!J s " T   !  " + "
_  !  " g  +  +!।  !   aW я k W "- # , я , + 
T 2 # b  । / "!    1 2 h " " _ u0, ++   u0। +,  я "   2 d, "/ 7 L T e e(
+  "1!।  ?1 ?1 "/   i 2 "/ "
  W 1 aW, 2  !i 2 "/  2J   । ”  ag# + s u 2o e J 
  я  "- u(i # 
  । "1 1 k7   s  2 ag# + d1-  n  J
-
T  a(n nN p
  "# e Ni e1J / ]  "-  я
i- a
g -e /। e я a-
# r# +  "  -n m /, +7   "/, 
7 "+, # "+ u " (1
 d # 
! ! । p
 dJ 
o e я    "-N (  e

/ " 2o !я 
"!   2 ।  N p
  d’я 
"! o e я 
# "  _/  !। uk #s  2   ? 1 "-
T
T 1-   
# 2!- b  2 #
 1- "=    J "] 1-
n  ।  u0
 я  2 p  t  J    2 #

 "   as   / 2#। #   2 a#s + T!।  " 2 2    i i। J#+ "!J "? 7-4-74

39
 s  d t : a n

\ 15 \

Ž #i #(iя =  "e#( #i  , 17 J



1я, =  2 1971 #  25" /-  17 J "e#( #i   !। e 2 
 a   ## 2 # a
s !। "#i  " 2   / #n 2i я 

-  "#  i,, 2, "+? " J-
f "я   
-/ +   । 2   #  #i я-я 
n  , p+ g !।
i /! /
,  "1
I-7। 27" /- #  J  "#  #n 2i  !k7 я  u0   #
i #
 = 
 0 ( s 0- 21 # "?) #g #i
s 2A g+ । 17 J  2 #i   e я rI #i  " # e
 u# "
 e я +n #i  "#  g   -(
+ । ‘‘"e#( #  -/  a
m я "1  +
’’- "?o ] 2 e "NI7 L /   s- "e#( e# J- । a]# e# ", "e#( <  #(n a]# id# #+
"kn + "? ? ! ।   - 2, #i ink  , "?  , ", 17 e
 
+d -2 #
i p =  J]?- +#   i। 2 "# J]?- " d’b  !- #   2 o 2uJ  "]!। "# $
-i A  d 
J 
J m m 1-   +!। 2    "#i #
1- "]!।   2  2
 J]?-   । 2 29" /- J]?-  N " d’b  !।  e
  (i /n

/ _T /, ], g k
k   b  #m e !- я (
+d) o 17 d’я b  u !। a    J- - !। 2 #   o 2uJ  "]!।   2 
T 1f   T o 
я "  !।    2    
T   !। "? я, 17 o
 !J 1n "T  !।   
T   T "   +,  o "/ k 
_ dя 
   !। i+ !T 2  я =  
(n s "
h  !।
T 1f  " 2  2 us "#

f 
   !  p #
i "/ +-
_ !। 2  "
    =  + ( "  я 
  /  !। sk/Ž 11-5-74

40
 s  d t : a n

\ 16 \

 #i #  L +# =  1971 #  27" /- #  я =   # 
(<# + G  =  "e#( <  "/ "я # 2  $ p# a]#  id# "e#( 2o  я a]# #f   e J u # b L +# "1J e#
N  ‘‘  ’’
 1я-    2 ( -#nts(
2 " J- " "
 + 2#। id# #+
an kd(
- s
  , ‘‘" #
#i "? "
 +o, 
_/ /o a
m #
i  =  
(n e  s$ ,  u0   ? "] o। i u
_/  +
, " u
_/ 
।’’ "e#( "#i b  m
7- #i
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42
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\ 17 \

## 
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---------------

47
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\ 18 \

"+m 2 $ "/e p k , "NT +i s 1 ?#m 1971 #  5J "1T   p 50/60 я V# # e я "я#+   яJ  (iя
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48
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\ 19 \

## 2
 
s  +  2
 
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20-11-73

-----------------

49
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\ 20 \

"+m +d 2] g o " "NT  1я, = 

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\ 21 \

+ "+m ] ?, #, Jfi "1n e#, ?, o,    
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51
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\ 22 \

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sk/ ] ud 2+

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52
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\ 23 \

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sk/  # 6/11/73

---------------

53
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\ 24 \

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54
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\ 25 \

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98
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105
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\ 61 \

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106
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107
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108
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111
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\ 66 \

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--------------

112
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\ 67 \

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113
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\ 68 \

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114
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\ 69 \

Zk $s .

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115
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\ 70 \

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116
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\ 71 \ o K pRg- J, ! -U4

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sk/o K pR6/11/73

------------------

117
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\ 72 \

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118
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-----------------

119
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\ 73 \

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120
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-----------------

121
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\ 74 \

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150
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\ 93 \

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152
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153
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154
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155
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\ 97 \

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156
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\ 98 \

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157
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158
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159
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\ 101 \

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160
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-------------

161
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\ 103 \

$Jm< e#
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# l -J। e # K
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c !- я  K $
r  । - $#  di-diя K \  ‹- '। K

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- a4 2r -। diя  p e- \n K u 
a4 -।   4 । K aj . ' !-।  K \n  K j G i। /#./$Jm< e#
.

162
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\ 104 \

$Jm< .  g- Ku u Z-\-

/ ! - #яя $я- 
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  । 7 я - $#  K
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- a4 - e
 p 7 я . -m   । $
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  K #s . uC। /#./$Jm< .  17/10/73

163
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\ 105 \

$s яr i#

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я / - e

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।  - aя -
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164
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\ 106 \

#Jjя. Kя .я 
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ut - K -J di/
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K 
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165
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 $4 ? K ut - ।  K- K
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n \ . $
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# KJ। K $# o #! #! $-U $G। -p K- - 
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n - e
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#k/Jjя. Kя (

) .я d 
 4/12/73

-----------

166
 s  d t : a n

\ 107 \

$я $.# g-S
+ .* Z-\- d+  ! - ul' $я- 
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o K
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# 2r -। K # K $ я 
k - я  ul' ./ ud
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 -। $ (-) $,/ -- J? () $ `- $- $,/ ? () $ я
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. us J।  K $J'  K -m  . 9/10 я ak - #! #! uk 
. -я $`' K  -/  e
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i e# K K4  - K$ $G

U4 
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Ki, e, d 
*+ Jt J। K i  Kl. - . 
.  #.  . . $- p- k $J। #k/$я $.# 24/11/73 ---------------

167
 s  d t : a n

\ 108 \

$`, $s
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 e- (яi #) ul' $ $ U' J। e # e-я я- o 7/8 я - K+ K-  $G e

 $ K ,9 +-, K ‘‘k- si’’। Kp! ul' / -m    $# K- p! яj# - $  -- $,/ J --?  ut K
 $ ‘‘$ `-’’। ei # K- -s яn

 я 
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 । K  e-i
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Kl.’’ $ - - 
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+
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s / । ei # K- я '  ।    ,
p. -, G a C  /
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। ei
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J ud K.

--------------

168
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\ 109 \

$s Gя - - g- 4 $.  ! - ul' $я- 
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n - ।  $b'  uC।  - p! p‘ - $ $ $,/ J --।  я

 ut $ $ K #
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- .। - di  GU- - e
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169
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\ 110 \

g  -n g- K $.  ! - ul' $я- 
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+
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170
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\ 111 \

$s .

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171
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\ 112 \

n- яl . g- 4 ! - ul' $я- 
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172
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\ 113 \

e# e KG
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#d #.
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173
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K $ \ $J $# \ 
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$.#

174
 s  d t : a n

\ 114 \

$s 4U  g- 4' ' Z-\- # ! - ul' $я- 
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. a-+ K g KkR - e
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' ji ,s ,S - $। $- . ijя. - i। sk/$s 4U 

175
 s  d t : a n

\ 115 \

Kb я  g- -oZ-\- ul' $я 
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.  $4
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'   ' i। -
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 e ,
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0On the night of 25 March a severe measure was taken by the army, against the fireservice in the city. I dit not then realise why these innocent people doing essential humanitarian services were butchered in that manner. The wholesale arson atarted in April together with the perpetual curfew during the night poignantly brought home the realisation that the massacre of the fire-men with their equipments and vehicles, ytet unheard of inhuman history, was part of a calculated plan, to deprive the people of any means of extinguishig fire after atroncious military action. Almost every night flames of fire and smoke could be seen in the sky and it was from the direction of the smoke that people guessed about the ara which was set on fire, although none came, out to enquire about the fire as the city was in the grip of curfew. During the whole week when houses were being burnt people were leaving Dacca in still larger numbers and this time the exodus was as true of the new city as also of the old city. It was estimated that population in the city was reduced to one-third of its previous size. People in their desperation to leave the city and take shelter in the safer region of the country-side abandoned their houses leaving all valuables to be looted and plundered. Men, women and children crossed the Burigana and began their long marches from the other side of the river. It is with great difficulty that we resisted the temptation to join the evacuees. Everyone we

378
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met during these days either told us that he had left already and came back to look after the house by day or that he was contemplating to leave in a day or two. As the night crept in and with it the curfew the whole atmosphere became one of gloom and despair. While the pendulum of our heart swung between life and death and we were thinking seriously of crossing over to the other side of the Buriganga our milkman, who hailed from jinjira dissuaded us from doing so. He told us that people who had moved out already were in great troubles. The exodus made life in the area difficult. According to an estimate the population in Jinjira had swollen to about one hundred thousand. Then suddenly came the catastrophe on the night following 1st April, similar to the one that occurred on the night following 25th March. On both occasions the da preceding was a Thursday. On both occasions the morning hours of Friday witnessed the greates massacre. We were awakened from our sleep at 5 A.M. on Friday the 2nd April by an equally severe and deafening sounds. It was still dark and time for Morning Prayer. Were Thursday nights and Friday mornings favourite operational hours for the army of the so-called Islamic State? Was the morning Azan on each Friday to be replaced by the furious sound of guns? These were the questions we asked ourselves. At once we went up to the roof and heard roaring sounds still raging while the smoke enveloped the entire southwest of the city. The roof of Mitford Hospital was made the base of operation and guns were fitted there. It was reported t6hat thousands of lives were cut short in Jinjira in this big military swoop. Those who sought safety from the city during the last six or seven days fell easy victims to this unprecedentede barbarity of the army. There were a few lucky souls, however, who miraculously escaped even from this massacre. We heard pathetic stories of several brothers returning from the mosque after Morning Prayer when they were lined up by the army men. Every time one brother was aimed at by the gun he looked to the eldest brother for guidance. The eldest brother advised him to rememder his Lord till at last when his own chance came the man in charge of the operation ran short of bullets and the victim escaped after slight injury. We heard stories of people hiding in pools of night-soil, or pounds covered by water-hyacinth, stories of mother separated from children, of brother separated from brother, and of wife separated from husband and yet eluding detection by the brutes. The army plundered the Jinjira Bazar, robbed many people of their wealth and destroyed crores of rupees worth of food-grains stocked in the area. The whole operation was directed against fugitives from Dacca, amongst whom, they alleged, were two leaders of the Mukti-Bahini, whom they searched relentlessly. For quite sometime after the incident the story got currency that the army people asked every villager about these two leaders saying, "Khasra, Monta Kidar hai"? (Where are Khosru and Montu?), and that in their utter disappointment in not finding them there they indulged in wanton ravatges. Our hearts palpitated in silent agony. As the sun rose the whole JInjira looked dark and sombre. The Jinjira Massacre And After Experiences of an Exile At Home Mafijullah Kabir December, 1972

379
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413
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417
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419
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420
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421
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422
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423
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441
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442
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443
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444
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445
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 17 $Xbr , 1972

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446
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447
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  *  $я 
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 16 $Xbr , 1972

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448
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   &  $& 

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 16 $Xbr , 1972

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449
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  lC
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452
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  $X  #
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---------------

453
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gB ‘n Ci’ e
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 26 $Xbr , 1972


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454
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   b я p#F /)F

&6t l # -я

 26 $Xbr , 1972

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455
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456
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457
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458
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 2 8=, 1972

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459
 s  d t : a n

  $#u 
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 8 8=, 1972



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 11 8=, 1972

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 28 8=, 1972

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463
 s  d t : a n

  e#* # $ /  я F
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  &p

&6t 6
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 8 ep, 1972

e#* # $ /  я F
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464
 s  d t : a n

  -#   /)I &&F

я # &#

&6t l #


 10 ep, 1972

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465
 s  d t : a n

  
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&6t l #


 13 ep, 1972


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466
 s  d t : a n

   d’* /)&

&6t 6
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 30 ep, 1972

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467
 s  d t : a n

  aF# я
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&6t 6
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 9 $, 1972

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468
 s  d t : a n

ei #)  1971 & 10i $   я# я
   
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469
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g  pΠ, 6
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470
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  /я  ast #  ##я #=8  F#O

&6t 6
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 10 $, 1972

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471
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472
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477
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479
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480
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481
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482
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483
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484
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\ 
 t-t' THE TIMES MARCH 30, 1971

‘At Dacca University the Burning Bodies of Students Still Lay in Their Dormitory Beds… A Mass Grave Had Been Hastily Covered…’ From Michel Laurent (An Associated Press photographer who evaded the Army in Dacca and toured the devastated areas.) Dacca, March 29. In two days and nights of shelling by the Pakistani Army perhaps 7,000 Pakistanis died in Dacca alone. The Army, which attacked without warning on Thursday night with American supplied M24 tanks, artillery and infantry, destroyed large parts of the city. Its attack was aimed at the university, the populous Old City where Sheikh Mujibur, the Awami League leader, has his strongest following and the industrial areas on the outskirts of this city of 1,500,000 people. Touring the still-burning areas of fighting on Saturday and Sunday it was obvious that the city had been taken without warning. At the university burning bodies of some, students still lay in their dormitory beds. The dormitories had been hit by direct tank fire. A mass grave had been hastily covered at the Jagannath Hall and 200 students were reported killed in Iqbal hall. About 20 bodies were still lying in the grounds and the dormitories. Troops are reported to have fired bazookas into the medical college hospital, but the casualty toll was not known. Despite claims by the central Government in West Pakistan that life is returning to normal in Dacca, thousands are fleeing the city with only the belongings they could carry. Some pushed carts loaded with food and clothes. Only a few persons have returned to Government jobs, despite the order of the military regime. Resistance to the Army has been negligible. Pakistanis are obeying military orders to turn in weapons. The Pakistan national flag is again flying from most Government buildings. It had been replaced in the past 10 days by the green red and yellow “Bangladesh” (Bengal Nation) flag of independence. In the old City, large parts of which were destroyed, elderly men and women poked among the smouldering ruins of their homes. Army lorries and armoured cars patrolled the almost deserted streets. Cars were pasted with Pakistan flags to avoid drawing fire from Army patrols.

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Bodies still lay sprawled in the streets where they had been caught in the Army cross-fire. Shanty towns by the railway had been burnt down. The people still appeared stunned by the shooting and deaths. The Government went to extreme lengths to prevent a large contingent of foreign journalists from witnessing the Army’s intervention and the subsequent violence. Thirty-five foreign correspondents were detained in the Dacca Intercontinental Hotel and only this reporter and a British correspondent evaded the Army cordon and subsequent deportation of newsmen to Bombay. Later the Army at Dacca airport frisked me and seized film and notes on Dacca. At Karachi, the police forced me to strip, my luggage was searched again, and film was seized.-A.P. THE TIMES (LONDON) APRIL 2, 1971 Political and Intellectual Leaders Being Wiped Out in War of Genocide By Louis Heren The Pakistan Army is alleged to have waged a war of genocide in East Pakistan. The objective is said to be the elimination of the political and intellectual leadership, and it might well have been achieved. Old religious enmities are also said to have been revived. Thousands of Hindus are alleged to have been slaughtered by Muslim troops. This and other charges were made in London yesterday by a young man who left Dacca earlier this week after spending the past two years there. For many reasons his name cannot be revealed, but I know him to be a level-headed and responsible man. He confirmed that Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the East Bengal leader escaped the carnage, but 11 members of his bodyguard were killed. The Sheikh was arrested by troops last Thursday, held in the Adamji school for two days, and then flown to West Pakistan. he is believed to be held in Multan. According to this informant, a systematic pattern of physical and psychological destruction became apparent even during the first night of fighting of March 25. Soon after, if became clear that certain groups had been selected to be the victims of completely unrestrained brutality. These included Awami League leaders, students (who are the most radical members of the League), professors and their families, and any Hindu who could be found. The Army commanders had apparently concluded that the students were the nucleus of a future Bengali independence movement. The professor represented the East Pakistan intelligentsia, vital for the administration of a future independent Bengal.

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The reason for killing the Awami League leaders was left-evident. As for the Hindus, my informant is convinced that the troops were led’ to believe that they were the malign force behind the secessionist movement. No single observer could possibly have observed all that went on during the five days of fighting, but what follows was actually seen. At the University of Dacca, the residential dormitory Jagannath hall was reserved for Hindu students. Tank tracks led to the wall of the compound, which had been blasted down. Outside the building there was a fresh mass grave. Inside blood streamed from every room which had also been looted. There were bodies of six savagely-killed men in the servants quarters nearby. In the apartments of the faculty staff, children were seen shot dead in their beds. The dead bodies of what appeared to be the entire family of a senior professor, were found in another apartment. Outside were seen the bodies of students still clutching lathis, or bamboo staves, in the other predominantly so, the stench of dead and burning bodies was so overpowering that the survivors walked about with cloths over their noses. At least seven or eight bodies were seen in the rubble of ruined buildings and on refuse dumps. In tow of the old city's largest bazaars, one entirely Hindu and the other predominantly so, the stench of dead and burning bodies was so overpowering that the survivors walked about with cloths over their noses. At least seven or eight bodies were seen in the rubble of ruined buildings and on refuse dumps. In one House, my informant saw the still warm corpse of a man who had been shot to death minutes before. It was surrounded by his wailing wives. This is what was actually seen. What follows is an account of what happened during the five days of the fighting. Parts of it are reports received by the informant from friends before he left Dacca. The Army moved in, in force, to occupy key points of the town shortly before midnight on March 25, President Yahya Khan had departed for Karachi only a few hours before, and the assumption was that the troops acted on his personal instructions. According to official spokesmen, the Army had been warned of a plot to barricade all the approaches to the cantonment shortly after the president’s departure. Barricades had certainly gone up throughout the city, and from midnight until noon the next day, Dacca echoed with the sounds of firing from heavy artillery, heavy machine-guns and other automatic weapons. Throughout the night, there was the glare of large fires and tracer bullets. By dawn, a large pall of smoke covered much of the city and drifted slowly northwards towards the wealthy suburb of Gulshan. Fire were also seen in the Bihari area, the scene of communal friction earlier in the month.

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“Shoot to kill” curfew was imposed upon the city of March 26. Soldiers were seen firing with automatic weapons at the house of Colonel Osmani, a retired Bengal Army officer. Shooting and fires continued through the night, but less violently and the curfew was relaxed for five hours on Saturday March 27. During a walk through the newer part of the city, destroyed barricades and squatters, huts were seen every-where. In the older part of the city, near the police lines, there was complete destruction everywhere. It was understood that the only strong resistance to the Army took place here, with the help of policemen and troops of the East Pakistan Rifles. They were said to have been massacred for their temerity. Refugees were already beginning to leave the city. Most of them carried only a small bundle of clothes. The curfew was again lifted on Sunday to allow families to buy food but the New Market was almost completely destroyed. At the Ramna racecourse, the two small villages and shrines of ‘Hindu herdsmen were burnt and utterly destroyed. Many bodies were seen in the rubble, and the few remaining villagers were dazed and terrified. The conclusion drawn was the East Pakistan would be without political and intellectual leadership for at least a decade, and perhaps a generation. THE NEW NATION SINGAPORE. APRIL 6, 1971 Editorial THE HOLOCAUST IN EAST PAKISTAN MUST BE ENDED Eye-witness reports from foreign residents evacuated from East Pakistan paint a more horrible picture of the carnage that has been unleashed by President Yahya’s troops than had been suspected. What has been happening is nearer to genocide. An army suppressing a revolt is not in a picnic and a certain amount of unnecessary killing, however deplorable and misguided, was to have been expected. The way the army has acted, it is now clear, surpasses anything that could pass for legitimate use of force. It has resorted to wanton murder of civilians including women and children, in a deliberate plan to achieve submission by stark terror. And the army is not succeeding. The resistance of the East Pakistanis, thought unorganized and largely unaimed, gets more stubborn every day. The army’s writ does not run beyond the major towns.

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Given the normal difficulties of communications in East Pakistan, the army will have to be several times its present estimated size of 70,000 before an uprising which has the backing of practically the whole population can be put down. And when the monsoons arrive in six weeks from now, the army’s mobility will be further impaired in a drastic manner. Official Pakistani reports themselves cannot conceal any longer that the normalcy they have been anno9uncing is very far from being restored. “The factories are at a standstill and there is mass absenteeism from government offices. If it was a misguided decision for President Yahya Khan to have ordered his armies out, to persist in it is an act of irresponsibility of such cruel magnitude that the world’s conscience cannot continue to accept it as a matter that Pakistan only can decide. The East Pakistan holocaust must stop. Appeals to see reason have been made to Rawalpindi by India, Russia and Britain. More countries must join in this effort to demonstrate that the voice of humanitarianism cannot be stilled by pedantic considerations of internal sovereignty. THE TIMES, LONDON MAY 19, 1971 Road of Death Peter Hazelhurst SABRUM, May 18 Thousands of terrified and impoverished Bengalis who have attempted to flee to India during the past fortnight have collapsed and died of exhaustion and starvation on the roadside. Many others on the grim 75-mile march from the Chittagong district to the small Indian border state of Tripura are expected to meet with the same fate, refugees told me today. As many as 500,000 Muslim and Hindu refugees have already poured into the state of Tripura, and most of them crossed here at Sabrum, where the river Feni demarcates the Indo-Pakistan border. Permiless, exhausted and in a stupor many of the refugees described the tragic flight from their homes in the Chittagong district, about 60 miles to the south. Shamsuddin Ahmad, a farmer, aged 40, who has lost his wife and five children, fled Chittagong with his youngest daughter three-year old Rohina, when West Pakistani troops fired on his village. He said his wife was killed by a bullet as the family fled. Speaking through a Bengali interpreter, he said; “I was separated from the rest of my family as we fled. I don’t know what has happened to them. After searching for them I started to walk to the Indian border with Rohina.

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“We had no food and no money. She collapsed after six days of walking. I carried her for a long time but she died in my arms. I buried her on the way. I have no one now.” The bewildered farmer said he saw hundreds of other refugees dying on the road. The stronger members of the families would huddle next to the exhausted and dying men, women and children. When they died, they buried them in nearby fields and marched on to India. The tragic stories of many other refugees are similar. Mr. A.Z.B. Raha, a 48-year old supervisor at Chittagong port, fled when Pakistani tanks moved in on his village, four miles from the centre of the city, last month. “We started to walk north towards the Indian border. We saw people dying all along the way. Others were lying on the grounds exhausted. The first to die were the babies, then further along the road the old and children collapse, and then the women,” he said. We found Dr. Choudhury, a medical practitioner form shulteepur village near Chittagong, among the 200,000 homeless migrants who have flocked into the southern districts of Tripura. He was in stupor. Dr. Choudhury claimed that he marched towards India in a daze after the army encircled his village and killed 19 members of his family last months. “There is nothing left,” he said. Dr. Rathin Datta, supervisor of the general hospital in the border town of Agartala, north of Sabrum, has so far treated 300 East Pakistanis who had bulled and shrapnel wounds. “These people were lucky,” he said. “Most of them live near the border and managed to get through to us for treatment. But I fear that thousands have died and are dying from their wounds, starvation and exhaustion on the road from Chittagong. His 267 bed hospital is now overcrowded with an additional 300 wounded refugees. All the refugees claim they were deliberately shot by Pakistani troops. Two sisters, Rohina Begum, aged 16, and Jinat Begum, aged five, have bullet wounds in their legs and arms. Rohina said her entire family was wiped out when Pakistani troops fired on their small boat as they attempted to cross the River Feni into India last week. Dr. Datta asked: “What do I do with these children when I have to discharge them? They have no one.” A railway engineer from the nearby junction of Akhaura had a bullet wound on his head. He cannot believe what has happened. “Why should they shoot me? I am an important government servant. I told them this when they were looting my office and house.” But a soldier said, “Kill the bastard’, and when they shot at me I fell to the ground and pretended to be dead.

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“They burnt my house and all I have. What am I to do? I am 55-with a family of 10, and I have nothing now.” The road from Agartala is as tragic and sorrowful as the over crowded refugee camps. With fixed stares and utter hopelessness written on their faces the frail Bengalis march northwards in search of shelter and food. The stream is never ending. Schools and Government offices have been turned into huge dormitories but space is limited and most families are in the open. A great number of women and children have constructed pathetic grass huts. Sanitation is non-existent, the heat is stiffing, and the stench is unbearable. Pools of stagnant water are seen everywhere and an epidemic could break out at any moment. THE SUNDAY TIMES 20th JUNE, 1971 POGROM IN PAKISTAN Teachers, Writers, Journalists Eliminated Magistrates shot, Doctors disappear Gestapo-like raids, rape, extortion. LAST WEEK the Sunday Times published a first-hand report by Anthony Mascarenhas about the excess of the Pakistan Army in East Pakistan. Now we have had news-more up to date and detailed and perhaps even more horrifying of what is happening in East Pakistan. This is not by Anthony Mascarenhas, but it comes to us from academic and professional sources we know to be unimpeachable. A NEW campaign of terror has begun in East Pakistan. its aim is to eliminate any possibility of another secessionist uprising or political challenge to the unity of the state. The Military government in Dacca has ordered a two-pronged follow-up to its defeat of the Bangla Desh forces in the field. First, all public servants, teachers, writers, journalists and industrialists are being screened. Second, anyone considered potentially dangerous is being “eliminated”. Army intelligence has already begun arresting and interrogating teachers, journalists and other influential Bengalis. A list of suspects, thought to- be either supporters or sympathizers of the secessionist Awami League has been prepared. They are being classified in three categories-white, grey and black. The white will be given clearance. The grey will lose their jobs and may be imprisoned. The black will be shot. Action against the Civil Service has already begun and 36 Bengali District Magistrates and sub-divisional officers have either been killed or have fled to the other side.

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When army units entered the towns of Comilla, Rangpur, Kushtia, Noakhali, Faridpur and Serajganj, the local magistrates and the police superintendents were shot out of hand. Civil servants on the grey list have been transferred to West Pakistan. They include Taslim Ahmed, Inspector-General of Police. When the army struck Dacca on the night of 25th March, the police revolted and fought for 18 hours. A new element in the regime of terror is the Gestapostyle pick-up. Some of those wanted for questioning are arrested openly. Others are called to the army cantonment for interrogation. Most of them do not return. Those who do are often picked up again by secret agent known as RAZAKARS, a tern used by the volunteers of the Nizam of Hyder- abad who resisted the Indian takeover of the State in 1948. Razakars literally means duty to the king or State. By night and day parts of Dacca are sealed off by troops searching for Hindus, Awami Leaguers and students. Everyone must carry an identity card. Cars are stopped and searched and the entrances to the city are blocked by checkposts. If the jawan (infantryman) at the post finds anyone without an identity card and is in no mood to listen, a trip to the cantonment may follow. Dacca is frequently shaken by bomb blasts after which security is tightened and areas searched for “miscreants” the army term for members of the MUKTI FOUJ (liberation army). Whatever the army has completed, its task of clearing an area of “miscreants” it is replaced by the militia. These are tough frontier people who are considered more ruthless and less disciplined than the regular army. They are paid three rupees (about 18p) a day and are lured to East Pakistan by the promise of booty. The persecution of East Pakistan’s Hindu minority and the surviving elements of its Bengali nationalism has a quality of casual horror about it. Shanker, a college student of Jagannath College, escaped to a nearby village on 27th March. Two months later he returned alone to see what remained of his home at Thatari Bazar. Two non-Bengalis spotted him, shouted “Hindu”, “Hindu” and chase developed. The boy was caught and taken in procession to the mosque where his throat was cut.” Abu Awal, the district magistrate at Bhola had the reputation of being a loyal government servant. He protected the non-Bengalis population when the Awami League rose in revolt and prevented the Police station armoury from falling into the hands of the Mukti Fouj. When they attacked on 1st May, he went to receive them. The Brigadier in charge of the action asked him to resume his post. He had hardly turned his back on the officers, when a sepoy shot him with a rifle. About a dozen Bengali army officers were transferred to West Pakistan. They laid goodbye to their families and reported at Dacca Airport to board a PIA flight to Karachi.

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The families have not so far heard from them. When they inquired at Army headquarters they were told that they bad deserted. The mutilated body of a major was delivered to this family with a letter of regret that he had committed suicide. The whereabouts of Brig. Majumdar, one of the best known Bengali officers, is unknown. He stayed with his Punjabi colleagues when his Bengali troops revolted in Chittagong. When his family asked about hi, they were told that any inquiry would invite trouble. On the right of June 2, an army jeep entered the Dhanmondi residential area of Dacca. A Government officer called Huq was dragged out of his house and taken to Kurmitola army cantonment. His wife telephoned Shafiul Azam, civilian head of the East Pakistan government who contacted army headquarters and was told no one called Huq had been brought in. An industrialist, Ranada Saha, was told to arrange a gala evening for army officers at his village home in Mirzapur. He went to discuss the arrangements and did not return. Troops surrounded the house of a civil servant called Amin. He was taken away in an army truck with his aged parents, his wife and three children. His brother was an officer in Bengal Regiment which revolted and is now leading the Bangla Desh resistance near Comilla. The Amin family returned two days later without Mr. Amin. A captain entered Mitford Hospital in Dacca with two soldiers on 15th May, went to Ward Two and led away Dr. Rahman and another of his colleagues. They were told they were needed to work in Mymensingh. Their whereabouts are now unknown. Other troops went to American-run Holy Family Hospital but there were no surgeons, there. The hospital is now considering Closing down because many of its doctors have fled including the renowned child specialist, Dr. M. N. Huq. At Sylhet, all doctors except Surgeon-General Dr. Shamsuddin , fled across the border when the army entered the town. A major found Dr. Shamsuddin in the hospital theatre and shot him point blank. Most of the senior Bengali officers of the PIA are missing after being picked up, including Mr. Fazlul Huq, Deputy Managing Director for East Pakistan and Captain Sekander Ali, chief sector pilot. Since the military takeover the airline has dismissed about 2,000 Bengalis. Razakars have seized the two children of Major Khaled Mosharraf of the Bengal Regiment who deserted to the Mukti Fouj. The children aged six and four were first taken as hostages by the army. Their mother escaped to India. The children were released but then retaken. Relatives of missing persons believe that the Razakars are junior army officers working independently in league with non-Bengalis. Some families have received ransom demands and one case is know of money being paid without success.

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The Razakars have now extended their operations from murder and extortion to prostitution. In Agrabad in Chittagong, they run a camp of young girls who are allocated nightly to senior officials. They also kidnapped girls for their parties. Some have not returned. Ferdausi, the leading Bengali singer, narrowly escaped a similar fate when army officers entered her home. Her mother telephones a general whom she knew and military police were sent to her rescue. A recent development is the return to duty, duress, of a number of Intelligence Department official who went absent in March in response to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s call for non-cooperation with the federal government. They are now obliged to submit the names of “undesirable persons” to the army, which is taking care not to pick up the wrong people as it did on the nights of 25th and 26th March. On those two nights, the army killed more than 20 University professors. Of these, Dr. Moniruzzaman of the Physics department was shot dead instead of his namesake in the Bengali Department, Mr. Monaim of the English Department was similarly killed instead of Mr. Munir, also of the Bengali Department. Some University teachers reported for duty on 1st June at the instigation of General Tikka Khan, the Martial Law Administrator, but some of them have since fallen into the hands of the RAZAKARS. The activities of RAZAKARS are known, if not overtly approved, by the military administration. Occasionally, they are a source of concern. Recently the administration managed to induce a few hundred jute workers to resume production in Dacca. On 29th May three of their trade union leaders were taken away in an army jeep. By the following day the workers had fled. The PROBLEMS of return for the 6 million refugees seem insuperable. In Dacca, Jessore, Rangpur, Ishurdi, Khulna and Chittagong their houses and shops have been taken over by non-Bengalis. Backed by the army on 28th April, they cleared Mirpur and Mohammadpur, two residential districts covering 15 square miles in Dacca,” of their entire Bengali population, killing everyone who had ignored an advance warning to leave. In Jessore soldiers surrounded the house of Mr. Masihur Rahman, an Awami League member of the National Assembly, and non-Bengali civilians went in killing everyone. A 10 year old boy jumped from the first floor and was shot in mid-air by a sepoy. Organizations caring for the refugees who came into East Pakistan at the time ofPartition and the Razakar backed ‘Peace Committee; are publishing press notices inviting applications for “allotment” of shops and houses left by Bengalis. In Chittagong locked shops and houses in Laldighi and Reazuddin Bazaar were broken open by the army and handed over to non-Bengalis. Nearly all sequestered property now has signboards and name-plates in Urdu, the lanauage of West Pakistan.

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In the villages the houses have been distributed among members of the right wing Jamat-e-Islam and Muslim League which were humiliated in the last election by the Awamil League. All Hindu bank accounts have also been frozen, together with those of suspected Awami League supporters. The manager of the British National & Grindlays Bank in Dacca was the only banker to have queried the directive. Bengalis have also been forbidden to approach major rail way, port and dock installations. When 5,000 labourers returned to work in Chittagong docks on 1st May, they were driven away. The installations are now run by military, naval and nonBengali personnel. Senior railway officers in Chittagong were shot and the workers colony burnt down. In Dacca, Ishurdi and Syedpur no Bengali dares approach a railway junction. At Dacca and Chittagong airports, 250 porters were flown in from West Pakistan to replace the Bengalis. Three thousand Punjabi police now patrol Dacca while Khyber Rifles from the North-West Frontier and Rangers from the West Pakistan border, man police stations outside. Most of the 10,000 militiamen in East Pakistan Rifles who revolted in March have either crossed the border or are hiding in the villages. Those who responded to an amnesty call surrendered in Dacca on 15th May, they were seen being driven away in open trucks blindfolded with their hands tied behind their backs. A few days later hundreds of naked corpses were found in the river Buriganga and Sitalakhya. The East Pakistan Rifles have now been renamed the Pakistan Defence Force and hundreds of Biharis have been recruited. They are now being trained with rifles and machine-guns at Peelkhana. On 28th May, in the Khilgaon district of Dacca, 100 suspects were picked up after a bomb damaged a non-Bengali shop. At Motijheel, a non-Bengali, demanded 10,000 rupees (about 600 Pounds) from his neighbour, threatening to hand him over to the army if the money was not paid within 24 hours. A radio and camera retailer in Stadium market, Dacca found his stock missing on the 12th May, and reported the incident to the Martial Law Headquarters. That night during curfew, the shop was set on fire. Begum Majeda, a housewife, was fetching water from a street tap. Two Punjabi policemen tried to lift her on to a truck. She screamed and the Punjabis were beaten off with sticks and stones. That night whole of the Bashabo area was set on fire.

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It is now considered unsafe to wear wristwatches on the streets in Dacca and transistor radios and television sets are kept hidden at home. Soldiers sell looted transistors, TV sets and wristwatches at between 3 and 6 pounds each on the streets. One officer Colonel Abdul Bari has deposited on crore of rupees the equivalent of 833,000 pounds-At the State Bank of Pakistan. Efforts are now being made to clean the cities up, just before the sponsored visit to Dacca of a small party of foreign journalists in May. The bodies of students were removed from Jagannath Hall and Iqbal Hall in the University Campus and debris was cleared away from the shelled areas of Shakharipatty, Tantibazar, Shantinagar and Rajarbagh. Schools and colleges have reopened but there are few students. On school with 800 students before the fighting reopened with only ten. Most young people between the ages of 16 and 26 have crossed the border to join the MUKTI FOUJ Training camps. Their widespread fear is that to be young in East Pakistan is to be killed. They nurture the hopes also that they may one day live in a free BANGLADESH. THE HONG KONG STANDARD June 25, 1971 ANOTHER CENGHIS For hundreds of years, the name of Cenghis Khan has echoed through history as a byword for cruelty and butchery. In the 20th century, it seems a Pakistani namesake of the great killer is determined to out-do his grisly predecessor. Pakistani General Tikka Khan-with modern nicety known as the “pacifier” of rebellious East Pakistan-is commanding fierce, Punjabi and Pathan troops who are running wild in a fearsome blood bath. There is overwhelming evidence of murder, of senseless slaughter of children, of rape, or prostitution organized by and for senior army officers of wholesale, maddened, crazed, blood-thirsty determined massacre. Cenghis Khan, for all his bloody faults, at least built up an empire in the course of his career. Tikka Khan and his gang of uniformed cut throats will be remembered for trying to destroy the people of half a nation.

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SUNDAY TELEGRAPH London, August 1, 1971 PAKISTAN ARMY ON CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY by Clare Hollingworth President Yahya Khan is expected to visit East Pakistan today or next Tuesday. He will arrive in Dacca at the height of a psychological warfare campaign by Bangladesh guerrillas. This is designed not against the West Pakistanis or the Army but rather to frighten the Bengali population from areas of future action. The guerillas claim they will soon take “dramatic action”. The Bengalis have been warned not to go near the airport. There was a clash of Friday, night, at Farmgate, an industrial suburb between the city and the airport, between the guerrillas and the army. The exchange of automatic fire and loud explosions could be heard throughout the city and six guerrillas are reported killed. Far more serious was the destruction by the army” of three Christian villages of Loodaria, Nalchata and Laripara near Dacca, situated on the branch railway line which runs from Tongi to Arikhold on a high embankment. This is the first time the Defence Forces have been involved in the burning down and flattening of houses of purely Christian communities. The guerrillas had derailed a train some miles away along the line-I saw the results of this action. At the, moment these villages are completely surrounded by water and many of the men who live there work in offices and hotels in Dacca. They say that between 3,000 and 4,000 Christians have been rendered homeless and a few hundred were taken away by the army for questioning. Although these4 events took place on Wednesday, I have been unable to obtain any comment from the military spokesman, who has not been available since then. The Catholic clergy in the area are deeply concerned by this first attack on remembers of their, community. AL HAWADITH Lebanon, August 20, 1971 WAR OF ANNIHILATION The Pakistani officer stood in one of the small villages of East Pakistan Bengal and told the hungry public gathered around him: “My men are wounded and I want some blood. I want volunteers”. Before waiting for a reply…the soldiers rushed forward, selected some young men, threw them on the ground, and pricked them in the arteries. Blood began to flow and continued flowing until the young men died.

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This is one picture out of dozens of others which take place every day since the present regime in West Pakistan declared a war of annihilation against the opposing “people” in Pakistan. The migration of millions to India, therefore, is not strange. They have fled from massacre and hunger. EL COMMERCIO, Ecuador-September 2, 1971 SLAUGHTER OF 200,000 BENGALIS by Alfonso Rumazo Gonzales The slaughter of 200,000 Bengalis in East Pakistan can only be described by its true name: Genocide. The crime has been perpetrated by the West Pakistan army under the orders of the tyrant who governs there: General Yahya Khan. This figure of 200,000 given by Leon F. Hesser, Director of (U.S. Aid Agency) A.I.D. rises to 300,000 in British calculations. “This has been like a Greek tragedy” expressed the British expert sent there with help. What did East Pakistan, inhabited principally by Bengalis, ask for? Autonomy. The western sector of the country is separated from the eastern one by 1,600 kilometers of Indian territory. How can it exist in these conditions’? Is it fit that a country should have its territory in two parts at a great distance from each other? This request for autonomy last March was answered with guns and arms even to the extent of sending to the grave of such an incredibly large number of people. A U.S. commentator stated that only the Second World War had produced crimes of this magnitude. And it is not only that so many have perished-this crime continues even though in-smaller numbers now-but that 8,000,000, plagued by hunger and terror, have crossed the frontier and fled into India. The Indian Prime Mi9nister Indira Gandhi received them and is now the intermediary for the distribution of the aid received from the U.S.A., U.K. and a few other countries. For the next six months, many millions of dollars will be essential if those unfortunate people are to be saved from dying of misery and hunger. The tragedy has increased even more. The whole of East Pakistan appears menaced by famine. By November, the shortfall in the food requirements and the actual production will be 4,000,000 tons of rice and wheat. Even if this shortfall is obtained, how can it be transported in a country whose roads and bridges are completely destroyed by the war of liberation? The patriots have tried at every point to prevent communication by the soldiers of the tyrant Yahya Khan and continue obstructing the criminal repression by destroying roads and bridges, even though thereby the danger of starvation is coming to them as fatally as the destruction they have been experiencing. This whole game with its devious and deceitful maneuverings is developing with the neglect of the main problem: the human being. Not one of the countries who have granted help to those unfortunate millions, have condemned the monstrous genocide

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committed there with such fury and ruthlessness. The whole world should have risen up in arms to denounce the terrible slaughter. Nobody has spoken; not one has done their duty of defending the right to life which is clearly the focal and fundamental point in the Charter of Human Rights, fully observed in “theory” only. The man of the twentieth century-said Russell-is more ruthless and cynical than that of all the previous centuries. THE AGE Australia, September 11, 1971 THE LOST MILLIONS. By Max Beattie More than 160 days after the first East Pakistani massacres, ragged, sad-eyed Bengali peasants are still walking into what they believe is the haven of India carrying their naked babied with them. Astonishingly, as many as 40,000 still come every day. This is a movement of people the like of which the world has rarely seen. Indian officials now say freely they expect the influx-more than eight million have arrived already-to rise above 10 million will before the end of the year. The September refugees talk of shootings, and rape almost as commonly as did the forerunners five months ago… SUMMA MAGAZINE Caracas, October, 1971 A COUNTRY FULL OF CORPSES The extermination of the Jewish people by the Nazi regime, the atomic crime of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the massacres of Biafra, the napalm of Vietnam, all the great genocides of humanity have found a new equivalent: East Pakistan. Despite the world press having supplied a clear exposition of facts, the people do not appear to have realized that at this moment-and again in Asia-millions and millions of human beings face destruction of their life and motherland. The fact can be briefly summed up: East Pakistan has been invaded 5 months ago by the army of West Pakistan, may be their own brothers. Its inhabitants have been murdered in thousands, its women have been raped; children and aged are dying of hunger and cholera, and more that eight million persons have carried out on of the most dramatic migrations in history, crossing the frontier and taking refuge in India, the country with which once Pakistan was untied. A pathetic view of the tragedy is given to us by the fact that in a single night in the city of Dacca were killed 50,000 persons by the invading army. Between 26 March-the date of invasion-and this moment, the dead reach more than a million, and every day 30,000 persons leave East Pakistan and take refuge in Indian territory.

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THE NEW YORK TIMES November 17, 1971 EAST PAKISTAN TOWN AFTER RAID BY ARMY Fire and Destruction A task force of West Pakistani troops visited this town Shekharnagar, East Pakistan, of 8,000 on October 27 and destroyed it. Apparently informed-mistakenly, according to residents-that a guerrilla group was here, the army attacked without warning in motor launches. Towards the end of the 20- mile trip from Dacca the launches’ engines alerted Shekharnagar’s population, most of which fled into nearby ponds, cannals and paddy fields. Shooting into houses and huts as they advanced, the troops set fire to nearly every building. Surviving residents pointed to the fresh graves where 19 villagers were buried. The concrete schoolhouse was stripped of its furniture and doors: which the troops burned to cook their evening meal, and a rice mill was destroyed. The village’s stock of freshly harvested rice was burned for the most part, and some 300 cows and sheep were slaughtered. A large quantity of wheat that villagers said had been sent under a United States aid program was reportedly loaded into the boats by the troops. A warehouse filled with bags of phosphate fertilizer was burned and most of the bags were destroyed. Several buildings belonging to the mosque were burned down and the Hindu temple-there are about 400 Hindus in the community-was burned and sacked, and its idols were smashed by gunfire. Even the local post office was sacked, and the villagers say the troops took away its stock of stamps and money. “Do you see this?” a villager said, “They even destroyed our fruit. Banana trees like these take a long time to grow, and the soldiers heaped up burning straw around them and destroyed them.” NEWSWEEK MAGAZINE (U.S.A) November 22, 1971 BENGAL : THE TIEM OF REVENGE The ghostly remains of recently burned villages scarred the semitropical countryside. Bloated corpses, entangled among white and purple water hyacinths, floated in the canals as reminders that the verdant landscape was a scene of tragedy. Along with Clare Hollingworth of London’s Daily Telegraph, I had traveled 45 miles outside the capital of Dacca-and into the heart of one of the “liberated” zones held by the Mukti Bahini guerrillas. The evidence-living as well as dead-of civil war was everywhere. Hundreds

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of peasants watched our small dugout during the three-hour trip through the swampland canals, but none of them-not the children tending cattle, nor the fishermen repairing their nets nor the women carrying mounds of mud to repair their flimsy palm leaf houses-returned our waves. “The reason for their seeming sullenness,” Mukti Bahini fighter told me later, “is their sufferings. There is hardly a Bengali family left that has not lost one or several of its relatives”… …In ramshackle towns and tiny villages, people were quick to tell me of daily executions carried out by the army, of wanton destruction and brutalities. In one small village, everyone seemed to know the story of a 14 year-old girl who was raped by twelve soldiers and then killed-together with her day-old baby. Inhabitants of another village recounted how two soldiers had been captured and taken to the martial-law administrator when they demanded two virgins; the next day the village was burned and 38 people were killed by the army. Several times during my trip into the rebel area, I saw Pakistani soldiers loot stores and help themselves to anything they wanted. To the Bengalis, such barbarism is a stimulant to their hopes of a free state. Everywhere I went, Mukti Bahini rebels and sympathizers were talking about the coming hours of judgment. At one river crossing, I came upon an army sergeant beating a Bengali with a huge stick. He stopped when he saw me, and later the Bengali told me, “it’s like that every day. But the day of revenge is coming and it will be terrible.” THE INDIAN EXPRESS December 20, 1971 BODIES OF DOCTORS, JOURNALISTS, WRITERS AND PROFESSORS DUMPED IN PITS (Despatch from C. S. Pandit, datelined Dacca, December 19, 1971) In the last week before the surrender of the Pakistani occupation army, about 120 intellectuals, including top doctors, professors, journalists, both men and women, were spirited away from their houses during curfew hours under military escort. Nothing was hears of them until about 36 bodies, with hands tied behind, were found dumped in the pits of some brick kilns. The shock of the tragedy spread, like wild fire among the people who started thronging the place. Among the dead were the bodies of Dr. Fazle Rabbi, a top cardiologist of Dacca Medical College: Dr. Alim Choudhury, an eye specialist, Mr. Nizamuddin, a journalist representating the BBC and one of Pakistan’s two news agencies, Pakistan Press International: Mr. Shahidullah Kaiser, a well-known author and joint editor of a magazine: Mrs. Akhtar Imam, provost of women’s hostel of Dacca University; Dr. Santosh Bhattacharya, Professor of History; Mr. Sirajuddin Hussain, news editor of Ittefaq and many others.

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THE AMRITA BAZAR PATRIKA December 20, 1971 CALCULATED LIQUIDATION OF INTELLECTUALS BEFORE SURRENDER (Despatch by Arun Bhattacharjee from Dacca Secretariat, December 19, 1971) The Secretary-General, Ruhul Quddus, of the Bangladesh Government, harshly accused the Pakistani army generals of calculated liquidation and mass murder of the intellectuals of Dacca before surrender. Mr. Quddus was in tears when he said that the best doctors, professors, administrators and intellectuals of Bangladesh were killed to cripple Bangladesh. When I pointed out that Pakistani Army General Farman Ali and his staff were saying that these were done by the para-military forces and the Razakars, he said, “I know with certainty that the plan to liquidate them was hatched by these Generals in Dacca cantonment, and on their specific orders, the para-military forces arrested them and killed them inside the cantonment”.

THE TIMES London, December 30, 1971 INTELLECTUALS BUTCHERED BEFORE SURRENDER Peter Hazelhurst No one will ever know haw many intellectuals, doctors, journalists and young men, most of whom were not involved in politics, were rounded up and herded off to disappear for ever. Mrs. Moshina Pasha, the wife of Prof. Anwar Pasha, Assistant Professor of Bengali at Dacca University, if at present visiting the big pits in which the mutilated bodies of Bengali intellectuals were discovered to identify the body of her husband. Like many others, Prof. Pasha was taken away two days before the Pakistanis surrendered to the Indian army and driven to a razakar-execution camp. Two colleagues, Mr. Rashidul Hasan, Lecturer in the Department of English, and Professor Santosh Bhattacharya, Professor of History, were rounded up on the same morning by the same group of armed razakars. The Pakistani prisoners-of-war maintain that they know nothing about the atrocities, but evidence has been produced alleging that the razakars were acting under the direct orders of a senior officer. A memorandum discovered on his desk is said to have contained the name of one victim, Mr. Nizamuddin, with the comment “motivated stories”; Mr. Niamuddin’s name was ticked off.

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The solo survivor of this pogrom, Mr. Dalwar Hussain, the Chief Accountant of the Greenland Mercantile Company of Dacca, said that on the morning of December 14, several razakars pulled him out of his house. After placing a blindfold around his eyes, they drove him by bus to a camp on the outskirts of Dacca. He was forced into a room. A little later, the cloth around his eyes slackened and he discovered that he was in a room with a score or so of other prisoners. Some of them had been tortured. Toe nails had been ripped off and toes amputated. After an hour they were interrogated. The prisoners identified themselves as doctors, lawyers, professors and journalists. They were forced into a bus and driven out to marshlands on the outskirts of Dacca. The Razakars led their victims to a big tree where about another 130 prisoner were huddled. Several prisoners asked the Razakars why they were killing fellow Bengalis. “One of them told us to shut up and gave an order”, “finish the bastards off”, Mr. Hussain said, “they started to shoot prisoners with rifles, and others are simply bayoneted to death. I managed to slip the rope off my wrists and made a dash towards the river. By a miracle I escaped”.

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5ns s7|G< 12 ep, 1971 EVACUEES NARRATE ARMY ATROCITIES BY NARAYAN DASS HARIDASPUR BORDER (Check-post), April.

The Pakistani troops advanced further from Jhikargacha on Sunday morning, uprooting as they went hundreds of panic-stricken villagers of either side of the Jessore Road. The refugees took shelter in Petrapol reception centre recently opened by the State Government for them. The Pakistani troops who faced a stiff resistance from the freedom fighters, set fire to many villages and killed many people. In some places they forced the people to open their shops at gun point and hoist the Pakistani Flag. Walking along the Jessore Road with some of the member so the Mukti Fouj. I saw many people with their belongings coming towards the Haridaspur border. In some houses, people were seen packing up to leave their homes for safer places. While crossing over to Haridaspur side, a middleaged man Torab Ali of Benapol said, “Can you imagine how sad it is to leave the ancestral home?” Despite this, Torab Ali has a firm belief that Bangladesh would be completely liberated and they would be able to return their homes. Over five thousand people from village including Navaran, Jhikargacha, Sarsha, Benapol and Jessore town have been given shelter in Petrapol camp and in another camp in Mama Bhagne village near the Bogra border. Most of these villages have been deserted. More than 350 families crossed the border on Sunday alone. Narrating the atrocities committed by the Pakistani troops on the unarmed village people Mrs. Hosne Ara of an adjoining village of Jessore told this reporter that the Pakistani troops entered every house of their area and asked them to raise slogan “Pakistan, zindabad”. If anybody hesitated to raise the slogan, he was immediately shot dead. They looted the belongings of the people, snatched ornaments from the women and later they were killed. In reply to my question as to how she could save herself, she said “As the army men were rushing to our village I started running desperately carrying my three-year-old child and took shelter in a bush, I spent the whole night there and next day I came to the house of my relative in Benapol in a vehicle provided by Mukti Fouz. After four days I crossed the border. I do not know what has happened to my husband who went to a local hat in the evening”. Saying this she burst into tears. A 60-year-old man Harmat Ali Mandal of Jessore town who lost three of his sons, could not talk to me as he was weeping all the time. some people were seen consoling him.

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RELIEF STEPS Meanwhile, the State Government have made elaborate arrangements to provide succour to the distressed people in the Boyra camp. The Bharat Sevashram Sangha is doing laudable service by providing food and other relief materials to the evacuees. A swamiji of the Sangha told this reporter that they had opened a medical unit in the camp with two doctors to nurse the sick. Over two dozen volunteers of their Sangha were working day and night organizing the relief works in the camp. The Sangha was also receiving donations from different social organizations. Most of the people in the camp have already been vaccinated. Proper sanitary arrangements have also been made. According to official sources there has been a steady exodus of panic stricken villagers during the last two days across Rajshahi border. Although, the actual number of evacuees who have crossed over to West Bengal could not be properly assessed, according to local people, at least 6,000 crossed over to Raninagar, Bhagabangola and Jalangi thana areas of Murshidabad district on Sunday.

a^
я t' 30 ep, 1971 900 REFUGEES KILLED ON WAY TO INDIA

Coochbehar, April 28, About 900 men who were trekking towards the Indian side were just butchered by the Pakistani Army men according to eyewitness reports, says PTI. Six refugees, who with multiple bullet injuries arrived at Haldibari from Domar Police Station area of Bangladesh today and now in hospital said they were also among the victims of the Pakistani Army firing but somehow managed to escape. They said about 8000 people, belonging to a community while coming towards India were intercepted by the armymen who persuaded them to stay in the army camp. The armymen then picked up all the ablebodied male members of the group, forced them to line up and machinegunned them. The rest of the exodus ran helter skelter in panic they added,Our Dinhata correspondent adds, reports now available regarding ransacking of Banspachai-the Indian enclave within Dinhata PS in Coochbehar district-reveal that during two days infiltration of Pak Army into the enclave and indiscriminate firing has caused loss of about 150 lives and almost all the houses gutted. This enclave had a population of about 300 persons rest of which have crossed over to India through Dinhata borders. Pakistan Army also entered at 10 A.M. today into Dhirkhata and Shiberkuthi the adjacent villages of Indian enclave and killed many civilians by firing. Some with bullet injuries were being treated at Dinhata hospital.

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7  5l 22 , 1971 PROFF OF GENOCIDE AT AGARTALA HOSPITAL New Delhi, May 20-The general hospital in Agartala presented a picture of the inhuman atrocities of the Pakistan Army on the innocent East Bengalis, writes a UNI correspondent after a visit to the border areas in the eastern region.

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Hardly three kilometers from the East Bengal border, the 260 bed hospital was overflowing with patients mostly victims of the trigger-happy Pakistan Army. All its wards were crammed within-patients when a party of Indian and foreign journalists visited the hospital on Wednesday. It has 530 patients, more than double its capacity. All available space was occupied by patients. The crowding was more conspicuous in the surgical ward where the patients were those riddled with bullets or bit by shells. Among the pathetic cases were a boy of 13 and a girl of nine. Both of whom had lost their eyesight because of Pakistani shelling. The doctor treating them said that despite all that he could possibly do, restoration of eyesight was almost impossible. Mr. Shamsuddin Ahmed, a railway engineer, had a heavy bandage on his bead. Ho was shot by Pakistani soldiers who entered his office. About to retire from service, Mr. Ahmed said be was railroad engineer in the Akhaura Junction across the Tripura border. One afternoon last month several army personnel entered his office and threw away the files. Later they started spraying bullets. He and his colleagues ran away. But before he could escape he was hit by a bullet. His relations brought him to the hospital on April 18. Mr. Ahmed said that he never participated in any political activity. In a voice choked with emotion he wondered what he would do to support a family of 10 members. He had all on a sudden become penniless with his house and belongings with the same compound of his office burnt down by Pakistani soldiers. The only consolation was that his family was safe. They were in the village at the time of the incident. Later they crossed the border to be housed in the camps of evacuees. MASS KILLING

Mr. Halid Hussain (27) was undergoing treatment for shock and exhaustion. He left Chittagong on April 27, when the Army after taking control of the town started indiscriminate killing of Bengalis. He was not at all interested in politics. But after witnessing the massacre of his people he has decided to join the Mukti Fouj (Liberation Army). Asked whether the Mukti Fouj would be able to win independence from a wellequipped occupation force Mr. Hussain recalled the fight of Algerians and Tunisians against the mighty French and said that if these countries could win freedom, Mukti Fouj could also liberate Bangladesh from the Pakistan Army. He said that the Pakistan Army’s aim at present was to kill Bengalis, whether they were Muslims or Hindus. A Muslim girl of 13 said the Army asked her family of twelve including father and mother to get into the house. They later set fire to it and went away. The girl miraculously escaped while all the other members of the family died. An old lady in the neighborhood rescued her and bro9ught her to Agartala.

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BULLETS SPRAYED Mr. Narayan Paul (11) was standing at the gate of his house when he was hit by a bullet on the knee. He was taken to Comilla Hospital by his brother. Later he was brought to the Agartala Hospital when the whole family evacuated to India. Asked whether he would go back to his school in Comilla Paul said he would not go back. He is studying to class four. Another student Subal Kanta Nath 917) has a fractured arm as a bullet breaking the bone of his hand. He was running away from his house after the Army had entered the house and started firing in all direction. He does not know what happened to the others members of the family. His father owned a grocery shop in Chittagong. Safiullah (30) lay on his back with bullet injuries on his chest and abdomen. He was shot while, escaping his house which was set on fire by the soldiers. Hailing from Feni town in Noakhali District, he did not know about the fate of the rest of the family including his wife and two children. Some volunteers carried him to the Tripura border. INTELLECTUALS A member of Pakistani intellectuals were housed in the Narsingarh refugee camp in Tripura town. A Muslim Professor of Chittagong University who did not want to be named said that the aim of the Pakistan Army was to liquidate all intellectuals, technicians, businessmen and artists. It wanted only some ‘salves’ to survive. Bhikku Mahadev Jyoti Pal, head of the Buddhist community of Pakistan, said that the Pakistan Army had burned down the monastery in which he lived and the village surrounding it last month. Six young bhikkus were killed. Miss Nomita Ghose, an artist of Dacca Radio, said soldiers took away young girls before setting fire to the houses. The correspondents who visited the hospital and the evacuee camps also drove to Sabroom in southern Tripura, one of the important points of entry for the victims of Pakistani persecution. From Sabroom the correspondents saw across the Feni river the town of Ramgarh in Shambles. All the huts on the banks of the river have been burnt and razed. A lone Pakistani flag flew over the Government building which was the only structure which was not damaged. The flag was the symbol of the Pakistani occupation of the area early in May after a bitter fight with the Mukti Fouj-UNI.

551
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s(7 23 , 1971 FLIGHT FROM TERROR & BUTCHERY To The Majority of Bangladesh Refugees the Memory of the, Ravages Wrought by a Ruthless Enemy is Fresh and the Future Void BY MANOJIT MITRA BETWEEN Tripura’s border town, Sabroom, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh flows the narrow and grimy Feni river. One morning in the last week of April, while crossing the river by a country boat, I could see thousands of Bangladesh refugees behind me at Sabroom, thousands more waiting on the other bank to cross over and countless others fording the river at shallow points, their meagre belongings on their shoulders. Guns were blazing about 15 miles away and the exodus was on. This was one of those scenes which revealed so much in one instant. One would only have to see the milling thousands, the stamp of terror on their faces, their eagerness to cross over to safer territory and the fatalism with which they had accepted the ordeal of sleeping on the streets to know what they had been through. Ramgarh, the border town of the Hill Tracts, was still occupied by the Mukti Fauj, but the Pakistani Army was pushing ahead. They had ruthlessly shelled and burnt villages along their route, from where these thousands had fled. Sabroom was the most crowded border of Tripura in the third and fourth weeks of April when nearly 200,000 refugees arrived within a few days. In other border area, refugees have started coming earlier. Tens of thousands had arrived from Sylhet, Comilla and Noakhali districts of Bangladesh through the Sonamura, Kamalasagar, Debipur and other borders. Travelling from Agartala to these different borders for days together, everywhere I found refugees-in roadside camps, schools and colleges, private houses, fields and the streets. The worst scenes I was were, however, at Sabroom. Thousands of people were living on the streets and on the premises of the thana. There were interminable queues for chits being issued to bona fide refugees. When I entered the thana, several old women approached me to help them get their chits. While one member of each family stood; in the queue, others looked for food. The old people slept under improvised tents. The children evidently unable to comprehend what had befallen them, played hide-and-seek. Many people looked for food, but not all of them had the money to buy it. Some families squatted near the river, offering their utensils for sale. These were their last belongings. There was an acute shortage of drinking water. District officials had grown panicky; some of them said one or two cases of cholera had already been reported and if the congestion was not relieved, this would turn into an epidemic. Trucks arrived occasionally to take groups of refugees to camps. Cycles, brought along by some across the border, were tied on the side of the trucks. Women, children and fatigued old men scrambled aboard, guided by energetic young men who kept up their spirits despite

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everything. Some were too tired to speak; occasionally, I saw one or two people craning out their necks from a speeding truck and vomiting. Camps were being set up in different areas, but the authorities found it difficult to cope with the rush till the first week of May. Some of them said the population of Tripura was about to double. Most refugees belonged to the poor peasantry but here were middle class and some rich families as well. Most of them came to Agartala town from where some proceeded to Calcutta while others put up with relatives and acquaintances. There were affluent lawyers and doctors and engineers who had trekked for days on end along devious routes to dodge the marrauding West Pakistani soldiers. A lawyer left behind his two houses and tree cars and entered Agartala with his wife and son. A field actress, who had been signed for more than 3 dozen films, walked through rain and mud for 48 hours and came to Agartala. An architect came from Dacca with his wife and child, expecting to get killed any moment on the way. No every one of them was, depressed. It was an inspiring experience for me to meet a group of teachers and writers from Bangladesh at the Polytechnic Institute at Agartala. Some of them were from Chittagong University where they had helped Mukti Fauj fighters and seen action. Each family was cooped up within a single room of the institute, where the food was cooked and all members slept. Evidently, they were used to good living in Bangladesh, but this catastrophe did not appear to affect their spirits much.

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ESCAPE FROM TERROR A report of the International Rescue Committee Emergency Mission to India For Pakistan Refugees, submitted on July 28, 1971, by its Chairman, Mr. Angier Biddle Duke, to Mr. F.I. Kellog, Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for Refugee Affairs, Government of U.S.A. Introduction. On March 25, 1971 began one of the largest mass movements in our time of people fleeing in terror to a neighboring country. Six million Bengalis, Moslems and Hindus, have streamed out of East Pakistan, their homeland, to West Bengal, Assam, Tripura and Meghalaya. Thousands on thousands of new refugees arrive every day, and the pressures on India generated by this West multitude of destitute refugees are mounting dangerously. On July 5th , Chester Bowles, a former U.S. Ambassador to India, wrote in The New York Times: “Unless two rather unlikely developments occur, South Asia is in imminent danger of erupting into a tragic, needless war. “These developments are: First, that the ruling West Pakistan Government turns away from the path of terror against its own subjects in East Pakistan and agrees to a settlement that will stem the flow of frightened, homeless refugees into India and second, that the world community soon mounts a massive campaign to relieve India of the burned of supporting nearly six million refugees who have already crossed the border.” Political solutions for the return of the Bengali refugees must be found; and it is imperative that other nations and other peoples to create time for such a settlement share India’s shattering burden of caring for the refugees. It is incumbent on American voluntary agencies to assume a reasonable share of this responsibility. Humanitarianism and enlightened self-interest are twin motivations for strong and immediate action toward alleviating one of the most tragic and potentially explosives refugee crises of our time. The State of Pakistan consists of the East and West provinces, which are separated by a thousand miles of Indian territory. The population of the East is 75 million, outnumbering the West, the seat of the national government, by 25 million. Both areas are predominantly Moslem, though eight million Hindus live in the East. In elections held in December 1970, the Awami League of East Pakistan won a majority in the National Assembly for all Pakistan. Negotiations to form a new government resulted in a stalemate. On March 25th the Pakistani

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Army and police poured into the East and undertook a campaign of unparalleled fury against the Bengali people. it appears that some 200,000 people were killed. As the extent and gravity of the refugee crisis emerged, the International Rescue Committee sent a mission of five volunteer leaders to India, headed by IRC’s former President, Angier Biddle Duke. Its other members were I. Morton Hamburg, an IRC Vive President. IRC Board members, Mrs. Lawrence Copley Thaw and Thomas W. Phipps, and Dr. Daniel L. Weiner of the Einstein Medical School. The mandate of the mission was to obtain a first-hand picture of the refugee situation, and to initiate an emergency programme for East Bengali refugees, the professionals in particular. The IRC Board of Directors felt that it should focus on a segment of the overall problem not exceeding the capabilities of a voluntary agency. Moreover, the survival of Bengali teachers, doctors, writers, artists, scientists, academicians, and cultural leaders is essential for the – survival of their nation. The following pages describe the Mission’s findings, recommendations and the outline of a programme the International Rescue Committee has undertaken to implement. 1. The Scope of the Problem The near-apathy with which the world has reacted to a refugee emergency, the magnitude of which beggars anything we have witnessed since World War II and its aftermath, can perhaps be explained-though not excused-by the helplessness with which most of us react to what appears as an elemental disaster of unmanageable scope. The mass terror unleashed by the West Pakistan Army and police had a selective thrust. As the New York Times put it. “People have killed each other because of animosities of race, politics, and religion; no community is entirely free of guilt. But the principal agent of death and hatred has been the Pakistan Army. And its killings have been selective. According to reliable report from inside East Pakistan, the Army’s particular targets have been intellectuals and leaders of opinion-doctors, professors, students, writers”. (Anthony Lewis, ‘Measuring the Tragedy’. The New York Times, June 7, 1971). IRC’s Mission to India was able to verify through interviews with refugees that this was actually what happened. People were taken out of their houses and machinegunned in the streets. Men, women and children were bayonetted to death. Women were raped. About 200,000 people were reported to have been killed. Millions of people began their escape into India. At that stage, they consisted mostly of Muslims identified with the Awami League and the political opposition to the West Pakistan regime. Later the terror of the Pakistani Army was turned against the Hindu minority who constituted about one-tenth of East Pakistan’s population. To quote The New York Times report from Faridpur, East Pakistan;

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“Although thousands of “antistate” Bengali Moslems have been killed by the army, the Hindus became particular scapegoats as the martial-law regime tried to blame Hindu India and her agents in East Pakistan for the autonomy movement….. The army also forced Moslems friendly to Hindus to loot and burn Hindu houses; the Moslems were told that if they did not attack Hindus, they themselves would be killed.” (The New York Times, July 4, 1971.) The Indian authorities have established a quite reliable registration procedure. By June, 3, the refugee population had reached 4.8 million, of whom close to two-thirds were housed in camps of all descriptions in Assam, Tripura and Meghalaya, east and north-east of East Pakistan, but mainly in West Bengal: State of District Assam Tripura Meghalaya Nadia 24-Parganas Maurshidabad West Dinajpur Jalpaiguri Coach-Behar Malda

West Bengal. -

In Reception Centers 81,800 381,373 186,052

With friends or Relatives 65,677 363,464 49,332

214,788 503,467 134,507 763,664 140,402 189,755 92,139

170,951 179,250 15,953 511,555 165,000 210,875 254,513

2,707,947

2,022,570

(Figures prepared by the West Bengal Government) By June 15, the number of refugees had gone up to 5.8 million, of whom 3.7 million were living in camps. With the outbreak of cholera in early June, news of which spread into East Pakistan, the border crossings did slow down. Yet once the cholera threat subsided, thousands again began to pour over every night, despite the desperate air of tension the Pakistani Army has tried to maintain along the border by mortar fire to which the Mission can bear personal witness. There is no indication that the exodus has been halted. If the present trend continues, the figure is likely to go to seven million before July is out. Seven million people is the total population of Cuba. When will this situation explode who knows? The voluntary agencies are performing a humanitarian service. But they are just as importantly trying to help India endure the severe internal pressures and thus buy time in the search for the solution that must come. In that sense they are making a contribution to World Peace.

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II. The Refugees The refugees, many of whom have walked distances of up to 150 miles; appear to have travelled from cities and villages relatively near the Indian border. There are unquestionably large numbers of Pakistanis who are unable to escape because of their more central location within East Pakistan. They have come to India initially by way of the usual border crossings and along roads normally travelled. With the closure of the borders by the Pakistani military, large numbers are continuing to infiltrate through the 1,300 mile border with India through forests and swamps. These groups, with numbers sometimes up to 50,000 in a 24 hour period have for the most part settled along the major routes in India. They are found wherever there is a combination of available ground and minimal water supply. Many of them have avoided camp communities and have "melted" into the countryside. The refugee camps may vary in size from small groups to upwards of 50,000. There has been an extraordinary effort on the part of the West Bengal and Indian Government to organise these camps and supply them with at least minimal amounts of food and water. The camps are frequently located adjacent to existing Indian villages. Attempts have been made to set up camps on higher terrain but this is frequently impossible. It is obvious that much of the refugee areas will be under water during the monsoon season. The shelter, when it does exist, is of three main types- small that-ched huts made of locally available material, small low tent made from wood frames covered with tarpaulins supplied by the relief authorities, and, where available, cement casement and drainage pipes are used for shelter. At present, all tarpaulin material within India has been exhausted, and attempts are being made to use plastic material. Water is usually supplied by one or two pumps within the refugee area. These are hand-drilled wells which are equipped with standard single lever pump. Sanitary facilities are almost not-existent. Initially small slit trench latrines were located within close proximity to the area of the refugee villages, but attempts are now being made by authorities to place larger, better designed facilities at least some distance from the camps. The inadequate drainage system, the shallow wells and inadequate sanitation make cross contamination an obvious sequence. There is a critical need in these camps for some type of adequate sanitary facilities-even more acutely a need for power-drills so as to facilitate the speed with which they can be constructed and improve the depth of the wells. Adequate facilities in both these areas with adequate separation are probably the single most important need for maintaining some type of minimal health conditions. The refugee diet is dependent upon food supplied by the relief authorities and those small amounts which they can supplement by local purchase. This consists of rice boiled in open clay pots, some powdered mild which is occasionally available, and dall, which is a lentil type of bean used for a thin soup. In a few isolated cases some green vegetables had been distributed, but this is the exception rather than the rule. At this point, the diet would be classified as barely adequate. III. Health Conditions The physical appearance of most of the refugees shows the signs of hardship, low caloric intake" and inadequate clothing. The children see to be doing reasonably well

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under the circumstances, but in both adults and children there are seen large numbers of skin infections, gastrointestinal disturbances with vomiting and diarrhoea, and chronic cough with upper respiratory infections. In the camp hospitals there are the ever present cases of cholera and other gastrointestinal diseases. The cholera problem seems now to be under control. However, with the combination of increased rain from the monsoons, deficient health facilities plus the influx of new refugees, it is quite clear that there will be again an upswing in the incidence of cholera. Health care among the refugee population is rudimentary. Mobile units for mass inoculation programs and the distribution of a few simple medications are active within some of the camps. Fixed facilities in the terms of field-type tent hospitals have been opened up in or near other camps, but here again these units carry only about 20 to 30 inpatient beds (stretchers). All that can to offer some intravenous or oral fluid therapy for the gastrointestinal problems and cholera. Medical supplies are being received and distributed to these fixed facilities. However, due to the lack of coordination of the medical effort, many supplies are arriving which are not needed while others are in short supply. At the present time in terms of the general refugee population, the acute need in for material for shelter, particularly with the advent of the monsoon season. There is a need for better water supply, particularly wells with a deeper water table and with less chance of contamination. Properly designed sanitary facilities are mandatory. The diet at present would appear to be just about able to sustain the adults and children, but food is going into short supply again. A major problem is in the infant refugee population. There is no food or food supplement available to bottle-feed these children. Mother's milk is, of course, inadequate. A severe and critical shortage is therefore present in the powdered milkglucose supplement powders used for infant formulas. Without this being placed in immediate supply, there will conceivably be many more-neo-natal deaths due to malnutrition. The next few months will bring increased numbers of refugees and additional strain on the meagre existing supplies and facilities. Malnutrition and disease will become more prevalent. Relations between the refugees and the local villagers must deteriorate. The financial burden for the West Bengal and Central Indian government will be impossible to bear. Morale will sink to even lower levels as the situation becomes desperate. Food and medical supplies must come from outside sources. Distribution of these materials is possible but there must be more medical and paramedical personnel made available and mobilized. IV. The Refugee Physicians The refugee physicians who left East Pakistan maintained some liaison with other professionals and physicians within India. Very few of them are in the refugee camps, most being in and around Calcutta, living with families, friends and relatives. The East Pakistani medical establishment is the product of seven medical schools offering two

558
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different degrees. The M.B.B.S. physicians are from five-year school and the RFP are from four-year schools. There are also some paramedical. The general faculty of the medical schools was for the most part senior physicians, and many of these were killed or are unaccounted for. Approximately 1,500 East Pakistani physicians have left the country, the majority of these being younger men. The medical degree does not accredit them to practice in West Bengal and so far only 150 of them have been employed by the West Bengal Government. Most of the refugee physicians have registered with the Bangal Desh Red Cross which is under the direction of Dr. A. Hoque. In this group are mostly what we would classify as general practitioners with relatively few specialists. They retain only their own clothes, a few personal belongings, and virtually none of their medical equipment. They possess no medical supplies and are consequently unable to practice medicine. Nor have they any means of support or means of supporting their families. They exist by living with other families.

559
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 1972

INFLUX OF REFUGEES FROM MARCH 25 TO DECEMBER 15, 1971 Serial Number (1) 1 2 3 4 5

Name of State. (2) West Bengal Tripura Meghalaya Assam Bihar

Total Influx. (3) 7,793,474 1,416,491 667,986 312,713 8,641 Total9,899,305

DISTRIBUTION OF REFUGEES IN VARIOUS STATES IN INDIA Refugee Population as on December 15, 1771 Serial Number (1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Name of State (2) West Bengal Tripura Meghalaya Assam Bihar Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Total-

Number of Camps (3) 492 276 17 28 8 3 1 825

In camps (4) 4,849,786 834,098 591,520 255,642 36,732 219,298 10,169 6,797,245

Outside Camps (5) 2,386,130 547.551 76,466 91,913

3,102,060

Total (6) 7,235,916 1.381.649 667,986 347,555 36,732 219,298 10,166 9,899,305

TREND OF INFLUX Month (1)

Average daily. (2)

1 April 1971 (10th to 30th) 2 May 1971 3 June 1971 4 July 1971 5 August 1971

57,000 102,00 68,00 26,00 34,00

Monthly arrivals. (3) (PERSONS IN THOUSAND) 1,921,00 3,158,00 2,056,00 797,00 1,055,00

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6 September 1971 7 October 1971 8 November 1971 9 Backlog

57,00 14,00 8,00

804,00 425,00 217,00 166,00 9,899,00

Total-

LIST OF REFUGEE CAMPS (EASTABLISHED DURING THE PERIOD FROM APRIL TO NOV. 1971) Sq. No. D4 D3 E3 D3 D3 E3 E3 E3 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4

District North District

South District

West District

Name of camps Ambasa Kamalpur Kumarghat Miles 85 Miles Padmabil Shrinathpur Uptakhali Bagata Chandrapur Dhajanagar Harina Rishyamukh Kakraba Kalachara Kawamara Maichera Phulkumari Rajnagar Shrinagar Amtali Barjala Brajapur Chechuria Dhanpur Gandhigram Hapania Ishanpur Khowai

Ref. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

561
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Sq. No.

District

D4 D4 D4 D4 D3 D4 E3 E3 E3 E3 E3 E3 E3 E3 B2 C1 B2 C2 C1 E5 E5 E5 E2 E1 E1 E1 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5

Cachar

Goalpara

Mizo

North Cachar Hills Nowgong

24 Paraganas

Name of camps Madhupur Matinagar Melagarh Mohanpur Simna Teliamura ASSAM Chandranathpur Chargola Dasgram Harincherra Kathal Lakshminagar Silkuri Sonakhira Borkona Fakirgram Mankachar Nidanpur Sarfanguri Demagiri Pachang Rotlang Haflong Hojai Nilbagan Sidabari WEST BENGAL Hasnabad Taki (2 Camps) Basirhat (5 Camps) Swarupnagar (7 Camps) Baduria (5 Camps) Gobardanga Maslandapur Kalupur (4 Camps) Media Ichapur

Ref. No. 30 31 32 33 --33 34 35 --36 --37 38 39 40 41 --42 43 ------44 45 46 47 --48 --49 50 51 51 51 51 51

562
 s  d t : a n

Sq. No. A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A4 A4 A4 A5 A5 A5 A5 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A5 A4 A4 A4 A4

District

Nadia

Name of camps Sunita Banipur Pairagachi Lakshmipur Sadhanpur Sahara Barakur Digberia Dattapukur Manapukur Barasat (3 Camps) Mamabhagina (2 Camps) Marighata Bagdaha Helencha Ganrapota Salt Lake Nilganj New Barakpur Dogachia Karimpur Palashipara Betai Nazirpur Banpur Chapra Dompukuria Purnaganj Java Bhaluka Bhadurpur Muragachha Dakshinpara Kalyani (7 Camps) Shikarpur Majdia Bhajan Ghat Asannagar

Ref. No. 51 51 51 51 52 52 --53 53 53 --54 54 55 55 55 56 56 56 57 58 58 58 58 59 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 61 62 63 63 63

563
 s  d t : a n

Sq. No. A4 A4 A4 A4 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3

District

Murshidabad

Name of camps Badkulla Ulashi Ranaghat (2 Camps) Shantipur Daulatabad Kaladanga Baruipara Choa Hariharpara Karimnagar Nischintapur Rukunpur Sahajadpur Amtala Jhowbona Madhupur Nowda Patikabari Maganpara Bhagirathpur Bhatsala Domkal Katakobra Sadikhandiar Sahebrampur Choapara Hukahara Jalangi Kazipara Natial Sagarpara Sahebnagar Ashoke Kunja, Lalbag College Commerce Hostel, Jiaganj Darapnagar Primary School Nawab Bahadur Institution's Lal Boarding, Lalbag Muslim Hostel, Lalbag Mission Hospital, Jiaganj

Ref. No. 63 63 ----64 64 65 65 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 66 66 66 67 68 68 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 70 70 70 79 70 70 70

564
 s  d t : a n

Sq. No. District Name of camps A3 Murshidabad College Commerce Hostel, Jiaganj A3 Govt. Sponsored Free Primary School No. 1. Jiaganj A3 Do No. 2. Jiaganj A3 Maharaj Bahadur Hall Jiaganj A3 Darapnagar Primary School A3 Dilfarbad Ganja Farm A3 Nashipur Rajbati A3 Nishadbag Pry. School, Lalbag A3 Mukundabag Jr. Basic School, Lalbag A3 Shripat Kumarpara, Jiaganj A3 Mahanta Ramdas Aulia Primary School, Jiaganj A3 Kurmitala Camp A3 Ashoke Kunja, Lalbag A3 Mackenji Hall, Azimganj A3 Puratan Dharmasala, Azimganj A3 Nutan Dharmasala, Azimganj A3 Nowlakshya Garden, Azimganj A3 Don Bosco Institute, Azimganj A3 M. Strimal's Godown, Jiaganj A3 Raja Bijoy Singh Stable, Azimganj A3 Dehipur G.S.F.P. School A3 Raja Bijoy Sing Bidyamandir Hostel, Azimganj A3 M. N. Academy, Lalgola A3 Lahore Shed, Lalgola A3 School Boarding, Lalgola A3 Guest House, Lalgola A3 Basic School, Lalgola A3 Madrasa, Lalgola A3 Girls School, Lalgola A3 Manick Chak A3 Youth Reception Centre, Lalgola A3 Raninagr, Goas A3 Raninagar A3 Nabipur A3 Katlamari

Ref. No.

70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 73 73 73 73

565
 s  d t : a n

Sq. No. A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2

District Name of camps Murshidabad Rakhaldaspur Sheikhpara Rambag Habaspur Primary School Bagdanga Primary School Patamari Hanumantanagar Akheriganj Kharibona Nashipur Bhagwangola High School Kalukhali Madrasa & Primary School Bhagwangola Primary School Asanpur Primary School DArar Kandi Primary School Ram Chandramati Pry. School Bhagwangola Bhurkunda Sahapur Manigram Maldah Bamangola Pakuahat Maheshur Gouljoi Paul Transit Pakshaghat Open Air Gajol Dohil Hatimari Kutubsahar & Adina kanchuadanga Eklakshi Rahutara Mission Kendpukhur Bulbulchandi (2 Camps) Rishipur Singabad (2 Camps) Aiho Bahutera Mission Maldah Harishchandrapur Bishapur Kushidah Tulshihatta

Ref. No. 73 73 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 76 76 76 77 77 77 77 77 77 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 80 80 80 80

566
 s  d t : a n

Sq. No. A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2

District

West Dinajpur

Name of camps Masaldaha Bringol Borai Konua Chandipur Golapganj Kaliachak Mothabari Baisnabnagar Pagla Bridge Bangatola Gayeshbari Sajaopur Cabindapara Malatipur Kharba Kaligram Ashapur Paharpur Nalahar Chatremohani D.E.B. Dak Bungalow Mahadipur Nagharia Raigram Milki Kalindri Mathurapur Nazirpur Bechutala or Manikchak Diara Araidanga Ekborna Haripur Paranpur Ratua School Debipur Samshi Baharal Bhaluka Bahado Bhagabanpur Khapur Kaldighi Godown Gangarampur High School

Ref. No. 80 80 80 80 80 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 83 83 83 83 83 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 85 85

567
 s  d t : a n

Sq. No. A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A1

District

West Dinajpur

Name of camps Naya Bazar High School Shibbati Station Junior High School Chaloon High School Sarbamangla Sukdebpur High School Thengapara High School Nehamba Jr. High School Bulbari Centre Jahangirpur Jr. High School Ratanpur Free Primary School Tapan High School Rampur High School Chakbaligram Basic School Kardaha High School Daralhat High School Rampur High School Chakbaligram Basic School Kardaha High School Vior Jalalia High School Tilom Jr. High School Laskarhat Panchayat Office Patiram High School Nazirpur Anchal Office at Jhorna Barkali Jr. High School Amritakhanda Anchal Office at Kamarpara Malancha High School J.L.P. Bidyachakra Khadimpur Girls High School Nadipar N.C. High School Chingishpur High School Beltala Park High School Khashpur High School Hilli High School Trimohini Rural Library Teor Bharat Sebasram Sangha Muralipur Jr. Basic School Panjul Anchal Panchayat Office at Ramkrishnapur Dhalpara Free Primary School Muralipur Free Primary School Daspara

Ref. No. 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 87

568
 s  d t : a n

Sq. No. A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1

District

Darjiling Jalpaiguri Jalpaiguri

Name of camps Lakhimpur Chopra Patagora Matikunda Thakurbari Ramganj Goalpokhar Darivir Rashakhowa Atiakhori Sujali Fakirganj Reception camp Jaidevpur Madrasa Reception camp Safanagar Reception camp Kumarganj Reception camp Gopalganj Reception camp Radhanagar Reception camp Botun Reception camp Dharmapur Reception camp Malone Naoda Dalimgaon Maharajahat Rampura Banshihari Kantivila Sannyashikata Amaidighi Jatiakali Manuagach Sakati (2 Camps) Berubari (2 Camps) Patkata Drangi Panijehati Rangdhamali Gumirapara Manikganj Sarulla Camp Polytechnic Blaramhat Panbari

Ref. No. 87 87 87 87 87 88 88 88 88 88 88 83 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 90 90 90 90 90 90 91 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93

569
 s  d t : a n

Sq. No. A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 B1 B1 A1 A1 A1 B1 B1 B1 A1 A1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1

District

Koch Bihar

Koch Bihar

Name of camps Bandhunagar Jalpesh (2 camps) Mauagach Dabgrach Dankimari (2 camps) Haldibari Dewanganj Duars Co-operative Rice mill camp Bashilarganga Bagjan Dangi Lakshmikanta Rangati Agrabhasa Matiali Barodighi Dewanhat Railway Station (2 camps) Makkati Pushnabanga Dhunpur Natuarpar Rajarhar Madhupur Pundibari Girsl School (6 camps) Patlakhawa Complete Basic School Karalirdanga Camp Nos. 1 & 2 Dineswari Jr. High School Kharijakakribari Dewangaj Transit Camp (Girimath) Sweedish Mission Camp Huraerdanga Camp Haldibari Jute Godown (2 Camps) Changrabandha High School (5 Camps) Jamaldah Somi Permanent (3 Camps) Hanirhat School Dhaprahat School Dangerbat School Jaldhowa Jorai Buxirhat Deocharai Balarampur Balabhut

Ref. No. 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 96 97 97 97 98 98 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 101 101 101 101 101

570
 s  d t : a n

Sq. No. B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1

District

Name of camps Jhowkuthi Paglarhat Ratherdanga (2 Camps) Nagarlalbazar (2 Camps) Baramaricha (2 Camps) Gosairhat Dakalirhat Dakghara Khalisamari Chhotosalbari Baraunidanga Karjirdighi Ranirdigni Ghogrardanga Krishnana Colony Basantababurdanga Suanghat Changhat Nakati Kaliganjerdanga Baghmarardighi Bamandanga Golenwhati (3 Camps) Nagarlalbazar Sukandighi Dewantskot Joyduar (2 Camps) Jatamari Chhatlabazar Baramashia Bhogramguri Ashokebari Angardata Parodubi Patakamari Ghoksardanga Burihat (2 Camps) Khalisagosanimari Kaliganj Basantirhat (2 Camps) Bnetaguri

Ref. No. 101 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 103 103 103 103 103

571
 s  d t : a n

Sq. No. B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 C2 C2 12 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 B2 B2 B2 E2 E2 E2

District

Garo Hills

Khasi & Jaintia Hills

Name of camps Kisamatda SAvam (3 Camps) Boradanga Nigamnagar (3 Camps) Kharkharia Balika Putimari Chrabari Petla Rashbarir Math 'A' Baranachina Chhotofalimari Jamadarerbosh (5 Camps) Sitai School (2 Camps) Kayterbari Chamla Adabari Balapukuri Brahmatarohhatra Bijalichhatka MEGHALAYA Baghmara Dalu Chandabhui Chichengpara hat Haljati Hat Machangpani Ampati Chebenang Myneng Sibbari Bikona Porakasua Hat Kalaipara Dimapara Pongtung Madan Lynetd Madan Baitah

Ref. No. 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 104 105 106 106 107 108 108 108 108 109 110 111 112 112 113 114 115

572
 s  d t : a n

Sq. No. E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 C2 C2 D2 D9 D2 E2 D2 D2 D2 D2

District

Name of camps Sowlong Amtrong Diengrai Amlarem Amsohmaleng Dalot Lalpani Mowasora Pancharing Munai Syndai Shella Ishamati Mylliem Wahrengka

Ref. No. 116 117 118 129 120 121 121 122 123 124 125 126 126 127 128

573
 s  d t : a n


-1
 1  


-  o   d     k, t o      e" 

 t s a  iu '" a  -e , e, 

 1981

PARTYRS IN THE LIBERATION WAR Professor: Dr. G. C. Dev (Phil), Munier Choudhury (Beng): Asso. Prof.: Mufazzal Haider Choudhury (Eng.), Dr. Abul Khair (Hist.), Dr. Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta (Eng), A. N. M. Moniruzzaman (Statistics): Asst. Prof.: Dr. M. A. Muktadir (Geol), Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khan (Soil Sc.), S. C. Bhattacharya (Hist.), Ghiyasuddin Ahmed (Hist.), Dr. Sadat Ali (I. E. R.), Lecturer: Ataur Rahman Khan Khadim (Phys.), Sharafat Ali (Maths.), Anupadhyayan Bhattacharya (Appl. Phys), Rashidul Hasan (Eng.). Medical Officer: Dr. M. Murtaza; Teacher Laboratory School: Md. Sadeq. Other Employees: 1. Abdullah Bhuyan, U. D. Asst., I. E. R.; 2. Khagendra Chandra De, bearer, Philosophy Dept.; 3. Abdus Samad, Guard, T. S. C.; 4. Dajjulal, Sweeper, T. S. C.; 5. Abdus Shahid, OLabour, T. S. C.; 6. Pir Muhammad, Peon, Registar's Office; 7. Sulaiman, Guard, Rokeya Hall; 8. Chunnu Mian, Gardener, Rokeya Hall; 9. Abdul Khaliq, Gardener, Rokeya Hall; 10. Ahmad Ali, Liftman, Rokeya Hall; 11. Nurul Isla, Bearer, Rokeya Hall; 12. Hafizuddin, Bearer, Rokeya Hall; 13. Priyanath Ray, Guard, J. N. Hall; 14. Sunil Chandra Das, Guard, J. N. Hall; 15. Dukhiram Mondol, J. N. Hall; 16. Shamsuddin, Dightguard, J. N. Hall; 17. Jawharlal, Gardener, Botany Dept; 18. Dasuram, Gardener, Botany Dept; 19. Sirajul Haq, bearer, D. U. Club; 20. Ali Husain, bearer, D. U. Club. 21. Suhrab Ali Ghazi, bearer, D.U. Club; 22. Shivapada Kapuri, guard, J. N. Hall; 23. Sri Mistry, Electric worker; 24. Abdul Majed Ghazi, guard, Engineering office; 25. Sunil Chandra De. Guard, J. H. Hall; 26. Nami, Guard, Rokeya Hall. Students : Fazlul Haq Hall : 1. Sikandar Ali (II M. Sc.); 2. Abdus Salam (1 Hons, Statistics); 3. Nazrul Islam (III Hons. Beng); 4. Ghulam Mahbub (1 Hons., B. Sc., Bio-Chem.), 5. Mustafa Husein (III B. Sc. Hons., Sol Sc); 6. Abul Fazl (I M. Sc., Bio-Chem; 7. Abul Qasim (II Hons.). Students : Zahurul Hall : 1. Zafar Alam (II M. Sc.); 2. Helanur Rahman (III Hons;); 3. Jahangir Munir (III Hons.); Abul Kalam (I M. Com.); 5. Abul Taher Pathan (II Law); 6. Saleh Ahmed (II Law); 7. Ashraf Ali (I M. A.). Students : Surjya Sen Hall : 1. Zillur Murshed Mithu; 2. Badiul Alam; 3. Shamsuzzaman; 4. Abdur Rahim; 5. Ataur Rahman; 6. Amirul Salam; 7. Atiqur Rahman.

574
 s  d t : a n

Students: Haji M. Mohsin Hall : 1. A. K. M. Mirajuddin; 2. Lt. Samad; 3. Nazamuddin Bhuyan; 4. Anwar Husain; 5. Syed Nurul Amin; 6. Khondkar Abu Taher; 7. Jahangir Haidar Khan; 8. Zahirul Islam; 9. Musharraf Hussain; 10. Manzur Rahman Chaudhury. Students: Salimullah Hall: 1. Wahidur Rahman (III B. A. Hons.); 2. Samad; 3. Nizamuddin Bhuyan; 4. Anwar Husain; 5. Syed Nurul Amin; 6. Khondkar Abu Taher; 7. Jahangir Haidar Khan; 8. Azhirul Islam; 9. Musharraf Hussain; 10. Manzur Rahman Chaudhury. Shahidullah Hall: 1. Jalaluddin Haidar (1 M. Sc., Applied Physics). Jagannath Hall: 1. Swapan Chaudhury; 2. Ganapati halder; 3. Mrinal kanti Bose; 4. Monoranjan Biswas; 5. Ramani Mohan Bhattacharya; 6. Kishori Mohan ?Sarkar; 7. Ranadaprasad Ray; 8. Subal Chandra Chakravarti; 9. Satyaranjan Das; 13. Kesaba Chandra haldar; 14. Nirmal Kumar Ray; 15. Bidhan Chandra Ghosh; 16. Sibu Kumar Das; 17. Shishutosh Datta Chaudhury; 18. Rakhal Chandra Ray; 19. Upendranath Ray; 20. Santosh Kumar Ray. 21. Jiban Krishna Sarkar; 22. Satyaranjan Nag; 23. Rupendranath Sen; 24. Murari Mohan Biswas; 25. Bimal Chandra Ray; 26. Prabir Pal; 27. Niranjan Haldar; 28. Kartik Seal; 29. Paltan Das; 30. Sujit Datta; 31. Niranjan Saha; 32. Harinarayan Das; 33. Dines Chandra Sikdar; 34. Niranjan Chanda; 35. Subrata Saha; 36. Susil Chandra Das; 40. Subhash Chakravarti; 41. Ajit Ray Chaudhury. 'Basuntika,' Diamond jubilee mention following names, but has not identified in they are students or employees: Sibu Modak, Matilal De, Budhiram, Deguram, Bhiruram, Manbharanram, Monilal. Guest student martyrs: Latifur Rahman (Haji Asmat College), 7 Badruddoza (J. N. College). Mahtabuddin (Bajitpur College). -History of the University of Dacca, Published by the University of Dacca, 1981

575
 s  d t : a n


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 16 6m, 1972

NAMES OF UNIVERSITY TEACHERS RAJSHAHI UNIVERSITY Prof. Qayyum, Habibur Rahman, Sree Sukha Ranjan Samadder, NAMES OF M.C.A.s Mashiur Rahman, Amjad Hossain, Aminuddin , Nazmul Haque Sarker, Abdul Haque, Dr. Zikrul Haque, Syed Anwar Ali, A. K. Sarder. NAMES OF JOURNALISTS Sirajuddin Hossai, Shahidullah Kaiser, Khondakar Abu Taleb, Nizamuddin Ahmed, A. N. M. Ghulam Mustafa, Shahid Saber, Sk. Abdul Mannan (Ladu), Nazmul Haque, M. Akhter, Abul Bashar, Chisty Helalur Rahman, Shibsadan Chokravarty, Selina Akhter. NAMES OF PHYSICIANS Md. Fazle Rabbi, Abdul Alim Chowdhury, Shamsuddin Ahmed, Azharul Haque, Humayun Kabir, Sulaiman Khan, Kaiser Uddin, Mansur Ali, Ghulam Murtaza, Hafez Uddin Khan, Jahangir, Abdul Jabbar, S. K. Lal, Hem Chandra Basak, Kazi Obaidul Haq, Mrs. Ayesaha Bedoura Chowdhury, Al-Haj Mamtazuddin, Hashimoy Hazra, Naren Ghosh, Zikrul Haq, Shamsul Haq, A. Gafur, Mansur Ali, S. K. Sen. Mafizuddin, Amulya Kumar Chakravarty, Atiqur Rahman, Ghulam Sarwar, R. C. Das, Mihir Kumar Sen, Saleh Ahmed, Enamul Haque, Mansur (Kanu), Ashraf Ali Talukdar, Lt. Ziaur Rahman, Lt. Col. Jahangir, Badiul Alam, Lt. Col. Hai, Maj. Rezaur Rahman, Maj. Nazmul Islam, Asadul Haq, Nazir Uddin, Lt. Nurul Islam, Kazal Bhadra, Mansur Uddin.**

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576
 s  d t : a n

OTHERS Zahir Raihan (Litterateur), Purnendu Dastidar (Litterateur), Ferd us Dowla (Litterateur), Meherunnessa (Litterateur), Altaf Mahamud (Artist), Danbir Ranada Prasad Saha (R. P Saha), Jogesh Chandra Ghosh (Ayurved Shastri), Dhirendra Nath Dutta (Political Leader), Shamsuzzaman (Chief Engineer), Mahbub Ahmed (Govt. Officer), Khurshid Alam (Engineer), Nazrul Islam (Engineer), Muzammel Haq Chowdhury (Engineer), Mohsin Ali (Engineer), Mujibul Haq (Govt. Officer). Districtwise List of Martyr Educationsts (except University Teachers) and Lawyers Districts and Divisions 1 Dacca Faridpur Tangail Mymensingh Dacca Division Chittagong Chittagong Hill Tracts Sylhet Comilla Noakhali Chittagong Division Khulna Jessore Barisal Patuakhali Kushtia Khulna Division Rajshahi Rangpur Dinajpur Bogra Pabna Rajshahi Division Bangladesh

Primary

College

Lawyers

2 37 27 20 46 130 39

Educationists Secondary 3 8 12 7 23 55 16

4 10 4 2 1 17 7

5 6 2 2 10 1

9 19 45 26 138

4 7 33 13 73

1 1 4 13

1 2 4 2 10

48 55 50 3 28 184 39 41 50 14 43 187 639

15 31 21 1 13 81 8 22 10 12 9 61 270

2 5 4 4 15 3 9 1 1 14 59

2 4 6 5 4 2 2 2 15 41

(1) Total No. of Educationists (other than Universities) (2) Total No. of University teachers Grand total

968 21 989

Onslaught on Intellect and Intelligentsia by Nurul Islam Patwari

577
 s  d t : a n

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578
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579
 s  d t : a n

INDEX A Agartala, 2, 3, 9, 11, 526, 549, 551-52 Ahmed, Choudhury, A. B. Kaiser, 3 Ahmed, Ghiyasuddin, 573 Ahmed, Iqbal, 5 Ahmed, Nizamuddin, 574 Ahmed, Shamsuddin (Engineer), 510 Ahmed, Shamsuddin (Physician), 575 Alam, Khurshed (prof.), 4, Ali Farman (General), 538 Ali, Sadat (Dr.), 573 Ali, Sharafat, 573 Ali, Sekander (Captain), 530 Ali, Syed Anwar, 575 Ali, Yousuf, prof. (of Jamat), 7 Amin, Md. Nurul, 6 Amrita Bazar Patrika, 538 Assa, 553, 555 Awal, Abu, 528 Awami League, 9, 521, 523, 527-28, 531, 554-55 Azam, Golam, 7-8 B Baganbari 5 Bangladesh, 3, 5, 6, 7-8, 521, 527, 529, 532, 538, 545, 546, 551, 552, 575 Bangladesh Flag of Independence, 521, Bangladesh People of 3 Bangladesh Red Cross, 558 Bazidpur, 91 Benapol, 545-46 bengali, 1, 3, 537, 539 Bhattacharya, Anupadhyayan, 573 Bhattacharya, Santosh (Dr.), 537-38, 573 Bibi, Amina, 3 Bihar, 559 Biharis, 7 Bombay, 522 Britain, 525 C Calcutta, 558 Central Shahid Minar, 6 Charshindur, 6 Chittagong, 525-26, 530-32, 550, 575 Chittagong Hill Tracts, 551, 575 Choudhury, Mufazzal Haider, 575 Choudhury, Munir (prof.), 537, 573 Comilla, 2, 3, 5, 527, 529, 550-51, 575 Coochbehar, 546 D Dacca, 1, 2, 5-7, 7-8, 9-11, 521-22, 444, 528-533, 534-35, 537-39, 552, 575 Dacca Airport, 538 Dacca Cantonment, 538 Dacca College, 7 Dacca International Hotel, 522 Dacca Medical College, 537 Dacca University, 4, 6, 539, 523, 537-38, 574

Dastidar, Purnendu, 574 Daukhandi, 2, 3, Day, Ranendra chandra, 7-8 Demra, 10 Dhaleswari River, 9 Dinajpur, 575 Ducsu, 5, Duke, Angier Biddle, 553-54 E East Bengal border, 549 East Pakistan, 522-23, 525, 528, 530-33, 53435, 553-56 East Pakistan Rifles, 532 Esso Company (at narayangonj), 2 Europe, 3, 4, 7 G Gandhi, Indira, 533 Gazaria, 1, 5 Geneva, 1, 2, 4-11 Genocide, 522, 525, 533, 549 Ghorasal, 7 Ghosh, Jogesh Chandra, 577 Ghosh, Nometa, 550 Gope Bag, 5 Guha, Sree, Gopal Krisana, 10 Gulshan, 524 H Haque, A.F.M. Fazlul, 4 Haque, Zikrul, 575 Hasan, Rashidul, 538, 573 Hindu, 1, 5, 7-9, 523, 528, 553 Hollingworth Clare, 532 Hongkong Standard, The, 532 Haque, Abdur, 575 Hoque, Doctor, 558 Hossain, Amjad. (M.C.A), 575 Huma Rights Commission, 1,2, 4-6, 7-11 Hussain, Delwar, 538 Hussain, Sirajuddin, 537 I Imam, Mrs Aktar, 537 India, 2, 3, 9, 525-25, 554, 556 Indian Express, the, 537 Inhuman killings, 29 International Rescue Committee Emergency Mission, 553-54 Iqbal Hall, 6, 521, 532 IRC, 554 Islam, Mian, Tajul, 5 Ittefaq, 537 J Jagannath College, 528, 574 Jagannath Hall, 6, 532, 574 Jalpaiguri, 569 Jamat-e-Islam, 7, 531

580
 s  d t : a n

Jatra Bari, 5 Jessore, 530-31, 545-46, 575 Jhikargacha, 545 Jinjira, 378 Jinjira Massacre, 378 Jogesh, Doctor, 10 K Kabir, Mafijullah, 378 Kaiser, Shahidulla, 575 Karachi, 522, 527 Kari, Abdul, 1 Kari, Reazul, 1 Kellog, F.I, 553 Khadim, Ataur Rahman Khan, 573 Khair, Abul, (Dr.) 573 Khan, Fazlur Rahman (Dr.) 573 Khan, Sirajul Huq, 575 Khan, Tikka, 3, 530, 532-33 Khan, Yahya, 2, 524-25 Khulna, 530, 575 Koch Bihar, 569-70 Kumargat, 560 Kurmitola Army Cantonment, 529 Kustia, 575 L Lakshipur, 7 Laldighi, 531 Lalmai, 4 Laurent, Michel, Associated press photographer, 521 Liberation force, 2 London, 522, 525, 532, 538 M Mahmud, Altaf, 577 Mahe, Faizul, 573 Mahtabuddin, of Muslium League, 7, Maijdee, 7 Malda, 565-66 Malibagh, 1, 6 Meghalaya, 553, 555, 559 Military Courts, 3 Mirzapur, 529 Mitra, Manojit, 551 Mogbazar, 5 Monaim, Mr. 530 Mosharraf, Khaled, Majar, 530 Mujib, Sheikh, 3, 521 Muktadir, M.A. 573, Mukti Bahini, 537 Mukti Fouj, 7-8, 528, 530, 532, 545, 550-52 Murshidabad, 563-65 Murtaza, M. (Dr.) 575 Mustafa Ghulam, 575 Muslim Legaue 7 Mymensingh, 575 N Nadia, 562 Narayanganj, 2, 9, 10

Narshingdi, 7, 11 (Bazar, 6, 11, College 11,) Navaran, 549 Nayamati, 9, 10 New Market, 6, 524 New Yourk times, 534, 553-55 News Week Magazine (U.S.A) 540 Nizamuddin, (Journalist), 537-38 Non-Bengalees, 5, 6 Noakhali, 7, 550-51, 575 O Osmani, Colonel, 524 P Pak Forces, 7-8, 11 Pak Soldiers, 10 Pak Troops, 2-11 pakistan Army, 521-22, 549, 550, 554-56 Pakistan National Flag, 521-22 Pakistan National Oil Company, 2 Pakistan Troops, 7-8, 11 Pakistan Zindabad, 549 Pakistani Armed Killers, 4 Pakistani Troops, 1, 3, 4-5, 6-10, 545 Pasha, Anwar (Prof.) 538, 573 Peace Committee, 8, 531 P.I.A., 529 P.N.O. 2 Q Qayyum, Prof., 575 Quaid-e-Azam High School at Bijoypur, 3 Quddus, Ruhul, Secretary-General, 538 R Rabbi, Dr. Fazle, 537, 575 Rahman, Habibur, 575 Rahman, Masihur (M.N.A.) 531, 575 Rahman, Shaikh Mujibur, 522, 530 Raihan, Zahir, 577 Raipura, 7 Rajshahi, 546, 575 Rajshahi, University, 575 Ramna, Racecourse, 524 Rangpur, 527, 530 Rawalpindi, 525 Razakars, 530-32, 538-39, 549 Razarbag, 5, 6 Razarbag Police Line, 6 Refugees, 524, 525, 528, 531, 545-46, 552-558 Russia, 525 S Saber, Shahid, 575 Sabrum, 525, 551 Saha, Ranada Prasad, 577 Sahjahanpur, 10 Salimullah Hall (attack by the Pakistan Troops), 4-5 Samadder, Sree Sukha Ranjan, 575 Sarder, A.K. 575 Sarker, Nazrul Haque, 575

581
 s  d t : a n

Serajgonj, 531 Shadullah, Abu Mohammad, 7 Shahid Minar, 6, 7 Samsuddin, (Dr.) 529 Sirajdhiga, 2 State Bank of Pakistan, 532 Syedpur, 531 Sylhet, 529, 551, 575 T Talebm, Khandakar Abu, 575 Taltala, 2 TAngail, 577 Times, The (OLondon), 522, 538 Traitors, 3 Traitors, beharis, 3 Tripura, 10, 518, 550, 51, 552, 555, 559 Tularam College, 9

U U.K. 533 U.S.A., 553 Ullah, M. Ahmed, (Advocate), 7-8 U.N.I., 549-50 United States, 540 Urdu, 1 U.S.A., 533 Uttar Pradesh, 559 W West Bengal, 553, 556, 558-59 West Bengal Government, 558 West Pakistani Policement, 6 West Pakistani Raiders, 3 West Pakistani Soldiers, 552 West Pakistani Troops, 49, 525

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я t', 546 $ $iu
, 390 $i d (e, e , e), 71 $i#
$ , ('7p ), 368 $u#, $
d (e, e , e), 413, 414 $o#  6, 17, 60, 66, 67, 73, 75, 77, 85, 91, 104, 106, 107, 114, 129, 128, 130, 141, 145, 146, 147, 158, 168, 177, 184, 198, 211, 214, 242, 248, 264, 269, 280, 288, 296, 302, 306, 309, 405, 409, 415, 419, 435, 443, 451, 458, 464, 469, 472, 492, 543 $'
\ , 353 $k, $яя 5 (> 7), 398 $k ( '7m, 126 $u!, 407, 463 $6, 93, 549, $6 , 356, $6o# ', 129

$<7, t, 278-79 $я, $
 ' 54-55 $я, $
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d / 5, 417 $я , $
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 57, 60, 71, 196, 310, 404, 416, 433, 453, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 507, 508, 510, 512 $- 312, 416 $, r , 277 $, /r (' <), 320 $,
r ('7p ), 368 $l5, 285, 291, 316, 320, 321, 330, 351 $ , $ %, (o ), 60 $ , я , 331-334 $ , / , 326 $ , 
# (я), 202

582
 s  d t : a n

$ , n, 66 $ , 5m $я5, (GS), 15 $/, $ , 242, 244 $*, S $djя , 67, 68 $*6я, 398, 451 $5, $
d ', 141 $5, 'я 5 (GS), 124 $5, 6#ud , 509-10 $5, я (G, ), 54 $5,  яd (
'), 482 $5,
rn, 325 $5, / (я), 80 $5, d (GS), 479 $5, 5 (a7'), 74 $5 , U# $ , 465 $#
(я'), 117-118 $#
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 5, 12, 32, 331-334, 355, 486 i, я, 403, 404 id, (p ' '<'<, Y' C, 31, 34, 36, 39, 40) iя # 
I
7#, 18 i|#, 72, 146-147 in G, 32 ib5, GS, 277 i, S, 367-368 ijя S S, 366 i'ž' ', 202 i#, '7p , 67 ii, a7', 503 i, $ #r (я), 367-368 i, r  ('7p ), 368 i, r  (я5 я $o#  6 C), 84 i, я, 498 i, S 5d (eGC'(), 197, 199 i, /', 150-151 i#'
, . ' <, 367 i#5#, 363, 387, 390, 396, 445-446, 451, 458, 463, 468, 474, 489,

i#5#
5 , 362, 365, 366, 407, 475 i#5#, я, 264 ˜ ˜d, 384 ˜I , 178-182, 458 ˜I 

n, 172 u ud<, 242-243, 285, 306, 316, 326-327, 330, 354, 505, 509 ul, _r  (GS). 339-43 ul!, 164-177 ul! '7n n, 177 ul5, $ , 303 ul5, 5 5m я/, 84 uя, 239 ud , 5
, ('7p ) 177 e eяя, '7p , 242-246, 268 e, , e, 482 e , S $, 98 e/7n G, 329 e
5 , %mE, 161 em , 
l, 339 o o , '\<, 172 o#iя P(, 35 o#d, $S, 22 o# , 35, 39 o#5, $
d (я5 ), 67, 73-74 ' '\
583
 s  d t : a n

'2# 0 , 250 'rjя , 422 'rjя , я, 143 ', $
 5  s/, (GS) 408, 417, 418 '/u, '/,< 14, 15, 29, 33, 78, 91, 136, 381, 416, 431, 505, 506, 509, 511, 512

'#, 5 dl5, 507-508 '6я 0 , 152 'P(, 93 '
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6 , 317 'l, 93, 321, 370, 407,413, 415, 433, 517, 518, 519 'l я, 227, 236 'l я 
G<, 226 '#  5, 226, 230 '!g, 139 '!#  $(P #
6 , 250 ' 6я, 376, 377 '6!, 227 '
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5, 548 '(<5uя s(, 31 '# 0 , 22, 24, 143 '$ , 307, 330, 348 'i , GS, 465  n', e, ', (gr '7p ), 520 , (k, 55, 210 , 
s, 20, 24  , $
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), 21  , $
 (b6G#), 355  , i#5#, 123, 239, 241, 326, 330, 359

 , *, 114  , 5   $ , 108  ,  ud $6 (я), 201  , я 5', (GS), 503, 504   , 18, 83, 84, 106, 107, 108-109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 128, 165, 134, 139, 140, 142, 143-147, 150, 155-156, 170171, 184-85, 112-114, 238, 244, 264, 265-267, 269, 330, 343, 379, 380, 381, 386, 391, 411, 421, 424, 432, 442, 448, 483-484, 494, 512, 520

 , 5 (a7'), 489, 491 , 193 ' (o,), 472-473 ' ('7p ), 165 ' (я), 368 #, $
 (GS), 504  , o (я), 203  , 184, 187, 192, 193, 195, 243, 326, 430, 431, 439, 544 , я, 189, 194 6 6\C
, 485 6\, 466 6\57, 30, 111, 215, 221, 362, 386, 397, 403, 407, 432, 434, 552, 466, 467, 474, 479, 541 6i
n, 140, 391, 424, 437, 449 6я , 470 6я  ast6, 311 6
 , 109, 112, 113, 114, 120 6!5 #P( 163 g 6 '7m, 285, 286 gя, ' <, 185, 186 g , 293 g5, , 335, 336-339 6|#, 12 6, 281 6 
, 329 6s o# s , 280, 281 6# 6, 19, 31, 38 6#n P(, 50 6  , 239 6  0 , 251

584
 s  d t : a n

P P a , 233 P(  b я, 163 P!, 67, 70, 73 P!, 47, 48, 49  @g, 93, 221, 222, 279, 381, 396, 432, 465, 472, 473, 498 @g '7n n, 307, 432 @, 270 nd6я 298 nd6я
я, 298, 299, 300 nd6я 5is, 297-300 /7 267 C
 , 235 , 264 i

6я, 67, 95, 96, 97, 98 m '7m, 285 
n 144, 145, 148  , $  (GS) 505-507  , i $5 ( ), 22, 27, 29

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я, 291, 293, 298 % %# /, 469 %t iu # , 265 %t 6, 198, 214 я я6n0 'я, 17, 24, 510 я6n0, 314 я6n0 5, 14, 18, 32 я
i, 196, 214, 380, 394, 429, 449 яl
5 , 417, 419 я
! '7m, 254 я#
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я#
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 (S ' <), 497498 я5V , S '\<, 368, 369, 371, 498 я'r 5', (e, e , e) 466, яя, 355, 358 яn
5, 19 яn5 5, 417 я#, 
6  381, 383 я#, я, 381, 382, 519 яP( s '7m, 252 я5 5, 67, 72, 72, 78, 408, 417, 418 { {'2 252, 253, 254, 355, 258, 260, 262, 397 {'2 ( '7m, 259 {'2 0  261 {'6% 207, 224 { i5 '7G( 'я, 489, 491 ( (#
' <  G, 325 (Vi, 50, 51, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60 (k  , 327, 330, 419 2', 
nd 0 P>, (a7'), 18 2'6 48, 411, 412, 421 2', GS я7<# g5, 12, 14, 18, 344, 347, 350, 351 2',
n \ g5, 12, 14, 16 2(
я, 24 G G
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585
 s  d t : a n

G, n, 36, 37 G, %( , 38, 40 G,  , 31, 34, 40, 41 G,
, 35, 36, 39

я6o, 29, 32 /#, S ' <, 189

 t, v 
# '^’, 212, 213 Y t, v  я , 64, 65 Y', 12, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, , ' ' (, o), 52 30 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 45, ,  \ , 183 48, 54, 242, 324, 327, 330, 332, 344, , , 337, 338 353, 363, 380, 381, 422, 436, 443,  я 48, 142, 143, 144, 145, 148, 472, 473, 487, 499, 510, 512, 519, 149, 150, 151, 158, 159, 399, 420, 520 421, 477 Y' in'n n, 326  , 5  
6, 195, 196 Y' 'nd # '6, 50, 520   

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n, 32 d , b6G#, 490 Y' 
I
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, 326-27 U ' 's , 325 Y' G/G< 5, 30-31, 32, 34, U '
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, 21, 24, 26, 30, 33, 50, 172  0 , 184 Y' sG#, 32, 37 I  , 352 Y' 5, 32, 36, 37 ><\, 16, 20, 25, 32, 33, 37, 40-41, 42, 44,  яud (p nt ), 520 я, ' <, 355 
я, 17, 19, 31 |
 , 449 ' /я ', 167 ', d , 246 ',  5', 517 
, $
, 47, 48 '<, /( 7n, 368

49, 53, 55, 57, 71, 76, 78, 83, 85, 89, 90, 91, 92, 96, 98, 100, 108, 115, 129, 131, 156, 117, 202, 220, 394, 402, 420, 421, 444, 445, 448, 452, 474, 493

><, 202, 231, 248, 249, 252, 253, 254, 257, 263, 264, 268, 274, 271, 283, 288, 289, 312, 314, 317, 321, 322, 323, 330, 377, 415  |, 14, 32, 339-40, 381, 382, 499 i, 400

586
 s  d t : a n

o6, 69, 91, 92, 441

o#!, 216

o#
6я, 39

o#
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k, 256

яr, 239

j, 403, 415, 430, 439

57, 368, 379, 393, 395, 420, 446, 452, 460

!i, 210

#
я, 30

(, 70, 74, 81, 88, 93, 94, 409, 456, 457

( ' я, 123, 124

0 я, ' (a7'), 18

0, 
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n, 34

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r jя ' <, (6  k '|), 520

r jя e, , 54

r n
'я (%t ), 475  # , 324  (#, 276, 280, 281 (# , 245, 268, 269, 398, 447 d  , 229 ˆ (i Ciя), 31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39

l , 356 W яl, 64 W '6› , 180 'яl, 96, 248 ' , 120, 366, 398 ' *, 19, 94, 143, 402 ' /я, 57, 64, 110, 111,

'

< , 79, 80, 84, 91, 92, 99, 115, 131, 132, 134, 160 167, 169, 175, 376 '
5 , 47, 52, 58, 59, 60, 63, 66, 69, 70, 71, 88, 98, 101, 121, 122, 124, 149, 156, 161, 163, 173 175, 201, 209, 217, 220, 221 231, 237, 239, 240 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 259, 260, 261, 262, 268, 269, 270, 271, 251, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296300, 303-306, 307, 309, 311-315, 317-319, 320, 321, 323, 324, 327, 331-333, 334, 387, 407, 409, 433, 439, 450, 451, 454, 459, 465, 489, 514 '  , 12, 13-14, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 29, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 48, 54, 55, 57, 70, 71, 79, 84, 90, 91, 100, 111, 162, 164, 165, 167, 183, 187, 189, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 202, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219-21, 224, 400, 418, 507, 427, 477, 517 ' 5 
5 28, 52, 57, 116, 153, 139, 166 's я # V  109 's яn
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5 , 120, 366 's U 7, 86, 109, 115 

, 116, 117, 118, 121, 125 я
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5 , 95, 255 я
 , 21, 22, 24, 25, 36, 42-44, 109, 121 
, 103, 152, 153-156, 160-168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182, 458, 468, 519, 520 
 я, 180 
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587
 s  d t : a n

100, 105, 144, 156, 161, 162, 176-77, 179-81, 184-186, 187-190, 191-192, 193-197, 201-202, 210-211, 212-214, 215, 218-224, 225, 280, 281, 284, 286, 290-291, 293, 295-296, 298-302, 305-306, 309-312, 316-317, 319-320, 323, 330, 377, 385, 402, 413, 417418, 451, 460, 472 , $ # a7', 502, 503 (# 57, 199, 221 , G, , 57 я, 240, 244-249, 398  , 32, 34, 362, 365   l , 328, 362 !# 57, 195, 219 _
<, 325, 327, 398 pk
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$ (n'( #7 ), 195

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!#, 323 /
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k, e5 , 99, 100
'
я, 348
g!, 99-121, 124, 127, 163, 426-428, 438, 453
g! n я, 118, 123
g!  i , 103

5 , 333, 433, 511
g, 34
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< '  , 12, 399, 417, 431
, 238, 239, 245-46, 265-267, 348


, $o#  6, 238
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I  , 241, 246
 , b6G#, 377
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!g , n '(, 269
V
n, 93, 224, 320, 325, 329, 330, 339-340, 353, 354, 356, 409, 428, 467


h t , 65
6, 84, 85
g# , 239
65(, 256,
P
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V >, 101
V я# , 39
V , 78
V я', 29
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n
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,   , 64, 65

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, 6nd (p/), 32
 , GS (a7'), 468
P(, 281
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, 407

, 31, 37
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я, 34, 40
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 a
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588
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я, 315 
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5 я', 29
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CE U', 42, 417

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!6V  , 19, 22, 23, 32, 34, 39 
6, $%# ($S  6 '< ), 277 
6, 5 , 152 
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V яn, 93, 128, 129, 137 
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C, #P(, 264, 267 C, n '(, 264, 265 C@, 326, 330 CrV , 134, 135 UC
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d, 453 n , $b (o ), 505, 506  '6я, 444 ! я 0, 117  6, 101, 104 u , 26, 28, 58, 125, 134, 145, 147, 234, 176, 235, 237

', S ' <, 367 ', Gk, 236 
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589
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5 , 21, 29, 44, 100, 111, 114, 132, 264, 392, 413, 462 n G, 37 (/G< 5, 348, 506 2, я , 359 я<, 58, 59, 196, 419 
7', 40, 41 
7'  i , 22, 27 ( , a , 153 ( '7m, 49, 64, 166, 215 #, $b 'd (ink a
), 20, 21

#, $b t, 241 #,  ', 221 #, 5m ii, 492-494 #,  (я5 ), 72 #, 5/яud ($S  6  ), 66  , 33, 227, 329   0  n '(, 227 k/я, 56, 60, 70, 95, 100, 104, 105, 134, 150, 155, 204, 218, 224, 233, 255, 256, 259, 262, 294, 391, 450

k
5 , 21, 24, 29, 44, 47, 52, 54, 55, 58, 66, 75, 92, 100, 102, 103, 107, 109, 112, 114, 119, 120-121, 132, 138, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 158, 163, 164, 177, 181, 182, 185, 186, 187, 188, 193, 195, 203, 210, 211, 212, 221, 231, 233, 239, 242, 245, 247, 248, 251, 260, 264-266, 268, 269, 270, 272, 274, 280-281, 284285, 288-289, 291, 293, 295-296, 298-300, 292, 302-303, 306, 307308, 311, 320, 323, 324, 330, 385386, 391-393, 415, 430, 440, 445, 459, 461, 462, 467, 480, 490, 511, 517

k g , 57 kd, 55, 144, 152 kd, 68, 70, 77, 85, 95, 108, 117, 118, 120-121, 131, 142, 165, 168, 171, 186, 231, 248, 272, 290, 304,

307-308, 311, 323, 320, 330, 450, 457, 518

я< , v 
, 391 я5 , 233, 236, 272 я
6, 489 я
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6, 513 
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я, 454-455, 480  , 152, 194, 197-198, 200, 201, 203, 207, 210, 212, 214, 215-216, 218, 220-221, 222-223, 224, 490 , '7n n, 184, 189, 193-194, 286, 209-210, 222  n я, 194, 210-211, 222 6n, 542, 547 6nd, (',   f>#), 483-484

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, $b (G' 5 C), 332  , 36, 422-423   0 , 26, 28-29, 33   '<, 328, 470   , 368-370, 370-372 , e, e ('< a/), 66, 67 , я, 281 , 5r  (S S) 368 5 , $', (S S), 368 5 , $  ($S  6   я5 ), 85-86

590
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5 , n' яl, 171 5 , я
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I
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я
6, 20, 29, 326, 348, 365, 519 я
6  i , 20-22, 24, 27, 30, 42, 44, 45, 354-355, 362, 519 я 6, 
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n 6, 46 n
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591
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592
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-яs), 64 5o, $b n (5') 268 5i '(< C
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5
я, 368, 369 5#, я ('\<) 372 5#, U# яu (5' p'), 50 5#, i/ ('7p ) 367 h, '7p , 368, 498 h5(, 242, 244, 245, 249 5 , $/, 131, 132 5 , $
я, 107 5 , 6я, 166 5 %#, 124 5 % #, 121, 122, 124 5 , GS (a7'), 408, 417 5 '
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, 392

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